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Cobham Brewer. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ +<!-- + p { margin-top: 0.5em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .5em; + text-indent: 1em; + } + p.noindent {text-indent: 0em;} + p.titlepage {text-indent: 0em; text-align: center; } + p.main {margin-top: 1em;} + p.letterstart {margin-top: 4em;} + + h2 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + .chapterhead {margin-top: 4em; font-weight: normal;} + .chapafterimg {margin-top: 2em; font-weight: normal;} + + hr { width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} + td {padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em;} + .tdc {text-align: center;} + .tdr {text-align: right;} + .tdtn {text-align: right; padding-right: 2em;} + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + + a {text-decoration: none; } + + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + font-style: normal; + text-align: right; + text-indent: 0em; + } /* page numbers */ + + .blockquot{font-size: 90%;} + + .bb {border-bottom: solid black 1px;} + .bl {border-left: solid black 1px;} + .bt {border-top: solid black 1px;} + .br {border-right: solid black 1px;} + .bbox {border: solid black 1px;} + .tpborder {border-top: solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px; + padding-top: 0.1em; padding-bottom: 0.1em;} + .tpborder2 {border-top: solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;} + .tpborder3 {border-bottom: solid black 1px;} + + .center {text-align: center;} + .right {text-align: right;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + .astsup {vertical-align: 0.2em;} + .astsub {vertical-align: -0.2em;} + .upper {text-transform: uppercase;} + .hide {display: none;} + .double {font-size: 200%;} + + ins.correction {text-decoration:none; border-bottom: thin dotted gray;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + + .titleimg {float: left; + margin: 0 0.5em 0.5em 0; + background: url("images/image01.png") no-repeat top left;} + .dropcapm {float: left; + height: 81px; width: 80px; + margin: 0 0.5em 0.5em 0; + background: url("images/cap-m.png") no-repeat top left;} + .dropcapn {float: left; + height: 80px; width: 80px; + margin: 0 0.5em 0.5em 0; + background: url("images/cap-n.png") no-repeat top left;} + .dropcapo {float: left; + height: 82px; width: 80px; + margin: 0 0.5em 0.5em 0; + background: url("images/cap-o.png") no-repeat top left;} + .dropcapp {float: left; + height: 76px; width: 80px; + margin: 0 0.5em 0.5em 0; + background: url("images/cap-p.png") no-repeat top left;} + .dropcapq {float: left; + height: 80px; width: 80px; + margin: 0 0.5em 0.5em 0; + background: url("images/cap-q.png") no-repeat top left;} + .dropcapr {float: left; + height: 80px; width: 80px; + margin: 0 0.5em 0.5em 0; + background: url("images/cap-r.png") no-repeat top left;} + .dropcaps {float: left; + height: 76px; width: 80px; + margin: 0 0.5em 0.5em 0; + background: url("images/cap-s.png") no-repeat top left;} + + .poem {margin-left: 5em; margin-right: 5em; text-align: left; text-indent: 0em;} + .poemquote {margin-left: 5em; margin-right: 5em; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.2em;} + .attrib {padding-left: 4em;} + .i1 {margin-left: 1em;} + .i2 {margin-left: 2em;} + .i3 {margin-left: 3em;} + .i4 {margin-left: 4em;} + .i5 {margin-left: 5em;} + .i6 {margin-left: 6em;} + .i7 {margin-left: 7em;} + .i8 {margin-left: 8em;} + .i9 {margin-left: 9em;} + .i10 {margin-left: 10em;} + .i11 {margin-left: 11em;} + .i13 {margin-left: 13em;} + // --> + /* XML end ]]>*/ + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Character Sketches of Romance, Fiction and +the Drama, by E. Cobham Brewer + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Character Sketches of Romance, Fiction and the Drama + A Revised American Edition of the Reader's Handbook, Vol. 3 + +Author: E. Cobham Brewer + +Release Date: March 20, 2007 [EBook #20851] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHARACTER SKETCHES *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Julia Miller, and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div style="background-color: #EEE; padding: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 1em;"> +<p class="center"><b>Transcriber’s Note</b></p> + +<p class="noindent">A number of typographical errors have been maintained +in the current version of this book. They are <ins class="correction" title="correction">marked</ins> +and the corrected text is shown in the popup. A <a href="#trans_note">list</a> of these +errors is found at the end of this book.</p> + +<p class="noindent">The following less-common characters are found in this book: ă (a with breve), +ā (a with macron), ĕ (e with breve), ē (e with macron), +ĭ (i with breve), ī (i with macron), ŏ (o with breve), +ō (o with macron), ŭ (u with breve), ū (u with macron), +♭ (musical flat symbol), ♯ (musical sharp symbol). If they do +not display properly, please try changing your font.</p> + +<p class="noindent">A transliteration of words printed in Greek letters will pop up +with a mouse hover over the word.</p> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">[i]</a></span></p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="title page"> +<tr> + <td class="titleimg"><h2 style="margin-top: 30px; margin-left: 130px; text-align: left;"><span class="hide">C</span>HARACTER SKETCHES<br /> + OF ROMANCE, FICTION<br /> + AND THE DRAMA</h2> + +<p class="titlepage" style="margin-top: 3em;">A REVISED AMERICAN EDITION<br /> + OF THE READER’S HANDBOOK</p> + +<p class="titlepage" style="margin-top: 2em;">BY<br /> + <span style="font-size: 120%;">THE REV. E. COBHAM BREWER, LL.D.</span></p> + +<p class="titlepage">EDITED BY<br /> + <span style="font-size: 120%;">MARION HARLAND</span></p> + +<hr class="bbox" style="width: 4em; margin-bottom: 1em;" /> + +<p class="titlepage" style="font-size: 120%;">VOLUME III</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 100px;"> +<img src="images/image02.png" width="100" height="120" alt="Colophon" title="Colophon" /> +</div> + +<div class="tpborder"> +<div class="tpborder2"> +<p class="titlepage">NEW YORK <span style="padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 3em;">SELMAR HESS</span> PUBLISHER</p> +</div> +<div class="tpborder3"> +<p class="titlepage">MDCCCXCII</p> +</div> +</div> + +</td> +</tr> +</table> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ii" id="Page_ii">[ii]</a></span></p> + +<p class="titlepage" style="margin-top: 2em;">Copyright, 1892, by <br /> +<span class="smcap">Selmar Hess</span>.</p> + +<p class="noindent" style="margin-top: 2em; margin-left: 5em; font-size: 80%;">PHOTOGRAVURES PRINTED ON THE<br /> +HESS PRESS.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[iii]</a></span></p> + +<h2 class="chapterhead">LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.</h2> + +<hr class="bbox" style="width: 3em;" /> + +<p class="titlepage" style="font-size: larger;">VOLUME III.</p> + +<hr class="bbox" style="width: 3em;" /> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Illustration list"> +<tr> + <td class="center" colspan="2" style="padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.5em; font-size: larger;">PHOTOGRAVURES AND ETCHINGS.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="center"><i>Illustration</i></td> + <td class="center"><i>Artist</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>DEATH OF MINNEHAHA (<i>colored</i>)</td> + <td><span class="smcap">W. L. Dodge</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>MADAME CHRYSANTHÈME</td> + <td></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>MEPHISTOPHELES AND FAUST</td> + <td><span class="smcap">A. Jacomin</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>MILLER (THE), HIS SON AND THE ASS</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Eugène Lejeune</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>NEWCOME (COLONEL)</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Frederick Barnard</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>OPHELIA</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Madeleine Lemaire</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>ORPHEUS</td> + <td><span class="smcap">G. Moreau</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>PECKSNIFF (MR.)</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Frederick Barnard</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>PENDENNIS (MAJOR)</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Frederick Barnard</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><hr class="bbox" style="width: 9em;" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="center" colspan="2" style="padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.5em; font-size: larger;">WOOD ENGRAVINGS AND TYPOGRAVURES.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>MACARTHY (LAWRENCE) AND HIS SISTER ELLEN</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Scanlan</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>MACHEATH WITH LUCY AND POLLY</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Stuart Newton</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>MAIDEN (THE) AND LOVER</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Benczur-Gyula</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>MANFRED AND ASTARTE</td> + <td><span class="smcap">K. Liska</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>MANON LESCAUT (THE BURIAL OF)</td> + <td><span class="smcap">P. A. J. Dagnan-Bouveret</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[iv]</a></span>MANRICO AND LEONORA</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Ferd. Keller</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>MANUEL (DON) DISCOVERS BEATRICE</td> + <td><span class="smcap">C. Jaeger</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>MARGARET BEFORE THE MATER DOLOROSA</td> + <td></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>MARIE ANTOINETTE ON HER WAY TO THE GUILLOTINE</td> + <td><span class="smcap">F. Flaming</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>MARIE MICHON (THE ADVENTURE OF)</td> + <td><span class="smcap">G. Boulanger</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>MARY (HIGHLAND)</td> + <td><span class="smcap">B. E. Spence</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>MASANIELLO</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Edouard Hamman</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>MASCARILLE (COQUELIN AS)</td> + <td></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>MATHIAS (THE MESMERIST AND)</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Adrien Marie</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>MATTHEW (FATHER) AND SIR ROLFE</td> + <td><span class="smcap">W. B. Davis</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>MAUPRAT (BERNARD) AND JEAN MAUPRAT</td> + <td></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>MAZEPPA</td> + <td><span class="smcap">A. Wagner</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>MEDEA</td> + <td><span class="smcap">N. Sichel</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>MERMAIDENS (THE)</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Arnold Böcklin</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>METAMORA (FORREST AS)</td> + <td></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>MICAWBER (MR. WILKINS)</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Frederick Barnard</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>MIGNON</td> + <td><span class="smcap">G. Hom</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>MIRANDA AND FERDINAND</td> + <td><span class="smcap">R. E. Pine</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>M’LISS</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Edward Long</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>MOOR (FRANZ)</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Fr. Pecht</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>MORLAND (CATHARINE)</td> + <td><span class="smcap">R. W. Buss</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>MOSES (PREPARING) FOR THE FAIR</td> + <td><span class="smcap">D. Maclise</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>MOYA (THE POET PEDRO DE) AND THE PLAYERS</td> + <td><span class="smcap">D. Maclise</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>MULLER (MAUD)</td> + <td></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[v]</a></span>NIOBE WITH HER CHILDREN</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Solomon J. Solomon</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>NORMA AND POLLIONE</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Albert Bauer</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>OLDBUCK (MR.) AND JENNY</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Rob. Herdman</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>OLIVIA</td> + <td></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>OLIVIA (THE RETURN OF)</td> + <td><span class="smcap">G. S. Newton</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>ORPHEUS AND EURYDICE</td> + <td><span class="smcap">L. Thiersch</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>OTTILIA AND THE CHILD</td> + <td></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>OTTOCAR (PRINCE) AND MAX</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Eugen Klimsch</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>PALISSY THE POTTER</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Mrs. E. M. Ward</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>PANGLOSS (JEFFERSON AS DOCTOR)</td> + <td></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>PEGGY (MISS) AND HER FRIENDS</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Dudley Hardy</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>PENELOPE</td> + <td><span class="smcap">R. von Deutsch</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>PENSEROSO (IL)</td> + <td><span class="smcap">J. C. Horsley</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>PENTHESILEA, QUEEN OF THE AMAZONS</td> + <td></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>PERI AT HEAVEN’S GATE (THE)</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Fr. Heyser</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>PHARAOH AND THE BEARERS OF EVIL TIDINGS</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Lecomte-du-Nouy</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>PHEDRA AND HIPPOLYTUS</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Pierre Guérin</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>PHŒBUS DE CHATEAUPERS</td> + <td><span class="smcap">G. Brion</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>PICCIOLA (CHARNEY EXAMINING)</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Barrias</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>PIED PIPER OF HAMELIN (THE)</td> + <td><span class="smcap">H. Kaulbach</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>PIZARRO BEFORE CHARLES V.</td> + <td></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>PORTIA AND THE CASKETS</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Alex. Cabanel</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>PORTIA AT THE GRAVE OF THE MESSIAH</td> + <td><span class="smcap">H. Füger</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>POSA (DON CARLOS, THE KING AND THE MARQUIS OF)</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Ferdinand Ritter</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[vi]</a></span>PRISCILLA</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Davidson Knowles</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>PROMETHEUS AND THE OCEAN NYMPHS</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Eduard Müller</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>PRYNNE (HESTER)</td> + <td><span class="smcap">H. G. Boughton</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>PSYCHE (CUPID AND)</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Paul Baudry</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>PSYCHE AND CHARON</td> + <td><span class="smcap">A. Zick</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>PUCK AND THE FAIRIES</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Arthur Hughes</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>PUSS-IN-BOOTS</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Gustave Doré</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>PYGMALION AND GALATEA</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Jean Raoux</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>QUIXOTE (DON) IN HIS STUDY</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Gustave Doré</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>REBECCA (THE ABDUCTION OF)</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Léon Cogniet</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>RED RIDINGHOOD (LITTLE)</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Eugène Lejeune</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>REINIKE FOX BEFORE KING LION</td> + <td><span class="smcap">W. von Kaulbach</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>REINIKE FOX TO BE HUNG</td> + <td><span class="smcap">W. von Kaulbach</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>RHODOPE, THE EGYPTIAN PRINCESS</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Ferd. Keller</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>RICHLAND (MISS) VISITS MR. HONEYWOOD</td> + <td><span class="smcap">W. P. Frith</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>ROB ROY PARTING RASHLEIGH AND FRANCIS OSBALDISTONE</td> + <td><span class="smcap">J. B. McDonald</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>ROBSART (AMY)</td> + <td></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>ROLAND (MADAME)</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Albert Lynch</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>ROLAND AT THE BATTLE OF RONCESVALLES</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Louis Guesnet</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>ROMEO AND JULIET IN FRIAR LAWRENCE’S CELL</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Carl Becker</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>ROSE AND BLANCHE (DAGOBERT WITH)</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Edward H. Corbould</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>ROUMESTAN (NUMA)</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Emile Bayard</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>RUGGIERO ON THE HIPPOGRIFF</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Gustave Doré</span></td> +</tr> +</table> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/image03.png" width="600" height="137" alt="Decorative page header" title="Decorative page header" /> +</div> + +<h2 class="chapafterimg">CHARACTER SKETCHES OF ROMANCE, FICTION, AND THE DRAMA.</h2> + +<p class="main"><span class="dropcapm"><span class="hide"><b>M</b></span></span><span class="upper"><b>ark Tapley</b>,</span> a serving companion of Martin Chuzzlewit, who goes out with +him to Eden, in North America. Mark Tapley thinks there is no credit in +being jolly in easy circumstances; but when in Eden he found every +discomfort, lost all his money, was swindled by every one, and was +almost killed by fevers, then indeed he felt it would be a real credit +“to be jolly under the circumstances.”—C. Dickens, <i>Martin Chuzzlewit</i> +(1843).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Markham</b>, a gentleman in the train of the earl of Sussex.—Sir W. Scott, +<i>Kenilworth</i> (time, Elizabeth).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Markham</i> (<i>Mrs.</i>), pseudonym of Mrs. Elizabeth <a name="corr1" id="corr1"></a><ins class="correction" title="Penrose">Perrose</ins> (born +Elizabeth Cartwright), authoress of <i>History of England</i>, etc.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Markleham</b> (<i>Mrs.</i>), the mother of Annie. Devoted to pleasure, she always +maintained that she indulged in it for “Annie’s sake.” Mrs. Markleham is +generally referred to as “the old soldier.”—C. Dickens, <i>David +Copperfield</i> (1849).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Marksman</b>, one of Fortunio’s seven attendants. He saw so clearly and to +such a distance, that he generally bandaged his eyes in order to temper +the great keenness of his sight.—Comtesse D’Aunoy, <i>Fairy Tales</i> +(“Fortunio,” 1682).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Marlborough</b> (<i>The duke of</i>), John Churchill. He was called by Marshal +Turenne <i>Le Bel Anglais</i> (1650-1722).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Marlow</b> (<i>Sir Charles</i>), the kind-hearted old friend of Squire +Hardcastle.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Young Marlow</i>, son of Sir Charles. “Among women of reputation and +virtue he is the modestest man alive; but his acquaintances give him a +very different character among women of another stamp” (act i. 1). +Having mistaken Hardcastle’s house for an inn, and Miss Hardcastle for +the barmaid, he is quite at his ease, and makes love freely. When fairly +caught, he discovers that the supposed “inn” is a private house, and the +supposed barmaid is the squire’s daughter; but the ice of his shyness +being broken, he has no longer any difficulty in loving<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span> according to +his station.—Goldsmith, <i>She Stoops to Conquer</i> (1773).</p> + +<p>When Goldsmith was between 16 and 17 he set out for Edgworthstown, and +finding night coming on, asked a man which was the “best house” in the +town—meaning the best inn. The man pointed to the house of Sir Ralph +Fetherstone (or <i>Mr. Fetherstone</i>), and Oliver, entering the parlor, +found the master of the mansion sitting at a good fire. Oliver told him +he desired to pass the night there, and ordered him to bring in supper. +“Sir Ralph” knowing his customer, humored the joke, which Oliver did not +discover till next day, when he called for his bill. (We are told in +<i>Notes and Queries</i> that Ralph Fetherstone was only <i>Mr.</i>, but his +grandson was <i>Sir Thomas</i>).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Marmaduke Wharne.</b> Eccentric old Englishman long resident in America. +Benevolent and beneficent, but gruff in manner and speech.—A. D. T. +Whitney, <i>Leslie Goldthwaite’s Summer</i> (1866).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Marmaduke</b> (<i>Sir</i>). A man who has lost all earth can give—wealth, love, +fame and friends, but thus comforts himself:</p> + +<p class="poemquote">“I account it worth<br /> +All pangs of fair hopes crossed,—<br /> +All loves and honors lost,—<br /> +To gain the heavens, at cost<br /> +Of losing earth.”<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Theodore Tilton, <i>Sir Marmaduke’s Musings</i> (1867).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Marmion.</b> Lord Marmion was betrothed to Constance de Beverley, but he +jilted her for Lady Clare, an heiress, who was in love with Ralph de +Wilton. The Lady Clare rejected Lord Marmion’s suit, and took refuge +from him in the convent of St. Hilda, in Whitby. Constance took the veil +in the convent of St. Cuthbert, in Holy Isle, but after a time left the +convent clandestinely, was captured, taken back, and buried alive in the +walls of a deep cell. In the mean time, Lord Marmion, being sent by +Henry VIII. on an embassy to James IV. of Scotland, stopped at the hall +of Sir Hugh de Heron, who sent a palmer as his guide. On his return, +Lord Marmion commanded the abbess of St. Hilda to release the Lady +Clare, and place her under the charge of her kinsman, Fitzclare of +Tantallon Hall. Here she met the palmer, who was Ralph de Wilton, and as +Lord Marmion was slain in the battle of Flodden Field, she was free to +marry the man she loved.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Marmion</i> (1808).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Marmion</i> (<i>Lord</i>), a descendant of Robert de Marmion, who obtained from +William the Conqueror, the manor of Scrivelby, in Lincolnshire. This +Robert de Marmion was the first royal champion of England, and the +office remained in the family till the reign of Edward I., when in +default of male issue it passed to John Dymoke, son-in-law of Philip +Marmion, in whose family it remains still.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Marnally</b> (<i>Bernard</i>). Good-looking Irish tutor at “Happy-go-Lucky,” a +country house. He is accused of murdering the infant children of a young +widow with whom he is in love, but is acquitted and goes back to +Ireland. Some years later, he revisits America, meets his old love and +marries her.—Miriam Coles Harris, <i>Happy-go-Lucky</i> (1881).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Marner</b> (<i>Silas</i>). Miser and misogynist in humble life, who finds a +baby-girl in his cottage one night, and in bringing her up, learns to +have patience with life and charity with his kind.—George Eliot, <i>Silas +Marner</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span><b>Ma´ro</b>, Virgil, whose full name was Publius Virgilius Maro (<span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 70-19).</p> + +<p class="poem">Oh, were it mine with the sacred Maro’s art<br /> +To wake to sympathy the feeling heart,<br /> +Like him the smooth and mournful verse to dress<br /> +In all the pomp of exquisite distress ...<br /> +Then might I ...<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Falconer, <i>The Shipwreck</i>, iii. 5 (1756).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mar´onites</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), a religious semi-Catholic sect of Syria, +constantly at war with their near neighbors, the Druses, a +semi-Mohammedan sect. Both are now tributaries of the sultan, but enjoy +their own laws. The Maronites number about 400,000, and the Druses about +half that number. The Maronites owe their name to J. Maron, their +founder; the Druses to Durzi, who led them out of Egypt into Syria. The +patriarch of the Maronites resides at Kanobin; the hakem of the Druses +at Deir-el-kamar. The Maronites, or “Catholics of Lebanon,” differ from +the Roman Catholics in several points, and have a pope or patriarch of +their own. In 1860 the Druses made on them a horrible onslaught, which +called forth the intervention of Europe.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Marotte</b> (2 <i>syl.</i>), a footman of Gorgibus; a plain bourgeois, who hates +affectation. When the fine ladies of the house try to convert him into a +fashionable flunky, and teach him a little grandiloquence, he bluntly +tells them he does not understand Latin.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Marotte.</i> Voilà un laquais qui demande si vous êtes au logis, et +dit que son maître, vous venir voir.</p> + +<p><i>Madelon.</i> Apprenez, sotte, à vous énoncer moins vulgaiment. Dites: +Voilà un nécessaire que demande si vous êtes en commodité d’etre +visibles.</p> + +<p><i>Marotte.</i> Je n’entends point le Latin.—Molière, <i>Les Précieuses +Ridicules</i>, vii. (1659).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Marphi´sa</b>, sister of Roge´ro, and a female knight of amazing prowess. +She was brought up by a magician, but being stolen at the age of seven, +was sold to the king of Persia. When she was 18, her royal master +assailed her honor; but she slew him, and usurped the crown. Marphisa +went to Gaul to join the army of Agramant, but subsequently entered the +camp of Charlemagne, and was baptized.—Ariosto, <i>Orlando Furioso</i> +(1516).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Marphu´rius</b>, a doctor of the Pyrrhonian school. Sganarelle consults him +about his marriage; but the philosopher replies, “Perhaps; it is +possible; it may be so; everything is doubtful;” till at last Sganarelle +beats him, and Marphurius says he shall bring an action against him for +battery. “Perhaps,” replies Sganarelle; “it is possible; it may be so,” +etc., using the very words of the philosopher (sc. ix.).—Molière, <i>Le +Mariage Forcé</i> (1664).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Marplot</b>, “the busy body.” A blundering, good-natured, meddlesome young +man, very inquisitive, too officious by half, and always bungling +whatever he interferes in. Marplot is introduced by Mrs. Centlivre in +two comedies, <i>The Busy Body</i> and <i>Marplot in Lisbon</i>.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>That unlucky dog Marplot ... is ever doing mischief, and yet (to +give him his due) he never designs it. This is some blundering +adventure, wherein he thought to show his friendship, as he calls +it.—Mrs. Centlivre, <i>The Busy Body</i>, iii. 5 (1709).</p></div> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> This was Henry Woodward’s great part (1717-1777). His +unappeasable curiosity, his slow comprehension, his annihilation under +the sense of his dilemmas, were so diverting, that even Garrick +confessed him the decided “Marplot” of the stage.—Boaden, <i>Life of +Siddons</i>.</p> + +<p>N. B.—William Cavendish, duke of New<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span>castle, brought out a free +<a name="corr2" id="corr2"></a><ins class="correction" title="translation">tranlation</ins> of Molière’s <i>L’Etourdi</i>, which he entitled <i>Marplot</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Marquis de Basqueville</b>, being one night at the opera, was told by a +messenger that his mansion was on fire. “Eh bien,” he said to the +messenger, “adressez-vous à Mme. la marquise qui est en face dans cette +loge; car c’est affaire de ménage.”—Chapus, <i>Dieppe et ses Environs</i> +(1853).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Marrall</b> (<i>Jack</i>), a mean-spirited, revengeful time-server. He is the +clerk and tool of Sir Giles Overreach. When Marrall thinks Wellborn +penniless, he treats him like a dog; but as soon as he fancies he is +about to marry the wealthy dowager, Lady Allworth, he is most servile, +and offers to lend him money. Marrall now plays the traitor to his +master, Sir Giles, and reveals to Wellborn the scurvy tricks by which he +has been cheated of his estates. When, however, he asks Wellborn to take +him into his service, Wellborn replies, “He who is false to one master +will betray another;” and will have nothing to say to him.—Massinger, +<i>A New Way to Pay Old Debts</i> (1628).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Married Men of Genius.</b> The number of men of genius unhappy in their +wives is very large. The following are notorious examples:—Socratês and +Xantippê; Saadi, the Persian poet; Dantê and Gemma Donati; Milton, with +Mary Powell; Marlborough and Sarah Jennings; Gustavus Adolphus and his +flighty queen; Byron and Miss Milbanke; Dickens and Miss Hogarth; etc. +Every reader will be able to add to the list.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mars</b>, divine Fortitude personified. Bacchus is the tutelary demon of the +Mahommedans, and Mars the guardian potentate of the +Christians.—Camoens, <i>The Lusiad</i> (1569).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>That Young Mars of Men</i>, Edward the Black prince, who with 8,000 men +defeated, at Poitiers, the French king, John, whose army amounted to +60,000—some say even more (<a name="corr3" id="corr3"></a><ins class="correction" title="A.D."><span class="smcap">A. D.</span></ins> 1356).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>The Mars of Men</i>, Henry Plantagenet, earl of Derby, third son of Henry, +earl of Lancaster, and near kinsman of Edward III. (See <span class="smcap">Derby</span>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Marse’ Chan.</b> Brave Virginian soldier whose lady-love enacts “My Lady +Disdain” until news is brought her that he has fallen in battle. Then +she grieves for him as a widow for her husband, and when she dies, she +is buried by him.—Thomas Nelson Page, <i>In Ole Virginia</i> (1887).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mars of Portugal</b> (<i>The</i>), Alfonso de Albuquerque, viceroy of India +(1452-1515).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mars Wounded.</b> A very remarkable parallel to the encounter of Diŏmed and +Mars in the <i>Iliad</i>, v., occurs in Ossian. Homer says that Diomed hurled +his spear against Mars, which, piercing the belt, wounded the war-god in +the bowels; “Loud bellowed Mars, nine thousand men, ten thousand, scarce +so loud, joining fierce battle.” Then Mars ascending, wrapped in clouds, +was borne upwards to Olympus.</p> + +<p>Ossian, in <i>Carrick-Thura</i>, says that Loda, the god of his foes, came +like a “blast from the mountain. He came in his terror and shook his +dusky spear. His eyes were flames, and his voice like distant thunder. +‘Son of night,’ said Fingal, ‘retire. Do I fear thy gloomy form, spirit +of dismal Loda? Weak is thy shield of cloud, feeble thy meteor +<a name="corr4" id="corr4"></a><ins class="correction" title="sword’">sword.’”</ins> Then cleft he the gloomy shadow with his sword. It<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span> fell +like a column of smoke. It shrieked. Then rolling itself up, the wounded +spirit rose on the wind, and the island shook to its foundation.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Marseilles’ Good Bishop</b>, Henri François Xavier de Belsunce (1671-1775). +Immortalized by his philanthropic diligence in the plague at Marseilles +(1720-1722).</p> + +<p>Charles Borromēo, archbishop of Milan a century previously (1576), was +equally diligent and self-sacrificing in the plague of Milan +(1538-1584).</p> + +<p>Sir John Lawrence, lord mayor of London during the great plague, +supported 40,000 dismissed servants, and deserves immortal honor.</p> + +<p>Darwin refers to Belsunce and Lawrence in his <i>Loves of the Plants</i>, ii. +433.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Marshal Forwards</b>, Blücher; so called for his dash in battle, and the +rapidity of his movements, in the campaign of 1813 (1742-1819).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Marsi</b>, a part of the Sabellian race, noted for Magic, and said to have +been descended from Circê.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Marsis vi quadam genitali datum, ut serpentium virulentorum +domitores sint, et incantationibus herbarumque succis faciant +medelarum mira.—<i>Gellius</i>, xvi. 11.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Marsig´lio</b>, a Saracen king, who plotted the attack upon Roland, “under +the tree on which Judas hanged himself.” With a force of 600,000 men, +divided into three companies, Marsiglio attacked the paladin in +Roncesvallês and overthrew him; but Charlemagne, coming up, routed the +Saracen, and hanged him on the very tree under which he planned the +attack.—Turpin, <i>Chronicle</i> (1122).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Marsilia</b>, “who bears up great Cynthia’s train,” is the marchioness of +Northampton, to whom Spenser dedicated his <i>Daphnaida</i>. This lady was +Helena, daughter of Wolfgangus Swavenburgh, a Swede.</p> + +<p class="poem">No less praiseworthy is Marsilia,<br /> +Best known by bearing up great Cynthia’s train.<br /> +She is the pattern of true womanhead....<br /> +Worthy next after Cynthia [<i>queen Elizabeth</i>] to tread,<br /> +As she is next her in nobility.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Spenser, <i>Colin Clout’s Come Home Again</i> (1595).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mar´syas</b>, the Phrygian flute-player. He challenged Apollo to a contest +of skill, but being beaten by the god, was flayed alive for his +presumption.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mar´tafax and Ler´mites</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), two famous rats brought up before +the White Cat for treason, but acquitted.—Comtesse D’Aunoy, <i>Fairy +Tales</i> (“The White Cat,” 1682).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Marta´no</b>, a great coward, who stole the armor of Gryphon, and presented +himself in it before King Norandi´no. Having received the honors due to +the owner, Martano quitted Damascus with Origilla; but Aquilant unmasked +the villain, and he was hanged (bks. viii., ix.).—Ariosto, <i>Orlando +Furioso</i> (1516).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Marteau des Heretiques</b>, Pierre d’Ailly; also called <i>L’Aigle de la +France</i> (1350-1420).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Martel</b> (<i>Charles</i>), Charles, natural son of Pépin d’Héristal.</p> + +<p>M. Collin de Plancy says that this “palace mayor” of France was not +called “Martel” because he <i>martelé</i> (“hammered”) the Saracens under +Abd-el-Rahman in 732, but because his patron saint was <i>Martellus</i> (or +<i>St. Martin</i>).—<i>Bibliothèque des Légendes.</i></p> + +<p>Thomas Delf, in his translation of Chev<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span>reuil’s <i>Principles of Harmony, +etc., of Colors</i> (1847), signs himself “Charles Martel.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Martext</b> (<i>Sir Oliver</i>), a vicar in Shakespeare’s comedy of <i>As You Like +It</i> (1600).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Martha:</b></p> + +<p class="poemquote">“Yea, Lord! Yet man must earn<br /> +And woman bake the bread;<br /> +And some must watch and wake<br /> +Early for other’s sake<br /> +Who pray instead.”<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Julia C. R. Dorr, <i>Afternoon Songs</i> (1885).</span></p> + +<p class="main"><i>Martha</i>, sister to “The Scornful Lady” (no name given).—Beaumont and +Fletcher, <i>The Scornful Lady</i> (1616).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Martha</i>, the servant-girl at Shaw’s Castle.—Sir W. Scott, <i>St. Ronan’s +Well</i> (time, George III.).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Martha</i>, the old housekeeper at Osbaldistone Hall.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Rob +Roy</i> (time, George I.).</p> + +<p class="main"><a name="Martha" id="Martha"></a><i>Martha</i>, daughter of Ralph and Louise de Lascours, and sister of Diana +de Lascours. When the crew of the <i>Urania</i> rebelled, Martha, with Ralph +de Lascours (the captain), Louise de Lascours, and Barabas, were put +adrift in a boat, and cast on an iceberg in “the Frozen Sea.” The +iceberg broke, Ralph and Louise were drowned, Barabas was picked up by a +vessel, and Martha fell into the hands of an Indian tribe, who gave her +the name of Orgari´ta (“withered corn”). She married Carlos, but as he +married under a false name, the marriage was illegal, and when Carlos +was given up to the hands of justice, Orgarita was placed under the +charge of her grandmother, Mde. de Théringe, and [probably] espoused +Horace de Brienne.—E. Stirling, <i>The Orphan of the Frozen Sea</i> (1856).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Martha</i>, a friend of Margaret. She makes love to Mephistophelês, with +great worldly shrewdness.—Goethe, <i>Faust</i> (1798).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Martha, alias</i> <span class="smcap">Ulrica</span>, mother of Bertha, who is betrothed to Hereward +and marries him.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Count Robert of Paris</i> (time, Rufus).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Martha</i> (<i>The Abbess</i>), abbess of Elcho Nunnery. She is a kinswoman of +the Glover family.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Fair Maid of Perth</i> (time, Henry +IV.).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Martha</i> (<i>Dame</i>), housekeeper to major Bridgenorth.—Sir W. Scott, +<i>Peveril of the Peak</i> (time, Charles II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Martha Hilton</b>, serving-maid in the household of the widowed Governor +Wentworth, until, on his sixtieth birthday, he surprised the guests +assembled to do him honor by wedding her in their sight.—Henry +Wadsworth Longfellow, <i>Lady Wentworth</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Marthé</b>, a young orphan, in love with Frédéric Auvray, a young artist who +loves her in return, but leaves her, goes to Rome, and falls in love +with another lady, Elena, sister of the Duke Strozzi. Marthé leaves the +Swiss pastor, who is her guardian, and travels in midwinter to Rome, +dressed as a boy, and under the name of Piccolino. She tells her tale to +Elena, who abandons the fickle, false one, and Frédéric forbids the +Swiss wanderer ever again to approach him. Marthé, in despair, throws +herself into the Tiber, but is rescued. Frédéric repents, is reconciled, +and marries the forlorn maiden.—Mons. Guiraud, <i>Piccolino</i> (an opera, +1875).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Marthon</b>, an old cook at Arnheim Cas<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span>tle.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Anne of +Geierstein</i> (time, Edward IV.).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Marthon, alias</i> <span class="smcap">Rizpah</span>, a Bohemian woman, attendant on the Countess +Hameline of Croye.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Quentin Durward</i> (time, Edward IV.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Martian_Laws" id="Martian_Laws"></a><b>Martian Laws</b> (not <i>Mercian</i> as Wharton gives it in his <i>Law Dictionary</i>) +are the laws collected by Martia, the wife of Guithelin, great grand-son +of Mulmutius, who established in Britain the “<a href="#Mulmutine_Laws">Mulmutian Laws</a>” (<i>q.v.</i>). +Alfred translated both these codes into Saxon-English, and called the +Martian code <i>Pa Marchitle Lage</i>. These laws have no connection with the +kingdom of Mercia.—Geoffrey, <i>British History</i>, iii. 13 (1142).</p> + +<p class="poem">Guynteline, ... whose queen, ... to show her upright mind,<br /> +To wise Mulmutius’ laws her Martian first did frame.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Drayton, <i>Polyolbion</i>, viii. (1612).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Martigny</b> (<i>Marie le comptesse de</i>), wife of the earl of +Etherington.—Sir W. Scott, <i>St. Ronan’s Well</i> (time, George III.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Martin</b>, in Swift’s <i>Tale of the Tub</i>, is Martin Luther; “John” is +Calvin; and “Peter” the pope of Rome (1704).</p> + +<p>In Dryden’s <i>Hind and Panther</i>, “Martin” means the Lutheran party +(1687).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Martin</i>, the old verdurer near Sir Henry Lee’s lodge.—Sir W. Scott, +<i>Woodstock</i> (time, Commonwealth).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Martin</i>, the old shepherd in the service of the lady of Avenel.—Sir W. +Scott, <i>The Monastery</i> (time, Elizabeth).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Martin</i>, the ape in the beast-epic of <i>Reynard the Fox</i> (1498).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Martin</i> (<i>Dame</i>), partner of Darsie Latimer at the fishers’ +dance.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Redgauntlet</i> (time, George III.).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Martin</i> (<i>Sarah</i>), the prison reformer of Great Yarmouth. This young +woman, though but a poor dressmaker, conceived a device for the +reformation of prisoners in her native town, and continued for +twenty-four years her earnest and useful labor of love, acting as +schoolmistress, chaplain and industrial superintendent. In 1835, Captain +Williams, inspector of prisons, brought her plans before the Government, +under the conviction that the nation at large might be benefitted by +their practical good sense (1791-1843).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Martin Weldeck</b>, the miner. His story is read by Lovel to a picnic party +at St. Ruth’s ruins.—Sir W. Scott, <i>The Antiquary</i> (time, George III.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Martine</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), wife of Sganarelle. She has a furious quarrel with +her husband, who beats her, and she screams. M. Robert, a neighbor, +interferes, says to Sganarelle, “Quelle infamie! Peste soit le coquin, +de battre ainsi sa femme.” The woman snubs him for his impertinence, and +says, “Je veux qu’il me battre, moi;” and Sganarelle beats him soundly +for meddling with what does not concern him.—Molière, <i>Le Médecin +Malgré Lui</i> (1666).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Martival</b> (<i>Stephen de</i>), a steward of the field at the tournament.—Sir +W. Scott, <i>Ivanhoe</i> (time, Richard I.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Martivalle</b> (<i>Martius Galeotti</i>), astrologer to Louis XI. of France.—Sir +W. Scott, <i>Quentin Durward</i> (time, Edward IV.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Martyr King</b> (<i>The</i>), Henry VI., buried at Windsor beside Edward IV.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span></p> + +<p class="poem">Here o’er the Martyr King [<i>Henry VI.</i>] the marble weeps.<br /> +And fast beside him once-feared Edward [<i>IV.</i>] sleeps;<br /> +The grave unites where e’en the grave finds rest,<br /> +And mingled lie the oppressor and th’opprest.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Pope.</span></p> + +<p class="main"><i>Martyr King</i> (<i>The</i>), Charles I. of England (1600, 1625-1649).</p> + +<p>Louis XVI. of France is also called Louis “the Martyr” (1754, +1774-1793).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Martyrs to Science.</b></p> + +<p>Claude Louis, Count Berthollet, who tested on himself the effects of +carbonic acid on the human frame, and died under the experiment +(1748-1822).</p> + +<p>Giordano Bruno, who was burnt alive for maintaining that matter is the +mother of all things (1550-1600).</p> + +<p>Galileo, who was imprisoned twice by the Inquisition for maintaining +that the earth moved round the sun, and not the sun round the earth +(1564-1642).</p> + +<p>And scores of others.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Marvellous Boy</b> (<i>The</i>), Thomas Chatterton (1752-1770).</p> + +<p class="poem">I thought of Chatterton, the marvellous boy,<br /> +The sleepless soul that perished in his pride.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Wordsworth.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Marwood</b> (<i>Alice</i>), daughter of an old woman who called herself Mrs. +Brown. When a mere girl she was concerned in a burglary and was +transported. Carker, manager in the firm of Dombey and Son, seduced her, +and both she and her mother determined on revenge. Alice bore a striking +resemblance to Edith (Mr. Dombey’s second wife), and in fact they were +cousins, for Mrs. Brown was “wife” of the brother-in-law of the Hon. +Mrs. Skewton (Edith’s mother).—C. Dickens, <i>Dombey and Son</i> (1846).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Marwood</i> (<i>Mistress</i>), jilted by Fainall, and soured against the whole +male sex. She says, “I have done hating those vipers—men, and am now +come to despise them;” but she thinks of marrying to keep her husband +“on the rack of fear and jealousy.”—W. Congreve, <i>The Way of the World</i> +(1700).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mary</b>, the pretty housemaid of the worshipful, the mayor of Ipswich +(<i>Nupkins</i>). When Arabella Allen marries Mr. Winkle, Mary enters her +service; but eventually marries Sam Weller, and lives at Dulwich, as Mr. +Pickwick’s housekeeper.—C. Dickens, <i>The Pickwick Papers</i> (1836).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mary</i>, niece of Valentine, and his sister Alice. In love with Mons. +Thomas.—Beaumont and Fletcher, <i>Mons. Thomas</i> (1619).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mary. The queen’s Marys</i>, four young ladies of quality, of the same age +as Mary, afterwards “queen of Scots.” They embarked with her in 1548, on +board the French galleys, and were destined to be her playmates in +childhood, and her companions when she grew up. Their names were Mary +Beaton (or <i>Bethune</i>), Mary Livingston (or <i>Leuison</i>), Mary Fleming (or +<i>Flemyng</i>), and Mary Seaton (<i>Seton</i> or <i>Seyton</i>).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Mary Carmichael has no place in authentic history, although +an old ballad says:</p> + +<p class="poem">Yestrien the queen had four Marys;<br /> +<span class="i1">This night she’ll hae but three:</span><br /> +There was Mary Beaton, and Mary Seaton,<br /> +<span class="i1">And Mary Carmichael, and me.</span></p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> One of Whyte Melville’s novels is called <i>The Queen’s Marys</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mary Anne</b>, a slang name for the guillotine; also called <i>L’abbaye de +monte-à-re<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span>gret</i> (“the mountain of mournful ascent”). (See <span class="smcap">Marianne</span>.)</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mary Anne</i>, a generic name for a secret republican society in France. +<a name="corr5" id="corr5"></a><ins class="correction" title="(See">See</ins> <span class="smcap">Marianne</span>.)—B. Disraeli, <i>Lothair</i>.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Mary Anne was the red-name for the republic years ago, and there +always was a sort of myth that these secret societies had been +founded by a woman.</p> + +<p>The Mary-Anne associations, which are essentially republic, are +scattered about all the provinces of France.—<i>Lothair.</i></p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mary Graham</b>, an orphan adopted by old Martin Chuzzlewit. She eventually +married Martin Chuzzlewit, the grandson, and hero of the tale.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mary Scudder.</b> Blue-eyed daughter of a “capable” New England housewife. +From childhood she has loved her cousin. Her mother objects on the +ground that James is “unregenerate,” and brings Mary to accept Dr. +Hopkins, her pastor. The doctor, upon discovering the truth, resigns his +betrothed to the younger lover.—Harriet Beecher Stowe, <i>The Minister’s +Wooing</i> (1862).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mary Stuart</b>, an historical tragedy by J. Haynes (1840). The subject is +the death of David Rizzio.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Schiller has taken Mary Stuart for the subject of a tragedy. +P. Lebrun turned the German drama into a French play. Sir W. Scott, in +<i>The Abbot</i>, has taken for his subject the flight of Mary to England.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mary Tudor.</b> Victor Hugo has a tragedy so called (1833), and Tennyson, in +1878, issued a play entitled <i>Queen Mary</i>, an epitome of the reign of +the Tudor Mary.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mary and Byron.</b> The “Mary” of Lord Byron was Miss Chaworth. Both were +under the guardianship of Mr. White. Miss Chaworth married John Musters, +and Lord Byron married Miss Milbanke; both equally unfortunate. Lord +Byron, in <i>The Dream</i>, refers to his love-affair with Mary Chaworth.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mary in Heaven</b> (<i>To</i>) and <i>Highland Mary</i>, lyrics addressed by Robert +Burns to Mary Campbell, between whom and the poet there existed a strong +attachment previous to the latter’s departure from Ayrshire to +Nithsdale. <i>Mary Morison</i>, a youthful effusion, was written to the +object of a prior passion. The lines in the latter</p> + +<p class="poem">Those smiles and glances let me see,<br /> +That make the miser’s treasure poor,</p> + +<p class="noindent">resembles those in <i>Highland Mary</i>—</p> + +<p class="poem">Still o’er those scenes my mem’ry wakes,<br /> +And fondly broods with miser care.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mary of Mode´na</b>, the second wife of James II. of England, and mother of +“The Pretender.”</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Mamma was to assume the character and stately way of the royal +“Mary of Modena.”—Percy Fitzgerald, <i>The Parvenu Family</i>, iii. +239.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mary Queen of Scots</b> was confined first at Carlisle; she was removed in +1568 to Bolton; in 1569 she was confined at Tutbury, Wingfield, Tutbury, +Ashby-de-la-Zouche, and Coventry; in 1570 she was removed to Tutbury, +Chatsworth, and Sheffield; in 1577 to Chatsworth; in 1578 to Sheffield; +in 1584 to Wingfield; in 1585 to Tutbury, Chartley, Tixhall, and +Chartley; in 1586 (September 25) to Fotheringay.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> She is introduced by Sir W. Scott, in his novel entitled <i>The +Abbot</i>.</p> + +<p>Schiller has taken Mary Stuart for the subject of his best tragedy, and +P. Lebrun<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span> brought out in France a French version thereof (1729-1807).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mary queen of Scots.</i> The most elegant and poetical compliment ever +paid to woman was paid to Mary queen of Scots, by Shakespeare, in +<i>Midsummer Night’s Dream</i>. Remember, the <i>mermaid</i> is “Queen Mary;” the +<i>dolphin</i> means the “dauphin of France,” whom Mary married; the <i>rude +sea</i> means the “Scotch rebels;” and the <i>stars that shot from their +spheres</i> means “the princes who sprang from their allegiance to Queen +Elizabeth.”</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i5">Thou remember’st</span><br /> +Since once I sat upon a promontory,<br /> +And heard a <i>mermaid</i>, on a <i>dolphin’s</i> back,<br /> +Uttering such dulcet and harmonious breath,<br /> +That the <i>rude sea</i> grew civil at her song;<br /> +And certain <i>stars shot madly from their spheres</i>,<br /> +To hear the sea-maid’s music.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Act ii. sc. 1 (1592).</span></p> + +<p>These “stars” were the earl of Northumberland, the earl of Westmoreland, +and the duke of Norfolk.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mary, the Maid of the Inn</b>, the delight and sunshine of the parish, about +to be married to Richard, an idle, worthless fellow. One autumn night, +two guests were drinking at the inn, and one remarked he should not much +like to go to the abbey on such a night. “I’ll wager that Mary will go,” +said the other, and the bet was accepted. Mary went, and, hearing +footsteps, stepped into a place of concealment, when presently passed +her two young men carrying a young woman they had just murdered. The hat +of one blew off, and fell at Mary’s feet. She picked it up, and flew to +the inn, told her story, and then, producing the hat, found it was +Richard’s. Her senses gave way, and she became a confirmed maniac for +life.—R. Southey, <i>Mary, the Maid of the Inn</i> (from Dr. Plot’s <i>History +of Staffordshire</i>, 1686).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mary Pyncheon.</b> (See <a href="#Pyncheon"><span class="smcap">Pyncheon</span></a>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mary Woodcock.</b> (See <span class="smcap">Woodcock</span>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mar´zavan</b>, foster-brother of the Princess Badou´ra.—<i>Arabian Nights</i> +(“Camaralzaman and Badoura”).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Masaniello</b>, a corruption of [Tom]maso Aniello, a Neapolitan fisherman, +who headed an insurrection in 1647 against the duke of Arcos; and he +resolved to kill the duke’s son for having seduced Fenella, his sister, +who was deaf and dumb. The insurrection succeeded, and Masaniello was +elected by his rabble “chief magistrate of Portici;” but he became +intoxicated with his greatness, so the mob shot him, and flung his dead +body into a ditch. Next day, however, it was taken out and interred with +much ceremony and pomp. When Fenella heard of her brother’s death, she +threw herself into the crater of Vesuvius.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Auber has an opera on the subject (1831), the libretto by +Scribe. Caraffa had chosen the same subject for an opera previously.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mascarille</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), the valet of La Grange. In order to reform two +silly, romantic girls, La Grange and Du Croisy introduce to them their +valets, as the “marquis of Mascarille” and the “viscount of Jodelet.” +The girls are taken with their “aristocratic visitors;” but when the +game has gone far enough, the masters enter and unmask the trick. By +this means the girls are taught a most useful lesson, and are saved from +any serious ill consequences.—Molière, <i>Les Précieuses Ridicules</i> +(1659).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Molière had already introduced the same name in two other of +his comedies, <i>L’Etourdi</i> (1653) and <i>Le Dépit Amoureux</i> (1654).</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span><b>Masetto</b>, a rustic engaged to Zerlīna; but Don Giovanni intervenes before +the wedding, and deludes the foolish girl into believing that he means +to make her a great lady and his wife.—Mozart, <i>Don Giovanni</i> (libretto +by L. da Ponte, 1787).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mask´well</b>, the “double dealer.” He pretends to love Lady Touchwood, but +it is only to make her a tool for breaking the attachment between +Mellefont (2 <i>syl.</i>) and Cynthia. Maskwell pretends friendship for +Mellefont merely to throw dust in his eyes respecting his designs to +carry off Cynthia, to whom Mellefont is betrothed. Cunning and hypocrisy +are Maskwell’s substitutes for wisdom and honesty.—W. Congreve, <i>The +Double Dealer</i> (1700).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Massasowat.</b> The account given by Edward Winslow of the illness of +Massasowat—the friendly Indian chief whose alliance with the pilgrim +father ceased only with his life—is a curious contribution to colonial +literature. The remedies and diet used by Winslow are so extraordinary +as to give unintentional point to his remark—“We, with admiration, +blessed <span class="smcap">God</span> for giving his blessing to such rare and ignorant +means.”—Edward Winslow, <i>Good News from New England</i> (1624).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mason</b> (<i>William</i>). The medallion to this poet in Westminster Abbey was +by Bacon.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mason</i> (<i>Lady</i>). She forges a will purporting to be by her husband, +securing his estate to herself and her son. Nobody suspects the fraud +for years. When inquiry arises, Lady Mason is engaged to a gallant old +baronet who will not credit her guilt until, conscience-smitten, she +throws herself at his feet and acknowledges all.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Lucius Mason.</i> The priggish, good-looking youth for whom Lady Mason +risks so much. When he learns the truth he is stern in his judgment of +the unhappy woman.—Anthony Trollope, <i>Orley Farm</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Master</b> (<i>The</i>). Goethe is called <i>Der Meister</i> (1749-1832).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I beseech you, Mr. Tickler, not to be so sarcastic on “The +Master.”—<i>Noctes Ambrosiana.</i></p></div> + +<p class="main"><i>Master</i> (<i>The Old</i>). Mythical personage, whose breakfast-table +monologues are among the most charming that enliven the pages of Oliver +Wendell Holmes’s <i>Poet at the Breakfast Table</i>. “I think he suspects +himself of a three-story intellect, and I don’t feel sure that he isn’t +right.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Master Adam</b>, Adam Billaut, the French poet (1602-1662).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Master Humphrey</b>, the narrator of the story called “The Old Curiosity +Shop.”—C. Dickens, <i>Master Humphrey’s Clock</i> (1840).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Master Leonard</b>, grand-master of the nocturnal orgies of the demons. He +presided at these meetings in the form of a three-horned goat with a +black human face.—<i>Middle Age Demonology.</i></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Master, like Man</b> (<i>Like</i>).</p> + +<p class="poem">Such mistress, such Nan;<br /> +Such master, such man.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Tusser, xxxviii. 22.</span></p> + +<p class="noindent">Again:</p> + +<p class="poem">Such master, such man; and such mistress, such maid;<br /> +Such husband and huswife; such houses arraid.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">T. Tusser, <i>Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry</i>, xxxix. 22 (1557).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Master_Matthew" id="Master_Matthew"></a><b>Master Matthew</b>, a town gull.—Ben Jonson, <i>Every Man in His Humor</i> +(1598).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Master Stephen</b>, a country gull of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span> melancholy humor. (See <a href="#Master_Matthew"><span class="smcap">Master +Matthew</span></a>).—Ben Jonson, <i>Every Man in His Humor</i> (1598).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Master of Sentences</b>, Pierre Lombard, author of a book called <i>Sentences</i> +(1100-1164).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Masters</b> (<i>Doctor</i>), physician to Queen Elizabeth.—Sir W. Scott, +<i>Kenilworth</i> (time, Elizabeth).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Masters</i> (The Four): (1) Michael O’Clerighe (<i>or</i> Clery), who died +1643; (2) Cucoirighe O’Clerighe; (3) Maurice Conry; (4) Fearfeafa Conry; +authors of <i>Annals of Donegal</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mat Mizen</b>, mate of H.M. ship <i>Tiger</i>. The type of a daring, reckless, +dare-devil English sailor. His adventures with Harry Clifton, in Delhi, +form the main incidents of Barrymore’s melodrama, <i>El Hyder, Chief of +the Ghaut Mountains</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mat-o’-the Mint</b>, a highwayman in Captain Macheath’s gang. Peachum says, +“He is a promising, sturdy fellow, and diligent in his way. Somewhat too +bold and hasty; one that may raise good contributions on the public if +he does not cut himself short by murder.”—Gay, <i>The Beggar’s Opera</i>, i. +(1727).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Matabrune</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), wife of King Pierron of the Strong Island, and +mother of Prince Oriant, one of the ancestors of Godfrey of +Bouillon.—<i>Mediæval Romance of Chivalry.</i></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mathematical Calculators.</b></p> + +<p>George Parkes Bidder, president of the Institution of Civil Engineers +(1800- ).</p> + +<p>Jedediah Buxton, of Elmeton, in Derbyshire. He would tell how many +letters were in any one of his father’s sermons, after hearing it from +the pulpit. He went to hear Garrick, in <i>Richard III.</i>, and told how +many words each actor uttered (1705-1775).</p> + +<p>Zerah Colburn, of Vermont, U. S., came to London in 1812, when he was +eight years old. The duke of Gloucester set him to multiply five figures +by three, and he gave the answer instantly. He would extract the cube +root of nine figures in a few seconds (1804- ).</p> + +<p>Vito Mangiamele, son of a Sicilian shepherd. In 1839 MM. Arago, Lacroix, +Libri, and Sturm examined the boy, then 11 years old, and in half a +minute he told them the cube root of seven figures, and in three seconds +of nine figures (1818- ).</p> + +<p>Alfragan, the Arabian astronomer (died 820).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mathilde</b> (2 <i>syl.</i>), heroine of a tale so called by Sophie Ristaud, Dame +Cottin (1773-1807).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mathilde</i> (3 <i>syl.</i>), sister of Gessler, the tyrannical governor of +Switzerland, in love with Arnoldo, a Swiss, who saved her life when it +was imperilled by an avalanche. After the death of Gessler she married +the bold Swiss.—Rossini, <i>Guglielmo Tell</i> (an opera, 1829).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mathis</b>, a German miller, greatly in debt. One Christmas Eve a Polish Jew +came to his house in a sledge, and, after rest and refreshment, started +for Nantzig, “four leagues off.” Mathis followed him, killed him with an +axe, and burnt the body in a lime-kiln. He then paid his debts, greatly +prospered, and became a highly respected burgomaster. On the wedding +night of his only child, Annette, he died of apoplexy, of which he had +previous warning by the constant sound of sledge-bells in his ears. In +his dream he supposed himself put into a mesmeric sleep<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span> in open court, +when he confessed everything, and was executed.—J. R. Ware, <i>The Polish +Jew</i>.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> This is the character which first introduced H. Irving to +public notice.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Math´isen</b>, one of the three anabaptists who induced John of Leyden to +join their rebellion; but no sooner was John proclaimed “the +prophet-king” than the three rebels betrayed him to the emperor. When +the villains entered the banquet-hall to arrest their dupe, they all +perished in the flames of the burning palace.—Meyerbeer, <i>Le Prophète</i> +(an opera, 1849).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Matilda</b>, wife of the earl of Leicester, in the “first American tragedy +regularly produced” in the United States.</p> + +<p>She plans to poison her lord, a plot discovered and thwarted by him. In +shame and remorse she stabs herself to the heart, praying Leicester to +“pity her youthful paramour.”—William Dunlap, <i>Leicester, A Tragedy</i> +(1794).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Matilda</i>, sister of Rollo and Otto, dukes of Normandy, and daughter of +Sophia.—Beaumont and Fletcher, <i>The Bloody Brother</i> (1639).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Matilda</i>, daughter of Lord Robert Fitzwalter.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Michael Drayton has a poem of some 650 lines, so called.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Matilda</i>, daughter of Rokeby, and niece of Mortham. Matilda was beloved +by Wilfred, son of Oswald; but she herself loved Redmond, her father’s +page, who turned out to be Mortham’s son.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Rokeby</i> +(1812).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Matsys</b> (<i>Quintin</i>), a blacksmith of Antwerp. He fell in love with Liza, +the daughter of Johann Mandyn, the artist. The father declared that +none but an artist should have her to wife; so Matsys relinquished his +trade, and devoted himself to painting. After a while, he went into the +studio of Mandyn to see his picture of the fallen angel; and on the +<a name="corr6" id="corr6"></a><ins class="correction" title="outstretched">outstretehed</ins> leg of one of the figures painted a bee. This was so +life-like, that when the old man returned, he proceeded to frighten it +off with his handkerchief. When he discovered the deception, and found +out it was done by Matsys, he was so delighted that he at once gave Liza +to him for wife.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Matthew Merrygreek</b>, the servant of Ralph Roister Doister. He is a +flesh-and-blood representative of “vice” in the old +morality-plays.—Nicholas Udall, <i>Ralph Roister Doister</i> (the first +English comedy, 1634).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Matthias de Monçada</b>, a merchant. He is the father of Mrs. Witherington, +wife of General Witherington.—Sir W. Scott, <i>The Surgeon’s Daughter</i> +(time, George II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Matthias de Silva</b> (<i>Don</i>), a Spanish beau. This exquisite one day +received a challenge for defamation, soon after he had retired to bed, +and said to his valet, “I would not get up before noon to make one in +the best party of pleasure that was ever projected. Judge, then, if I +shall rise at six o’clock in the morning to get my throat cut.”—Lesage, +<i>Gil Blas</i>, iii. 8 (1715).</p> + +<p>(This reply was borrowed from the romance of Espinel, entitled <i>Vida del +Escudero Marços de Obregon</i>, 1618).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mattie</b>, maid servant of Bailie Nicol Jarvie, and afterwards his +wife.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Rob Roy</i> (time, George I.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Maud Muller</b>, pretty, shy haymaker,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span> of whom the judge, passing by, +craves a cup of water. He falls in love with the rustic maiden, but dare +not wed her. She, too, recollects him with tenderness, dreaming vainly +of what might have been her different lot.</p> + +<p class="poemquote">“Of all sad words of tongue or pen,<br /> +The saddest are these, ‘It might have been.’”<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">J. G. Whittier, <i>Maud Muller</i>.</span></p> + +<p>Bret Harte has written a clever parody upon Maud Muller,—“<i>Mrs. Judge +Jenkins</i>.”</p> + +<p class="poemquote">“There are no sadder words of tongue or pen,<br /> +Than ‘It is, but <i>it hadn’t orter been!</i>’”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Maude</b>, (1 <i>syl.</i>), wife of Peter Pratefast, “who loved cleanliness.”</p> + +<p class="poem">She kepe her dishes from all foulenes;<br /> +And when she lacked clowtes withouten fayle,<br /> +She wyped her dishes with her dogges tayll.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Stephen Hawes, <i>The Pastyme of Pleasure</i>, xxix. (1515).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Maugis</b>, the Nestor of French romance. He was one of Charlemagne’s +paladins, a magician and champion.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> In Italian romance he is called “Malagigi” (<i>q.v.</i>).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Maugis d’Aygremont</b>, son of Duke Bevis d’Aygremont, stolen in infancy by +a female slave. As the slave rested under a white-thorn, a lion and a +leopard devoured her, and then killed each other in disputing over the +infant. Oriande la fèe, attracted to the spot by the crying of the +child, exclaimed, “by the powers above, the child is <i>mal gist</i> (‘badly +nursed’)!” and ever after it was called Mal-gist or Mau-gis’. When grown +to manhood, he obtained the enchanted horse Bayard, and took from +Anthenor (the Saracen) <a name="corr7" id="corr7"></a><ins class="correction" title="the">the the</ins> sword Flamberge. Subsequently he gave +both to his cousin Renaud (<i>Renaldo</i>). Romance of <i>Maugis d’Aygremont et +de Vivian son Frère</i>.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> In the Italian romance, Maugis is called “Malagigi,” Bevis +is “Buovo,” Bayard is “Bayardo,” Flamberge is “Fusberta,” and Renaud is +“Renaldo.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Maugrabin</b> (<i>Zamet</i>), a Bohemian, hung near Plessis lés Tours.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Hayraddin Maugrabin</i>, the “Zingaro,” brother of Zamet Maugrabin. He +assumes the disguise of Rouge Sanglier, and pretends to be a herald from +Liège [<i>Le.aje</i>].—Sir W. Scott, <i>Quentin Durward</i> (time, Edward IV.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mau´graby</b>, son of Hal-il-Maugrăby and his wife Yandar. Hal-il-Maugraby +founded Dom-Daniel “under the roots of the ocean” near the coast of +Tunis, and his son completed it. He and his son were the greatest +magicians that ever lived. Maugraby was killed by Prince +Habed-il-Rouman, son of the caliph of Syria, and with his death +Dom-Daniel ceased to exist.—<i>Continuation of Arabian Nights</i> (“History +of Maugraby”).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Did they not say to us every day that if we were naughty the +Maugraby would take us?—<i>Continuation of Arabian Nights</i>, iv. 74.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Maugys</b>, a giant who kept the bridge leading to a castle in which a lady +was besieged. Sir Lybius, one of the knights of the Round Table, did +battle with him, slew him, and liberated the lady.—<i>Libeaux</i> (a +romance).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Maul</b>, a giant who used to spoil young pilgrims with sophistry. He +attacked Mr. Greatheart with a club; but Greatheart pierced him under +the fifth rib, and then cut off his head.—Bunyan, <i>Pilgrim’s Progress</i>, +ii. (1684).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Maul of Monks</b>, Thomas Cromwell, visitor-general of English monasteries, +which he summarily suppressed (1490-1540).</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span><b>Maulstatute</b> (<i>Master</i>), a magistrate.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Peveril of the +Peak</i> (time, Charles II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Maun´drel</b>, a wearisome gossip, a chattering woman.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Maundrels</i>, vagaries, especially those of a person in delirium, or the +disjointed gabble of a sleeper.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> The word is said to be a corruption of Mandeville (<i>Sir +John</i>), who published a book of travels, full of idle tales and +maundering gossip.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mauprat</b> (<i>Adrien de</i>), colonel and chevalier in the king’s army; “the +wildest gallant and bravest knight of France.” He married Julie; but the +king accused him of treason for so doing, and sent him to the Bastille. +Being released by the Cardinal Richelieu, he was forgiven, and made +happy with the blessing of the king.—Lord Lytton, <i>Richelieu</i> (1839).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mauprat</i>, the last of a fierce race of French robber nobles. His wild +nature is subdued into real nobility by his love for his beautiful +cousin.—George Sand, <i>Mauprat</i> (1836).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Maurice Beevor</b> (<i>Sir</i>), a miser, and (failing the children of the +countess) heir to the Arundel estates. The countess having two sons +(Arthur and Percy), Sir Maurice hired assassins to murder them; but his +plots were frustrated, and the miser went to his grave “a sordid, +spat-upon, revengeless, worthless, and rascally poor cousin.”—Lord +Lytton, <i>The Sea-Captain</i> (1839).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mause</b> (<i>Old</i>), mother of Cuddie Headrigg, and a covenanter.—Sir W. +Scott, <i>Old Mortality</i> (time, Charles II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mauso´lus</b>, king of Caria, to whom his wife Artĕmisia erected a sepulchre +which was one of the “Seven Wonders of the World” (<span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 353).</p> + +<p>The chief mausoleums besides this are those of Augustus; Hadrian (now +called the castle of St. Angelo) at Rome; Henri II., erected by +Catherine de Medicis; St. Peter the martyr, in the church of St. +Eustatius, by G. Balduccio; that to the memory of Louis XVI.; and the +tomb of Napoleon in Les Invalides, Paris. The one erected by Queen +Victoria to Prince Albert may also be mentioned.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mauthe Dog</b>, a black spectre spaniel that haunted the guard-room of +Peeltown in the Isle of Man. One day a drunken trooper entered the +guard-room while the dog was there, but lost his speech, and died within +three days.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Lay of the Last Minstrel</i>, vi. 26 (1805).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mauxalin´da</b>, in love with Moore, of Moore Hall; but the valiant +combatant of the dragon deserts her for Margery, daughter of Gubbins, of +Roth’ram Green.—H. Carey, <i>Dragon of Wantley</i> (1696-1743).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mavortian</b>, a soldier or son of Mavors (<i>Mars</i>).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Hew dreadfull Mavortian the poor price of a dinner.—Richard Brome, +<i>Plays</i> (1653).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mawworm</b>, a vulgar copy of Dr. Cantwell “the hypocrite.” He is a most +gross abuser of his mother tongue, but believes he has a call to preach. +He tells old Lady Lambert that he has made several sermons already, but +“always does ’em extrumpery” because he could not write. He finds his +“religious vocation” more profitable than selling “grocery, tea, small +beer, charcoal, butter, brickdust, and other<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span> spices,” and so comes to +the conclusion that it “is sinful to keep shop.” He is a convert of Dr. +Cantwell, and believes in him to the last.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Do despise me; I’m the prouder for it. I like to be despised.—I. +Bickerstaff, <i>The Hypocrite</i>, ii. 1 (1768).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Max</b>, a huntsman, and the best marksman in Germany. He was plighted to +Agatha, who was to be his wife, if he won the prize in the annual match. +Caspar induced Max to go to the wolf’s glen at midnight and obtain seven +charmed balls from Samiel, the Black Huntsman. On the day of contest, +while Max was shooting, he killed Caspar, who was concealed in a tree, +and the king in consequence abolished this annual <i>fête</i>.—Weber, <i>Der +Freischütz</i> (an opera, 1822).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Maxime</b> (2 <i>syl.</i>), an officer of the Prefect Almachius. He was ordered +to put to death Valerian and Tibur´cê, because they refused to worship +the image of Jupiter; but he took pity on them, took them to his house, +became converted and was baptized. When Valerian and Tiburcê were +afterwards martyred, Maxime said he saw angels come and carry them to +heaven, whereupon Almachius caused him to be beaten with rods “til he +his lif gan lete.”—Chaucer, <i>Canterbury Tales</i> (“Second Nun’s Tale,” +1388).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> This is based on the story of “Cecilia” in the <i>Legenda +Aurea</i>; and both are imitations of the story of Paul and the jailer of +Philippi (<i>Acts</i> xvi. 19-34).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Maximil´ian</b> (son of Frederick III.), the hero of the <i>Teuerdank</i>, the +<i>Orlando Furioso</i> of the Germans, by Melchior Pfinzing.</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i3">.... [<i>here</i>] in old heroic days</span><br /> +Sat the poet Melchoir, singing Kaiser Maximilian’s praise.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Longfellow, <i>Nuremberg</i>.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Maximin</b>, a Roman tyrant.—Dryden, <i>Tyrannic Love</i>, or <i>the Royal +Martyr</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Maximus</b>, (called by Geoffrey, “Maximian”), a Roman senator, who in 381, +was invited to become king of Britain. He conquered Armorica +(<i>Bretagne</i>), and “published a decree for the assembling together there +of 100,000 of the common people of Britain, to colonize the land, and +30,000 soldiers to defend the colony.” Hence Armorica was called, “The +other Britain” or “Little Britain.”—Geoffrey, <i>British History</i>, v. 14 +(1142).</p> + +<p class="poem">Got Maximus at length the victory in Gaul,<br /> +... where after Gratian’s fall.<br /> +Armorica to them the valiant victor gave....<br /> +Which colony ... is “Little Britain” called.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Drayton, <i>Polyolbion</i>, ix. (1612).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Maxwell</b>, deputy chamberlain at Whitehall.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Fortunes of +Nigel</i> (time, James I.).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Maxwell</i> (<i>Mr. Pate</i>), laird of Summertrees, called “Pate in Peril;” +one of the papist conspirators with Redgauntlet.—Sir W. Scott, +<i>Redgauntlet</i> (time, George III.).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Maxwell</i> (<i>The Right Hon. William</i>), Lord Evandale, an officer in the +king’s army.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Old Mortality</i> (time, Charles II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>May</b>, a girl who married January, a Lombard baron 60 years old. She loved +Damyan, a young squire; and one day the baron caught Damyan and May +fondling each other, but the young wife told her husband his eyes were +so defective that they could not be trusted. The old man accepted the +solution—for what is better than “a fruitful wife and a confiding +spouse?”—Chaucer, <i>Canterbury Tales</i> (“The Merchant’s Tale,” 1388).</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span><b>May unlucky for Brides.</b> Mary, queen of Scotland, married Bothwell, the +murderer of her husband, Lord Darnley, on May 12.</p> + +<p class="poem">Mense malum Maio nubere vulgus ait.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Ovid, <i>Fasti</i>, v.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>May-Day</b> (<i>Evil</i>), May 1, 1517, when the London apprentices rose up +against the foreign residents and did <a name="corr8" id="corr8"></a><ins class="correction" title="incalculable">incalcuable</ins> mischief. This +riot began May 1, and lasted till May 22.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>May Queen</b> (<i>The</i>), a poem in three parts by Tennyson (1842). Alice, a +bright-eyed, merry child, was chosen May queen, and, being afraid she +might oversleep herself, told her mother to be sure to call her early.</p> + +<p class="poem">I sleep so sound all night, mother, that I shall never wake,<br /> +If you do not call me loud when the day begins to break;<br /> +But I must gather knots of flowers, and buds and garlands gay,<br /> +For I’m to be queen o’ the May, mother, I’m to be queen o’ the May.</p> + +<p>The old year passed away, and the black-eyed rustic maiden was dying. +She hoped to greet the new year before her eyes closed in death, and +bade her mother once again to be sure to call her early; but it was not +now because she slept so soundly. Alas! no.</p> + +<p class="poem">Good night, sweet mother; call me before the day is born.<br /> +All night I lie awake, but I fall asleep at morn;<br /> +But I would see the sun rise upon the glad New Year,<br /> +So, if you’re waking, call me, call me early, mother dear.</p> + +<p>The day rose and passed away, but Alice lingered on till March. The +snow-drops had gone before her, and the violets were in bloom. Robin had +dearly loved the child, but the thoughtless village beauty, in her +joyous girlhood, tossed her head at him, and never thought of love, but +now, that she was going to the land of shadows, her dying words were:</p> + +<p class="poem">And say to Robin a kind word, and tell him not to fret;<br /> +There’s many worthier than I, would make him happy yet.<br /> +If I had lived—I cannot tell—I might have been his wife;<br /> +But all these things have ceased to be, with my desire of life.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Maye</b> (<i>The</i>), that subtle and abstruse sense which the goddess Maya +inspires. Plato, Epicharmos, and some other ancient philosophers refer +it to the presence of divinity. “It is the divinity which stirs within +us.” In poetry it gives an inner sense to the outward word, and in +common minds it degenerates into delusion or second sight. Maya is an +Indian deity, and personates the “power of creation.”</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Hartmann possède la Mâye ... il laisse pénétrer dans ses écrits les +sentiments, et les pensées dont son âme est remplie, et cherche +sans cesse à resoudre les antithèses.—G. Weber, <i>Hist. de la +Littérature Allemande</i>.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mayeux</b>, a stock name in France for a man deformed, vain, and licentious, +but witty and brave. It occurs in a large number of French romances and +caricatures.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mayflower</b>, a ship of 180 tons, which in December, 1620, started from +Plymouth, and conveyed to Massachusetts 102 puritans, called the +“Pilgrim Fathers,” who named their settlement New Plymouth.</p> + +<p class="poem">... the <i>Mayflower</i> sailed from the harbor [<i>Plymouth</i>],<br /> +Took the wind on her quarter, and stood for the open Atlantic,<br /> +Borne on the sand of the sea, and the swelling hearts of the pilgrims.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Longfellow, <i>Courtship of Miles Standish</i>, v. (1858).</span></p> + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span><i>Men of the Mayflower</i>, the Pilgrim Fathers, who went out in the +<i>Mayflower</i> to North America in 1620.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mayflower</i> (<i>Phœbe</i>), servant at Sir Henry Lee’s lodge.—Sir W. Scott, +<i>Woodstock</i> (time, commonwealth).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Maylie</b> (<i>Mrs.</i>), the lady of the house attacked burglariously by Bill +Sykes and others. Mrs. Maylie is mother of Harry Maylie, and aunt of +Rose Fleming, who lives with her.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>She was well advanced in years, but the high-backed oaken chair in +which she sat was not more upright than she. Dressed with the +utmost nicety and precision in a quaint mixture of bygone costume, +with some slight concession to the prevailing taste, which rather +served to point the old style pleasantly than to impair its effect, +she sat in a stately manner, with her hands folded before her.</p></div> + +<p class="main"><i>Harry Maylie</i>, Mrs. Maylie’s son. He marries his cousin, Rose +Fleming.—C. Dickens, <i>Oliver Twist</i> (1837).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mayor of Garratt</b> (<i>The</i>). Garratt is between Wandsworth and Tooting. The +first mayor of this village was elected towards the close of the +eighteenth century, and the election came about thus: Garratt Common had +often been encroached on, and in 1780 the inhabitants associated +themselves together to defend their rights. The chairman was called +<i>Mayor</i>, and as it happened to be the time of a general election, the +society made it a law that a new “mayor” should be elected at every +general election. The addresses of these mayors, written by Foote, +Garrick, Wilks, and others, are satires and political squibs. The first +mayor of Garratt was “Sir” John Harper, a retailer of brickdust; and the +last was “Sir” Harry Dimsdale, a muffin-seller (1796). In Foote’s farce +so called, Jerry Sneak is chosen mayor, son-in-law of the landlord +(1763).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mayors</b> (<i>Lord</i>) who have founded noble houses:</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Lord Mayors"> +<tr> + <td></td> + <td class="tdc"><i>Lord Mayor.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Aveland</span> (<i>Lord</i>), from Sir Gilbert Heathcote</td> + <td class="tdc">1711</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Bacon</span> (<i>Lord</i>), from Sir Thomas Cooke, draper</td> + <td class="tdc">1557</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Bath</span> (<i>Marquis of</i>), from Sir Rowland Heyward, cloth-worker</td> + <td class="tdc">1570</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Braybrooke</span> (<i>Lord</i>), from Sir John Gresham, grocer</td> + <td class="tdc">1547</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Brook</span> (<i>Lord</i>), from Sir Samuel Dashwood, vintner</td> + <td class="tdc">1702</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Buckingham</span> (<i>Duke of</i>), from Sir John Gresham, grocer</td> + <td class="tdc">1547</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Compton</span> (<i>Lord</i>), from Sir Wolston Dixie, skinner</td> + <td class="tdc">1585</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Cranbourne</span> (<i>Viscount</i>), from Sir Christopher Gascoigne</td> + <td class="tdc">1753</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Denbigh</span> (<i>Earl of</i>), from Sir Godfrey Fielding, mercer</td> + <td class="tdc">1452</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Donne</span> (<i>Viscount</i>), from Sir Gilbert Heathcote</td> + <td class="tdc">1711</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Fitzwilliam</span> (<i>Earl of</i>), from Sir Thomas Cooke, draper</td> + <td class="tdc">1557</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Palmerston</span> (<i>Lord</i>), from Sir John Houblon, grocer</td> + <td class="tdc">1695</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Salisbury</span> (<i>Marquis of</i>), from Sir Thomas Cooke, draper</td> + <td class="tdc">1557</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Warwick</span> (<i>Earl of</i>), from Sir Samuel Dashwood, vintner</td> + <td class="tdc">1702</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Wiltshire</span> (<i>Earl of</i>), from Sir Godfrey Boleine</td> + <td class="tdc">1457</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td style="padding-left: 2em;">(queen Elizabeth was his granddaughter).</td> + <td></td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p class="main"><b>Maypole</b> (<i>The</i>), the nickname given to Erangard Melousine de +Schulemberg, duchess of Kendal, the mistress of George I., on account of +her leanness and height (1719, died, 1743).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mazarin of Letters</b> (<i>The</i>), D’Alembert (1717-1783).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mazarine</b> (<i>A</i>), a common council-man of London; so called from the +mazarine-blue silk gown worn by this civil functionary.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mazeppa</b> (<i>Jan</i>), a hetman of the Cossacks, born of a noble Polish family +in Podolia. He was a page in the court of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span> Jan Casimir, king of Poland, +and while in this capacity intrigued with Theresia, the young wife of a +Podolian count, who discovered the amour, and had the young page lashed +to a wild horse, and turned adrift. The horse rushed in mad fury, and +dropped down dead in the Ukraine, where Mazeppa was released by a +Cossack, who nursed him carefully in his own hut. In time the young page +became a prince of the Ukraine, but fought against Russia in the battle +of Pultowa. Lord Byron (1819) makes Mazeppa tell his tale to Charles +XII. after the battle (1640-1709).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“Muster Richardson” had a fine appreciation of genius, and left the +original “Mazeppa” at Astley’s a handsome legacy [1766-1836].—Mark +Lemon.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>M. B. Waistcoat</b>, a clerical waistcoat. M. B. means “Mark [<i>of the</i>] +Beast;” so called because, when these waistcoats were first worn by +Protestant clergymen (about 1830), they were stigmatized as indicating a +popish tendency.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>He smiled at the folly which stigmatized an M. B. +<a name="corr9" id="corr9"></a><ins class="correction" title="wasticoat.">waistcoat</ins>—Mrs. Oliphant, <i>Phœbe, Jun.</i>, ii. 1.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>McGrath</b> (<i>Miss Jane</i>), “is a woman. Uv course doorin’ the war she wuz +loyal ez she understood loyalty. She believed in her State. She hed two +brothers which went into the Confedrit servis, and she gave ’em both +horses. But wood any sister let her brother go afoot?... Her case is one +wich I shel push the hardest.... Ef Congress does not consider it +favorably it will show that Congress hez no bowels.”—D. R. Locke’s, +<i>The Struggles—Social, Financial and Political—of Petroleum</i>, V. +Nasby.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Meadows</b> (<i>Sir William</i>), a kind country gentleman, the friend of Jack +Eustace, and father of young Meadows.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Young Meadows</i> left his father’s home because the old gentleman wanted +him to marry Rosetta, whom he had never seen. He called himself Thomas, +and entered the service of Justice Woodcock as gardener. Here he fell in +love with the supposed chamber-maid, who proved to be Rosetta, and their +marriage fulfilled the desire of all the parties interested.—I. +Bickerstaff, <i>Love in a Village</i>.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Charles Dignum made his <i>début</i> at Drury Lane, in 1784, in the +character of “Young Meadows.” His voice was so clear and +full-toned, and his manner of singing so judicious, that he was +received with the warmest applause.—<i>Dictionary of Musicians.</i></p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Meagles</b> (<i>Mr.</i>), an eminently “practical man,” who, being well off, +travelled over the world for pleasure. His party consisted of himself, +his daughter Pet, and his daughter’s servant called Tatty-coram. A jolly +man was Mr. Meagles; but clear-headed, shrewd, and persevering.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mrs. Meagles</i>, wife of the “practical man,” and mother of Pet.—C. +Dickens, <i>Little Dorrit</i> (1857).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Meal-Tub Plot</b>, a fictitious conspiracy concocted by Dangerfield for the +purpose of cutting off those who opposed the succession of James, duke +of York, afterwards James II. The scheme was concealed in a meal-tub in +the house of Mrs. Cellier (1685).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Measure for Measure.</b> There was a law in Vienna that made it death for a +man to live with a woman not his wife; but the law was so little +enforced that the mothers of Vienna complained to the duke of its +neglect. So the duke deputed Angelo to enforce it, and, assuming the +dress of a friar, absented himself awhile, to watch the result. Scarcely +was the duke gone, when Claudio was sentenced<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span> to death for violating +the law. His sister Isabel went to intercede on his behalf, and Angelo +told her he would spare her brother if she would give herself to him. +Isabel told her brother he must prepare to die, as the conditions +proposed by Angelo were out of the question. The duke, disguised as a +friar, heard the whole story, and persuaded Isabel to “assent in words,” +but to send Mariana (the divorced wife of Angelo), to take her place. +This was done; but Angelo sent the provost to behead Claudio, a crime +which “the friar” contrived to avert. Next day, the duke returned to the +city, and Isabel told her tale. The end was, the duke married Isabel, +Angelo took back his wife, and Claudio married Juliet, whom he had +seduced.—Shakespeare, <i>Measure for Measure</i> (1603).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> This story is from Whetstone’s <i>Heptameron</i> (1578). A similar +story is given also in Giraldi Cinthio’s third decade of stories.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Medam´othi</b>, the island at which the fleet of Pantag´ruel landed on the +fourth day of their voyage. Here many choice curiosities were bought, +such as “the picture of a man’s voice,” an “echo drawn to life,” +“Plato’s ideas,” some of “Epicurus’s atoms,” a sample of “Philome´la’s +needlework,” and other objects of <i>vertu</i> to be obtained nowhere +else.—Rabelais, <i>Pantagruel</i>, iv. 3 (1545).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> <i>Medamothi</i> is a compound Greek word, meaning “never in any +place.” So <i>Utopia</i> is a Greek compound, meaning “no place;” +<i>Kennaquhair</i> is a Scotch compound, meaning “I know not where;” and +<i>Kennahtwhar</i> is Anglo-Saxon for the same. All these places are in 91° +north lat. and 180° 1' west long., in the Niltālê Ocean.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Medea</b>, a famous sorceress of Colchis who married Jason, the leader of +the Argonauts, and aided him in getting possession of the golden fleece. +After being married ten years, Jason repudiated her for Glaucê; and +Medea, in revenge, sent the bride a poisoned robe, which killed both +Glaucê and her father. Medea then tore to pieces her two sons, and fled +to Athens in a chariot drawn by dragons.</p> + +<p>The story has been dramatized in Greek by Euripĭdês; in Latin by Senĕca +and by Ovid; in French by Corneille (<i>Médée</i>, 1635), Longepierre (1695), +and Legouvé (1849); in English by Glover (1761).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Mrs. Yates was a superb “Medea.”—Thomas Campbell.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mede´a and Absyr´tus.</b> When Medea fled with Jason from Colchis (in Asia), +she murdered her brother, Absyrtus, and, cutting the body into several +pieces, strewed the fragments about, that the father might be delayed in +picking them up, and thus be unable to overtake the fugitives.</p> + +<p class="poem">Meet I an infant of the duke of York,<br /> +Into as many gobbets will I cut it<br /> +As wild Medea young Absyrtus did.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Shakespeare, 2 <i>Henry VI.</i> act v. sc. 2 (1591).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mede´a’s Kettle.</b> Medea, the sorceress, cut to pieces an old ram, threw +the parts into her caldron, and by her incantations changed the old ram +into a young lamb. The daughters of Pelias thought they would have their +father restored to youth, as Æson had been. So they killed him, and put +the body in Medea’s caldron; but Medea refused to utter the needful +incantation, and so the old man was not restored to life.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Change the shape, and shake off age. Get thee Medea’s kettle, and +be boiled anew.—W. Congreve, <i>Love for Love</i>, iv. (1695).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Médecin Malgré Lui</b> (<i>Le</i>) a comedy<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span> by Molière (1666). The “enforced +doctor” is Sganarelle, a faggot-maker, who is called in by Géronte to +cure his daughter of dumbness. Sganarelle soon perceives that the malady +is assumed in order to prevent a hateful marriage, and introduces her +lover as an apothecary. The dumb spirit is at once exorcised, and the +lovers made happy with “pills matrimoniac.”</p> + +<p>In 1723 Fielding produced a farce called <i>The Mock Doctor</i>, which was +based on this comedy. The doctor he calls “Gregory,” and Géronte “Sir +Jasper.” Lucinde, the dumb girl, he calls “Charlotte,” and Anglicizes +her lover, Léandre, into “Leander.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Medham</b> (“<i>the keen</i>”), one of Mahomet’s swords.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Medicine</b> (<i>The Father of</i>), Aretæos of Cappadocia (second and third +centuries).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Also Hippoc´rates, of Cos (<span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 460-357).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Medina</b>, the Golden Mean personified, Step-sister of Elissa (<i>parsimony</i>) +and Perissa (<i>extravagance</i>). The three sisters could never agree on any +subject.—Spenser, <i>Faëry Queen</i>, ii. (1590).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Medley</b> (<i>Matthew</i>), the factotum of Sir Walter Waring. He marries Dolly, +daughter of Goodman Fairlop, the woodman.—Sir H. P. Dudley, <i>The +Woodman</i> (1771).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Medo´ra</b>, the beloved wife of Conrad, the corsair. When Conrad was taken +captive by the Pacha Seyd, Medora sat day after day expecting his +return, and feeling the heart-anguish of hope deferred. Still he +returned not, and Medora died. In the mean time, Gulnare, the favorite +concubine of Seyd, murdered the pacha, liberated Conrad, and sailed with +him to the corsair’s island home. When, however, Conrad found his wife +dead, he quitted the island, and went no one knew whither. The sequel of +the story forms the poem called <i>Lara</i>.—Byron, <i>The Corsair</i> (1814).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Medo´ro</b>, a Moorish youth of extraordinary beauty, but of humble race; +page to Agramante. Being wounded, Angelica dressed his wounds, fell in +love with him, married him, and retired with him to Cathay, where, in +right of his wife, he became a king. This was the cause of Orlando’s +madness.—Ariosto, <i>Orlando Furioso</i> (1516).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>When Don Roldan [<i>Orlando</i>] discovered in a fountain proofs of +Angelica’s dishonorable conduct with Medoro, it distracted him to +such a degree that he tore up huge trees by the roots, sullied the +purest streams, destroyed flocks, slew shepherds, fired their huts, +pulled houses to the ground, and committed a thousand other most +furious exploits worthy of being reported in fame’s +register.—Cervantes, <i>Don Quixote</i>, I. iii. 11 (1605).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Medu´sa</b> (<i>The soft</i>), Mary Stuart, queen of Scots (1545-1577).</p> + +<p class="poem">Rise from thy bloody grave,<br /> +<span class="i1">Thou soft Medusa of the “Fated Line,”</span><br /> +Whose evil beauty looked to death the brave!<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Lord Lytton, <i>Ode</i>, i. (1839).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Meeta</b>, the “maid of Mariendorpt,” a true woman and a true heroine. She +is the daughter of Mahldenau, minister of Mariendorpt, whom she loves +almost to idolatry. Her betrothed is Major Rupert Roselheim. Hearing of +her father’s captivity at Prague, she goes thither on foot to crave his +pardon.—S. Knowles, <i>The Maid of Mariendorpt</i> (1838).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Meg</b>, a pretty, bright, dutiful girl, daughter of Toby Veck, and engaged +to Richard, whom she marries on New Year’s Day.—C. Dickens, <i>The +Chimes</i> (1844).</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span><b>Meg Dods</b>, the old landlady at St. Ronan’s Well.—Sir W. Scott, <i>St. +Ronan’s Well</i> (time, George III.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Meg Merrilees</b>, a half-crazy sibyl or gypsy woman.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Guy +Mannering</i> (time, George II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Meg Murdochson</b>, an old gypsy thief, mother of Madge Wildfire.—Sir W. +Scott, <i>Heart of Midlothian</i> (time, George II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Megid´don</b>, the tutelar angel of Simon the Canaanite. This Simon, “once a +shepherd, was called by Jesus from the field, and feasted Him in his hut +with a lamb.”—Klopstock, <i>The Messiah</i>, iii. (1748).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Megingjard</b>, the belt of Thor, whereby his strength was doubled.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Megissog´won</b> (“<i>the great pearl feather</i>”), a magician, and the Manĭto +of wealth. It was Megissogwon who sent the fiery fever on man, the white +fog, and death. Hiawatha slew him, and taught man the science of +medicine. This great Pearl-Feather slew the father of Niko´mis (the +grandmother of Hiawatha). Hiawatha all day long fought with the magician +without effect; at nightfall the woodpecker told him to strike at the +tuft of hair on the magician’s head, the only vulnerable place; +accordingly, Hiawatha discharged his three remaining arrows at the hair +tuft, and Megissogwon died.</p> + +<p class="poemquote">“Honor be to Hiawatha!<br /> +He hath slain the great Pearl-Feather;<br /> +Slain the mightiest of magicians—<br /> +Him that sent the fiery fever, ...<br /> +Sent disease and death among us.”<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Longfellow, <i>Hiawatha</i>, ix. (1855).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Megnoun.</b> (See <a href="#Mejnoun"><span class="smcap">Mejnoun</span></a>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Meg´ra</b>, a lascivious lady in the drama called <i>Philaster</i>, or <i>Love +Lies a-bleeding</i>, by Beaumont and Fletcher (1608).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Meiklehose</b> (<i>Isaac</i>), one of the elders of Roseneath parish.—Sir W. +Scott, <i>Heart of Midlothian</i> (time, George II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Meiklewham</b> (<i>Mr. Saunders</i>), “the man of law,” in the managing committee +of the Spa hotel.—Sir W. Scott, <i>St. Ronan’s Well</i> (time, George III.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Meister</b> (<i>Wilhelm</i>), the hero and title of a novel by Goethe. The object +is to show that man, despite his errors and short-comings, is led by a +guiding hand, and reaches some higher aim at last (1821).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Meistersingers</b>, or minstrel tradesmen of Germany. An association of +master tradesmen to revive the national minstrelsy, which had fallen +into decay with the decline of the minnesingers, or love minstrels +(1350-1523). Their subjects were chiefly moral or religious, and +constructed according to rigid rules. The three chief were Hans +Rosenblüt (armorial painter, born 1450), Hans Folz (surgeon, born 1479), +and Hans Sachs (cobbler, 1494-1574). The next best were Heinrich von +Mueglen, Konrad Harder, Master Altschwert, Master Barthel Regenbogen +(the blacksmith), Muscablüt (the tailor), and Hans Blotz (the barber).</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Mejnoun" id="Mejnoun"></a><b>Mej´noun and Lei´lah</b> (2 <i>syl.</i>), a Persian love tale, the Romeo and +Juliet of Eastern romance. They are the most beautiful, chaste, and +impassionate of lovers; the models of what lovers would be if human +nature were perfect.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>When he sang the loves of Megnôun and Leileh ... tears insensibly +overflowed the cheeks of his auditors.—W. Beckford, <i>Vathek</i> +(1786).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span><b>Mela Dryfoos.</b> Loud young lady of the gilded period, “physically too +amiable and too well corporeally ever to be quite cross,” but selfish +and coarse and reposing confidently upon the importance given her by her +father’s money.—W. D. Howells, <i>A Hazard of New Fortunes</i> (1889).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Melan´chates</b> (4 <i>syl.</i>), the hound that killed Actæon, and was changed +into a hart.</p> + +<p class="poem">Melanchates, that hound<br /> +That plucked Actæon to the grounde,<br /> +Gaue him his mortal wound, ...<br /> +Was chaungéd to a harte.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">J. Skelton, <i>Philip Sparow</i> (time, Henry VIII).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Melantius</b>, a rough, honest soldier, who believes every one is true till +convicted of crime, and then is he a relentless punisher. Melantius and +Diph´ilus are brothers of Evadnê.—Beaumont and Fletcher, <i>The Maid’s +Tragedy</i> (1610).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> The master scene between Antony and Ventidius in Dryden’s +<i>All for Love</i> is copied from <i>The Maid’s Tragedy</i>. “Ventidius” is in +the place of Melantius.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Melchior</b>, one of the three kings of Cologne. He was the “Wise Man of the +East” who offered to the infant Jesus <i>gold</i>, the emblem of royalty. The +other two were Gaspar and Balthazar. Melchior means “king of light.”</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Melchior</i>, a monk attending the black priest of St. Paul’s.—Sir W. +Scott, <i>Anne of Geierstein</i> (time, Edward IV.).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Melchior</i> (<i>i.e. Melchior Pfinzing</i>), a German poet who wrote the +<i>Teuerdank</i>, an epic poem which has the kaiser Maximilian (son of +Frederick III.) for its hero. This poem was the <i>Orlando Furioso</i> of the +Germans.</p> + +<p class="poem">Sat the poet Melchior, singing kaiser Maximilian’s praise.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Longfellow, <i>Nuremberg</i>.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Melea´ger</b>, son of Althæa, who was doomed to live while a certain log +remained unconsumed. Althæa kept the log for several years, but being +one day angry with her son, she cast it on the fire, where it was +consumed. Her son died at the same moment.—Ovid, <i>Metam.</i>, viii. 4.</p> + +<p>Sir John Davies uses this to illustrate the immortality of the soul. He +says that the life of the soul does not depend on the body as Meleager’s +life depended on the fatal brand.</p> + +<p class="poem">Again, if by the body’s prop she stand—<br /> +<span class="i1">If on the body’s life her life depend,</span><br /> +As Meleager’s on the fatal brand;<br /> +<span class="i1">The body’s good she only would intend.</span><br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib"><i>Reason</i>, iii. (1622).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Melesig´enes</b> (5 <i>syl.</i>). Homer is so called from the river Melês (2 +<i>syl.</i>), in Asia Minor, on the banks of which some say he was born.</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i3">... various measured verse,</span><br /> +Æolian charms and Dorian lyric odes,<br /> +And his who gave them breath, but higher sung,<br /> +Blind Melesigēnês, thence Homer called,<br /> +Whose poem Phœbus challenged for his own.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Milton, <i>Paradise Regained</i> (1671).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Melema</b> (<i>Tito</i>). Beautiful accomplished Greek adventurer who marries and +is unfaithful to Romola. He dies by the hand of an old man who had been +the benefactor of his infancy and youth, and whom he had basely deserted +and ignored.—George Eliot, <i>Romola</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Me´li</b> (<i>Giovanni</i>), a Sicilian, born at Palermo; immortalized by his +eclogues and idylls. Meli is called “The Sicilian Theocritus” +(1740-1815).</p> + +<p class="poem">Much it pleased him to peruse<br /> +The songs of the Sicilian Muse—<br /> +Bucolic songs by Meli sung.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Longfellow, <i>The Wayside Inn</i> (prelude, 1863).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Meliadus</b>, father of Sir Tristan;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span> prince of Lyonnesse, and one of the +heroes of Arthurian romance.—<i>Tristan de Leonois</i> (1489).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Tristan, in the <i>History of Prince Arthur</i>, compiled by Sir +T. Malory (1470), is called “Tristram;” but the old minnesingers of +Germany (twelfth century) called the name “Tristan.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mel´ibe</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), a rich young man married to Prudens. One day, when +Melibê was in the fields, some enemies broke into his house, beat his +wife, and wounded his daughter Sophie in her feet, hands, ears, nose and +mouth. Melibê was furious and vowed vengeance, but Prudens persuaded him +“to forgive his enemies, and to do good to those who despitefully used +him.” So he called together his enemies, and forgave them, to the end +that “God of His endeles mercie wole at the tyme of oure deyinge forgive +us oure giltes that we have trespased to Him in this wreeched +world.”—Chaucer, <i>Canterbury Tales</i> (1388).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> This prose tale is a liberal translation of a French +story.—See <i>MS. Reg.</i>, xix. 7; and <i>MS. Reg.</i>, xix. 11, British Museum.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Melibee</b>, a shepherd, and the reputed father of Pastorella. Pastorella +married Sir Calidore.—Spenser, <i>Faëry Queen</i>, vi. 9 (1596).</p> + +<p>“Melibee” is Sir Francis Walsingham. In the <i>Ruins of Time</i>, Spenser +calls him “Melibœ.” Sir Philip Sidney (the “Sir Calidore” of the <i>Faëry +Queen</i>) married his daughter Frances. Sir Francis Walsingham died in +1590, so poor that he did not leave enough to defray his funeral +expenses.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Melibœus</b>, one of the shepherds in <i>Eclogue</i> i. of Virgil.</p> + +<p>Spenser, in the <i>Ruins of Time</i> (1591), calls Sir Francis Walsingham +“the good Melibœ;” and in the last book of the <i>Faëry Queen</i> he calls +him “Melibee.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Melin´da</b>, cousin of Sylvia. She loves Worthy, whom she pretends to +dislike, and coquets with him for twelve months. Having driven her +modest lover to the verge of distraction, she relents, and consents to +marry him.—G. Farquhar, <i>The Recruiting Officer</i> (1705).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mel´ior</b>, a lovely fairy, who carried off, in her magic bark, +Parthen´opex, of Blois, to her secret island.—<i>Parthenopex de Blois</i> (a +French romance, twelfth century).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Melisen´dra</b> (<i>The princess</i>), natural daughter of Marsilio, and the +“supposed daughter of Charlemagne.” She eloped with Don Gayferos. The +king, Marsilio, sent his troops in pursuit of the fugitive. Having made +Melisendra his wife, Don Gayferos delivered her up captive to the Moors +at Saragossa. This was the story of the puppet-show of Master Peter, +exhibited to Don Quixote and his squire at “the inn beyond the +hermitage.”—Cervantes, <i>Don Quixote</i>, II. ii. 7 (1615).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Melissa</b>, a prophetess who lived in Merlin’s cave. Bradamant gave her the +enchanted ring to take to Roge´ro; so, under the form of Atlantês, she +went to Alcīna’s isle, delivered Rogēro, and disenchanted all the +captives in the island.</p> + +<p>In bk. xix. Melissa, under the form of Rodŏmont, persuaded Agramant to +break the league which was to settle the contest by single combat, and a +general battle ensued.—Ariosto, <i>Orlando Furioso</i> (1516).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> This incident of bk. xix. is similar to that in Homer’s +<i>Iliad</i>, iii. iv., where Paris and Menelāos agree to settle the contest +by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span> single combat; but Minerva persuades Pandăros to break the truce, +and a general battle ensues.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Me´lita</b> (now <i>Malta</i>). The point to which the vessel that carried St. +Paul was driven was the “Porto de San Paolo,” and according to +tradition, the cathedral of Citta Vecchia stands on the site of the +house of Publius, the Roman governor. St. Paul’s grotto, a cave in the +vicinity, is so named in honor of this great apostle.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Meli´tus</b>, a gentleman of Cyprus, in the drama called <i>The Laws of +Candy</i>, by Beaumont and Fletcher (1647).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Melizyus</b>, king of Thessaly, in the golden era of Saturn. He was the +first to tame horses for the use of man.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Melizyus</i> (<i>King</i>) held his court in the Tower of Chivalry, and there +knighted Graunde Amoure, after giving him the following advice:</p> + +<p class="poem">And first <i>Good Hope</i> his legge harneyes should be;<br /> +His habergion, of <i>Perfect Ryhteousnes</i>,<br /> +Gird first with the girdle of <i>Chastitie</i>;<br /> +His rich placarde should be good busines,<br /> +Brodred with <i>Alms</i> ...<br /> +The helmet <i>Mekenes</i>, and the shelde <i>Good Fayeth</i>,<br /> +His swerde <i>God’s Word</i>, as St. Paule sayeth.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Stephen Hawes, <i>The Passe-tyme of Plesure</i>, xxviii. (1515).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mell</b> (<i>Mr.</i>), the poor, down-trodden second master at Salem House, the +school of Mr. Creakles. Mr. Mell played the flute. His mother lived in +an almshouse, and Steerforth used to taunt Mell with this “degradation,” +and indeed caused him to be discharged. Mell emigrated to Australia, and +succeeded well in the new country.—C. Dickens, <i>David Copperfield</i> +(1849).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Melle´font</b> (2 <i>syl.</i>), in love with Cynthia, daughter of Sir Paul +Pliant. His aunt, Lady Touchwood, had a criminal fondness for him, and, +because he repelled her advances, she vowed his ruin. After passing +several hair-breadth escapes from the “double dealing” of his aunt and +his “friend,” Maskwell, he succeeded in winning and marrying the lady of +his attachment.—W. Congreve, <i>The Double Dealer</i> (1700).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mellifluous Doctor</b> (<i>The</i>), St. Bernard, whose writings were called “a +river of paradise” (1091-1153).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Melnotte</b> (<i>Claude</i>), a gardener’s son, in love with Pauline, “the Beauty +of Lyons,” but treated by her with contempt. Beauseant and Glavis, two +other rejected suitors, conspired with him to humble the proud fair one. +To this end, Claude assumed to be the prince of Como, and Pauline +married him, but was indignant when she discovered how she had been +duped. Claude left her to join the French army, and, under the name of +Morier, rose in two years and a half to the rank of colonel. He then +returned to Lyons, and found his father-in-law on the eve of bankruptcy, +and Pauline about to be sold to Beauseant to pay the creditors. Claude +paid the money required, and claimed Pauline as his loving and truthful +wife.—Lord L. B. Lytton, <i>Lady of Lyons</i> (1838).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Melo</b> (<i>Juan de</i>), born at Castile in the fifteenth century. A dispute +having arisen at Esalo´na upon the question whether Achillês or Hector +were the braver warrior, the Marquis de Ville´na called out, “Let us see +if the advocates of Achillês can fight as well as prate.” At the word, +there appeared in the assembly a gigantic fire-breathing monster, which +repeated the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span> same challenge. Every one shrank back except Juan de Melo, +who drew his sword and placed himself before King Juan II. to protect +him, “tide life, tide death.” The king appointed him alcaydê of Alcala +la Real, in Grana´da, for his loyalty.—<i>Chronica de Don Alvaro de +Luna.</i></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Melrose</b> (<i>Violet</i>), an heiress, who marries Charles Middlewick. This was +against the consent of his father, because Violet had the bad taste to +snub the retired tradesman, and considered vulgarity as the +“unpardonable sin.”</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mary Melrose</i>, Violet’s cousin, but without a penny. She marries Talbot +Champneys; but his father, Sir Geoffrey, wanted him to marry Violet, the +heiress.—H. J. Byron, <i>Our Boys</i> (a comedy, 1875).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Melusi´na</b>, the most famous of the <i>fées</i> of France. Having enclosed her +father in a mountain for offending her mother, she was condemned to +become a serpent every Saturday. When she married the count of Lusignan, +she made her husband vow never to visit her on that day, but the +jealousy of the count made him break his vow. Melusina was, in +consequence, obliged to leave her mortal husband, and roam about the +world as a ghost till the day of doom. Some say the count immured her in +the dungeon wall of his castle.—<i>Jean d’Arras</i> (fourteenth century).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> The cry of despair given by the <i>fée</i> when she discovered the +indiscreet visit of her husband, is the origin of the phrase, <i>Un cri de +Mélusine</i> (“A shriek of despair”).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Melvil</b> (<i>Sir John</i>), a young baronet, engaged to be married to Miss +Sterling, the elder daughter of a City merchant, who promises to settle +on her £800,000. A little before the marriage, Sir John finds that he +has no regard for Miss Sterling, but a great love for her younger +sister, Fanny, to whom he makes a proposal of marriage. His proposal is +rejected; and it is soon brought to light that Miss Fanny had been +clandestinely married to Lovewell for four months.—Colman and Garrick, +<i>The Clandestine Marriage</i> (1766).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Melville</b> (<i>Major</i>), a magistrate at Cairnvreckan village.—Sir W. Scott, +<i>Waverley</i> (time, George II.).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Melville</i> (<i>Sir Robert</i>), one of the embassy from the privy council to +Mary queen of Scots.—Sir W. Scott, <i>The Abbot</i> (time, Elizabeth).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Melville</i>, the father of Constantia.—C. Macklin, <i>The Man of the +World</i> (1764).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Melville</i> (<i>Julia</i>), a truly noble girl, in love with Faulkland, who is +always jealous of her without a shadow of cause. She receives his +innuendos without resentment, and treats him with sincerity and +forbearance (see act i. 2).—Sheridan, <i>The Rivals</i> (1775).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Melyhalt</b> (<i>The Lady</i>), a powerful subject of King Arthur, whose domains +Sir Galiot invaded; notwithstanding which the lady chose Sir Galiot as +her fancy knight and chevalier.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Memnon</b>, king of the Ethiopians. He went to the assistance of his uncle, +Priam, and was slain by Achillês. His mother, Eos, inconsolable at his +death, weeps for him every morning, and her tears constitute what we +call dew.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Memnon</i>, the black statue of King Amen´ophis III., at Thebes, in Egypt, +which, being struck with the rays of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span> morning sun, gives out musical +sounds. Kircher says these sounds are due to a sort of clavecin or +Æolian harp enclosed in the statue, the cords of which are acted upon by +the warmth of the sun. Cambyses, resolved to learn the secret, cleft the +statue from head to waist; but it continued to utter its morning melody +notwithstanding.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Memnon</i>, “the mad lover,” general of As´torax, king of +Paphos.—Beaumont and Fletcher, <i>The Mad Lover</i> (1617).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Memnon</i>, the title of a novel by Voltaire, the object of which is to +show the folly of aspiring to too much wisdom.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Memnon’s Sister.</b> He´mera, mentioned by Dictys Cretensis.</p> + +<p class="poem">Black, but such as in esteem<br /> +Prince Memnon’s sister might beseem.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Milton, <i>Il Penseroso</i> (1638).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Memorable</b> (<i>The Ever-</i>), John Hales, of Eton (1584-1656).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Memory.</b> The persons most noted for their memory are:</p> + +<p>Magliabecchi, of Florence, called “The Universal Index and Living +Cyclopædia” (1633-1714).</p> + +<p>P. J. Beronicius, the Greek and Latin improvisator, who knew by heart +Horace, Virgil, Cicero, Juvenal, both the Plinys, Homer, and +Aristophănês. He died at Middleburgh, in 1676.</p> + +<p>Andrew Fuller, after hearing 500 lines twice, could repeat them without +a mistake. He could also repeat verbatim a sermon or speech; could tell +either backwards or forwards every shop sign from the Temple to the +extreme end of Cheapside, and the articles displayed in each of the +shops.</p> + +<p>“Memory” Woodfall could carry in his head a debate, and repeat it a +fortnight afterwards.</p> + +<p>“Memory” Thompson could repeat the names, trades, and particulars of +every shop from Ludgate Hill to Piccadilly.</p> + +<p>William Ratcliff, the husband of the novelist, could repeat a debate the +next morning.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Memory</i> (<i>The Bard of</i>), Samuel Rogers, author of the <i>Pleasures of +Memory</i> (1762-1855).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Men of Prester John’s Country.</b> Prester John, in his letter to Manuel +Comnēnus, says his land is the home of men with horns; of one-eyed men +(the eye being in some cases before the head, and in some cases behind +it); of giants, forty ells in height (<i>i.e.</i> 120 feet); of the phœnix, +etc.; and of ghouls who feed on premature children. He gives the names +of fifteen different tributary states, amongst which are those of Gog +and Magog (now shut in behind lofty mountains); but at the end of the +world these fifteen states will overrun the whole earth.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Menalcas</b>, any shepherd or rustic. The name occurs in the <i>Idylls</i> of +Theoc´ritos, the <i>Eclogues</i> of Virgil, and the <i>Shepheardes Calendar</i> of +Spenser.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Men´cia of Mosquera</b> (<i>Donna</i>) married Don Alvaro de Mello. A few days +after the marriage, Alvaro happened to quarrel with Don An´drea de Baesa +and kill him. He was obliged to flee from Spain, leaving his bride +behind, and his property was confiscated. For seven years she received +no intelligence of his whereabouts (for he was a slave most of the +time), but when seven years had elapsed the report of his death in Fez +reached her. The young<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span> widow now married the marquis of Guardia, who +lived in a grand castle near Burgos, but walking in the grounds one +morning she was struck with the earnestness with which one of the +under-gardeners looked at her. This man proved to be her first husband, +Don Alvaro, with whom she now fled from the castle; but on the road a +gang of robbers fell upon them. Alvaro was killed, and the lady taken to +the robbers’ cave, where Gil Blas saw her and heard her sad tale. The +lady was soon released, and sent to the castle of the marquis of +Guardia. She found the marquis dying from grief, and indeed he died the +day following, and Mencia retired to a convent.—Lesage, <i>Gil Blas</i>, i. +11-14 (1715).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mendo´za</b>, a Jew prize-fighter, who held the belt at the close of the +last century, and in 1791 opened the Lyceum in the Strand, to teach “the +noble art of self-defence.”</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I would have dealt the fellow that abused you such a recompense in +the fifth button, that my friend Mendoza could not have placed it +better.—R. Cumberland, <i>Shiva, the Jew</i>, iv. 2 (1776).</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>There is a print often seen in old picture shops, of Humphreys and +Mendoza sparring, and a queer angular exhibition it is. What that +is to the modern art of boxing, Quick’s style of acting was to +Dowton’s.—<i>Records of a Stage Veteran.</i></p></div> + +<p class="main"><i>Mendoza</i> (<i>Isaac</i>), a rich Jew, who thinks himself monstrously wise, +but is duped by every one. (See under <span class="smcap">Isaac</span>.)—Sheridan, <i>The Duenna</i> +(1775).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Menech´mians</b>, persons exactly like each other, as the brothers Dromio. +So called from the Mencœchmi of Plautus.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Menec´rates</b> (4 <i>syl.</i>), a physician of Syracuse, of unbounded vanity and +arrogance. He assumed to himself the title of Jupiter, and in a letter +to Philip, king of Macedon, began thus: “Menecratês Jupiter to King +Philip, greeting.” Being asked by Philip to a banquet, the physician was +served only with frankincense, like the gods; but Menecratês was greatly +offended, and hurried home.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mengs</b> (<i>John</i>), the surly innkeeper at Kirchhoff village.—Sir W. Scott, +<i>Anne of Geierstein</i> (time, Edward IV.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Menippee</b> (<i>Satyre</i>), a famous political satire, written during the time +of what is called in French History the Holy League, the objects of +which were to exterminate the Huguenots, to confine the king (Henri +III.) in a monastery, and to crown the duc de Guise. The satire is +partly in verse, and partly in prose, and its object is to expose the +perfidious intentions of Philip of Spain and the culpable ambition of +the Guises.</p> + +<p>It is divided into two parts, the first of which is entitled <i>Catholicon +d’Espagne</i>, by Pierre Leroy (1593), exposing those who had been +corrupted by the gold of Spain; the second part is entitled <i>Abrégé des +Etats de la Ligue</i>, by Gillot, Pithou, Rapin and Passerat, published +1594.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Menippus was a cynic philosopher and poet of Gadara, in +Phœnicia, who wrote twelve books of satires in prose and verse.</p> + +<p>Varro wrote in Latin a work called <i>The Satires of Menippus</i> (<i>Satyræ +Menippeæ</i>).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mennibojou</b>, a North American Indian deity.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mentz</b> (<i>Baron von</i>), a Heidelberg bully, whose humiliation at the hands +of the fellow-student he has insulted is the theme of an exciting +chapter in Theodore S. Fay’s novel, <i>Norman Leslie</i> (1835).</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span><b>Menteith</b> (<i>the earl of</i>), a kinsman of the earl of Montrose.—Sir W. +Scott, <i>Legend of Montrose</i> (time, Charles I.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mentor</b>, a wise and faithful adviser or guide. So called from Mentor, a +friend of Ulyssês, whose form Minerva assumed when she accompanied +Telemachus in his search for his father.—Fénelon, <i>Télémaque</i> (1700).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mephistoph´eles</b> (5 <i>syl.</i>), the sneering, jeering, leering attendant +demon of Faust in Goethe’s drama of <i>Faust</i>, and Gounod’s opera of the +same name. Marlowe calls the name “Mephostophilis” in his drama entitled +<i>Dr. Faustus</i>. Shakespeare, in his <i>Merry Wives of Windsor</i> writes the +name “Mephostophilus;” and in the opera he is called “Mefistofele” (5 +<i>syl.</i>). In the old demonology, Mephistophelês was one of the seven +chief devils, and second of the fallen archangels.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mephostophilis</b>, the attendant demon of Faustus, in Marlowe’s tragedy of +<i>Dr. Faustus</i> (1589).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>There is an awful melancholy about Marlowe’s “Mephostophilis,” +perhaps more expressive than the malignant mirth of that fiend in +the renowned work of Goethe.—Hallam.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mephostophilus</b>, the spirit or familiar of Sir John Faustus or [Dr.] John +Faust (Shakespeare, <i>Merry Wives of Windsor</i>, 1596). Subsequently it +became a term of reproach, about equal to “imp of the devil.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mercedes</b>, Spanish woman, who, to disarm suspicion, drinks the wine +poisoned for the French soldiery who have invaded the town. She is +forced to let her baby drink it, also, and gives no sign of perturbation +until the invaders, twenty in number, have partaken of the wine, and the +baby grows livid and expires before their eyes.—Thomas Bailey Aldrich, +<i>Mercedes</i> (drama, 1883).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mercer</b> (<i>Major</i>), at the presidency of Madras.—Sir W. Scott, <i>The +Surgeon’s Daughter</i> (time, George II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Merchant of Venice</b> (<i>The</i>), Antonio, who borrowed 3000 ducats for three +months of Shylock, a Jew. The money was borrowed to lend to a friend +named Bassanio, and the Jew, “in merry sport,” instead of interest, +agreed to lend the money on these conditions: If Antonio paid it within +three months, he should pay only the principal; if he did not pay it +back within that time, the merchant should forfeit a pound of his own +flesh, from any part of his body the Jew might choose to cut it off. As +Antonio’s ships were delayed by contrary winds, he could not pay the +money, and the Jew demanded the forfeiture. On the trial which ensued, +Portia, in the dress of a law doctor, conducted the case, and, when the +Jew was going to take the forfeiture, stopped him by saying that the +bond stated “a pound of flesh,” and that, therefore, he was to shed no +drop of blood, and he must cut neither more nor less than an exact +pound, on forfeit of his life. As these conditions were practically +impossible, the Jew was nonsuited and fined for seeking the life of a +citizen.—Shakespeare, <i>Merchant of Venice</i> (1598).</p> + +<p>The story is in the <i>Gesta Romanorum</i>, the tale of the bond being ch. +xlviii., and that of the caskets ch. xcix.; but Shakespeare took his +plot from a Florentine novelette called <i>Il Pecorone</i>, written in the +fourteenth century, but not published till the sixteenth.</p> + +<p>There is a ballad on the subject, the date of which has not been +determined. The bargain runs thus:</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span></p> + +<p class="poem">“No penny for the loan of it,<br /> +<span class="i1">For one year shall you pay—</span><br /> +You may do me a good turn<br /> +<span class="i1">Before my dying day;</span><br /> +But we will have a merry jest,<br /> +<span class="i1">For to be talkêd long;</span><br /> +You shall make me a bond,” quoth he,<br /> +<span class="i1">“That shall be large or strong.”</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Merchant’s Tale</b> (<i>The</i>), in Chaucer, is substantially the same as the +first Latin metrical tale of Adolphus, and is not unlike a Latin prose +tale given in the appendix of T. Wright’s edition of Æsop’s fables. The +tale is this:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>A girl named May married January, an old Lombard baron, 60 years of +age, but entertained the love of Damyan, a young squire. She was +detected in familiar intercourse with Damyan, but persuaded her +husband that his eyes had deceived him, and he believed +her.—Chaucer, <i>Canterbury Tales</i> (1388).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mercian Laws.</b> (See <a href="#Martian_Laws"><span class="smcap">Martian</span></a>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mercilla</b>, a “maiden queen of great power and majesty, famous through all +the world, and honored far and nigh.” Her kingdom was disturbed by a +soldan, her powerful neighbor, stirred up by his wife Adicĭa. The +“maiden queen” is Elizabeth; the “soldan,” Philip of Spain, and “Adicia” +is injustice, presumption, or the bigotry of popery.—Spenser, <i>Faëry +Queen</i>, v. (1596).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mercu´tio</b>, kinsman of Prince Escalus, and Romeo’s friend. An airy, +sprightly, elegant young nobleman, so full of wit and fancy that Dryden +says Shakespeare was obliged to kill him in the third act, lest the poet +himself should have been killed by Mercutio.—Shakespeare, <i>Romeo and +Juliet</i> (1598).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mercutio of Actors</b> (<i>The</i>), William Lewis (1748-1811).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mercy</b>, a young pilgrim, who accompanied Christiana in her walk to Zion. +When Mercy got to the Wicket Gate, she swooned from fear of being +refused admittance. Mr. Brisk proposed to her, but being told that she +was poor, left her, and she was afterwards married to Matthew, the +eldest son of Christian.—Bunyan, <i>Pilgrim’s Progress</i>, ii. (1684).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Merdle</b> (<i>Mr.</i>), banker, a skit on the directors of the Royal British +bank, and on Mr. Hudson, “the railway king.” Mr. Merdle, of Harley +Street, was called the “Master Mind of the Age.” He became insolvent, +and committed suicide. Mr. Merdle was a heavily made man, with an obtuse +head, and coarse, mean, common features. His chief butler said of him, +“Mr. Merdle never was a gentleman, and no ungentlemanly act on Mr. +Merdle’s part would surprise me.” The great banker was “the greatest +forger and greatest thief that ever cheated the gallows.”</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Lord Decimus [<i>Barnacle</i>] began waving Mr. Merdle about ... as +Gigantic Enterprise. The wealth of England, Credit, Capital, +Prosperity, and all manner of blessings.—Bk. ii. 24.</p></div> + +<p class="main"><i>Mrs. Merdle</i>, wife of the bank swindler. After the death of her +husband, society decreed that Mrs. Merdle should still be admitted among +the sacred few; so Mrs. Merdle was still received and patted on the back +by the upper ten.—C. Dickens, <i>Little Dorrit</i> (1857).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Meredith</b> (<i>Mr.</i>), one of the conspirators with Redgauntlet.—Sir W. +Scott, <i>Redgauntlet</i> (time, George III.).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Meredith</i> (<i>Mr. Michael</i>), “the man of mirth,” in the managing +committee of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span> Spa hotel.—Sir. W. Scott, <i>St. Ronan’s Well</i>. (time, +George III.).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Meredith</i> (<i>Sir</i>), a Welsh knight.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Castle Dangerous</i> +(time, Henry I.).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Meredith</i> (<i>Owen</i>), pseudonym of the Hon. Edward Robert Bulwer Lytton +(Lord Lytton), author of <i>The Wanderer</i> (1859), etc. This son of Lord +Bulwer Lytton, poet and novelist, succeeded to the peerage in 1873.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Me´rida</b> (<i>Marchioness</i>), betrothed to Count Valantia.—Mrs. Inchbald, +<i>Child of Nature</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Meridarpax</b>, the pride of mice.</p> + +<p class="poem">Now nobly towering o’er the rest, appears<br /> +A gallant prince that far transcends his years;<br /> +Pride of his sire, and glory of his house,<br /> +And more a Mars in combat than a mouse;<br /> +His action bold, robust his ample frame,<br /> +And Meridarpax his resounding name.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Parnell, <i>The Battle of the Frogs and Mice</i>, iii. (about 1712).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Merid´ies</b> or “Noonday Sun,” one of the four brothers who kept the +passages of Castle Perilous. So Tennyson has named him; but in the +<i>History of Prince Arthur</i>, he is called “Sir Permōnês, the Red +Knight.”—Tennyson, <i>Idylls</i> (“Gareth and Lynette”); Sir T. Malory, +<i>History of Prince Arthur</i>, i. 129 (1470).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Merion</b> (<i>James</i>), New York lawyer, who plays the lover to three women, +honestly believing himself enamoured of each.—Ellen Olney Kirke, <i>A +Daughter of Eve</i> (1889).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Merle</b> (<i>Madame</i>), a plausible woman with an ambition to be thought the +incarnation of propriety, who carries with her the knowledge that she is +the mistress of a man who has a wife, and that Madame Merle’s +illegitimate daughter is brought up by the step-mother, who knows +nothing of the shameful story.—Henry James, <i>The Portrait of a Lady</i> +(1881).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Merlin</b> (<i>Ambrose</i>), prince of enchanters. His mother was Matilda, a nun, +who was seduced by a “guileful sprite,” or incubus, “half angel and half +man, dwelling in mid-air betwixt the earth and moon.” Some say his +mother was the daughter of Pubidius, lord of Math-traval, in Wales; and +others make her a princess, daughter of Demetius, king of Demet´ia. +Blaise baptized the infant, and thus rescued it from the powers of +darkness.</p> + +<p>Merlin died spell-bound, but the author and manner of his death are +given differently by different authorities. Thus, in the <i>History of +Prince Arthur</i> (Sir T. Malory, 1470), we are told that the enchantress +Nimue or Ninive inveigled the old man, and “covered him with a stone +under a rock.” In the <i>Morte d’Arthur</i> it is said “he sleeps and sighs +in an old tree, spell-bound by Vivien.” Tennyson, in his <i>Idylls</i> +(“Vivien”), says that Vivien induced Merlin to take shelter from a storm +in a hollow oak tree, and left him spell-bound. Others say he was +spell-bound in a hawthorn bush, but this is evidently a blunder. (See +<a href="#Merlin_the_Wild"><span class="smcap">Merlin the Wild</span></a>.)</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Merlin made “the fountain of love,” mentioned by Bojardo in +<i>Orlando Innamorato</i>, l. 3.</p> + +<p>Ariosto, in <i>Orlando Furioso</i>, says he made “one of the four fountains” +(ch. xxvi).</p> + +<p>He also made the Round Table at Carduel for 150 knights, which came into +the possession of King Arthur on his marriage with Queen Guinever; and +brought from Ireland the stones of Stonehenge on Salisbury Plain.</p> + +<p>Allusion is made to him in the <i>Faëry<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span> Queen</i>; in Ellis’s <i>Specimens of +Early English Metrical Romances</i>; in Drayton’s <i>Polyolbion</i>; in +<i>Kenilworth</i>, by Sir W. Scott, etc. T. Heywood has attempted to show the +fulfilment of Merlin’s prophecies.</p> + +<p class="poem">Of Merlin and his skill what region doth not hear?...<br /> +Who of a British nymph was gotten, whilst she played<br /> +With a seducing sprite ...<br /> +But all Demetia thro’ there was not found her peer.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Drayton, <i>Polyolbion</i>, v. (1612).</span></p> + +<p class="main"><i>Merlin</i> (<i>The English</i>), W. Lilly, the astrologer, who assumed the <i>nom +de plume</i> of “Mer´linus Anglĭcus” (1602-1681).</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Merlin_the_Wild" id="Merlin_the_Wild"></a><b>Merlin the Wild</b>, a native of Caledonia, who lived in the sixteenth +century, about a century after the great Ambrose Merlin, the sorcerer. +Fordun, in his <i>Scotichronicon</i>, gives particulars about him. It was +predicted that he would die by earth, wood, and water, which prediction +was fulfilled thus: A mob of rustics hounded him, and he jumped from a +rock into the Tweed, and was impaled on a stake fixed in the river bed. +His grave is still shown beneath an aged hawthorn bush at Drummelzier, a +village on the Tweed.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Merlin’s Cave</b>, in Dynevor, near Carmarthen, noted for its ghastly noises +of rattling iron chains, brazen caldrons, groans, strokes of hammers, +and ringing of anvils. The cause is this: Merlin set his spirits to +fabricate a brazen wall to encompass the city of Carmarthen, and as he +had to call on the Lady of the Lake, bade them not to slacken their +labor till he returned; but he never did return, for Vivien by craft got +him under the enchanted stone, and kept him there. Tennyson says he was +spell-bound by Vivien in a hollow oak tree, but the <i>History of Prince +Arthur</i> (Sir T. Malory) gives the other version.—Spenser, <i>Faëry +Queen</i>, iii. 3 (1590).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Merop’s Son</b>, a nobody, a <i>terræ filius</i>, who thinks himself somebody. +Thus Phaëton (Merop’s son), forgetting that his mother was an earthborn +woman, thought he could drive the horses of the sun, but not being able +to guide them, nearly set the earth on fire. Many presume like him, and +think themselves capable or worthy of great things, forgetting all the +while that they are only “Merop’s son.”</p> + +<p class="poem">Why, Phaëton (for thou art Merop’s son),<br /> +Wilt thou aspire to guide the heavenly car,<br /> +And with thy daring folly burn the world?<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Shakespeare, <i>Two Gentlemen of Verona</i>, act iii. sc. 1 (1594).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Merrilees</b> (<i>Meg</i>), a half-crazy woman, part sibyl and part gypsy. She is +the ruler and terror of the gypsy race. Meg Merrilees was the nurse of +Harry Bertram.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Gay Mannering</i> (time, George II.).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In the dramatized version of Scott’s novel, Miss Cushman [1845-9] +made “Meg Merrilees” her own. She showed therein indisputably the +attributes of genius. Such was her power over the intention and +feeling of the part, that the mere words were quite a secondary +matter. It was the figure, the gait, the look, the gesture, the +tone, by which she put beauty and passion into language the most +indifferent.—Henry Morley.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Merry Andrew</b>, Andrew Borde, physician to Henry VIII. (1500-1549).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Prior has a poem on <i>Merry Andrew</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Merry Monarch</b> (<i>The</i>), Charles II., of England (1630, 1660-1685).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Merry Mount.</b> Name of the home of a certain Englishman, called in the +chronicle “the pestilent Morton,” who set up a May-pole in colonial +Massachusetts.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“That worthy gentleman, Mr. John Endicott, ... visiting those +parts, caused that May-pole to be cut down, and rebuked them for +their profaneness ... so they now (or others) changed the name of +their place, ‘Merry Mount,’ again, and called it ‘Mount +Dagon.’”—William Bradford, <i>History of the Plymouth Plantation</i> +(1630-50).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mer´rylegs</b>, a highly trained, performing dog, belonging to Signor Jupe, +clown in Sleary’s circus. This dog leaves the circus when his master +disappears, but several years afterwards finds its way back and +dies.—C. Dickens, <i>Hard Times</i> (1854).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Merthyr Tydvil</b>, a corruption of <i>Martyr St. Tidfil</i>, a Welsh princess +who suffered martyrdom.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Merton</b> (<i>Tommy</i>), one of the chief characters in <i>Sanford and Merton</i>, a +tale for boys, by Thomas Day (1783-9).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Merton</i> (<i>Tristram</i>). Thomas Babington Macaulay (Lord Macaulay), so +signs the ballads and sketches which he inserted in <i>Knight’s Quarterly +Magazine</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mertoun</b> (<i>Basil</i>), <i>alias</i> <span class="smcap">Vaughan</span>, formerly a pirate.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mordaunt Mertoun</i>, son of Basil Mertoun. He marries Brenda Troil.—Sir +W. Scott, <i>The Pirate</i> (time, William III.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Merveilleuse</b> [<i>Mair.vay.´uze</i>], the sword of Doolin of Mayence. It was +so sharp that, if placed edge downwards on a block of wood, it would cut +through it of itself.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mervett</b> (<i>Gustavus de</i>), in <i>Charles XII.</i>, an historical drama by J. R. +Planché (1826).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mervyn</b> (<i>Mr. Arthur</i>), guardian of Julia Mannering.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Guy +Mannering</i> (time, George II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Messali´na</b>, wife of the Emperor Claudius of Rome. Her name is a by-word +for incontinency (<span class="smcap">A.D.</span> *-48).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Messalina</i> (<i>The Modern</i>), Catherine II. of Russia (1729-1796).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Messalina of Germany</b>, Barbary of Cilley, second wife of Kaiser Sigismund +of Germany (fifteenth century).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Messala.</b> Haughty young Roman who feigns friendship for Ben-Hur, and +betrays his confidence. In after years the scheme of revenge nursed by +the ruined youth is fulfilled in the famous chariot-race.—Lew Wallace, +<i>Ben Hur</i>, <i>A Tale of the Christ</i> (1880).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Messiah</b> (<i>The</i>), an epic poem in fifteen books, by F. G. Klopstock. The +first three were published in 1748, and the last in 1773. The subject is +the last days of Jesus, His crucifixion and resurrection. Bk. i. Jesus +ascends the Mount of Olives, to spend the night in prayer. Bk. ii. John +the Beloved, failing to exorcise a demoniac, Jesus goes to his +assistance; and Satan, rebuked, returns to hell, where he tells the +fallen angels his version of the birth and ministry of Christ, whose +death he resolves on. Bk. iii. Messiah sleeps for the last time on the +Mount of Olives; the tutelar angels of the twelve apostles, and a +description of the apostles are given. Satan gives Judas a dream, and +then enters the heart of Caiaphas. Bk. iv. The council in the palace of +Caiaphas decree that Jesus must die; Jesus sends Peter and John to +prepare the Passover, and eats His Last Supper with His apostles. Bk. v. +The three hours of agony in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span> garden. Bk. vi. Jesus, bound, is taken +before Annas, and then before Caiaphas. Peter denies his Master. Bk. +vii. Christ is brought before Pilate; Judas hangs himself; Pilate sends +Jesus to Herod, but Herod sends Him again to Pilate, who delivers Him to +the Jews. Bk. viii. Christ nailed to the cross. Bk. ix. Christ on the +cross. Bk. x. The Death of Christ. Bk. xi. The <a name="corr10" id="corr10"></a><ins class="correction" title="veil">vail</ins> of the Temple rent, +and the resurrection of many from their graves. Bk. xii. The burial of +the body, and death of Mary, the sister of Lazarus. Bk. xiii. The +resurrection and suicide of Philo. Bk. xiv. Jesus shows Himself to His +disciples. Bk. xv. Many of those who had risen from their graves show +themselves to others. Conclusion.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Messiah</i>, an oratorio by Handel (1749). The liberetto was by Charles +Jennens, nicknamed “Soliman the Magnificent.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Metanoi´a</b>, Repentance personified, by William Browne, in <i>Britannia’s +Pastorals</i>, v. (Greek, <i>mĕtanoia</i>, “repentance”.)</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i5">Faire Metanoia is attending</span><br /> +To croune thee with those joys that know no ending.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib"><i>Pastorals</i>, v. 1 (1613).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Metasta´sio.</b> The real name of this Italian poet was Trapassi (<i>death</i>). +He was brought up by Gravina, who Grecized the name (1698-1782).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> So “Melancthon” is the Greek form of <i>Schwarzerdê</i> (“black +earth”); “Œcolampadius” is the Greek form of the German name +<i>Hausschein</i>; “Desiderius Erasmus” is <i>Gheraerd Gheraerd</i> (the first +“Gheraerd” is Latinized into <i>Desiderius</i>, and the latter is Grecized +into <i>Erasmus</i>).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Meth´os</b>, drunkenness personified. He is twin-brother of Gluttony, their +mother being Caro (<i>fleshly lust</i>). In the battle of Mansoul, Methos is +slain by Agnei´a (<i>wifely chastity</i>) spouse of Eucra´tês (<i>temperance</i>), +and sister of Parthen´ia (<i>maiden chastity</i>). (Greek, <i>methê</i> or +<i>methŭs</i> is “drunkenness.”)—Phineas Fletcher, <i>The Purple Island</i>, +vii., xi. (1633).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Met´ophis</b>, the corrupt chief minister of Sesostris.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Il avait l’ame aussi corrumpue et aussi artificieuse que Sesostris +était sincère et généreux.—Fénelon, <i>Télémaque</i> (1700).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mexit´li</b>, chief god and idol of the Az´tecas. He leaped full-grown into +life, and with a spear slew those who mocked his mother, Coatlan´tona (4 +<i>syl.</i>).</p> + +<p class="poem">Already at [<i>his mother’s breast</i>] the blow was aimed,<br /> +When forth Mexitli leapt, and in his hand<br /> +The angry spear.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Southey, <i>Madoc</i>, ii. 21 (1805).</span></p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Of course, it will be remembered that Minerva, like Mexitli, +was born full-grown and fully armed.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mezen´tius</b>, king of the Tyrrhenians, who put criminals to death by tying +them face to face with dead bodies.—Virgil, <i>Æneid</i>, viii. 485.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mezzora´mia</b>, an earthly paradise in Africa, accessible by only one road. +Gaudentio di Lucca discovered the road, and lived at Mezzoramia for +twenty-five years.—Simon Berington, <i>Gaudentio di Lucca</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>M. F. H.</b>, Master [<i>of the</i>] Fox-hounds.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Micaw´ber</b> (<i>Mr. Wilkins</i>), a most unpractical, half-clever man, a great +speechifier, letter writer, projector of bubble schemes, and, though +confident of success, never succeeding. Having failed in everything in +the old country, he migrated to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span> Australia, and became a magistrate at +Middlebay.—C. Dickens, <i>David Copperfield</i> (1849).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> This truly amiable, erratic genius is a portrait of Dickens’s +own father, “David Copperfield” being Dickens, and “Mrs. Nickleby” (one +can hardly believe it) is said to be Dickens’s mother.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mi´chael</b> (2 <i>syl.</i>), the special protector and guardian of the Jews. +This archangel is messenger of peace and plenty.—Sale’s <i>Korân</i>, ii. +notes.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> That Michael was really the protector and guardian angel of +the Jews we know from <i>Dan.</i> x. 13, 21; xii. 1.</p> + +<p>Milton makes Michael the leader of the heavenly host in the war in +heaven. The word means “God’s power.” Gabriel was next in command to the +archangel Michael.</p> + +<p class="poem">Go, Michael, of celestial armies prince<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib"><i>Paradise Lost</i>, vi. 44 (1665).</span></p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Longfellow, in his <i>Golden Legend</i>, says that Michael is the +presiding spirit of the planet Mercury, and brings to man the gift of +prudence (“The Miracle-Play,” iii., 1851).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Michael</i>, the “trencher favorite” of Arden of Feversham, in love with +Maria, sister of Mosby. A weak man, who both loves and honors Arden, but +is inveigled by Mosby to admit ruffians into Arden’s house to murder +him.—Geo. Lillo, <i>Arden of Feversham</i> (1592).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Michael, God of Wind</b> (<i>St.</i>). At the promontory of Malea is a chapel +built to St. Michael, and the sailors say when the wind blows from that +quarter it is occasioned by the violent motion of St. Michael’s wings. +Whenever they sail by that promontory, they pray St. Michael to keep his +wings still.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>St. Michael’s Chair.</i> It is said that any woman who has sat on +Michael’s chair (on St. Michael’s Mount, in Cornwall), will rule her +husband ever after.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Michael Angelo of Battle-Scenes</b> (<i>The</i>), Michael Angelo Cerquozzi, of +Rome (1600-1660).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Michael Angelo of France</b> (<i>The</i>), Jean Cousin (1500-1590).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Michael Angelo des Kermesses</b>, Peter van Laar, called <i>Le Bamboche</i>, born +at Laaren (1613-1673).</p> + +<p>Or <i>Michel-Ange des Bamboches</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Michael Angelo of Music</b> (<i>The</i>), Johann Christoph von Glück (1714-1787).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Michael Angelo of Sculptors</b> (<i>The</i>), Pierre Puget (1623-1694).</p> + +<p>Réné Michael Slodtz is also called the same (1705-1764).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Michael Angelo Titmarsh</b>, one of the pseudonyms under which Thackeray +contributed to <i>Frazer’s Magazine</i> (1811-1863).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Michael Armstrong</b>, “the factory boy.” The hero and title of a novel by +Mrs. Trollope (1839). The object of this novel is to expose what the +authoress considered to be the evils of the factory system.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Michael Perez</b>, the copper captain. (See <a href="#Perez"><span class="smcap">Perez</span></a>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Michael, the Stammerer</b>, born at Armorium, in Phrygia, mounted the throne +as emperor of Greece in <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 820. He used all his efforts to introduce +the Jewish Sabbath and sacrifice.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span></p> + +<p class="poem">I think I have proved ...<br /> +The error of all those doctrines so vicious ...<br /> +That are making such terrible work in the Churches<br /> +By Michael the Stammerer.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Longfellow, <i>The Golden Legend</i> (1851).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Michal</b>, in the satire of <i>Absalom and Achitophel</i>, by Dryden and Tate, +is meant for Catharine, the wife of Charles II.—Pt. ii. (1682).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Michelot</b>, an unprincipled, cowardly, greedy man, who tries to discover +the secret of “the gold-mine.” Being procurator of the president of +Lyons, his office was “to capture and arrest” those charged with civil +or criminal offences.—E. Stirling, <i>The Gold-Mine, or Miller of +Grenoble</i> (1854).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Micomico´na</b>, the pretended queen of Micomicon. Don Quixote’s adventure +to Micomiconnia came to nothing, for he was taken home in a cage, almost +as soon as he was told of the wonderful enchantments.—Cervantes, <i>Don +Quixote</i>, I. iv. 2 (1605.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mi´das</b> (<i>Justice</i>), appointed to adjudge a musical contest between Pol +and Pan. He decides in favor of Pan, whereupon Pol throws off his +disguise, appears as the god Apollo, and, being indignant at the +decision, gives Midas “the ears of an ass.”—Kane O’Hara, <i>Midas</i> +(1764).</p> + +<p>Edward Shuter (1728-1776) was pronounced by Garrick “the greatest comic +actor;” and C. Dibdin says: “Nothing on earth could have been superior +to his ‘Midas.’”</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Midas’s Ears.</i> The servant who used to cut the king’s hair, discovering +the deformity, was afraid to whisper the secret to any one, but, being +unable to contain himself, he dug a hole in the earth, and, putting his +mouth into it, cried out, “King Midas has ass’s ears!” He then filled up +the hole and felt relieved.</p> + +<p>Tennyson makes the barber a woman:</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i5">No livelier than the dame</span><br /> +That whispered “Asses’ ears” among the sedge.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Tennyson, <i>The Princess</i>.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Middleburgh</b> (<i>Mr. James</i>), an Edinburgh magistrate.—Sir W. Scott, +<i>Heart of Midlothian</i> (time, George II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Middlemas</b> (<i>Mr. Matthew</i>), a name assumed by General Witherington.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mrs. Middlemas</i>, wife of the general (born Zelia de Monçada).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Richard Middlemas</i>, alias <i>Richard Tresham</i>, a foundling, apprenticed +to Dr Gray. He discovers that he is the son of General Witherington, and +goes to India, where he assumes the character of Sadoc, a black slave in +the service of Mde. Montreville. He delivers Menie Gray by treachery to +Tippoo Saib, and Hyder Ali gives him up to be crushed to death by an +elephant.—Sir W. Scott, <i>The Surgeon’s Daughter</i> (time, George II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Middlewick</b> (<i>Mr. Perkyn</i>), a retired butterman, the neighbor of Sir +Geoffrey Champneys, and the father of Charles. The butterman is innately +vulgar, drops his <i>h’s</i> and inserts them out of place, makes the +greatest geographical and historical blunders, has a tyrannical temper, +but a tender heart. He turns his son adrift for marrying Violet Melrose, +an heiress, who snubbed the plebeian father. When reduced to great +distress, the old butterman goes to his son’s squalid lodgings and +relents. So all ends happily.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Charles Middlewick</i>, son of the retired butterman, well educated, and a +gentleman. His father wanted him to marry Mary<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span> Melrose, a girl without +a penny, but he preferred Violet, an heiress.—H. J. Byron, <i>Our Boys</i> +(1875).</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Midge" id="Midge"></a><b>Midge</b>, the miller’s son, one of the companions of Robin Hood. (See +<a href="#Much"><span class="smcap">Much</span></a>.)</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Midge</i> (<i>The</i>), a well-born but friendless waif, thrown at the age of +thirteen upon the charity of Dr. Peters, an eccentric bachelor. She +cares for his house and for him in quaint, womanly fashion, very +bewitching, until she is grown. The suit of another and a younger man, +makes the doctor know, to his cost, how well he loves her. He holds his +peace, and marries Midge to her lover.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“Then he went into the big pantry. In the corner on the shelf, +still lay the crock in which the Midge had hidden her head, heavy +with childish grief, years before. The old stool stood before it. +He sat down on it and rested his hot forehead on the cool rim of +the jar.</p> + +<p>“And that’s the end of the story.”—H. C. Bunner, <i>The Midge</i> +(1886).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Midian Mara</b>, the Celtic mermaid.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Midlo´thian</b> (<i>The Heart of</i>), a tale of the Porteous riot, in which the +incidents of Effie and Jeanie Deans are of absorbing interest. Effie was +seduced by Geordie Robertson (<i>alias</i> George Staunton), while in the +service of Mrs. Saddletree. She murdered her infant, and was condemned +to death; but her half-sister, Jeanie, went to London, pleaded her cause +before the queen, and obtained her pardon. Jeanie, on her return to +Scotland, married Reuben Butler; and Geordie Robertson (then Sir George +Staunton) married Effie. Sir George being shot by a gypsy boy, Effie +(<i>i.e.</i> Lady Staunton), retired to a convent on the Continent.—Sir W. +Scott, <i>Heart of Midlothian</i> (time, George II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Midshipman Easy.</b> (See <span class="smcap">Easy</span>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Midsummer Night’s Dream.</b> Shakespeare says there was a law in Athens, +that if a daughter refused to marry the husband selected for her by her +father, she might be put to death. Egēus (3 <i>syl.</i>), an Athenian, +promised to give his daughter, Hermia, in marriage to Demētrius; but, as +the lady loved Lysander, she refused to marry the man selected by her +father, and fled from Athens with her lover. Demetrius went in pursuit +of her, followed by Helĕna, who doted on him. All four came to a forest, +and fell asleep. In their dreams a vision of fairies passed before them, +and on awaking, Demetrius resolved to forego Hermia, who disliked him, +and to take to wife Helena, who sincerely loved him. When Egeus was +informed thereof, he readily agreed to give his daughter to Lysander, +and the force of the law was not called into action (1592).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Several of the incidents of this comedy are borrowed from the +<i>Diana</i> of Montemayor, a Spaniard (sixteenth century).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Midwinter</b> (<i>Ozias</i>), the <i>alias</i> of another Allan Armadale. His father +has murdered the father of the real Allan, and the son of the homicide +resolves to keep his own identity a secret, while trying to atone to +Allan for the wrong done him. He loves and marries the perfidious +governess of Allan’s betrothed.—Wilkie Collins, <i>Armadale</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Miggs</b> (<i>Miss</i>), the handmaiden and “comforter” of Mrs. Varden. A tall, +gaunt young woman, addicted to pattens; slender and shrewish, of a sharp +and acid visage. She held the male sex in utter contempt, but had a +secret exception in favor of Sim Tappertit, who irreverently called her +“scraggy.” Miss Miggs always<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span> sided with madam against master, and made +out that she was a suffering martyr, and he an inhuman Nero. She called +ma’am “mim;” said her sister lived at “twenty-sivin;” Simon she called +“Simmun.” She said Mrs. Varden was “the mildest, amiablest, +forgivingest-sperited, longest-sufferingest female in existence.” +Baffled in all her matrimonial hopes, she was at last appointed female +turnkey to a county Bridewell, which office she held for thirty years, +when she died.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Miss Miggs, baffled in all her schemes ... and cast upon a +thankless, undeserving world, turned very sharp and sour ... but +the justices of the peace for Middlesex ... selected her from 124 +competitors to the office of turnkey for a county Bridewell, which +she held till her decease, more than thirty years afterwards, +remaining single all that time.—C. Dickens, <i>Barnaby Rudge</i> +(1841).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mign´on</b>, a beautiful, dwarfish, fairy-like Italian girl, in love with +Wilhelm, her protector. She glides before us in the mazy dance, or +whirls her tambourine like an Ariel. Full of fervor, full of love, full +of rapture, she is overwhelmed with the torrent of despair at finding +her love is not returned, becomes insane, and dies.—Goethe, <i>Wilhelm +Meister’s Apprenticeship</i> (1794-6).</p> + +<p>Sir W. Scott drew his “Fenella,” in <i>Peveril of the Peak</i>, from this +character; and Victor Hugo has reproduced her in his <i>Notre Dame</i>, under +the name of “Esmeralda.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mignonette:</b></p> + +<p class="poemquote">“A pitcher of mignonette<br /> +In a tenement’s highest casement<br /> +Queer sort of flower-pot—yet<br /> +That pitcher of mignonette<br /> +Is a garden in heaven set<br /> +To the little sick child in the basement,<br /> +The pitcher of mignonette.<br /> +In the tenement’s highest casement.”<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Henry Cuyler Bunner, <i>Airs from Arcady and Elsewhere</i> (1884).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Migonnet</b>, a fairy king, who wished to marry the princess brought up by +Violenta, the fairy mother.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Of all dwarfs he was the smallest. His feet were like an eagle’s, +and close to the knees, for legs he had none. His royal robes were +not above half a yard long, and trailed one-third part upon the +ground. His head was as big as a peck, and his nose long enough for +twelve birds to perch on. His beard was bushy enough for a canary’s +nest, and his ears reached a foot above his head.—Comtesse +D’Aulnoy, <i>Fairy Tales</i> (“The White Cat,” 1682).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mikado</b> (<i>of Japan</i>), the hero of Gilbert and Sullivan’s opera “The +Mikado.” The plot turns upon the complications brought <a name="corr11" id="corr11"></a><ins class="correction" title="about by the">about the</ins> +Mikado’s severe laws against flirting:</p> + +<p class="poemquote">“So he decreed in words succint,<br /> +That all who flirted, leered or winked,<br /> +Unless connubially linked,<br /> +Should forthwith be beheaded.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mi´lan</b> (<i>The duke of</i>), an Italian prince, an ally of the +Lancastrians.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Anne of Geierstein</i> (time, Edward IV.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Milan Decree</b>, a decree of Napoleon Bonaparte, dated Milan, December 27, +1807, declaring “the whole British empire to be in a state of blockade, +and prohibiting all countries from trading with Great Britain, or using +any article made therein.”</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> As Britain was the best customer of the very nations +forbidden to deal with her, this very absurd decree was a two-edged +sword, cutting both ways.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mildred</b>, the bride, “fresh and fair as May,” whom Philip, the pastor, +installs as <i>Mistress of the Manse</i>, in Josiah Gilbert Holland’s poem of +that name (1874).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mildmay</b> (<i>Frank</i>), hero of sea-story bearing his name.—Frederick +Marryatt.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mile´sian Fables</b> (<i>Milesiæ Fabulæ</i>), very wanton and ludicrous tales. +Sir Ed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span>ward Bulwer Lytton (Lord Lytton) published six of the <i>Lost Tales +of Milētus</i> in rhymeless verse. He pretends he borrowed them from the +scattered remnants preserved by Apollodo´rus and Conon, contained in the +pages of Pausa´nias and Athenæus, or dispersed throughout the +Scholiasts. The Milesian tales were, for the most part, in prose; but +Ovid tells us that Aristi´dês rendered some of them into verse, and +Sisenna into Latin.</p> + +<p class="poem">Junxit Aristides Milesia carmina secum<br /> +Pulsus Aristides nec tamen urba sua est.</p> + +<p>The original tales by Antonius Diog´enês are described by Photius. It +appears that they were great favorites with the luxurious Sybarites. A +compilation was made by Aristīdês, by whom (according to Ovid) some were +versified also. The Latin translation by Sisenna was made about the time +of the civil wars of Ma´rius and Sylla. Parthen´ius Nice´nus, who taught +Virgil Greek, borrowed thirty-six of the tales, which he dedicated to +Cornelius Gallus, and entitled <i>Erôtikôn Pathêmatôn</i> (“love stories”).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Milesia Crimina</i>, amatory offences. Venus was worshipped at Milētus, +and hence the loose amatory tales of Antonius Diogenês were entitled +<i>Milesiæ Fabulæ</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mile´sians</b>, the “ancient” Irish. The legend is that Ireland was once +peopled by the Fir-bolg or Belgæ from Britain, who were subdued by +Milesians from Asia Minor, called the Gaels of Ireland.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Miles</b> (<i>Throckmorton</i>), harum-scarum, brave, indiscreet, over-generous +hero of Constance Cary Harrison’s story, <i>Flower de Hundred</i> (1890).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Milford</b> (<i>Colonel</i>), a friend of Sir Geoffrey Peveril.—Sir W. Scott, +<i>Peveril of the Peak</i> (time, Charles II.).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Milford</i> (<i>Jack</i>), a natural son of Widow Warren’s late husband. He was +the crony of Harry Dornton, with whom he ran “the road to ruin.” Jack +had a fortune left him, but he soon scattered it by his extravagant +living, and was imprisoned for debt. Harry then promised to marry Widow +Warren if she would advance him £6,000 to pay off his friend’s debts +with. When Harry’s father heard of this bargain, he was so moved that he +advanced the money himself; and Harry, being set free from his bargain, +married the widow’s daughter instead of the widow. Thus all were rescued +from “the road to ruin.”—Holcroft, <i>The Road to Ruin</i> (1792).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Milinowski</b>, a portly, imposing American widow, who, after twenty years +spent under the marital rule of a Prussian army officer, “takes kindly +to the prose of life.” She is the exemplary and not unkindly chaperone +of <i>Miss Caroline Lester</i>, heroine of Charlotte Dunning’s book <i>Upon a +Cast</i> (1885).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Milk-Pail</b> (<i>The</i>), which was to gain a fortune, (See <a href="#Perrette"><span class="smcap">Perrette</span></a>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Millamant</b>, the <i>prétendue</i> of Edward Mirabell. She is a most brilliant +girl, who says she “loves to give pain, because cruelty is a proof of +power; and when one parts with one’s cruelty, one parts with one’s +power.” Millamant is far gone in poetry, and her heart is not in her own +keeping. Sir Wilful Witwould makes love to her, but she detests “the +superannuated lubber.”—W. Congreve, <i>The Way of the World</i> (1700).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Miller</b> (<i>James</i>), the “tiger” of the Hon. Mr. Flammer. James was brought +up in the stable, educated on the turf and <i>pavé</i>, polished and +completed in the fives-court.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span> He was engaged to Mary Chintz, the maid +of Miss Bloomfield.—C. Selby, <i>The Unfinished Gentleman</i>.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Miller</i>, (<i>Joe</i>), James Ballantyne, author of <i>Old Joe Miller, by the +Editor of New J. M.</i>, three vols. (1801).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Mottley compiled a jest-book in the reign of James II., +entitled <i>Joe Miller’s Jests</i>. The phrase, “That’s a Joe Miller,” means +“that’s a jest from Mottley’s book.”</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Miller</i> (<i>Maximilian Christopher</i>), the Saxon giant; height eight feet. +His hand measured a foot; his second finger was nine inches long; his +head unusually large. He wore a rich Hungarian jacket and a huge plumed +cap. This giant was exhibited in London in the year 1733. He died aged +60; was born at Leipsic (1674-1734).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Miller</b> (<i>Draxy</i>), bonny daughter of a thriftless, honest man, whose +energy in the effort to recover some hundreds of acres of woodland +deeded to her in jest, and supposed to be unprofitable, leads to comfort +for her father, and a happy marriage for herself.—<i>Saxe Holm Stories</i> +(1886).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Miller of Mansfield</b> (<i>The</i>), John Cockle, a miller and keeper of +Sherwood Forest. Hearing the report of a gun, John Cockle went into the +forest at night to find poachers, and came upon the king (Henry VIII.), +who had been hunting, and had got separated from his courtiers. The +miller collared him; but, being told he was a wayfarer, who had lost +himself in the forest, he took him home with him for the night. Next +day, the courtiers were brought to the same house, having been seized as +poachers by the under-keepers. It was then discovered that the miller’s +guest was the king, who knighted the miller, and settled on him 1000 +marks a year.—R. Dodsley, <i>The King and the Miller of Mansfield</i> +(1737).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Miller of Trompington</b> (<i>The</i>), Simon Simkin, an arrant thief. Two +scholars undertook to see that a sack of corn was ground for “Solar Hill +College,” without being tampered with; so one stood at the hopper, and +the other at the trough below. In the mean time, Simon Simkin let loose +the scholars’ horse; and while they went to catch it, he purloined half +a bushel of the flour, which was made into cakes, and substituted meal +in its stead. But the young men had their revenge; they not only made +off with the flour, meal, and cakes without payment, but left the miller +well trounced also.—Chaucer, <i>Canterbury Tales</i> (“The Reeve’s Tale,” +1388).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>A trick something like that played off on the Miller of +Trompington.—<i>Review of Kirkton</i>, xix. 253.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Miller on the Dee.</b> “There was a Jolly Miller once lived on the River +Dee,” is a song by Isaac Bickerstaff, introduced in <i>Love in a Village</i>, +i. 1 (1763).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mills</b> (<i>Miss</i>), the bosom friend of Dora. Supposed to have been blighted +in early life in some love affair, and hence she looks on the happiness +of others with a calm, supercilious benignity, and talks of herself as +being “in the desert of Sahara.”—C. Dickens, <i>David Copperfield</i> +(1849).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Millwood</b> (<i>Sarah</i>), the courtezan who enticed George Barnwell to rob his +master and murder his uncle. Sarah Millwood spent all the money that +George Barnwell obtained by these crimes, then turned him out of doors, +and informed against him. Both were hanged.—George Lillo, <i>George +Barnwell</i> (1732).</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span><b>Milly</b>, the wife of William Swidger. She is the good angel of the +tale.—C. Dickens, <i>The Haunted Man</i> (1848).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Milo</b>, an athlete of Croto´na, noted for his amazing strength. He could +carry on his shoulders a four-year-old heifer. When old, Milo attempted +to tear in twain an oak tree, but the parts, closing on his hands, held +him fast, till he was devoured by wolves.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Milo</i> (<i>The English</i>), Thomas Topham, of London (1710-1752).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Milton</b>, introduced by Sir Walter Scott in <i>Woodstock</i> (time, +Commonwealth).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Milton of Germany</b>, Frederick Gottlieb Klopstock, author of <i>The +Messiah</i>, an epic poem (1724-1803).</p> + +<p class="poem">A very German Milton indeed.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Coleridge.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Milton’s Monument</b>, in Westminster Abbey, was by Rysbrack.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Milvey</b> (<i>The Rev. Frank</i>), a “young man expensively educated and +wretchedly paid, with quite a young wife and half a dozen young +children. He was under the necessity of teaching ... to eke out his +scanty means, yet was generally expected to have more time to spare than +the idlest person in the parish, and more money than the richest.”</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mrs. Milvey</i> (<i>Margaretta</i>), a pretty, bright little woman, emphatic +and impulsive, but “something worn by anxiety. She had repressed many +pretty tastes and bright fancies, and substituted instead schools, soup, +flannel, coals, and all the week-day cares and Sunday coughs of a large +population, young and old.”—C. Dickens, <i>Our Mutual Friend</i> (1864).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Minagro´bis</b>, admiral of the cats in the great sea-fight of the cats and +rats. Minagrobis won the victory by devouring the admiral of the rats, +who had made three voyages round the world in very excellent ships, in +which he was neither one of the officers nor one of the crew, but a kind +of interloper.—Comtesse D’Aulnoy, <i>Fairy Tales</i> (“The White Cat,” +1682).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Min´cing</b>, lady’s-maid to Millamant. She says <i>mem</i> for ma’am, <i>fit</i> for +fought, <i>la’ship</i> for ladyship, etc.—W. Congreve, <i>The Way of the +World</i> (1700).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Minikin</b> (<i>Lord</i>), married to a cousin of Sir John Trotley, but, +according to <i>bon ton</i>, he flirts with Miss Tittup; and Miss Tittup, who +is engaged to Colonel Tivy, flirts with a married man.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Lady Minikin</i>, wife of Lord Minikin. According to <i>bon ton</i>, she hates +her husband, and flirts with Colonel Tivy; and Colonel Tivy, who is +engaged to Miss Tittup, flirts with a married woman. It is <i>bon ton</i> to +do so.—Garrick, <i>Bon Ton</i> (1760).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Minjekah´wun</b>, Hiawatha’s mittens, made of deer-skin. When Hiawatha had +his mittens on, he could smite the hardest rocks asunder.</p> + +<p class="poem">He [<i>Hiawatha</i>] had mittens, Minjekahwun,<br /> +Magic mittens made of deer-skin;<br /> +When upon his hands he wore them,<br /> +He could smite the rocks asunder.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Longfellow, <i>Hiawatha</i>, iv. (1855).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Minna and Brenda</b>, two beautiful girls, the daughters of Magnus Troil, +the old udaller of Zetland. Minna was stately in form, with dark eyes +and raven locks; credulous and vain, but not giddy; enthusiastic, +talented and warm-hearted. She<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span> loved Captain Clement Cleveland; but +Cleveland was killed in an encounter on the Spanish main. Brenda had +golden hair, a bloom on her cheeks, a fairy form, and a serene, cheerful +disposition. She was less the heroine than her sister, but more the +loving and confiding woman. She married Mordaunt Mertoun (ch. iii).—Sir +W. Scott, <i>The Pirate</i> (time, William III.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Minna von Barnhelm.</b> A wealthy girl who is engaged to Major von Tellheim, +a Prussian soldier. He loses his fortune, is wounded and suspected of +dishonor, and from regard for Minna strives to break the engagement. +Everything is righted, and they marry.—G. E. Lessing.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Minneha´ha</b> (“<i>the laughing water</i>”), daughter of the arrow-maker of +Daco´tah, and wife of Hiawatha. She was called Minnehaha from the +waterfall of that name between St. Anthony and Fort Snelling.</p> + +<p class="poem">From the waterfall, he named her<br /> +Minnehaha, Laughing Water.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Longfellow, <i>Hiawatha</i>, iv. (1855).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Minnesingers</b>, the Troubadours of Germany during the Hohenstaufen period +(1138-1294), minstrels who composed and sung short lyrical +poems—usually in praise of women or in celebration of the beauties of +nature—called <i>Minne</i>, or love songs. The names of nearly three hundred +of these poets have come down to us, including all classes of society, +the most famous being Dietmar von Aist, Ulrich von Lichenstein, Heinrich +von Frauenlob, and above all Walther von der Vogelweid (1168-1230). +Wolfram von Eschenbach, Gottfried von Strasburg, and Hartmann von der +Aue are also classed among the Minnesingers, but their principal fame +was won in the field of metrical romance.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> The story runs that Vogelweid bequeathed his worldly all to a +Wurtzburg monastery upon condition that they should feed the doves at +noon every day upon his grave. The multiplying birds aroused the +avaricious alarm of the abbot, who forbade the daily distribution.</p> + +<p class="poemquote">“Time has long effaced the inscriptions<br /> +<span class="i1">On the cloister’s funeral stones,</span><br /> +And tradition only tells us<br /> +<span class="i1">Where repose the poet’s bones.</span><br /> +But around the vast cathedral<br /> +<span class="i1">By sweet echoes <a name="corr12" id="corr12"></a><ins class="correction" title="multiplied">mutiplied</ins></span><br /> +Still the birds repeat the legend<br /> +<span class="i1">And the name of Vogelweid.”</span><br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">H. W. Longfellow, <i>Walter von der Vogelweid</i> 186-.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mino´na</b>, “the soft blushing daughter of Torman,” a Gaelic bard in the +<i>Songs of Selma</i>, one of the most famous portions of Macpherson’s +<i>Ossian</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Minor</b> (<i>The</i>), a comedy by Samuel Foote (1760). Sir George Wealthy, “the +minor,” was the son of Sir William Wealthy, a retired merchant. He was +educated at a public school, sent to college, and finished his training +in Paris. His father, hearing of his extravagant habits, pretended to be +dead, and, assuming the guise of a German baron, employed several +persons to dodge the lad, some to be winners in his gambling, some to +lend money, some to cater to other follies, till he was apparently on +the brink of ruin. His uncle, Mr. Richard Wealthy, a City merchant, +wanted his daughter, Lucy, to marry a wealthy trader, and as she refused +to do so, he turned her out of doors. This young lady was brought to Sir +George as a <i>fille de joie</i>, but she touched his heart by her manifest +innocence, and he not only relieved her present necessities, but +re<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span>moved her to an asylum where her “innocent beauty would be guarded +from temptation, and her deluded innocence would be rescued from +infamy.” The whole scheme now burst as a bubble. Sir George’s father, +proud of his son, told him he was his father, and that his losses were +only fictitious; and the uncle, melted into a better mood, gave his +daughter to his nephew, and blessed the boy for rescuing his discarded +child.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Minotti</b>, governor of Corinth, then under the power of the doge. In 1715 +the city was stormed by the Turks; and during the siege one of the +magazines in the Turkish camp blew up, killing 600 men. Byron says it +was Minotti himself who fired the train, and that he perished in the +explosion.—Byron, <i>Siege of Corinth</i> (1816).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Minstrel</b> (<i>The</i>), an unfinished poem, in Spenserian metre, by James +Beattie. Its design was to trace the progress of a poetic genius, born +in a rude age, from the first dawn of fancy to the fullness of poetic +rapture. The first canto is descriptive of Edwin, the minstrel; canto +ii. is dull philosophy, and there, happily, the poem ends. It is a pity +it did not end with the first canto (1773-4).</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i1">And yet poor Edwin was no vulgar boy,</span><br /> +<span class="i2">Deep thought oft seemed to fix his infant eye.</span><br /> +<span class="i1">Dainties he heeded not, nor gaude, nor toy,</span><br /> +<span class="i2">Save one short pipe of rudest minstrelsy;</span><br /> +<span class="i2">Silent when sad, affectionate, tho’ shy;</span><br /> +<span class="i1">And now his look was most demurely sad;</span><br /> +<span class="i2">And now he laughed aloud, though none knew why.</span><br /> +<span class="i1">The neighbors stared and sighed, yet blessed the lad;</span><br /> +Some deemed him wondrous wise, and some believed him mad.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Canto i. 16.</span></p> + +<p class="main"><i>Minstrel</i> (<i>Lay of the Last</i>). Ladye Margaret, “the flower of Teviot,” +was the daughter of Lord Walter Scott, of Branksome Hall. She loved +Baron Henry, of Cranstown; but between the two families a deadly feud +existed. One day the elfin page of Lord Cranstown inveigled the heir of +Branksome Hall (then a lad) into the woods, where he fell into the hands +of the English, who marched with 3000 men to Branksome Hall; but, being +told that Douglas was coming to the rescue with 10,000 men, the two +armies agreed to settle by single combat whether the lad should be given +up to the mother or be made King Edward’s page. The two champions were +Sir Richard Musgrave (<i>English</i>) and Sir William Deloraine (<i>Scotch</i>). +The Scotch champion slew Sir Richard, and the boy was delivered to his +mother. It now turned out that Sir William Deloraine was Lord Cranstown, +who claimed and received the hand of Ladye Margaret as his reward.—Sir +W. Scott (1805).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Minstrel of the Border</b>, Sir W. Scott; also called “The Border Minstrel” +(1771-1832).</p> + +<p class="poem">My steps the Border Minstrel led.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Wordsworth, <i>Yarrow Revisited</i>.</span></p> + +<p class="poem">Great Minstrel of the Border.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Wordsworth.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Minstrel of the English Stage</b> (<i>The Last</i>), James Shirley, last of the +Shakespeare school (1594-1666).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Then followed the licentious French school, headed by John +Dryden.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Minstrels</b> (<i>Royal Domestic</i>).</p> + +<p>Of William I., Berdie, called <i>Regis Jocula´tor</i>.</p> + +<p>Of Henry I., Galfrid and Royer, or Raher.</p> + +<p>Of Richard I., Blondel.</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span><b>Mint Julep</b>, a Virginian beverage, celebrated in song by Charles Fenno +Hoffman (185-). A favorite variety of this drink is compounded of +brandy, water, sugar, mint-leaves and pounded ice, and is called a +“hail-storm.”</p> + +<p class="poemquote">“The draught was delicious, and loud the acclaim,<br /> +’Though something seemed wanting for all to bewail;<br /> +But <span class="smcap">Juleps</span> the drink of immortals became<br /> +When Jove himself added a handful of hail.”<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Charles Fenno Hoffman, <i>Poems</i> (1846).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mintz</b>, <i>alias</i> Araminta Sophronia—the best cook and housemaid in +town—rules the Stackpole family with a rod of red-hot steel until the +son of the house defies her by marrying the head scholar in the Boston +Cooking School.—Augusta Larned, <i>Village Photographs</i> (1887).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Miol´ner</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), Thor’s hammer.</p> + +<p class="poem">This is my hammer, Miölner the mighty;<br /> +Giants and sorcerers cannot withstand it.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Sæmund Sigfusson, <i>Edda</i> (1130).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Miquelets</b> (<i>Les</i>), soldiers of the Pyrenees, sent to co-operate with the +dragoons of the <i>Grand Monarque</i> against the Camisards of the Cevennes.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mir´abel</b>, the “wild goose,” a travelled Monsieur, who loves women in a +loose way, but abhors matrimony, and especially dislikes Oria´na; but +Oriana “chases” the “wild goose” with her woman’s wiles, and catches +him.—Beaumont and Fletcher, <i>The Wild-goose Chase</i> (1652).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mirabel</i> (<i>Old</i>). He adores his son, and wishes him to marry Oria´na. +As the young man shilly-shallies, the father enters into several schemes +to entrap him into a declaration of love; but all his schemes are +abortive.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Young Mirabel</i>, the son, called “the inconstant.” A handsome, dashing +young rake, who loves Oriana, but does not wish to marry. Whenever +Oriana seems lost to him the ardor of his love revives; but immediately +his path is made plain, he holds off. However, he ultimately marries +her.—G. Farquhar, <i>The Inconstant</i> (1702).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mirabell</b> (<i>Edward</i>), in love with Millamant. He liked her, “with all her +faults; nay, liked her for her faults, ... which were so natural that +(in his opinion) they became her.”—W. Congreve, <i>The Way of the World</i> +(1700).</p> + +<p class="poem">Not all that Drury Lane affords<br /> +Can paint the rakish “Charles” so well,<br /> +Or give such life to “Mirabell”<br /> +[<i>As Montague Talbot</i>, 1778-1831].<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Crofton Croker.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mirabella</b>, “a maiden fair, clad in mourning weeds, upon a mangy jade +unmeetly set, with a lewd fool called Disdain” (canto 6). Timias and +Serena, after quitting the hermit’s cell, meet her. Though so sorely +clad and mounted, the maiden was “a lady of great dignity and honor, but +scornful and proud.” Many a wretch did languish for her through a long +life. Being summoned to Cupid’s judgment hall, the sentence passed on +her was that she should “ride on a mangy jade, accompanied by a fool, +till she had saved as many lovers as she had slain” (canto 7). Mirabella +was also doomed to carry a leaky bottle, which she was to fill with +tears, and a torn wallet, which she was to fill with repentance: but her +tears and her repentance dropped out as fast as they were put in, and +were trampled under foot by Scorn (canto 8).—Spenser, <i>Faëry Queen</i>, +vi. 6-8 (1596).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> “Mirabella” is supposed to be meant for Rosalind, who jilted +Spenser, and who<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span> is called by the poet “a widow’s daughter of the glen, +and poor.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mir´amont</b>, brother of Justice Brisac, and uncle of the two brothers, +Charles (the scholar) and Eustace (the courtier). Miramont is an +ignorant, testy old man, but a great admirer of learning and +scholars.—Beaumont and Fletcher, <i>The Elder Brother</i> (1637).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Miran´da</b>, daughter of Prospero, the exiled duke of Milan, and niece of +Antonio, the usurping duke. She is brought up on a desert island, with +Ariel, the fairy spirit, and Cal´iban, the monster, as her only +companions. Ferdinand, son of the king of Naples, being shipwrecked on +the island, falls in love with her, and marries her.—Shakespeare, <i>The +Tempest</i> (1609).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Identifying herself with the simple yet noble-minded Miranda in the +isle of wonder and enchantment.—Sir W. Scott.</p></div> + +<p class="main"><i>Miranda</i>, an heiress, the ward of Sir Francis Gripe. As she must obtain +his consent to her marriage before she could obtain possession of her +fortune, she pretended to love him, although he was 64 years old; and +the old fool believed it. When, therefore, Miranda asked his consent to +marry, he readily gave it, thinking himself to be the man of her choice; +but the sly little hussy laughed at her old guardian, and plighted her +troth to Sir George Airy, a man of 24.—Mrs. Centlivre, <i>The Busy Body</i> +(1709).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mir´ja</b>, one of the six Wise Men of the East, led by the guiding star to +Jesus. Mirja had five sons, who followed his holy life.—Klopstock, <i>The +Messiah</i>, v. (1771).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mirror</b> (<i>Alasnam’s</i>), a mirror which showed Alasnam if “a beautiful girl +was also chaste and virtuous.” The mirror was called “the touchstone of +virtue.”—<i>Arabian Nights</i> (“Prince Zeyn Alasnam”).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mirror</i> (<i>Cambuscan’s</i>), a mirror sent to Cambuscan´, king of Tartary, +by the king of Araby and Ind. It showed those who consulted it if any +adversity were about to befall them; if any one they loved were friend +or foe.—Chaucer, <i>Canterbury Tales</i> (“The Squire’s Tale,” unfinished.)</p> + +<p class="poemquote">“Or call up him who left half-told,<br /> +The story of Cambuscan bold.<br /> +<span style="letter-spacing: 1em; padding-left: 1em;">* * * * *</span><br /> +That owned the virtuous ring and glass.”<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Milton, <i>Il Penseroso</i>.</span></p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mirror</i> (<i>Kelly’s</i>), Dr. Dee’s speculum. Kelly was the doctor’s +speculator or seer. The speculum resembled a “piece of polished cannel +coal.”</p> + +<p class="poem">Kelly did all his feats upon<br /> +The devil’s looking-glass, a stone.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">S. Butler, <i>Hudibras</i> (1663-78).</span></p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mirror</i> (<i>Lao’s</i>), a looking-glass which reflected the mind as well as +the outward form.—Goldsmith, <i>Citizen of the World</i>, xlv. (1759).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mirror</i> (<i>Merlin’s Magic</i>) or Venus’s looking-glass, fabricated in +South Wales, in the days of King Ryence. It would show to those that +looked therein anything which pertained to them, anything that a friend +or foe was doing. It was round like a sphere, and was given by Merlin to +King Ryence.</p> + +<p class="poem">That never foe his kingdom might invade<br /> +But he it knew at home before he heard<br /> +Tidings thereof.</p> + +<p>Britomart, who was King Ryence’s daughter and heiress, saw in the mirror +her future husband and also his name, which was Sir Artegal.—Spenser, +<i>Faëry Queen</i>, iii. 2 (1590).</p> + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span><i>Mirror</i> (<i>Prester John’s</i>), a mirror which possessed similar virtues to +that made by Merlin. Prester John could see therein whatever was taking +place in any part of his dominions.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Dr. Dee’s speculum was also spherical, and possessed a +similar reputed virtue.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mirror</i> (<i>Reynard’s Wonderful</i>). This mirror existed only in the brain +of Master Fox. He told the queen lion that whoever looked therein could +see what was being done a mile off. The wood of the frame was part of +the same block out of which Crampart’s magic horse was made.—<i>Reynard +the Fox</i>, xii. (1498).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mirror</i> (<i>Venus’s</i>), generally called “Venus’s looking-glass,” the same +as <a name="corr13" id="corr13"></a><ins class="correction" title="This entry does not exist.">Merlin’s magic mirror</ins> (<i>q.v.</i>).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mirror</i> (<i>Vulcan’s</i>). Vulcan made a mirror which showed those who +looked into it the past, present, and future. Sir John Davies says that +Cupid handed this mirror to Antin´ous, when he was in the court of +Ulysses, and Antinous gave it to Penel´opê, who beheld therein the court +of Queen Elizabeth and all its grandeur.</p> + +<p class="poem">Vulcan, the king of fire, that mirror wrought ...<br /> +As there did represent in lively show<br /> +Our glorious English court’s divine image<br /> +As it should be in this our golden age.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Sir John Davies, <i>Orchestra</i> (1615).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mirror of King Ryence</b>, a mirror made by Merlin. It showed those who +looked into it whatever they wished to see.—Spenser, <i>Faëry Queen</i>, +iii. (1590).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mirror of Knighthood</b>, a romance of chivalry. It was one of the books in +Don Quixote’s library, and the curé said to the barber:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“In this same <i>Mirror of Knighthood</i> we meet with Rinaldo de +Montalban and his companions, with the twelve peers of France, and +Turpin, the historian. These gentlemen we will condemn only to +perpetual exile, as they contain something of the famous Bojardo’s +invention, whence the Christian poet Ariosto borrowed the +groundwork of his ingenious compositions; to whom I should pay +little regard if he had not written in his own language +[<i>Italian</i>].”—Cervantes, <i>Don Quixote</i>, I. i. 6 (1605).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mirror of all Martial Men</b>, Thomas, earl of Salisbury (died 1428).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mirrour for Magistraytes</b>, begun by Thomas Sackville, and intended to be +a poetical biography of remarkable Englishmen. Sackville wrote the +“Induction,” and furnished one of the sketches, that of Henry Stafford, +duke of Buckingham (the tool of Richard III.). Baldwynne, Ferrers, +Churchyard, Phair, etc., added others. Subsequently, John Higgins, +Richard Nichols, Thomas Blenerhasset, etc., supplied additional +characters; but Sackville alone stands out pre-eminent in merit. In the +“Induction,” Sackville tells us he was conducted by Sorrowe into the +infernal regions. At the porch sat Remorse and Dread, and within the +porch were Revenge, Miserie, Care, and Slepe. Passing on, he beheld Old +Age, Maladie, Famine, and Warre. Sorrowe then took him to Achĕron, and +ordered Charon to ferry them across. They passed the three-headed +Cerbĕrus and came to Pluto, where the poet saw several ghosts, the last +of all being the duke of Buckingham, whose “<i>complaynt</i>” finishes the +part written by Thomas Sackville (1557). (See <span class="smcap">Buckingham</span>.)</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Henry Stafford, duke of Buckingham, must not be mistaken for +George Villiers, duke of Buckingham 150 years later.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mirza</b> (<i>The Vision of</i>). Mirza, being at Grand Cairo on the fifth day of +the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span> moon, which he always kept holy, ascended a high hill, and, falling +into a trance, beheld a vision of human life. First he saw a prodigious +tide of water rolling through a valley with a thick mist at each +end—this was the river of time. Over the river was a bridge of a +thousand arches, but only three score and ten were unbroken. By these, +men were crossing, the arches representing the number of years the +traveller lived before he tumbled into the river. Lastly, he saw the +happy valley, but when he asked to see the secrets hidden under the dark +clouds on the other side, the vision was ended, and he only beheld the +valley of Bagdad, with its oxen, sheep, and camels grazing on its +sides.—Addison, <i>Vision of Mirza</i> (<i>Spectator</i>, 159).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Misbegot</b> (<i>Malcolm</i>), natural son of Sybil Knockwinnock, and an ancestor +of Sir Arthur Wardour.—Sir W. Scott, <i>The Antiquary</i> (time, George +III.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Miser</b> (<i>The</i>), a comedy by H. Fielding, a <i>réchauffé</i> of Molière’s +comedy <i>L’Avare</i>. Lovegold is “Harpagon,” Frederick is “Cléante,” +Mariana is “Mariane,” and Ramilie is “La Fléche.” Lovegold, a man of 60, +and his son Frederick, both wish to marry Mariana, and, in order to +divert the old miser from his foolish passion, Mariana pretends to be +most extravagant. She orders a necklace and ear-rings of the value of +£3000, a petticoat and gown from a fabric which is £12 a yard, and +besets the house with duns. Lovegold gives £2000 to break off the +bargain, and Frederick becomes the bridegroom of Mariana.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Misers.</b>—See <i>Dictionary of Phrase and Fable</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Misere´re</b> (<i>The</i>), sung on Good Fridays in Catholic churches, is the +composition of Gregorio Allegri, who died in 1640.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mishe-Mok´wa</b>, the great bear slain by Mudjekeewis.—Longfellow, +<i>Hiawatha</i>, ii. (1855).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mishe-Nah´ma</b>, the great sturgeon, “king of fishes,” subdued by Hiawatha. +With this labor, the “great teacher” taught the Indians how to make oil +for winter. When Hiawatha threw his line for the sturgeon, that king of +fishes first persuaded a pike to swallow the bait and try to break the +line, but Hiawatha threw it back into the water. Next, a sun-fish was +persuaded to try the bait, with the same result. Then the sturgeon, in +anger, swallowed Hiawatha and canoe also; but Hiawatha smote the heart +of the sturgeon with his fist, and the king of fishes swam to the shore +and died. Then the sea-gulls opened a rift in the dead body, out of +which Hiawatha made his escape.</p> + +<p class="poem">“I have slain the Mishê-Nahma,<br /> +Slain the king of fishes” said he.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Longfellow, <i>Hiawatha</i>, vii. (1855).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Misnar</b>, sultan of India, transformed by Ulin into a toad. <a name="corr14" id="corr14"></a><ins class="correction" title="He">“He</ins> was +disenchanted by the dervise Shemshel´nar, the most “pious worshipper of +Alla amongst all the sons of Asia.” By prudence and piety, Misnar and +his vizier, Horam, destroyed all the enchanters who filled India with +rebellion, and, having secured peace, married Hem´junah, daughter of +Zebenezer, sultan of Cassimir, to whom he had been betrothed when he was +known only as the prince of Georgia.—James Ridley, <i>Tales of the +Genii</i>, vi., vii. (1751).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Misog´onus</b>, by Thomas Rychardes, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span> third English comedy (1560). It is +written in rhyming quatrains, and not in couplets like <i>Ralph Roister +Doister</i> and <i>Gammer Gurton’s Needle</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Miss in Her Teens</b>, a farce by David Garrick (1753). Miss Biddy Bellair +is in love with Captain Loveit, who is known to her only by the name of +Rhodophil; but she coquets with Captain Flash and Mr. Fribble, while her +aunt wants her to marry an elderly man by the name of Stephen Loveit, +whom she detests. When the Captain returns from the wars, she sets +Captain Flash and Mr. Fribble together by the ears; and while they stand +fronting each other, but afraid to fight, Captain Loveit enters, +recognizes Flash as a deserter, takes away his sword, and dismisses +Fribble as beneath contempt.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mississippi Bubble</b>, the “South Sea scheme” of France, projected by John +Law, a Scotchman. So called because the projector was to have the +exclusive trade of Louisiana, on the banks of the Mississippi, on +condition of his taking on himself the National Debt (incorporated 1717, +failed 1720).</p> + +<p>The debt was 208 millions sterling. Law made himself sole creditor of +this debt, and was allowed to issue ten times the amount in paper money, +and to open “the Royal Bank of France,” empowered to issue this paper +currency. So long as a 20-franc note was worth 20 francs, the scheme was +a prodigious success, but immediately the paper money was at a discount, +a run on the bank set in, and the whole scheme burst.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Miss Ludington.</b> A beautiful girl changed by illness into “a sad and +faded woman.” She had a portrait painted from an ivory miniature of +herself, taken before the change, and conceives the idea that <i>what she +was once</i> must still exist somewhere. The phantasy is played upon by +impostors, who undertake to materialize the fancied creature and +introduce her as the soul-sister of the credulous spinster. The +instrument of the audacious fraud becomes conscience stricken and +reveals it.—Edward Bellamy, <i>Miss Ludington’s Sister</i> (1884).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mistletoe Bough</b> (<i>The</i>). The song so called is by Thomas Haynes Bayley, +who died 1839. The tale is this: Lord Lovel married a young lady, a +baron’s daughter, and on the wedding night the bride proposed that the +guest should play “hide-and-seek.” The bride hid in an old oak chest, +and the lid, falling down, shut her in, for it went with a spring-lock. +Lord Lovel sought her that night and sought next day, and so on for a +week, but nowhere could he find her. Some years later, the old chest was +sold, and, on being opened, was found to contain the skeleton of the +bride.</p> + +<p>Rogers, in his <i>Italy</i>, gives the same story, and calls the lady +“Ginevra” of Modĕna.</p> + +<p>Collet, in his <i>Relics of Literature</i>, has a similar story.</p> + +<p>Another is inserted in the <i>Causes Célèbres</i>.</p> + +<p>Marwell Old Hall (near Winchester), once the residence of the Seymours, +and afterwards of the Dacre family, has a similar tradition attached to +it, and “the very chest is said to be now the property of the Rev. J. +Haygarth, rector of Upham.”</p> + +<p>Bramshall, Hampshire, has a similar tale and chest.</p> + +<p>The great house at Malsanger, near Basingstoke, also in Hampshire, has a +similar tradition connected with it.</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Mita" id="Mita"></a><b>Mi´ta</b>, sister of Aude. She married Sir<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span> Miton de Rennes, and became the +mother of Mitaine. (See <a href="#Mitaine">next art.</a>)—<i>Croquemitaine</i>, xv.</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Mitaine" id="Mitaine"></a><b>Mitaine</b>, daughter of Mita and Miton, and godchild of Charlemagne. She +went in search of Fear Fortress, and found that it existed only in the +imagination, for as she boldly advanced towards it, the castle gradually +faded into thin air. Charlemagne made Mitaine, for this achievement, +Roland’s squire, and she fell with him in the memorable attack at +Roncesvallês. (See <a href="#Mita">previous art.</a>)—<i>Croquemitaine</i>, iii.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mite</b> (<i>Sir Matthew</i>), a returned East Indian merchant, dissolute, +dogmatical, ashamed of his former acquaintances, hating the aristocracy, +yet longing to be acknowledged by them. He squanders his wealth on +toadies, dresses his livery servants most gorgeously, and gives his +chairmen the most costly exotics to wear in their coats. Sir Matthew is +forever astonishing weak minds with his talk about rupees, lacs, +jaghires, and so on.—S. Foote, <i>The Nabob</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mithra</b> or <b>Mithras</b>, a supreme divinity of the ancient Persians, +confounded by the Greeks and Romans with the <i>sun</i>. He is the +personification of Ormuzd, representing fecundity and perpetual +renovation. Mithra is represented as a young man with a Phrygian cap, a +tunic, a mantle on his left shoulder, and plunging a sword into the neck +of a bull. Scaliger says the word means “greatest” or “supreme.” Mithra +is the middle of the triplasian deity: the Mediator, Eternal Intellect, +and Architect of the world.</p> + +<p class="poem">Her towers, where Mithra once had burned,<br /> +To Moslem shrines—oh shame!—were turned;<br /> +Where slaves, converted by the sword,<br /> +Their mean apostate worship poured,<br /> +And cursed the faith their sires adored.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Moore, <i>Lalla Rookh</i> (“The Fire-Worshippers,” 1817).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mithridate</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), a medicinal confection, invented by Damoc´ratês, +physician to Mithrida´tês, king of Pontus, and supposed to be an +antidote to all poisons and contagion. It contained seventy-two +ingredients. Any panacea is called a “mithridate.”</p> + +<p class="poem">Their kinsman garlic bring, the poor man’s mithridate.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Drayton, <i>Polyolbion</i>, xx. (1622).</span></p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mithridate</i> (3 <i>syl.</i>), a tragedy by Racine, (1673). “Monime” (2 +<i>syl.</i>), in this drama, was one of Mdlle. Rachel’s great characters.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mithrida´tes</b> (4 <i>syl.</i>), surnamed “the Great.” Being conquered by the +Romans, he tried to poison himself, but poison had no effect on him, and +he was slain by a Gaul. Mithridatês was active, intrepid, indefatigable, +and fruitful in resources; but he had to oppose such generals as Sulla, +Lucullus, and Pompey. His ferocity was unbounded, his perfidy was even +grand.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Racine has written a French tragedy on the subject, called +<i>Mithridate</i> (1673); and N. Lee brought out his <i>Mithridatês</i> in English +about the same time.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mixit</b> (<i>Dr.</i>), the apothecary at the Black Bear inn at Darlington.—Sir +W. Scott, <i>Rob Roy</i> (time, George I.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>M’liss</b>, brave, arch, and loving girl of the Wild West; the heroine of +one of Bret Harte’s most popular sketches.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>M. M. Sketch</b> (<i>An</i>), a memorandum sketch.</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span><b>Mne´me</b> (2 <i>syl.</i>), a well-spring of Bœo´tia, which quickens the memory. +The other well-spring in the same vicinity, called <i>Lê´thê</i>, has the +opposite effect, causing blank forgetfulness.—Pliny.</p> + +<p>Dantê calls this river Eu´noê. It had the power of calling to the memory +all the good acts done, all the graces bestowed, all the mercies +received, but no evil.—Dantê, <i>Purgatory</i>, xxxiii. (1308).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mo´ath</b>, a well-to-do Bedouin, father of Onei´za (3 <i>syl.</i>), the beloved +of Thalaba. Oneiza, having married Thalaba, died on the bridal night, +and Moath arrived just in time to witness the mad grief of his +son-in-law.—Southey, <i>Thalaba, the Destroyer</i>, ii., viii. (1798).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mocca´sins</b>, an Indian buskin.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>He laced his moccasins [<i>sic</i>] in act to go.</p> + +<p>Campbell, <i>Gertrude of Wyoming</i>, i. 24 (1809).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mochingo</b>, an ignorant servant of the Princess Ero´ta.—Beaumont and +Fletcher, <i>The Laws of Candy</i> (1647).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mock Doctor</b> (<i>The</i>), a farce by H. Fielding (1733), epitomized from <i>Le +Médecin Malgré Lui</i>, of Molière (1666). Sir Jasper wants to make his +daughter marry a Mr. Dapper; but she is in love with Leander and +pretends to be dumb. Sir Jasper hears of a dumb doctor, and sends his +two flunkies to fetch him. They ask one Dorcas to direct them to him, +and she points them to her husband, Gregory, a faggot-maker; but tells +them he is very eccentric, and must be well beaten, or he will deny +being a physician. The faggot-maker is accordingly beaten into +compliance, and taken to the patient. He soon learns the facts of the +case, and employs Leander as apothecary. Leander makes the lady speak, +and completes his cure with “pills matrimoniac.” Sir Jasper takes the +joke in good part, and becomes reconciled to the alliance.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mocking-Bird.</b> “During the space of a minute, I have heard it imitate the +woodlark, chaffinch, blackbird, thrush, and sparrow.... Their few +natural notes resemble those of the nightingale, but their song is of +greater compass and more varied.”—Ashe, <i>Travels in America</i>, ii. 73.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Moclas</b>, a famous Arabian robber, whose name is synonymous with “thief.” +(See <span class="smcap">Almanzor</span>, the caliph.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mode</b> (<i>Sir William</i>), in Mrs. Centlivre’s drama, <i>The Beaux’ Duel</i> +(1703).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mode´love</b> (<i>Sir Philip</i>), one of the four guardians of Anne Lovely, the +heiress. Sir Philip is an “old beau, that has May in his fancy and +dress, but December in his face and his heels. He admires all new +fashions ... loves operas, balls, and masquerades” (act i. 1). Colonel +Freeman personates a French fop, and obtains his consent to marry his +ward, the heiress.—Mrs. Centlivre, <i>A Bold Stroke for a Wife</i> (1717).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Modely</b>, a man of the world, gay, fashionable, and a libertine. He had +scores of “lovers,” but never loved till he saw the little rustic lass +named Aura Freehold, a farmer’s daughter, to whom he proposed +matrimony.—John Philip Kemble, <i>The Farm-house</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Modish</b> (<i>Lady Betty</i>), really in love with Lord Morelove, but treats him +with assumed scorn or indifference, because her pride prefers “power to +ease.” Hence she coquets with Lord Foppington (a married man), to +mortify Morelove and arouse his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span> jealousy. By the advice of Sir Charles +Easy, Lord Morelove pays her out in her own coin, by flirting with Lady +Graveairs, and assuming an air of indifference. Ultimately, Lady Betty +is reduced to common sense, and gives her heart and hand to Lord +Morelove.—Colley Cibber, <i>The Careless Husband</i> (1704).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Modo</b>, the fiend that urges to murder, and one of the five that possessed +“poor Tom.”—Shakespeare, <i>King Lear</i>, act iv. sc. 1 (1605).</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Modred" id="Modred"></a><b>Modred</b>, son of Lot, king of Norway, and Anne, own sister of King Arthur +(pt. viii. 21; ix. 9). He is always called “the traitor.” While King +Arthur was absent, warring with the Romans, Modred was left regent, but +usurped the crown, and married his aunt, the queen (pt. x. 13). When +Arthur heard thereof, he returned, and attacked the usurper, who fled to +Winchester (pt. xi. 1). The king followed him, and Modred drew up his +army at Cambula, in Cornwall, where another battle was fought. In this +engagement Modred was slain, and Arthur also received his death-wound +(pt. xi. 2). The queen, called Guanhuma´ra (but better known as +Guen´evere), retired to a convent in the City of Legions, and entered +the order of Julius the Martyr (pt. xi. 1).—Geoffrey, <i>British History</i> +(1142).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> This is so very different from the accounts given in +Arthurian romance of Mordred, that it is better to give the two names as +if they were different individuals.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Modred</i> (<i>Sir</i>), nephew of King Arthur. He hated Sir Lancelot, and +sowed discord among the knights of the Round Table. Tennyson says that +Modred “tampered with the lords of the White Horse,” the brood that +Hengist left. Geoffrey of Monmouth says, he made a league with Cheldric, +the Saxon leader in Germany, and promised to give him all that part of +England which lies between the Humber and Scotland, together with all +that Hengist and Horsa held in Kent, if he would aid him against King +Arthur. Accordingly, Cheldric came over with 800 ships, filled “with +pagan soldiers” (<i>British History</i>, xi. 1).</p> + +<p>When the king was in Brittany, whither he had gone to chastise Sir +Lancelot for adultery with the queen, he left Sir Modred regent, and Sir +Modred raised a revolt. The king returned, drew up his army against the +traitor, and in this “great battle of the West” Modred was slain and +Arthur received his death-wound.—Tennyson, <i>Idylls of the King</i> +(“Guinevere,” 1858).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> This version is in accordance neither with Geoffrey of +Monmouth (see <a href="#Modred">previous art.</a>), nor with Arthurian romance (see <a href="#Mordred"><span class="smcap">Mordred</span></a>), +and is, therefore, given separately.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Modu</b>, the prince of all devils that take possession of a human being.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Mado</i> was the chief devil that had possession of Sarah Williams; +but ... Richard Mainy was molested by a still more considerable +fiend called <i>Modu</i>, ... the prince of all other devils.—Harsnett; +<i>Declaration of Popish Impostures</i>, 268.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Modus</b>, cousin of Helen; a “musty library, who loved Greek and Latin;” +but cousin Helen loved the bookworm, and taught him how to love far +better than Ovid could with his <i>Art of Love</i>. Having so good a teacher, +Modus became an apt scholar, and eloped with Cousin Helen.—S. Knowles, +<i>The Hunchback</i> (1831).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mœ´chus</b>, adultery personified; one of four sons of Caro (<i>fleshly +lust</i>). His<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span> brothers were Pornei´us (<i>fornication</i>), Acath´arus and +Asel´gês (<i>lasciviousness</i>). In the battle of Mansoul, Mœchus is slain +by Agnei´a (<i>wifely chastity</i>), the spouse of Encra´tês (<i>temperance</i>) +and sister of Parthen´ia (<i>maidenly chastity</i>). (Greek, <i>moichos</i> “an +adulterer.”)—Phineas Fletcher, <i>The Purple Island</i>, xi. (1633).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mœli´ades</b> (4 <i>syl.</i>). Under this name William Drummond signalized Henry, +prince of Wales, eldest son of James I., in the monody entitled <i>Tears +on the Death of Mœliadës</i>. The word is an anagram of <i>Milês a Deo</i>. The +prince, in his masquerades and martial sports, used to call himself +“Mœliadês of the Isles.”</p> + +<p class="poem">Mœliadês, bright day-star of the West.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">W. Drummond, <i>Tears on the Death of Mœliades</i> (1612).</span></p> + +<p>The burden of the monody is:</p> + +<p class="poem">Mœliadês sweet courtly nymphs deplore,<br /> +From Thulê to Hydaspês’ pearly shore.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Moffat</b> (<i>Mabel</i>), domestic of Edward Redgauntlet.—Sir W. Scott, +<i>Redgauntlet</i> (time, George III.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mogg Megone.</b> Indian sachem who, at the behest of a white girl, kills her +betrayer, and brings his scalp to her. In the storm of anguished remorse +awakened by the sight of the bloody trophy, the woman murders Megone in +his sleep, and is henceforth banned by the church, driven by conscience, +a miserable wanderer upon the earth.—John Greenleaf Whittier, <i>Mogg +Megone</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Moha´di</b> (<i>Mahommed</i>), the twelfth imaum, whom the Orientals believe is +not dead, but is destined to return and combat Antichrist before the +consummation of all things.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Prince Arthur, Merlin, Charlemagne, Barbarossa, Dom +Sebastian, Charles V., Elijah Mansur, Desmond of Kilmallock, etc., are +traditionally not dead, but only sleeping till the fullness of time, +when each will awake and effect most wondrous restorations.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mohair</b> (<i>The Men of</i>), the citizens of France.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The men of mohair, as the citizens were called.—<i>Asylum Christi</i>, +viii.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Moha´reb</b>, one of the evil spirits of Dom-Daniel, a cave “under the roots +of the ocean.” It was given out that these spirits would be extirpated +by one of the family of Hodei´rah (3 <i>syl.</i>), so they leagued against +the whole race. First, Okba was sent against the obnoxious race, and +<a name="corr15" id="corr15"></a><ins class="correction" title="succeeded">succeeeded</ins> in killing eight of them, Thalaba alone having escaped +alive. Next, Abaldar was sent against Thalaba, but was killed by a +simoom. Then Loba´ba was sent to cut him off, but perished in a +whirlwind. Lastly, Mohareb undertook to destroy him. He assumed the +guise of a warrior, and succeeded in alluring the youth to the very +“mouth of hell;” but Thalaba, being alive to the deceit, flung Mohareb +into the abyss.—Southey, <i>Thalaba, the Destroyer</i>, v. (1797).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mohicans</b> (<i>Last of the</i>), Uncas, the Indian chief, son of Chingachook, +and called “Deerfoot.”—J. F. Cooper, <i>The Last of the Mohicans</i> (a +novel, 1826).</p> + +<p>The word ought to be pronounced <i>Mo.hek´.kanz</i>, but is usually called +<i>Mo.hĕ.kanz</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mohocks</b>, a class of ruffians who at one time infested the streets of +London. So called from the Indian Mohocks. At the Restoration, the +street bullies were called Muns and Tityre Tus; they were next called +Hectors and Scourers; later<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span> still, Nickers and Hawcabites; and lastly, +Mohocks.</p> + +<p class="poem">Now is the time that rakes their revels keep,<br /> +Kindlers of riot, enemies of sleep;<br /> +His scattered pence the flying Nicker flings,<br /> +And with the copper shower the casement rings;<br /> +Who has not heard the Scowerer’s midnight fame?<br /> +Who has not trembled at the Mohock’s name?<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Gay, <i>Trivia</i>, iii. 321, etc. (1712).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mohun</b> (<i>Lord</i>), the person who joined Captain Hill in a dastardly attack +on the actor, Mountford, on his way to Mrs. Bracegirdle’s house, in +Howard Street. Captain Hill was jealous of Mountford, and induced Lord +Mohun to join him in this “valiant exploit.” Mountford died next day, +Captain Hill fled from the country, and Mohun was tried but acquitted.</p> + +<p>The general features of this cowardly attack are very like that of the +Count Koningsmark on Thomas Thynne of Lingleate Hill. Count Koningsmark +was in love with Elizabeth Percy (widow of the earl of Ogle), who was +contracted to Mr. Thynne; but before the wedding day arrived, the count, +with some hired ruffians, assassinated his rival in his carriage as it +was passing down Pall Mall.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Elizabeth Percy, within three months of the murder, married +the duke of Somerset.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Moidart</b> (<i>John of</i>), captain of the clan Ronald, and a chief in the army +of Montrose.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Legend of Montrose</i>, (time, Charles I.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Moi´na</b> (2 <i>syl.</i>), daughter of Reutha´mir, the principal man of +Balclu´tha, a town on the Clyde, belonging to the Britons. Moina married +Clessammor (the maternal uncle of Fingal), and died in childbirth of her +son Carthon, during the absence of her husband.—Ossian, <i>Carthon</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mokanna</b>, the name given to Hakem ben Haschem, from a silver gauze veil +worn by him “to dim the lustre of his face,” or rather to hide its +extreme ugliness. The history of this impostor is given by D’Herbelot, +<i>Bibliothèque Orientale</i> (1697).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Mokanna forms the first story of <i>Lalla Rookh</i> (“The Veiled +Prophet of Khorassan”), by Thomas Moore (1817).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mokattam</b> (<i>Mount</i>), near Cairo (Egypt), noted for the massacre of the +Caliph Hakem B’amr-ellah, who was given out to be incarnate deity, and +the last prophet who communicated between God and man (eleventh +century). Here, <a name="corr16" id="corr16"></a><ins class="correction" title="also,">also;</ins> fell in the same massacre his chief prophet, +and many of his followers. In consequence of this persecution, Durzi, +one of the “prophet’s” chief apostles, led the survivors into Syria, +where they settled between the Libanus and Anti-Libanus, and took the +name of Durzis, corrupted into Druses.</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i3">As the khalif vanished erst,</span><br /> +In what seemed death to uninstructed eyes,<br /> +On red Mokattam’s verge.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Robert Browning, <i>The Return of the Druses</i>, i.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Molay</b> (<i>Jacques</i>), grand-master of the Knights Templar, as he was led to +the stake, summoned the pope (Clement V.), within forty days, and the +king (Philippe IV.), within forty weeks, to appear before the throne of +God to answer for his death. They both died within the stated periods. +(See <span class="smcap">Summons to Death</span>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Molière</b> (<i>The Italian</i>), Charlo Goldoni (1707-1793).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Molière</i> (<i>The Spanish</i>), Leandro Fernandez Moratin (1760-1828).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Moll Cutpurse</b>, Mary Frith, who once<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span> attacked General Fairfax on +Hounslow Heath.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Moll Flanders</b>, a woman of great beauty, born in the Old Bailey. She was +twelve years a courtezan, five years a wife, twelve years a thief, eight +years a convict in Virginia; but ultimately grew rich, and died a +penitent in the reign of Charles II.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Daniel Defoe wrote her life and adventures, which he called +<i>The Fortunes of Moll Flanders</i> (1722).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Molly</b>, Jaggers’s housekeeper. A mysterious, scared-looking woman, with a +deep scar across one of her wrists. Her antecedents were full of +mystery, and Pip suspected her of being Estella’s mother.—C. Dickens, +<i>Great Expectations</i> (1860).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Molly Maggs</b>, a pert young housemaid, in love with Robin. She hates +Polyglot, the tutor of “Master Charles,” but is very fond of Charles. +Molly tries to get “the tuterer Polypot” into a scrape, but finds, to +her consternation, that Master Charles is in reality the party to be +blamed.—J. Poole, <i>The Scapegoat</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Molly Maguires</b>, stout, active young men, dressed up in women’s clothes, +with faces blackened, or otherwise disguised. This secret society was +organized in 1843, to terrify the officials employed by Irish landlords +to distrain for rent, either by grippers, (<i>bumbailiffs</i>), +process-servers, keepers, or drivers (<i>persons who impound cattle till +the rent is </i><a name="corr17" id="corr17"></a><ins class="correction" title="paid)."><i>paid</i>.</ins>—W. S. Trench, <i>Realities of Irish Life</i>, 82.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Molly Mog</b>, an innkeeper’s daughter at Oakingham, Berks. Molly Mog was +the toast of all the gay sparks in the former half of the eighteenth +century; but died a spinster at the age of 67 (1699-1766).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Gay has a ballad on this <i>Fair Maid of the Inn</i>. Mr. Standen, +of Arborfield, the “enamoured swain,” died in 1730. Molly’s sister was +quite as beautiful as “the fair maid” herself. A portrait of Gay still +hangs in Oakingham Inn.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Molly Wilder</b>, New England girl, who shelters and cares for a young +French nobleman wrecked on the Cape Cod coast. A love affair and a +clandestine marriage follow. The marriage is acknowledged when peace is +established between the French and English.—Jane G. Austin, <i>A Nameless +Nobleman</i> (1881).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Molmu´tius.</b> (See <a href="#Mulmutius"><span class="smcap">Mulmutius</span></a>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Moloch</b> (<i>ch = k</i>), the third in rank of the Satanic hierarchy, Satan +being first, and Beëlzebub second. The word means “king.” The rabbins +say the idol was of brass, with the head of a calf. Moloch was the god +of the Am´monites (3 <i>syl.</i>), and was worshipped in Rabba, their chief +city.</p> + +<p class="poem">First Moloch, horrid king, besmeared with blood<br /> +Of human sacrifice, and parents’ tears,<br /> +Though, for the noise of drums and timbrels loud,<br /> +Their children’s cries unheard, that passed thro’ fire<br /> +To his grim idol. Him the Ammonite<br /> +Worshipped in Rabba.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Milton, <i>Paradise Lost</i>, i. 392, etc. (1665).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mo´ly</b> (Greek, <i>môlu</i>), mentioned in Homer’s <i>Odyssey</i>. An herb with a +black root and white blossom, given by Hermês to Ulysses, to counteract +the spells of Circê, (See <span class="smcap">Hæmony</span>.)</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i7">... that Mō´ly</span><br /> +That Hermês once to wise Ulysses gave.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Milton, <i>Comus</i> (1634).</span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span></p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i4">The root was black,</span><br /> +Milk-white the blossom; Môly is its name<br /> +In heaven.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Homer, <i>Odyssey</i>, x. (Cowper’s trans.).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Momus’s Lattice.</b> Momus, son of Nox, blamed Vulcan, because, in making +the human form, he had not placed a window in the breast for the +discerning of secret thoughts.</p> + +<p class="poem">Were Momus’ lattice in our breasts,<br /> +My soul might brook to open it more widely<br /> +Than theirs [i. e. <i>the nobles</i>].<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Byron, <i>Werner</i>, iii., 1 (1822).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mon</b> or <b>Mona</b>, Anglesia, the residence of the Druids. Suetonius Paulīnus, +who had the command of Britain in the reign of Nero (from <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 59 to +62), attacked Mona, because it gave succor to the rebellious. The +frantic inhabitants ran about with fire-brands, their long hair +streaming to the wind, and the Druids invoked vengeance on the Roman +army.—See Drayton, <i>Polyolbion</i>, viii. (1612).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mon´aco</b> (<i>The king of</i>), noted because whatever he did was never right +in the opinion of his people, especially in that of Rabagas, the +demagogue: If he went out, he was “given to pleasure;” if he stayed at +home, he was “given to idleness;” if he declared war, he was “wasteful +of the public money;” if he did not, he was “pusillanimous;” if he ate, +he was “self-indulgent;” if he abstained, he was “priest-ridden.”—M. +Sardou, <i>Rabagas</i> (1872).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Monaco.</i> <i>Proud as a Monegasque.</i> A French phrase. The tradition is +that Charles Quint ennobled every one of the inhabitants of Monaco.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Monaldini</b> (<i>Signor</i>), rich, <i>bourgeois</i> citizen of Rome, who purchases, +fits up and lets to desirable tenants an old palace.—Mary Agnes +Tincker, <i>Signor Monaldini’s Niece</i> (1879).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Monarch of Mont Blanc</b>, Albert Smith; so-called, because for many years +he amused a large London audience, night after night, by relating “his +ascent of Mont Blanc” (1816-1860).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Monarque</b> (<i>Le Grand</i>), Louis XIV., of France (1638, 1643-1715).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Monastery</b> (<i>The</i>), a novel by Sir W. Scott (1820). <i>The Abbot</i> appeared +the same year. These two stories are tame and very defective in plot; +but the character of Mary queen of Scots, in <i>The Abbot</i>, is a correct +and beautiful historical portrait. The portrait of Queen Elizabeth is in +<i>Kenilworth</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Monçada</b> (<i>Matthias de</i>), a merchant, stern and relentless. He arrests +his daughter the day after her confinement of a natural son.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Zilia de Monçada</i>, daughter of Matthias, and wife of General +Witherington.—Sir W. Scott, <i>The Surgeon’s Daughter</i>, (time, George +II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Monda´min</b>, maize or Indian corn (<i>mon-da-min</i>, “the Spirit’s grain”).</p> + +<p class="poem">Sing the mysteries of mondamin,<br /> +Sing the blessing of the corn-fields.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Longfellow, <i>Hiawatha</i>, xiii. (1855).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mone´ses</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), a Greek prince, betrothed to Arpasia, whom for the +nonce he called his sister. Both were taken captive by Baj´azet. Bajazet +fell in love with Arpasia, and gave Monēsês a command in his army. When +Tamerlane overthrew Bajazet, Monēsês explained to the Tartar king how it +was that he was found in arms against him, and said his best wish was to +serve Tamerlane. Bajazet now hated the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span> Greek, and, as Arpasia proved +obdurate, thought to frighten her into compliance by having Monēsês +bow-strung in her presence; but the sight was so terrible that it killed +her.—N. Rowe, <i>Tamerlane</i> (1702).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Money</b>, a drama by Lord E. L. B. Lytton (1840). Alfred Evelyn, a poor +scholar, was secretary and factotum of Sir John Vesey, but received no +wages. He loved Clara Douglas, a poor dependent of Lady Franklin; +proposed to her, but was not accepted, “because both were too poor to +keep house.” A large fortune being left to the poor scholar, he proposed +to Georgina, the daughter of Sir John Vesey; but Georgina loved Sir +Frederick Blount, and married him. Evelyn, who loved Clara, pretended to +have lost his fortune, and, being satisfied that she really loved him, +proposed a second time, and was accepted.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Moneytrap</b>, husband of Araminta, but with a <i>tendresse</i> for Clarissa, the +wife of his friend Gripe.—Sir John Vanbrugh, <i>The Confederacy</i> (1695).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Monflathers</b> (<i>Miss</i>), mistress of a boarding and day establishment, to +whom Mrs. Jarley sent little Nell, to ask her to patronize the wax-work +collection. Miss Monflathers received the child with frigid virtue, and +said to her, “Don’t you think you must be very wicked to be a wax-work +child? Don’t you know it is very naughty to be a wax child when you +might have the proud consciousness of assisting, to the extent of your +infant powers, the noble manufacturers of your country?” One of the +teachers here chimed in with “How doth the little—;” but Miss +Monflathers remarked, with an indignant frown, that “the little busy +bee” applied only to genteel children, and the “works of labor and of +skill” to painting and embroidery, not to vulgar children and wax-work +<a name="corr18" id="corr18"></a><ins class="correction" title="shows.">shows.”</ins>—Charles Dickens, <i>The Old Curiosity Shop</i>, xxxi. (1840).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Monford</b>, the lover of Charlotte Whimsey. He plans various devices to +hoodwink her old father, in order to elope with the daughter.—James +Cobb, <i>The First Floor</i> (1756-1818).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Monime</b> (2 <i>syl.</i>), in Racine’s tragedy of <i>Mithridate</i>. This was one of +Mdlle. Rachel’s great characters, first <a name="corr19" id="corr19"></a><ins class="correction" title="performed">preformed</ins> by her in 1838.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Monim´ia</b>, “the orphan,” sister of Chamont, and ward of Lord Acasto. +Monimia was in love with Acasto’s son, Castalio, and privately married +him. Polydore (the brother of Castalio) also loved her, but his love was +dishonorable love. By treachery, Polydore obtained admission to +Monimia’s chamber, and passed the bridal night with her, Monimia +supposing him to be her husband; but when the next day she discovered +the deceit, she poisoned herself; and Polydore, being apprised that +Monimia was his brother’s wife, provoked a quarrel with him, ran on his +brother’s sword, and died.—Otway, <i>The Orphan</i> (1680).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>More tears have been shed for the sorrows of “Belvidēra” and +“Monimia,” than for those of “Juliet” and “Desdemona.”—Sir W. +Scott, <i>The Drama</i>.</p></div> + +<p class="main"><i>Monimia</i>, in Smollett’s novel of <i>Count Fathom</i> (1754).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Moniplies</b> (<i>Richie</i>), the honest, self-willed Scotch servant of Lord +Nigel Olifaunt, of Glenverloch.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Fortunes of Nigel</i> +(time, James I.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span><b>Monk</b> (<i>General</i>), introduced by Sir Walter Scott in <i>Woodstock</i> (time, +<a name="corr20" id="corr20"></a><ins class="correction" title="Commonwealth).">Commonwealth.</ins></p> + +<p class="main"><i>Monk</i> (<i>The Bird Singing to a</i>). The monk is Felix, who listened to a +bird for a hundred years, and thought the time only an +hour.—Longfellow, <i>The Golden Legend</i>, ii. (1851).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Monk</i> (<i>The</i>), a novel, by Sir Matthew G. Lewis (1794).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Monk Lewis.</b> Matthew Gregory Lewis; so called from his novel (1773-1818).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Monk of Bury</b>, John Lydgate, poet, who wrote the <i>Siege of Troy</i>, the +<i>Story of Thebes</i>, and the <i>Fall of Princes</i> (1375-1460).</p> + +<p class="poem">Nothynge I am experte in poetry,<br /> +As the monke of Bury, floure of eloquence.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Stephen Hawes, <i>The </i><a name="corr21" id="corr21"></a><ins class="correction" title="Passe-tyme"><i>Passe-Tyme</i></ins><i> of Plesure</i> (1515).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Monk of Westminister</b>, Richard, of Cirencester, the chronicler +(fourteenth century).</p> + +<p>This chronicle, <i>On the Ancient State of Britain</i>, was first brought to +light in 1747, by Dr. Charles Julius Bertram, professor of English at +Copenhagen; but the original being no better known than that of Thomas +Rowley’s poems, published by Chatterton, grave suspicions exist that Dr. +Bertram was himself the author of the chronicles.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Monks</b> (<i>The Father of</i>), Ethelwold, of Winchester (*-984).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Monks</i>, <i>alias</i> Edward Leeford, a violent man, subject to fits. Edward +Leeford, though half-brother to Oliver Twist, was in collusion with Bill +Sykes, to ruin him. Failing in this, he retired to America, and died in +jail.—C. Dickens, <i>Oliver Twist</i> (1837).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Monkbarns</b> (<i>Laird of</i>), Mr Jonathan Oldbuck, the antiquary.—Sir W. +Scott, <i>The Antiquary</i> (time, George III.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Monker" id="Monker"></a><b>Mon´ker and Nakir</b> [<i>Na.keer´</i>], the two examiners of the dead, who put +questions to departed spirits respecting their belief in God and +Mahomet, and award their state in after-life according to their +answers.—<i>Al Korân.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“Do you not see those spectres that are stirring the burning coals? +Are they Monker and Nakir come to throw us into them?”—W. +Beckford, <i>Vathek</i> (1786).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Monmouth</b>, the surname of Henry V. of England, who was born in that town +(1388, 1413-1422).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Mon-mouth is the <i>mouth of the Monnow</i>.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Monmouth</i> (<i>The duke of</i>), commander-in-chief of the royal army.—Sir +W. Scott, <i>Old Mortality</i> (time, Charles II.).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> The duke of Monmouth was nicknamed “The Little Duke,” because +he was diminutive in size. Having no name of his own, he took that of +his wife, “Scott,” countess of Buccleuch. Pepys says: “It is reported +that the king will be tempted to set the crown on the Little Duke” +(<i>Diary</i>, seventeenth century).</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Monema" id="Monema"></a><b>Mon´ema</b>, wife of Quia´ra, the only persons of the whole of the Guārani +race who escaped the small-pox plague which ravaged that part of +Paraguay. They left the fatal spot, and settled in the Modai woods. Here +they had one son, Yerūti, and one daughter, Mooma, but Quiāra was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span> +killed by a jagŭar before the latter was born. Monĕma left the Mondai +woods, and went to live at St. Joăchin, in Paraguay, but soon died from +the effects of a house and city life.—Southey, <i>A Tale of Paraguay</i> +(1814).</p> + +<p class="poem">Mononia, when nature embellished the tint<br /> +<span class="i1">Of thy fields and thy mountains so fair,</span><br /> +Did she ever intend that a tyrant should print<br /> +<span class="i1">The footstep of slavery there?</span><br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">T. Moore, <i>Irish Melodies</i>, i. (“War Song,” 1814).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Monsieur</b>, Philippe, Duc d’Orléans, brother of Louis XIV. (1674-1723).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Other gentlemen were Mons. A or Mons. B, but the regent was +Mons. without any adjunct.</p> + +<p>Similarly, the daughter of the duc de Chartres (the regent’s grandson) +was Mademoiselle.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Monsieur le Coadjuteur</b>, Paul de Gondi, afterwards Cardinal de Retz +(1614-1679).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Monsieur le duc</b>, Louis Henri de Bourbon, eldest son of the prince de +Condé (1692-1740).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Monsieur Thomas</b>, a drama by Beaumont and Fletcher (1619).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Monsieur Tonson</b>, a farce by Moncrieff. Jack Ardourly fails in love with +Adolphine de Courcy in the street, and gets Tom King to assist in +ferreting her out. Tom King discovers that his sweeting lives in the +house of a French refugee, a barber, named Mons. Morbleu; but not +knowing the name of the young lady, he inquires for Mr. Thompson, hoping +to pick up information. Mons. Morbleu says no Mons. Tonson lives in the +house, but only Mde. Bellegarde and Mdlle. Adolphine de Courcy. The old +Frenchman is driven almost crazy by different persons inquiring for +Mons. Tonson; but ultimately Jack Ardourly marries Adolphine, whose +mother is Mrs. Thompson after all.</p> + +<p>Taylor wrote a drama of the same title in 1767.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Monster</b> (<i>The</i>), Renwick Williams, a wretch who used to prowl about +London by night, armed with a double-edged knife, with which he +mutilated women. He was condemned July 8, 1790.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mont Rognon</b> (<i>Baron of</i>), a giant of enormous strength and insatiable +appetite. He was bandy-legged, had an elastic stomach, and four rows of +teeth. He was a paladin of Charlemagne, and one of the four sent in +search of Croquemitaine and Fear Fortress.—<i>Croquemitaine.</i></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mont St. Michel</b>, in Normandy. Here nine druidesses used to sell arrows +to sailors to charm away storms. The arrows had to be discharged by a +young man 25 years of age.</p> + +<p>The Laplanders drove a profitable trade by selling winds to sailors. +Even so late as 1814, Bessie Millie, of Pomōna (Orkney Islands), helped +to eke out a livelihood by selling winds for sixpence.</p> + +<p>Eric, king of Sweden, could make the winds blow from any quarter he +liked by a turn of his cap. Hence, he was nicknamed “Windy Cap.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mont Trésor</b>, in France; so called by Gontran “the Good,” king of +Burgundy (sixteenth century). One day, weary with the chase, Gontran +laid himself down near a small river, and fell asleep. The squire who +watched his master, saw a little animal come from the king’s mouth, and +walk to the stream, over which the squire laid<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span> his sword, and the +animal running across, entered a hole in the mountain. When Gontran was +told of this incident, he said he had dreamt that he crossed a bridge of +steel, and, having entered a cave at the foot of a mountain, entered a +palace of gold. Gontran employed men to undermine the hill, and found +there vast treasures, which he employed in works of charity and +religion. In order to commemorate this event he called the hill Mont +Trésor.—Claud Paradin, <i>Symbola Heroica</i>.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> This story has been ascribed to numerous persons.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mon´tague</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), head of a noble house in Verona, at feudal enmity +with the house of Capŭlet. Romeo belonged to the former, and Juliet to +the latter house.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Lady Montague</i>, wife of Lord Montague, and mother of +Romeo.—Shakespeare, <i>Romeo and Juliet</i> (1598).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Montalban.</b></p> + +<p class="main"><i>Don Kyrie Elyson de Montalban</i>, a hero of romance, in the <i>History of +Tirante the White</i>.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Thomas de Montalban</i>, brother of Don Kyrie Elyson, in the same romance +of chivalry.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Rinaldo de Montalban</i>, a hero of romance, in the <i>Mirror of +Knighthood</i>, from which work both Bojardo and Ariosto have largely +borrowed.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Montalban</i>, now called Montauban (a contraction of <i>Mons Alba´nus</i>), in +France, in the department of Tarn-et-Garonne.</p> + +<p class="poem">Jousted in Aspramont or Montalban.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Milton, <i>Paradise Lost</i>, i. 583 (1665).</span></p> + +<p class="main"><i>Montalban</i> (<i>The Count</i>), in love with Volantê (3 <i>syl.</i>), daughter of +Balthazar. In order to sound her, the count disguised himself as a +father confessor; but Volantê detected the trick instantly, and said to +him, “Come, come, count, pull off your lion’s hide, and confess yourself +an ass.” However, as Volantê really loved him, all came right at +last.—J. Tobin, <i>The Honeymoon</i> (1804).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Montanto</b> (<i>Signor</i>), a master of fence and a great braggart.—Ben +Jonson, <i>Every Man in His Humour</i> (1598).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Montargis</b> (<i>The Dog of</i>), named Dragon. It belonged to Captain Aubri de +Montdidier, and is especially noted for his fight with the Chevalier +Richard Macaire. The dog was called Montargis, because the encounter was +depicted over the chimney of the great hall in the castle of Montargis. +It was in the forest of Bondi, close by this castle, that Aubri was +assassinated.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Monte Christo</b> (<i>Count</i>), convict who escapes from prison, and finds +immense treasure, with which he does incredible things.</p> + +<p>Assuming the title of “count,” he adds the name of the island on which +his treasure is buried, and plays the grande seignior in society, +punishing his former persecutors and false friends, and rewarding his +old allies. Finally he is brought to confess that man cannot play +providence, and to recall the words “Vengeance is mine!”—Alexander +Dumas, <i>Count of Monte Christo</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Montenay</b> (<i>Sir Philip de</i>), an old English knight.—Sir W. Scott, +<i>Castle Dangerous</i> (time, Henry I.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Montesi´nos</b>, a legendary hero, who received some affront at the French +court, and retired to La Mancha, in Spain. Here he lived in a cavern, +some sixty feet deep,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span> called “The Cavern of Montesinos.” Don Quixote +descended part of the way down this cavern, and fell into a trance, in +which he saw Montesinos himself, Durandartê and Belerma under the spell +of Merlin, Dulcin´ea del Toboso enchanted into a country wench, and +other visions, which he more than half believed to be +realities.—Cervantes, <i>Don Quixote</i>, II. ii. 5, 6 (1615).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> This Durandartê was the cousin of Montesinos, and Belerma the +lady he served for seven years. When he fell at Roncesvallês, he prayed +his cousin to carry his heart to Belerma.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Montespan</b> (<i>The marquis de</i>), a conceited court fop, silly and +heartless. When Louis XIV. took Mde. de Montespan for his concubine, he +banished the marquis, saying:</p> + +<p class="poem">Your strange and countless follies—<br /> +The scenes you make—your loud domestic broils—<br /> +Bring scandal on our court. Decorum needs<br /> +Your banishment.... Go!<br /> +And for your separate household, which entails<br /> +A double cost, our treasure shall accord you<br /> +A hundred thousand crowns.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Act iv. 1.</span></p> + +<p>The foolish old marquis says, in his self-conceit:</p> + +<p class="poem">A hundred thousand crowns for being civil<br /> +To one another! Well now, that’s a thing<br /> +That happens but to marquises. It shows<br /> +My value in the state. The king esteems<br /> +My comfort of such consequence to France,<br /> +He pays me down a hundred thousand crowns,<br /> +Rather than let my wife disturb my temper!<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Act v. 2.</span></p> + +<p class="main"><i>Madame de Montespan</i>, wife of the marquis. She supplanted La Vallière +in the base love of Louis XIV. La Vallière loved the <i>man</i>, Montespan +the <i>king</i>. She had wit to warm but not to burn, energy which passed for +feeling, a head to check her heart, and not too much principle for a +French court. Mde. de Montespan was the <i>protégée</i> of the Duke de +Lauzun, who used her as a stepping-stone to wealth; but when in favor, +she kicked down the ladder by which she had climbed to power. However, +Lauzun had his revenge; and when La Vallière took the veil, Mde. de +Montespan was banished from the court.—Lord E. L. B. Lytton, <i>The +Duchess de la Vallière</i> (1836).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Montfauçon</b> (<i>The Lady Calista of</i>), attendant of Queen Berengaria.—Sir. +W. Scott, <i>The Talisman</i> (time, Richard I.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mont-Fitchet</b> (<i>Sir Conrade</i>), a preceptor of the Knights Templar.—Sir +W. Scott, <i>Ivanhoe</i> (time, Richard I.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Montfort</b> (<i>De</i>), the hero and title of a tragedy, intended to depict the +passion of hate, by Joanna Baillie (1798). The object of De Montfort’s +hatred is Rezenvelt, and his passion drives him on to murder.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> De Montfort was probably the suggestive inspiration of +Byron’s <i>Manfred</i> (1817).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Montgomery</b> (<i>Mr.</i>), Lord Godolphin, lord high treasurer of England in +the reign of Queen Anne. The queen called herself “Mrs. Morley,” and +Sarah Jennings, duchess of Marlborough, was “Mrs. Freeman.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Monthermer</b> (<i>Guy</i>), a nobleman, and the pursuivant of King Henry +II.—Sir W. Scott, <i>The Betrothed</i> (time, Henry II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Montjoie</b>, chief herald of France.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Quentin Durward</i> +(time, Edward IV.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Montorio</b>, the hero of a novel, who persuaded his “brother’s sons” to +murder<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span> their father by working on their fears, and urging on them the +doctrine of fatalism. When the deed was committed, Montorio discovered +that the young murderers were not his nephews, but his own sons.—Rev. +C. R. Maturin, <i>Fatal Revenge</i> (1807).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Montreal d’Albano</b>, called “Fra Moriale,” knight of St. John of +Jerusalem, and captain of the Grand Company in the fourteenth century, +when sentenced to death by Rienzi, summoned his judge to follow him +within the month. Rienzi was killed by the fickle mob within the stated +period. (See <span class="smcap">Summons To Death</span>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Montreville</b> (<i>Mde. Adela</i>), or the Begum Mootee Mahul, called “the queen +of Sheba.”—Sir W. Scott, <i>The Surgeon’s Daughter</i> (time, George II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Montrose</b> (<i>The duke of</i>), commander-in-chief of the king’s army.—Sir W. +Scott, <i>Rob Roy</i>, xxxii. (time, George I.).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Montrose</i> (<i>The Marquis of</i>).—Sir W. Scott, <i>Woodstock</i> (time, +Commonwealth).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Montrose</i> (<i>James Grahame, earl of</i>), the king’s lieutenant in +Scotland. He appears first disguised as Anderson, servant of the earl of +Menteith.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Legend of Montrose</i> (time, Charles I.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Monuments</b> (<i>The</i>), Poor family in London.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Father</i>, a convict who gets out of prison on a ticket-of-leave.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mother</i>, Hester, an honest washerwoman, afterwards in almshouse, and +blind.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Claude.</i> Bright young fellow, educated by Lady Mildred Eldredge.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Melenda</i>, a work-girl, fierce and virtuous, starving, yet independent.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Joe</i>, plumber and house-decorator, typical British workman.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Polly</i>, adopted by Lady Mildred, called “Violet,” and brought up with +her own daughter.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Sam</i>, a red-hot socialist, ready with impracticable plans of leagues +and reformation.—Walter Besant, <i>Children of Gibeon</i> (1890).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Montserrat</b> (<i>Conrade, marquis of</i>), a crusader.—Sir W. Scott, <i>The +Talisman</i> (time, Richard I.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Moody</b> (<i>John</i>), the guardian of Peggy Thrift, an heiress, whom he brings +up in the country, wholly without society. John Moody is morose, +suspicious, and unsocial. When 50 years of age, and Peggy 19, he wants +to marry her, but is out-witted by “the country girl,” who prefers +Belville, a young man of more suitable age.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Alithea Moody</i>, sister of John. She jilts Sparkish, a conceited fop, +and marries Harcourt.—<i>The Country Girl</i> (time, Garrick, altered from +Wycherly).</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Mooma" id="Mooma"></a><b>Mooma</b>, youngest sister of Yerūti. Their father and mother were the only +persons of the whole Guarāni race who escaped a small-pox plague which +ravished that part of Paraguay. They left the fatal spot and lived in +the Mondai woods, where both their children were born. Before the birth +of Mooma, her father was eaten by a jagŭar, and the three survivors +lived in the woods alone. When grown to a youthful age, a Jesuit priest +persuaded them to come and live at St. Joăchin (3 <i>syl.</i>); so they left +the wild woods for a city life. Here the mother soon flagged and died. +Mooma lost her spirits, was haunted with thick-coming fancies of good +and bad<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span> angels, and died. Yerūti begged to be baptized, received the +rite, cried, “Ye are come for me! I am ready;” and died also.—Southey, +<i>A Tale of Paraguay</i> (1814).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Moon</i> (<i>Man in the</i>), said to be Cain, with a bundle of thorns.</p> + +<p class="poem">Now doth Cain with fork of thorns confine<br /> +On either hemisphere, touching the wave<br /> +Beneath the towers of Seville. Yesternight<br /> +The moon was round.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Dantê, <i>Hell</i>, xx. (1300).</span></p> + +<p class="main"><i>Moon</i> (<i>Minions of the</i>), thieves or highwaymen. (See <a href="#Moons_Men"><span class="smcap">Moon’s Men</span></a>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Moon and Mahomet.</b> Mahomet made the moon perform seven circuits round +Caaba or the holy shrine of Mecca, then enter the right sleeve of his +mantle and go out at the left. At its exit, it split into two pieces, +which re-united in the centre of the firmament. This miracle was +performed for the conversion of Hahab, the Wise.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Moon-Calf</b>, an inanimate, shapeless human mass, said by Pliny to be +engendered of woman only.—<i>Nat. Hist.</i>, x. 64.</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Moons_Men" id="Moons_Men"></a><b>Moon’s Men</b>, thieves or highwaymen, who ply their vocation by night.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The fortune of us that are but moon’s men doth ebb and flow like +the sea.—Shakespeare, 1 <i>Henry IV.</i> act i. sc. 2 (1597).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Moonshine</b> (<i>Saunders</i>), a smuggler.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Bride of Lammermoor</i> +(time, William III.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Moore</b> (<i>Mr. John</i>), of the Pestle and Mortar, Abchurch Lane, +immortalized by his “worm-powder,” and called the “Worm Doctor.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Moors.</b> The Moors of Aragon are called Tangarins; those of Granāda are +Mudajares; and those of Fez are called Elches. They are the best +soldiers of the Spanish dominions. In the Middle Ages, all Mohammedans +were called <i>Moors</i>; and hence Camoens, in the <i>Lusiad</i>, viii., called +the Indians so.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mopes</b> (<i>Mr.</i>), the hermit, who lived on Tom Tiddler’s Ground. He was +dirty, vain, and nasty, “like all hermits,” but had landed property, and +was said to be rich and learned. He dressed in a blanket and skewer, +and, by steeping himself in soot and grease, soon acquired immense fame. +Rumor said he murdered his beautiful young wife, and abandoned the +world. Be this as it may, he certainly lived a nasty life. Mr. Traveller +tried to bring him back into society, but a tinker said to him “Take my +word for it, when iron is thoroughly rotten, you can never botch it, do +what you may.”—C. Dickens, <i>A Christmas Number</i> (1861).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mopsus</b>, a shepherd, who, with Menalcas, celebrates the funeral eulogy of +Daphnis.—Virgil, <i>Eclogue</i>, v.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mora</b>, the betrothed of Oscar, who mysteriously disappears on his bridal +eve, and is mourned for as dead. His younger brother, Allan, hoping to +secure the lands and fortune of Mora, proposes marriage, and is +accepted. At the wedding banquet, a stranger demands “a pledge to the +lost Oscar,” and all accept it except Allan, who is there and then +denounced as the murderer of his brother. Oscar then vanishes, and Allan +dies.—Byron, <i>Oscar of Alva</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Moradbak" id="Moradbak"></a><b>Moradbak</b>, daughter of Fitead, a widower. Hudjadge, king of Persia, could +not sleep, and commanded Fitead, his porter<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span> and jailer, under pain of +death, to find some one to tell him tales. Fitead’s daughter, who was +only 11, undertook to amuse the king with tales, and was assisted in +private by the sage Abou´melek. After a perfect success, Hudjadge +married Moradbak, and at her recommendation, Aboumelek was appointed +overseer of the whole empire.—Comte de Caylus, <i>Oriental Tales</i> (1743).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Morakan´abad</b>, grand vizier of the Caliph Vathek.—Beckford, <i>Vathek</i> +(1784).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Moral Philosophy</b> (<i>The Father of</i>), Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Moran, Son of Fithil</b>, one of the scouts in the army of Swaran, king of +Lochlin (<i>Denmark</i>).—Ossian, <i>Fingal</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Moran’s Collar</b>, a collar for magistrates, which had the supernatural +power of pressing the neck of the wearer if his judgments deviated from +strict justice, and even of causing strangulation if he persevered in +wrong doing. Moran, surnamed “the Just,” was the wise counsellor of +Feredach, an early king of Ireland.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Morat</b>, in <i>Aurungzebe</i>, a drama by Dryden (1675).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Edward Kynaston [1619-1687] shone with uncommon lustre in “Morat” +and “Muley Moloch.” In both these parts he had a fierce, lion-like +majesty in his port and utterance, that gave the spectators a kind +of trembling admiration.—Colley Cibber.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Morbleu!</b> This French oath is a corrupt contraction of Mau´graby; thus, +<i>maugre bleu</i>, <i>mau’bleu</i>. Maugraby was the great Arabian enchanter, and +the word means “barbarous,” hence a barbarous man or barbarian. The oath +is common in Provence, Languedoc, and Gascoigne. I have often heard it +used by the medical students at Paris.</p> + +<p>Probably it is a punning corruption of <i>Mort de Dieu</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mordaunt</b>, the secretary, at Aix, of Queen Margaret, the widow of Henry +VI. of England.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Anne of Geierstein</i> (time, Edward IV.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mor´decai</b> (<i>Beau</i>), a rich Italian Jew, one of the suitors of Charlotte +Goodchild, but, supposing the report to be true that she has lost her +fortune, he calls off and retires.—C. Macklin, <i>Love </i><a name="corr22" id="corr22"></a><ins class="correction" title="à-la-Mode"><i>à-la-Mode-</i></ins> +(1759).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mordecai.</i> Earnest young Jew, supporting himself by repairing watches, +jewelry, etc. He is devoted to his race, proud of his lineage, and +versed in all pertaining to Hebrew history. He dies of +consumption.—George Eliot, <i>Daniel Deronda</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mordent</b>, father of Joanna, by a former wife. In order to marry Lady +Anne, he deserts Joanna and leaves her to be brought up by strangers. +Joanna is placed under Mrs. Enfield, a crimp, and Mordent consents to a +proposal of Lennox to run off with her. Mordent is a spirit embittered +with the world—a bad man, with a goading conscience. He sins and +suffers the anguish of remorse; does wrong, and blames Providence +because when he “sows the wind he reaps the whirlwind.”</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Lady Anne</i>, the wife of Mordent, daughter of the earl of Oldcrest, +sister of a viscount, niece of Lady Mary, and one of her uncles is a +bishop. She is wholly neglected by her husband, but, like Griselda +(<i>q.v.</i>), bears it without complaint.—Hol<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span>croft, <i>The Deserted +Daughter</i> (1784, altered into <i>The Steward</i>).</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Mordred" id="Mordred"></a><b>Mordred</b> (<i>Sir</i>), son of Margawse (sister of King Arthur), and Arthur, +her brother, while she was the wife of Lot, king of Orkney (pt. i. 2, +35, 36). The sons of Lot himself and his wife were Gaw´ain, Agravain, +Ga´heris, and Gareth, all knights of the Round Table. Out of hatred to +Sir Launcelot, Mordred and Agravain accuse him to the king of too great +familiarity with Queen Guenever, and induce the king to spend a day in +hunting. During his absence, the queen sends for Sir Launcelot to her +private chamber, and Mordred and Agravain, with twelve other knights, +putting the worst construction on the interview, clamorously assail the +chamber, and call on Sir Launcelot to come out. This he does, and kills +Agravain with the twelve knights, but Mordred makes his escape and tells +the king, who orders the queen to be burnt alive. She is brought to the +stake, but is rescued by Sir Launcelot, who carries her off to Joyous +Guard, near Carlisle, which the king besieges. While lying before the +castle, King Arthur receives a bull from the pope, commanding him to +take back his queen. This he does, but as he refuses to be reconciled to +Sir Launcelot, the knight betakes himself to Benwick, in Brittany. The +king lays siege to Benwick, and during his absence leaves Mordred +regent. Mordred usurps the crown, and tries, but in vain, to induce the +queen to marry him. When the king hears thereof, he raises the siege of +Benwick, and returns to England. He defeats Mordred at Dover, and at +Barondown, but at Salisbury (<i>Camlan</i>) Mordred is slain fighting with +the king, and Arthur receives his death-wound. The queen then retires to +a convent at Almesbury, is visited by Sir Launcelot, declines to marry +him, and dies.—Sir T. Malory, <i>History of Prince Arthur</i> iii. 143-174 +(1470).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> The wife of Lot is called “Anne” by Geoffrey, of Monmouth +(<i>British History</i>, viii. 20, 21); and “Bellicent” by Tennyson, in +<i>Gareth and Lynette</i>.</p> + +<p>This tale is so very different from those of Geoffrey of Monmouth, and +Tennyson, that all three are given. (See <a href="#Modred"><span class="smcap">Modred</span></a>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mor´dure</b> (2 <i>syl.</i>), son of the emperor of Germany. He was guilty of +illicit love with the mother of Sir Bevis, of Southampton, who murdered +her husband and then married Sir Mordure. Sir Bevis, when a mere lad, +reproved his mother for the murder of his father, and she employed Saber +to kill him; but the murder was not committed, and young Bevis was +brought up as a shepherd. One day, entering the hall where Mordure sat +with his bride, Bevis struck at him with his axe. Mordure slipped aside, +and the chair was “split to shivers.” Bevis was then sold to an +Armenian, and was presented to the king, who knighted him and gave him +his daughter Josian in marriage.—M. Drayton, <i>Polyolbion</i>, ii. (1612).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mordure</i> (2 <i>syl.</i>), Arthur’s sword, made by Merlin. No enchantment had +power over it, no stone or steel was proof against it, and it would +neither break nor bend. (The word means “hard biter.”)—Spenser, <i>Faëry +Queen</i>, ii. 8 (1590).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>More</b> (<i>Margareta</i>), the heroine and feigned authoress of <i>Household of +Sir Thomas More</i>, by Miss Manning (1851).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>More of More Hall</b>, a legendary hero, who armed himself with armor full +of spikes, and, concealing himself in the cave where the dragon of +Wantley dwelt,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span> slew the monster by kicking it in the mouth, where alone +it was mortal.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> In the burlesque of H. Carey, entitled <i>The Dragon of +Wantley</i>, the hero is called “Moore of Moore Hall,” and he is made to be +in love with Gubbins’s daughter, Margery, of Roth’ram Green (1696-1743).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Morecraft</b>, at first a miser, but after losing most of his money he +became a spendthrift.—Beaumont and Fletcher, <i>The Scornful Lady</i> +(1616).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> “Luke,” in Massinger’s <i>City Madam</i>, is the exact opposite. +He was at first a poor spendthrift, but coming into a fortune he turned +miser.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Morell</b> (<i>Sir Charles</i>), the pseudonym of the Rev. James Ridley, affixed +to some of the early editions of <i>The Tales of the Genii</i>, from 1764.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>More´love</b> (<i>Lord</i>), in love with Lady Betty Modish, who torments him +almost to madness by an assumed indifference, and rouses his jealousy by +coquetting with Lord Foppington. By the advice of Sir Charles Easy, Lord +Morelove pays the lady in her own coin, assumes an indifference to her, +and flirts with Lady Grave´airs. This brings Lady Betty to her senses, +and all ends happily.—Colley Cibber, <i>The Careless Husband</i> (1704).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Morë´no</b> (<i>Don Antonio</i>), a gentleman of Barcelona, who entertained Don +Quixote with mock-heroic hospitality.—Cervantes, <i>Don Quixote</i>, II. iv. +10 (1615).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Morfin</b> (<i>Mr.</i>), a cheerful bachelor, in the office of Mr. Dombey, +merchant. He calls himself “a creature of habit,” has a great respect +for the head of the house, and befriends John Carker when he falls into +disgrace by robbing his employer. Mr. Morfin is a musical amateur, and +finds in his violoncello a solace for all cares and worries. He marries +Harriet Carker, the sister of John and James.—C. Dickens, <i>Dombey and +Son</i> (1846).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Morgan</b> (<i>le Fay</i>), one of the sisters of King Arthur (pt. i. 18); the +others were Margawse, Elain, and Anne (Bellicent was his half-sister). +Morgan calls herself “queen of the land of Gore” (pt. i. 103). She was +the wife of King Vrience (pt. i. 63), the mother of Sir Ew´ain (pt. i. +73), and lived in the castle of La Belle Regard (pt. ii. 122).</p> + +<p>On one occasion, Morgan le Fay stole her brother’s sword, “Excalibur,” +with its scabbard, and sent them to Sir Accolon, of Gaul, her paramour, +that he might kill her brother Arthur in mortal combat. If this villany +had succeeded, Morgan intended to murder her husband, marry Sir Accolon, +and “devise to make him king of Britain;” but Sir Accolon, during the +combat, dropped the sword, and Arthur, snatching it up, would have slain +him had he not craved mercy and confessed the treasonable design (pt. i. +70). After this, Morgan stole the scabbard and threw it into the lake +(pt. i. 73). Lastly, she tried to murder her brother by means of a +poisoned robe; but Arthur told the messenger to try it on, that he might +see it, and when he did so he dropped down dead, “being burnt to a coal” +(pt. i. 75).—Sir T. Malory, <i>History of Prince Arthur</i> (1470).</p> + +<p>W. Morris, in his <i>Earthly Paradise</i> (“August”), makes Morgan la Fée the +bride of Ogier, the Dane, after his earthly career was ended.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Morgan</i>, a feigned name adopted by Belarius, a banished +lord.—Shakespeare, <i>Cymbeline</i> (1605).</p> + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span><i>Morgan</i>, one of the soldiers of Prince Gwenwyn of Powys-land.—Sir W. +Scott, <i>The Betrothed</i> (time, Henry II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Morgane</b> (2 <i>syl.</i>), a fay, to whose charge Zephyr committed young +Passelyon and his cousin, Bennucq. Passelyon fell in love with the fay’s +daughter, and the adventures of these young lovers are related in the +romance of <i>Perceforest</i>, iii.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Morgante</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), a ferocious giant, converted to Christianity by +Orlando. After performing the most wonderful feats, he died at last from +the bite of a crab.—Pulci, <i>Morgante Maggiore</i> (1488).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>He [<i>Don Quixote</i>] spoke favorably of Morgante, who, though of +gigantic race, was most gentle in his manners.—Cervantes, <i>Don +Quixote</i>, I. i. 1 (1605).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Morgause</b> or <span class="smcap">Margawse</span>, wife of King Lot. Their four sons were Gaw´ain, +Agravain, Ga´heris, and Gareth (ch. 36); but Morgause had another son by +Prince Arthur, named Mordred. Her son Gaheris, having caught his mother +in adultery with Sir Lamorake, cut off her head.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Morgia´na</b>, the female slave, first of Cassim, and then of Ali Baba, +“crafty, cunning, and fruitful in inventions.” When the thief marked the +door of her master’s house with white chalk in order to recognize it, +Morgiana marked several other doors in the same manner; next day she +observed a red mark on the door, and made a similar one on others, as +before. A few nights afterwards, a merchant with thirty-eight oil-jars +begged a night’s lodging; and as Morgiana wanted oil for a lamp, she +went to get some from one of the leather jars. “Is it time?” asked a +voice. “Not yet,” replied Morgiana, and going to the others, she +discovered that a man was concealed in thirty-seven of the jars. From +the last jar she took oil, which she made boiling hot, and with it +killed the thirty-seven thieves. When the captain discovered that all +his men were dead, he decamped without a moment’s delay. Soon +afterwards, he settled in the city as a merchant, and got invited by Ali +Baba to supper, but refused to eat salt. This excited the suspicion of +Morgiana, who detected in the pretended merchant the captain of the +forty thieves. She danced awhile for his amusement, playfully sported +with his dagger, and suddenly plunged it into his heart. When Ali Baba +knew who it was that she had slain, he not only gave the damsel her +liberty, but also married her to his own son.—<i>Arabian Nights</i> (“Ali +Baba, or the Forty Thieves”).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Morglay</b>, the sword of Sir Bevis, of Hamptoun, <i>i.e.</i> Southampton, given +to him by his wife, Josian, daughter of the king of Armenia.—Drayton, +<a name="corr23" id="corr23"></a><ins class="correction" title="Polyolbion,"><i>Polyolboin</i>,</ins> ii. (1612).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>You talk of Morglay, Excalibur [<i>Arthur’s sword</i>], and Durindana +[<i>Orlando’s sword</i>], or so. Tut! I lend no credit to that is fabled +of ’em.—Ben Jonson, <i>Every Man in His Humor</i>, iii. 1 (1598).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Morgue la Faye</b>, a <i>fée</i> who watched over the birth of Ogier, the Dane, +and after he had finished his earthly career, restored him to perpetual +youth, and took him to live with her in everlasting love in the isle and +castle of Av´alon.—<i>Ogier, le Danois</i> (a romance).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mor´ice</b> (<i>Gil</i> or <i>Chĭld</i>), the natural son of Lady Barnard, “brought +forth in her father’s house wi’ mickle sin and shame.” One day, Gil +Morice sent Willie to the baron’s hall, with a request that Lady<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span> +Barnard would go at once to Greenwood to see the chĭld. Lord Barnard, +fancying the “chĭld” to be some paramour, forbade his wife to leave the +hall, and went himself to Greenwood, where he slew Gil Morice, and sent +his head to Lady Barnard. On his return, the lady told her lord he had +slain her son, and added, “Wi’ the same spear, oh, pierce my heart, and +put me out o’ pain!” But the baron repented of his hasty deed, and +cried, “I’ll lament for Gil Morice, as gin he were mine ain.”—Percy, +<i>Reliques, etc.</i>, III. i.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> This tale suggested to Home the plot of his tragedy called +<i>Douglas</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mor´land</b>, in <i>Lend Me Five Shillings</i>, by J. M. Morton (1838).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Morland</i> (<i>Henry</i>), “the heir-at-law” of Baron Duberly. It was +generally supposed that he had perished at sea; but he was cast on Cape +Breton, and afterwards returned to England, and married Caroline Dormer, +an orphan.—G. Colman, <i>The Heir-at-Law</i> (1797).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Mr. Beverley behaved like a father to me [<i>B. Webster</i>], and +engaged me as a walking gentleman for his London theatre, where I +made my first appearance as “Henry Morland,” in <i>The Heir-at-Law</i>, +which, to avoid legal proceedings, he called <i>The Lord’s +Warming-pan</i>.—Peter Paterson.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Morley</b> (<i>Mrs.</i>), the name under which Queen Anne corresponded with Mrs. +Freeman (<i>The Duchess of Marlborough</i>).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Morna</b>, daughter of Cormac, king of Ireland. She was in love with Câthba, +youngest son of Torman. Duchômar, out of jealousy, slew his rival, and +then asked Morna to be his bride. She replied, “Thou art dark to me, O, +Duchômar, and cruel is thine arm to Morna.” She then begged him for his +sword, and when “he gave it to her she thrust it into his heart.” +Duchômar fell, and begged the maid to pull out the sword that he might +die, but when she did so, he seized it from her and plunged it into her +side. Whereupon Cuthullin said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“Peace to the souls of the heroes! Their deeds were great in fight. +Let them ride around me in clouds. Let them show their features in +war. My soul shall then be firm in danger, mine arm like the +thunder of heaven. But be thou on a moonbeam, O, Morna, near the +window of my rest, when my thoughts are at peace, when the din of +war is past.”—Ossian, <i>Fingal</i>, i.</p></div> + +<p class="main"><i>Morna</i>, wife of Compal, and mother of Fingal. Her father was Thaddu, +and her brother Clessammor.—Ossian.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mornay</b>, the old seneschal, at Earl Herbert’s tower at Peronne.—Sir W. +Scott, <i>Quentin Durward</i> (time, Edward IV.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Morning Star of the Reformation</b>, John Wycliffe (1324-1384).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Morocco</b> or <span class="smcap">Maroccus</span>, the performing horse, generally called “Bankes’s +Horse.” Among other exploits, we are told that “it went up to the top of +St. Paul’s.” Both horse and man were burnt alive at Rome, by order of +the pope, as magicians.—Don Zara del Fogo, 114 (1660).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Among the entries at Stationers’ Hall is the +following:—<i>Nov. 14, 1595: A Ballad showing the Strange Qualities of a +Young Nagg called Morocco.</i></p> + +<p>In 1595 was published the pamphlet <i>Maroccus Extaticus</i>, or <i>Bankes’s +Horse in a Trance</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Morocco Men</b>, agents of lottery assurances. In 1796, The great State +lottery employed 7500 morocco men. Their business was to go from house +to house among<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span> the customers of the assurances, or to attend in the +back parlors of public-houses, where the customers came to meet them.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Morolt</b> (<i>Dennis</i>), the old squire of Sir Raymond Berenger.—Sir W. +Scott, <i>The Betrothed</i> (time, Henry II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Morose</b> (2 <i>syl.</i>), a miserly old hunks, who hates to hear any voice but +his own. His nephew, Sir Dauphine, wants to wring out of him a third of +his property, and proceeds thus: He gets a lad to personate “a silent +woman,” and the phenomenon so delights the old man, that he consents to +a marriage. No sooner is the ceremony over, than the boy-wife assumes +the character of a virago of loud and ceaseless tongue. Morose, driven +half-mad, promises to give his nephew a third of his income if he will +take this intolerable plague off his hands. The trick being revealed, +Morose retires into private life, and leaves his nephew master of the +situation.—Ben Jonson, <i>The Silent Woman</i> (1609).</p> + +<p>(“Wasp” in <i>Bartholomew Fair</i>, “Corbaccio” in <i>The Fox</i>, and “Ananias” +in <i>The Alchemist</i>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Moroug</b>, the monkey mistaken for the devil. A woman of Cambalu died, and +Moroug, wishing to personate her, slipped into her bed, and dressed +himself in her night-clothes, while the body was carried to the +cemetery. When the funeral party returned, and began the usual +lamentations for the dead, pug stretched his night-capped head out of +the bed, and began moaning and grimacing most hideously. All the +mourners thought it was the devil, and scampered out as fast they could +run. The priests assembled, and resolved to exorcise Satan; but pug, +noting their terror, flew on the chief of the bonzes, and bit his nose +and ears most viciously. All the others fled in disorder; and when pug +had satisfied his humor, he escaped out of the window. After a while, +the bonzes returned, with a goodly company well armed, when the chief +bonze told them how he had fought with Satan, and prevailed against him. +So he was canonized, and made a saint in the calendar for ever.—T. S. +Gueulette, <i>Chinese Tales</i> (“The Ape Moroug,” 1723).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Morrel</b> or <b>Morell</b>, a goat-herd, who invites Thomalin, a shepherd, to come +to the higher grounds, and leave the low-lying lands. He tells Thomalin +that many hills have been canonized, as St. Michael’s Mount, St. +Bridget’s Bower in Kent, and so on; then there was Mount Sinah and Mount +Parnass, where the Muses dwelt. Thomalin replies, “The lowlands are +safer, and hills are not for shepherds.” He then illustrates his remark +by the tale of shepherd Algrind, who sat, like Morrel, on a hill, when +an eagle, taking his white head for a stone, let a shell-fish fall on +it, and cracked his skull.—Spenser, <i>Shepheardes Calendar</i>, vii.</p> + +<p>[Æschylus was killed by a tortoise dropped on his head by an eagle].</p> + +<p>(This is an allegory of the high and low church parties. Morel is an +anagram of Elmer or Aylmer, bishop of London, who “sat on a hill,” and +was the leader of the high-church party. Algrind is Grindal, archbishop +of Canterbury, head of the low-church party, who in 1578 was +sequestrated for writing a letter to the queen on the subject of +puritanism. Thomalin represents the puritans. This could not have been +written before 1578, unless the reference to Algrind was added in some +later edition).</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span><b>Morris</b>, a domestic of the earl of Derby.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Peveril of the +Peak</i> (time, Charles II).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Morris</i> (<i>Mr.</i>), the timid fellow-traveller of Frank Osbaldistone, who +carried the portmanteau. Osbaldistone says, concerning him, “Of all the +propensities which teach mankind to torment themselves, that of +causeless fear is the most irritating, busy, painful, pitiable.”—Sir W. +Scott, <i>Rob Roy</i> (time, George I.).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Morris</i> (<i>Peter</i>), the pseudonym of John G. Lockhart, in <i>Peter’s +Letters to His Kinsfolk</i> (1819).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Morris</i> (<i>Dinah</i>). Beautiful gospeller, who marries Adam Bede, after +the latter recovers from his infatuation for pretty <i>Hetty Sorrel</i>. +Hetty is seduced by the young squire, murders her baby, and is condemned +to die for the crime. Dinah visits the doomed girl in prison, wins her +to a confession and repentance, and accompanies her in the gallows-cart. +They are at the scaffold when a reprieve arrives.—George Eliot, <i>Adam +Bede</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Morris-Dance</b>, a comic representation of every grade of society. The +characters were dressed partly in Spanish and partly in English costume. +Thus, the huge sleeves were Spanish, but the laced stomacher English. +Hobby-horse represented the king and all the knightly order; Maid +Marian, the queen; the friar, the clergy generally; the fool, the court +jester. The other characters represented a franklin or private +gentleman, a churl or farmer, and the lower grades were represented by a +clown. The Spanish costume is to show the origin of the dance.</p> + +<p>A representation of a morris-dance may still be seen at Betley, in +Staffordshire, in a window placed in the house of George Tollet, Esq., +in about 1620.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Morrison</b> (<i>Hugh</i>), a Lowland drover, the friend of Robin Oig.—Sir W. +Scott, <i>The Two Drovers</i> (time, George III.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mortality</b> (<i>Old</i>), a religious itinerant who frequented country +churchyards and the graves of covenanters. He was first discovered in +the burial ground at Gandercleugh, clearing the moss from the <a name="corr24" id="corr24"></a><ins class="correction" title="grey">gray</ins> +tombstones, renewing with his chisel the half-defaced inscriptions, and +repairing the decorations of the tombs.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Old Mortality</i> +(time, Charles II.).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> “Old Mortality” is said to be meant for Robert Patterson.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Morta´ra</b>, the boy who died from being covered all over with gold-leaf by +Leo XII., to adorn a pageant.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mortcloke</b> (<i>Mr.</i>), the undertaker at the funeral of Mrs. Margaret +Bertram of Singleside.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Guy Mannering</i> (time, George +II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Morte_dArthur" id="Morte_dArthur"></a><b>Morte d’Arthur</b>, a compilation of Arthurian tales, called on the +title-page <i>The History of Prince Arthur</i>, compiled from the French by +Sir Thomas Malory, and printed by William Caxton in 1470. It is divided +into three parts. The first part contains the birth of King Arthur, the +establishment of the Round Table, the romance of Balin and Balan, and +the beautiful allegory of Gareth and Linet´. The second part is mainly +the romance of Sir Tristram. The third part is the romance of Sir +Launcelot, the quest of the Holy Graal, and the death of Arthur, +Guenever, Tristram, Lamorake, and Launcelot.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> The difference of style in the third<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span> part is very striking. +The end of ch. 44, pt. i., is manifestly the close of a romance. The +separate romances are not marked by any formal indication; but, in the +modern editions, the whole is divided into chapters, and these are +provided with brief abstracts of their contents.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>This book was finished the ninth year of the reign of King Edward +IV. by Sir Thomas Malory, knight. Thus endeth this noble and joyous +book, entitled <i>La Morte d’Arthur</i>, notwithstanding it treateth of +the birth, life and acts of the said King Arthur, and of his noble +knights of the Round Table ... and the achieving of the Holy +Sancgreall, and in the end the dolorous death and departing out of +the world of them all.—Concluding paragraph.</p></div> + +<p class="main"><i>Morte d’Arthur</i>, by Tennyson. The poet follows closely the story of the +death of Arthur, as told by Malory. The king is borne off the field by +Sir Bedivere. Arthur orders the knight to throw his sword Excalibur into +the mere. Twice the knight disobeyed the command, intending to save the +sword; but the dying king detected the fraud, and insisted on being +obeyed. Sir Bedivere then cast the sword into the mere, and an arm, +clothed in white samite, caught it by the hilt, brandished it three +times, and drew it into the mere. Sir Bedivere then carried the dying +king to a barge, in which were three queens, who conveyed him to the +island-valley of Avil´ion, “where falls not hail, or rain, or any snow, +nor ever wind blows loudly.” Here was he taken to be healed of his +grievous wound; but whether he lived or died we are not told.</p> + +<p>In his “Idylls of the King,” Tennyson has taken the stories as told by +Malory, and has turned them into his own melodious verse; yet, while +adhering to the substance of each tale, he has in minor matters taken +such liberties as have been allowed to poets since the earliest times. +Shakespeare, in his “Julius Cæsar,” makes a like use of Sir Thomas +North’s translation of Plutarch; the speech of Mark Antony over the body +of Cæsar, to cite the most striking instance among many, is almost a +literal transcription of North’s version, but subjected to the laws of +verse.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mortemar</b> (<i>Alberick of</i>), an exiled nobleman, <i>alias</i> Theodorick, the +hermit of Engaddi, the enthusiast.—Sir W. Scott, <i>The Talisman</i> (time, +Richard I.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mor´timer</b> (<i>Mr.</i>), executor of Lord Abberville, and uncle of Frances +Tyrrell. “He sheathed a soft heart in a rough case.” Externally, Mr. +Mortimer seemed unsympathetic, brusque and rugged; but in reality he was +most benevolent, delicate and tender-hearted. “He did a thousand noble +acts without the credit of a single one.” In fact, his tongue belied his +heart, and his heart his tongue.—Cumberland, <i>The Fashionable Lover</i> +(1780).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mortimer</i> (<i>Sir Edward</i>), a most benevolent man, oppressed with some +secret sorrow. In fact, he knew himself to be a murderer. The case was +this: Being in a county assembly, the uncle of Lady Helen insulted him, +struck him down, and kicked him. Sir Edward rode home to send a +challenge to the ruffian; but, meeting him on the road drunk, he +murdered him, was tried for the crime, but was honorably acquitted. He +wrote a statement of the case, and kept the papers connected with it in +an iron chest. One day Wilford, his secretary, whose curiosity had been +aroused, saw the chest unlocked, and was just about to take out the +documents when Sir Edward entered, and threatened to shoot him; but he +relented, made Wilford swear secrecy, and then told him the whole story. +The young man, unable to live<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span> under the jealous eyes of Sir Edward, ran +away; but Sir Edward dogged him, and at length arrested him on the +charge of robbery. The charge broke down, Wilford was acquitted, Sir +Edward confessed himself a murderer, and died.—G. Colman, <i>The Iron +Chest</i> (1796).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mortimer Lightwood</b>, solicitor employed in the “Harmon murder” case. He +was the great friend of Eugene Wrayburn, barrister-at-law, and it was +the ambition of his life to imitate the <i>nonchalance</i> and other +eccentricities of his friend. At one time he was a great admirer of +Bella Wilfer. Mr. Veneering called him “one of his oldest friends;” but +Mortimer was never in the merchant’s house but once in his life, and +resolved never to enter it again.—C. Dickens, <i>Our Mutual Friend</i> +(1864).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Morten</b> (<i>Sir</i>), a spectre who appears at King Olaf’s feast, in the guise +of a one-eyed old man, and carouses with the guests until bed-time. When +the morning breaks, he has departed, and no trace of him is to be found.</p> + +<p class="poemquote">“King Olaf crossed himself and said—<br /> +‘I know that Odin the Great is dead;<br /> +Sure is the triumph of our Faith,<br /> +This one-eyed stranger was his wraith.’<br /> +Dead rides Sir Morten of Fogelsang.”<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">H. W. Longfellow, <i>The Wraith of Odin</i>.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Morton</b>, a retainer of the earl of Northumberland.—Shakespeare, 2 <i>Henry +IV.</i> <a name="corr25" id="corr25"></a><ins class="correction" title="(1598).">(1508).</ins></p> + +<p class="main"><i>Morton</i> (<i>Henry</i>), a leader in the covenanters’ army with Balfour. +While abroad, he is Major-general Melville. Henry Morton marries Miss +Edith Bellenden.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Old Ralph Morton of Milnwood</i>, uncle of Henry Morton.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Colonel Silas Morton of Milnwood</i>, father of Henry Morton.—Sir W. +Scott, <i>Old Mortality</i> (time, Charles II.).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Morton</i> (<i>The earl of</i>), in the service of Mary queen of Scots, and a +member of the privy council of Scotland.—Sir W. Scott, <i>The Monastery</i> +and <i>The Abbot</i> (time, Elizabeth).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Morton</i> (<i>The Rev. </i><a name="corr26" id="corr26"></a><ins class="correction" title="Mr.),"><i>Mr.</i>)</ins> the Presbyterian pastor of Cairnvreckan +village.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Waverley</i> (time, George II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mortsheugh</b> (<i>Johnie</i>), the old sexton of Wolf’s Hope village.—Sir W. +Scott, <i>The Bride of Lammermoor</i> (time, William III.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Morvi´dus</b>, son of Danius by his concubine, Tangustĕla. In his reign, +there “came from the Irish coasts a most cruel monster, which devoured +the people continually, but as soon as Morvidus heard thereof, he +ventured to encounter it alone. When all his darts were spent, the +monster rushed upon him, and swallowed him up like a small +fish.”—Geoffrey of Monmouth, <i>British History</i>, iii. 15 (1142).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mosby</b>, an unmitigated villain. He seduced Alicia, the wife of Arden of +Feversham. Thrice he tried to murder Arden, but was baffled, and then +frightened Alicia into conniving at a most villainous scheme of murder. +Pretending friendship, Mosby hired two ruffians to murder Arden while he +was playing a game of draughts. The villains, who were concealed in an +adjacent room, were to rush on their victim when Mosby said, “Now I take +you.” The whole gang was apprehended and executed.—<i>Arden of Feversham</i> +(1592), altered by George Lillo (1739).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mosca</b>, the knavish confederate of Vol<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span>´pone (2 <i>syl.</i>), the rich +Venetian “fox.”—Ben Jonson, <i>Volpone</i> or <i>The Fox</i> (1605).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>If your mother, in hopes to ruin me, should consent to marry my +pretended uncle, he might, like “Mosca” in <i>The Fox</i>, stand upon +terms.—W. Congreve, <i>The Way of the World</i>, ii. 1. (1700).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mo´ses</b>, the Jew money-lender in Sheridan’s comedy, <i>The School for +Scandal</i> (1777).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Moses’ Clothes.</b> The <i>Korân</i> says: “God cleared Moses from the scandal +which was rumored against him” (ch. xxxiii.). The scandal was that his +body was not properly formed, and therefore he would never bathe in the +presence of others. One day, he went to bathe, and laid his clothes on a +stone, but the stone ran away with them into the camp. Moses went after +it as fast as he could run, but the Israelites saw his naked body, and +perceived the untruthfulness of the common scandal.—Sale, <i>Al Korân</i>, +xxxiii. notes.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Moses’ Horns.</b> The Vulgate gives <i>quod cornuta esset facies sua</i>, for +what our version has translated “he wist not <i>that the skin of his face +shone</i>.” The Hebrew word used means both a “horn” and an “irradiation.” +Michael Angelo followed the Vulgate.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Moses’ Rod.</b></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>While Moses was living with Re’uël [<i>Jethro</i>], the Midianite, he +noticed a staff in the garden, and he took it to be his +walking-stick. This staff was Joseph’s, and Re’uel carried it away +when he fled from Egypt. This same staff Adam carried with him out +of Eden. Noah inherited it, and gave it to Shem. It passed into the +hands of Abraham, and Abraham left it to Isaac; and when Jacob fled +from his brother’s anger into Mesopotamia, he carried it in his +hand, and gave it at death to his son Joseph.—<i>The Talmud</i>, vi.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Moses Slow of Speech.</b> The tradition is this: One day, Pharaoh was +carrying Moses in his arms, when the child plucked the royal beard so +roughly that the king, in a passion, ordered him to be put to death. +Queen Asia said to her husband, the child was only a babe, and was so +young he could not discern between a ruby and a live coal. Pharaoh put +it to the test, and the child clapped into his mouth the burning coal, +thinking it something good to eat. Pharaoh’s anger was appeased, but the +child burnt its tongue so severely that ever after it was “slow of +speech.”—Shalshel, <i>Hakkabala</i>, 11.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Moses Slow of Speech.</i> The account given in the <i>Talmud</i> is somewhat +different. It is therein stated that Pharaoh was sitting one day with +Moses on his lap, when the child took the crown from the king’s head and +placed it on his own. The “wise men” of Egypt persuaded Pharaoh that +this act was treasonable, and that the child should be put to death. +Jithro [<i>sic</i>] the priest of Midian, said it was the act of a child who +knew no better. “Let two plates,” said he, “be set before the child, one +containing gold and the other live coals, and you will presently see +that he will choose the coals in preference to the gold.” The advice of +Jithro being followed, the boy Moses snatched at the coals, and putting +one of them into his mouth, burnt his tongue so severely that ever after +he was “heavy of speech.”—<i>The Talmud</i>, vi.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Moses Pennell.</b> Waif rescued from a wrecked vessel, and adopted by old +Captain Pennell and his wife. He is, in time, discovered to belong to a +noble Cuban family.—Harriet Beecher Stowe, <i>The Pearl of Orr’s +Island</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span><b>Most Christian King</b> (<i>Le Roy Tres-Christien</i>). The king of France is so +called by others, either with or without his proper name; but he never +styles himself so in any letter, grant, or rescript.</p> + +<p>In St. Remigius or Remy’s Testament, King Clovis is called +<i>Christianissimus Ludovicus</i>.—Flodoard, <i>Historia Remensis</i>, i. 18 +(<span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 940).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Motallab</b> (<i>Abd al</i>), one of the four husbands of Zesbet, the mother of +Mahomet. He was not to know her as a wife till he had seen Mahomet in +his pre-existing state. Mahomet appeared to him as an old man, and told +him he had chosen Zesbet, for her virtue and beauty, to be his +mother.—Comte de Caylus, <i>Oriental Tales</i> (“History of Abd al +Motallab,” 1743).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mo´tar</b> (“<i>One doomed</i> or <i>devoted to sacrifice</i>”). So Prince Assad was +called, when he fell into the hands of the old fire-worshipper, and was +destined by him to be sacrificed on the fiery mountain.—<i>Arabian +Nights</i> (“Amgiad and Assad”).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Moth</b>, page to Don Adriano de Arma´do, the fantastic Spaniard. He is +cunning and versatile, facetious and playful.—Shakespeare, <i>Love’s +Labor’s Lost</i> (1594).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Moth</i>, one of the fairies.—Shakespeare, <i>Midsummer Night’s Dream</i> +(1592).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Moths and Candles.</b> The moths fell in love with the night-fly; and the +night-fly, to get rid of their importunity, maliciously bade them to go +and fetch fire for her adornment. The blind lovers flew to the first +flame to obtain the love-token, and few escaped injury or +death.—Kæmpfer, <i>Account of Japan</i>, vii. (1727).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mother Ann</b>, Ann Lee, the “spiritual mother” of the Shakers (1731-1784).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Mother Ann is regarded by the Shakers as the female form, and +Jesus as the male form, of the Messiah.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mother Bunch</b>, a celebrated ale-wife in Dekker’s <i>Satiromaster</i> (1602).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> In 1604 was published <i>Pasquil’s Jests, mixed with Mother +Bunch’s Merriments</i>. In 1760 was published, in two parts, <i>Mother +Bunch’s Closet Newly Broke Open, etc.</i>, by a “Lover of Mirth and Hater +of Treason.”</p> + +<p>Mother Bunch’s <i>Fairy Tales</i> are known in every nursery.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mother Carey’s Chickens.</b> The fish-fags of Paris in the first Great +Revolution were so called, because, like the “stormy petrel,” whenever +they appeared in force in the streets of Paris, they always foreboded a +tumult or political storm.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mother Carey’s Goose</b>, the great black petrel or gigantic fulmar of the +Pacific Ocean.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mother Douglas</b>, a noted crimp, who lived at the north-east corner of +Covent Garden. Her house was superbly furnished. She died 1761.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Foote introduces her in <i>The Minor</i>, as “Mrs. Cole” (1760); +and Hogarth in his picture called “The March to Finchley.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mother Goose</b>, in French <i>Contes de Ma Mère l’Oye</i>, by Charles Perrault +(1697).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> There are ten stories in this book, seven of which are from +the <i>Pentamerone</i>.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mother Goose</i>, according to a new exploded story, was a native of +Boston, and the author of the nursery rhymes that bear her name. She +used to sing her rhymes to her grandson, and Thomas Fleet, her +brother-in-law, published the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span> first edition of these rhymes, entitled +<i>Songs for the Nursery</i>, or <i>Mother Goose’s Melodies</i>, in 1719.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Dibdin wrote a pantomime entitled <i>Mother Goose</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mother Hubbard</b>, an old lady, whose whole time and attention were taken +up by her dog, who was most willful; but the dame never lost her temper, +or forgot her politeness. After running about all day to supply Master +Doggie,</p> + +<p class="poem">The dame made a curtsey, the dog made a bow;<br /> +The dame said, “Your servant!” the dog said, “Bow, wow!”<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib"><i>A Nursery Tale in Rhyme.</i></span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mother Hubberd</b>, the supposed narrator of a tale called <i>The Fox and the +Ape</i>, related to the poet Spenser to beguile the weary hours of +sickness. Several persons told him tales, but</p> + +<p class="poem">Amongst the rest a good old woman was<br /> +Hight Mother Hubberd, who did far surpass<br /> +The rest in honest mirth that seemed her well;<br /> +She, when her turn was come her tale to tell,<br /> +Told of a strange adventure that betided<br /> +Betwixt a fox and ape by him misguided;<br /> +The which, for that my sense it greatly pleased ...<br /> +I’ll write it as she the same did say.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Spenser.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mother Hubberd’s Tale.</b> A fox and an ape determined to travel about the +world as <i>chevaliers de l’industrie</i>. First, Ape dressed as a +broken-down soldier, and Fox as his servant. A farmer agreed to take +them for his shepherds; but they devoured all his lambs and then +decamped. They next “went in for holy orders.” Reynard contrived to get +a living given him, and appointed the ape as his clerk; but they soon +made the parish too hot to hold them, and again sheered off. They next +tried their fortune at court; the ape set himself up as a foreigner of +distinction with Fox for his groom. They played the part of rakes, but +being found to be desperate rogues, had to flee with all despatch, and +seek another field of action. As they journeyed on, they saw a lion +sleeping, and Master Fox persuaded his companion to steal the crown, +sceptre and royal robes. The ape, arrayed in these, assumed to be king, +and Fox was his prime minister; but so ill did they govern, that Jupiter +interfered, the lion was restored, and the ape was docked of his tail +and had his ears cropt.</p> + +<p class="poem">Since which, all apes but half their ears have left,<br /> +And of their tails are utterly bereft.<br /> +So Mother Hubberd her discourse did end.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Spenser, <i>Mother Hubberd’s Tale</i>.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mother Shipton</b>, T. Evan Preece, of South Wales, a prophetess, whose +predictions (generally in rhymes) were at one time in everybody’s mouth +in South Wales, especially in Glamorganshire.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> She predicted the death of Wolsey, Lord Percy, and others. +Her prophecies are still extant, and contain the announcement that “the +end of the world shall come in eighteen hundred and eighty-one.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mother of the People</b> (<i>The</i>), Marguerite of France, <i>La Mère des +Peuples</i>, daughter of François I. (1523-1574).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mould</b> (<i>Mr.</i>), undertaker. His face had a queer attempt at melancholy, +sadly at variance with a smirk of satisfaction which might be read +between the lines. Though his calling was not a lively one, it did not +depress his spirits, as in the bosom of his family he was the most +cheery of men, and to him the “tap, tap” of coffin-making was as sweet +and exhilarating as the tapping of a woodpecker.—C. Dickens, <i>Martin +Chuzzlewit</i> (1844).</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span><b>Mouldy</b> (<i>Ralph</i>), “a good-limbed fellow, young, strong, and of good +friends.” Ralph was pricked for a recruit in Sir John Falstaff’s +regiment. He promised Bardolph forty shillings “to stand his friend.” +Sir John being told this, sent Mouldy home, and when Justice Shallow +remonstrated, saying that Ralph “was the likeliest man of the lot,” +Falstaff replied, “Will you tell me, Master Shallow, how to choose a +man? Care I for the limb, the thews, the stature, bulk, and big +assemblance of a man? Give me the spirit, Master Shallow.”—Shakespeare, +2 <i>Henry IV.</i> act iii. sc. 2 (1598).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Moullahs</b>, Mohammedan lawyers, from which are selected the judges.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mountain</b> (<i>The</i>), a name given in the French revolution to a faction +which sat on the benches most elevated in the Hall of Assembly. The +Girondins sat in the centre or lowest part of the hall, and were +nicknamed the “plain.” The “mountain” for a long time was the dominant +part; it utterly overthrew the “plain” on August 31, 1793, but was in +turn overthrown at the fall of Robespierre (9 Thermidor ii. or July 27, +1794).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mountain</i> (<i>The Old Man of the</i>), the imaum Hassan ben Sabbah el +Homari. The sheik Al Jebal was so called. He was the prince of the +Assassins.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> In Rymer’s <i>Fœdera</i> (vol. i.), Dr. Clarke, the editor, has +added two letters of this sheik; but the doctor must be responsible for +their genuineness.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mountain Brutus</b> (<i>The</i>), William Tell (1282-1350).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mountain of Flowers</b>, the site of the palace of Violenta, the mother +fairy who brought up the young princess afterwards metamorphosed into +“The White Cat.”—Comtesse D’Aunoy, <i>Fairy Tales</i> (“The White Cat,” +1682).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mountain of Miseries.</b> Jupiter gave permission for all men to bring their +grievances to a certain plain, and to exchange them with any others that +had been cast off. Fancy helped them; but though the heap was so +enormous, not one single <i>vice</i> was to be found amongst the rubbish. Old +women threw away their wrinkles, and young ones their mole-spots; some +cast on the heap poverty; many their red noses and bad teeth; but no one +his crimes. Now came the choice. A galley-slave picked up gout, poverty +picked up sickness, care picked up pain, snub noses picked up long ones, +and so on. Soon all were bewailing the change they had made; and Jupiter +sent Patience to tell them they might, if they liked, resume their old +grievances again. Every one gladly accepted the permission, and Patience +helped them to take up their own bundle and bear it without +murmuring.—Addison, <i>The Spectator</i> (1711, 1712, 1714).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mourning.</b> In Colman’s <i>Heir-at-Law</i> (1796), every character is in +mourning: the Dowlases as relatives of the deceased Lord Duberly; Henry +Morland as heir of Lord Duberly; Steadfast as the chief friend of the +family; Dr. Pangloss as a clergyman; Caroline Dormer for her father +recently buried; Zekiel and Cicely Homespun for the same reason; Kenrick +for his deceased master.—James Smith, <i>Memoirs</i> (1840).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mourning Bride</b> (<i>The</i>), a drama by W. Congreve (1697). “The mourning +bride” is Alme´ria, daughter of Manuel, king of Grana´da, and her +husband was Alphonso,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span> prince of Valentia. On the day of their espousals +they were shipwrecked, and each thought the other had perished; but they +met together in the court of Granada, where Alphonso was taken captive +under the assumed name of Osmyn. Osmyn, having effected his escape, +marched to Granada, at the head of an army, found the king dead, and +“the mourning bride” became his joyful wife.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mouse-Tower</b> (<i>The</i>), on the Rhine. It was here that Bishop Hatto was +devoured by mice. (See <span class="smcap">Hatto</span>.)</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> <i>Mauth</i> is a toll or custom house, and the mauth or +toll-house for collecting duty on corn being very unpopular, gave rise +to the tradition.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Moussa</b>, Moses.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mowbray</b> (<i>Mr. John</i>), lord of the manor of St. Ronan’s.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Clara Mowbray</i>, sister of John Mowbray. She was betrothed to Frank +Tyrrel, but married Valentine Bulmer.—Sir W. Scott, <i>St. Ronan’s Well</i> +(time, George III.).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mowbray</i> (<i>Sir Miles</i>), a dogmatical, self-willed old man, who fancied +he could read character, and had a natural instinct for doing the right +thing; but he would have been much wiser if he had paid more heed to the +proverb, “Mind your own business and not another’s.”</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Frederick Mowbray</i>, his eldest son, a young man of fine principle, and +greatly liked. His “first love” was Clara Middleton, who, being poor, +married the rich Lord Ruby. His lordship soon died, leaving all his +substance to his widow, who bestowed it, with herself, on Frederick +Mowbray, her first and only love.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>David Mowbray</i>, younger brother of Frederick. He was in the navy, and +was a fine, open-hearted, frank and honest British tar.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Lydia Mowbray</i>, sister of Frederick and David, and the wife of Mr. +Wrangle.—R. Cumberland, <i>First Love</i> (1796).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mow´cher</b> (<i>Miss</i>), a benevolent little dwarf, patronized by Steerforth. +She is full of humor and comic vulgarity. Her chief occupation is that +of hair-dressing.—C. Dickens, <i>David Copperfield</i> (1849).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mowis</b>, the bridegroom of snow, who wooed and won a beautiful bride, but +at dawn melted in the sun. The bride hunted for him night and day, but +never saw him more.—<i>Indian Legend.</i></p> + +<p class="poem">Mowis, the bridegroom of snow, who won and wedded a maiden,<br /> +But, when the morning came, arose and passed from the wigwam,<br /> +Fading and melting away, and dissolving into the sunshine,<br /> +Till she beheld him no more, tho’ she followed far into the forest.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Longfellow, <i>Evangeline</i>, ii. 4 (1849).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Moxon</b> (<i>Mr.</i>), clergyman at Agawam (Mass.). Sincere in his bigotry, +pitiable in the superstition that darkens his life, honestly persuaded +that he and his are the victims of witchcraft, and that duty forces him +to punish those who have afflicted the Lord’s saints.—Josiah Gilbert +Holland, <i>The Bay Path</i> (1857).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mozaide</b> (2 <i>syl.</i>), the Moor who befriended Vasco de Gama when he first +landed on the Indian continent.</p> + +<p class="poem">The Moor attends Mozaide, whose zealous care<br /> +To Gama’s eyes revealed each treacherous snare.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Camoens, <i>Lusiad</i>, ix. (1569).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mozart</b> (<i>The English</i>), Sir Henry Bishop (1780-1855).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mozart</i> (<i>The Italian</i>), Cherubini, of Florence (1760-1842).</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span><a name="Much" id="Much"></a><b>Much</b>, the miller’s son, the bailiff or “acater” of Robin Hood. (See +<a href="#Midge"><span class="smcap">Midge</span></a>.)</p> + +<p class="poem">Robyn stode in Bernysdale,<br /> +<span class="i1">And lened hym to a tree;</span><br /> +And by hym stode Lytell Johan,<br /> +<span class="i1">A good yeman was he;</span><br /> +And also dyde good Scathelock,<br /> +<span class="i1">And Much, the miller’s sone.</span><br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Ritson, <i>Robin Hood Ballads</i>, i. 1 (1594).</span></p> + +<p class="main"><i>Much, the miller’s son</i>, in the morris-dance. His feat was to bang, +with an inflated bladder, the heads of gaping spectators. He represented +the fool or jester.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Much Ado about Nothing</b>, a comedy by Shakespeare (1600). Hero, the +daughter of Leonato, is engaged to be married to Claudio of Aragon; but +Don John, out of hatred to his brother, Leonato, determines to mar the +happiness of the lovers. Accordingly, he bribes the waiting-maid of Hero +to dress in her mistress’s clothes, and to talk with his man by night +from the chamber balcony. The villain tells Claudio that Hero has made +an assignation with him, and invites him to witness it. Claudio is fully +persuaded that the woman he sees is Hero, and when next day she presents +herself at the altar, he rejects her with scorn. The priest feels +assured there is some mistake, so he takes Hero apart, and gives out +that she is dead. Then Don John takes to flight, the waiting-woman +confesses, Claudio repents, and, by way of amendment (as Hero is dead) +promises to marry her cousin, but this cousin turns out to be Hero +herself.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> A similar tale is told by Ariosto in his <i>Orlando Furioso</i>, +v. (1516).</p> + +<p>Another occurs in the <i>Faëry Queen</i>, by Spenser, bk. ii. 4, 38, etc. +(1590).</p> + +<p>George Turbervil’s <i>Geneura</i> (1576) is still more like Shakespeare’s +tale. Belleforest and Bandello have also similar tales (see <i>Hist.</i>, +xviii.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mucklebacket</b> (<i>Saunders</i>), the old fisherman at Musselcrag.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Old Elspeth Mucklebacket</i>, mother of Saunders, and formerly servant to +Lady Glenallan.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Maggie Mucklebacket</i>, wife of Saunders.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Steenie Mucklebacket</i>, eldest son of Saunders. He is drowned.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Little Jennie Mucklebacket</i>, Saunders’s child.—Sir W. Scott, <i>The +Antiquary</i> (time, George III.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mucklethrift</b> (<i>Bailie</i>), ironmonger and brazier of Kippletringan, in +Scotland.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Guy Mannering</i> (time, George II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mucklewrath</b> (<i>Habukkuk</i>), a fanatic preacher.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Old +Mortality</i> (time, Charles II.).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mucklewrath</i> (<i>John</i>), smith at Cairnvreckan village.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Dame Mucklewrath</i>, wife of John. A terrible virago.—Sir W. Scott, +<i>Waverley</i> (time, George II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Muckworm</b> (<i>Sir Penurious</i>), the miserly old uncle and guardian of +Arbella. He wants her to marry Squire Sapskull, a raw Yorkshire tike; +but she loves Gaylove, a young barrister, and, of course, Muckworm is +outwitted.—Carey, <i>The Honest Yorkshireman</i> (1736).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mudarra</b>, son of Gonçolo Bustos de Salas de Lara, who murdered his uncle +Rodri´go, while hunting, to avenge the death of his seven half-brothers. +The tale is, that Rodrigo Velasquez invited his seven nephews to a +feast, when a fray took place in which a Moor was slain; the aunt, who +was a Moorish lady, demanded vengeance, whereupon the seven boys were +allured into a ravine and cruelly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span> murdered. Mudarra was the son of the +same father as “the seven sons of Lara,” but not of the same +mother.—<i>Romance of the Eleventh Century.</i></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Muddle</b>, the carpenter under Captain Savage and Lieutenant +O’Brien.—Captain Marryat, <i>Peter Simple</i> (1833).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Muddlewick</b> (<i>Triptolemus</i>), in <i>Charles XII.</i>, an historical drama by +J. R. Planché (1826).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mudjekee´wis</b>, the father of Hiawatha, and subsequently potentate of the +winds. He gave all the winds but one to his children to rule; the one he +reserved was the west wind, which he himself ruled over. The dominion of +the winds was given to Mudjekeewis, because he slew the great bear +called the Mishê-Mokwa.</p> + +<p class="poem">Thus was slain the Mishê-Mokwa ...<br /> +“Honor be to Mudjekeewis!<br /> +Henceforth he shall be the west wind.<br /> +And hereafter, e’en for ever,<br /> +Shall he hold supreme dominion,<br /> +Over all the winds of heaven.”<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Longfellow, <i>Hiawatha</i>, ii. (1855).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mug</b> (<i>Matthew</i>), a caricature of the duke of Newcastle.—S. Foote, <i>The +Mayor of Garratt</i> (1763).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mugello</b>, the giant slain by Averardo de Medici, a commander under +Charlemagne. This giant wielded a mace from which hung three balls, +which the Medici adopted as their device.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> They have been adopted by pawnbrokers as a symbol of their +trade.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Muggins</b> (<i>Dr.</i>), a sapient physician, who had the art “to suit his +physic to his patients’ taste;” so when King Artaxaminous felt a little +seedy after a night’s debauch, the doctor prescribed to his majesty “to +take a morning whet.”—W. B. Rhodes, <i>Bombastes Furioso</i> (1790).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Muhldenau</b>, the minister of Mariendorpt, and father of Meeta and Adolpha. +When Adolpha was an infant, she was lost in the siege of Magdeburg; and +Muhldenau, having reason to suppose that the child was not killed went +to Prague in search of her. Here Muhldenau was seized as a spy, and +condemned to death. Meeta, hearing of his capture, walked to Prague to +beg him off, and was introduced to the governor’s supposed daughter, +who, in reality, was Meeta’s sister, Adolpha. Rupert Roselheim, who was +betrothed to Meeta, stormed the prison and released Muhldenau.—S. +Knowles, <i>The Maid of Mariendorpt</i> (1838).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mulatto</b>, a half-caste. Strictly speaking, <i>Zambo</i> is the issue of an +Indian and a Negress; <i>Mulatto</i>, of a White man and a Negress; +<i>Terzeron</i>, of a White man and a Mulatto woman; <i>Quadroon</i>, of a +Terzeron and a White.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mul´ciber</b>, Vulcan, who was blacksmith, architect, and god of fire.</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i8">In Ausonian land</span><br /> +Men called him Mulciber; and how he fell<br /> +From heaven, they fabled, thrown by angry Jove<br /> +Sheer o’er the crystal battlements; from morn<br /> +To noon he fell, from noon to dewy eve,<br /> +A Summer’s day; and with the setting sun<br /> +Dropt from the Zenith like a falling star,<br /> +On Lemnos, the Ægean isle.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Milton, <i>Paradise Lost</i>, 739, etc. (1665).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Muley Bugentuf</b>, king of Morocco, a blood-and-thunder hero. He is the +chief character of a tragedy of the same name, by Thomas de la Fuenta.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In the first act, the king of Morocco, by way of recreation, shot a +hundred Moorish slaves with arrows; in the second, he beheaded +thirty <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span>Portuguese officers, prisoners of war; and in the third and +last act, Muley, mad with his wives, set fire with his own hand to +a detached palace, in which they were shut up, and reduced them all +to ashes.... This conflagration, accompanied with a thousand +shrieks, closed the piece in a very diverting manner.—Lesage, <i>Gil +Blas</i>, ii. 9 (1715).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mull Sack.</b> John Cottington, in the time of the Commonwealth, was so +called, from his favorite beverage. John Cottington emptied the pockets +of Oliver Cromwell when lord protector; stripped Charles II. of £1500; +and stole a watch and chain from Lady Fairfax.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Mull sack is spiced sherry negus.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mulla’s Bard</b>, Spenser, author of the <i>Faëry Queen</i>. The Mulla, a +tributary of the Blackwater, in Ireland, flowed close by the spot where +the poet’s house stood. He was born and died in London (1553-1599).</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i5">... it irks me while I write,</span><br /> +As erst the bard of Mulla’s silver stream,<br /> +<span class="i1">Oft as he told of deadly dolorous plight</span><br /> +Sighed as he sung, and did in tears indite.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Shenstone, <i>The Schoolmistress</i> (1758).</span></p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mulla.</i> Thomas Campbell, in his poem on the <i>Spanish Parrot</i>, calls the +island of Mull, “Mulla’s Shore.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mullet</b> (<i>Professor</i>), the “most remarkable man” of North America. He +denounced his own father for voting on the wrong side at an election for +president, and wrote thunderbolts in the form of pamphlets, under the +signature of “Suturb” or Brutus reversed.—C. Dickens, <i>Martin +Chuzzlewit</i> (1844).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mullins</b> (<i>Rev. Peter</i>). A minister of the gospel, who holds so hard to +the belief that the laborer is worthy of his hire, that he can see +nothing but the hire.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“How am I to know whether my services are acceptable unless every +year there is some voluntary testimonial concerning them? It seems +to me that I must have such a testimonial. I find myself looking +forward to it.”—Josiah Gilbert Holland, <i>Arthur Bonnicastle</i> +(1873).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Mulmutine_Laws" id="Mulmutine_Laws"></a><b>Mul´mutine Laws</b>, the code of Dunvallo Mulmutius, sixteenth king of the +Britons (about <span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 400). This code was translated by Gildas from +British into Latin, and by Alfred into English. The Mulmutine laws +obtained in this country till the Conquest.—Holinshed, <i>History of +England, etc.</i>, iii. 1 (1577).</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i7">Mulmutius made our laws,</span><br /> +Who was the first of Britain which did put<br /> +His brows within a golden crown, and call’d<br /> +Himself a king.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Shakespeare, <i>Cymbeline</i>, act iii. sc. 1 (1605).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Mulmutius" id="Mulmutius"></a><b>Mulmutius</b> (<i>Dunwallo</i>), son of Cloten, king of Cornwall. “He excelled +all the kings of Britain in valor and gracefulness of person.” In a +battle fought against the allied Welsh and Scotch armies, Mulmutius +tried the very scheme which Virgil (<i>Æneid</i>, ii.) says was attempted by +Æneas and his companions—that is, they dressed in the clothes and bore +the arms of the enemy slain, and thus disguised, committed very great +slaughter. Mulmutius, in his disguise, killed both the Cambrian and +Albanian kings, and put the allied army to thorough rout.—Geoffrey, +<i>British History</i>, ii. 17.</p> + +<p class="poem">Mulmutius this land in such estate maintained<br /> +As his great Belsire Brute.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Drayton, <i>Polyolbion</i>, viii. (1612).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mulvaney</b> (<i>Terence</i>). Rollicking, epigrammatic, harum-scarum Irish +trooper, in the Indian service, whose adventures and sayings are +narrated in <i>Soldiers Three</i>, <i>The Courting of Dinah Shadd</i>, <i>etc.</i>, by +Rudyard Kipling.</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span><b>Multon</b> (<i>Sir Thomas de</i>), of Gilsland. He is Lord de Vaux, a crusader, +and master of the horse to King Richard I.—Sir. W. Scott, <i>The +Talisman</i> (time, Richard I.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mumblazen</b> (<i>Master Michael</i>), the old herald, a dependant of Sir Hugh +Robsart.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Kenilworth</i> (time, Elizabeth).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mumbo Jumbo</b>, an African bogie, hideous and malignant, the terror of +women and children.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mumps</b> (<i>Tib</i>), keeper of the “Mumps’ Ha’ ale-hous’,” on the road to +Charlie’s Hope farm.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Guy Mannering</i> (time, George II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Munchau´sen</b> (<i>The Baron</i>), a hero of most marvellous adventures.—Rudolf +Erich Raspe (a German, but storekeeper of the Dolcoath mines, in +Cornwall, 1792).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> The name is said to refer to Hieronymus Karl Friedrich von +Münchhausen, a German officer in the Russian army, noted for his +marvellous stories (1720-1797). It is also supposed to be an implied +satire on the traveller’s tales of Baron de Tott, in his <i>Mémoires sur +les Turcs et Tartares</i> (1784), and those of James Bruce, “The African +Traveller,” in his <i>Travels to Discover the Sources of the Nile</i> (1790).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Munchausen</i> (<i>The Baron</i>). The French Baron Munchausen is represented +by M. de Crac, the hero of a French operetta.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mu´nera</b>, daughter of Pollentê, the Saracen, to whom he gave all the +spoils he could lay his hands on. Munera was beautiful and rich +exceedingly; but Talus, having chopped off her golden hands and silver +feet, tossed her into the moat.—Spenser, <i>Faëry Queen</i>, v. 2 (1596).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mungo</b>, a black slave of Don Diego.</p> + +<p class="poem">Dear heart, what a terrible life am I led!<br /> +A dog has a better dat’s sheltered and fed ...<br /> +<span class="i3">Mungo here, Mungo dere,</span><br /> +<span class="i3">Mungo everywhere ...</span><br /> +Me wish to the Lord me was dead.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">I. Bickerstaff, <i>The Padlock</i> (1768).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Münster</b> (<i>Baroness</i>). American woman married to a German prince, who +wants to get rid of her. She comes to America with her brother to visit +relatives, and is bored by everything, and forever threatening to write +to the reigning prince to recall her to Germany.—Henry James, Jr., <i>The +Europeans</i> (1878).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Murat</b> (<i>The Russian</i>), Michael Miloradowitch (1770-1820).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Murdstone</b> (<i>Edward</i>), the second husband of Mrs. Copperfield. His +character was “firmness,” that is, an unbending self-will, which +rendered the young life of David intolerably wretched.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Jane Murdstone</i>, sister of Edward, as hard and heartless as her +brother. Jane Murdstone became the companion of Dora Spenlow, and told +Mr. Spenlow of David’s love for Dora, hoping to annoy David. At the +death of Mr. Spenlow, Jane returned to live with her brother.—Dickens, +<i>David Copperfield</i> (1849).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Murray</b> or <b>Moray</b> (<i>The bonnie earl of</i>), James Stewart, the “Good +Regent,” a natural son of James V. of Scotland, by Margaret, daughter of +John, Lord Erskine. He joined the reform party in 1556, and went to +France in 1561, to invite Mary queen of Scots to come and reside in her +kingdom. He was an accomplice in the murder of Rizzio, and during the +queen’s<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span> imprisonment was appointed regent. According to an ancient +ballad, this bonny earl “was the queen’s love,” <i>i.e.</i> Queen Anne of +Denmark, daughter of Frederick II., and wife of James I. of England. It +is said that James, being jealous of the handsome earl, instigated the +earl of Huntly to murder him (1531-1570).</p> + +<p>Introduced by Sir W. Scott in <i>The Monastery</i> and <i>The Abbot</i> (time, +Elizabeth).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Murray</i> (<i>John</i>), of Broughton, secretary to Charles Edward, the Young +Pretender. He turned king’s evidence, and revealed to Government all the +circumstances which gave rise to the rebellion, and the persons most +active in its organization.</p> + +<p class="poem">If crimes like these hereafter are forgiven,<br /> +Judas and Murray both may go to heaven.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib"><i>Jacobite Relics</i>, ii. 374.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Musæus</b>, the poet (<span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 1410), author of the elegant tale of <i>Leander and +Hero</i>. Virgil places him in the Elysian fields attended by a vast +multitude of ghosts, Musæus being taller by a head than any of them +(<i>Æneid</i>, vi. 677).</p> + +<p class="poem">Swarm ... as the infernal spirits<br /> +On sweet Musæus when he came to hell.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">C. Marlowe, <i>Dr. Faustus</i> (1590).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Muscadins of Paris</b>, Paris exquisites, who aped the London cockneys in +the first French Revolution. Their dress was top-boots with thick soles, +knee-breeches, a dress-coat with long tails and high stiff collar, and a +thick cudgel called a <i>constitution</i>. It was thought John Bull-like to +assume a huskiness of voice, a discourtesy of manners, and a swaggering +vulgarity of speech and behavior.</p> + +<p class="poem">Cockneys of London! Muscadins of Paris!<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Byron, <i>Don Juan</i>, viii. 124 (1824).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mus´carol</b>, king of flies, and father of Clarion, the most beautiful of +the race.—Spenser, <i>Muiopotmos, or The Butterfly’s Fate</i> (1590).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Muse</b> (<i>The Tenth</i>), Marie Lejars de Gournay, a French writer +(1566-1645).</p> + +<p>Antoinette Deshoulieres; also called “The French Callĭŏpê.” Her best +work is an allegory called <i>Les Moutons</i> (1633-1694).</p> + +<p>Mdlle. Scudéri was preposterously so called (1607-1701).</p> + +<p>Also Delphine Gray, afterwards Mde. Emile de Girardin. Her <i>nom de +plume</i> was “viconte de Launay.” Béranger sang of “the beauty of her +shoulders,” and Châteaubriand, of “the charms of her smile” (1804-1855).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Muse-Mother</b>, Mnemos´ynê, goddess of memory, and mother of the Muses.</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i4">Memory,</span><br /> +That sweet Muse-mother.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">E. B. Browning, <i>Prometheus Bound</i> (1850).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Muses</b> (<i>Symbols of the</i>).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cal´liope</span> [<i>Kăl´.ly.ŏ.py</i>], the epic Muse: a tablet and stylus, +sometimes a scroll.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Clio</span>, Muse of history: a scroll or open chest of books.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Er´ato</span>, Muse of love ditties: a lyre.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Euter´pê</span>, Muse of lyric poetry: a flute.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Melpom´enê</span>, Muse of tragedy: a tragic mask, the club of Hercules, or a +sword. She wears the cothurnus, and her head is wreathed with vine +leaves.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pol´yhym´nia</span>, Muse of sacred poetry: sits pensive, but has no attribute, +because deity is not to be represented by any visible symbol.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Terpsic´horê</span> [<i>Terp.sick´.o.ry</i>], Muse of choral song and dance: a lyre +and the plectrum.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Thali´a</span>, Muse of comedy and idyllic poetry: a comic mask, a shepherd’s +staff, or a wreath of ivy.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span><span class="smcap">Uran´ia</span>, Muse of astronomy: carries a staff pointing to a globe.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Museum</b> (<i>A Walking</i>), Longīnus, author of a work on <i>The Sublime</i> +(213-273).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Musgrave</b> (<i>Sir Richard</i>), the English champion who fought with Sir +William Deloraine, the Scotch champion, to decide by combat whether +young Scott, the heir of Branksome Hall, should become the page of King +Edward, or be delivered up to his mother. In the combat, Sir Richard was +slain, and the boy was delivered over to his mother.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Lay +of the Last Minstrel</i> (1805).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Musgrave</i> (<i>Sir Miles</i>), an officer in the king’s service under the +earl of Montrose.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Legend of Montrose</i> (time, Charles +I.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Music.</b> Amphion is said to have built the walls of Thebes by the music of +his lyre. Ilium and the capital of Arthur’s kingdom were also built to +divine music. The city of Jericho was destroyed by music (<i>Joshua</i> vi. +20).</p> + +<p class="poem">They were building still, seeing the city was built<br /> +To music.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Tennyson.</span></p> + +<p class="main"><i>Music and Men of Genius.</i> Hume, Dr. Johnson, Sir W. Scott, Robert Peel +and Lord Byron had no ear for music, and neither vocal nor instrumental +music gave them the slightest pleasure. To the poet Rogers it gave +actual discomfort. Even the harmonious Pope preferred the harsh +dissonance of a street organ to Handel’s oratorios.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Music</i> (<i>Father of</i>), Giovanni Battista Pietro Aloisio da Palestri´na +(1529-1594).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Music</i> (<i>Father of Greek</i>), Terpander (fl. <span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 676).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Music’s First Martyr.</b> Menaphon says that when he was in Thessaly he saw +a youth challenge the birds in music; and a nightingale took up the +challenge. For a time the contest was uncertain; but then the youth, “in +a rapture,” played so cunningly that the bird, despairing, “down dropped +upon his lute, and brake her heart.”</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> This beautiful tale, by Strada (in Latin) has been translated +in rhyme by R. Crashaw. Versions have been given by Ambrose Philips, and +others; but none can compare with the exquisite relation of John Ford, +in his drama entitled <i>The Lover’s Melancholy</i> (1628).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Musical Small-Coal Man</b>, Thos. Britton, who used to sell small coals and +keep a musical club (1654-1714).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Musicians</b> (<i>Prince of</i>), Giovanni Battista Pietro Aloisio da Palestri´na +(1529-1594).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Musidora</b>, the <i>dame du cœur</i> of Damon. Damon thought her coyness was +scorn; but one day he caught her bathing, and his delicacy on the +occasion so enchanted her that she at once accepted his proffered +love.—Thomson, <i>Seasons</i> (“Summer,” 1727).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Musido´rus</b>, a hero, whose exploits are told by Sir Philip Sidney, in his +<i>Arcadia</i> (1581).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Musketeer</b>, a soldier armed with a musket, but specially applied to a +company of gentlemen who were a mounted guard in the service of the king +of France from 1661.</p> + +<p>They formed two companies, the <i>grey</i> and the <i>black</i>; so called from +the color of their hair. Both were clad in scarlet, and hence their +quarters were called the <i>Maison rouge</i>. In peace they followed the +king<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span> in the chase, to protect him; in war they fought either on foot or +horseback. They were suppressed in 1791; restored in 1814, but only for +a few months; and after the restoration of Louis XVIII. we hear no more +of them. Many Scotch gentlemen enrolled themselves among these dandy +soldiers, who went to war with curled hair, white gloves, and perfumed +like milliners.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> A. Dumas has a novel called <i>The Three Musketeers</i> (1844), +the first of a series; the second is <i>Twenty Years Afterwards</i>; and the +third, <i>Viconte de Bragelonne</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Muslin</b>, the talkative, impertinent, intriguing <i>suivante</i> of Mrs. +Lovemore. Mistress Muslin is sweet upon William, the footman, and loves +cards.—A. Murphy, <i>The Way to Keep Him</i> (1760).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mus´tafa</b>, a poor tailor of China, father of Aladdin, killed by illness +brought on by the idle vagabondism of his son.—<i>Arabian Nights</i> +(“Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp”).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mutton</b>, a courtezan, sometimes called a “laced mutton.” “Mutton Lane,” +in Clerkenwell, was so called because it was a suburra or quarter for +harlots. The courtezan was called a “Mutton” even in the reign of Henry +III., for Bracton speaks of them as <i>oves</i>.—<i>De Legibus</i>, etc., ii. +(1569).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mutton-Eating King</b> (<i>The</i>), Charles II. of England (1630, 1659-1685).</p> + +<p class="poem">Here lies our mutton-eating king,<br /> +<span class="i1">Whose word no man relies on;</span><br /> +He never <i>said</i> a foolish thing,<br /> +<span class="i1">And never <i>did</i> a wise on’.</span><br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Earl of Rochester.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mutual Friend</b> (<i>Our</i>), a novel by Charles Dickens (1864). The “mutual +friend” is Mr. Boffin, “the golden dustman,” who was the mutual friend +of John Harmon and of Bella Wilfer. The tale is this: John Harmon was +supposed to have been murdered by Julius Handford; but it was Ratford, +who was murdered by Rogue Riderhood, and the mistake arose from a +resemblance between the two persons. By his father’s will, John Harmon +was to marry Bella Wilfer; but John Harmon knew not the person destined +by his father for his wife, and made up his mind to dislike her. After +his supposed murder, he assumed the name of John Rokesmith, and became +the secretary of Mr. Boffin, “the golden dustman,” residuary legatee of +old John Harmon, by which he became possessor of £100,000. Boffin knew +Rokesmith, but concealed his knowledge for a time. At Boffin’s house, +John Harmon (as Rokesmith) met Bella Wilfer, and fell in love with her. +Mr. Boffin, in order to test Bella’s love, pretended to be angry with +Rokesmith for presuming to love Bella; and, as Bella married him, he +cast them both off “for a time,” to live on John’s earnings. A baby was +born, and then the husband took the young mother to a beautiful house, +and told her he was John Harmon, that the house was their house, that he +was the possessor of £100,000 through the disinterested conduct of their +“mutual friend,” Mr. Boffin; and the young couple lived happily with Mr. +and Mrs. Boffin, in wealth and luxury.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mutusa-ili</b>, Babylonian sage and unsuspected Jew, high in repute for +wisdom and prophetic powers.—Elizabeth Stuart Phelps and Herbert D. +Ward, <i>The Master of the Magicians</i> (1890).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>My Book</b> (<i>Dr.</i>). Dr. John Aberne´thy (1765-1830) was so called because +he used to say to his patients, “Read my book” (<i>On Surgical +Observations</i>).</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span><b>My Little All.</b></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I was twice burnt out, and lost my little all both +times.—Sheridan, <i>The Critic</i>, i. 1 (1779).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Myrebeau</b> (<i>Le sieure de</i>), one of the committee of the states of +Burgundy.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Anne of Geierstein</i> (time, Edward IV.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Myro</b>, a statuary of Eleu´thĕræ, who carved a cow so true to nature that +even bulls mistook it for a living animal. (See <span class="smcap">Horse Painted</span>.)</p> + +<p class="poem">E’en Myro’s statues, which for art surpass<br /> +All others, once were but a shapeless mass.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Ovid, <i>Art of Love</i>, iii.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Myrra</b>, an Ionian slave, and the beloved concubine of Sardanapa´lus, the +Assyrian king. She roused him from his indolence to resist Arba´cês, the +Mede, who aspired to his throne, and when she found his cause hopeless, +induced him to mount a funeral pile, which she fired with her own hand, +and then, springing into the flames, she perished with the +tyrant.—Byron, <i>Sardanapalus</i> (1819).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Myrtle</b> (<i>Mrs. Lerviah</i>), sentimental Christian, who finds Magdalens and +poor, ill-clad, homeless girls “so depressing,” but begs Nixy Trent, the +only one who ever entered her house, “to consider that there is hope for +us all in the way of salvation which our Lord has marked out for +sinners.” After which crumb of ghostly consolation she proceeds to turn +Nixy out of the house.—Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, <i>Hedged In</i> (1870).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mysie</b>, the female attendant of Lady Margaret Bellenden, of the Tower of +Tillietudlem.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Old Mortality</i> (time, Charles II.).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mysie</i>, the old housekeeper at Wolf’s Crag Tower.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Bride +of Lammermoor</i> (time, William III.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mysis</b>, the scolding wife of Sile´no, and mother of Daph´nê and Nysa. It +is to Mysis that Apollo sings that popular song, “Pray, Goody, please to +moderate the rancour of your tongue” (act i. 3).—Kane O’Hara, <i>Midas</i> +(1764).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Mysterious Husband</b> (<i>The</i>), a tragedy by Cumberland (1783). Lord +Davenant was a bigamist. His first wife was Marianne Dormer, whom he +forsook in three months to marry Louisa Travers. Marianne, supposing her +husband to be dead, married Lord Davenant’s son. Miss Dormer’s brother +was the betrothed of the second Lady Davenant before her marriage with +his lordship. She was told that he had proved faithless and had married +another. The report of Lord Davenant’s death and the marriage of Captain +Dormer were both false. When the villainy of Lord Davenant could be +concealed no longer, he destroyed himself.</p> + + + + +<p class="letterstart"><span class="dropcapn"><span class="hide"><b>N</b></span></span><span class="upper"><b>at</b>,</span> the fairy that addressed Orpheus, in the infernal regions, and +offered him for food a roasted ant, a flea’s thigh, butterflies’ brains, +some sucking mites, a rainbow tart etc., to be washed down with +dew-drops and beer made from seven barleycorns—a very heady +liquor.—King, <i>Orpheus and Eurydice</i> (1730-1805).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nab-man</b> (<i>The</i>), a sheriff’s officer.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Old Dornton has sent the nab-man after him at last.—<i>Guy +Mannering</i>, ii. 3.</p></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> This is the dramatized version of Sir W. Scott’s novel, by +Terry (1816).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nacien</b>, the holy hermit who introduced Galahad to the “Siege Perilous,” +the only vacant seat in the Round Table. This seat was reserved for the +knight who was destined to achieve the quest of the Holy Graal. Nacien +told the king and his knights that no one but a virgin knight could +achieve that quest.—Sir T. Malory, <i>History of Prince Arthur</i>, iii. +(1470).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nadab</b>, in Dryden’s satire of <i>Absalom and Achitophel</i>, is meant for Lord +Howard, a profligate, who laid claim to great piety. As Nadab offered +incense with strange fire and was slain, so Lord Howard, it is said, +mixed the consecrated wafer with some roast apples and sugar.—Pt. i. +(1681).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nadgett</b>, a man employed by Montague Tigg (manager of the “Anglo-Bengalee +Company”) to make private inquiries. He was a dried-up, shrivelled old +man. Where he lived and how he lived, nobody knew; but he was always to +be seen waiting for some one who never appeared; and he would glide +along apparently taking no notice of any one.—C. Dickens, <i>Martin +Chuzzlewit</i> (1844).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nag’s Head Consecration</b>, a scandal perpetuated by Pennant, on the dogma +of “apostolic succession.” The “high-church clergy” assert that the +ceremony called holy orders has been transmitted without interruption +from the apostles. Thus, the apostles laid hands on certain persons, who +(say they) became ministers of the gospel; these persons “ordained” +others in the same manner; and the succession has never been broken. +Pennant says, at the Reformation the bishops came to a fix. There was +only one bishop, viz., Anthony Kitchen, of Llandaff, and Bonner would +not allow him to perform the ceremony. In this predicament, the fourteen +candidates for episcopal ordination rummaged up Story, a deposed bishop, +and got him to “lay hands” on Parker, as archbishop of Canterbury. As it +would have been profanation for Story to do this in a cathedral or +church, the ceremony was performed in a tavern called the Nag’s Head, +corner of Friday Street, Cheapside. Strype refutes this scandalous tale +in his <i>Life of Archbishop Parker</i>, and so does Dr. Hook; but it will +never be stamped out.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Naggleton</b> (<i>Mr.</i> and <i>Mrs.</i>), types of a nagging husband and wife. They +are for ever jangling at trifles and willful misunderstandings.—<i>Punch</i> +(1864-5).</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Naked_Bear" id="Naked_Bear"></a><b>Naked Bear</b> (<i>The</i>). <i>Hush! the naked bear will hear you!</i> a threat and +reproof to unruly children in North America. The naked bear, says the +legend, was larger and more ferocious than any of the species. It was +quite naked, save and except one spot on its back, where was a tuft of +white hair.—Heckewelder, <i>Transactions of the American Phil. Soc.</i>, iv. +260.</p> + +<p class="poem">Thus the wrinkled old Nokomis<br /> +Nursed the little Hiawatha,<br /> +Rocked him in his linden cradle,<br /> +Stilled his fretful wail by saying<br /> +“Hush! the naked bear will get thee!”<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Longfellow, <i>Hiawatha</i>, iii. (1855).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nakir´</b>, <b>Nekir</b>, or <b>Nakeer</b>. (See <a href="#Monker"><span class="smcap">Monker and Nakir</span></a>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nala</b>, a legendary king of India, noted for his love of Damayanti, and +his subsequent misfortunes. This legendary king has been the subject of +numerous poems.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Dean Milman has translated into English the episode from the +<i>Mahâbhârata</i>,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span> and W. Yates has translated the Nalodaya of the great +Sanskrit poem.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nama</b>, a daughter of man, beloved by the angel Zaraph. Her wish was to +love intensely and to love holily, but as she fixed her love on a +seraph, and not on God, she was doomed to abide on earth, “unchanged in +heart and frame,” so long as the earth endureth; but at the great +consummation both Nama and her seraph will be received into those courts +of love, where “love never dieth.”—Moore, <i>Loves of the Angels</i>, ii. +(1822).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Namby</b> (<i>Major</i>), a retired officer, living in the suburbs of London. He +had been twice married; his first wife had four children, and his second +wife three. Major Namby, though he lived in a row, always transacted his +domestic affairs by bawling out his orders from the front garden, to the +annoyance of his neighbors. He used to stalk half-way down the garden +path, with his head high in the air, his chest stuck out, and +flourishing his military cane. Suddenly he would stop, stamp with one +foot, knock up the hinder brim of his hat, begin to scratch the nape of +his neck, wait a moment, then wheel round, look at the first-floor +window, and roar out, “Matilda!” (the name of his wife) “don’t do +so-and-so;” or “Matilda! do so-and-so.” Then he would bellow to the +servants to buy this, or not to let the children eat that, and so +on.—Wilkie Collins, <i>Pray Employ Major Namby</i> (a sketch).</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Names_of_Terror" id="Names_of_Terror"></a><b>Names of Terror.</b> The following amongst others, have been employed as +bogie-names to frighten children with:—</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Attila</span> was a bogie-name to the Romans.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Bo</span> or <span class="smcap">Boh</span>, son of Odin, was a fierce Gothic captain. His name was used +by his soldiers when they would fight or surprise the enemy.—Sir +William Temple.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Warton tells us that the Dutch scared their children with the +name of Boh.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Bonaparte</span>, at the close of the eighteenth and beginning of the +nineteenth centuries, was a name of terror in Europe.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Corvi´nus</span> (<i>Mathias</i>), the Hungarian, was a scare-name to the Turks.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lilis</span> or <span class="smcap">Lilith</span> was a bogie-name used by the ancient Jews to unruly +children. The rabbinical writers tell us that Lilith was Adam’s wife +before the creation of Eve. She refused to submit to him, and became a +horrible night-spectre, especially hostile to young children.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lunsford</span>, a name employed to frighten children in England. Sir Thomas +Lunsford, governor of the Tower, was a man of most vindictive temper, +and the dread of everyone.</p> + +<p class="poem">Made children with your tones to run for’t,<br /> +As bad as Bloody-bones or Lunsford.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">S. Butler, <i>Hudibras</i>, iii. 2, line 1112, (1678).</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Narses</span> (2 <i>syl.</i>) was the name used by Assyrian mothers to scare their +children with.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The name of Narses was the formidable sound with which the Assyrian +mothers were accustomed to terrify their infants.—Gibbon, <i>Decline +and Fall of the Roman Empire</i>, viii. 219 (1776-88).</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Rawhead</span> and <span class="smcap">Bloody-bones</span> were at one time bogie-names to children.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Servants awe children and keep them in subjection by telling them +of Rawhead and Bloody-bones.—Locke.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Richard I.</span>, “Cœur de Lion.” This name, says Camden (<i>Remains</i>), was +employed by the Saracens as a “name of dread and terror.”</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>His tremendous name was employed by the Syrian mothers to silence +their infants; and if <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span>a horse suddenly started from the way, his +rider was wont to exclaim, “Dost thou think King Richard is in the +bush?”—Gibbon, <i>Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</i>, xi. 146 +(1776-88).</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sebastian</span> (<i>Don</i>), a name of terror once used by the Moors.</p> + +<p class="poem">Nor shall Sebastian’s formidable name<br /> +Be longer used to still the crying babe.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Dryden, <i>Don Sebastian</i> (1690).</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Talbot</span> (<i>John</i>), a name used in France <i>in terrorem</i> to unruly children.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>They in France to feare their young children crye, “The Talbot +commeth!”—Hall, <i>Chronicles</i> (1545).</p></div> + +<p class="poem">Here (said they) is the terror of the French,<br /> +The scarecrow that affrights our children so.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Shakespeare, 1 <i>Henry VI.</i> <a name="corr27" id="corr27"></a><ins class="correction" title="act">act.</ins> i. sc. 4 (1589).</span></p> + +<p class="poem">Is this the Talbot so much feared abroad,<br /> +That with his name the mothers still their babes?<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Shakespeare, 1 <i>Henry VI.</i> act iv. sc. 5 (1589).</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Tamerlane</span>, a name used by the Persians <i>in terrorem</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Tarquin</span>, a name of terror in Roman nurseries.</p> + +<p class="poem">The nurse to still her child, will tell my story,<br /> +And fright her crying babe with Tarquin’s name.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Shakespeare, <i>Rape of Lucrece</i> (1594).</span></p> + +<p>(See also <a href="#Naked_Bear"><span class="smcap">Naked Bear</span></a>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Namo</b>, duke of Bavaria, and one of Charlemagne’s twelve +paladins.—Ariosto, <i>Orlando Furioso</i> (1516).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Namou´na</b>, an enchantress. Though first of created beings, she is still +as young and beautiful as ever.—<i>Persian Mythology.</i></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Namous</b>, the envoy of Mahomet in paradise.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nancy</b>, eldest daughter of an English country family, in straitened +circumstances. Nancy is a romp and untamed, but sound-hearted, and +loves her brothers and sister tenderly. To advance their interests she +marries Sir Roger Tempest, who is much her senior. In time, and after +many misunderstandings, she learns to love him, and “they live happily +together ever after.”—Rhoda Broughton, <i>Nancy</i>.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Nancy</i>, servant to Mrs. Pattypan. A pretty little flirt, who coquets +with Tim Tartlet and young Whimsey, and helps Charlotte Whimsey in her +“love affairs.”—James Cobb, <i>The First Floor</i> (1756-1818).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Nancy</i>, a poor misguided girl, who really loves the villain Bill Sykes +(1 <i>syl.</i>). In spite of her surroundings, she has still some good +feelings, and tries to prevent a burglary planned by Fagin and his +associates. Bill Sykes, in a fit of passion, strikes her twice upon the +face with the butt-end of a pistol, and she falls dead at his feet.—C. +Dickens, <i>Oliver Twist</i> (1837).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Nancy</i>, the sailor’s fancy. At half-past four he parted from her; at +eight next morn he bade her adieu. Next day a storm arose, and when it +lulled the enemy appeared; but when the fight was hottest, the jolly tar +“put up a prayer for Nancy.” Dibdin, <i>Sea Songs</i> (“’Twas post meridian +half-past four,” 1790).</p> + +<p class="main"><a name="Nancy" id="Nancy"></a><i>Nancy</i> (<i>Miss</i>), Mrs. Anna Oldfield, a celebrated actress, buried in +Westminster Abbey. She died in 1730, and lay in state, attended by two +noblemen. Mrs. Oldfield was buried in a “very fine Brussels lace +head-dress, a new pair of kid gloves, and a robe with lace ruffles and a +lace collar.” (See <a href="#Narcissa"><span class="smcap">Narcissa</span></a>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nancy Dawson</b>, a famous actress, who<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span> took London by storm. Her father +was a poster in Clare Market (1728-1767).</p> + +<p class="poem">Her easy mien, her shape so neat,<br /> +She foots, she trips, she looks so sweet;<br /> +<span class="i3">I die for Nancy Dawson.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nancy of the Vale</b>, a village maiden, who preferred Strephon to the gay +lordlings who sought her hand in marriage.—Shenstone, <i>A Ballad</i> +(1554).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nannic</b>, deformed brother of Guenn, and her darling. He is versed in all +manner of auguries and much feared and consulted by the peasants on this +account.—Blanche Willis Howard, <i>Guenn</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nannie</b>, Miss Fleming, daughter of a farmer in the parish of Tarbolton, +in Ayrshire. Immortalized by R. Burns.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Nannie (Little).</i></p> + +<p class="poemquote">“This world, whose brightest day<br /> +<span class="i1">Seems to us so dreary,</span><br /> +Nannie found all bright and gay,<br /> +<span class="i1">Love-alight and cheery,</span><br /> +Stayed a little while to play<br /> +<span class="i1">And went home unweary.”</span><br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Elizabeth Akers Allen, <i>Poems</i> (1866).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nan´tolet</b>, father of Rosalura and Lillia-Bianca.—Beaumont and Fletcher, +<i>The Wild-Goose Chase</i> (1652).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Napoleon I.</b>, called by the Germans “Kaiser Kläs” (<i>q.v.</i>).</p> + +<p>“M” is curiously coupled with the history of Napoleon I. and III. (See +M.)</p> + +<p>The following is a curious play on the word Napoleon.</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="word matching"> +<tr> + <td class="tdc">Napoleôn</td> + <td class="tdc">apoleôn</td> + <td class="tdc">poleôn</td> + <td class="tdc">oleôn</td> + <td class="tdc">leôn</td> + <td class="tdc">eôn</td> + <td></td> + <td class="tdc">ôn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdc"><i>Napoleon</i></td> + <td class="tdc"><i>Apollyon</i></td> + <td class="tdc"><i>cities</i></td> + <td class="tdc"><i>destroying</i></td> + <td class="tdc"><i>a lion</i></td> + <td class="tdc"><i>going</i><br /><i>about</i></td> + <td><span class="double">}</span></td> + <td class="tdc"><i>being.</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>That is:</p> + +<p>Napoleon Apollyon is [<i>being</i>] a lion going about destroying cities.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Chauvinism</i>, Napoleon idolatry. <a name="corr28" id="corr28"></a><ins class="correction" title="Chauvin">Chauvvin</ins> is a blind idolater of +Napoleon I., in Scribe’s drama entitled <i>Soldat Laboureur</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Napoleon_III" id="Napoleon_III"></a><b>Napoleon III.</b> <i>His nicknames.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Arenenberg</span> (<i>Comte d’</i>). So he called himself after his escape from +the fortress of Ham.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Badinguet</span>, the name of the man he shot in his Boulogne escapade.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Boustrapa</span>, a compound of Bou[logne], Stra[sbourg] and Pa[ris], the +places of his noted escapades.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Grosbec.</span> So called from the rather unusual size of his nose.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Man of December.</span> So called because December was his month of glory. +Thus, he was elected president December 11, 1848; made his <i>coup +d’état</i> December 2, 1851; and was created emperor December 2, 1852.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Man of Sedan.</span> So called because at Sedan he surrendered his sword +to the king of Prussia (September, 1870).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ratipole</span>, same as the west of England <span class="smcap">Rantipole</span>, a harum-scarum, +half idiot, half madcap.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Little.</span> Victor Hugo gave him this title; but the hatred of Hugo +to Napoleon was monomania.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Verhuel</span>, the name of his supposed father.</p></div> + +<p class="main"><i>Number 2.</i> The second of the month was Louis Napoleon’s day. It was +also one of the days of his uncle, the other being the fifteenth.</p> + +<p>The <i>coup d’état</i> was December 2; he was made emperor December 2, 1852; +the Franco-Prussian war opened at Saarbrück, August 2, 1870; he +surrendered his sword to William of Prussia, September 2, 1870.</p> + +<p>Napoleon I. was crowned December 2, 1804; and the victory of Austerlitz +was December 2, 1805.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Numerical Curiosities.</i> 1. 1869, the last year of Napoleon’s glory; the +next year was that of his downfall. As a matter of curiosity, it may be +observed that if the day of his birth, or the day of the empress’s +birth, or the date of the capitula<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span>tion of Paris, be added to that of +the coronation of Napoleon III., the result always points to 1869. Thus, +he was crowned 1852; he was born 1808; the Empress Eugénie was born +1826: the capitulation of Paris was 1871. Whence:</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Napoleon numerical curiosities"> +<tr> + <td class="tdr">1852</td> + <td></td> + <td></td> + <td class="tdr">1852</td> + <td></td> + <td></td> + <td class="tdr">1852</td> + <td colspan="2">coronation</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdr">1</td> + <td rowspan="4"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="bracket"><tr><td class="bt br bb"> <br /> <br /> </td></tr></table></td> + <td rowspan="4">birth of<br />Napoleon.</td> + <td class="tdr">1 </td> + <td rowspan="4"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="bracket"><tr><td class="bt br bb"> <br /> <br /> </td></tr></table></td> + <td rowspan="4">birth of<br />Eugénie.</td> + <td class="tdr">1</td> + <td rowspan="4"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="bracket"><tr><td class="bt br bb"> <br /> <br /> </td></tr></table></td> + <td rowspan="4">capitulation<br />of Paris.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdr">8</td> + <td class="tdr">8</td> + <td class="tdr">8</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdr">0</td> + <td class="tdr">2</td> + <td class="tdr">7</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdr bb">8</td> + <td class="tdr bb">6</td> + <td class="tdr bb">1</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdr">1869</td> + <td></td> + <td></td> + <td class="tdr">1869</td> + <td></td> + <td></td> + <td class="tdr">1869</td> + <td></td> + <td></td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p>2. 1870, the year of his downfall. By adding the numerical values of the +birth date either of Napoleon or Eugénie to the date of the marriage, we +get their fatal year of 1870. Thus, Napoleon was born 1808; Eugénie, +1826; married, 1853.</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Napoleon numerical curiosities"> +<tr> + <td class="tdr">1853</td> + <td></td> + <td></td> + <td class="tdr">1853</td> + <td colspan="2">year of marriage.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdr">1</td> + <td rowspan="4"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="bracket"><tr><td class="bt br bb"> <br /> <br /> </td></tr></table></td> + <td rowspan="4">birth of<br />Napoleon.</td> + <td class="tdr">1 </td> + <td rowspan="4"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="bracket"><tr><td class="bt br bb"> <br /> <br /> </td></tr></table></td> + <td rowspan="4">birth of<br />Eugénie.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdr">8</td> + <td class="tdr">8</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdr">0</td> + <td class="tdr">2</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdr bb">8</td> + <td class="tdr bb">6</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdr">1870</td> + <td></td> + <td></td> + <td class="tdr">1870</td> + <td></td> + <td></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>2. <i>Empereur.</i> The votes for the president to be emperor were 7,119,791; +those against him were 1,119,000. If now the numbers +711979r/<img src="images/image04.png" width="33" height="15" alt="Upside down 1116" title="Upside down 1116" /> be written on a piece of paper, and held up to the +light, the reverse side will show the word <i>empereur</i>. (The dash is the +dividing mark, and forms the long stroke of the “p.”)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Napoleon and Talleyrand.</b> Napoleon I. one day entered a roadside inn, and +called for breakfast. There was nothing in the house but eggs and cider +(which Napoleon detested). “What shall we do?” said the emperor to +Talleyrand. In answer to this, the <i>grand chambellan</i> improvised the +rhymes following:—</p> + +<p class="poem">Le bon roi Dagobert<br /> +Aimait le bon vin au dessert.<br /> +<span class="i2">Le grand St. Eloi</span><br /> +<span class="i2">Lui dit, “O mon roi,</span><br /> +<span class="i2">Le droit réuni</span><br /> +<span class="i2">L’a bien renchéri.”</span><br /> +“Eh bien!” lui dit le roi ...</p> + +<p class="noindent">But he could get no further. Whereupon Napoleon himself instantly capped +the line thus:</p> + +<p class="poemquote">“Je boirai du cidre avec toi.”<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Chapus, <i>Dieppe, etc.</i> (1853).</span></p> + +<p class="poem">Our royal master, Dagobert,<br /> +Good wine loved at his dessert.<br /> +<span class="i2">But St. Eloi</span><br /> +<span class="i2">Once said, “Mon roi,</span><br /> +<span class="i2">We here prepare</span><br /> +<span class="i2">No dainty fare.”</span><br /> +“Well,” cried the king, “so let it be,<br /> +Cider to-day we’ll drink with thee.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Napoleon of the Drama.</b> Alfred Bunn, lessee of Drury Lane Theatre +(1819-1826) was so called; and so was Robert William Elliston, his +predecessor (1774-1826, died 1831).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Napoleon of Mexico</b>, the emperor Augusto Iturbidê (1784-1824).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Napoleon of Oratory</b>, W. E. Gladstone (1809- ).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Napoleon of Peace</b>, Louis Philippe of France (1773, reigned 1830-1848, +died 1850).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Narcissa</b>, meant for Elizabeth Lee, the step-daughter of Dr. Young. In +Night ii. the poet says she was clandestinely buried at Montpelier, +because she was a Protestant.—Dr. Young, <i>Night Thoughts</i> (1742-6).</p> + +<p class="main"><a name="Narcissa" id="Narcissa"></a><i>Narcissa</i>, Mrs. Oldfield, the actress, who insisted on being rouged and +dressed in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span> Brussels lace when she was “laid out.” (See <a href="#Nancy"><span class="smcap">Nancy</span></a>.)</p> + +<p class="poem">“Odious! In woolen? ’Twould a saint provoke!”<br /> +Were the last words that poor Narcissa spoke.<br /> +“No, let a charming chintz and Brussels lace<br /> +Wrap my cold limbs and shade my lifeless face;<br /> +One would not, sure, be frightful when one’s dead!<br /> +And, Betty, give this cheek a little red.”<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Pope, <i>Moral Essays</i>, i. (1731).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Narcisse</b>, an airy young Creole. He has boundless faith in himself, and a +Micawberish confidence in the future. He would like to be called +“Papillon,” the butterfly; “’Cause thass my natu’e! I gatheth honey +eve’y day fum eve’y opening floweh, as the bahd of Avon +wemawked.”—George W. Cable, <i>Dr. Sevier</i> (1883).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Narcissus</b>, a flower. According to Grecian fable, Narcissus fell in love +with his own reflection in a fountain, and, having pined away because he +could not kiss it, was changed into the flower which bears his +name.—Ovid, <i>Metamorphoses</i>, iii. 346, etc.</p> + +<p>Echo was in love with Narcissus, and died of grief because he would not +return her love.</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i6">Narcissus fair,</span><br /> +As o’er the fabled fountain hanging still.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Thomson, <i>Seasons</i> (“Spring,” 1728).</span></p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Glück, in 1779, produced an opera called <i>Echo et Narcisse</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Narren-Schiff</b> (“<i>The ship of fools</i>”), a satirical poem, in German, by +Brandt (1491), lashing the follies and vices of the period. Brandt makes +knowledge of one’s self the beginning of wisdom; maintains the equality +of man; and speaks of life as a brief passage only. The book at one time +enjoyed unbounded popularity.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Narses</b> (2 <i>syl.</i>), a Roman general against the Goths; the terror of +children.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The name of Narses was the formidable sound with which the Assyrian +mothers were accustomed to terrify their infants.—Gibbon, <i>Decline +and Fall of the Roman Empire</i>, viii. 219 (1776-88).</p></div> + +<p class="main"><i>Narses</i>, a domestic slave of Alexius Comnēnus, emperor of Greece.—Sir +W. Scott, <i>Count Robert of Paris</i> (time, Rufus).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Naso</b>, Ovid, the Roman poet, whose full name was Publius Ovidius Naso. +(<i>Naso</i> means “nose.”) Hence the pun of Holofernes:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>And why Naso, but for smelling out the odoriferous flowers of +fancy?—Shakespeare, <i>Love’s Labor’s Lost</i>, act iv. sc. 2 (1594).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nathan the Wise</b>, a prudent and wealthy old Jew who lives near Jerusalem +in the time of Saladin. The play is a species of argument for religious +toleration.—G. E. Lessing, <i>Nathan der Weise</i> (1778).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nathaniel</b> (<i>Sir</i>), the grotesque curate of Holofernês.—Shakespeare, +<i>Love’s Labor’s Lost</i> (1594).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nathos</b>, one of the three sons of Usnoth, lord of Etha (in Argyllshire), +made commander of the Irish army at the death of Cuthullin. For a time +he propped up the fortune of the youthful Cormac, but the rebel Cairbar +increased in strength and found means to murder the young king. The army +under Nathos then deserted to the usurper, and Nathos, with his two +brothers, was obliged to quit Ireland. Dar´-Thula, the daughter of +Colla, went with them to avoid Cairbar, who persisted in offering her +his love. The wind drove the vessel back to Ulster, where Cairbar lay +encamped, and the three young men, being overpowered, were slain. As for +Dar-Thula, she was pierced with an arrow, and died also.—Ossian, +<i>Dar-Thula</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span><b>Nation of Gentlemen.</b> The Scotch were so called by George IV., when he +visited Scotland in 1822.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nation of Shopkeepers.</b> The English were so called by Napoleon I.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>National Assembly.</b> (1) The French deputies which met in the year 1789. +The states-general was convened, but the clergy and nobles refused to +sit in the same chamber with the commons, so the commons or deputies of +the <i>tiers état</i> withdrew, constituted themselves into a deliberative +body, and assumed the name of the <i>Assemblée Nationale</i>. (2) The +democratic French parliament of 1848, consisting of 900 members elected +by manhood suffrage, was so called also.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>National Convention</b>, the French parliament of 1792. It consisted of 721 +members, but was reduced, first to 500, then to 300. It succeeded the +National Assembly.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Natty Bumpo</b>, called “Leather-stocking.” He appears in five of F. +Cooper’s novels: (1) <i>The Deerslayer</i>; (2) <i>The Pathfinder</i>; (3) +“Hawkeye” in <i>The Last of the Mohicans</i>; (4) “Natty Bumpo,” in <i>The +Pioneer</i>; and (5) “The Trapper,” in <i>The Prairie</i>, in which he dies.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nausic´aa</b> (4 <i>syl.</i>), daughter of Alcinous, king of the Phœa´cians, who +conducted Ulysses to the court of her father when he was shipwrecked on +the coast.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Navigation</b> (<i>The Father of</i>), Don Henrique, duke of Viseo, the greatest +man that Portugal has produced (1394-1460).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Navigation</i> (<i>The Father of British Inland</i>), Francis Egerton, duke of +Bridgewater (1736-1803).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Neæra</b>, a name used by Horace, Virgil, Tibullus, and Milton as a synonym +of sweetheart.</p> + +<p class="poem">To sport with Amaryllis in the shade,<br /> +Or with the tangles of Neæra’s hair.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Milton, <i>Lycidas</i> (1638).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Neal´liny</b> (4 <i>syl.</i>), a suttee, the young widow of Ar´valan, son of +Keha´ma.—Southey, <i>Curse of Kehama</i>, i. 11 (1809).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nebuchadnezzar</b> [<i>Ne-boch-ad-ne-Tzar</i>], in Russian, means “there is no +God but the Czar.”—M. D., <i>Notes and Queries</i> (21st July, 1877).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Neck.</b> Calig´ula, the Roman emperor used to say, “Oh that the Roman +people had but one neck, that I might cut it off at a blow!”</p> + +<p class="poem">I love the sex, and sometimes would reverse<br /> +The tyrant’s wish, that, “mankind only had<br /> +One neck, which he with one fell stroke might pierce.”<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Byron, <i>Don Juan</i>, vi. 27 (1824).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Neck or Nothing</b>, a farce by Garrick (1766). Mr. Stockwell promises to +give his daughter in marriage to the son of Sir Harry Harlowe, of +Dorsetshire, with a <i>dot</i> of £10,000; but it so happens that the young +man is privately married. The two servants of Mr. Belford and Sir Harry +Harlowe try to get possession of the money, by passing off Martin +(Belford’s servant) as Sir Harry’s son; but it so happens that Belford +is in love with Miss Stockwell, and hearing of the plot through Jenny, +the young lady’s-maid, arrests the two servants as vagabonds. Old +Stockwell gladly consents to his marriage with Nancy, and thinks himself +well out of the terrible scrape.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nectaba´nus</b>, the dwarf at the cell of the hermit of Engaddi. Sir W. +Scott, <i>The Talisman</i> (time, Richard I.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span><b>Nectar</b>, the beverage of the gods. It was white as cream, for when Hebê +spilt some of it, the white arch of heaven, called the Milky Way, was +made. The food of the gods was <i>ambrosia</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ned</b> (<i>Lying</i>), “the chimney-sweeper of Savoy,” that is, the duke of +Savoy, who joined the allied army against France in the war of the +Spanish Succession.—Dr. Arbuthnot, <i>History of John Bull</i> (1712).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Negro´ni</b>, a princess, the friend of Lucrezia di Borgia. She invited the +notables who had insulted the Borgia to a banquet, and killed them with +poisoned wine.—Donizetti, <i>Lucrezia di Borgia</i> (an opera, 1834).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ne´gus</b>, sovereign of Abyssinia. Erco´co, or Erquico, on the Red Sea, +marks the north-east boundary of this empire.</p> + +<p class="poem">The empire of Negus to his utmost port,<br /> +Ercoco.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Milton, <i>Paradise Lost</i>, xi. 397 (1665).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nehemiah Holdenough</b>, a Presbyterian preacher.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Woodstock</i> +(time, commonwealth).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Neilson</b> (<i>Mr. Christopher</i>), a surgeon at Glasgow.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Rob +Roy</i> (time, George I.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Neim´heid</b> (2 <i>syl.</i>) employed four architects to build him a palace in +Ireland; and, that they might not build another like it or superior to +it for some other monarch, had them all secretly murdered.—O’Halloran, +<i>History of Ireland</i>.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> A similar story is told of Nômanal-Aôuar, king of Hirah, who +employed Senna´mar to build him a palace. When finished, he cast the +architect headlong from the highest tower, to prevent his building +another to rival it.—D’Herbelot, <i>Bibliothèque </i><a name="corr29" id="corr29"></a><ins class="correction" title="Orientale"><i>Oriental</i></ins> (1697).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nekayah</b>, sister of Rasselas, prince of Abyssinia. She escapes with her +brother from the “happy valley,” and wanders about with him to find what +condition or rank of life is the most happy. After roaming for a time, +and finding no condition of life free from its drawbacks, the brother +and sister resolved to return to the “happy valley.”—Dr. Johnson, +<i>Rasselas</i> (1759).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nell</b>, the meek and obedient wife of Jobson; taught by the strap to know +who was lord and master. Lady Loverule was the imperious, headstrong +bride of Sir John Loverule. The two women by a magical hocus-pocus, were +changed for a time, without any of the four knowing it. Lady Loverule +was placed with Jobson, who soon brought down her turbulent temper with +the strap, and when she was reduced to submission, the two women were +restored again to their respective husbands.—C. Coffey, <i>The Devil to +Pay</i> (1731).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Nell</i> (<i>Little</i>), or <span class="smcap">Nelly Trent</span>, a sweet, innocent, loving child of 14 +summers, brought up by her old miserly grandfather, who gambled away all +his money. Her days were monotonous and without youthful companionship, +her evenings gloomy and solitary; there were no child-sympathies in her +dreary home, but dejection, despondence akin to madness, watchfulness, +suspicion, and imbecility. The grandfather being wholly ruined by +gaming, the two went forth as beggars, and ultimately settled down in a +cottage adjoining a country churchyard. Here Nell died, and the old +grandfather soon afterwards was found dead upon her grave.—C. Dickens, +<i>The Old Curiosity Shop</i> (1840).</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span><b>Nelly</b>, the servant-girl of Mrs. Dinmont.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Guy Mannering</i> +(time, George II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nelson’s Ship</b>, the <i>Victory</i>.</p> + +<p class="poem">Now from the fleet of the foemen past<br /> +<span class="i1">Ahead of the <i>Victory</i>,</span><br /> +A four-decked ship, with a flagless mast,<br /> +<span class="i1">An Anak of the sea.</span><br /> +His gaze on the ship Lord Nelson cast:<br /> +<span class="i1">“Oh, oh! my old friend!” quoth he.</span><br /> +“Since again we have met, we must all be glad<br /> +To pay our respects to the <i>Trinidad</i>.”<br /> +So, full on the bow of the giant foe,<br /> +<span class="i1">Our gallant <i>Victory</i> runs;</span><br /> +Thro’ the dark’ning smoke the thunder broke<br /> +<span class="i1">O’er her deck from a hundred guns.</span><br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Lord Lytton, <i>Ode</i>, iii. 9 (1839).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nem´ean Lion</b>, a lion of Argŏlis, slain by Herculês.</p> + +<p>In this word Shakespeare has preserved the correct accent: “As hardy as +the Nem´ean lion’s nerve” (<i>Hamlet</i>, act i. sc. 5); but Spenser +incorrectly throws the accent on the second syllable, which is <i>e</i> +short: “Into the great Neme´an’s lion’s grove” (<i>Faëry Queen</i>, v. 1).</p> + +<p class="poem">Ere Nemĕa’s beast resigned his shaggy spoils.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Statius, <i>The Thebaid</i>, i.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nem´esis</b>, the Greek personification of retribution, or that punishment +for sin which sooner or later overtakes the offender.</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i1">... and some great Nemesis</span><br /> +Break from a darkened future.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Tennyson, <i>The Princess</i>, (1847).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ne´mo</b>, the name by which Captain Hawdon was known at Krook’s. He had +once won the love of the future Lady Dedlock, by whom he had a child +called Esther Summerson; but he was compelled to copy law-writings for +daily bread, and died a miserable death from an overdose of opium.—C. +Dickens, <i>Bleak House</i> (1852).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nepen´the</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>) or <span class="smcap">Nepenthes</span>, a care-dispelling drug, which +Polydamna, wife of Tho´nis, king of Egypt, gave to Helen (daughter of +Jove and Leda). A drink containing this drug “changed grief to mirth, +melancholy to joyfulness, and hatred to love.” The water of Ardenne had +the opposite effects. Homer mentions the drug nepenthê in his <i>Odyssey</i>, +iv. 228.</p> + +<p class="poem">That nepenthês which the wife of Thone,<br /> +In Egypt gave to Jove-born Helena.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Milton, <i>Comus</i>, (1634).</span></p> + +<p class="poem">Nepenthê is a drink of sovereign grace.<br /> +<span class="i1">Devisèd by the gods for to assuage</span><br /> +Heart’s grief, and bitter gall away to chase<br /> +<span class="i1">Which stirs up anger and contentious rage;</span><br /> +<span class="i1">Instead thereof sweet peace and quietage</span><br /> +It doth establish in the troubled mind ...<br /> +And such as drink, eternal happiness do find.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Spencer, <i>Faëry Queen</i>, iv. 2 (1596).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nep´omuk</b> or <b>Nep´omuck</b> (<i>St. John</i>), canon of Prague. He was thrown from +a bridge in 1381, and drowned by order of King Wenceslaus, because he +refused to betray the secrets confided to him by the queen in the holy +rite of confession. The spot whence he was cast into the Moldau is still +marked by a cross with five stars on the parapet, indicative of the +miraculous flames seen flickering over the dead body for three days. +Nepomuk was canonized in 1729, and became the patron saint of bridges. +His statue in stone usually occupies such a position on bridges as it +does in Prague.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Like St. John Nep´omuck in stone, Looking down into the stream. +Longfellow, <i>The Golden Legend</i> (1851).</p></div> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> The word is often accented on the second syllable.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Neptune</b> (<i>Old Father</i>), the ocean or sea-god.</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span><b>Nerestan</b>, son of Gui Lusignan D’Outremer, king of Jerusalem, and brother +of Zara. Nerestan was sent on his parole to France, to obtain ransom for +certain Christians, who had fallen into the hands of the Saracens. When +Osman, the sultan, was informed of his relationship to Zara, he ordered +all Christian captives to be at once liberated “without money and +without price.”—A. Hill, <i>Zara</i> (adapted from Voltaire’s tragedy).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nereus</b> (2 <i>syl.</i>), father of the water-nymphs. A very old prophetic god +of great kindliness. The scalp, chin and breast of Nereus were covered +with seaweed instead of hair.</p> + +<p class="poem">By hoary Nêreus’ wrinkled look.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Milton, <i>Comus</i>, (1634).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Neri´nê</b>, <b>Doto</b>, and <b>Nysê</b>, the three nereids who guarded the fleet of +Vasco da Gama. When the treacherous pilot had run Vasco’s ship upon a +sunken rock, these three sea-nymphs lifted up the prow and turned it +round.</p> + +<p class="poem">The lovely Nysê and Nerinê spring<br /> +With all the vehemence and speed of wing.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Camoens, <i>Lusiad</i>, ii. (1569).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nerissa</b>, the clever confidential waiting-woman of <i>Portia</i>, the Venetian +heiress. Nerissa is the counterfeit of her mistress, with a fair share +of the lady’s elegance and wit. She marries <i>Gratiano</i>, a friend of the +merchant <i>Antonio</i>.—Shakespeare, <i>The Merchant of Venice</i> <a name="corr30" id="corr30"></a><ins class="correction" title="(1598).">(1698).</ins></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nero of the North</b>, Christian II. of Denmark (1480, reigned 1534-1558, +died 1559).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nesle</b> (<i>Blondel de</i>), the favorite minstrel of Richard Cœur de Lion +[Nesle = <i>Neel</i>].—Sir W. Scott, <i>The Talisman</i> (time, Richard I.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nessus’s Shirt.</b> Nessos (in Latin <i>Nessus</i>), the centaur, carried the +wife of Herculês over a river, and, attempting to run away with her, was +shot by Herculês. As the centaur was dying, he told Deïani´ra (5 +<i>syl.</i>), that if she steeped in his blood her husband’s shirt, she would +secure his love forever. This she did, but when Herculês put the shirt +on, his body suffered such agony, that he rushed to Mount Œta, collected +together a pile of wood, set it on fire, and rushing into the midst of +the flames, was burnt to death.</p> + +<p>When Creūsa (3 <i>syl.</i>), the daughter of King Creon, was about to be +married to Jason, Medēa sent her a splendid wedding robe; but when +Creusa put it on, she was burnt to death by it in excruciating pain.</p> + +<p>Morgan le Fay, hoping to kill King Arthur, sent him a superb royal robe. +Arthur told the messenger to try it on, that he might see its effect; +but no sooner had the messenger done so, than he dropped down dead, +“burnt to mere coal.”—Sir T. Malory, <i>History of Prince Arthur</i>, i. 75 +(1470).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nestor</b> (<i>A</i>), a wise old man. Nestor of <a name="corr31" id="corr31"></a><ins class="correction" title="Pylos">Pylos,</ins> was the oldest and +most experienced of all the Greek chieftains who went to the siege of +Troy.—Homer, <i>Iliad</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nestor of the Chemical Revolution.</b> Dr. Black is so called by Lavoisier +(1728-1799).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nestor of Europe</b>, Leopold, king of Belgium (1790, 1831-1865).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Neu´ha</b>, a native of Toobouai, one of the Society Islands. It was at +Toobouai that the mutineers of the <i>Bounty</i> landed, and Torquil married +Neuha. When a vessel was sent to capture the mutineers, Neuha conducted +Torquil to a secret cave,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span> where they lay <i>perdu</i> till all danger was +over, when they returned to their island home.—Byron, <i>The Island</i>. +(The character of Neuha is given in canto ii. 7.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nevers</b> (<i>Comte de</i>), to whom Valenti´na (daughter of the governor of the +Louvre) was affianced, and whom she married in a fit of jealousy. The +count having been shot in the Bartholomew slaughter, Valentina married +Raoul [<i>Rawl</i>] her first love, but both were killed by a party of +musketeers commanded by the governor of the Louvre.—Meyerbeer, <i>Les +Huguenots</i> (opera, 1836).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> The duke [not <i>count</i>] de Nevers, being asked by the governor +of the Louvre to join in the Bartholomew Massacre, replied that his +family contained a long list of warriors, but not one assassin.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Neville</b> (<i>Major</i>), an assumed name of Lord Geraldin, son of the earl of +Geraldin. He first appears as Mr. William Lovell.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mr. Geraldin Neville</i>, uncle to Lord Geraldin.—Sir W. Scott, <i>The +Antiquary</i> (time, George III.).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Neville</i> (<i>Miss</i>), the friend and <i>confidante</i> of Miss Hardcastle. A +handsome, coquettish girl, destined by Mrs. Hardcastle for her son Tony +Lumpkin, but Tony did not care for her, and she dearly loved Mr. +Hastings; so Hastings and Tony plotted together to outwit madam, and of +course won the day.—O. Goldsmith, <i>She Stoops to Conquer</i> (1773).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Neville</i> (<i>Sir Henry</i>), chamberlain of Richard Cœur de Lion.—Sir W. +Scott, <i>The Talisman</i> (time, Richard I.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>New Atlantis</b> (<i>The</i>), an imaginary island in the middle of the Atlantic. +Bacon in his allegorical fiction so called, supposes himself wrecked on +this island, where he finds an association for the cultivation of +natural science, and the promotion of arts.—Lord Bacon, <i>The New +Atlantis</i> (1626).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Called the <i>New</i> Atlantis to distinguish it from Plato’s +Atlantis, an imaginary island of fabulous charms.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>New Inn</b> (<i>The</i>), or <span class="smcap">The Light Heart</span>, a comedy by Ben Jonson (1628).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>New Way to Pay Old Debts</b>, a drama by Philip Massinger (1625). Wellborn, +the nephew of Sir Giles Overreach, having run through his fortune and +got into debt, induces Lady Allworth, out of respect and gratitude to +his father, to give him countenance. This induces Sir Giles to suppose +that his nephew is about to marry the wealthy dowager. Feeling convinced +that he will then be able to swindle him out of all the dowager’s +property, as he had ousted him out of his paternal estates, Sir Giles +pays his nephew’s debts, and supplies him liberally with ready money, to +bring about the marriage as soon as possible. Having paid Wellborn’s +debts, the overreaching old man is compelled, through the treachery of +his clerk, to restore the estates also, for the deeds of conveyance are +found to be only blank sheets of parchment, the writing having been +erased by some chemical acids.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>New Zealander</b>, It was Macaulay who said the time might come when some +“New Zealand artist shall, in the midst of a vast solitude, take his +stand on a broken arch of London bridge to sketch the ruins of St. +Paul’s.”</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Shelley was before Macaulay in the same conceit.—See +<i>Dedication of Peter Bell the Third</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span><b>Newcastle</b> (<i>The duchess of</i>), in the court of Charles <a name="corr32" id="corr32"></a><ins class="correction" title="II.">II.).</ins>—Sir +W. Scott, <i>Peveril of the Peak</i> (time, Charles II.).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Newcastle</i> (<i>The marquis of</i>), a royalist in the service of Charles +I.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Legend of Montrose</i> (time, Charles I.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Newcastle Apothecary</b> (<i>The</i>), Mr. Bolus, of Newcastle, used to write his +prescriptions in rhyme. A bottle bearing the couplet, “When taken to be +well shaken,” was sent to a patient, and when Bolus called next day to +inquire about its effect, John told the apothecary his master was dead. +The fact is, John had shaken the <i>sick man</i> instead of the bottle, and +had shaken the life out of him.—G. Colman, Jr.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Newcome</b> (<i>Clemency</i>), about 30 years old, with a plump and cheerful +face, but twisted into a tightness that made it comical. Her gait was +very homely, her limbs seemed all odd ones; her shoes were so +self-willed that they never wanted to go where her feet went. She wore +blue stockings, a printed gown of hideous pattern and many colors, and a +white apron. Her sleeves were short, her elbows always grazed, her cap +anywhere but in the right place; but she was scrupulously clean, and +“maintained a kind of dislocated tidiness.” She carried in her pocket “a +handkerchief, a piece of wax-candle, an apple, an orange, a lucky penny, +a cramp-bone, a padlock, a pair of scissors, a handful of loose beads, +several balls of worsted and cotton, a needle-case, a collection of +curl-papers, a biscuit, a thimble, a nutmeg-grater, and a few +miscellaneous articles.” Clemency Newcome married Benjamin Britain, her +fellow-servant at Dr. Jeddler’s, and opened a country inn called the +Nutmeg-Grater, a cozy, well-to-do place as any one could wish to see, +and there were few married people so well matched as Clemency and Ben +Britain.—C. Dickens, <i>The Battle of Life</i> (1846).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Newcome</i> (<i>Colonel</i>), a widower, distinguished for the moral beauty of +his life. He loses his money and enters the Charter House.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Clive Newcome</i>, his son. He is in love with Ethel Newcome, his cousin, +whom he marries as his second wife.—Thackeray, <i>The Newcomes</i> (1855).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Newcome</i> (<i>Johnny</i>), any raw youth when he first enters the army or +navy.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Newman Noggs.</b> Ralph Nickleby’s clerk, but Ralph’s nephew’s friend and +secret coadjutor.—Charles Dickens, <i>Nicholas Nickleby</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Newland</b> (<i>Abraham</i>), one of the governors of the Bank of England, to +whom, in the early part of the nineteenth century, all Bank of England +notes were made payable. A bank-note was called an “Abraham Newland;” +and hence the popular song, “I’ve often heard say, sham Ab’ram you may, +but must not sham Abraham Newland.”</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Trees are notes issued from the bank of nature, and as current as +those payable to Abraham Newland.—G. Colman, <i>The Poor Gentleman</i>, +i. 2 (1802).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Newman.</b> An intelligent American who has made a fortune as a +manufacturer, yet kept his head steady. He sees life with clear, +sometimes with amused eyes.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“In America,” Newman reflected, “lads of twenty-five and thirty +have old heads and young hearts, or at least, young morals; abroad +they have young heads and very aged hearts, morals the most +grizzled and wrinkled.”—Henry James Jr., <i>The Americans</i> (1877).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span><b>Newton.</b></p> + +<p class="poem">Newton ... declared, with all his grand discoveries recent,<br /> +That he himself felt only “like a youth<br /> +Picking up shells by the great ocean, truth.”<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Byron, <i>Don Juan</i>, vii. 5 (1824).</span></p> + +<p>Newton discovered the prismatic colors of light, and explained the +phenomenon by the emission theory.</p> + +<p class="poem">Nature and Nature’s laws lay hid in night.<br /> +God said, “Let Newton be,” and all was light.</p> + +<p>Pope, <i>Epitaph, intended for Newton’s Monument in Westminster Abbey</i> +(1727).</p> + +<p>Newton is called by Campbell “The Priest of Nature.”—<i>Pleasures of +Hope</i>, i. (1799).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Newton and the Apple.</b> It is said that Newton was standing in the garden +of Mrs. Conduitt, of Woolsthorpe, in the year 1665, when an apple fell +from a tree and set him thinking. From this incident he ultimately +developed his theory of gravitation.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nibelung</b>, a mythical king of Nibelungeland (<i>Norway</i>). He had twelve +paladins, all giants. Siegfried [<i>Sege.freed</i>], prince of the +Netherlands, slew the giants, and made Nibelungeland +tributary.—<i>Nibelungen Lied</i>, iii. (1210).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nibelungen Hoard</b>, a mythical mass of gold and precious stones which +Siegfried [<i>Sege.freed</i>], prince of the Netherlands, took from +Nibelungeland and gave to his wife as a dowry. The hoard filled +thirty-six wagons. After the murder of Siegfried, Hagan seized the +hoard, and, for concealment, sank it in the “Rhine at Lockham,” +intending to recover it at a future period, but Hagan was assassinated, +and the hoard was lost for ever.—<i>Nibelungen Lied</i>, xix.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nibelungen Lied</b> [<i>Ne.by-lung.’nleed</i>], the German <i>Iliad</i> (1210). It is +divided into two parts, and thirty-two lieds or cantos. The first part +ends with the death of Siegfried, and the second part with the death of +Kriemhild.</p> + +<p>Siegfried, the youngest of the kings of the Netherlands, went to Worms, +to crave the hand of Kriemhild in marriage. While he was staying with +Günther, king of Burgundy (the lady’s brother), he assisted him to +obtain in marriage Brunhild, queen of Issland, who announced publicly +that he only should be her husband who could beat her in hurling a +spear, throwing a huge stone, and in leaping. Siegfried, who possessed a +cloak of invisibility, aided Günther in these three contests, and +Brunhild became his wife. In return for these services, Günther gave +Siegfried his sister Kriemhild, in marriage. After a time, the bride and +bridegroom went to visit Günther, when the two ladies disputed about the +relative merits of their respective husbands, and Kriemhild, to exalt +Siegfried, boasted that Günther owed to him his victories and his wife. +Brunhild, in great anger, now employed Hagan to murder Siegfried, and +this he did by stabbing him in the back while he was drinking from a +brook.</p> + +<p>Thirteen years elapsed, and the widow married Etzel, king of the Huns. +After a time, she invited Brunhild and Hagan to a visit. Hagan, in this +visit, killed Etzel’s young son, and Kriemhild was like a fury. A battle +ensued, in which Günther and Hagan were made prisoners, and Kriemhild +cut off both their heads with her own hand. Hildebrand, horrified at +this act of blood, slew Kriemhild; and so the poem ends.—Authors +unknown (but the story pieced together by the minnesingers).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> The <i>Völsunga Saga</i> is the Icelandic version of the +<i>Nibelungen Lied</i>. This saga has been translated into English by William +Morris.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span>The <i>Nibelungen Lied</i> has been ascribed to Heinrich von Ofterdingen, a +minnesinger; but it certainly existed before that epoch, if not as a +complete whole, in separate lays, and all that Heinrich von Ofterdingen +could have done was to collect the floating lays, connect them, and form +them into a complete story.</p> + +<p>F. A. Wolf, in 1795, wrote a learned book to prove that Homer did for +the <i>Iliad</i> and <i>Odyssey</i> what Ofterdingen did for the <i>Nibelungen +Lied</i>.</p> + +<p>Richard Wagner composed a series of operas founded on the Nibelungen +Lied.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nibelungen Nôt</b>, the second part of the <i>Nibelungen Lied</i>, containing the +marriage of Kriemhild with Etzel, the visit of the Burgundians to the +court of the Hun, and the death of Günther, Hagan, Kriemhild, and +others. This part contains eighty-three four-line stanzas more than the +first part. The number of lines in the two parts is 9836; so that the +poem is almost as long as Milton’s <i>Paradise Lost</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nibelungers</b>, whoever possessed the Nibelungen hoard. When it was in +Norway, the Norwegians were so called: when Siegfried [<i>Sege.freed</i>] got +the possession of it, the Netherlanders were so called; and when the +hoard was removed to Burgundy, the Burgundians were the Nibelungers.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nic. Frog</b>, the Dutch as a nation; as the English are called John +Bull.—Dr. Arbuthnot, <i>History of John Bull</i> (1712).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nica´nor</b>, “the Protospathaire,” a Greek general.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Count +Robert of Paris</i> (time, Rufus).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nice</b> (<i>Sir Courtley</i>), the chief character and title of a drama by +Croune (1685).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nicholas</b>, a poor scholar, who boarded with John, a rich old miserly +carpenter. The poor scholar fell in love with Alison, his landlord’s +young wife, who joined him in duping the foolish old carpenter. Nicholas +told John that such a rain would fall on the ensuing Monday as would +drown every one in “less than an hour;” and he persuaded the old fool to +provide three large tubs, one for himself, one for his wife, and the +other for his lodger. In these tubs, said Nicholas, they would be saved; +and when the flood abated, they would then be lords and masters of the +whole earth. A few hours before the time of the “flood,” the old +carpenter went to the top chamber of his house to repeat his <i>pater +nosters</i>. He fell asleep over his prayers, and was roused by the cry of +“Water! water! Help! help!” Supposing the rain had come, he jumped into +his tub, and was let down by Nicholas and Alison into the street. A +crowd soon assembled, were delighted at the joke, and pronounced the old +man an idiot and fool.—Chaucer, <i>Canterbury Tales</i> (“The Miller’s +Tale,” 1388).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Nicholas</i>, the barber of the village in which Don Quixote +lived.—Cervantes, <i>Don Quixote</i>, I. (1605).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Nicholas</i> (<i>Brother</i>), a monk at St. Mary’s Convent.—Sir W. Scott, +<i>The Monastery</i> (time, Elizabeth).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Nicholas</i> (<i>St.</i>), patron saint of boys, parish clerks, sailors, +thieves, and of Aberdeen, Russia, etc.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Nicholas</i> (<i>St.</i>). The legend is, that an angel told him a father was +so poor he was about to raise money by the prostitution of his three +daughters. On hearing this St. Nicholas threw in at the cottage<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span> window +three bags of money, sufficient to portion each of the three damsels.</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i8">The gift</span><br /> +Of Nicholas, which on the maidens he<br /> +Bounteous bestowed, to save their youthful prime<br /> +Unblemished.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Dantê, <i>Purgatory</i>, xx. (1308).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nicholas of the Tower</b> (<i>The</i>), the duke of Exeter, constable of the +Tower.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nicholas’s Clerks</b>, highwaymen; so called by a pun on the phrase <i>Old +Nick</i> and <i>St. Nicholas</i> who presided over scholars.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>St. Nicholas’s Clerks</i>, scholars; so called because St. Nicholas was +the patron of scholars. The statutes of Paul’s School require the +scholars to attend divine service on St. Nicholas’s Day.—Knight, <i>Life +of Dean Colet</i>, 362 (1726).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nicholas Minturn</b>, hero of novel of that name, by Josiah Gilbert Holland +(1876).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nickleby</b> (<i>Nicholas</i>), the chief character and title of a novel by C. +Dickens (1838). He is the son of a poor country gentleman, and has to +make his own way in the world. He first goes as usher to Mr. Squeers, +schoolmaster at Dotheboys Hall, in Yorkshire; but leaves in disgust with +the tyranny of Squeers and his wife, especially to a poor boy named +Smike. Smike runs away from the school to follow Nicholas, and remains +his humble follower till death. At Portsmouth, Nicholas joins the +theatrical company of Mr. Crummles, but leaves the profession for other +adventures. He falls in with the brothers Cheeryble, who make him their +clerk; and in this post he rises to become a merchant, and ultimately +marries Madeline Bray.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mrs. Nickleby</i>, mother of Nicholas, and a widow. She is an enormous +talker, fond of telling long stories with no connection. Mrs. Nickleby +is a weak, vain woman, who imagines an idiot neighbor is in love with +her because he tosses cabbages and other articles over the garden wall. +In conversation, Mrs. Nickleby rides off from the main point at every +word suggestive of some new idea. As a specimen of her sequence of +ideas, take the following example: “The name began with ‘B’ and ended +with ‘g,’ I am sure. Perhaps it was Waters” (p. 198).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> “The original of ‘Mrs. Nickleby,’” says John Foster, “was the +mother of Charles Dickens.”—<i>Life of Dickens</i>, iii. 8.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Kate Nickleby</i>, sister of Nicholas; beautiful, pure-minded, and loving. +Kate works hard to assist in the expenses of housekeeping, but shuns +every attempt of Ralph and others to allure her from the path of virgin +innocence. She ultimately marries Frank, the nephew of the Cheeryble +brothers.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Ralph Nickleby</i>, of Golden Square (London), uncle to Nicholas and Kate. +A hard, grasping money-broker, with no ambition but the love of saving, +no spirit beyond the thirst of gold, and no principle except that of +fleecing every one who comes into his power. This villain is the father +of Smike, and ultimately hangs himself, because he loses money, and sees +his schemes one after another burst into thin air.—C. Dickens, +<i>Nicholas Nickleby</i>, (1838).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nicneven</b>, a gigantic, malignant hag of Scotch superstition.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Dunbar, the Scotch poet, describes her in his <i>Flyting of +Dunbar and Kennedy</i> (1508).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nicode´mus</b>, one of the servants of General Harrison.—Sir W. Scott, +<i>Woodstock</i> (time, Commonwealth).</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span><b>Nicole</b> (2 <i>syl.</i>), a female servant of M. Jourdain, who sees the folly +of her master, and exposes it in a natural and amusing manner.—Molière, +<i>Le Bourgeois </i><a name="corr33" id="corr33"></a><ins class="correction" title="Gentilehomme"><i>Gentlehomme</i></ins> (1670).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Night</b> or <b>Nox</b>. So Tennyson calls Sir Peread, the Black Knight of the +Black Lands, one of the four brothers who kept the passages to Castle +Perilous.—Tennyson, <i>Idylls of the King</i> (“Gareth and Lynette”); Sir T. +Malory, <i>History of Prince Arthur</i>, i. 126 (1470).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nightingale</b> (<i>The Italian</i>), Angelica Catala´ni; also called “The Queen +of Song” (1782-1849).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Nightingale</i> (<i>The Swedish</i>), Jenny Lind, afterwards Mde. Goldschmidt. +She appeared in London 1847, and retired from public life in 1851 +(1821-1887).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nightingale and the Lutist.</b> The tale is, that a lute-master challenged a +nightingale in song. The bird, after sustaining the contest for some +time, feeling itself outdone, fell on the lute, and died broken-hearted.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> This tale is from the Latin of Strada, translated by Richard +Crashaw, and called <i>Music’s Duel</i> (1650). It is most beautifully told +by John Ford, in his drama entitled <i>The Lover’s Melancholy</i>, where +Men´aphon is supposed to tell it to Ame´thus (1628).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nightingale and the Thorn.</b></p> + +<p class="poem">As it fell upon a day<br /> +In the merry month of May,<br /> +Sitting in a pleasant shade<br /> +Which a grove of myrtles made—<br /> +Beasts did leap, and birds did sing,<br /> +Trees did grow, and plants did spring,<br /> +Everything did banish moan,<br /> +Save the nightingale alone;<br /> +She, poor bird, as all forlorn,<br /> +Leaned her breast up-till a thorn.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Richard Barnfield, <i>Address to the Nightingale</i> (1594).</span></p> + +<p class="poem">So Philomel, perched on an aspen sprig,<br /> +<span class="i1">Weeps all the night her lost virginity,</span><br /> +And sings her sad tale to the merry twig,<br /> +<span class="i1">That dances at such joyful mysery.</span><br /> +<span class="i1">Never lets sweet rest invade her eye;</span><br /> +But leaning on a thorn her dainty chest,<br /> +For fear soft sleep should steal into her breast,<br /> +Expresses in her song grief not to be expressed.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Giles Fletcher, <i>Christ’s Triumph over Death</i> (1610).</span></p> + +<p class="poem">The nightingale that sings with the deep thorn,<br /> +Which fable places in her breast.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Byron, <i>Don Juan</i>, vi. 87 (1824).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nightmare of Europe</b> (<i>The</i>), Napoleon Bonaparte (1769, reigned +1804-1814, died 1821).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nightshade</b> (<i>Deadly</i>). We are told that the berries of this plant so +intoxicated the soldiers of Sweno, the Danish king, that they became an +easy prey to the Scotch, who cut them to pieces.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Called “deadly,” not from its poisonous qualities, but +because it was used at one time for blackening the eyes in mourning.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nimrod</b>, pseudonym of Charles James Apperley, author of <a name="corr34" id="corr34"></a><ins class="correction" title="The Chase, the Turf, and the Road"><i>The Chase, The +Road, The Turf</i></ins> (1852), etc.</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Nimue" id="Nimue"></a><b>Nim´ue</b>, a “damsel of the lake,” who cajoled Merlin in his dotage to tell +her the secret “whereby he could be rendered powerless;” and then, like +Delilah, she overpowered him, by “confining him under a stone.”</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Then after these quests, Merlin fell in a dotage on ... one of the +damsels of the lake, hight Nimue, and Merlin would let her have no +rest, but always he would be with her in every place. And she made +him good cheer till she learned of him what she desired.... And +Merlin shewed <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span>to her in a rock, whereas was a great wonder ... +which went under a stone. So by her subtle craft, she made Merlin +go under that stone ... and he never came out, for all the craft +that he could do.—Sir T. Malory, <i>History of Prince Arthur</i>, i. 60 +(1470).</p></div> + +<p>It is not unlikely that this name is a clerical error for Nineve or +Ninive. It occurs only once in the three volumes. (See <a name="corr35" id="corr35"></a><ins class="correction" title="Nineve)."><a href="#Nineve"><span class="smcap">Ninive</span></a>.)</ins></p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Tennyson makes Vivien the seductive betrayer of Merlin, and +says she enclosed him “in the four walls of a hollow tower;” but the +<i>History</i> says “Nimue put him under the stone” (pt. i. 60).</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="corr36" id="corr36"></a><ins class="correction" title="Nina-Thoma,"><b>Nino-Thoma</b>,</ins> daughter of Tor-Thoma (chief of one of the +Scandinavian islands). She eloped with Uthal (son of Larthmor, a petty +king of Berrathon, a neighboring island); but Uthal soon tired of her, +and, having fixed his affections on another, confined her in a desert +island. Uthal, who had also dethroned his father, was slain in single +combat by Ossian, who had come to restore the deposed monarch to his +throne. When Nina-Thoma heard of her husband’s death, she languished and +died, “for though most cruelly entreated, her love for Uthal was not +abated.”—Ossian, <i>Berrathon</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nine.</b> “It is by nines that Eastern presents are given, when they would +extend their <a name="corr37" id="corr37"></a><ins class="correction" title="magnificence">magificence</ins> to the highest degree.” Thus, when +Dakiānos wished to ingratiate himself with the shah,</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>He caused himself to be preceded by nine superb camels. The first +was loaded with nine suits of gold adorned with jewels; the second +bore nine sabres, the hilts and scabbards of which were adorned +with diamonds; upon the third camel were nine suits of armor; the +fourth had nine suits of house furniture; the fifth had nine cases +full of sapphires; the sixth had nine cases full of rubies; the +seventh nine cases full of emeralds; the eighth had nine cases +full of amethysts; and the ninth had nine cases full of +diamonds.—Comte de Caylus, <i>Oriental Tales</i> (“Dakianos and the +Seven Sleepers,” 1743).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Nine_Gods" id="Nine_Gods"></a><b>Nine Gods</b> (<i>The</i>) of the Etruscans: Juno, Minerva, and Tin´ia (<i>the +three chief</i>). The other six were Vulcan, Mars, Saturn, Herculês, +Summa´nus, and Vedius. (See <a href="#Novensiles"><span class="smcap">Novensiles</span></a>.)</p> + +<p class="poem">Lars Por´sĕna of Clusium<br /> +<span class="i1">By the nine gods he swore</span><br /> +That the great house of Tarquin<br /> +<span class="i1">Should suffer wrong no more.</span><br /> +By the nine gods he swore it,<br /> +<span class="i1">And named a trysting day ...</span><br /> +<span class="i1">To summon his array.</span><br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Lord Macaulay, <i>Lays of Ancient Rome</i> (“Horatius,” i., 1842).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nine Orders of Angels</b> (<i>The</i>): (1) Seraphim, (2) Cherubim (<i>in the first +circle</i>); (3) Thrones, (4) Dominions (<i>in the second circle</i>); (5) +Virtues, (6) Powers, (7) Principalities, (8) Archangels, (9) Angels (<i>in +the third circle</i>).</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i7">In heaven above</span><br /> +The effulgent bands in triple circles move.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Tasso, <i>Jerusalem Delivered</i>, xi. 13 (1575).</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Novem vero angelorum ordines dicimus; ... scimus (1) Angelos, (2) +Archangelos, (3) Virtues, (4) Potestates, (5) Principatus, (6) +Dominationes, (7) Thronos, (8) Cherubim, (9) Seraphim.—Gregory, +<i>Homily</i>, 34 (<span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 381).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nine Worthies</b> (<i>The</i>). Three were <i>pagans</i>: Hector, Alexander, and +Julius Cæsar. Three were <i>Jews</i>: Joshua, David, and Judas Maccabæus. +Three were <i>Christians</i>: Arthur, Charlemagne, and Godfrey of Bouillon.</p> + +<p class="main"><a name="corr38" id="corr38"></a><ins class="correction" title="Nine"><i>Nine.</i></ins><i> Worthies</i> (privy councillors to William III.). Four were +<i>Whigs</i>: Devonshire, Dorset, Monmouth, and Edward Russell. Five were +<i>Tories</i>: Caermarthen, Pembroke, Nottingham, Marlborough, and Lowther.</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span><b>Nine Worthies of London</b> (<i>The</i>): Sir William Walworth, Sir Henry +Pritchard, Sir William Sevenoke, Sir Thomas White, Sir John Bonham, +Christopher Croker, Sir John Hawkwood, Sir Hugh Caverley, and Sir Henry +Maleverer.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> The chronicles of these nine worthies are written in prose +and verse by Richard Johnson (1592), author of <i>The Seven Champions of +Christendom</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Nineve" id="Nineve"></a><b>Nineve</b> (2 <i>syl.</i>), the Lady of the Lake, in Arthurian romance.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Then the Lady of the Lake, that was always friendly unto King +Arthur, understood by her subtle craft that he was like to have +been destroyed; and so the Lady of the Lake, that hight Nineve, +came into the forest to seek Sir Launcelot du Lake.—Sir T. Malory, +<i>History of Prince Arthur</i>, ii. 57 (1470).</p></div> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> This name occurs three times in the <i>Morte d’Arthur</i>—once as +“Nimue,” once as “Nineve,” and once as “Ninive.” Probably “<a href="#Nimue">Nimue</a>” +(<i>q.v.</i>) is a clerical error.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ninon de Lenclos</b>, a beautiful Parisian, rich, <i>spirituelle</i>, and an +atheist, who abandoned herself to epicurean indulgence, and preserved +her charms to a very advanced age. Ninon de Lenclos renounced marriage, +and had numberless lovers. Her house was the rendezvous of all the most +illustrious persons of the period, as Molière, St. Evremont, Fontenelle, +Voltaire, and so on (1615-1705).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Niobe</b> [<i>Ne´.oby</i>], the beau-ideal of grief. After losing her twelve +children, she was changed into a stone, which wept continually.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> The group of “Niobe and her Children” in Florence, discovered +at Rome in 1583, is now arranged in the <a name="corr39" id="corr39"></a><ins class="correction" title="Uffizi">Uffizii</ins> Gallery.</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i3">She followed my poor father’s body,</span><br /> +Like Niobê, all tears.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Shakespeare, <i>Hamlet</i>, act i. sc. 2 (1596).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Niobe of Nations</b> (<i>The</i>). Rome is so called by Byron.—<i>Childe Harold</i>, +iv. 79 (1817).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nipper</b> (<i>Susan</i>), generally called “Spitfire,” from her snappish +disposition. She was the nurse of Florence Dombey, to whom she was much +attached. Susan Nipper married Mr. Toots (after he had got over his +infatuation for Florence).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nippotate</b> (4 <i>syl.</i>), “a live lion stuffed with straw,” exhibited in a +raree-show. This proved to be the body of a tame hedgehog exhibited by +Old Harry, a notorious character in London at the beginning of the +eighteenth century (died 1710).</p> + +<p class="poem">Of monsters stranger than can be expressed,<br /> +There’s Nippotatê lies amongst the rest.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib"><i>Sutton Nicholls.</i></span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Niquee</b> [<i>Ne´.kay</i>], the sister of Anasterax, with whom she lived in +incest. The fairy Zorphee was her godmother, and enchanted her, in order +to break off this connection.—Vasco de Lobeira, <i>Amadis de Gaul</i> +(thirteenth century).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nisroch</b> [<i>Niz´.rok</i>], “of principalities the prince.” A god of the +Assyrians. In the book of <i>Kings</i> the Septuagint calls him “Meserach,” +and in <i>Isaiah</i> “Nasarach.” Josephus calls him “Araskês.” One of the +rebel angels in Milton’s <i>Paradise Lost</i>. He <a name="corr40" id="corr40"></a><ins class="correction" title="says:">Says:</ins></p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i3">Sense of pleasure we may well</span><br /> +Spare out of life, perhaps, and not repine,<br /> +But live content, which is the calmest life;<br /> +But pain is perfect misery, the worst<br /> +Of evils, and, excessive, overturns<br /> +All patience.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Milton, <i>Paradise Lost</i>, (1665).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span><b>Nit</b>, one of the attendants of Queen Mab.</p> + +<p class="poem">Hop, and Mop, and Drap so clear,<br /> +Pip, and Trip, and Skip, that were<br /> +To Mab their sovereign dear—<br /> +<span class="i1">Her special maids of honor.</span><br /> +Fib, and Tib, and Pinck, and Pin,<br /> +Tick, and Quick, and Jil, and Jin,<br /> +Tit, and Nit, and Wap, and Win—<br /> +<span class="i1">The train that wait upon her.</span><br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Drayton, <i>Nymphidia</i> (1563-1631).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nitchs</b>, daughter of Amases, king of Egypt. She was sent to Persia to +become the wife of Cambyses.—Georg Ebers, <i>An Egyptian Princess</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nixon</b> (<i>Christal</i>), agent to Mr. Edward Redgauntlet, the Jacobite.—Sir +W. Scott, <i>Redgauntlet</i> (time, George III.).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Nixon</i> (<i>Martha</i>), the old nurse of the earl of Oxford.—Sir W. Scott, +<i>Anne of Geierstein</i> (time, Edward IV.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>No One</b> (<i>Cæsar or</i>). Julius Cæsar said, “Aut Cæsar aut nullus.” And +again, “I would sooner be first in a village than second at Rome.”</p> + +<p>Milton makes Satan say, “Better to reign in hell than serve in heaven.”</p> + +<p>Jonathan Wild used to say, “I’d rather stand on the top of a dunghill +than at the bottom of a hill in paradise.”</p> + +<p>Tennyson says, “All in all or not at all.”—<i>Idylls</i> (“Vivien”).</p> + +<p>“Six thrice or three dice” (aces were called <i>dice</i>, and did not count).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>No Song no Supper</b>, a musical drama by Prince Hoare, F.S.A. (1790). Crop, +the farmer, has married a second wife called Dorothy, who has an amiable +weakness for a rascally lawyer named Endless. During the absence of her +husband, Dorothy provides a supper for Endless, consisting of roast +lamb and a cake; but just as the lawyer sits down to it, Crop, with +Margaretta, knocks at the door. Endless is concealed in a sack, and the +supper is carried away. Presently Robin, the sweetheart of Margaretta, +arrives, and Crop regrets there is nothing but bread and cheese to offer +him. Margaretta now volunteers a song, the first verse of which tells +Crop there is roast lamb in the house, which is accordingly produced; +the second verse tells him there is a cake, which is produced also; and +the third verse tells him that Endless is concealed in a sack. Had there +been no song there would have been no supper, but the song produced the +roast lamb and new cake.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Noah’s Wife</b>, Wâïla (3 <i>syl.</i>), who endeavored to persuade the people +that her husband was distraught.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The wife of Noah [<i>Wâïla</i>] and the wife of Lot [<i>Wâhela</i>] were both +unbelievers ... and deceived their husbands ... and it shall be +said to them at the last day, “Enter ye into hell fire.”—Sale, <i>Al +Korân</i>, lxvi.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nobbs</b>, the horse of “Dr. Dove of Doncaster.”—Southey, <i>The Doctor</i> +(1834).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Noble</b> (<i>The</i>), Charles III. of Navarre (1361, 1387-1425).</p> + +<p>Soliman, <i>Tchelibi</i>, the Turk (died 1410).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Khosrou or Chosroës I. was called “The Noble Soul” (*, +531-579).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nodel</b>, the lion, in the beast-epic called <i>Reynard the Fox</i>. Nodel, the +lion, represents the regal element of Germany; Isengrin, the wolf, +represents the baronial element; and Reynard, the fox, the Church +element (1498).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Noel</b> (<i>Eusebe</i>), schoolmaster of Bout du Monde. “His clothes are old and +worn,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span> and his manner vacant.”—E. Stirling, <i>The Gold Mine</i>, or <i>Miller +of Grenoble</i>, act i. sc. 2 (1854).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Noggs</b> (<i>Newman</i>), Ralph Nickleby’s clerk. A tall man of middle age, with +two goggle eyes (one of which was fixed), a rubicund nose, a +<a name="corr41" id="corr41"></a><ins class="correction" title="cadaverous">cadavarous</ins> face, and a suit of clothes decidedly the worse for +wear. He had the gift of distorting and cracking his finger-joints. This +kind-hearted, dilapidated fellow “kept his hunter and hounds once,” but +ran through his fortune. He discovered a plot of old Ralph, which he +confided to the Cheeryble brothers, who frustrated it, and then provided +for Newman.—C. Dickens, <i>Nicholas Nickleby</i> (1838).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Noko´mis</b>, mother of Weno´nah, and grandmother of Hiawatha. Nokomis was +the daughter of the Moon. While she was swinging one day, some of her +companions, out of jealousy, cut the ropes, and she fell to earth in a +meadow. The same night her first child, a daughter, was born, and was +named Wenonah.</p> + +<p class="poem">There among the ferns and mosses ...<br /> +Fair Nokomis bore a daughter,<br /> +And she called her name Wenonah.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Longfellow, <i>Hiawatha</i>, iii. (1855).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Non Mi Ricordo</b>, the usual answer of the Italian courier and other +Italian witnesses when on examination at the trial of Queen Caroline +(the wife of George IV.), in 1820.</p> + +<p>“Lord Flint,” in <i>Such Things Are</i>, by Mrs. Inchbald (1786), when asked +a question he wished to evade, used to reply, “My people know, no doubt, +but I cannot recollect.”</p> + +<p>“Pierre Choppard,” in <i>The Courier of Lyons</i>, by Edward Stirling (1852), +when asked an ugly question, always answered “I’ll ask my wife, my +memory’s so slippery.”</p> + +<p>The North American society called the “Know Nothings,” founded in 1853, +used to reply to every question about their order, “I know nothing about +it.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nona´cris’ Stream</b>, the river Styx, in Arcadia. Cassander says he has in +a phial some of this “horrid spring,” one drop of which, mixed with +wine, would act as a deadly poison. To this Polyperchon replies:</p> + +<p class="poem">I know its power, for I have seen it tried.<br /> +Pains of all sorts thro’ every nerve and artery<br /> +At once it scatters,—burns at once and freezes—<br /> +Till, by extremity of torture forced,<br /> +The soul consents to leave her joyless home.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">N. Lee, <i>Alexander the Great</i>, iv. i (1678).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nonentity</b> (<i>Dr.</i>), a metaphysician, and thought by most people to be a +profound scholar. He generally spreads himself before the fire, sucks +his pipe, talks little, drinks much, and is reckoned very good company. +You may know him by his long grey wig, and the blue handkerchief round +his neck.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Dr. Nonentity, I am told, writes indexes to perfection, makes +essays, and reviews any work with a single day’s +warning.—Goldsmith, <i>A Citizen of the World</i>, xxix. (1759).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Norbert</b> (<i>Father</i>), Pierre Parisot Norbert, the French missionary +(1697-1769).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Norland</b> (<i>Lord</i>), father of Lady Eleanor Irwin, and guardian of Lady +Ramble (Miss Maria Wooburn). He disinherited his daughter for marrying +against his will, and left her to starve, but subsequently relented, and +relieved her wants and those of her young husband.—Inchbald, <i>Every One +has His Fault</i> (1794).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Norma</b>, a vestal who had been seduced,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span> and discovers her paramour trying +to seduce a sister vestal. In despair, she contemplates the murder of +her base-born children.—Bellini, <i>Norma</i> (1831); libretto, by Romani.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Norman</b>, forester of Sir William Ashton, lord-keeper of Scotland.—Sir W. +Scott, <i>Bride of Lammermoor</i> (time, William III.).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Norman</i>, a “sea-captain,” in love with Violet, the ward of Lady +Arundel. It turns out that this Norman is her ladyship’s son by her +first husband, and heir to the title and estates; but Lady Arundel, +having married a second husband, had a son named Percy, whom she wished +to make her heir. Norman’s father was murdered, and Norman, who was born +three days afterwards, was brought up by Onslow, a village priest. At +the age of 14 he went to sea, and became captain of a man-of-war. Ten +years later he returned to Arundel, and though at first his mother +ignored him, and Percy flouted him, his noble and generous conduct +disarmed hostility, and he not only reconciled his half-brother, but won +his mother’s affection, and married Violet, his heart’s “sweet +sweeting.”—Lord Lytton, <i>The Sea-Captain</i> (1839).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Norm-nan-Ord</b> or Norman of the Hammer, one of the eight sons of Torquil +of the Oak.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Fair Maid of Perth</i> (time, Henry IV.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Normandy</b> (<i>The Gem of</i>), Emma, daughter of Richard I. (died 1052).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Norna of the Fitful Head</b>, “The Reimkennar.” Her real name was, Ulla +Troil, but after her seduction by Basil Mertoun (Vaughan), and the birth +of a son named Clement Cleveland (the future pirate), she changed her +name. Towards the end of the novel, Norna gradually recovered her +senses. She was the aunt of Minna and Brenda Troil.—Sir W. Scott, <i>The +Pirate</i> (time, William III.).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>[<i>One</i>] cannot fail to trace in Norna—the victim of remorse and +insanity, and the dupe of her own imposture, her mind too flooded +with all the wild literature and extravagant superstitions of the +north—something distinct from the Dumfriesshire gypsy, whose +pretensions to supernatural powers are not beyond those of a +Norwood prophetess.—<i>The Pirate</i> (introduction, 1821).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Norris</b>, a family to whom Martin Chuzzlewit was introduced while he was +in America. They were friends of Mr. Bevan, rabid abolitionists, and yet +hankering after titles as the gilt of the gingerbread of life.—C. +Dickens, <i>Martin Chuzzlewit</i> (1844).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Norris</i> (<i>Black</i>), a dark, surly man, and a wrecker. He wanted to marry +Marian, “the daughter” of Robert (also a wrecker); but Marian was +betrothed to Edward, a young sailor. Robert, being taken up for murder, +was condemned to death; but Norris told Marian he would save his life if +she would promise to marry him. Marian consented, but was saved by the +arrest of Black Norris for murder.—S. Knowles, <i>The Daughter</i> (1836).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>North</b> (<i>Christopher</i>), pseudonym of John Wilson, professor of moral +philosophy, Edinburgh, editor of <i>Blackwood’s Magazine</i>, in which +appeared the “Noctes Ambrosianæ” (1805-1861).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>North</i> (<i>Lord</i>), one of the judges in the State trial of Geoffrey +Peveril, Julian, and the dwarf, for being concerned in the popish +plot.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Peveril of the Peak</i> (time, Charles <a name="corr42" id="corr42"></a><ins class="correction" title="II.).">II).</ins></p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span><b>North Britain</b> (<i>The</i>), a radical periodical, conducted by John Wilkes. +The celebrated number of this serial was No. 45, in which the ministers +are charged “with putting a lie in the king’s mouth.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Northamptonshire Poet</b> (<i>The</i>), John Clare (1793-1864).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Northern Harlot</b> (<i>The</i>), Elizabeth Petrowna, empress of Russia; also +called “The Infamous” (1709-1761).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Northern Wagoner</b>, a group of seven stars called variously Charles’s +Wain, or Wagon, <i>i.e.</i> churl’s wain; Ursa Major, The Great Bear, and The +Dipper. Four make the wagon, or the dipper, three form the shaft, or the +handle. Two are called Pointers because they point to the Pole-star.</p> + +<p class="poem">By this the northern wagoner has set<br /> +His sevenfold team behind the steadfast star<br /> +That was in ocean waves yet never wet,<br /> +But firm is fixed, and sendeth light from far<br /> +To all that on the wide deep wandering are.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Spenser, <i>Faëry Queen</i>, I. ii. 1 (1590).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Norval</b> (<i>Old</i>), a shepherd, who brings up Lady Randolph’s son (Douglas) +as his own. He was hidden at birth in a basket, because Sir Malcolm (her +father) hated Douglas, whom she had privately married. The child being +found by old Norval, was brought up as his own, but the old man +discovered that the foundling was “Sir Malcolm’s heir and Douglas’s +son.” When 18 years old, the foster-son saved the life of Lord Randolph. +Lady Randolph took great interest in the young man, and when old Norval +told her his tale, she instantly perceived that the young hero was in +fact her own son.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Young Norval</i>, the infant exposed and brought up by the old shepherd as +his own son. He turned out to be Sir Malcolm’s heir. His mother was Lady +Randolph, and his father Lord Douglas, her first husband. Young Norval, +having saved the life of Lord Randolph, was given by him a commission in +the army. Glenalvon, the heir-presumptive of Lord Randolph, hated the +new favorite, and persuaded his lordship that the young man was too +familiar with Lady Randolph. Being waylaid, Norval was attacked, slew +Glenalvon, but was in turn slain by Lord Randolph. After the death of +Norval, Lord Randolph discovered that he had killed the son of his wife +by a former marriage. The mother, in her distraction, threw herself +headlong from a lofty precipice, and Lord Randolph went to the war then +raging between Denmark and Scotland.—<a name="corr43" id="corr43"></a><ins class="correction" title="J.">J</ins> Home, <i>Douglas</i> (1757).</p> + +<p>(This was a favorite character with John Kemble, 1757-1823.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Norway</b> (<i>The Fair Maid of</i>), Margaret, granddaughter of Alexander III. +of Scotland. She died (1290) of sea-sickness on her passage from Norway +to Scotland. Her father was Eric II., king of Norway, and her mother was +Margaret, only daughter of Alexander III.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nose</b> (<i>Golden</i>), Tycho Brahê, the Danish astronomer. Having lost his +nose in a duel with one Passberg, he adopted a golden one, and attached +it to his face by a cement which he carried about with him.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nosebag</b> (<i>Mrs.</i>), wife of a lieutenant in the dragoons. She is the +inquisitive travelling companion of Waverley when he travels by stage to +London.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Waverley</i> (time, George II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nosey</b> (<i>Play up!</i>) This exclamation was common in our theatres in the +days of Macklin, etc. M. Nozay was the leader of the orchestra in Covent +Garden Theatre.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Some persons affirm that “Old Nosey” was Cervetto, the +violoncello player at Drury Lane (1753), and say that he was so called +from his long nose.</p> + +<p>Napoleon III., was nicknamed <i>Grosbec</i> (“Nosey”).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nosnot-Bocai</b> [<i>Bo´.ky</i>], prince of purgatory.</p> + +<p class="poem">Sir, I last night received command<br /> +To see you out of Fairy-land.<br /> +Into the realm of Nosnot-Bocai.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">King, <i>Orpheus and Eurydice</i>.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nostrada´mus</b> (<i>Michael</i>), an astrologer of the sixteenth century, who +published an annual <i>Almanac</i> and a <i>Recueil of Prophecies</i>, in verse +(1503-1566).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nostrada´mus of Portugal</b>, Gonçalo Annês Bandarra, a poet-cobbler, whose +career was stopped, in 1556, by the Inquisition.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nottingham</b> (<i>The countess of</i>), a quondam sweetheart of the earl of +Essex, and his worst enemy, when she heard that he had married the +countess of Rutland. The queen sent her to the Tower to ask Essex if he +had no petition to make, and the earl requested her to take back a ring, +which the queen had given him as a pledge of mercy in time of need. As +the countess out of jealousy forbore to deliver it, the earl was +executed.—Henry Jones, <i>The Earl of Essex</i> (1745).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nottingham Lambs</b>, (<i>The</i>), the Nottingham roughs.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nottingham Poet</b> (<i>The</i>), Philip James Bailey, the author of <i>Festus</i>, +etc. (1816- ).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>No´tus</b>, the south wind; <i>Afer</i> is the south-west wind.</p> + +<p class="poem">Notus and Afer, black with thundrous clouds.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Milton, <i>Paradise Lost</i>, (1665).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Noukhail</b>, the angel of day and night.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The day and night are trusted to my care. I hold the day in my +right hand and the night in my left; and I maintain the just +equilibrium between them, for if either were to overbalance the +other, the universe would either be consumed by the heat of the +sun, or would perish with the cold of darkness.—Comte de Caylus, +<i>Oriental Tales</i> (“History of Abdal Motallab,” 1743).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nouman</b> (<i>Sidi</i>), an Arab who married Amīnê, a very beautiful woman, who +ate her rice with a bodkin. Sidi, wishing to know how his wife could +support life and health without more food than she partook of in his +presence, watched her narrowly, and discovered that she was a ghoul, who +went by stealth every night and feasted on the fresh-buried dead. When +Sidi made this discovery, Aminê changed him into a dog. After he was +restored to his normal shape, he changed Aminê into a mare, which every +day he rode almost to death.—<i>Arabian Nights</i> (“History of Sidi +Nouman”).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Your majesty knows that ghouls of either sex are demons which +wander about the fields. They commonly inhabit ruinous buildings, +whence they issue suddenly on unwary travellers, whom they kill and +devour. If they fail to meet with travellers, they go by night into +burying grounds, and dig up dead bodies, on which they +feed.—“History of Sidi Nouman.”</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nouredeen</b>, son of Khacan (vizier of Zinebi, king of Balsora). He got +possession of the “beautiful Persian” purchased for the king. At his +father’s death he soon squandered away his patrimony in the wildest +extravagance, and fled with his beautiful slave to Bagdad. Here he +encountered Haroun-al-Raschid in disguise, and so pleased the caliph, +that he was placed in the number of those courtiers<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span> most intimate with +his majesty, who also bestowed on him so plentiful a fortune, that he +lived with the “beautiful Persian” in affluence all the rest of his +life.—<i>Arabian Nights</i> (“Nouredeen and the Beautiful Persian”).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nour´eddin´ Ali</b>, younger son of the vizier of Egypt. “He was possessed +of as much merit as can fall to the lot of man.” Having quarrelled with +his elder brother, he travelled to Baso´ra, where he married the +vizier’s daughter, and succeeded his father-in-law in office. A son was +born to him in due time, and on the very same day the wife of his elder +brother had a daughter. Noureddin died when his son was barely twenty, +and unmarried.—<i>Arabian Nights</i> (“Noureddin Ali,” etc.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nourgehan’s Bracelet.</b> Nourgehan, emperor of the Moguls, had a bracelet +which had the property of discovering poison, even at a considerable +distance. When poison was anywhere near the wearer, the stones of the +bracelet seemed agitated, and the agitation increased as the poison +approached them.—Comte de Caylus, <i>Oriental Tales</i> (“The Four +Talismans,” 1743).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nour´jahad</b>, a sleeper, like Rip Van Winkle, Epimen´idês, etc. (See +<span class="smcap">Sleepers</span>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nourjeham</b> (“<i>light of the world</i>”). So the Sultana Nourmahal was +subsequently called.—T. Moore, <i>Lalla Rookh</i> (“The Light of the Haram,” +1817).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nourmahal´</b> (<i>The sultana</i>), <i>i.e.</i> “Light of the Haram,” afterwards +called <i>Nourjeham</i> (“light of the world”). She was for a season +estranged from the sultan, till he gave a grand banquet, at which she +appeared in disguise as a lute-player and singer. The sultan was so +enchanted with her performance, that he exclaimed, “If Nourmahal had so +played and sung, I could forgive her all;” whereupon the sultana threw +off her mask, and Selim “caught her to his heart.”—T. Moore, <i>Lalla +Rookh</i> (“The Light of the Haram,” 1817).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nouron´ihar</b>, daughter of the Emir Fakreddin; a laughing, beautiful girl, +full of fun and pretty mischief, dotingly fond of Gulchenrouz, her +cousin, a boy of 13. She married the Caliph Vathek, with whom she +descended into the abyss of Eblis, whence she never after returned to +the light of day.</p> + +<p>The trick she played Bababalouk was this: Vathek, the caliph, was on a +visit to Fakreddin, the emir´, and Bababalouk, his chief eunuch, +intruded into the bathroom, where Nouronihar and her damsels were +bathing. Nouronihar induced the old eunuch to rest himself on the swing, +when the girls set it going with all their might. The cords broke, the +eunuch fell into the bath, and the girls made off with their lamps, and +left the meddlesome old fool to flounder about till morning, when +assistance came, but not before he was half dead.—W. Beckford, <i>Vathek</i> +(1784).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nouroun´nihar</b>, niece of a sultan of India, who had three sons, all in +love with her. The sultan said he would give her to him who, in twelve +months, gave him the most valuable present. The three princes met in a +certain inn at the expiration of the time, when one prince looked +through a tube, which showed Nourounnihar at the point of death; another +of the brothers transported all three instantaneously on a magic carpet +to the princess’s chamber; and the third brother gave her an apple to +smell of which effected an in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span>stant cure. It was impossible to decide +which of these presents was the most valuable; so the sultan said he +should have her who shot an arrow to the greatest distance. The eldest +(Houssian) shot first; Ali overshot the arrow of his eldest brother; but +that of the youngest brother (Ahmed) could nowhere be found. So the +award was given to Ahmed.—<i>Arabian Nights</i> (“Ahmed and Pari-Banou”).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Novel</b> (<i>Father of the English</i>). Henry Fielding is so called by Sir W. +Scott (1707-1754).</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Novensiles" id="Novensiles"></a><b>Noven´siles</b> (4 <i>syl.</i>), the nine Sabine gods, viz.: Herculês, Romulus, +Esculapius, Bacchus, Ænēas, Vesta, Santa, Fortuna and Fidês or Faith. +(See <a href="#Nine_Gods"><span class="smcap">Nine Gods</span> of the Etruscans</a>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Novit</b> (<i>Mr. Nichil</i>), the lawyer of the old laird of Dumbiedikes.—Sir +W. Scott, <i>Heart of Midlothian</i> (time, George II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Novius</b>, the usurer, famous for the loudness of his voice.</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i5">... at hic si plaustra ducenta</span><br /> +Concurrantque foro tria funera magna sonabit<br /> +Cornua quod vincatque tubas.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Horace, <i>Satires</i>, i. 6.</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>These people seem to be of the race of Novius, that Roman banker, +whose voice exceeded the noise of carmen.—Lesage, <i>Gil Blas</i>, vii. +13 (1735).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Now-now</b> (<i>Old Anthony</i>), an itinerant fiddler. The character is a skit +on Anthony Munday, the dramatist.—Chettle, <i>Kindheart’s Dream</i> (1592).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nuath</b> (2 <i>syl.</i>), father of Lathmon and <a href="#Oithona">Oith´ona</a> (<i>q.v.</i>).—Ossian, +<i>Oithona</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nubbles</b> (<i>Mrs.</i>), a poor widow woman, who was much given to going to +Little Bethel.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Christopher</i> or <i>Kit Nubbles</i>, her son, the servant in attendance on +little Nell, whom he adored. After the death of little Nell, Kit married +Barbara, a fellow-servant.—C. Dickens, <i>The Old Curiosity Shop</i> (1840).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nugent Dubourg</b>, twin brother of Oscar Dubourg, somewhat conceited, who +patronizes his brother, and would like to marry his brother’s betrothed, +Lucilla Finch, blind and an heiress. Her sight is restored by an +operation, and Nugent places himself where her eyes will first fall upon +him, instead of on his disfigured brother. Beginning with this, he +personates Oscar until Lucilla again loses her sight. He then yields her +to his brother, joins an Arctic exploring expedition, and perishes in +the Polar regions.—Wilkie Collins, <i>Poor Miss Finch</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Numa Roumestan</b>, French deputy from the South of France. Audacious, gay +and unprincipled, he possesses all the qualities that render him “the +joy of the street, the sorrow of the home.”—Alphonse Daudet, <i>Numa +Roumestan</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Number Nip</b>, the name of the gnome king of the Giant Mountains.—Musæus, +<i>Popular Tales</i> (1782).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Musæus was a German, uncle of Kotzebue (died 1788).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nuncanou</b> (<i>Aurore and Clotilde</i>). Beautiful Creoles, mother and +daughter, in George W. Cable’s novel, <i>The Grandissimes</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nun’s Tale</b> (<i>The</i>), the tale of the cock and the fox. One day, dan +Russell, the fox, came into the poultry-yard, and told Master +Chanticlere, he could not resist the pleasure of hearing him sing, for +his voice was so divinely ravishing. The cock,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span> pleased with this +flattery, shut his eyes, and began to crow most lustily; whereupon dan +Russell seized him by the throat, and ran off with him. When they got to +the wood, the cock said to the fox, “I would recommend you to eat me at +once, I think I can hear your pursuers.” “I am going to do so,” said the +fox; but when he opened his mouth to reply, off flew the cock into a +tree, and while the fox was deliberating how he might regain his prey, +up came the farmer and his men with scythes, flails, and pitchforks, +with which they despatched the fox without mercy.—Chaucer, <i>Canterbury +Tales</i> (1388).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> This fable is one of those by Marie, of France, called <i>Don +Coc and Don Werpil</i>.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Nun’s Tale</i> (<i>The Second</i>). This is the tale about Maxime and the +martyrs, Valerian and Tiburcê. The prefect ordered Maxime (2 <i>syl.</i>) to +put Valerian and Tiburcê to death, because they refused to worship the +image of Jupiter; but Maxime showed kindness to the two Christians, took +them home, became converted, and was baptized. When Valerian and Tiburcê +were put to death, Maxime declared that he saw angels come and carry +them up to heaven, whereupon the prefect caused him to be beaten to +death with whips of lead.—Chaucer, <i>Canterbury Tales</i> (1388).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> This tale is very similar to that of St. Cecilia, in the +<i>Legenda Aurea</i>. See also <i>Acts</i> xvi. 25-34.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nupkins</b>, mayor of Ipswich, a man who has a most excellent opinion of +himself, but who, in all magisterial matters, really depends almost +entirely on Jinks, his half-starved clerk.—C. Dickens, <i>The Pickwick +Papers</i> (1836).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nurse</b> (<i>Rebecca</i>). Accused of witchcraft and acquitted by the court. +“And suddenly, after all the afflicted out of court made a hideous +outcry ... one of the judges expressed himself not satisfied, another, +as he was going off the bench, said they would have her indicted anew.”</p> + +<p>At the second trial she was condemned, and she was executed with the +rest.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“The testimonials of her Christian behavior, both in the course of +her life and at her death, and her extraordinary care in educating +her children, and setting them a good example, etc., under the +hands of so many, are so numerous that for brevity they are here +omitted.”—Robert Calef, <i>More Wonders of the Invisible World</i> +(1700).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nut-Brown Maid</b> (<i>The</i>), the maid wooed by the “banished man.” The +“banished man” describes to her the hardships she would have to undergo +if she married him; but finding that she accounted these hardships as +nothing compared with his love, he revealed himself to be an earl’s son, +with large hereditary estates in Westmoreland, and married her.—Percy, +<i>Reliques</i>, II.</p> + +<p>This ballad is based on the legendary history of Lord Henry Clifford, +called “The Shepherd Lord.” It was modernized by Prior, who called his +version of the story <i>Henry and Emma</i>. The oldest form of the ballad +extant is contained in Arnolde’s <i>Chronicle</i> (1502).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nydia.</b> Greek flower-girl, blind and friendless. Glaucus is kind to, and +protects her, finally purchases her of her brutal master. She loves him +passionately and hopelessly, saves his life and that of his betrothed at +the destruction of Pompeii; embarks with them in a skiff bound for a +safer harbor, and while all are asleep, springs overboard and drowns +herself.—E. L. Bulwer, <i>Last Days of Pompeii</i> (1834).</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span><b>Nym</b>, corporal in the army under Captain Sir John Falstaff, introduced in +<i>The Merry Wives of Windsor</i> and in <i>Henry V.</i>, but not in <i>Henry IV.</i> +It seems that Lieutenant Peto had died, and given a step to the officers +under him. Thus, Ensign Pistol becomes lieutenant, Corporal Bardolph +becomes ensign, and Nym takes the place of Bardolph. He is an arrant +rogue, and both he and Bardolph are hanged<i> (Henry V.</i>). The word means +to “pilfer.”</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>It would be difficult to give any other reply save that of Corporal +Nym—it was the author’s humor or caprice.—Sir W. Scott.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nymphid´ia</b>, a mock-heroic by Drayton. The fairy Pigwiggen is so gallant +to Queen Mab as to arouse the jealousy of King Oberon. One day, coming +home and finding his queen absent, Oberon vows vengeance on the gallant, +and sends Puck to ascertain the whereabouts of Mab and Pigwiggen. In the +mean time, Nymphidia gives the queen warning, and the queen, with all +her maids of honor, creep into a hollow nut for concealment. Puck, +coming up, sets foot in the enchanted circle which Nymphidia had +charmed, and, after stumbling about for a time, tumbles into a ditch. +Pigwiggen, seconded by Tomalin, encounters Oberon, seconded by Tom Thum, +and the fight is “both fast and furious.” Queen Mab, in alarm, craves +the interference of Proserpine, who first envelopes the combatants in a +thick smoke, which compels them to desist, and then gives them a draught +“to assuage their thirst.” The draught was from the river Lethê; and +immediately the combatants had tasted it, they forgot not only the cause +of the quarrel, but even that they had quarrelled at all.—M. Drayton, +<i>Nymphidia</i> (1593).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nysa</b>, daughter of Silēno and Mys´is, and sister of Daphnê. Justice +Mi´das is in love with her; but she loves Apollo, her father’s +guest.—Kane O’Hara, <i>Midas</i> (1764).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Nysê, Doto, and Neri´nê</b>, the three nereids who went before the fleet of +Vasco da Gama. When the treacherous pilot steered the ship of Vasco +towards a sunken rock, these three sea-nymphs lifted up the prow and +turned it round.—Camoens, <i>Lusiad</i>, ii. (1569).</p> + + + + +<p class="letterstart"><span class="dropcapo"><span class="hide"><b>O</b></span></span><span class="upper"> (<i>Our Lady of</i>).</span> The Virgin Mary is so called in some old Roman +rituals, from the ejaculation at the beginning of the seven anthems +preceding the <i>Magnificat</i>, as: “O, when will the day arrive...?” “O, +when shall I see...?” “O, when...?” and so on.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Oakly</b> (<i>Major</i>), brother to Mr. Oakly, and uncle to Charles. He assists +his brother in curing his “jealous wife.”</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mr. Oakly</i>, husband of the “jealous wife.” A very amiable man, but +deficient in that strength of mind which is needed to cure the +idiosyncrasy of his wife; so he obtains the assistance of his brother, +the major.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mrs. Oakly</i>, “the jealous wife” of Mr. Oakly. A woman of such +suspicious temper, that every remark of her husband is distorted into a +proof of his infidelity. She watches him like a tiger, and makes both +her own and her husband’s life utterly wretched.</p> + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span><i>Charles Oakly</i>, nephew of the major. A fine, noble-spirited young +fellow, who would never stand by and see a woman insulted; but a +desperate debauchee and drunkard. He aspires to the love of Harriot +Russet, whose influence over him is sufficiently powerful to reclaim +him.—George Colman, <i>The Jealous Wife</i> (1761).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Oates</b> (<i>Dr. Titus</i>), the champion of the popish plot.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Forth came the notorious Dr. Oates, rustling in the full silken +canonicals of priesthood, for ... he affected no small dignity of +exterior decoration and deportment.... His exterior was portentous. +A fleece of white periwig showed a most uncouth visage, of great +length, having the mouth ... placed in the very centre of the +countenance, and exhibiting to the astonished spectator as much +chin below as there was nose and brow above it. His pronunciation +was after a conceited fashion of his own, in which he accented the +vowels in a manner altogether peculiar to himself.—Sir W. Scott, +<i>Peveril of the Peak</i> (time, Charles II.).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Oaths.</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">John Perrot</span>, a natural son of Henry VIII., was the first to employ the +profane oath of <i>God’s Wounds</i>, which Queen <span class="smcap">Elizabeth</span> adopted, but the +ladies of her court minced and softened it into <i>zounds</i> and +<i>zouterkins</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">William</span> the <span class="smcap">Conqueror</span> swore by <i>the Splendor of God</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">William Rufus</span>, by <i>St. Luke’s face</i>.</p> + +<p>King <span class="smcap">John</span>, by <i>God’s Tooth</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Henry VIII.</span>, by <i>God’s Wounds</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Charles II.</span>, by <i>Ods fish</i> [God’s Flesh].</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Louis XI.</span> of France, by <i>God’s Easter</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Charles VIII.</span> of France, by <i>God’s Light</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Louis XII.</span>, by <i>The Devil take me (Diable m’emporte)</i>.</p> + +<p>The Chevalier <span class="smcap">Bayard</span> by <i>God’s Holyday</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Francois I.</span> used for asseveration, <i>On the word of a gentleman</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Henry III.</span> of England, when he confirmed “Magna Charta,” used the +expression, <i>On the word of a gentleman, a king and a knight</i>.</p> + +<p>Earl of <span class="smcap">Angus</span> (reign of Queen Mary), when incensed, used to say, <i>By the +might of God</i>, but at other times his oath was <i>By St. Bride of +Douglas</i>.—Godscroft, 275.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">St. Winfred</span> or <span class="smcap">Boni´face</span> used to swear by <i>St. Peter’s tomb</i>.</p> + +<p>In the reign of Charles II. fancy oaths were the fashion. (For +specimens, see <span class="smcap">Foppington</span>.)</p> + +<p>The most common oath of the ancient Romans was <i>By Herculês</i>! for men; +and <i>By Castor</i>! for women; <i>By Pollux</i>! for both.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Viri per <i>Herculem</i>, mulieres per <i>Castorem</i>, utrique per +<i>Pollucem</i> jurare soliti.—Gellius, <i>Noctes </i><a name="corr44" id="corr44"></a><ins class="correction" title="Atticæ,"><i>Atticœ</i>,</ins> ii. 6.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Obad´don</b>, the angel of death. This is not the same angel as Abbad´ona, +one of the fallen angels, and once the friend of Ab´diel (bk. vi.).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>My name is Ephod Obaddon or Sevenfold Revenge. I am an angel of +destruction. It was I who destroyed the first-born of Egypt. It was +I who slew the army of Sennacherib.—Klopstock, <i>The Messiah</i>, +xiii. (1771).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Obadi´ah</b>, “the foolish fat scullion” in Sterne’s novel of <i>Tristram +Shandy</i> (1759).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Obadiah</i>, clerk to Justice Day. A nincompoop, fond of drinking, but +with just a shade more brains than Abel Day, who is “a thorough ass” +(act i. 1).—T. Knight, <i>The Honest Thieves</i> (died 1820).</p> + +<p>This farce is a mere <i>réchauffé</i> of <i>The Committee</i> (1670), a comedy by +the Hon. Sir R. Howard, the names and much of the conversation being +identical. Colonel Blunt is called in the farce “Captain Manly.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Obadiah Prim</b>, a canting, knavish hypocrite; one of the four guardians +of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span> Anne Lovely, the heiress. Colonel Feignwell personates Simon Pure, +and obtains the Quaker’s consent to his marriage with Anne Lovely.—Mrs. +Centlivre, <i>A Bold Stroke for a Wife</i> (1717).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Obermann</b>, the impersonation of high moral worth without talent, and the +tortures endured by the consciousness of this defect.—Etienne Pivert de +Sen´ancour, <i>Obermann</i> (1804).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Oberon</b>, king of the fairies, quarrelled with his wife, Titania, about a +“changeling” which Obĕron wanted for a page, but Titania refused to give +up. Oberon, in revenge, anointed her eyes in sleep with the extract of +“Love in Idleness,” the effect of which was to make the sleeper in love +with the first object beheld on waking. Titania happened to see a +country bumpkin, whom Puck had dressed up with an ass’s head. Oberon +came upon her while she was fondling the clown, sprinkled on her an +antidote, and she was so ashamed of her folly that she readily consented +to give up the boy to her spouse for his page.—Shakespeare, <i>Midsummer +Night’s Dream</i> (1592).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Oberon, the Fay</b>, king of Mommur, a humpty dwarf, three feet high, of +angelic face. He told Sir Huon that the lady of the Hidden Isle +(<i>Cephalonia</i>) married Neptanēbus, king of Egypt, by whom she had a son +named Alexander “the Great.” Seven hundred years later she had another +son, Oberon, by Julius Cæsar, who stopped in Cephalonia on his way to +Thessaly. At the birth of Oberon the fairies bestowed their gifts on +him. One was insight into men’s thoughts, and another was the power of +transporting himself instantaneously to any place. At death he made Huon +his successor, and was borne to paradise.—<i>Huon de Bordeaux</i> (a +romance).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Oberthal</b> (<i>Count</i>), lord of Dordrecht, near the Meuse. When Bertha, one +of his vassals, asked permission to marry John of Leyden, the count +withheld his consent, as he designed to make Bertha his mistress. This +drove John into rebellion, and he joined the anabaptists. The count was +taken prisoner by Gio´na, a discarded servant, but was liberated by +John. When John was crowned prophet-king the count entered the +banquet-hall to arrest him, and perished with him in the flames of the +burning palace.—Meyerbeer, <i>Le Prophète</i> (opera, 1849).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Obi.</b> Among the negroes of the West Indies “Obi” is the name of a magical +power, supposed to affect men with all the curses of an “evil eye.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Obi-Woman</b> (<i>An</i>), an African sorceress, a worshipper of Mumbo Jumbo.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Obi´dah</b>, a young man who meets with various adventures and misfortunes +allegorical of human life.—Dr. Johnson, <i>The Rambler</i> (1750-2).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Obid´icut</b>, the fiend of lust, and one of the five which possessed “poor +Tom.”—Shakespeare, <i>King Lear</i>, act iv. sc. 1 (1605).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>O’Brallaghan</b> (<i>Sir Callaghan</i>), “a wild Irish soldier in the Prussian +army. His military humor makes one fancy he was not only born in a +siege, but that Bellōna had been his nurse, Mars his schoolmaster and +the Furies his playfellows.” He is the successful suitor of Charlotte +Goodchild.—Macklin, <i>Love-à-la-mode</i> (1759).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>O’Brien</b>, the Irish lieutenant under<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span> Captain Savage.—Captain Marryat, +<i>Peter Simple</i> (1833).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Observant Friars</b>, those friars who observe the rule of St. Francis; to +abjure books, land, house and chapel, to live on alms, dress in rags, +feed on scraps and sleep anywhere.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Obstinate</b>, an inhabitant of the City of Destruction, who advised +Christian to return to his family, and not run on a wild-goose +chase.—Bunyan, <i>Pilgrim’s Progress</i>, i. (1678).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Occasion</b>, the mother of Furor; an ugly, wrinkled old hag, lame of one +foot. Her head was bald behind, but in front she had a few hoary locks. +Sir Guyon seized her, gagged her and bound her.—Spenser, <i>Faëry Queen</i>, +ii. 4 (1590).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ochiltree</b> (<i>Old Edie</i>), a king’s bedesman or blue-gown. Edie is a +garrulous, kind-hearted, wandering beggar, who assures Mr. Lovel that +the supposed ruin of a Roman camp is no such thing. The old bedesman +delighted “to daunder down the burnsides and green shaws.” He is a +well-drawn character.—Sir W. Scott, <i>The Antiquary</i> (time, George +III.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ocnus</b> (<i>The Rope of</i>), profitless labor. Ocnus is represented as +twisting with unwearied diligence a rope, which an ass eats as fast as +it is made. The allegory signifies that Ocnus worked hard to earn money, +which his wife spent by her extravagance.</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Octave" id="Octave"></a><b>Octave</b> (2 <i>syl.</i>), the son of Argante (2 <i>syl.</i>). During the absence of +his father, Octave fell in love with Hyacinthe, daughter of Géronte, and +married her, supposing her to be the daughter of Signor Pandolphe, of +Tarentum. His father wanted him to marry the daughter of his friend +Géronte, but Octave would not listen to it. It turned out, however, that +the daughter of Pandolphe and the daughter of Géronte were one and the +same person, for Géronte had assumed the name of Pandolphe while he +lived in Tarentum, and his wife and daughter stayed behind after the +father went to live at Naples.—Molière, <i>Les Fourberies de Scapin</i> +(1671).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> In the English version, called <i>The Cheats of Scapin</i>, by +Thomas Otway, Octave is called “Octavian,” Argante is called “Thrifty,” +Hyacinthe is called “Clara,” and Géronte is “Gripe.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Octavian</b>, the lover of Floranthê. He goes mad because he imagines +Floranthê loves another; but Roque, a blunt, kind-hearted old man, +assures him that Doña Floranthê is true to him, and induces him to +return home.—Colman, the younger, <i>The Mountaineers</i> (1793).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Octavian</i>, the English form of “Octave” (2 <i>syl.</i>), in Otway’s <i>Cheats +of Scapin</i>. (See <a href="#Octave"><span class="smcap">Octave</span></a>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Octa´vio</b>, the supposed husband of Jacintha. This Jacintha was at one +time contracted to Don Henrique, but Violante (4 <i>syl.</i>), passed for Don +Henrique’s wife.—Beaumont and Fletcher, <i>The Spanish Curate</i> (1622).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Octavio</i>, the betrothed of Donna Clara.—Jephson, <i>Two Strings to your +Bow</i> (1792).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Octer</b>, a sea-captain in the reign of King Alfred, who traversed the +Norwegian mountains, and sailed to the Dwina in the north of Russia.</p> + +<p class="poem">The Saxon swaying all, in Alfred’s powerful reign,<br /> +Our English Octer put a fleet to sea again.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Drayton, <i>Polyolbion</i>, xix. (1622).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span><b>O’Cutter</b> (<i>Captain</i>), a ridiculous Irish captain, befriended by Lady +Freelove and Lord Trinket. He speaks with a great brogue, and interlards +his speech with sea terms.—George Colman, <i>The Jealous Wife</i> (1761).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Oc´ypus</b>, son of Podalirius and Astasia, noted for his strength, agility +and beauty. Ocypus used to jeer at the gout, and the goddess of that +disease caused him to suffer from it for ever.—Lucian.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Odalisque</b>, in Turkey, one of the female slaves in the sultan’s harem +(<i>odalik</i>, Arabic, “a chamber companion,” <i>oda</i>, “a chamber”).</p> + +<p class="poem">He went forth with the lovely odalisques.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Byron, <i>Don Juan</i>, vi. 29 (1824).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ode</b> (<i>Prince of the</i>), Pierre de Ronsard (1534-1585).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Odoar</b>, the venerable abbot of St. Felix, who sheltered King Roderick +after his dethronement.—Southey, <i>Roderick, Last of the Goths</i>, iv. +(1814).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Southey sometimes makes the word Odoar´ [<i>O´.dor</i>], and +sometimes O´doar (3 <i>syl.</i>), <i>e.g.</i>:</p> + +<p class="poem">Odoar´, the venerable abbot sat (2 <i>syl.</i>)....<br /> +Odoar´ and Urban eyed him while he spake....<br /> +The Lady Adosinda O´doar cried (3 <i>syl.</i>)....<br /> +Tell him in O´doar’s name the hour has come!</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>O’Doh´erty</b> (<i>Sir Morgan</i>), a pseudonym of W. Maginn, LL.D., in +<i>Blackwood’s Magazine</i> (1819-1842).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>O’Donohue’s White Horses.</b> The boatmen of Killarney, so call those waves +which, on a windy day, come crested with foam. The spirit of O’Donohue +is supposed to glide over the lake of Killarney every May-day on his +favorite white horse, to the sound of unearthly music.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Odori´co</b>, a Biscayan, to whom Zerbi´no commits Isabella. He proves a +traitor, and tries to defile her, but is interrupted in his base +endeavor. Almonio defies him to single combat, and he is delivered bound +to Zerbino, who condemns him, in punishment, to attend on Gabrina for +twelve months, as her squire. He accepts the charge, but hangs Gabrina +on an elm, and is himself hung by Almonio to the same tree.—Ariosto, +<i>Orlando Furioso</i> (1516).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Odors for Food.</b> Plutarch, Pliny, and divers other ancients tell us of a +nation in India that lived only upon pleasing odors. Democ´ritos lived +for several days together on the mere effluvia of hot bread.—Dr. John +Wilkins (1614-1672).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>O’Dowd</b> (<i>Cornelius</i>), the pseudonym of Charles James Lever, in +<i>Blackwood’s Magazine</i> (1809-1872).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Odyssey.</b> Homer’s epic, recording the adventures of Odysseus (<i>Ulysses</i>) +in his voyage home from Troy.</p> + +<p>Book I. The poem opens in the island of Calypso, with a complaint +against Neptune and Calypso for preventing the return of Odysseus (3 +<i>syl.</i>) to Ithaca.</p> + +<p>II. Telemachus, the son of Odysseus, starts in search of his father, +accompanied by Pallas, in the guise of Mentor.</p> + +<p>III. Goes to Pylos, to consult old Nestor, and</p> + +<p>IV. Is sent by him to Sparta; where he is told by Menelāus that Odysseus +is detained in the island of Calypso.</p> + +<p>V. In the mean time, Odysseus leaves the island, and, being shipwrecked, +is cast on the shore of Phæācia.</p> + +<p>VI. Where Nausicāa, the king’s daughter, finds him asleep, and</p> + +<p>VII. Takes him to the court of her father, Alcinöos, who</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span>VIII. Entertains him hospitably.</p> + +<p>IX. At a banquet, Odysseus relates his adventures since he started from +Troy. Tells about the Lotus-eaters and the Cyclops, with his adventures +in the cave of Polyphēmos. He tells how</p> + +<p>X. The wind-god gave him the winds in a bag. In the island of Circê, he +says, his crew were changed to swine, but Mercury gave him a herb called +Mōly, which disenchanted them.</p> + +<p>XI. He tells the king how he descended into Hadês;</p> + +<p>XII. Gives an account of the syrens; of Scylla and Charybdis; and of his +being cast on the island of Calypso.</p> + +<p>XIII. Alcinoos gives Odysseus a ship which conveys him to Ithăca, where +he assumes the disguise of a beggar,</p> + +<p>XIV. And is lodged in the house of Eumœos, a faithful old domestic.</p> + +<p>XV. Telemachus, having returned to Ithaca, is lodged in the same house,</p> + +<p>XVI. And becomes known to his father.</p> + +<p>XVII. Odysseus goes to his palace, is recognized by his dog, Argos; but</p> + +<p>XVIII. The beggar Iros insults him, and Odysseus breaks his jaw-bone.</p> + +<p>XIX. While bathing, the returned monarch is recognized by a scar on his +leg;</p> + +<p>XX. And when he enters his palace, becomes an eye-witness to the +disorders of the court, and to the way in which</p> + +<p>XXI. Penelopê is pestered by suitors. To excuse herself, Penelopê tells +her suitors he only shall be her husband who can bend Odysseus’s bow. +None can do so but the stranger, who bends it with ease. Concealment is +no longer possible or desirable;</p> + +<p>XXII. He falls on the suitors hip and thigh;</p> + +<p>XXIII. Is recognized by his wife.</p> + +<p>XXIV. Visits his old father, Laertês; and the poem ends.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Œa´grian Harpist</b> (<i>The</i>), Orpheus, son of Œa´gros and Cal´liōpê.</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i5">... can no lesse</span><br /> +Tame the fierce walkers of the wilderness,<br /> +Than that Œagrian harpist, for whose lay<br /> +Tigers with hunger pined and left their prey.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Wm. Browne, <i>Brittania’s Pastorals</i>, v. (1613).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Œ´dipos</b> (in Latin <i>Œdipus</i>), son of Laïus and Jocasta. The most mournful +tale of classic story.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> This tale has furnished the subject matter of several +tragedies. In Greek we have <i>Œdipus Tyrannus</i> and <i>Œdipus at Colōnus</i>, +by <a name="corr45" id="corr45"></a><ins class="correction" title="Soph´oclês.">Sopho´oclês.</ins> In French, <i>Œdipe</i>, by Corneille (1659); <i>Œdipe</i>, +by Voltaire (1718); <i>Œdipe chez Admète</i>, by J. F. Ducis (1778); <i>Œdipe +Roi</i> and <i>Œdipe à Colone</i>, by Chénier; etc. In English, <i>Œdipus</i>, by +Dryden and Lee.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Œno´ne</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), a nymph of Mount Ida, who had the gift of prophecy, +and told her husband, Paris, that his voyage to Greece would involve him +and his country (Troy) in ruin. When the dead body of old Priam’s son +was laid at her feet, she stabbed herself.</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i5">Hither came at noon</span><br /> +Mournful Œnōnê, wandering forlorn<br /> +Of Paris, once her playmate on the hills [<i>Ida</i>]<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Tennyson, <i>Œnone</i>.</span></p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Kalkbrenner, in 1804, made this the subject of an opera.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Œno´pian</b>, father of Mer´opê, to whom the giant Orīon made advances. +Œnopian, unwilling to give his daughter to him, put out the giant’s eyes +in a drunken fit.</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i5">Orion ...</span><br /> +Reeled as of yore beside the sea,<br /> +When blinded by Œnopian.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Longfellow, <i>The Occultation of Orion</i>.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Œte´an Knight</b> (<i>The</i>). Her´culês is so<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span> called, because he burnt himself +to death on Mount Œta or Œtæa, in Thessaly.</p> + +<p class="poem">So also did that great Œtean knight<br /> +For his love’s sake his lion’s skin undight.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Spenser, <i>Faëry Queen</i>, v. 8 (1596).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Offa</b>, king of Mercia, was the son of Thingferth, and the eleventh in +descent from Woden. Thus: Woden (1) his son Wihtlæg, (2) his son +Wærmund, (3) Offa I., (4) Angeltheow, (5) Eomær, (6) Icel, (7) Pybba, +(8) Osmod, (9) Enwulf, (10) Thingferth, (11) Offa, whose son was Egfert, +who died within a year of his father. His daughter, Eadburga, married +Bertric, king of the West Saxons; and after the death of her husband, +she went to the court of King Charlemagne. Offa reigned thirty-nine +years (755-794).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>O’Flaherty</b> (<i>Dennis</i>), called “Major O’Flaherty.” A soldier, says he, is +“no livery for a knave,” and Ireland is “not the country of dishonor.” +The major pays court to old Lady Rusport, but when he detects her +dishonest purposes in bribing her lawyer to make away with Sir Oliver’s +will, and cheating Charles Dudley of his fortune, he not only abandons +his suit, but exposes her dishonesty.—Cumberland, <i>The West Indian</i> +(1771).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Og</b>, king of Basan. Thus saith the rabbis:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The height of his stature was 23,033 cubits [<i>nearly six miles</i>]. +He used to drink water from the clouds, and toast fish by holding +them before the orb of the sun. He asked Noah to take him into the +ark, but Noah would not. When the flood was at its deepest, it did +not reach to the knees of this giant. Og lived 3000 years, and then +he was slain by the hand of Moses.</p> + +<p>Moses was himself ten cubits in stature [<i>fifteen feet</i>], and he +took a spear ten cubits long, and threw it ten cubits high, and yet +it only reached the heel of Og.... When dead, his body reached as +far as the river Nile, in Egypt.</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Og’s mother was Enac, a daughter of Adam. Her fingers were two +cubits long [<i>one yard</i>], and on each finger she had two sharp +nails. She was devoured by wild beasts.—Maracci.</p></div> + +<p>In the satire of <i>Absalom and Achitophel</i>, by Dryden and Tate, Thomas +Shadwell, who was a very large man, is called “Og.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>O´gier, the Dane</b>, one of the paladins of the Charlemagne epoch. When 100 +years old, Morgue, the fay, took him to the island of Av´alon, “hard by +the terrestrial paradise;” gave him a ring which restored him to ripe +manhood, a crown which made him forget his past life, and introduced him +to King Arthur. Two hundred years afterwards, she sent him to defend +France from the paynims, who had invaded it; and having routed the +invaders, he returned to Avalon again.—<i>Ogier, le Danois</i> (a romance).</p> + +<p>In a pack of French cards, Ogier, the Dane, is knave of spades. His +exploits are related in the <i>Chansons de Geste</i>; he is introduced by +Ariosto in <i>Orlando Furioso</i>, and by Morris in his <i>Earthly Paradise</i> +(“August”).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Ogier’s Swords</i>, Curtāna (“the cutter”) and Sauvagine.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Ogier’s Horse</i>, Papillon.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ogle</b> (<i>Miss</i>), friend of Mrs. Racket; she is very jealous of young +girls, and even of Mrs. Racket, because she was some six years her +junior.—Mrs. Cowley, <i>The Belle’s Stratagem</i> (1780).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>O´gleby</b> (<i>Lord</i>), an old fop, vain to excess, but good-natured withal, +and quite the slave of the fair sex, were they but young and fair. At +the age of 70, his lordship fancied himself an Adonis, notwithstanding +his qualms and his rheumatism. He required a great deal of “brushing, +oiling, screwing, and winding up<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span> before he appeared in public,” but +when fully made up, was game for the part of “lover, rake, or fine +gentleman.” Lord Ogleby made his bow to Fanny Sterling, and promised to +make her a countess; but the young lady had been privately married to +Lovewell for four months.—Colman and Garrick, <i>The Clandestine +Marriage</i> (1766).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>O´gri</b>, giants who fed on human flesh.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>O’Groat</b> (<i>John</i>), with his two brothers, Malcolm and Gavin, settled in +Caithness in the reign of James IV. The families lived together in +harmony for a time, and met once a year at John’s house. On one occasion +a dispute arose about precedency—who was to take the head of the table, +and who was to go out first. The old man said he would settle the +question at the next annual muster; accordingly he made as many doors to +his house as there were families, and placed his guests at a round +table.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Oig M’Combich</b> (<i>Robin</i>), or M’Gregor, a Highland drover, who quarrels +with Harry Wakefield, an English drover, about a pasture-field, and +stabs him. Being tried at Carlisle for murder, Robin is condemned to +death.—Sir W. Scott, <i>The Two Drovers</i> (time, George III.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Oina-Morul</b>, daughter of Mal-Orchol, king of Fuärfed (a Scandinavian +Island). Ton-Thormod asked her in marriage, and being refused by the +father, made war upon him. Fingal sent his son Ossian to the aid of +Mal-Orchol, and he took Ton-Thormod prisoner. The king now offered +Ossian his daughter to wife, but the warrior-bard discovered that the +lady had given her heart to Ton-Thormod; whereupon he resigned his +claim, and brought about a happy reconciliation.—Ossian, <i>Oina-Morul</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Oithona" id="Oithona"></a><b>Oith´ona</b>, daughter of Nuäth, betrothed to Gaul, son of Morni, and the +day of their marriage was fixed; but before the time arrived, Fingal +sent for Gaul to aid him in an expedition against the Britons. Gaul +promised Oithona, if he survived, to return by a certain day. Lathmon, +the brother of Oithona, was called away from home at the same time, to +attend his father on an expedition; so the damsel was left alone in +Dunlathmon. It was now that Dunrommath, lord of Uthal (one of the +Orkneys) came and carried her off by force to Trom´athon, a desert +island, where he concealed her in a cave. Gaul returned on the day +appointed, heard of the rape, sailed for Trom´athon, and found the lady, +who told him her tale of woe; but scarcely had she ended when Dunrommath +entered the cave with his followers. Gaul instantly fell on him, and +slew him. While the battle was raging, Oithona, arrayed as a warrior, +rushed into the thickest of the fight, and was slain. When Gaul had cut +off the head of Dunrommath, he saw what he thought a youth dying of a +wound, and taking off the helmet, perceived it was Oithona. She died, +and Gaul returned disconsolate to Dunlathmon.—Ossian, <i>Oithona</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Okba</b>, one of the sorcerers in the caves of Dom-Daniel “under the roots +of the ocean.” It was decreed by fate that one of the race of Hodei´rah +(3 <i>syl.</i>), would be fatal to the sorcerers; so Okba was sent forth to +kill the whole race, both root and branch. He succeeded in cutting off +eight of them, but Thal´aba contrived to escape. Abdaldar was sent to +hunt down the survivor, but was himself killed by a simoom.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span></p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i1">“Curse on thee, Okba!” Khawla cried....</span><br /> +<span class="i1">“Okba, wert thou weak of heart?</span><br /> +<span class="i1">Okba, wert thou blind of eye?</span><br /> +<span class="i1">Thy fate and ours were on the lot ...</span><br /> +Thou hast let slip the reins of Destiny.<br /> +<span class="i1">Curse thee, curse thee, Okba!”</span><br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Southey, <i>Thalaba, the Destroyer</i>, ii. 7 (1797).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>O’Kean</b> (<i>Lieutenant</i>), a quondam admirer of Mrs. Margaret Bertram, of +Singleside.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Guy Mannering</i> (time, George II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Olave</b>, brother of Norma, and grandfather of Minna and Brenda Troil.—Sir +W. Scott, <i>The Pirate</i> (time, William III.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Old Bags.</b> John Scott, Lord Eldon; so called because he carried home with +him in sundry bags the cases pending his judgment (1751-1838).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Old Bona Fide</b> (2 <i>syl.</i>), Louis XIV. (1638, 1643-1715).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Old Curiosity Shop</b> (<i>The</i>), a tale by C. Dickens (1840). An old man, +having run through his fortune, opened a curiosity shop in order to earn +a living, and brought up a granddaughter, named Nell [Trent], 14 years +of age. The child was the darling of the old man, but, deluding himself +with the hope of making a fortune by gaming, he lost everything, and +went forth, with the child, a beggar. Their wanderings and adventures +are recounted till they reach a quiet country village, where the old +clergyman gives them a cottage to live in. Here Nell soon dies, and the +grandfather is found dead upon her grave. The main character, next to +Nell, is that of a lad named Kit [Nubbles], employed in the curiosity +shop, who adored Nell as “an angel.” This boy gets in the service of +Mr. Garland, a genial, benevolent, well-to-do man in the suburbs of +London; but Quilp hates the lad, and induces Brass, a solicitor of Bevis +Marks, to put a £5 bank-note in the boy’s hat, and then accuse him of +theft. Kit is tried, and condemned to transportation, but the villainy +being exposed by a girl-of-all-work, nicknamed “The Marchioness,” Kit is +liberated and restored to his place, and Quilp drowns himself.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Old Cutty Soames</b> (1 <i>syl.</i>), the fairy of the mine.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Old Fox</b> (<i>The</i>), Marshal Soult; so called from his strategic abilities +and never-failing resources (1769-1851).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Old Glory</b>, Sir Francis Burdett; so called by the radicals, because at +one time he was their leader. In his later years Sir Francis joined the +tories (1770-1844).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Old Grog</b>, Admiral Edward Vernon; so called from his wearing a grogram +coat in foul weather (1684-1757).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Old Harry</b>, the devil. The Hebrew <i>seirim</i> (“hairy ones”) is translated +“devils” in <i>Lev.</i> xvii. 7, probably meaning “he-goats.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Old Hickory.</b> General Andrew Jackson was so called in 1813. He was first +called “Tough,” then “Tough as Hickory,” then “Hickory,” and lastly “Old +Hickory.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Old Humphrey</b>, the pseudonym of George Mogridge, of London (died 1854).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Old Maid</b> (<i>The</i>), a farce by Murphy (1761). Miss Harlow is the “old +maid,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span>” aged 45, living with her brother and his bride, a beautiful +young woman of 23. A young man of fortune, having seen them at Ranelagh, +falls in love with the younger lady; and, inquiring their names, is told +they are “Mrs. and Miss Harlow.” He takes it for granted that the elder +lady is the mother, and the younger the daughter, so asks permission to +pay his addresses to “Miss Harlow.” The request is granted, but it turns +out that the young man meant Mrs. Harlow; and the worst of the matter is +that the elder spinster was engaged to be married to Captain Cape, but +turned him off for the younger man; and, when the mistake was +discovered, was left like the last rose of summer to “pine on the stem,” +for neither felt inclined to pluck and wear the flower.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Old Maids</b>, a comedy by S. Knowles (1841). The “old maids” are Lady +Blanche and Lady Anne, two young ladies who resolved to die old maids. +Their resolutions, however, are but ropes of sand, for Lady Blanche +falls in love with Colonel Blount, and Lady Anne with Sir Philip +Brilliant.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Old Man</b> (<i>An</i>), Sir Francis Bond Head, Bart., who published his <i>Bubbles +from the Brunnen of Nassau</i> under this signature.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Old Man Eloquent</b> (<i>The</i>), Isoc´ratês, the orator. The defeat of the +Athenians at Cheronæ´a had such an effect on his spirits that he +languished and died within four days, in the 99th year of his age.</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i5">... that dishonest victory</span><br /> +At Cheronæa, fatal to liberty,<br /> +Killed with report that Old Man Eloquent.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Milton, <i>Sonnet</i>, ix.</span></p> + +<p>The same <i>sobriquet</i> was freely applied to John Quincy Adams.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Old Man of the Mountains</b>, Hussan-ben-Sabah, sheik al Jebal; also called +subah of Nishapour, the founder of the band (1090). Two letters are +inserted in Rymer’s <i>Fœdera</i> by Dr. Adam Clarke, the editor, said to be +written by this sheik.</p> + +<p>Aloaddin, “prince of the Assassins” (thirteenth century).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Old Man of the Sea</b> (<i>The</i>), a monster which contrived to get on the back +of Sindbad the sailor, and refused to dismount. Sindbad at length made +him drunk, and then shook him off.—<i>Arabian Nights</i> (“Sindbad the +Sailor,” fifth voyage).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Old Man of the Sea</i> (<i>The</i>), Phorcus. He had three daughters, with only +one eye and one tooth between ’em.—<i>Greek Mythology.</i></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Old Manor-House</b> (<i>The</i>), a novel by Charlotte Smith. Mrs. Rayland is the +lady of the manor (1793).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Old Moll</b>, the beautiful daughter of John Overie or Audery (contracted +into Overs) a miserly ferryman. “Old Moll” is a standing toast with the +parish officers of St. Mary Overs’.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Old Mortality</b>, the best of Scott’s historical novels (1716). Morton is +the best of his young heroes, and serves as an excellent foil to the +fanatical and gloomy Burley. The two classes of actors, viz., the brave +and dissolute cavaliers, and the resolute, oppressed covenanters, are +drawn in bold relief. The most striking incidents are the terrible +encounter with Burley in his rocky fastness; the dejection and anxiety +of Morton on his return from Holland; and the rural comfort of Cuddie +Headrigg’s cottage on the banks of the Clyde, with its thin blue smoke +among the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span> trees, “showing that the evening meal was being made ready.”</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Old Mortality</i> always appeared to me the “Marmion” of Scott’s +novels.—Chambers, <i>English Literature</i>, ii. 587.</p></div> + +<p class="main"><i>Old Mortality</i>, an itinerant antiquary, whose craze is to clean the +moss from gravestones, and keep their letters and effigies in good +condition.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Old Mortality</i> (time, Charles II.).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> The prototype of “Old Mortality” was Robert Patterson.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Old Noll</b>, Oliver Cromwell (1590-1658).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Old Noll’s Fiddler</i>, Sir Roger Lestrange, who played the base-viol at +the musical parties held at John Hingston’s house, where Oliver Cromwell +was a constant guest.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Old Rowley</b>, Charles II., so called from his favorite race-horse (1630, +1660-1685).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Old Stone.</b> Henry Stone, statuary and painter (died 1653).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Oldboy</b> (<i>Colonel</i>), a manly retired officer, fond of his glass, and not +averse to a little spice of the Lothario spirit.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Lady Mary Oldboy</i>, daughter of Lord Jessamy, and wife of the colonel. A +sickly nonentity, “ever complaining, ever having something the matter +with her head, back, or legs.” Afraid of the slightest breath of wind, +jarred by a loud voice, and incapable of the least exertion.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Diana Oldboy</i>, daughter of the colonel. She marries Harman.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Jessamy</i>, son of the colonel and Lady Mary. An insufferable +prig.—Bickerstaff, <i>Lionel and Clarissa</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Oldbuck</b> (<i>Jonathan</i>), the antiquary, devoted to the study and +accumulation of old coins and medals, etc. He is sarcastic, irritable, +and a woman-hater; but kind-hearted, faithful to his friends, and a +humorist.—Sir W. Scott, <i>The Antiquary</i> (time, George III.).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>An excellent temper, with a slight degree of subacid humor; +learning, wit, and drollery, the more poignant that they were a +little marked by the peculiarities of an old bachelor; a soundness +of thought, rendered more forcible by an occasional quaintness of +expression—these were the qualities in which the creature of my +<a name="corr46" id="corr46"></a><ins class="correction" title="imagination">imagintion</ins> resembled my benevolent and excellent friend.—Sir +W. Scott.</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The merit of <i>The Antiquary</i> as a novel rests on the inimitable +delineation of Oldbuck, that model of black-letter and Roman-camp +antiquaries, whose oddities and conversation are rich and racy as +any of the old crusted port that John of the Girnel might have held +in his monastic cellars.—Chambers, <i>English Literature</i>, ii. 586.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Oldcastle</b> (<i>Sir John</i>), a drama by Anthony Munday (1600). This play +appeared with the name of Shakespeare on the title-page.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Old Sledge.</b> Game of cards that, played at the “Settlemint”—(a group of +log huts) among the Tennessee mountains, has a fatal fascination for +Josiah Tait, who loses to a former suitor of the woman he has married +everything he owns. The property is restored through the unexpected +magnanimity of the winner, and the playing of Old Sledge becomes a lost +art at the “Settlemint.”—Charles Egbert Craddock, <i>In the Tennessee +Mountains</i> (1884).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Oldworth</b>, of Oldworth Oaks, a wealthy squire, liberally educated, very +hospitable, benevolent, humorous, and whimsical. He brings up Maria, +“the maid of the Oaks” as his ward, but she is his daughter and +heiress.—J Burgoyne, <i>The Maid of the Oaks</i> (1779).</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span><b>Ole ’Stracted</b>, a superannuated negro, formerly a slave, whose fancy is +to wait in a hut on the old plantation for his master’s return. He was +“sold South” forty years before, and his young master promised to go +down next summer and buy him back. The poor fellow has saved in these +years twelve hundred dollars to pay for his freedom. Unknown to himself +or to them, his son and daughter-in-law minister to him in his last +moments. He has put on his clean shirt, sure that “young marster” will +come to-day. Rising to his feet he cries out:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“Heah de one you lookin’ for, Marster! Mymy—heah’s Little Ephrum!”</p></div> + +<p>And with a smile on his face he sank back into his son’s arms.—Thomas +Nelson Page, <i>In Ole Virginia</i> (1887).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Olifant</b>, the horn of Roland or Orlando. This horn and the sword +“Durinda´na” were buried with the hero. Turpin tells us in his +<i>Chronicle</i> that Charlemagne heard the blare of this horn at a distance +of eight miles.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Olifant</i> (<i>Basil</i>), a kinsman of Lady Margaret Bellenden, of the Tower +of Tillietudlem.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Old Mortality</i> (time, Charles II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Olifaunt</b> (<i>Lord Nigel</i>), of Glenvarloch. On going to court to present a +petition to James I. he aroused the dislike of the duke of Buckingham. +Lord Dalgarno gave him the cut direct, and Nigel struck him, but was +obliged to seek refuge in Alsatia. After various adventures he married +Margaret Ramsay, the watch-maker’s daughter, and obtained the +title-deeds of his estates.—Sir W. Scott, <i>The Fortunes of Nigel</i> +(time, James I.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Olim´pia</b>, the wife of Bireno, uncompromising in love, and relentless in +hate.—Ariosto, <i>Orlando Furioso</i> (1516).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Olimpia</i>, a proud Roman lady of high rank. When Rome was sacked by +Bourbon, she flew for refuge to the high altar of St. Peter’s, where she +clung to a golden cross. On the advance of certain soldiers in the army +of Bourbon to seize her, she cast the huge cross from its stand, and as +it fell it crushed to death the foremost soldier. Others then attempted +to seize her, when Arnold dispersed them and rescued the lady; but the +proud beauty would not allow the foe of her country to touch her, and +flung herself from the high altar on the pavement. Apparently lifeless, +she was borne off; but whether she recovered or not we are not informed, +as the drama was never finished.—Byron, <i>The Deformed Transformed</i> +(1821).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Olindo</b>, the lover of Sophronia. Aladine, king of Jerusalem, at the +advice of his magicians, stole an image of the Virgin, and set it up as +a palladium in the chief mosque. During the night it was carried off, +and the king, unable to discover the thief, ordered all his Christian +subjects to be put to death. To prevent this massacre, Sophronia +delivered up herself as the perpetrator of the deed, and Olindo, hearing +thereof, went to the king and declared Sophronia innocent, as he himself +had stolen the image. The king commanded both to be put to death, but, +by the intercession of Clorinda, they were both set free.—Tasso, +<i>Jerusalem Delivered</i>, ii. (1575).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Oliphant</b> or <b>Ollyphant</b>, the twin-brother of Argan´tê, the giantess. Their +father was Typhæus, and their mother Earth.—Spenser, <i>Faëry Queen</i>, +iii. 7, 11 (1590).</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span><b>Olive Litchfield</b>, young woman married to an elderly man, whose fatherly +kindness wins her grateful esteem. With her knowledge and sanction he +leaves the bulk of his property to charitable objects, thereby +disappointing her rapacious relatives. She is quite willing, as a widow, +to marry the man her mother dismissed in order to wed her to a +millionaire, but James Merion, the cured suitor, prefers a fresh +love.—Ellen Olney Kirk, <i>A Daughter of Eve</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Olive Tree</b> (<i>The</i>), emblem of Athens, in memory of the famous dispute +between Minerva (the patron goddess of Athens) and Neptune. Both deities +wished to found a city on the same spot; and, referring the matter to +Jove, the king of gods and men decreed that the privilege should be +granted to whichever would bestow the most useful gift on the future +inhabitants. Neptune struck the earth with his trident, and forth came a +war-horse; Minerva produced an olive tree, emblem of peace; and Jove +gave the verdict in favor of Minerva.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Olive Carraze</b>, beautiful quadroon, virtuous and accomplished, whose +mother, <i>Madame Delphine</i>, swears Olive is not her child, that she may +secure the girl’s legal marriage with a white man who loves her +honorably. On the afternoon of the marriage-day, when the wedded pair +have taken their departure, Madame Delphine seeks her confessor, owns +the perjury, receives absolution, and falls dead in the +confessional.—George W. Cable, <i>Madame Delphine</i> (1879).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Oliver</b>, the elder son of Sir Rowland de Bois [<i>Bwor</i>], left in charge of +his younger brother, Orlando, whom he hated and tried indirectly to +murder. Orlando, finding it impossible to live in his brother’s house, +fled to the forest of Arden, where he joined the society of the banished +duke. One morning he saw a man sleeping, and a serpent and lioness bent +on making him their prey. He slew both the serpent and lioness, and then +found that the sleeper was his brother Oliver. Oliver’s disposition from +this moment underwent a complete change, and he loved his brother as +much as he had before hated him. In the forest the two brothers met +Rosalind and Celia. The former, who was the daughter of the banished +duke, married Orlando; and the latter, who was the daughter of the +usurping duke, married Oliver.—Shakespeare, <i>As You Like It</i> (1598).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Oliver and Rowland</b>, the two chief paladins of Charlemagne. Shakespeare +makes the duke of Alençon say:</p> + +<p class="poem">Froissart, a countryman of ours, records,<br /> +England all Olivers and Rowlands bred<br /> +During the time Edward the Third did reign.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">1 <i>Henry VI.</i> act i. sc. 2 (1589).</span></p> + +<p class="main"><i>Oliver’s Horse</i>, Ferrant d’Espagne.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Oliver’s Sword</i>, Haute-claire.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Oliver le Dain</b> or <i>Oliver le Diable</i>, court barber, and favorite +minister of Louis XI. Introduced by Sir W. Scott in <i>Quentin Durward</i> +and <i>Anne of Geierstein</i> (time, Edward IV.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Oliver Floyd</b>, a dashing lawyer, with iron-gray hair, and separated from +his wife. His guardianly attention to Carol Lester set village and town +gossip to talking.—Charlotte Dunning, <i>Upon a Cast</i> (1885).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Oliv´ia</b>, a rich countess, whose love was sought by Orsino, duke of +Illyria; but having lost her brother, Olivia lived for a time in entire +seclusion, and in no wise<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span> reciprocated the duke’s love; in consequence +of which Viola nicknamed her “Fair Cruelty.” Strange as it may seem, +Olivia fell desperately in love with Viola, who was dressed as the +duke’s page, and sent her a ring. Mistaking Sebastian (Viola’s brother) +for Viola, she married him out of hand.—Shakespeare, <i>Twelfth Night</i> +(1614).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Never were Shakespeare’s words more finely given than by Miss M. +Tree [1802-1862] in the speech to “Olivia,” beginning, “Make me a +willow cabin at thy gate.”—Talfourd (1821).</p></div> + +<p class="main"><i>Olivia</i>, a female Tartuffe (2 <i>syl.</i>), and consummate hypocrite of most +unblushing effrontery.—Wycherly, <i>The Plain Dealer</i> (1677).</p> + +<p>The duc de Montausier was the prototype of Wycherly’s “Mr. Manly,” the +“plain dealer,” and of Molière’s “Misanthrope.”</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Olivia</i>, daughter of Sir James Woodville, left in charge of a mercenary +wretch, who, to secure to himself her fortune, shut her up in a convent +in Paris. She was rescued by Leontine Croaker, brought to England, and +became his bride.—Goldsmith, <i>The Good-natured Man</i> (1768).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Olivia</i>, the tool of Ludovĭco. She loved Vicentio, but Vicentio was +plighted to Evadne, sister of Colonna. Ludovico induced Evadne to +substitute the king’s miniature for that of Vicentio, which she was +accustomed to wear. When Vicentio returned, and found Evadne with the +king’s miniature, he believed what Ludovico had told him that she was +the king’s wanton, and he cast her off. Olivia repented of her +duplicity, and explained it all to Vicentio, whereby a reconciliation +took place, and Vicentio married his troth-plighted lady, “more sinned +against than sinning.”—Shiel, <i>Evadne</i> or <i>The Statue</i> (1820).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Olivia</i>, “the rose of Aragon,” was the daughter of Ruphi´no, a peasant, +and bride of Prince Alonzo of Aragon. The king refused to recognize the +marriage, and, sending his son to the army, compelled the cortez to pass +an act of divorce. This brought to a head a general revolt. The king was +dethroned, and Almagro made regent. Almagro tried to make Olivia marry +him; ordered her father to the rack, and her brother to death. Meanwhile +the prince returned at the head of his army, made himself master of the +city, put down the revolt, and had his marriage duly recognized. Almagro +took poison and died.—S. Knowles, <i>The Rose of Aragon</i> (1842).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Olivia</i> [<span class="smcap">Primrose</span>], the elder daughter of the vicar of Wakefield. She +was a sort of a Hebê in beauty, open, sprightly, and commanding. Olivia +Primrose “wished for many lovers,” and eloped with Squire Thornhill. Her +father went in search of her, and on his return homeward, stopped at a +roadside inn, called the Harrow, and there found her turned out of the +house by the landlady. It was ultimately discovered that she was legally +married to the squire.—Goldsmith, <i>Vicar of Wakefield</i> (1765).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Olivia</i>, young girl who hearkens to <i>The Talking Oak</i> in Tennyson’s +poem of that name (1842).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Olivia de Zenuga</b>, daughter of Don Cæsar. She fixed her heart on having +Julio de Melessina for her husband, and so behaved to all other suitors +as to drive them away. Thus to Don Garcia, she pretended to be a +termagant; to Don Vin<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span>centio, who was music-mad, she professed to love a +Jew’s-harp above every other instrument. At last Julio appeared, and her +“bold stroke” obtained as its reward “the husband of her choice.”—Mrs. +Cowley, <i>A Bold Stroke for a Husband</i> (1782).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Olla</b>, bard of Cairbar. These bards acted as heralds.—Ossian.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ol´lapod</b> (<i>Cornet</i>), at the Galen’s Head. An eccentric country +apothecary, “a jumble of physic and shooting.” Dr. Ollapod is very fond +of “wit,” and when he has said what he thinks a smart thing he calls +attention to it, with “He! he! he!” and some such expression as “Do you +take, good sir! do you take?” But when another says a smart thing, he +titters, and cries, “That’s well! that’s very well! Thank you, good sir, +I owe you one!” He is a regular rattle; details all the scandal of the +village; boasts of his achievements or misadventures; is very mercenary, +and wholly without principle.—G. Colman, <i>The Poor Gentleman</i> (1802).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> This character is evidently a copy of Dibdin’s “Doctor +Pother” in <i>The Farmer’s Wife</i> (1780).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ol´lomand</b>, an enchanter, who persuaded Ahu´bal, the rebellious brother +of Misnar, sultan of Delhi, to try by bribery to corrupt the troops of +the sultan. By an unlimited supply of gold, he soon made himself master +of the southern provinces and Misnar marched to give him battle. +Ollomand, with 5000 men, went in advance and concealed his company in a +forest; but Misnar, apprised thereof by spies, set fire to the forest, +and Ollomand was shot by the discharge of his own cannons, fired +spontaneously by the flames: “For enchantment has no power except over +those who are first deceived by the enchanter.”—Sir C. Morell [J. +Ridley], <i>Tales of the Genii</i> (“The Enchanter’s Tale,” vi., 1751).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Oluf</b> (<i>Sir</i>), a bridegroom who rode late to collect guests to his +wedding. On his ride, the daughter of the erl king met him and invited +him to dance a measure, but Sir Oluf declined. She then offered him a +pair of gold spurs, a silk doublet, and a heap of gold, if he would +dance with her: and when he refused to do so, she struck him “with an +elf-stroke.” On the morrow, when all the bridal party was assembled, Sir +Oluf was found dead in a wood.—<i>A Danish Legend</i> (Herder).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Olympia</b>, countess of Holland and wife of Bire´no. Being deserted by +Bireno, she was bound naked to a rock by pirates, but was delivered by +Orlando, who took her to Ireland, where she married King Oberto (bks. +iv., <a name="corr47" id="corr47"></a><ins class="correction" title="v.).">v.),</ins>—Ariosto, <i>Orlando Furioso</i> (1516).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Olympia</i>, sister to the grand-duke of Muscovia.—Beaumont and Fletcher, +<i>The Loyal Subject</i> (1618).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Omawhaws</b> [<i>Om´.a.waws</i>] or <b>Omahas</b>, an Indian tribe of Dakota.</p> + +<p class="poem">O, chief of the mighty Omahaws!<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Longfellow, <i>To the Driving Cloud</i>.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ombre´lia</b>, the rival of Smilinda, for the love of Sharper; “strong as +the footman, as the master sweet.”—Pope, <i>Eclogues</i> (“The Basset +Table,” 1715).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>O’Neal</b> (<i>Shan</i>), leader of the Irish insurgents in 1567. Shan O’Neal was +notorious for profligacy.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>O’Malley</b> (<i>Charles</i>). Dashing Irish<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span>man in Charles James Lever’s novel +<i>Charles O’Malley</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>O’More</b> (<i>Rory</i>). Hero of a novel of same name and the lover of Katharine +O’Bawn, in the popular song, Rory O’More. Novel and song are by Samuel +Lover.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Onei´za</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), daughter of Moath, a well-to-do Bedouin, in love +with Thal´aba, “the destroyer” of sorcerers. Thalaba, being raised to +the office of vizier, married Oneiza, but she died on the bridal +night.—Southey, <i>Thalaba, the Destroyer</i>, ii., vii. (1797).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Oneida Warrior</b> (<i>The</i>), <a href="#Outalissi">Outalissi</a> (<i>q.v.</i>).—Campbell, <i>Gertrude of +Wyoming</i> (1809).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Only</b> (<i>The</i>), Johann Paul Friedrich Richter, called by the Germans <i>Der +Einzige</i>, from the unique character of his writings.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> The Italians call Bernardo Accolti, an Italian poet of the +sixteenth century, “Aretino the Only,” or <i>L’Unico Aretino</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Open, Ses´ame!</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>) the magic words which caused the cave door of +the “forty thieves” to open of itself. “Shut Sesamê!” were the words +which caused it to shut. Sesame is a grain, and hence Cassim, when he +forgot the word, cried, “Open, Wheat!” “Open, Rye!” “Open, Barley!” but +the door obeyed no sound but “Open, Sesamê!”—<i>Arabian Nights</i> (“Ali +Baba or The Forty Thieves”).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ophelia</b>, the young, beautiful, and pious daughter of Polo´nius, lord +chamberlain to the king of Denmark. Hamlet fell in love with her, but +her father forbade her holding word or speech with the Prince, and she +obeyed so strictly that her treatment of him, with his other wrongs, +drove him to upbraid and neglect her. Ophelia was so wrought upon by his +conduct that her mind gave way. In her madness, attempting to hang a +wreath of flowers on a willow by a brook, a branch broke, and she was +drowned.—<i>Hamlet</i> (1596).</p> + +<p>Tate Wilkinson, speaking of Mrs. Cibber (Dr. Arne’s daughter, +1710-1766), says: “Her features, figure and singing, made her the best +‘Ophelia’ that ever appeared either before or since.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ophiuchus</b> [<i>Of´.i.ū´.kus</i>], the constellation <i>Serpentarius</i>. Ophiuchus +is a man who holds a serpent (Greek <i>Ophis</i>) in his hands. The +constellation is situated to the south of <i>Herculês</i>; and the principal +star, called “Ras Alhague,” is in the man’s head. (<i>Ras </i><a name="corr48" id="corr48"></a><ins class="correction" title="Alhague"><i>Alhague</i>)</ins> +is from the Arabic, <i>rás-al-hawwá</i>, “the serpent-charmer’s head.”)</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i5">Satan stood</span><br /> +Unterrified, and like a comet burned,<br /> +That fires the length of Ophiuchus huge,<br /> +In the Arctic sky.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Milton, <i>Paradise Lost</i>, ii. 709, etc. (1665).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Opium-Eater</b> (<i>The English</i>), Thomas de Quincey, who published +<i>Confessions of an English Opium-Eater</i> (1845).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>O. P. Q.</b>, Robert Merry (1755-1798); object of Gifford’s satire in +<i>Baviad</i> and <i>Mæviad</i>, and of Byron’s in his <i>English Bards and Scotch +Reviewers</i>. He marries Miss Brunton, the actress.</p> + +<p class="poem">And Merry’s metaphors appear anew,<br /> +Chained to the signature of O. P. Q.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Byron, <i>English Bards and Scotch Reviewers</i> (1809).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Oracle of the Church</b> (<i>The</i>), St. Bernard (1091-1153).</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span><b>Oracle of the Holy Bottle</b> (<i>The</i>), an oracle sought for by Rabelais, to +solve the knotty point “whether Panurge (2 <i>syl.</i>) should marry or not.” +The question had been put to sibyl and poet, monk and fool, philosopher +and witch, but none could answer it. The oracle was ultimately found in +Lantern-land.</p> + +<p>This, of course, is a satire on the celibacy of the clergy and the +withholding of the cup from the laity. Shall the clergy marry or +not?—that was the moot point; and the “Bottle of Tent Wine,” or the +clergy, who kept the bottle to themselves, alone could solve it. The +oracle and priestess of the bottle were both called <i>Bacbuc</i> (Hebrew for +“bottle”).—Rabelais, <i>Pantag´ruel</i>, iv., v. (1545).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Oracle</b> (<i>Sir</i>), name used in Merchant of Venice to express conceited, +pugnacious man.</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i2">... I am Sir Oracle,</span><br /> +And when I ope my lips, let no dog <a name="corr49" id="corr49"></a><ins class="correction" title="bark!">bark!”</ins></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Orange</b> (<i>Prince of</i>), a title given to the heir-apparent of the king of +Holland. “Orange” is a petty principality in the territory of Avignon, +in the possession of the Nassau family.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Orania</b>, the lady-love of Am´adis of Gaul.—Lobeira, <i>Amadis of Gaul</i> +(fourteenth century).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Orator Henley</b>, the Rev. John Henley, who for about thirty years +delivered lectures on theological, political, and literary subjects +(1692-1756).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Hogarth has introduced him into several of his pictures; and +Pope says of him:</p> + +<p class="poem">Imbround with native bronze, lo! Henley stands,<br /> +Tuning his voice, and balancing his hands,<br /> +How fluent nonsense trickles from his tongue!<br /> +How sweet the periods, neither said nor sung!...</p> + +<p class="poem">Oh, great restorer of the good old stage,<br /> +Preacher at once and zany of thy age!<br /> +Oh, worthy thou of Egypt’s wise abodes;<br /> +A decent priest where monkeys were the gods!<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib"><i>The Dunciad</i> (1742).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Orator Hunt</b>, the great demagogue in the time of the Wellington and Peel +administration. Henry Hunt, M.P., used to wear a gray hat, and these +hats were for the time a badge of democratic principles, and called +“radical hats” (1773-1835).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Orbaneja</b>, the painter of Ube´da, who painted so preposterously that he +inscribed under his objects what he meant them for.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Orbaneja would paint a cock so wretchedly designed that he was +obliged to inscribe under it, “This is a cock.”—Cervantes, <i>Don +Quixote</i>, II. i. 3 (1615).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Orbilius</b>, the schoolmaster who taught Horace. The poet calls him “the +flogger” (<i>plagōsus</i>).—<i>Ep.</i> ii. 71.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> <i>The Orbilian Stick</i> is a birch rod or cane.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ordigale</b>, the otter in the beast-epic of <i>Reynard the Fox</i>, i. (1498).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ordovi´ces</b> (4 <i>syl.</i>), people of Ordovicia, that is, Flintshire, +Denbighshire, Merionetshire, Montgomeryshire, Carnarvonshire and +Anglesey. (In Latin the <i>i</i> is short: <i>Ordovĭcês</i>.)</p> + +<p class="poem">The Ordovīces now which North Wales people be.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Drayton, <i>Polyolbion</i>, xvi. (1613).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Or´dovies</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), the inhabitants of North Wales. (In Latin North +Wales is called <i>Ordovic´ia</i>.)</p> + +<p class="poem">Beneath his [<i>Agricola’s</i>] fatal sword the Ordovies to fall<br /> +(Inhabiting the west), those people last of all<br /> +... withstood.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Drayton, <i>Polyolbion</i>, viii. (1612).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span><b>Or´ead</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), a mountain-nymph. Tennyson calls “Maud” an <i>oread</i>, +because her hall and garden were on a hill.</p> + +<p class="poem">I see my Oreäd coming down.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib"><i>Maud</i>, I. xvi. 1 (1855).</span></p> + +<p class="main"><i>Oreäd.</i> Echo is so called.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ore´ades</b> (4 <i>syl.</i>) or <b>O´reads</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), mountain-nymphs.</p> + +<p class="poem">Ye Cambrian [<i>Welsh</i>] shepherds then, whom these our mountains please,<br /> +And ye our fellow-nymphs, ye light Oreädês.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Drayton, <i>Polyolbion</i>, ix. (1612).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Orel´io</b>, the favorite horse of King Roderick, the last of the Goths.</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i10">’Twas Orelio</span><br /> +On which he rode, Roderick’s own battle-horse,<br /> +Who from his master’s hand had wont to feed,<br /> +And with a glad docility obey<br /> +His voice familiar.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Southey, <i>Roderick, etc.</i>, xxv. (1814).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ores´tes</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), son of Agamemnon, betrothed to Hermi´onê (4 +<i>syl.</i>), daughter of Menela´us (4 <i>syl.</i>), king of Sparta. At the +downfall of Troy Menelāus promised Hermionê in marriage to Pyrrhus, king +of Epīrus, but Pyrrhus fell in love with Androm´achê, the widow of +Hector, and his captive. An embassy, led by Orestês, was sent to Epirus +to demand that the son of Andromachê should be put to death, lest, as he +grew up, he might seek to avenge his father’s death. Pyrrhus refused to +comply. In this embassage Orestês met Hermionê again, and found her +pride and jealousy aroused to fury by the slight offered her. She goaded +Orestês to avenge her insults, and the ambassadors fell on Pyrrhus and +murdered him. Hermionê, when she saw the dead body of the king borne +along, stabbed herself, and Orestês went raving mad.—Ambrose Philips, +<i>The Distressed Mother</i> (1712).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Orfeo and Heuro´dis</b>, the tale of Orpheus and Eurydĭcê, with the Gothic +machinery of elves and fairies.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Glück has an opera called <i>Orfeo</i>; the libretto, by +Calzabigi, based on a dramatic piece by Poliziano (1764).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Orgari´ta</b>, “the orphan of the Frozen Sea,” heroine of a drama. (See +<a href="#Martha"><span class="smcap">Martha</span></a>.)—Stirling, <i>The Orphan of the Frozen Sea</i> (1856).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Or´gilus</b>, the betrothed lover of Penthe´a, by the consent of her father; +but, at the death of her father, her brother, Ith´oclês, compelled her +to marry Bass´anês, whom she hated. Ithoclês was about to marry the +princess of Sparta, but a little before the event was to take place +Penthea starved herself to death, and Orgilus was condemned to death for +murdering Ithoclês.—John Ford, <i>The Broken Heart</i> (1633).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Orgoglio</b> [<i>Or.gole´.yo</i>], a hideous giant, as tall as three men, son of +Earth and Wind. Finding the Red Cross Knight at the fountain of Idleness +he beats him with a club, and makes him his slave. Una informs Arthur of +it, and Arthur liberates the knight and slays the giant (<i>Rev.</i> xiii. 5, +7, with <i>Dan.</i> vii. 21, 22).—Spenser, <i>Faëry Queen</i>, i. (1590).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Arthur first cut off Orgoglio’s <i>left arm</i>, <i>i. e.</i> Bohemia +was cut off first from the Church of Rome; then he cut off the giant’s +<i>right leg</i>, <i>i. e.</i> England.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Orgon</b>, brother-in-law of Tartuffe (2 <i>syl.</i>). His credulity and faith in +Tartuffe, like that of his mother, can scarcely be shaken even by the +evidence of his senses. He hopes against hope, and fights every inch of +ground in defence of the religious hypocrite.—Molière, <i>Tartuffe</i> +(1664).</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span><b>Oria´na</b>, daughter of Lisuarte, king of England, and spouse of Am´adis of +Gaul (bk. ii. 6). The general plot of this series of romances bears on +this marriage, and tells of the thousand and one obstacles from rivals, +giants, sorcerers and so on, which had to be overcome before the +consummation could be effected. It is in this unity of plot that the +Amadis series differs from its predecessors—the Arthurian romances, and +those of the paladins of Charlemagne, which are detached adventures, +each complete in itself, and not bearing to any common focus.—<i>Amadis +de Gaul</i> (fourteenth century).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Queen Elizabeth is called “the peerless Oriana,” especially +in the madrigals entitled <i>The Triumphs of Oriana</i> (1601). Ben Jonson +applies the name to the queen of James I. (<i>Oriens Anna</i>).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Oriana</i>, the nursling of a lioness, with whom Esplandian fell in love, +and for whom he underwent all his perils and exploits. She was the +gentlest, fairest, and most faithful of her sex.—Lobeira, <i>Amadis de +Gaul</i> (fourteenth century).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Orian´a</i>, the fair, brilliant, and witty “chaser” of the “wild goose” +Mirabel, to whom she is betrothed, and whose wife she ultimately +becomes.—Beaumont and Fletcher, <i>The Wild-Goose Chase</i> (1652).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Oriana</i>, the ward of old Mirabel, and bound by contract to her +guardian’s son whom she loves; but young Mirabel shilly-shallies, till +he gets into trouble with Lamorce (3 <i>syl.</i>), and is in danger of being +murdered, when Oriana, dressed as a page, rescues him. He then declared +that his “inconstancy has had a lesson,” and he marries the lady.—G. +Farquhar, <i>The Inconstant</i> (1702).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Oriana</i>, in Tennyson’s ballad so called, “stood on the castle wall,” to +see her spouse, a Norland chief, fight. A foeman went between “the +chief, and the wall,” and discharged an arrow, which, glancing aside, +pierced the lady’s heart and killed her. The ballad is the lamentation +of the spouse on the death of his bride (1830).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>O´riande</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), a fay who lived at Rosefleur, and was brought up by +Maugis d’Aygremont. When her <i>protégé</i> grew up, she loved him, “d’un si +grand amour, qu’elle doute fort qu’il ne se departe d’avecques +elle.”—<i>Romance de Maujis d’Aygremont et de Vivian son Frère.</i></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>O´riel</b>, a fairy, whose empire lay along the banks of the Thames, when +King Oberon held his court in Kensington Gardens.—Tickell, <i>Kensington +Gardens</i> (1686-1740).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Orient</b> (<i>The</i>). In <i>The New Priest of Conception Bay</i>, Fanny Dare sings +to little Mary Barré how the good ship <i>Orient</i> was wrecked.</p> + +<p class="poemquote">“Woe for the brave ship Orient!<br /> +Woe for the old ship Orient!<br /> +<span class="i1">For in the broad, broad light</span><br /> +<span class="i1">With the land in sight,—</span><br /> +<span class="i1">Where the waters bubbled white,—</span><br /> +One great, sharp shriek!—one shudder of affright!<br /> +And——<br /> +<span class="i1">down went the brave old ship, the Orient!”</span><br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Robert Lowell, <i>The New Priest of Conception Bay</i> (1858).</span></p> + + + +<p class="main"><b>Oriflamme</b>, the banner of St. Denis. When the counts of Vexin became +possessed of the abbey, the banner passed into their hands, and when, in +1082, Philippe I. united Vexin to the crown, the oriflamme or sacred +banner belonged to the king. In 1119 it was first used as a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span> national +banner. It consists of a crimson silk flag, mounted on a gilt staff (<i>un +glaive tout doré où est attaché une banière vermeille</i>). The loose end +is cut into three wavy vandykes, to represent tongues of flame, and a +silk tassel is hung at each cleft. In war the display of this standard +indicates that no quarter will be given. The English standard of no +quarter was the “burning dragon.”</p> + +<p>Raoul de Presle says it was used in the time of Charlemagne, being the +gift of the patriarch of Jerusalem. We are told that all infidels were +blinded who looked upon it. Froissart says it was displayed at the +battle of Rosbecq, in the reign of Charles VI., and “no sooner was it +unfurled than the fog cleared away, and the sun shone on the French +alone.”</p> + +<p class="poem">I have not reared the Oriflamme of death.<br /> +... me it behooves<br /> +To spare the fallen foe.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Southey, <i>Joan of Arc</i>, viii. 621, etc. (1837).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Origilla</b>, the lady-love of Gryphon, brother of Aquilant; but the +faithless fair one took up with Martāno, a most impudent boaster and a +coward. Being at Damascus during a tournament in which Gryphon was the +victor, Martano stole the armor of Gryphon, arrayed himself in it, took +the prizes, and then decamped with the lady. Aquilant happened to see +them, bound them, and took them back to Damascus, where Martano was +hanged, and the lady kept in bondage for the judgment of +Lucīna.—Ariosto, <i>Orlando Furioso</i> (1516).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Orillo</b>, a magician and robber, who lived at the mouth of the Nile. He +was the son of an imp and fairy. When any one of his limbs was lopped +off, he had the power of restoring it; and when his head was cut off, he +could take it up and replace it. When Astolpho encountered this +magician, he was informed that his life lay in one particular hair; so +instead of seeking to maim his adversary, Astolpho cut off the magic +hair, and the magician fell lifeless at his feet.—Ariosto, <i>Orlando +Furioso</i> (1516).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Orinda</b>, “the incomparable,” Mrs. Katherine Philipps, who lived in the +reign of Charles II., and died of small-pox.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Her praises were sung by Cowley, Dryden, and others.</p> + +<p class="poem">We allowed you beauty, and we did submit ...<br /> +Ah, cruel sex, will you depose us too in wit?<br /> +<span class="i1">Orinda does in that too reign.</span><br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Cowley, <i>On Orinda’s Poems</i> (1647).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ori´on</b>, a giant of great beauty, and a famous hunter, who cleared the +island of Chios of wild beasts. While in the island, Orion fell in love +with Merŏpê, daughter of king Œnop´ion; but one day, in a drunken fit, +having offered her violence, the king put out the giant’s eyes, and +drove him from the island. Orion was told if he would travel eastward, +and expose his sockets to the rising sun, he would recover his sight. +Guided by the sound of a Cyclop’s hammer, he reached Lemnos, where +Vulcan gave him a guide to the abode of the sun. In due time, his sight +returned to him, and at death he was made a constellation. The lion’s +skin was an emblem of the wild beasts which he slew in Chios, and the +club was the instrument he employed for the purpose.</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i7">He [<i>Orion</i>]</span><br /> +Reeled as of yore beside the sea,<br /> +<span class="i1">When, blinded by Œnopion,</span><br /> +He sought the blacksmith at his forge,<br /> +And, climbing up the mountain gorge,<br /> +<span class="i1">Fixed his blank eyes upon the sun.</span><br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Longfellow, <i>The Occultation of Orion</i>.</span></p> + +<p class="main"><i>Orion and the Blacksmith.</i> The reference is to the blacksmith mentioned +in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span> the preceding article, whom Orion took on his back to act as guide +to the place where the rising sun might be best seen.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Orion’s Dogs</i> were Arctophŏnus (“the bear-killer”) and Ptoophăgos (“the +glutton of Ptoon,” in Bœōtia).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Orion’s Wife</i>, Sidê.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Orion.</i> After Orion has set in the west, <i>Aurīga</i> (the Charioteer) and +<i>Gem´ini</i> (Castor and Pollux) are still visible. Hence Tennyson says:</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i7">... the Charioteer</span><br /> +And starry Gemini hang like glorious crowns<br /> +Over Orion’s grave low down in the west.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib"><i>Maud</i>, III. vi. 1 (1855).</span></p> + +<p class="main"><i>Orion</i>, a seraph, the guardian angel of Simon Peter.—Klopstock, <i>The +Messiah</i>, iii. (1748).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Orith´yia</b> or <b>Orith´ya</b>, daughter of Erectheus, carried off by Boreas to +Thrace.</p> + +<p class="poem">Such, dalliance as alone the North wind hath with her,<br /> +Orithya not enjoyed, from Thrace when he her took,<br /> +And in his saily plumes the trembling virgin shook.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Drayton, <i>Polyolbion</i>, x. (1612).</span></p> + +<p>Phineas Fletcher calls the word “Orithy´a.”</p> + +<p class="poem">None knew mild zephyr’s from cold Eurus’ mouth,<br /> +Nor Orithya’s lover’s violence [<i>North wind</i>].<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib"><i>Purple Island</i>, i. (1633).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Orlando</b>, the younger son of Sir Rowland de Bois [<i>Bwor</i>]. At the death +of his father, he was left under the care of his elder brother, Oliver, +who was charged to treat him well; but Oliver hated him, wholly +neglected his education, and even tried by many indirect means to kill +him. At length, Orlando fled to the forest of Arden´, where he met +Rosalind and Celia in disguise. They had met before at a wrestling +match, when Orlando and Rosalind fell in love with each other. The +acquaintance was renewed in the forest, and ere many days had passed the +two ladies resumed their proper characters, and both were married, +Rosalind to Orlando, and Celia to Oliver, the elder +brother.—Shakespeare, <i>As You Like It</i> (1598).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Orlando</i> (in French <a href="#Roland"><span class="smcap">Roland</span></a>, <i>q.v.</i>), one of the paladins of +Charlemagne, whose nephew he was. Orlando was confiding and loyal, of +great stature, and possessed unusual strength. He accompanied his uncle +into Spain, but on his return was waylaid in the valley of Roncesvallês +(in the Pyrenees) by the traitor Ganelon, and perished with all his +army, <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 778. His adventures are related in Turpin’s <i>Chronique;</i> in +the <i>Chanson de Roland</i>, attributed to Théroulde. He is the hero of +Bojardo’s epic, <i>Orlando Innamorato</i>; and of Ariosto’s continuation +called <i>Orlando Furioso</i> (“Orlando mad”). Robert Greene, in 1594, +produced a drama which he called <i>The History of Orlando</i>. Rhode’s farce +of <i>Bombastês Furioso</i> (1790) is a burlesque of Ariosto’s <i>Orlando +Furioso</i>.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Orlando’s Ivory Horn</i>, Olifant, once the property of Alexander the +Great. Its bray could be heard for twenty miles.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Orlando’s Horse</i>, Brigliadoro (“golden bridal”).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Orlando’s Sword</i>, Durinda´na or Durandana, which once belonged to +Hector, is “preserved at Rocamadour, in France; and his spear is still +shown in the cathedral of Pa´via, in Italy.”</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Orlando was of middling stature, broad-shouldered, crooked-legged, +brown-visaged, red-bearded, and had much hair on his body. He +talked but little, and had a very surly aspect, although he was +perfectly good-humored.—Cervantes, <i>Don Quixote</i>, II. i. 1 (1615).</p></div> + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span><i>Orlando’s Vulnerable Part.</i> Orlando was invulnerable except in the sole +of his foot, and even there nothing could wound him but the point of a +large pin; so that when Bernardo del Carpio assailed him at +Roncesvallês, he took him in his arms and squeezed him to death, in +imitation of Herculês, who squeezed to death the giant Antæ´us (3 +<i>syl.</i>).—Cervantes, <i>Don Quixote</i>, II. ii. 13 (1615).</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Orlando_Furioso" id="Orlando_Furioso"></a><b>Orlando Furioso</b>, a continuation of Bojardo’s story, with the same hero. +Bojardo leaves Orlando in love with Angelica, whom he fetched from +Cathay and brought to Paris. Here, says Ariosto, Rinaldo falls in love +with her, and, to prevent mischief, the king placed the coquette under +the charge of Namus; but she contrived to escape her keeper, and fled to +the island of Ebūda, where Rogēro found her exposed to a sea-monster, +and liberated her. In the mean time, Orlando went in search of his lady, +was decoyed into the enchanted castle of Atlantês, but was liberated by +Angelica, who again succeeded in effecting her escape to Paris. Here she +arrived just after a great battle between the Christians and pagans, +and, finding Medōra, a Moor, wounded, took care of him, fell in love +with him, and eloped with him to Cathay. When Orlando found himself +jilted, he was driven mad with jealousy and rage, or rather his wits +were taken from him for three months by way of punishment, and deposited +in the moon. Astolpho went to the moon in Elijah’s chariot, and St. John +gave him “the lost wits” in an urn. On reaching France Astolpho bound +the madman, then, holding the urn to his nose, the wits returned to +their nidus, and the hero was himself again. After this, the siege was +continued, and the Christians were wholly successful. (See <a href="#Orlando_Innamorato"><span class="smcap">Orlando +Innamorato</span></a>.)—Ariosto, <i>Orlando Furioso</i> (1516).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> This romance in verse extends to forty-six cantos. Hoole, in +his translation, has compressed the forty-six cantos into twenty-four +books; but Rose has retained the original number. The adventures of +Orlando, under the French form “Roland,” are related by Turpin in his +<i>Chronicle</i>, and by Théroulde in his <i>Chanson de Roland</i>.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> The true hero of Ariosto’s romance is Rogēro, and not +Orlando. It is with Rogero’s victory over Rodomont that the poem ends. +The concluding lines are:</p> + +<p class="poem">Then at full stretch he [<i>Rogero</i>] raised his arm above<br /> +The furious Rodomont, and the weapon drove<br /> +Thrice in his gaping throat—so ends the strife,<br /> +And leaves secure Rogero’s fame and life.</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Orlando_Innamorato" id="Orlando_Innamorato"></a><b>Orlando Innamora´to</b>, or <i>Orlando in love</i>, in three books, by Count +Bojardo, of Scandiano, in Italy (1495). Bojardo supposes Charlemagne to +be warring against the Saracens in France, under the walls of Paris. He +represents the city to be besieged by two infidel hosts—one under +Agramantê, emperor of Africa, and the other under Gradasso, king of +Sirica´na. His hero is Orlando, whom he supposes (though married at the +time to Aldebella) to be in love with Angelica, a fascinating coquette +from Cathay, whom Orlando had brought to France. (See <a href="#Orlando_Furioso"><span class="smcap">Orlando Furioso</span></a>.)</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Berni of Tuscany, in 1538, published a burlesque in verse on +the same subject.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Orleans</b>, a most passionate innamorato, in love with Agripy´na.—Thomas +Dekker, <i>Old Fortunatus</i> (1600).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Orleans talks “pure Biron and Romeo;” he is almost as poetical as +they, quite as philosophical, only a little madder.—C. Lamb.</p></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span>(“Biron,” in Shakespeare’s <i>Love’s Labor’s Lost</i>; “Romeo,” in his <i>Romeo +and Juliet</i>.)</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Orleans</i> (<i>Gaston, duke of</i>), brother of Louis XIII. He heads a +conspiracy to assassinate Richelieu and dethrone the king. If the plot +had been successful, Gaston was to have been made regent; but the +conspiracy was discovered, and the duke was thwarted in his ambitious +plans.—Lord Lytton, <i>Richelieu</i> (1839).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Orleans</i> (<i>Louis, duc d’</i>), to whom the Princess Joan (daughter of +Louis XI.) is affianced.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Quentin Durward</i> (time, Edward +IV.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Orlick</b> (<i>Dolge</i>), usually called “Old Orlick,” though not above five and +twenty, journeyman to Joe Gargery, blacksmith. Obstinate, morose, +broad-shouldered, loose-limbed, swarthy, of great strength, never in a +hurry, and always slouching. Being jealous of Pip, he allured him to a +hut in the marshes, bound him to a ladder, and was about to kill him, +when, being alarmed by approaching steps, he fled. Subsequently, he +broke into Mr. Pumblechook’s house, was arrested, and confined in the +county jail. This surly, ill-conditioned brute was in love with Biddy, +but Biddy married Joe Gargery.—C. Dickens, <i>Great Expectations</i> (1860).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Orloff Diamond</b> (<i>The</i>), the third largest cut diamond in the world, set +in the top of the Russian sceptre. The weight of this magnificent +diamond is 194 carats, and its size is that of a pigeon’s egg. It was +once one of the eyes of the idol Sheringham, in the temple of Brahma; +came into the hands of the Shah Nadir; was stolen by a French grenadier +and sold to an English sea-captain for £2000; the captain sold it to a +Jew for £12,000; it next passed into the hands of Shafras; and in 1775, +Catherine II. of Russia gave for it £90,000. (See <span class="smcap">Diamonds</span>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Or´mandine</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), the necromancer who threw St. David into an +enchanted sleep for seven years, from which he was reclaimed by St. +George.—R. Johnson, <i>The Seven Champions of Christendom</i>, i. 9 (1617).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Orme</b> (<i>Victor</i>), a poor gentleman in love with Elsie.—Wybert Reeve, +<i>Parted</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ormond</b> (<i>The duke of</i>), a privy councillor of Charles II.—Sir W. Scott, +<i>Peveril of the Peak</i> (time, Charles II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ormston</b> (<i>Jock</i>), a sheriff’s officer at Fairport.—Sir W. Scott, <i>The +Antiquary</i> (time, George III.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ornithol´ogy</b> (<i>The Father of</i>), George Edwards (1693-1773).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Oroma´zes</b> (4 <i>syl.</i>), the principle of good in Persian mythology. Same +as Yezad (<i>q.v.</i>).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Oroonda´tes</b> (5 <i>syl.</i>), only son of a Scythian king, whose love for +Statīra (widow of Alexander the Great) led him into numerous dangers and +difficulties, which, however, he surmounted.—La Calprenède, <i>Cassandra</i> +(a romance).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Oroono´ko</b> (<i>Prince</i>), son and heir of the king of Angola, and general of +the forces. He was decoyed by Captain Driver aboard his ship; his suite +of twenty men were made drunk with rum; the ship weighed anchor; and the +prince, with all his men, were sold as slaves in one of the West Indian +Islands. Here Oroonoko met Imoin´da (3 <i>syl.</i>), his wife, from whom he +had been separated, and whom he thought<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span> was dead. He headed a rising of +the slaves, and the lieutenant-governor tried to seduce Imoinda. The +result was that Imoinda killed herself, and Oroonoko (3 <i>syl.</i>) slew +first the lieutenant-governor and then himself. Mrs. Aphra Behn became +acquainted with the prince at Surinam, and made the story of his life +the basis of a novel, which Thomas Southern dramatized (1696).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Orozem´bo</b>, a brave and dauntless old Peruvian. When captured and brought +before the Spanish invaders, Orozembo openly defied them, and refused to +give any answer to their questions (act i. 1).—Sheridan, <i>Pizarro</i> +(altered from Kotzebue, 1799).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Orpas</b>, once archbishop at Sev´ille. At the overthrow of the Gothic +kingdom in Spain, Orpas joined the Moors and turned Moslem. Of all the +renegades “the foulest and the falsest wretch was he that e’er renounced +his baptism.” He wished to marry Florinda, daughter of Count Julian, in +order to secure “her wide domains;” but Florinda loathed him. In the +Moorish council Orpas advised Abulcacem to cut off Count Julian, “whose +power but served him for fresh treachery; false to Roderick first, and +to the caliph now.” This advice was acted on; but, as the villain left +the tent, Abulcacem muttered to himself, “Look for a like reward +thyself; that restless head of wickedness in the grave will brood no +treason.”—Southey, <i>Roderick, etc.</i>, xx., xxii. (1814).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Orphan of China</b>, a drama by Murphy. Zaphimri, the sole survivor of the +royal race of China, was committed in infancy to Zamti, the mandarin, +that he might escape from the hand of Ti´murkan´, the Tartar conqueror. +Zamti brought up Zaphimri as his son, and sent Hamet, his real son, to +Corea, where he was placed under the charge of Morat. Twenty years +afterwards, Hamet led a band of insurgents against Timurkan, was seized, +and ordered to be put to death under the notion that he was “the orphan +of China.” Zaphimri, hearing thereof, went to the Tartar and declared +that he, not Hamet, was the real prince; whereupon Timurkan ordered +Zamti and his wife, Mandānê, with Hamet and Zaphimri, to be seized. +Zamti and Mandanê were ordered to the torture, to wring from them the +truth. In the interim, a party of insurgent Chinese rushed into the +palace, killed the king, and established “the orphan of China” on the +throne of his fathers (1759).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Orphan of the Frozen Sea</b>, Martha, the daughter of Ralph de Lascours +(captain of the <i>Uran´ia</i>) and his wife, Louise. The crew having +rebelled, the three, with their servant, Bar´abas, were cast adrift in a +boat, which ran on an iceberg in the Frozen Sea. Ralph thought it was a +small island, but the iceberg broke up, both Ralph and his wife were +drowned, but Barabas and Martha escaped. Martha was taken by an Indian +tribe, which brought her up and named her Orgari´ta (“withered wheat”), +from her white complexion. In Mexico she met with her sister, Diana, and +her grandmother, Mde. de Theringe (2 <i>syl.</i>), and probably married +Horace de Brienne.—E. Stirling, <i>Orphan of the Frozen Sea</i> (1856).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Orphan of the Temple</b>, Marie Thérèse Charlotte, duchess d’Angoulême, +daughter of Louis XVI.; so called from the Temple, where she was +imprisoned. She was called “The Modern Antig´onê” by her uncle, Louis +XVIII.</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span><b>Orphant Annie.</b> A bound girl, who is credited by <i>l’enfant terrible</i> of +the household with the goblin-lore he lavishes upon a visitor, this +being the moral:</p> + +<p class="poemquote">“You better mind yer parents and yer teachers fond and dear,<br /> +An’ churish ’em ’at loves you an’ dry the orphant’s tear,<br /> +An’ he’p the poor an’ needy ones ’at clusters all about,<br /> +<span class="i1">Er the gobble-uns ’ll git you</span><br /> +<span class="i7">Ef you</span><br /> +<span class="i9">Don’t</span><br /> +<span class="i11">Watch</span><br /> +<span class="i13">Out!”</span><br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">James Whitcomb Riley, <i>The Boss Girl and Other Sketches</i> (1886).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Orpheus.</b> (For a parallel fable, see <span class="smcap">Wainamoinen</span>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Orpheus and Eurydice</b> (4 <i>syl.</i>), Glück’s best opera (<i>Orfeo</i>). Libretto +by Calzabigi, who also wrote for Glück the libretto of <i>Alceste</i> (1767). +King produced an English version of <i>Orpheus and Eurydice</i>.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> The tale is introduced by Pope in his <i>St. Cecilia’s Ode</i>.</p> + +<p class="poem">Of Orpheus now no more let poets tell,<br /> +<span class="i1">To bright Cecilia greater power is given;</span><br /> +His numbers raised a shade from hell,<br /> +<span class="i1">Hers lift the soul to heaven.</span><br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Pope, <i>St. Cecilia’s Day</i> (1709).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Orpheus of Highwaymen</b>, John Gay, author of <i>The Beggar’s Opera</i> +(1688-1732).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Orpheus of the Green Isle</b> (<i>The</i>), <a name="corr50" id="corr50"></a><ins class="correction" title="Turlough">Furlough</ins> O’Carolan, poet and +musician (1670-1738).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Or´raca</b> (<i>Queen</i>), wife of Affonso II. The legend says that five friars +of Morocco, went to her, and said, “Three things we prophesy to you: (1) +we five shall all suffer martyrdom; (2) our bodies will be brought to +Coimbra; and (3) which ever see our relics the first, you or the king, +will die the same day.” When their bodies were brought to <a name="corr51" id="corr51"></a><ins class="correction" title="Coimbra,">Coimba,</ins> +the king told Queen Orraca she must join the procession with him. She +pleaded illness, but Affonso replied the relics would cure her; so they +started on their journey. As they were going, the queen told the king to +speed on before, as she could not travel so fast; so he speeded on with +his retinue, and started a boar on the road. “Follow him!” cried the +king, and they went after the boar and killed it. In the mean time, the +queen reached the procession, fully expecting her husband had joined it +long ago; but lo! she beheld him riding up with great speed. That night +the king was aroused at midnight with the intelligence that the queen +was dead.—Southey, <i>Queen Orraca</i> (1838); Francisco Manoel da +Esperança, <i>Historia Sarafica</i> <a name="corr52" id="corr52"></a><ins class="correction" title="(eighteenth">(eightteenth</ins> century).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Orrock</b> (<i>Puggie</i>), a sheriff’s officer at Fairport.—Sir W. Scott, <i>The +Antiquary</i> (time, George III.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Orsin</b>, one of the leaders of the rabble rout that attacked Hudibras at +the bear-baiting.—S. Butler, <i>Hudibras</i> (1663).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Orsi´ni</b> (<i>Maffio</i>), a young Italian nobleman, whose life was saved by +Genna´ro at the battle of Rim´ini. Orsini became the fast friend of +Gennaro, but both were poisoned by the Princess Neg´roni at a +banquet.—Donizetti, <i>Lucrezia di Borgia</i> (opera, 1834).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Orsi´no</b>, duke of Illyria, who sought the love of Olivia, a rich +countess; but Olivia gave no encouragement to his suit, and the duke +moped and pined, leaving manly sports for music and other effeminate +employments. Viola entered the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span> duke’s service as a page, and soon +became a great favorite. When Olivia married Sebastian (Viola’s +brother), and the sex of Viola became known, the duke married her, and +made her duchess of Illyria.—Shakespeare, <i>Twelfth Night</i> (1614).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Orson</b>, twin brother of Valentine, and son of Bellisant. The +twin-brothers were born in a wood near Orleans, and Orson was carried +off by a bear, which suckled him with its cubs. When he grew up he +became the terror of France, and was called “The Wild Man of the +Forest.” Ultimately, he was reclaimed by his brother Valentine, +overthrew the Green Knight, and married Fezon, daughter of the duke of +Savary, in Aquitane.—<i>Valentine and Orson</i> (fifteenth century).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Orson and Ellen.</b> Young Orson was a comely young farmer from Taunton, +stout as an oak, and very fond of the lasses, but he hated matrimony, +and used to say, “the man who can buy milk is a fool to keep a cow.” +While still a lad, Orson made love to Ellen, a rustic maiden; but, in +the fickleness of youth, forsook her for a richer lass, and Ellen left +the village, wandered far away, and became waiting maid to old Boniface, +the innkeeper. One day Orson happened to stop at this very inn, and +Ellen waited on him. Five years had passed since they had seen each +other, and at first neither knew the other. When, however, the facts +were known, Orson made Ellen his wife, and their marriage feast was +given by Boniface himself.—Peter Pindar [Dr. Wolcot], <i>Orson and Ellen</i> +(1809).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ortel´lius</b> (<i>Abraham</i>), a Dutch geographer, who published in 1570, his +<i>Theatrum Orbis Terræ</i>, or <i>Universal Geography</i> (1527-1598).</p> + +<p class="poem">I more could tell to prove the place our own,<br /> +Than by his spacious maps are by Ortellius shown.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Drayton, <i>Polyolbion</i>, vi. (1612).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ortheris</b>, cockney companion of Mulvaney. He suffers violently from +homesickness in India.—Rudyard Kipling, <i>Soldiers Three</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Orthodoxy.</b> When Lord Sandwich said, “he did not know the difference +between orthodoxy and heterodoxy,” Warburton, bishop of Gloucester, +replied, “Orthodoxy, my lord, is <i>my</i> doxy, and heterodoxy is <i>another +man’s</i> doxy.”</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Orthodoxy</i> (<i>The Father of</i>), Athanasius (296-373).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Orthrus</b>, the two-headed dog of Euryt´ion, the herdsman of Geryon´eo. It +was the progeny of Typha´on and Echidna.</p> + +<p class="poem">With his two-headed dogge that Orthrus hight,<br /> +Orthrus begotten by great Typhaon<br /> +And foule Echidna in the house of Night.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Spenser, <i>Faëry Queen</i>, v., 10 (1596).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ortwine</b> (2 <i>syl.</i>), knight of Metz, sister’s son of Sir Hagan of Trony, +a Burgundian.—<i>The Nibelungen Lied</i> (eleventh century).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Or´ville</b> (<i>Lord</i>), the amiable and devoted lover of Evelina, whom he +ultimately marries.—Miss Burney, <i>Evelina</i> (1778).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Osbaldistone</b> (<i>Mr.</i>), a London merchant.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Frank Osbaldistone</i>, his son, in love with Diana Vernon, whom he +marries.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Sir Hildebrand Osbaldistone</i>, of Osbaldistone Hall, uncle of Frank, his +heir.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>His Sons</i> were: Percival, “the sot;” Thorncliffe, “the bully;” John, +“the gamekeeper;” Richard, “the <a name="corr53" id="corr53"></a><ins class="correction" title="horse-jockey;”">horse-jockey:”</ins><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span> Wilfred, “the +fool;” and Rashleigh, “the scholar,” a perfidious villain killed by Rob +Roy.—Sir W. Scott, Rob Roy (time, George I.).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Rob Roy Macgregor</i> was dramatized by Pocock.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Osborne</b> (<i>Mr.</i>), a hard, money-loving, purse-proud, wealthy London +merchant, whose only gospel was that “according to Mammon.” He was a +widower, and his heart of hearts was to see his son, Captain George, +marry a rich mulatto. While his neighbor, Sedley, was prosperous, old +Sedley encouraged the love-making of George and Miss Sedley; but when +old Sedley failed, and George dared to marry the bankrupt’s daughter, to +whom he was engaged, the old merchant disinherited him. Captain George +fell on the field of Waterloo, but the heart of old Osborne would not +relent, and he allowed the widow to starve in abject poverty. He +adopted, however, the widow’s son George, and brought him up in absurd +luxury and indulgence. A more detestable cad than old Sedley cannot be +imagined.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Maria</i> and <i>Jane Osborne</i>, daughters of the merchant, and of the same +mould. Maria married Frederick Bullock, a banker’s son.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Captain George Osborne</i>, son of the merchant; selfish, vain, +extravagant, and self-indulgent. He was engaged to Amelia Sedley, while +her father was in prosperity, and Captain Dobbin induced him to marry +her after the father was made a bankrupt. Happily, George fell on the +field of Waterloo, or one would never vouch for his conjugal +fidelity.—Thackeray, <i>Vanity Fair</i> (1848).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Oscar</b>, son of Ossian and grandson of Fingal. He was engaged to Malvi´na, +daughter of Toscar, but before the day of marriage arrived, he was +slain in Ulster, fighting against Cairbar, who had treacherously invited +him to a banquet and then slew him, <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 296. Oscar is represented as +most brave, warm-hearted, and impetuous, most submissive to his father, +tender to Malvina, and a universal favorite.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Oscar Roused from Sleep.</i> “Caolt took up a huge stone and hurled it on +the hero’s head. The hill for three miles round shook with the +reverberation of the blow, and the stone, rebounding, rolled out of +sight. Whereupon Oscar awoke, and told Caolt to reserve his blows for +his enemies.”</p> + +<p class="poem">Gun thog Caoilte a chlach nach gàn,<br /> +Agus a n’ aighai’ chiean gun bhuail;<br /> +Tri mil an tulloch gun chri.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib"><i>Gaelic Romances.</i></span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Oscar Dubourg.</b> Amiable, affectionate young fellow, betrothed to blind +Lucilla Finch. To cure the epilepsy attendant upon an injury to his +head, he takes nitrate of silver, concealing the discoloration of his +complexion caused by the drug from the knowledge of his betrothed, who +has a nervous horror of ugliness and deformity. When she regains her +sight, he leaves her because he dares not disclose the truth that she +has mistaken his brother for himself, and does not enter her presence +until her sight again leaves her.—Wilkie Collins, <i>Poor Miss Finch</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Os´ewald</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), the reeve, of “the carpenteres craft,” an old +man.—Chaucer, <i>Canterbury Tales</i> (1388).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Oseway</b> (<i>Dame</i>), the ewe, in the beast-epic of <i>Reynard the Fox</i> (1498).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>O’Shanter</b> (<i>Tam</i>), a farmer, who, returning home from Ayr very late and +well-soaked with liquor, had to pass the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span> kirk of Alloway. Seeing it was +illuminated, he peeped in, and saw there the witches and devils dancing, +while old Clootie was blowing the bagpipes. Tam got so excited that he +roared out to one of the dancers, “Weel done, Cutty Sark!” In a moment +all was dark. Tam now spurred his “grey mare Meg” to the top of her +speed, while all the fiends chased after him. The river Doon was near, +and Tam just reached the middle of the bridge when one of the witches, +whom he called Cutty Sark, reached him; but it was too late—he had +passed the <i>middle</i> of the stream, and was out of the power of the crew. +Not so his mare’s tail—that had not yet passed the magic line, and +Cutty Sark, clinging thereto, dragged it off with an infernal +wrench.—R. Burns, <i>Tam O’Shanter</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Osi´ris</b>, judge of the dead, brother and husband of Isis. Osiris is +identical with Adonis and Thammuz. All three represent the sun, six +months above the equator, and six months below it. Adonis passed six +months with Aphrodītê in heaven, and six months with Persephŏnê in hell. +So Osiris in heaven was the beloved of Isis, but in the land of darkness +was embraced by Nepthys.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Osiris</i>, the sun; Isis, the moon.</p> + +<p class="poem">They [<i>the priests</i>] wore rich mitres shaped like the moon,<br /> +To show that Isis doth the moon portend,<br /> +Like as Osiris signifies the sun.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Spenser, <i>Faëry Queen</i>, v. 7 (1596).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Osman</b>, sultan of the East, the great conqueror of the Christians, a man +of most magnanimous mind and of noble generosity. He loved Zara, a young +Christian captive, and was by her beloved with equal ardor and +sincerity. Zara was the daughter of Lusignan d’Outremer, a Christian +king of Jerusalem; she was taken prisoner by Osman’s father, with her +elder brother, Nerestan, then four years old. After twenty years’ +captivity, Nerestan was sent to France for ransom, and on his return +presented himself before the sultan, who fancied he perceived a sort of +intimacy between the young man and Zara, which excited his suspicion and +jealousy. A letter, begging that Zara would meet him in a “secret +passage” of the seraglio, fell into the sultan’s hands, and confirmed +his suspicions. Zara went to the rendezvous, where Osman met her and +stabbed her to the heart. Nerestan was soon brought before him, and told +him he had murdered his sister, and all he wanted of her was to tell her +of the death of her father, and to bring her his dying benediction. +Stung with remorse, Osman liberated all his Christian captives, and then +stabbed himself.—Aaron Hill, <i>Zara</i> (1735).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> This tragedy is an English adaptation of Voltaire’s <i>Zaïre</i> +(1733).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Osmand</b>, a necromancer, who, by enchantment, raised up an army to resist +the Christians. Six of the champions were enchanted by Osmand, but St. +George restored them. Osmand tore off his hair, in which lay his spirit +of enchantment, bit his tongue in two, disembowelled himself, cut off +his arms, and died.—R. Johnson, <i>Seven Champions of Christendom</i>, i. 19 +(1617).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Osmond</b>, an old Varangian guard.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Count Robert of Paris</i> +(time, Rufus).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Osmond</i> (<i>Gilbert</i>), the incarnation of polished selfishness. He +deserts one woman, who has sacrificed everything for him, and marries +Isabel Archer for her money; eyes his only child as he might a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span> pretty +puppet, and sends her back to her convent upon finding that she will not +increase his social consequence by marrying an English nobleman.—Henry +James, Jr., <i>Portrait of a Lady</i> (1881).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Osmyn</b>, <i>alias</i> <span class="smcap">Alphonso</span>, son of Anselmo, king of Valentia, and husband +of Alme´ria, daughter of Manuel, king of Grana´da. Supposed to have been +lost at sea, but in reality cast on the African coast, and tended by +Queen Zara, who falls in love with him. Both are taken captive by +Manuel, and brought to Granada. Here Manuel falls in love with Zara, but +Zara retains her passionate love for Alphonso. Alphonso makes his +escape, returns at the head of an army to Granada, finds both the king +and Zara dead, but Almeria, being still alive, becomes his acknowledged +bride.—W. Congreve, <i>The Mourning Bride</i> (1697).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Osric</b>, a court fop, contemptible for his affectation and finical +dandyism. He is made umpire by King Claudius, when Laertês and Hamlet +“play” with rapiers in “friendly” combat.—Shakespeare, <i>Hamlet</i> (1596).</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Osseo" id="Osseo"></a><b>Osse´o</b>, son of the Evening Star, whose wife was O´weenee. In the +Northland there were once ten sisters of surpassing beauty; nine married +beautiful young husbands, but the youngest, named Oweenee, fixed her +affections on Osseo, who was “old, poor and ugly,” but “most beautiful +within.” All being invited to a feast, the nine set upon their youngest +sister, taunting her for having married Osseo; but forthwith Osseo +leaped into a fallen oak, and was transformed into a most handsome young +man, his wife to a very old woman, “wrinkled and ugly,” but his love +changed not. Soon another change occurred; Oweenee resumed her former +beauty, and all the sisters and their husbands were changed to birds, +who were kept in cages about Osseo’s wigwam. In due time a son was born, +and one day he shot an arrow at one of the caged birds, and forthwith +the nine, with their husbands, were changed to pygmies.</p> + +<p class="poem">From the story of Osseo<br /> +Let [<i>us</i>] learn the fate of jesters.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Longfellow, <i>Hiawatha</i>, xii. (1855).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ossian</b>, the warrior-bard. He was son of Fingal (king of Morven) and his +first wife, Ros-crana (daughter of Cormac, king of Ireland).</p> + +<p>His wife was Evir-Allen, daughter of Branno (a native of Ireland); and +his son was Oscar.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Oswald</b>, steward to Goneril, daughter of King Lear.—Shakespeare, <i>King +Lear</i> (1605).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Oswald</i>, the cup-bearer to Cedric, the Saxon, of Rotherwood.—Sir W. +Scott, <i>Ivanhoe</i> (time, Richard I.).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Oswald</i> (<i>Prince</i>), being jealous of Gondibert, his rival for the love +of Rhodalind (the heiress of Aribert, king of Lombardy), headed a +faction against him. A battle was imminent, but it was determined to +decide the quarrel by four combatants on each side. In this combat +Oswald was slain by <a name="corr54" id="corr54"></a><ins class="correction" title="Gondibert.">Grondibert.</ins>—Sir W. Davenant, <i>Gondibert</i>, i. +(died 1668).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Othel´lo</b>, the Moor, commander of the Venetian army. Iago was his ensign +or ancient. Desdemona, the daughter of Brabantio, the senator, fell in +love with the Moor, and he married her; but Iago, by his artful +villainy, insinuated to him such a tissue of circumstantial evidence<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span> of +Desdemona’s love for Cassio, that Othello’s jealousy being aroused, he +smothered her with a pillow, and then killed himself.—Shakespeare, +<i>Othello</i> (1611).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> The story of this tragedy is taken from the novelletti of +Giovanni Giraldi Cinthio (died 1573).</p> + +<p>Addison says of Thomas Betterton (1635-1710): “The wonderful agony which +he appeared in when he examined the circumstance of the handkerchief in +the part of ‘Othello,’ and the mixture of love that intruded on his mind +at the innocent answers of ‘Desdemona,’ ... were the perfection of +acting.” Donaldson, in his <i>Recollections</i>, says that Spranger Barry +(1719-1777) was the beau-ideal of an “Othello;” and C. Leslie, in his +<i>Autobiography</i>, says the same of Edmund Kean (1787-1833).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Otho</b>, the lord at whose board Count Lara was recognized by Sir Ezzelin. +A duel was arranged for the next day, and the contending parties were to +meet in Lord Otho’s hall. When the time of meeting arrived, Lara +presented himself, but no Sir Ezzelin put in his appearance; whereupon +Otho, vouching for the knight’s honor, fought with the count, and was +wounded. On recovering from his wound, Lord Otho became the inveterate +enemy of Lara, and accused him openly of having made away with Sir +Ezzelin. Lara made himself very popular, and headed a rebellion; but +Lord Otho opposed the rebels, and shot him.—Byron, <i>Lara</i> (1814).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Otnit</b>, a legendary emperor of Lombardy, who gains the daughter of the +soldan for wife, by the help of Elberich, the dwarf.—<i>The Heldenbuch</i> +(twelfth century).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Otranto</b> (<i>Tancred, prince of</i>), a crusader.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Ernest of Otranto</i>, page of the prince of Otranto.—Sir W. Scott, +<i>Count Robert of Paris</i> (time, Rufus).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Otranto</i> (<i>The Castle of</i>), a romance by Horace Walpole (1769).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>O’Trigger</b> (<i>Sir Lucius</i>), a fortune-hunting Irishman, ready to fight +every one, on any matter, at any time.—Sheridan, <i>The Rivals</i> (1775).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Otta´vio</b> (<i>Don</i>), the lover of Donna Anna, whom he was about to make his +wife, when Don Giovanni seduced her and killed her father (the +commandant of the city) in a duel.—Mozart, <i>Don Giovanni</i> (opera, +1787).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Otto</b>, duke of Normandy, the victim of Rollo, called “The Bloody +Brother.”—Beaumont and Fletcher, <i>The Bloody Brother</i> (1639).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ot´uel</b> (<i>Sir</i>), a haughty and presumptuous Saracen, miraculously +converted. He was a nephew of Ferragus or Ferracute, and married a +daughter of Charlemagne.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ouida</b>, an infantile corruption of Louisa. The full name is Louise de la +Ramée, authoress of <i>Under Two Flags</i> (1867), and many other novels.</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Outalissi" id="Outalissi"></a><b>Outalissi</b>, eagle of the Indian tribe of Onei´da, the death-enemies of +the Hurons. When the Hurons attacked the fort under the command of +Waldegrave (2 <i>syl.</i>), a general massacre was made, in which Waldegrave +and his wife <a name="corr55" id="corr55"></a><ins class="correction" title="were">was</ins> slain. But Mrs. Waldegrave, before she died, com<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span>mitted +her boy, Henry, to the charge of Outalissi, and told him to place the +child in the hands of Albert of Wy´oming, her friend. This Outalissi +did. After a lapse of fifteen years, one Brandt, at the head of a mixed +army of British and Indians, attacked Oneida, and a general massacre was +made; but Outalissi, wounded, escaped to Wyoming, just in time to give +warning of the approach of Brandt. Scarcely was this done, when Brandt +arrived. Albert and his daughter, Gertrude, were both shot, and the +whole settlement was extirpated.—Campbell, <i>Gertrude of Wyoming</i> +(1809).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Outis</b> (Greek for “nobody”), a name assumed by Odysseus (<i>Ulysses</i>) in +the cave of Polypheme (3 <i>syl.</i>). When the monster roared with pain from +the loss of his eye, his brother giants demanded who was hurting him. +“Outis” (<i>Nobody</i>), thundered out Polypheme, and his companions left +him.—Homer, <i>Odyssey</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Outram</b> (<i>Lance</i>), park-keeper to Sir Geoffrey Peveril.—Sir W. Scott, +<i>Peveril of the Peak</i> (time, Charles II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Overdees</b> (<i>Rowley</i>), a highwayman.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Guy Mannering</i> (time, +George II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>O´verdo</b> (<i>Justice</i>), in Ben Jonson’s <i>Bartholomew Fair</i> (1614).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Overdone</b> (<i>Mistress</i>), a bawd.—Shakespeare, <i>Measure for Measure</i> +(1603).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Overreach</b> (<i>Sir Giles</i>), Wellborn’s uncle. An unscrupulous, hard-hearted +rascal, grasping and proud. He ruined the estates both of Wellborn and +Allworth, and by overreaching grew enormously rich. His ambition was to +see his daughter Margaret marry a peer; but the overreacher was +overreached. Thinking Wellborn was about to marry the rich dowager +Allworth, he not only paid all his debts, but supplied his present wants +most liberally, under the delusion “if she prove his, all that is her’s +is mine.” Having thus done, he finds that Lady Allworth does not marry +Wellborn, but Lord Lovell. In regard to Margaret, fancying she was sure +to marry Lord Lovell, he gives his full consent to her marriage; but +finds she returns from church not Lady Lovell, but Mrs. +Allworth.—Massinger, <i>A New Way to Pay Old Debts</i> (1628).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> The prototype of “Sir Giles Overreach” was Sir Giles +Mompesson, a usurer outlawed for his misdeeds.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Overs</b> (<i>John</i>), a ferryman who used to ferry passengers from Southwark +to the City, and accumulated a considerable hoard of money by his +savings. On one occasion, to save the expenses of board, he simulated +death, expecting his servants would fast till he was buried; but they +broke into his larder and cellar and held riot. When the old miser could +bear it no longer he started up and belabored his servants right and +left; but one of them struck the old man with an oar and killed him.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mary Overs</i>, the beautiful daughter of the ferryman. Her lover, +hastening to town, was thrown from his horse, and died. She then became +a nun, and founded the church of St. Mary Overs on the site of her +father’s house.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Overton</b> (<i>Colonel</i>), one of Cromwell’s officers.—Sir W. Scott, +<i>Woodstock</i> (time, Commonwealth).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ovid</b> (<i>The French</i>), Du Bellay; also called “The Father of Grace and +Elegance” (1524-1560).</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span><b>Ovid and Corinna.</b> Ovid disguises, under the name of Corinna, the +daughter of Augustus, named Julia, noted for her beauty, talent and +licentiousness. Some say that Corinna was Livia, the wife of +Augustus.—<i>Amor.</i>, i. 5.</p> + +<p class="poem">So was her heavenly body comely raised<br /> +On two faire columnes; those that Ovid praised<br /> +<span class="i2">In Julia’s borrowed name.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>O´wain</b> (<i>Sir</i>), the Irish knight of King Stephen’s court, who passed +through St. Patrick’s purgatory by way of penance.—Henry of Saltrey, +<i>The Descent of Owain</i> (1153).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>O´weenee</b>, the youngest of ten sisters, all of surpassing beauty. She +married Osseo, who was “old, poor, and ugly,” but “most beautiful +within.” (See <a href="#Osseo"><span class="smcap">Osseo</span></a>.)—Longfellow, <i>Hiawatha</i>, xii. (1855).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Owen</b> (<i>Sam</i>), groom of Darsie Latimer, <i>i.e.</i> Sir Arthur Darsie +Redgauntlet.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Redgauntlet</i> (time, George III.).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Owen</i>, confidential clerk of Mr. Osbaldistone, senior.—Sir W. Scott, +<i>Rob Roy</i> (time, George I.).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Owen</i> (<i>Sir</i>), passed in dream through St. Patrick’s purgatory. He +passed the convent gate, and the warden placed him in a coffin. When the +priests had sung over him the service of the dead, they placed the +coffin in a cave, and Sir Owen made his descent. He came first to an ice +desert, and received three warnings to retreat, but the warnings were +not heeded, and a mountain of ice fell on him. “Lord, Thou canst save!” +he cried, as the ice fell, and the solid mountain became like dust, and +did Sir Owen no harm. He next came to a lake of fire, and a demon pushed +him in. “Lord, Thou canst save!” he cried, and angels carried him to +paradise. He woke with ecstacy, and found himself lying before the +cavern’s mouth.—R. Southey, <i>St. Patrick’s Purgatory</i> (from the +<i>Fabliaux</i> of M. le <a name="corr56" id="corr56"></a><ins class="correction" title="Grand).">Grand.</ins></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Owen Meredith</b>, Robert Bulwer Lytton, afterwards Lord Lytton, son of the +poet and novelist (1831-1892).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Owl</b> (<i>The</i>), sacred to Minerva, was the emblem of Athens.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Owls hoot in B♭ and G♭, or in F♯ and A♭.—Rev. G. White, <i>Natural +History of Selborne</i>, xlv. (1789).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Owl a Baker’s Daughter</b> (<i>The</i>). Our Lord once went into a baker’s shop +to ask for bread. The mistress instantly put a cake in the oven for Him, +but the daughter, thinking it to be too large, reduced it to half the +size. The dough, <a name="corr57" id="corr57"></a><ins class="correction" title="however,">howover,</ins> swelled to an enormous bulk, and the +daughter cried out, “Heugh! heugh! heugh!” and was transformed into an +owl.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Well, God ’ield you! They say the owl was a baker’s +daughter.—Shakespeare, <i>Hamlet</i> (1596).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ox</b> (<i>The Dumb</i>), St. Thomas Aqui´nas; so named by his fellow-students on +account of his taciturnity (1224-1274).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>An ox once spoke as learned men deliver.—Beaumont and Fletcher, +<i>Rule a Wife and Have a Wife</i>, iii. 1 (1640).</p></div> + +<p class="main"><i>Ox.</i> <i>The black ox hath trod on his foot</i>, he has married and is +hen-pecked; calamity has befallen him. The black ox was sacrificed to +the infernals, and was consequently held accursed. When Tusser says the +best way to thrive is to get married, the objector says:</p> + +<p class="poem">Why, then, do folk this proverb put,<br /> +“The black ox near trod on thy foot,”<br /> +If that way were to thrive?<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib"><i>Wiving and Thriving</i>, lvii. (1557).</span></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[143]</a></span></p> + +<p class="poem">The black oxe had not trode on his or her foote;<br /> +But ere his branch of blesse could reach any roote,<br /> +The flowers so faded that in fifteen weekes<br /> +A man might copy the change in the cheekes<br /> +Both of the poore wretch and his wife.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Heywood (1646).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Oxford</b> (<i>John, earl of</i>), an exiled Lancastrian. He appears with his son +Arthur as a travelling merchant, under the name of Philipson.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> <i>The son of the merchant Philipson</i> is Sir Arthur de Vere.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>The countess of Oxford</i>, wife of the earl.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Anne of +Geierstein</i> (time, Edward IV.).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Oxford</i> (<i>The young earl of</i>), in the court of Queen Elizabeth.—Sir W. +Scott, <i>Kenilworth</i> (time, Elizabeth).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ozair</b> (2 <i>syl.</i>), a prophet. One day, riding on an ass by the ruins of +Jerusalem, after its destruction by the Chaldeans, he doubted in his +mind whether God could raise the city up again. Whereupon God caused him +to die, and he remained dead a hundred years, but was then restored to +life. He found the basket of figs and cruse of wine as fresh as when he +died, but his ass was a mass of bones. While he still looked, the dry +bones came together, received life, and the resuscitated ass began to +bray. The prophet no longer doubted the power of God to raise up +Jerusalem from its ruins.—<i>Al Korân</i>, ii. (Sale’s notes).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> This legend is based on <i>Neh.</i> ii. 12-20.</p> + + + + +<p class="letterstart"><span class="dropcapp"><span class="hide"><b>P</b></span></span><span class="upper"> Placenticus,</span> the Dominican, wrote a poem of 253 Latin hexameters, +called <i>Pugna Porcorum</i>, every word of which begins with the letter <i>p</i> +(died 1548). It begins thus:</p> + +<p class="poem">Plaudite, Porcelli, porcorum pigra propago<br /> +Progreditur ... etc.</p> + +<p>There was one composed in honor of Charles le Chauve, every word of +which began with <i>c</i>.</p> + +<p>The best known alliterative poem in English is the following:—</p> + +<p class="poem">An Austrian army, awfully arrayed,<br /> +Boldly by battery besieged Belgrade.<br /> +Cossack commanders, cannonading, come,<br /> +Dealing destruction’s devastating doom;<br /> +Every endeavor engineers essay<br /> +For fame, for fortune, forming furious fray.<br /> +Gaunt gunners grapple, giving gashes good;<br /> +Heaves high his head heroic hardihood.<br /> +Ibraham, Islam, Ismael, imps in ill,<br /> +Jostle John, Jarovlitz, Jem, Joe, Jack, Jill;<br /> +Kick kindling Kutusoff, kings’ kinsmen kill;<br /> +Labor low levels loftiest, longest lines;<br /> +Men march ’mid moles, ’mid mounds, ’mid murderous mines.<br /> +Now nightfall’s nigh, now needful nature nods,<br /> +Opposed, opposing, overcoming odds.<br /> +Poor peasants, partly purchased, partly pressed,<br /> +Quite quaking, “Quarter! Quarter!” quickly quest.<br /> +Reason returns, recalls redundant rage,<br /> +Saves sinking soldiers, softens signiors sage.<br /> +Truce, Turkey, truce! truce, treacherous Tartar train!<br /> +Unwise, unjust, unmerciful Ukraine!<br /> +Vanish, vile vengeance! vanish, victory vain!<br /> +Wisdom walls war—wails warring words. What were<br /> +Xerxes, Xantippê, Ximenês, Xavier?<br /> +Yet Yassy’s youth, ye yield your youthful yest<br /> +Zealously, zanies, zealously, zeal’s zest.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">From H. Southgate, <i>Many Thoughts on Many Things</i>.</span></p> + +<p>Tusser has a poem of twelve lines, in rhyme, every word of which begins +with <i>t</i>. The subject is on <i>Thriftiness</i> (died 1580).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>P’s</b> (<i>The Five</i>), William Oxberry, prin<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span>ter, poet, publisher, publican +and player (1784-1824).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pache</b> (<i>J. Nicolas</i>), a Swiss by birth. He was minister of war in 1792, +and maire de Paris 1793. Pache hated the Girondists, and at the fall of +Danton, was imprisoned. After his liberation, he retired to +Thym-le-Moutiers (in the Ardennes), and died in obscurity (1740-1823).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Swiss Pache sits sleek-headed, frugal, the wonder of his own ally +for humility of mind.... Sit there, Tartuffe, till +wanted.—Carlyle.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pacific</b> (<i>The</i>), Amadeus VIII., count of Savoy (1383, 1391-1439, +abdicated, and died 1451).</p> + +<p>Frederick III., emperor of Germany (1415, 1440-1493).</p> + +<p>Olaus III. of Norway (*, 1030-1093).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pac´olet</b>, a dwarf, “full of great sense and subtle ingenuity.” He had an +enchanted horse, made of wood, with which he carried off Valentine, +Orson and Clerimond from the dungeon of Ferrăgus. This horse is often +alluded to. “To ride Pacolet’s horse” is a phrase for <i>going very +fast</i>.—<i>Valentine and Orson</i>, <a name="corr58" id="corr58"></a><ins class="correction" title="(fifteenth">fifteenth</ins> century).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Pacolet</i>, a familiar spirit.—Steele, <i>The Tatler</i> (1709).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Pacolet</i>, or <span class="smcap">Nick Strumpfer</span>, the dwarf servant of Norna “of the Fitful +Head.”—Sir W. Scott, <i>The Pirate</i> (time William III.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pacomo</b> (<i>St.</i>), an Egyptian, who lived in the fourth century. It is said +that he could walk among serpents unhurt; and when he had occasion to +cross the Nile, he was carried on the back of a crocodile.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The hermit fell on his knees before an image of St. Pacomo, which +was glued to the wall.—Lesage, <i>Gil Blas</i>, iv. 9 (1724).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Paddington</b> (<i>Harry</i>), one of Macheath’s gang of thieves. Peachum +describes him as a “poor, petty-larceny rascal, without the least +genius. That fellow,” he says, “though he were to live for six months, +would never come to the gallows with credit” (act i. 1).—Gay, <i>The +Beggar’s Opera</i> (1727).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Paddy</b>, an Irishman. A corruption of <i>Padhrig</i>, Irish for Patrick.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Padlock</b> (<i>The</i>), a comic opera by Bickerstaff. Don Diego (2 <i>syl.</i>), a +wealthy lord of 60, saw a country maiden named Leonora, to whom he took +a fancy, and arranged with the parents to take her home with him and +place her under the charge of a duenna for three months, to see if her +temper was as sweet as her face was pretty; and then either “to return +her to them spotless, or make her his lawful wife.” At the expiration of +the time, the don went to arrange with the parents for the wedding, and +locked up his house, giving the keys to Ursula, the duenna. To make +assurance doubly sure, he put a padlock on the outer door, and took the +key with him. Leander, a young student, smitten with the damsel, laughed +at locksmiths and duennas, and, having gained admission into the house, +was detected by Don Diego, who returned unexpectedly. The old don, being +a man of sense, perceived that Leander was a more suitable bridegroom +than himself, so he not only sanctioned the alliance, but gave Leonora a +handsome wedding dowry (1768).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pæan</b>, the physician of the immortals.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pæa´na</b>, daughter of Corflambo, “fair as ever yet saw living eye,” but +“too loose of life and eke too light.” Pæana fell in love with Amĭas, a +captive in her fathe<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[145]</a></span>r’s dungeon; but Amias had no heart to give away. +When Placĭdae was brought captive before Pæana, she mistook him for +Amias, and married him. The poet adds, that she thenceforth so reformed +her ways “that all men much admired the change, and spake her +praise.”—Spenser, <i>Faëry Queen</i>, iv. 9 (1596).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pagan</b>, a fay who loved the Princess Imis; but Imis rejected his suit, as +she loved her cousin, Philax. Pagan, out of revenge, shut them up in a +superb crystal palace, which contained every delight except that of +leaving it. In the course of a few years, Imis and Philax longed as much +for a separation as, at one time, they wished to be united.—Comtesse +D’Aunoy, <i>Fairy Tales</i> (“Palace of Revenge,” 1682).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Page</b> (<i>Mr.</i>), a gentleman living at Windsor. When Sir John Falstaff made +love to Mrs. Page, Page himself assumed the name of Brooke, to outwit +the knight. Sir John told the supposed Brooke his whole “course of +wooing,” and how nicely he was bamboozling the husband. On one occasion, +he says, “I was carried out in a buck-basket of dirty linen before the +very eyes of Page, and the deluded husband did not know it.” Of course, +Sir John is thoroughly outwitted and played upon, being made the butt of +the whole village.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mrs. Page</i>, wife of Mr. Page of Windsor. When Sir John Falstaff made +love to her, she joined with Mrs. Ford to dupe him and punish him.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Anne Page</i>, daughter of the above, in love with Fenton. Slender calls +her “the sweet Anne Page.”</p> + +<p class="main"><i>William Page</i>, Anne’s brother, a schoolboy.—Shakespeare, <i>Merry Wives +of Windsor</i> (1595).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Page</i> (<i>Sir Francis</i>), called “The Hanging Judge” (1661-1741).</p> + +<p class="poem">Slander and poison dread from Delia’s rage;<br /> +Hard words or hanging if your judge be Page.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Pope.</span></p> + +<p class="main"><i>Page</i> (<i>Ruth</i>). A dainty little miss, bright, happy and imaginative, +called sometimes “Teenty-Taunty.” Her head is full of fairy-lore, and +when she tumbles into the water one day, she dreams in her swoon of +Fairy-Land and the wonders thereof, of a bunch of forget-me-nots she was +to keep alive if she would have her mother live, and so many other +marvellous things, that her distressed father opines that “the poor +child would be rational enough, if she had not read so many +fairy-books.”—John Neal, <i>Goody Gracious and the Forget-me-not</i> (183-).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Paget</b> (<i>The Lady</i>), one of the ladies of the bedchamber in Queen +Elizabeth’s court.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Kenilworth</i> (time, Elizabeth).</p> + +<p class="main"><a name="corr59" id="corr59"></a><ins class="correction" title="This entry should be in bold face."><i>Paine</i></ins> (<i>Squire</i>). “Hard-headed, hard fe’tured Yankee,” whose +conversion to humanity and Christianity is effected by Roxanna Keep.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>She “drilled the hole, an’ put in the powder of the Word, an’ +tamped it down with some pretty stiff facts ... but <i>the Lord fired +the blast Himself</i>.”—Rose Terry Cooke, <i>Somebody’s Neighbors</i> +(1881).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Painter of Nature.</b> Remi Belleau, one of the Pleiad poets, is so called +(1528-1577).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>The Shepheardes Calendar</i>, by Spenser, is largely borrowed from +Belleau’s <i>Song of April</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Painter of the Graces.</b> Andrea Appiani (1754-1817).</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span><b>Painters.</b></p> + +<p class="main"><i>A Bee.</i> Quentin Matsys, the Dutch painter, painted a bee so well that +the artist Mandyn thought it a real bee, and proceeded to brush it away +with his handkerchief (1450-1529).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>A Cow.</i> Myro carved a cow so true to nature that bulls mistook it for a +living animal (<span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 431).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>A Curtain.</i> Parrhasios painted a curtain so admirably that even Zeuxis, +the artist, mistook it for real drapery (<span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 400).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>A Fly.</i> George Alexander Stevens says, in his <i>Lectures on Heads</i>:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I have heard of a connoisseur who was one day in an auction-room +where there was an inimitable piece of painting of fruits and +flowers. The connoisseur would not give his opinion of the picture +till he had first examined the catalogue; and, finding it was done +by an Englishman, he pulled out his eye-glass. “Oh, sir,” says he, +“those English fellows have no more idea of genius than a Dutch +skipper has of dancing a cotillion. The dog has spoiled a fine +piece of canvas; he is worse than a Harp Alley signpost dauber. +There’s no keeping, no perspective, no foreground. Why, there now, +the fellow has actually attempted to paint a fly upon that rosebud. +Why, it is no more like a fly than I am like—;” but, as he +approached his finger to the picture, the fly flew away +<a name="corr60" id="corr60"></a><ins class="correction" title="(1772).">(1772)</ins></p></div> + +<p class="main"><i>Grapes.</i> Zeuxis (2 <i>syl.</i>) a Grecian painter, painted some grapes so +well that birds came and pecked at them, thinking them real grapes (<span class="smcap">B.C.</span> +400).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>A Horse.</i> Apellês painted Alexander’s horse Bucephalos so true to life +that some mares came up to the canvas neighing, under the supposition +that it was a real animal (about <span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 334).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>A Man.</i> Velasquez painted a Spanish admiral so true to life that when +King Felipe IV. entered the studio he mistook the painting for the man, +and began reproving the supposed officer for neglecting his duty in +wasting his time in the studio, when he ought to have been with his +fleet (1590-1660).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Accidental effects in painting.</i></p> + +<p>Apellês, being at a loss to paint the foam of Alexander’s horse, dashed +his brush at the picture in a fit of annoyance, and did by accident what +his skill had failed to do (about <span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 334).</p> + +<p>The same tale is told of Protog´enês, who dashed his brush at a picture, +and thus produced “the foam of a dog’s mouth,” which he had long been +trying in vain to represent (about <span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 332).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Painters</i> (<i>Prince of</i>). Parrhasios and Apellês are both so called +(fourth century <span class="smcap">B.C.</span>).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Painters’ Characteristics.</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Angelo</span> (<i>Michael</i>): an iron frame, strongly developed muscles, and an +anatomical display of the human figure. The Æschylos of painters +(1474-1564).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Carracci</span>: eclectic artists, who picked out and pieced together parts +taken from Correggio, Raphael, Titian and other great artists. If +Michael Angelo is the Æschylos of artists, and Raphael the Sophoclês, +the Carracci may be called the Euripidês of painters. I know not why in +England the name is spelt with only one <i>r</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Correggio</span>: known by his wonderful foreshortenings, his magnificent light +and shade. He is, however, very monotonous (1494-1534).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Crome</span> (<i>John</i>): an old woman in a red cloak walking up an avenue of +trees (1769-1821).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">David</span>: noted for his stiff, dry, pedantic, “highly classic” style, +according to the interpretation of the phrase by the French in the first +Revolution (1748-1825).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dolce</span> (<i>Cario</i>): famous for his Madonnas, which were all finished with +most extraordinary delicacy (1616-1686).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Domenichi´no</span>: famed for his frescoes,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[147]</a></span> correct in design and fresh in +coloring (1581-1614).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Guido</span>: his specialty is a pallid or bluish-complexioned saint, with +saucer or uplifted eyes (1574-1642).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Holbein</span>: characterized by bold relief, exquisite finish, force of +conception, delicacy of tone, and dark background (1498-1554).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lorraine</span> (<i>Claude</i>): a Greek temple on a hill, with sunny and highly +finished classic scenery. Aerial perspective (1600-1682).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Murillo</span>: a brown-faced Madonna (1618-1682).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ommeganck</span>: sheep (1775-1826).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Perugino</span> (<i>Pietro</i>): known by his narrow, contracted figures and scrimpy +drapery (1446-1524).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Poussin</span>: famous for his classic style. Reynolds says: “No works of any +modern have so much the air of antique painting as those of Poussin” +(1593-1665).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Poussin</span> (<i>Gaspar</i>): a landscape painter, the very opposite of Claude +Lorraine. He seems to have drawn his inspiration from Hervey’s +<i>Meditations Among the Tombs</i>, Blair’s <i>Grave</i>, Young’s <i>Night +Thoughts</i>, and Burton’s <i>Anatomy of Melancholy</i> (1613-1675).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Raphael</span>: the Sophoclês of painters. Angelo’s figures are all gigantesque +and ideal, like those of Æschylos. Raphael’s are perfect human beings +(1483-1520).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Reynolds</span>: a portrait-painter. He presents his portraits in <i>bal masqué</i>, +not always suggestive either of the rank or character of the person +represented. There is about the same analogy between Watteau and +Reynolds as between Claude Lorraine and Gaspar Poussin (1723-1792).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Rosa</span> (<i>Salvator</i>): dark, inscrutable pictures, relieved by dabs of +palette-knife. He is fond of savage scenery, broken rocks, wild caverns, +blasted heaths, and so on (1615-1673).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Rubens</span>: patches of vermillion dabbed about the human figure, wholly out +of harmony with the rest of the coloring (1577-1640).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Steen</span> (<i>Jan</i>): an old woman peeling vegetables, with another old woman +looking at her (1636-1679).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Tintoretti</span>: full of wild fantastical inventions. He is called “The +Lightning of the Pencil” (1512-1594).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Titian</span>: noted for his broad shades of divers gradations (1477-1576).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Veronese</span> (<i>Paul</i>): noted for his great want of historical correctness +and elegance of design; but he abounds in spirited banquets, sumptuous +edifices, brilliant aerial spectres, magnificent robes, gaud, and +jewelry (1530-1588).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Watteau</span>: noted for his <i>fêtes galantes</i>, fancy-ball costumes, and +generally gala-day figures (1684-1721).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Paix des Dames</b> (<i>La</i>), the treaty of peace concluded at Cambray in 1529, +between François I. of France and Karl V., emperor of Germany. So called +because it was mainly negotiated by Louise of Savoy (mother of the +French king), and Margaret, the emperor’s aunt.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Palabras Carinosas.</b></p> + +<p class="poemquote">“Good-night! I have to say good-night<br /> +<span class="i1">To such a host of peerless things!</span><br /> +Good-night unto the fragile hand<br /> +<span class="i1">All queenly with its weight of rings;</span><br /> +Good-night to fond uplifted eyes,<br /> +<span class="i1">Good-night to chestnut braids of hair,</span><br /> +Good-night unto the perfect mouth<br /> +<span class="i1">And all the sweetness nestled there,—</span><br /> +The snowy hand detains me,—then<br /> +<span class="i1">I’ll have to say Good-night again!”</span><br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Thomas Bailey Aldrich, <i>Poems</i>, 1858-84.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Paladore</b>, a Briton in the service of the king of Lombardy. One day, in a +boar-hunt, the boar turned on the Princess<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[148]</a></span> Sophia, and, having gored +her horse to death, was about to attack the lady, but was slain by the +young Briton. Between these two young people a strong attachment sprang +up; but the Duke Bire´no, by an artifice of false impersonation, induced +Paladore to believe that the princess was a wanton, and had the audacity +to accuse her as such to the senate. In Lombardy, the punishment for +this offence was death, and the princess was ordered to execution. +Paladore, having learned the truth, accused the duke of villainy. They +fought, and Bireno fell. The princess, being cleared of the charge, +married Paladore.—Robert Jephson, <i>The Law of Lombardy</i> (1779).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Palame´des</b> (4 <i>syl.</i>), son of Nauplios, was, according to Suidas, the +inventor of dice. (See <span class="smcap">Alea</span>.)</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Palamedes</i> (<i>Sir</i>), a Saracen, who adored Isolde, the wife of King Mark +of Cornwall. Sir Tristram also loved the same lady, who was his aunt. +The two “lovers” fought, and Sir Palamedês, being overcome, was +compelled to turn Christian. He was baptized, and Sir Tristram stood his +sponsor at the font.—Thomas of Erceldoune, called “The Rhymer,” <i>Sir +Tristram</i> (thirteenth century).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Palame´des of Lombardy</b>, one of the allies of the Christian army in the +first crusade. He was shot by Corinda with an arrow (bk. xi.).—Tasso, +<i>Jerusalem Delivered</i> (1575).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Palamon and Arcite</b> (2 <i>syl.</i>), two young Theban knights, who fell into +the hands of Duke Theseus (2 <i>syl.</i>), and were by him confined in a +dungeon at Athens. Here they saw the duke’s sister-in-law, Emily, with +whom both fell in love. When released from captivity, the two knights +told to the duke their tale of love; and the duke promised that +whichever proved the victor in single combat, should have Emily for his +prize. Arcite prayed to Mars “for victory,” and Palamon to Venus that he +might “obtain the lady,” and both their prayers were granted. Arcite won +the victory, according to his prayer, but, being thrown from his horse, +died; so Palamon, after all, “won the lady,” though he did not win the +battle.—Chaucer, <i>Canterbury Tales</i> (“The Knight’s Tale,” 1388).</p> + +<p>This tale is taken from the <i>Le Teseide</i> of Boccaccio.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>The Black Horse</i>, a drama by John Fletcher, is the same tale. Richard +Edwards has a comedy called <i>Palæmon and Arcyte</i> (1566).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pale</b> (<i>The</i>), or <span class="smcap">The English Pale</span>, a part of Ireland, including Dublin, +Meath, Carlow, Kilkenny and Louth.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pale Faces.</b> So the American Indians call the European settlers.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pale´mon</b>, son of a rich merchant. He fell in love with Anna, daughter of +Albert, master of one of his father’s ships. The purse-proud merchant, +indignant at this, tried every means to induce his son to abandon such a +“mean connection,” but without avail; so at last he sent him in the +<i>Britannia</i> (Albert’s ship) “in charge of the merchandise.” The ship was +wrecked near Cape Colonna, in Attica; and although Palēmon escaped, his +ribs were so broken that he died almost as soon as he reached the shore.</p> + +<p class="poem">A gallant youth, Palemon was his name,<br /> +Charged with the commerce hither also came;<br /> +A father’s stern resentment doomed to prove,<br /> +He came, the victim of unhappy love.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Falconer, <i>The Shipwreck</i>, i. 2 (1756).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[149]</a></span><b>Pale´mon and Lavinia</b>, a poetic version of Boaz and Ruth. “The lovely +young Lavinia” went to glean in the fields of young Palemon, “the pride +of swains;” and Palemon, falling in love with the beautiful gleaner, +both wooed and won her.—Thomson, <i>The Seasons</i> (“Autumn,” 1730).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pales</b> (2 <i>syl.</i>), god of shepherds and their flocks.—<i>Roman Mythology.</i></p> + +<p class="poem">Pomōna loves the orchard;<br /> +<span class="i1">And Liber loves the vine;</span><br /> +And Palês loves the straw-built shed,<br /> +<span class="i1">Warm with the breath of kine.</span><br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Lord Macaulay, <i>Lays of Ancient Rome</i> (“Prophecy of Capys,” 1842).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pal´inode</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), a shepherd in Spenser’s <i>Eclogues</i>. In ecl. v. +Palinode represents the Catholic priest. He invites Piers (who +represents the Protestant clergy) to join in the fun and pleasures of +May. Piers then warns the young man of the vanities of the world, and +tells him of the great degeneracy of pastoral life, at one time simple +and frugal, but now discontented and licentious. He concludes with the +fable of the kid and her dam. The fable is this: A mother-goat, going +abroad for the day, told her kid to keep at home, and not to open the +door to strangers. She had not been gone long when up came a fox, with +head bound from “headache,” and foot bound from “gout,” and carrying a +ped of trinkets. The fox told the kid a most piteous tale, and showed +her a little mirror. The kid, out of pity and vanity, opened the door; +but while stooping over the ped to pick up a little bell, the fox +clapped down the lid and carried her off.</p> + +<p>In ecl. vii. Palinode is referred to by the shepherd Thomalin, as +“lording it over God’s heritage,” feeding the sheep with chaff, and +keeping for himself the grains.—Spenser, <i>Shepheardes Calendar</i> +(1572).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Palinode</i> (3 <i>syl.</i>), a poem in recantation of a calumny. Stesich´oros +wrote a bitter satire against Helen, for which her brothers, Castor and +Pollux, plucked out his eyes. When, however, the poet recanted, his +sight was restored to him again.</p> + +<p class="poem">The bard who libelled Helen in his song,<br /> +Recanted after, and redressed the wrong.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Ovid, <i>Art of Love</i>, iii.</span></p> + +<p>Horace’s <i>Ode</i>, xvi. i. is a palinode. Samuel Butler has a palinode, in +which he recanted what he said in a previous poem of the Hon. Edward +Howard. Dr. Watts recanted in a poem the <i>praise</i> he had previously +bestowed on Queen Anne.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Palinu´rus</b>, the pilot of Æne´as. Palinurus, sleeping at the helm, fell +into the sea and was drowned. The name is employed as a generic word for +a steersman or pilot, and sometimes for a chief minister. Thus, Prince +Bismarck might have been called the palinurus of William, emperor of +Germany and king of Prussia.</p> + +<p class="poem">More had she spoke, but yawned. All nature nods ...<br /> +E’en Palinurus nodded at the helm.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Pope, <i>The Dunciad</i>, iv. 614 (1742).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Palisse</b> (<i>La</i>), a sort of M. Prudhomme; a pompous utterer of truisms and +moral platitudes.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Palissy</b> (<i>Bernard, the potter</i>), succeeded, after innumerable efforts +and privations, in inventing the art of enamelling stone ware. He was +arrested and confined in the Bastille for Huguenot principles, and died +there in 1589.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Palla´dio</b> (<i>Andrea</i>), the Italian classical architect (1518-1580).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>The English Palladio</i>, Inigo Jones (1573-1653).</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[150]</a></span><b>Palla´dium.</b></p> + +<p class="main"><i>Of Ceylon</i>, the deláda or tooth of Buddha, preserved in the Malegawa +temple at Kandy. Natives guard it with great jealousy, from a belief +that whoever possesses it acquires the right to govern Ceylon. When, in +1815, the English obtained possession of the tooth, the Ceylonese +submitted to them without resistance.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Of Eden Hall</i>, a drinking-glass, in the possession of Sir Christopher +Musgrave, Bart., of Edenhall, Cumberland.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Of Jerusalem.</i> Aladine, king of Jerusalem, stole an image of the +Virgin, and set it up in a mosque, that she might no longer protect the +Christians, but become the palladium of Jerusalem. The image was rescued +by Sophronia, and the city taken by the crusaders.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Of Meg´ara</i>, a golden hair of King Nisus. Scylla promised to deliver +the city into the hands of Minos, and cut off the talismanic lock of her +father’s head while he was asleep.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Of Rome</i>, the ancīle or sacred buckler which Numa said fell from +heaven, and was guarded by priests called Salii.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Of Scotland</i>, the great stone of Scone, near Perth, which was removed +by Edward I. to Westminster, and is still there, preserved in the +coronation chair.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Of Troy</i>, a colossal wooden statue of Pallas Minerva, which “fell from +heaven.” It was carried off by the Greeks, by whom the city was taken, +and burned to the ground.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pallet</b>, a painter, in Smollett’s novel of <i>Peregrine Pickle</i> (1751).</p> + +<p>The absurdities of Pallet are painted an inch thick, and by no human +possibility could such an accumulation of comic disasters have befallen +the characters of the tale.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pal´merin of England</b>, the hero and title of a romance in chivalry. There +is also an inferior one entitled <i>Palmerin d’Oliva.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The next two books were <i>Palmerin d’Ol´iva</i> and <i>Palmerin of +England</i>. “The former,” said the curé, “shall be torn in pieces and +burnt to the last ember; but <i>Palmerin of England</i> shall be +preserved as a relique of antiquity, and placed in such a chest as +Alexander found amongst the spoils of Darius, and in which he kept +the writings of Homer. This same book is valuable for two things: +first, for its own especial excellency, and next because it is the +production of a Portuguese monarch, famous for his literary +talents. The adventures of the castle of Miraguarda therein, are +finely imagined, the style of composition is natural and elegant, +and the utmost decorum is preserved throughout.”—Cervantes, <i>Don +Quixote</i>, I. i. 6 (1605).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Palmi´ra</b>, daughter of Alcānor, chief of Mecca. She and her brother, +Zaphna, were taken captives in infancy, and brought up by Mahomet. As +they grew in years they fell in love with each other, not knowing their +relationship; but when Mahomet laid siege to Mecca, Zaphna was appointed +to assassinate Alcanor, and was himself afterwards killed by poison. +Mahomet then proposed marriage to Palmira, but to prevent such an +alliance, she killed herself.—James Miller, <i>Mahomet, the Impostor</i> +(1740).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pal´myrene</b> (<i>The</i>), Zenobia, queen of Palmyra, who claimed the title of +“Queen of the East.” She was defeated by Aurelian, and taken prisoner +(<span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 273). Longinus lived at her court, and was put to death on the +capture of Zenobia.</p> + +<p class="poem">The Palmyrene that fought Aurelian.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Tennyson, <i>The Princess</i>, ii. (1847).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pal´omides</b> (<i>Sir</i>), son and heir of Sir Astlabor. His brothers were Sir +Safire and Sir Segwar´idês. He is always called<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[151]</a></span> the Saracen, meaning +“unchristened.” Next to the three great knights (Sir Launcelot, Sir +Tristram, and Sir Lamorake), he was the strongest and bravest of the +fellowship of the Round Table. Like Sir Tristram, he was in love with La +Belle Isond, wife of King Mark, of Cornwall; but the lady favored the +love of Sir Tristram, and only despised that of the Saracen knight. +After his combat with Sir Tristram, Sir Palomides consented to be +baptized by the bishop of Carlisle (pt. iii. 28).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>He was well made, cleanly and bigly, and neither too young nor too +old. And though he was not christened, yet he believed in the best +manners, and was faithful and true of his promise, and also well +conditioned. He made a vow that he would never be christened unto +the time that he achieved the beast Glatisaint.... And also he +avowed never to take full christendom unto the time that he had +done seven battles within the lists.—Sir T. Malory, <i>History of +Prince Arthur</i>, ii. 149 (1470).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pam</b>, Henry John Temple, viscount Palmerston (1784-1865).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pam´ela.</b> Lady Edward Fitzgerald is so called (*-1831).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Pam´ela</i> [<span class="smcap">Andrews</span>], a simple, unsophisticated country girl, the +daughter of two aged parents, and maid-servant of a rich young squire, +called B, who tries to seduce her. She resists every temptation, and at +length marries the young squire, and reforms him. Pamela is very pure +and modest, bears her afflictions with much meekness, and is a model of +maidenly prudence and rectitude. The story is told in a series of +letters which Pamela sends to her parents.—S. Richardson, <i>Pamela</i>, or +<i>Virtue Rewarded</i> (1740).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The pure and modest character of the English maiden [<i>Pamela</i>] is +so well maintained, ... her sorrows and afflictions are borne with +so much meekness; her little intervals of hope ... break in on her +troubles so much like the specks of blue sky through a cloudy +atmosphere—that the whole recollection is soothing, tranquilizing, +and doubtless edifying.—Sir W. Scott.</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Pamela</i> is a work of much humbler pretensions than <i>Clarissa +Harlowe</i>.... A simple country girl whom her master attempts to +seduce, and afterwards marries.... The wardrobe of poor Pamela, her +gown of sad-colored stuff, and her round-eared caps; her various +attempts at escape, and the conveyance of her letters; the hateful +character of Mrs. Jewkes, and the fluctuating passions of her +master before the better part of his nature obtains +ascendancy—these are all touched with the hand of a +master.—Chambers, <i>English Literature</i>, ii. 161.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pamina and Tam´ino</b>, the two lovers who were guided by “the magic flute” +through all worldly dangers to the knowledge of divine truth (or the +mysteries of Iris).—<a name="corr61" id="corr61"></a><ins class="correction" title="Mozart,">Mosart,</ins> <i>Die Zauberflöte</i> (1790).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pamphlet</b> (<i>Mr.</i>), a penny-a-liner. His great wish was “to be taken up +for sedition.” He writes on both sides, for as he says, he has “two +hands, <i>ambo dexter</i>.”</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“Time has been,” he says, “when I could turn a penny by an +earthquake, or live upon a jail distemper, or dine upon a bloody +murder; but now that’s all over—nothing will do now but roasting a +minister, or telling the people they are ruined. The people of +England are never so happy as when you tell them they are +ruined.”—Murphy, <i>The Upholsterer</i>, ii. 1 (1758).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pan</b>, Nature personified, especially the vital crescent power of nature.</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i6">Universal Pan.</span><br /> +Knit with the Graces and the Hours in dance,<br /> +Led on the eternal spring.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Milton, <i>Paradise Lost</i>, iv. 266, etc. (1665).</span></p> + +<p class="main"><i>Pan</i>, in Spenser’s ecl. iv., is Henry VIII., and “Syrinx” is Anne +Boleyn. In ecl. v. “Pan” stands for Jesus Christ in one passage, and for +God the Father in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[152]</a></span> another.—Spenser, <i>Shepheardes Calendar</i> (1572).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Pan</i> (<i>The Great</i>), François M. A. de Voltaire; also called “The +Dictator of Letters” (1694-1778).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pancaste</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), or <span class="smcap">Campaspe</span>, one of the concubines of Alexander the +Great. Apellés fell in love with her while he was employed in painting +the king of Macedon, and Alexander, out of regard to the artist, gave +her to him for a wife. Apellês selected for his “Venus Rising from the +Sea” (usually called “Venus Anadyomĕnê”) this beautiful Athenian woman, +together with Phrynê, another courtezan.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Phrynê was also the academy figure for the “Cnidian Venus” of +Praxitĕlês.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pancks</b>, a quick, short, eager, dark man, with too much “way.” He dressed +in black and rusty iron grey; had jet-black beads for eyes, a scrubby +little black chin, wiry black hair striking out from his head in prongs +like hair-pins, and a complexion that was very dingy by nature, or very +dirty by art, or a compound of both. He had dirty hands, and dirty, +broken nails, and looked as if he had been in the coals. He snorted and +sniffed, and puffed and blew, and was generally in a perspiration. It +was Mr. Pancks who “moled out” the secret that Mr. Dorrit, imprisoned +for debt in the Marshalsea prison, was heir-at-law to a great estate, +which had long lain unclaimed, and was extremely rich (ch. xxxv.). Mr. +Pancks also induced Clennam to invest in Merdle’s bank shares, and +demonstrated by figures the profit he would realize; but the bank being +a bubble the shares were worthless.—C. Dickens, <i>Little Dorrit</i> +(1857).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pancrace</b>, a doctor of the Aristotelian school. He maintained that it was +improper to speak of the “<i>form</i> of a hat,” because form “est la +disposition extérieure des corps qui sont animés,” and therefore we +should say the “<i>figure</i> of a hat,” because figure “est la disposition +extérieure des corps qui sont inanimés;” and because his adversary could +not agree, he called him “un ignorant, un ignorantissime, +ignorantifiant, et <a name="corr62" id="corr62"></a><ins class="correction" title="ignorantifié”">ignorantifiè”</ins> (sc. viii.).—Molière, <i>Le Mariage +Forcé</i> (1664).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pancras</b> (<i>The earl of</i>), one of the skillful companions of Barlow, the +famous archer; another was called the “Marquis of Islington;” while +Barlow himself was mirthfully created by Henry VIII., “Duke of +Shoreditch.”</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Pancras</i> (<i>St.</i>), patron saint of children, martyred by Diocletian at +the age of 14 (<span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 304).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pan´darus</b>, the Lycian, one of the allies of Priam in the Trojan war. He +is drawn under two widely different characters: In classic story he is +depicted as an admirable archer, slain by Diomed, and honored as a +hero-god in his own country; but in mediæval romance he is represented +as a despicable pimp, insomuch that the word <i>pander</i> is derived from +his name. Chaucer, in his <i>Troïlus and Cresseide</i>, and Shakespeare, in +his drama of <i>Troilus and Cressida</i>, represent him as procuring for +Troilus the good graces of Cressid, and in <i>Much Ado About Nothing</i>, it +is said that Troilus “was the first employer of pandars.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pandemo´nium</b>, “the high capital of Satan and his peers.” Here the +infernal parliament was held, and to this council<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[153]</a></span> Satan convened the +fallen angels to consult with him upon the best method of encompassing +the “fall of man.” Satan ultimately undertook to visit the new world; +and, in the disguise of a serpent, he tempted Eve to eat of the +forbidden fruit.—Milton, <i>Paradise Lost</i>, ii. (1665).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pandi´on</b>, king of Athens, father of Procnê and Philome´la.</p> + +<p class="poem">None take pity on thy pain;<br /> +Senseless trees, they cannot hear thee;<br /> +Ruthless bears, they will not cheer thee;<br /> +King Pandion he is dead;<br /> +All thy friends are lapped in lead.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Richard Barnfield, <i>Address to the Nightingale</i> (1594).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pandolf</b> (<i>Sir Harry</i>), the teller of whole strings of stories, which he +repeats at every gathering. He has also a stock of <i>bon-mots</i>. “Madam,” +said he, “I have lost by you to-day.” “How so, Sir Harry!” replies the +lady. “Why, madam,” rejoins the baronet, “I have lost an excellent +appetite.” “This is the thirty-third time that Sir Harry hath been thus +arch.”</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>We are constantly, after supper, entertained with the Glastonbury +Thorn. When we have wondered at that a little, “Father,” saith the +son, “let us have the Spirit in the Wood.” After that, “Now tell us +how you served the robber.” “Alack!” saith Sir Harry, with a smile, +“I have almost forgotten that; but it is a pleasant conceit, to be +sure;” and accordingly he tells that and twenty more in the same +order over and over again.—Richard Steele.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pandolfe</b> (2 <i>syl.</i>), father of Lélie.—Molière, <i>L’Etourdi</i> (1653).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pando´ra</b>, the “all-gifted woman.” So called because all the gods +bestowed some gift on her to enhance her charms. Jove sent her to +Prometheus for a wife, but Hermês gave her in marriage to his brother, +Epime´theus (4 <i>syl.</i>). It is said that Pandora enticed the curiosity of +Epimetheus to open a box in her possession, from which flew out all the +ills that flesh is heir to. Luckily the lid was closed in time to +prevent the escape of Hope.</p> + +<p class="poem">More lovely than Pandora, whom the gods<br /> +Endowed with all their gifts, ... to the unwiser son<br /> +Of Japhet brought by Hermês, she ensnared<br /> +Mankind with her fair looks, to be avenged<br /> +On him [<i>Promētheus</i>] who had stole Jove’s ... fire.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Milton, <i>Paradise Lost</i>, iv. 714, etc. (1665).</span></p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> “Unwiser son” is a Latinism, and means “not so wise as he +should have been;” so <i>audacior</i>, <i>timidior</i>, <i>vehementior</i>, +<i>iracundior</i>, etc.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pandos´to</b>, or <i>The Triumph of Time</i>, a tale by Robert Greene (1588), the +quarry of the plot of <i>The Winter’s Tale</i> by Shakespeare.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Panel</b> (<i>The</i>), by J. Kemble, is a modified version of Bickerstaff’s +comedy <i>’Tis Well ’tis no Worse</i>. It contains the popular quotation:</p> + +<p class="poem">Perhaps it was right to dissemble your love;<br /> +But why do you kick me downstairs?</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pangloss</b> (<i>Dr. Peter</i>), an LL.D. and A.S.S. He began life as a +muffin-maker in Milk Alley. Daniel Dowlas, when he was raised from the +chandler’s shop in Gosport to the peerage, employed the doctor “to larn +him to talk English;” and subsequently made him tutor to his son Dick, +with a salary of £300 a year. Dr. Pangloss was a literary prig of +ponderous pomposity. He talked of a “locomotive morning,” of one’s +“sponsorial and patronymic appellations,” and so on; was especially fond +of quotations, to all of which he assigned the author, as “Lend me your +ears. Shakespeare. Hem!” or “<i>Verbum sat.</i> Horace. Hem!” He also +indulged in an affected “He! he!”—G. Colman, <i>The Heir-at-Law</i> (1797).</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></span>A.S.S. stands for <i>Artium Societatis Socius</i> (“Fellow of the Society of +Arts”).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Pangloss</i>, an optimist philosopher. (The word means “All +Tongue.”)—Voltaire, <i>Candide</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Panjam</b>, a male idol of the Oroungou tribes of Africa; his wife is Alēka, +and his priests are called <i>panjans</i>. Panjam is the special protector of +kings and governments.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Panjandrum</b> (<i>The Grand</i>), and village potentate or Brummagem magnate. +The word occurs in S. Foote’s farrago of nonsense, which he wrote to +test the memory of old Macklin, who said in a lecture “he had brought +his own memory to such perfection that he could learn anything by rote +on once hearing it.”</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>He was the Great Panjandrum of the place.—Percy Fitzgerald.</p></div> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> The squire of a village is the Grand Panjandrum, and the +small gentry the Picninnies, Joblillies, and Garyulies.</p> + +<p>Foote’s nonsense lines are these:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>So she went into the garden to cut a cabbage leaf to make an apple +pie; and at the same time a great she-bear, coming up the street, +pops its head into the shop. “What! no soap?” So he died, and she +very imprudently married the barber! and there were present the +Picninnies, and the Joblillies, and the Garyulies, and the Grand +Panjandrum himself, with the little round button at top, and they +all fell to playing the game of catch as catch can, till the +gunpowder ran out at the heel of their boots.—S. Foote, <i>The +Quarterly Review</i>, xcv. 516, 517 (1854).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pan´ope</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), one of the nereids. Her “sisters” are the +sea-nymphs. Panopê was invoked by sailors in storms.</p> + +<p class="poem">Sleek Panope with all her sisters played.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Milton, <i>Lycidas</i>, 95 (1638).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pansy Osmund</b>, daughter of Mr. Osmund and Madame Merle, but ignorant who +her mother is. After her father’s second marriage, the girl, who has +been brought up by the nuns, is extremely fond of her step-mother, and +when she grows under her fostering care into a lovely woman, becomes +attached to Edward Rosier, a man of small fortune. Her father, cold and +hard as stone, decrees that she shall marry an English lord, and upon +her refusal, sends her back to the convent.—Henry James, Jr., <i>Portrait +of a Lady</i> (1881).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pantag´ruel´</b>, king of the Dipsodes (2 <i>syl.</i>), son of Gargantua, and +last of the race of giants. His mother, Badebec, died in giving him +birth. His paternal grandfather was named Grangousier. Pantagruel was a +lineal descendant of Fierabras, the Titans, Goliath, Polypheme (3 +<i>syl.</i>), and all the other giants traceable to Chalbrook, who lived in +that extraordinary period noted for its “week of three Thursdays.” The +word is a hybrid, compounded of the Greek <i>panta</i> (“all”), and the +Hagarene word <i>gruel</i> (“thirsty”). His immortal achievement was his +“quest of the oracle of the Holy Bottle.”—Rabelais, <i>Gargantua and +Pantagruel</i>, ii. (1533).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pantagruel’s Course of Study.</b> Pantagruel’s father, Gargantua, said in a +letter to his son:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“I intend and insist that you learn all languages perfectly; first +of all Greek, in Quintillian’s method; then Latin, then Hebrew, +then Arabic and Chaldee. I wish you to form your style of Greek on +the model of Plato, and of Latin on that of Cicero. Let there be no +history you have not at your finger’s ends, and study thoroughly +cosmography and geography. Of liberal arts, such as geometry, +mathematics and music, I gave you a taste when not above five years +old, and I would have you now master them fully. Study astronomy, +but not divination and judicial astrology, which I consider <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[155]</a></span>mere +vanities. As for civil law, I would have thee know the <i>digests</i> by +heart. You should also have a perfect knowledge of the works of +Nature, so that there is no sea, river, or smallest stream, which +you do not know for what fish it is noted, whence it proceeds, and +whither it directs its course; all fowls of the air, all shrubs and +trees, whether forest or orchard, all herbs and flowers, all metals +and stones should be mastered by you. Fail not at the same time +most carefully to peruse the Talmudists and Cabalists, and be sure +by frequent anatomies to gain a perfect knowledge of that other +world called the microcosm, which is man. Master all these in your +young days, and let nothing be superficial; as you grow into +manhood, you must learn chivalry, warfare, and field +manœuvres.”—Rabelais, <i>Pantagruel</i>, ii. 8 (1533).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pantag´ruel’s Tongue.</b> It formed shelter for a whole army. His throat and +mouth contained whole cities.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Then did they [<i>the army</i>] put themselves in close order, and stood +as near to each other as they could, and Pantagruel put out his +tongue half-way, and covered them all, as a hen doth her +chickens.—Rabelais, <i>Pantagruel</i>, ii. 32 (1533).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pantagruelian Lawsuit</b> (<i>The</i>). This was between Lord Busqueue and Lord +Suckfist, who pleaded their own cases. The writs, etc., were as much as +four asses could carry. After the plaintiff had stated his case, and the +defendant had made his reply, Pantagruel gave judgment, and the two +suitors were both satisfied, for no one understood a word of the +pleadings, or the tenor of the verdict.—Rabelais, <i>Pantagruel</i>, ii. +(1533).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pantaloon.</b> In the Italian comedy, <i>Il Pantalo´ne</i> is a thin, emaciated, +old man, and the only character that acts in slippers.</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i4">The sixth age shifts</span><br /> +Into the lean and slippered Pantaloon.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Shakespeare, <i>As You Like It</i>, act ii. sc. 7 (1600).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Panther</b> (<i>The</i>), symbol of pleasure. When Dantê began the ascent of +fame, this beast met him, and tried to stop his further progress.</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i6">Scarce the ascent</span><br /> +Began, when lo! a panther, nimble, light,<br /> +And covered with a speckled skin, appeared,<br /> +... and strove to check my onward going.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Dantê, <i>Hell</i>, i. (1300).</span></p> + +<p class="main"><i>Panther</i> (<i>The Spotted</i>), the Church of England. The “milk-white doe” +is the Church of Rome.</p> + +<p class="poem">The panther, sure the noblest next the hind,<br /> +The fairest creature of the spotted kind;<br /> +Oh, could her inborn stains be washed away,<br /> +She were too good to be a beast of prey.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Dryden, <i>The Hind and the Panther</i>, i. (1687).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Panthino</b>, servant of Antonio (the father of Protheus, one of the two +heroes of the play).—Shakespeare, <i>Two Gentlemen of Verona</i> (1594).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Panton</b>, a celebrated punster in the reign of Charles II.</p> + +<p class="poem">And Panton, waging harmless war with words.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Dryden, <i>MacFlecknoe</i>, (1682).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Panurge</b>, a young man, handsome and of good stature, but in very ragged +apparel when Pantag´ruel first met him on the road leading from +Charenton Bridge. Pantagruel, pleased with his person, and moved with +pity at his distress, accosted him, when Panurge replied, first in +German, then in Arabic, then in Italian, then in Biscayan, then in +Bas-Breton, then in Low Dutch, then in Spanish. Finding that Pantagruel +knew none of these languages, Panurge tried Danish, Hebrew, Greek, +Latin, with no better success. “Friend,” said the prince, “can you speak +French?” “Right well,” answered Panurge, “for I was born in Touraine, +the garden of France.” Pantagruel then asked<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[156]</a></span> him if he would join his +suite, which Panurge most gladly consented to do, and became the fast +friend of Pantagruel. His great <i>forte</i> was practical jokes. Rabelais +describes him as of middle stature, with an aquiline nose, very +handsome, and always moneyless. Pantagruel made him governor of +Salmygondin.—Rabelais, <i>Pantagruel</i>, iii. 2 (1545).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Panza</b> (<i>Sancho</i>), of Adzpetia, the squire of Don Quixote de la Mancha; +“a little squat fellow, with a tun belly and spindle shanks” (pt. I. ii. +1). He rides an ass called Dapple. His sound common sense is an +excellent foil to the knight’s craze. Sancho is very fond of eating and +drinking, is always asking the knight when he is to be put in possession +of the island he promised. He salts his speech with most pertinent +proverbs, and even with wit of a racy, though sometimes of rather a +vulgar savor.—Cervantes, <i>Don Quixote</i> (1605).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> The wife of Sancho is called “Joan Panza” in pt. I., and +“Teresa Panza” in pt. II. “My father’s name,” she says to Sancho, “was +Cascajo, and I, by being your wife, am now called Teresa Panza, though +by right I should be called Teresa Cascajo” (pt. II. i. 5).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Paolo</b> (2 <i>syl.</i>), the cardinal brother of Count Guido Franceschi´ni, who +advised his bankrupt brother to marry an heiress, in order to repair his +fortune.</p> + +<p class="poem">When brother Paolo’s energetic shake<br /> +Should do the relics justice.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">R. Browning, <i>The Ring and the Book</i>, ii. 409.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Paper King</b> (<i>The</i>), John Law, projector of the Mississippi Bubble +(1671-1729).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The basis of Law’s project was the idea that paper money may be +multiplied to any extent, provided there be security in fixed +stock.—Rich.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Paphian Mimp</b>, a certain plie of the lips, considered needful for “the +highly genteel.” Lady Emily told Miss Alscrip, “the heiress,” that it +was acquired by placing one’s self before a looking-glass, and repeating +continually the words “nimini pimini;” “when the lips cannot fail to +take the right plie.”—General Burgoyne, <i>The Heiress</i>, iii. 2 (1781).</p> + +<p>(C. Dickens has made Mrs. General tell Amy Dorrit that the pretty plie +is given to the lips by pronouncing the words “papa, potatoes, poultry, +prunes and prism.”)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Papillon</b>, a broken-down critic, who earned four shillings a week for +reviews of translations “without knowing one syllable of the original,” +and of “books which he had never read.” He then turned French valet, and +got well paid. He then fell into the service of Jack Wilding, and was +valet, French marquis, or anything else to suit the whims of that young +scapegrace.—S. Foote, <i>The Liar</i> (1761).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Papy´ra</b>, goddess of printing and literature; so called from papyrus, a +substance once used for books, before the invention of paper.</p> + +<p class="poem">Till to astonished realms Papyra taught<br /> +To paint in mystic colors sound and thought.<br /> +With Wisdom’s voice to print the page sublime,<br /> +And mark in adamant the steps of Time.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Darwin, <i>Loves of the Plants</i>, ii. (1781).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Paracelsus</b> is said to have kept a small devil prisoner in the pommel of +his sword. He favored metallic substances for medicines, while Galen +preferred herbs. His full name was Philippus Aure´olus Theophrastus +Paracelsus, but his family name was Bombastus (1493-1541).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Paracelsus</i>, at the age of 20, thinks <i>knowledge</i> the <i>summum bonum</i>, +and, at the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[157]</a></span> advice of his two friends, Festus and Michal, retires to a +seat of learning in quest thereof. Eight years later, being +dissatisfied, he falls in with Aprile, an Italian poet, and resolves to +seek the <i>summum bonum</i> in love. Again he fails, and finally determines +“to know and to enjoy.”—R. Browning, <i>Paracelsus</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Par´adine</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), son of Astolpho, and brother of Dargonet, both +rivals for the love of Laura. In the combat provoked by Prince Oswald +against Gondibert, which was decided by four combatants on each side, +Hugo “the Little” slew both the brothers.—Sir. Wm. Davenant, +<i>Gondibert</i>, i. (died 1668).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Paradisa´ica</b> (“<i>the fruit of paradise</i>”). So the banana is called. The +Mohammedans aver that the “forbidden fruit” was the banana or Indian +fig, and cite in confirmation of this opinion that our first parents +used fig leaves for their covering after their fall.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Paradise</b>, in thirty-three cantos, by Dantê (1311). Paradise is separated +from Purgatory by the river Lethê; and Dantê was conducted through nine +of the spheres by Beatrice, who left him in the sphere of “unbodied +light,” under the charge of St. Bernard (canto xxxi.). The entire region +is divided into ten spheres, each of which is appropriated to its proper +order. The first seven spheres are the seven planets, viz. (1) the Moon, +for angels, (2) Mercury, for archangels, (3) Venus, for virtues, (4) the +Sun, for powers, (5) Mars, for principalities, (6) Jupiter, for +dominions, (7) Saturn, for thrones. The eighth sphere is that of the +fixed stars for the cherubim; the ninth is the <i>primum mobĭlê</i> for the +seraphim; and the tenth is the empyre´an for the Virgin Mary and the +triune deity. Beatrice, with Rachel, Sarah, Judith, Rebecca and Ruth, +St. Augustin, St. Francis, St. Benedict, and others, were enthroned in +Venus, the sphere of the virtues. The empyrean, he says, is a sphere of +“unbodied light,” “bright effluence of bright essence, uncreate.” This +is what the Jews called “the heaven of the heavens.”</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Paradise</i> was placed in the legendary maps of the Middle Ages, in +Ceylon; but Mahomet placed it “in the seventh heaven.” The Arabs have a +tradition that when our first parents were cast out of the garden, Adam +fell in the isle of Ceylon, and Eve in Joddah (the port of Mecca).—<i>Al +Korân</i>, ii.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Paradise and the Pe´ri.</b> A peri was told she would be admitted into +heaven if she would bring thither the gift most acceptable to the +Almighty. She first brought a drop of a young patriot’s blood, shed on +his country’s behalf; but the gates would not open for such an offering. +She next took thither the last sigh of a damsel who had died nursing her +betrothed, who had been stricken by the plague; but the gates would not +open for such an offering. She then carried up the repentant tear of an +old man converted by the prayers of a little child. All heaven rejoiced, +the gates were flung open, and the peri was received with a joyous +welcome.—T. Moore, <i>Lalla Rookh</i> (“Second Tale,” 1817).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Paradise Lost.</b> Satan and his crew, still suffering from their violent +expulsion out of heaven, are roused by Satan’s telling them about a “new +creation;” and he calls a general council to deliberate upon their +future operations (bk. i.). The council meet in the Pandemonium hall, +and it is resolved that Satan shall go on a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[158]</a></span> voyage of discovery to this +“new world” (bk. ii.). The Almighty sees Satan, and confers with His Son +about man. He foretells the Fall, and arranges the scheme of man’s +redemption. Meantime, Satan enters the orb of the sun, and there learns +the route to the “new world” (bk. iii.). On entering Paradise, he +overhears Adam and Eve talking of the one prohibition (bk. iv.). Raphael +is now sent down to warn Adam of his danger, and he tells him who Satan +is (bk. v.); describes the war in heaven, and expulsion of the rebel +angels (bk. vi.). The angel visitant goes on to tell Adam why and how +this world was made (bk. vii.); and Adam tells Raphael his own +experience (bk. viii.) After the departure of Raphael, Satan enters into +a serpent, and, seeing Eve alone, speaks to her. Eve is astonished to +hear the serpent talk, but is informed that it had tasted of “the tree +of knowledge,” and had become instantly endowed with both speech and +wisdom. Curiosity induces Eve to taste the same fruit, and she persuades +Adam to taste it also (bk. ix.). Satan now returns to hell, to tell of +his success (bk. x.). Michael is sent to expel Adam and Eve from the +garden (bk. xi.); and the poem concludes with the expulsion, and Eve’s +lamentation (bk. xii.).—Milton (1665).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Paradise Lost</i> was first published by Matthias Walker, of St. +Dunstan’s. He gave for it £5 down; on the sale of 1300 copies, he gave +another £5. On the next two impressions, he gave other like sums. For +the four editions, he therefore paid £20. The agreement between Walker +and Milton is preserved in the British Museum.</p> + +<p>It must be remembered that the wages of an ordinary workman was at that +time about 3<i>d.</i> a day, and now we give 3<i>s.</i>; so that the price given +was equal to about £250, according to the present value of money. +Goldsmith tells us that the clergyman of his “deserted village” was +“passing rich” with £40 a year = £500 present value of money.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Paradise Regained</b>, in four books. The subject is the Temptation. Eve, +being tempted, <i>lost</i> paradise; Christ, being tempted, <i>regained</i> it.</p> + +<p>Book I. Satan presents himself as an old peasant, and, entering into +conversation with Jesus, advises Him to satisfy His hunger by +miraculously converting stones into bread. Jesus gives the tempter to +know that He recognizes him, and refuses to follow his suggestion.</p> + +<p>II. Satan reports progress to his ministers, and asks advice. He returns +to the wilderness, and offers Jesus wealth, as the means of acquiring +power; but the suggestion is again rejected.</p> + +<p>III. Satan shows Jesus several of the kingdoms of Asia, and points out +to Him their military power. He advises Him to seek alliance with the +Parthians, and promises his aid. He says by such alliance He might shake +off the Roman yoke, and raise the kingdom of David to first-class power. +Jesus rejects the counsel, and tells the tempter that the Jews were for +the present under a cloud for their sins, but that the time would come +when God would put forth His hand on their behalf.</p> + +<p>IV. Satan shows Jesus Rome, with all its greatness, and says, “I can +easily dethrone Tiberius, and seat Thee on the imperial throne.” He then +shows Him Athens, and says, “I will make Thee master of their wisdom and +high state of civilization, if Thou wilt fall down and worship me.” “Get +thee behind Me, Satan!” was the indignant answer; and Satan, finding all +his endeavors useless, tells Jesus of the sufferings prepared for Him, +takes Him back to the wilderness,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[159]</a></span> and leaves Him there; but angels come +and minister unto Him.—Milton (1671).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Paraguay</b> (<i>A Tale of</i>), by Southey, in four cantos (1814). The +small-pox, having broken out amongst the Guarānis, carried off the whole +tribe except Quiāra and his wife, Monnĕma, who then migrated from the +fatal spot to the Mondai woods. Here a son (Yerūti) and afterwards a +daughter (Mooma) were born; but before the birth of the latter, the +father was eaten by a jagŭar. When the children were of a youthful age, +a Jesuit priest induced the three to come and live at St. Joăchin (3 +<i>syl.</i>); so they left the wild woods for a city life. Here, in a few +months, the mother flagged and died. The daughter next drooped, and soon +followed her mother to the grave. The son, now the only remaining one of +the entire race, begged to be baptized, received the rite, cried, “Ye +are come for me! I am ready;” and died also.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Par´cinus</b>, a young prince, in love with his cousin, Irolit´a, but +beloved by Az´ira. The fairy Danamo was Azira’s mother, and resolved to +make Irolita marry the fairy Brutus; but Parcinus, aided by the fairy +Favorable, surmounted all obstacles, married Irolita, and made Brutus +marry Azira.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Parcinus had a noble air, a delicate shape, a fine head of hair +admirably white.... He did everything well, danced and sang to +perfection, and gained all the prizes at tournaments, whenever he +contended for them.—Comtesse D’Aunoy, <i>Fairy Tales</i> (“Perfect +Love,” 1682).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Par´dalo</b>, the demon-steed given to Iniguez Guerra, by his gobelin +mother, that he might ride to Tolēdo and liberate his father, Don Diego +Lopez, lord of Biscay, who had fallen into the hands of the +Moors.—<i>Spanish Story.</i></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Par´diggle</b> (<i>Mrs.</i>) a formidable lady, who conveyed to one the idea “of +wanting a great deal more room.” Like Mrs. Jellyby, she devoted herself +to the concerns of Africa, and made her family of small boys contribute +all their pocket money to the cause of the Borrioboola Gha mission.—C. +Dickens, <i>Bleak House</i> (1853).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pardoner’s Tale</b> (<i>The</i>), in Chaucer’s <i>Canterbury Tales</i>, is “Death and +the Rioters.” Three rioters agree to hunt down Death, and kill him. An +old man directs them to a tree in a lane, where, as he said, he had just +left him. On reaching the spot, they find a rich treasure, and cast lots +to decide who is to go and buy food. The lot falls on the youngest; and +the other two, during his absence, agree to kill him on his return. The +rascal sent to buy food poisons the wine, in order to secure to himself +the whole treasure. Now comes the catastrophe: The two set on the third +and slay him, but die soon after of the poisoned wine; so the three +rioters <i>find death</i> under the tree, as the old man said, paltering in a +double sense (1388).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Parian Verse</b>, ill-natured satire; so called from Archil´ochus, a native +of Paros.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pari-Ba´nou</b>, a fairy who gave Prince Ahmed a tent, which would fold into +so small a compass that a lady might carry it about as a toy, but, when +spread, it would cover a whole army.—<i>Arabian Nights</i> (“Prince Ahmed +and Pari-Banu”).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Paridel</b> is a name employed in the <i>Dunciad</i> for an idle libertine—rich, +young, and at leisure. The model is Sir Paridel, in the <i>Faëry Queen</i>.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[160]</a></span></p> + +<p class="poem">Thee, too, my Paridel, she marked thee there,<br /> +Stretched on the rack of a too-easy chair,<br /> +And heard thy everlasting yawn confess<br /> +The pains and penalties of idleness.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Pope, <i>The Dunciad</i>, iv. 341 (1742).</span></p> + +<p class="main"><i>Paridel</i> (<i>Sir</i>), descendant of Paris, whose son was Parius, who +settled in Paros, and left his kingdom to his son, Par´idas, from whom +Paridel descended. Having gained the hospitality of Malbecco, Sir +Paridel eloped with his wife, Dame Hel´inore (3 <i>syl.</i>), but soon +quitted her, leaving her to go whither she would. “So had he served many +another one” (bk. iii. 10). In bk. iv. 1 Sir Paridel is discomfited by +Sir Scudamore.—Spenser, <i>Faëry Queen</i>, iii. 10; iv. 1 (1590, 1596).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> “Sir Paridel” is meant for Charles Nevil, sixth and last of +the Nevils, earls of Westmoreland. He joined the Northumberland +rebellion of 1569 for the restoration of Mary queen of Scots; and when +the plot failed, made his escape to the Continent, where he lived in +poverty and obscurity. The earl was quite a Lothario, whose delight was +to win the love of women, and then to abandon them.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Paris</b>, a son of Priam and Hecŭba, noted for his beauty. He married +Œnōnê, daughter of Cebren, the river-god. Subsequently, during a visit +to Menelāus, king of Sparta, he eloped with Queen Helen, and this +brought about the Trojan war. Being wounded by an arrow from the bow of +Philoctētês, he sent for his wife, who hastened to him with remedies; +but it was too late—he died of his wound, and Œnonê hung +herself.—Homer, <i>Iliad</i>.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Paris</i> was appointed to decide which of the three goddesses (Juno, +Pallas or Minerva) was the fairest fair, and to which should be awarded +the golden apple thrown “to the most beautiful.” The three goddesses +tried by bribes to obtain the verdict: Juno promised him dominion if he +would decide in her favor; Minerva promised him wisdom; but Venus said +she would find him the most beautiful of women for wife if he allotted +to her the apple. Paris handed the apple to Venus.</p> + +<p class="poem">Not Cytherea from a fairer swain<br /> +Received her apple on the Trojan plain.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Falconer, <i>The Shipwreck</i>, i. 3 (1756).</span></p> + +<p class="main"><i>Paris</i>, a young nobleman, kinsman of Prince Es´calus of Verona, and the +unsuccessful suitor of his cousin, Juliet.—Shakespeare, <i>Romeo and +Juliet</i> (1598).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Paris</i> (<i>Notre Dame de</i>), by Victor Hugo (1831). (See <span class="smcap">Esmeralda</span> and +<a href="#Quasimodo"><span class="smcap">Quasimodo</span></a>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Parisina</b>, wife of Azo, chief of Ferrara. She had been betrothed before +her marriage to Hugo, a natural son of Azo, and after Azo took her for +his bride, the attachment of Parisina and Hugo continued and had freer +scope for indulgence. One night Azo heard Parisina in sleep confess her +love for Hugo, whereupon he had his son beheaded, and, though he spared +the life of Parisina, no one ever knew what became of her.—Byron, +<i>Parisina</i> (1816).</p> + +<p>Such is Byron’s version; but history says Niccolo III. of Ferrara +(Byron’s “Azo”) had for his second wife Parisina Malatesta, who showed +great aversion to Ugo, a natural son of Niccolo, whom he greatly loved. +One day, with the hope of lessening this strong aversion, he sent Ugo to +escort her on a journey, and the two fell in love with each other. After +their return the affection of Parisina and Ugo continued unabated, and a +servant, named Zoe´se (3 <i>syl.</i>), having told the marquis of their +criminal intimacy, he had the two guilty ones brought to open trial. +They were both condemned to death; Ugo was be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[161]</a></span>headed first, then +Parisina. Some time after, Niccolo married a third wife, and had several +children.—Frizzi, <i>History of Ferrara</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Parisme´nos</b>, the hero of the second part of <a href="#Parismus"><i>Parismus</i></a> (<i>q.v.</i>). This +part contains the adventurous travels of Parismenos, his deeds of +chivalry, and love for the Princess Angelica, “the Lady of the Golden +Tower.”—Emanuel Foord, <i>Parismenos</i> (1598).</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Parismus" id="Parismus"></a><b>Paris´mus</b>, a valiant and renowned prince of Bohemia, the hero of a +romance so called. This “history” contains an account of his battles +against the Persians, his love for Laurana, daughter of the king of +Thessaly, and his strange adventures in the Desolate Island. The second +part contains the exploits and love affairs of Parisme´nos.—Emanuel +Foord, <i>Parismus</i> (1598).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pariza´de</b> (4 <i>syl.</i>), daughter of Khrosrou-schah, sultan of Persia, and +sister of Bahman and Perviz. These three, in infancy, were sent adrift, +each at the time of birth, through the jealousy of their two maternal +aunts, who went to nurse the sultana in her confinement; but they were +drawn out of the canal by the superintendent of the sultan’s gardens, +who brought them up. Parizadê rivalled her brothers in horsemanship, +archery, running and literature. One day, a devotee who had been kindly +entreated by Parizadê, told her the house she lived in wanted three +things to make it perfect: (1) <i>the talking bird</i>, (2) <i>the singing +tree</i>, and (3) <i>the golden-colored water</i>. Her two brothers went to +obtain these treasures, but failed. Parizadê then went, and succeeded. +The sultan paid them a visit, and the talking bird revealed to him the +story of their birth and bringing up. When the sultan heard the +infamous tale, he commanded the two sisters to be put to death, and +Parizadê, with her two brothers, were then proclaimed the lawful +children of the sultan.—<i>Arabian Nights</i> (“The Two Sisters,” the last +story).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> The story of <i>Cherry and Fairstar</i>, by the Comtesse D’Aunoy, +is an imitation of this tale; and introduces the “green bird,” the +“singing apple,” and the “dancing water.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Parkes</b> (<i>Mr.</i>). A clergyman “of simplicity and sincerity, fully in +earnest to do the Lord’s work and do it with all his might.” He suggests +to his congregation when the Week of Prayer comes around that they “make +a Week of Practice instead.” The result is told in <i>The Deacon’s +Week</i>.—Rose Terry Cooke (1886).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Parley</b> (<i>Peter</i>), Samuel Griswold Goodrich, an American. Above seven +millions of his books were in circulation in 1859 (1793-1860).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Several piracies of this popular name have appeared. Thus, S. +Kettell, of America, pirated the name in order to sell under false +colors; Darton and <a name="corr63" id="corr63"></a><ins class="correction" title="Co.,">Co,</ins> issued a Peter Parley’s <i>Annual</i> +(1841-1855); Simkins, a Peter Parley’s <i>Life of Paul</i> (1845); Bogue, a +Peter Parley’s <i>Visit to London</i>, etc. (1844); Tegg, several works under +the same name; Hodson, a Peter Parley’s <i>Bible Geography</i> (1839); +Clements, a Peter Parley’s <i>Child’s First Step</i> (1839). None of which +works were by Goodrich, the real “Peter Parley.”</p> + +<p>William Martin was the writer of Darton’s “Peter Parley series.” George +Mogridge wrote several tales under the name of Peter Parley. How far +such “false pretences” are justifiable, public opinion, must decide.</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[162]</a></span><b>Parliament</b> (<i>The Black</i>), a parliament held by Henry VIII. in Bridewell.</p> + +<p>(For Addled parliament, Barebone’s parliament, the Devil’s parliament, +the Drunken parliament, the Good parliament, the Long parliament, the +Mad parliament, the Pensioner parliament, the Rump parliament, the +Running parliament, the Unmerciful parliament, the Useless parliament, +the Wonder-making parliament, the parliament of Dunces, see <i>Dictionary +of Phrase and Fable</i>, 657.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Parnelle</b> (<i>Mde.</i>), the mother of M. Orgon, and an ultra-admirer of +Tartuffe, whom she looks on as a saint. In the adaptation of Molière’s +comedy by Isaac Bickerstaff, Mde. Parnelle is called “old Lady Lambert;” +her son, “Sir John Lambert;” and Tartuffe, “Dr. Cantwell.”—Molière, +<i>Tartuffe</i> (1664); Bickerstaff, <i>The Hypocrite</i> (1768).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> <i>The Nonjuror</i>, by Cibber (1706), was the quarry of +Bickerstaff’s play.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Parody</b> (<i>Father of</i>), Hippo´nax of Ephesus (sixth century <span class="smcap">B.C.</span>).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Parol´les</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), a boastful, cowardly follower of Bertram, count of +Rousillon. His utterances are racy enough, but our contempt for the man +smothers our mirth, and we cannot laugh. In one scene the bully is taken +blindfolded among his old acquaintances, whom he is led to suppose are +his enemies, and he <a name="corr64" id="corr64"></a><ins class="correction" title="vilifies">villifies</ins> their characters to their faces in +most admired foolery.—Shakespeare, <i>All’s Well that Ends Well</i> (1598).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>He [<i>Dr. Parr</i>] was a mere Parolles in a pedagogue’s wig.—<i>Noctes +Ambrosianæ.</i></p></div> + +<p>(For similar tongue-doughty heroes, see <span class="smcap">Basilisco</span>, <span class="smcap">Bessus</span>, <span class="smcap">Bluff</span>, +<span class="smcap">Bobadil</span>, <span class="smcap">Boroughcliff</span>, <span class="smcap">Brazen</span>, <span class="smcap">Flash</span>, <a href="#Pistol"><span class="smcap">Pistol</span></a>, <a href="#Pyrgo"><span class="smcap">Pyrgo</span></a>, <a name="corr65" id="corr65"></a><ins class="correction" title="This entry does not exist."><span class="smcap">Polinices</span>,</ins> +<a href="#Scaramouch"><span class="smcap">Scaramouch</span></a>, <span class="smcap">Thraso</span>, <span class="smcap">Vincent de la Rosa</span>, etc.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Parpaillons</b> (<i>King of the</i>), the father of Gargamelle, “a jolly pug and +well-mouthed wench,” who married Grangousier “in the vigor of his age,” +and became the mother of Gargantua.—Rabelais, <i>Gargantua</i>, i. 3 (1533).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Parr</b> (<i>Old</i>). Thomas Parr, we are told, lived in the reign of ten +sovereigns. He married his second wife when he was 120 years old, and +had a child by her. He was a husbandman, born at Salop, in 1483, and +died 1635, aged 152.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Parricide</b> (<i>The Beautiful</i>), Beatrice Cenci, who is said to have +murdered her father for the incestuous brutality with which he had +treated her (died 1599).</p> + +<p>Shelley has a tragedy on the subject, called <i>The Cenci</i> (1819).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Parsley Peel</b>, the first Sir Robert Peel. So called from the great +quantity of printed calico with the parsley-leaf pattern manufactured by +him (1750-1830).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Parson Adams</b>, a simple-minded country clergyman of the eighteenth +century. At the age of 50 he was provided with a handsome income of £23 +a year (nearly £300 of our money).—Fielding, <i>Joseph Andrews</i> (1742).</p> + +<p>Timothy Burrell, Esq., in 1715, bequeathed to his nephew Timothy, the +sum of £20 a year, to be paid during his residence at the university, +and to be continued to him till he obtained some preferment worth at +least £30 a year.—<i>Sussex Archæological Collections</i>, iii. 172.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Parson Bate</b>, a stalwart choleric, sporting parson, editor of the +<i>Morning Post</i> in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[163]</a></span> the latter half of the eighteenth century. He was +afterwards Sir Henry Bate Dudley, Bart.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>When Sir Henry Bate Dudley was appointed an Irish dean, a young +lady of Dublin said, “Och! how I long to see our dane! They say ... +he fights like an angel.”—<i>Cassell’s Magazine</i> (“London Legends,” +iii.)</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Parson Collins</b>, shrewd backwoodsman, ready for fight or prayer. He +suffers at the hands of desperadoes, but is dauntless, and always gets +the better of his partner in a trade. His white mule Ma’y Jane, is the +only creature that outwits him, and that only at fence-corners.—Octave +Thanet, <i>Expiation</i> (1890).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Parson Runo</b> (<i>A</i>), a simple-minded clergyman, wholly unacquainted with +the world; a Dr. Primrose, in fact. It is a Russian household phrase, +having its origin in the singular simplicity of the Lutheran clergy of +the Isle of Runo.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Parson Trulliber</b>, a fat clergyman, slothful, ignorant, and intensely +bigoted.—Fielding, <i>Joseph Andrews</i> (1742).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Parsons</b> (<i>Walter</i>), the giant porter of King James I. (died +1622).—Fuller, <i>Worthies</i> (1662).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Parsons’ Kaiser</b> (<i>The</i>), Karl IV., of Germany, who was set up by Pope +Clement VI., while Ludwig IV. was still on the throne. The Germans +called the pope’s <i>protégé</i> “<i>pfaffen kaiser</i>.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Parthe´nia</b>, the mistress of Argălus.—Sir Philip Sidney, <i>Arcadia</i> +(1580).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Parthenia</i>, Maidenly Chastity personified. Parthenia is sister of +Agnei´a (3 <i>syl.</i>), or wifely chastity, the spouse of Encra´tês, or +temperance. Her attendant is Er´ythre, or modesty. (Greek, <i>parthĕnia</i>, +“maidenhood.”)—Phineas Fletcher, <i>The Purple Island</i>, x. (1633).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Parthen´ope</b> (4 <i>syl.</i>), one of the three syrens. She was buried at +Naples. Naples itself was anciently called Parthenopê, which name was +changed to <i>Neap´olis</i> (“the new city”) by a colony of Cumæans.</p> + +<p class="poem">By dead Parthenope’s dear tomb.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Milton, <i>Comus</i>, 879 (1634).</span></p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i7">Loitering by the sea</span><br /> +That laves the passionate shores of soft Parthenopê.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Lord Lytton, <i>Ode</i>, iii. 2 (1839).</span></p> + +<p>(The three syrens were Parthenopê, Ligēa, and Leucos´ia, not +<i>Leucoth´ea</i>, <i>q.v.</i>)</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Parthenope</i> (4 <i>syl.</i>), the damsel beloved by Prince Volscius.—Duke of +Buckingham, <i>The Rehearsal</i> (1671).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Parthen´ope of Naples</b>, Sannazora, the Neapolitan poet called “The +Christian Virgil.” Most of his poems were published under the assumed +name of <i>Actius Sincerus</i> (1458-1530).</p> + +<p class="poem">At last the Muses ... scattered ...<br /> +Their blooming wreaths from fair Valclusa’s bowers [<i>Petrarch</i>]<br /> +To Arno [<i>Dante and Boccaccio</i>] ... and the shore<br /> +Of soft Parthenope.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Akenside, <i>Pleasures of Imagination</i>, ii. (1744).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Partington</b> (<i>Mrs.</i>), an old lady of amusing affectations and ridiculous +blunders of speech. Sheridan’s “<i>Mrs. Malaprop</i>” and Smollett’s +“<i>Tabitha Bramble</i>” are similar characters.—B. P. Shillaber (an +American humorist).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I do not mean to be disrespectful; but the attempt of the lords to +stop the progress of reform reminds me very forcibly of the great +storm of Sidmouth, and the conduct of the excellent Mrs. Partington +on that occasion. In the winter of 1824, there set in a great flood +upon that town; <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[164]</a></span>the tide rose to an incredible height; the waves +rushed in upon the houses; and everything was threatened with +destruction. In the midst of this sublime storm, Dame Partington, +who lived upon the beach, was seen at the door of her house with +mop and pattens, trundling her mop, squeezing out the sea-water, +and vigorously pushing away the Atlantic Ocean. The Atlantic was +roused, Mrs. Partington’s spirit was up; but I need not tell you +that the contest was unequal. The Atlantic beat Mrs. Partington. +She was excellent at a slop or puddle, but should never have +meddled with a tempest.—Sydney Smith (speech at Taunton, 1831).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Partlet</b>, the hen, in “The Nun’s Priest’s Tale,” and in the famous +beast-epic of <i>Reynard the Fox</i> (1498).—Chaucer, <i>Canterbury Tales</i> +(1388).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Sister Partlet with her hooded head</i>, the cloistered community of nuns; +the Roman Catholic clergy being the “barn-door fowls.”—Dryden, <i>Hind +and Panther</i> (1687).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Partridge.</b> Talus was changed into a partridge.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Partridge</i>, cobbler, quack, astrologer, and almanac-maker (died 1708). +Dean Swift wrote an elegy on him.</p> + +<p class="poem">Here five feet deep, lies on his back,<br /> +A cobbler, starmonger, and quack,<br /> +Who, to the stars in pure gold will,<br /> +Does to his best look upward still,<br /> +Weep all you customers that use<br /> +His pills, his almanacs, or shoes.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Partridge</i>, the attendant of Tom Jones, as Strap, is of Smollett’s +“Roderick Random.” Faithful, shrewd, and of child-like simplicity. He is +half-barber and half-schoolmaster. His excitement in the play-house when +he went to see Garrick in “Hamlet” is charming.—Fielding, <i>The History +of Tom Jones</i> (1749).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The humor of Smollett, although genuine and hearty, is coarse and +vulgar. He was superficial where Fielding showed deep insight; but +he had a rude conception of generosity of which Fielding seems +incapable. It is owing to this that “Strap” is superior to +“Partridge.”—Hazlitt, <i>Comic Writers</i>.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Parvenue.</b> One of the O’Neals, being told that Barrett of Castlemone had +only been 400 years in Ireland, replied, “I hate the upstart, which can +only look back to yesterday.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Parviz</b> (“<i>victorious</i>”), surname of Khosrou II. of Persia. He kept +15,000 female musicians, 6000 household officers, 20,500 saddle-mules, +960 elephants, 200 slaves to scatter perfumes when he went abroad, and +1000 sekabers to water the roads before him. His horse, Shibdiz, was +called “the Persian Bucephălus.”</p> + +<p>The reigns of Khosrou I. and II. were the golden period of Persian +history.</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Parzival" id="Parzival"></a><b>Parzival</b>, the hero and title of a metrical romance, by Wolfram v. +Eschenbach. Parzival was brought up by a widowed mother, in solitude, +but when grown to manhood, two wandering knights persuaded him to go to +the court of King Arthur. His mother, hoping to deter him, consented to +his going if he would wear the dress of a common jester. This he did, +but soon achieved such noble deeds that Arthur made him a knight of the +Round Table. Sir Parzival went in quest of the Holy Graal, which was +kept in a magnificent castle called Graalburg, in Spain, built by the +royal priest Titurel. He reached the castle, but having neglected +certain conditions, was shut out, and, on his return, the priestess of +Graalburg insisted on his being expelled the court and degraded from +knighthood. Parzival then led a new life of abstinence and +self-abnegation, and a wise hermit became his instructor. At length he +reached such a state of purity and sanc<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[165]</a></span>tity that the priestess of +Graalburg declared him worthy to become lord of the castle (1205).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> This, of course, is an allegory of a Christian giving up +everything in order to be admitted a priest and king in the city of God, +and becoming a fool in order to learn true wisdom (see 1 <i>Cor.</i> iii. +18).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pasquin</b>, a Roman cobbler of the latter half of the fifteenth century, +whose shop stood in the neighborhood of the Braschi palace near the +Piazza Navoni. He was noted for his caustic remarks and bitter sayings. +After his death, a mutilated statue near the shop was called by his +name, and made the repository of all the bitter epigrams and satirical +verses of the city; hence called <i>pasquinades</i> (3 <i>syl.</i>).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Passamonte</b> (<i>Gines de</i>), the galley-slave set free by Don Quixote. He +returned the favor by stealing Sancho’s wallet and ass. Subsequently he +reappeared as a puppet-showman.—Cervantes, <i>Don Quixote</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Passatore</b> (<i>Il</i>), a title assumed by Belli´no, an Italian bandit chief +who died 1851.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Passel´yon</b>, a young foundling brought up by Morgan la Fée. He was +detected in an intrigue with Morgan’s daughter. The adventures of this +amorous youth are related in the romance called <i>Perceforest</i>, iii.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Passe Rose</b>, fair orphan girl, warm of heart and single of purpose. +Ingenuous as a babe, and made strong by love. Her adventures are the +theme of the novel bearing her name.—Arthur Sherburne Hardy, <i>Passe +Rose</i> (1889).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Passetreul</b>, the name of Sir Tristram’s horse.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Passe-tyme of Plesure</b>, an allegorical poem in forty-six capitulos and in +seven-line stanzas, by Stephen Hawes <a name="corr66" id="corr66"></a><ins class="correction" title="(1506).">(1506)</ins> The poet supposes that +while Graunde Amoure was walking in a meadow he encountered Fame, +“enuyroned with tongues of fyre,” who told him about La bell Pucell, a +ladye fair, living in the Tower of Musike, and then departed, leaving +him under the charge of Gouernaunce and Grace, who conducted him to the +Tower of Doctrine. Countenaunce, the portress, showed him over the +tower, and Lady Science sent him to Gramer. Afterwards he was sent to +Logyke, Rethorike, Inuention, Arismetrike and Musike. In the Tower of +Musike he met La bell Pucell, pleaded his love, and was kindly +entreated; but they were obliged to part for the time being, while +Graunde Amoure continued his “passe-tyme of plesure.” On quitting La +bell Pucell he went to Geometrye and then to Dame Astronomy. Then, +leaving the Tower of Science, he entered that of Chyualry. Here Mynerue +introduced him to Kyng Melyzyus, after which he went to the temple of +Venus, who sent a letter on his behalf to La bell Pucell. Meanwhile the +giant False Report (or Godfrey Gobilyue) met him, and put him to great +distress in the house of Correction, but Perceueraunce at length +conducted him to the manor-house of Dame Comfort. After sundry trials +Graunde Amoure married La bell Pucell, and, after many a long day of +happiness and love, was arrested by Age, who took him before Policye and +Auarice. Death in time came for him, and Remembraunce wrote his epitaph.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pastor Fi´do</b> (<i>Il</i>), a pastoral by Giovanni Battista Guari´ni of Ferrara +(1585).</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[166]</a></span><b>Pastoral Romance</b> (<i>The Father of</i>), Honoré d’Urfé (1567-1625).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pastorella</b>, the fair shepherdess (bk. vi. 9), beloved by Corydon, but +“neither for him nor any other did she care a whit.” She was a +foundling, brought up by the shepherd Melibee. When Sir Calidore (3 +<i>syl.</i>) was the shepherd’s guest, he fell in love with the fair +foundling, who returned his love. During the absence of Sir Calidore in +a hunting expedition, Pastorella, with Melibee and Corydon, were carried +off by brigands. Melibee was killed, Corydon effected his escape, and +Pastorella was wounded. Sir Calidore went to rescue his shepherdess, +killed the brigand chief, and brought back the captive in safety (bk. +vi. 11). He took her to Belgard Castle, and it turned out that the +beautiful foundling was the daughter of Lady Claribel and Sir Bellamour +(bk, vi. 12).—Spenser, <i>Faëry Queen</i>, vi. 9-12 (1596).</p> + +<p>“Pastorella” is meant for Frances Walsingham, daughter of Sir Francis +Walsingham, whom Sir Philip Sidney (“Sir Calidore”) married. After +Sidney’s death the widow married the earl of Essex (the queen’s +favorite). Sir Philip being the author of a romance called <i>Arcadia</i> +suggested to the poet the name Pastorella.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Patch</b>, the clever, intriguing waiting-woman of Isabinda, daughter of Sir +Jealous Traffick. As she was handing a love-letter in cipher to her +mistress, she let it fall, and Sir Jealous picked it up. He could not +read it, but insisted on knowing what it meant. “O,” cried the ready +wit, “it is a charm for the toothache!” and the suspicions of Sir +Jealous were diverted (act iv. 2).—Mrs. Centlivre, <i>The Busy Body</i> +(1709).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Patch</i> (<i>Clause</i>), king of the beggars. He died in 1730, and was +succeeded by Bampfylde Moore Carew.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Patche</b> (1 <i>syl.</i>), Cardinal Wolsey’s jester. When the cardinal felt his +favor giving way, he sent Patche as a gift to the king, and Henry VIII. +considered the gift a most acceptable one.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>We call one Patche or Cowlson, whom we see to do a thing foolishly, +because these two in their time were notable fools.—Wilson, <i>Art +of Rhetorique</i> (1553).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Patelin" id="Patelin"></a><b>Patelin</b> (2 <i>syl.</i>), the hero of an ancient French comedy. He contrives +to obtain on credit six ells of cloth from William Josseaume, by +artfully praising the tradesman’s father. Any subtle, crafty fellow, who +entices by flattery and insinuating arts, is called a Patelin.—P. +Blanchet, <i>L’Avocat Patelin</i> (1459-1519).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>On lui attribue, mais à tort, la farce de <i>L’Avocat Patelin</i>, qui +est plus ancienne que lui.—Bouillet, <i>Dictionary Universel +d’Histoire, etc.</i>, art. “Blanchet.”</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Consider, sir, I pray you, how the noble Patelin, having a mind to +extol to the third heavens, the father of William Josseaume, said +no more than this: he did lend his goods freely to those who were +desirous of them.—Rabelais, <i>Pantagruel</i>, iii. 4 (1545).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pater Patrum.</b> St. Gregory, of Nyssa is so called by the council of Nice +(332-395).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Paterson</b> (<i>Pate</i>), serving-boy to Bryce Snailsfoot, the pedlar.—Sir W. +Scott, <i>The Pirate</i> (time, William III.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pathfinder</b> (<i>The</i>), Natty Bumpo; also called “The <a name="corr67" id="corr67"></a><ins class="correction" title="Deerslayer,”">Deerslayer”</ins> “The +Hawk-eye,” and “The Trapper.”—Fenimore Cooper, (five novels called <i>The +Pathfinder</i>, <i>The Pioneers</i>, <i>The Deerslayer</i>, <i>The Last of the +Mohicans</i>, and <i>The Prairie</i>).</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[167]</a></span><b>Pathfinder of the Rocky </b><a name="corr68" id="corr68"></a><ins class="correction" title="Mountains"><b>Mountains.</b></ins> (<i>The</i>), Major-General John +Charles Fremont, who conducted four exploring expeditions across the +Rocky Mountains in 1842.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Patient Griselda</b> or <b>Grisildis</b>, the wife of Wautier, marquis of Salucês. +Boccaccio says she was a poor country lass, who became the wife of +Gualtiere, marquis of Saluzzo. She was robbed of her children by her +husband, reduced to abject poverty, divorced, and commanded to assist in +the marriage of her husband with another woman; but she bore every +affront patiently, and without complaint.—Chaucer, <i>Canterbury Tales</i> +(“The Clerk’s Tale,” 1388); Boccaccio, <i>Decameron</i>, x. 10 (1352).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Patience Strong.</b> Delightful old maid, who, after passing most of her +life in a quiet New England township, goes abroad and tells her +experiences in <i>Sights and Insights</i>.—A. D. T. Whitney (1860).</p> + +<p>She is also the central figure in a quiet story of domestic life, +entitled <i>Patience Strong’s Outings</i> (1858).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Patin</b>, brother of the emperor of Rome. He fights with Am´adis of Gaul, +and has his horse killed under him.—Vasco de Lobeira, <i>Amadis de Gaul</i> +(thirteenth century).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Patison</b>, licensed jester to Sir Thos. More. Hans Holbein has introduced +this jester in his famous picture of the lord chancellor.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Patriarch of </b><a name="corr69" id="corr69"></a><ins class="correction" title="Dorchester."><b>Dorchester</b>,</ins> John White, of Dorchester, a puritan +divine (1574-1648).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Patriarchs</b> (<i>The Last of the</i>). So <i>Christopher Casby</i>, of +Bleeding-heart Yard was called. “So grey, so slow, so quiet, so +impassionate, so very bumpy in the head, that patriarch was the word for +him.” Painters implored him to be a model for some patriarch they +designed to paint. Philanthropists looked on him as famous capital for a +platform. He had once been town agent in the Circumlocution Office, and +was well-to-do.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>His face had a bloom on it like ripe wall-fruit, and his blue eyes +seemed to be the eyes of wisdom and virtue. His whole face teemed +with the look of benignity. Nobody could say where the wisdom was, +or where the virtue was, or where the benignity was, but they +seemed to be somewhere about him.... He wore a long wide-skirted +bottle-green coat, and a bottle-green pair of trousers, and a +bottle-green waistcoat. The patriarchs were not dressed in +bottle-green broadcloth, and yet his clothes looked +patriarchal.—C. Dickens, <i>Little Dorrit</i> (1857).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Patrick</b>, an old domestic at Shaw’s Castle.—Sir W. Scott, <i>St. Ronan’s +Well</i> (time, George III.).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Patrick</i> (<i>St.</i>), the tutelar saint of Ireland. Born at Kirk Patrick, +near Dumbarton. His baptismal name was “Succeath” (“valor in war”), +changed by Milcho, to whom he was sold as a slave into “Cotharig” (four +families or four masters, to whom he had been sold). It was Pope +Celestine who changed the name to “Patricius,” when he sent him to +convert the Irish.</p> + +<p>Certainly the most marvellous of all the miracles ascribed to the saints +is that recorded of St. Patrick. “He swam across the Shannon with his +head in his mouth!”</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Saint Patrick and King O’Neil.</i> One day, the saint set the end of his +crozier on the foot of O’Neil, king of Ulster, and, leaning heavily on +it, hurt the king’s foot severely; but the royal convert showed no +indication of pain or annoyance whatsoever.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[168]</a></span>A similar anecdote is told of St. Areed, who went to show the king of +Abyssinia a musical instrument he had invented. His majesty rested the +head of his spear on the saint’s foot, and leaned with both his hands on +the spear while he listened to the music. St. Areed, though his great +toe was severely pierced, showed no sign of pain, but went on playing as +if nothing was the matter.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>St. Patrick and the Serpent.</i> <a name="corr70" id="corr70"></a><ins class="correction" title="St.">St</ins> Patrick cleared Ireland of +vermin. One old serpent resisted, but St. Patrick overcame it by +cunning. He made a box, and invited the serpent to enter in. The serpent +insisted it was too small; and so high the contention grew that the +serpent got into the box to prove that he was right, whereupon St. +Patrick slammed down the lid, and cast the box into the sea.</p> + +<p>This tradition is marvellously like an incident of the <i>Arabian Nights’ +Entertainments</i>. A fisherman had drawn up a box or vase in his net, and +on breaking it open a genius issued therefrom, and threatened the +fisherman with immediate destruction because he had been enclosed so +long. Said the fisherman to the genius, “I wish to know whether you +really were in that vase.” “I certainly was,” said the genius. “I cannot +believe it,” replied the fisherman, “for the vase could not contain even +one of your feet.” Then the genius, to prove his assertion, changed into +smoke, and entered into the vase, saying, “Now, incredulous fisherman, +dost thou believe me?” But the fisherman clapped the leaden cover on the +vase, and told the genius that he was about to throw the box into the +sea, and that he would build a house on the spot to warn others not to +fish up so wicked a genius.—<i>Arabian Nights</i> (“The Fisherman,” one of +the early tales).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> St. Patrick, I fear, had read the <i>Arabian Nights</i>, and +stole a leaf from the fisherman’s book.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>St. Patrick a Gentleman.</i></p> + +<p class="poem">Oh, St. Patrick was a gentleman,<br /> +Who came of dacent people ...</p> + +<p>This song was written by Messrs. Bennet and Toleken, of Cork, and was +first sung by them at a masquerade in 1814. It was afterwards lengthened +for Webbe, the comedian, who made it popular.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Patriot King</b> (<i>The</i>), Henry St. John, Viscount Bolingbroke (1678-1751). +He hired Mallet to traduce Pope after his decease, because the poet +refused to give up certain copies of a work which the statesman wished +to have destroyed.</p> + +<p class="poem">Write as if St. John’s soul could still inspire,<br /> +And do from hate what Mallet did for hire.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Byron, <i>English Bards and Scotch Reviewers</i> (1809).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Patriot of Humanity.</b> So Byron calls Henry Grattan (1750-1820).—<i>Don +Juan</i> (preface to canto vi., <a name="corr71" id="corr71"></a><ins class="correction" title="etc.">etc..</ins> 1824).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Patron</b> (<i>The</i>), a farce by S. Foote (1764). The patron is Sir Thomas +Lofty, called by his friends, “sharp-judging Adriel, the Muse’s friend, +himself a Muse,” but by those who loved him less, “the modern Midas.” +Books without number were dedicated to him, and the writers addressed +him as the “British Pollio, Atticus, the Mæcēnas of England, protector +of arts, paragon of poets, arbiter of taste, and sworn appraiser of +Apollo and the Muses.” The plot is very simple: Sir Thomas Lofty has +written a play called <i>Robinson Crusoe</i>, and gets Richard Bever to stand +godfather to it. The play is damned past redemption, and to soothe +Bever, Sir Thomas allows him to marry his niece, Juliet.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[169]</a></span>Horace Walpole, earl of Orford, is the original of “Sir Thomas Lofty” +(1717-1797).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Patten</b>, according to Gay, is so called from Patty, the pretty daughter +of a Lincolnshire farmer, with whom the village blacksmith fell in love. +To save her from wet feet when she went to milk the cows, he mounted her +clogs on an iron eke.</p> + +<p class="poem">The patten now supports each frugal dame,<br /> +Which from the blue-eyed Patty takes its name.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Gay, <i>Trivia</i>, i. (1712).</span></p> + +<p>(Of course, the word is the French <i>patin</i>, “a skate or high-heeled +shoe,” from the Greek, <i>patein</i>, “to walk.”)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pattieson</b> (<i>Mr. Peter</i>), in the introduction of <i>The Heart of +Midlothian</i>, by Sir W. Scott, and again in the introduction of <i>The +Bride of Lammermoor</i>. He is a hypothetical assistant teacher at +Gandercleuch, and the feigned author of <i>The Tales of My Landlord</i>, +which Sir Walter Scott pretends were published by Jedediah Cleishbotham, +after the death of Pattieson.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Patton</b> (<i>Mrs.</i>). Tailoress and talker, otherwise known as “the Widow +Jim,” who has all genealogy and relationship at her tongue’s end. “She +chatters all day as the swallows chatter, and you do not tire of +her.”—Sarah Orne Jewett, <i>Deephaven</i> (1877).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Patterson</b> (<i>Elizabeth</i>). One of the most remarkable women of this +century. The beautiful daughter of a Baltimore merchant prince, she +captivated Jerome Bonaparte, (then a minor, and dependent on his +brother), who was visiting America. In the face of parental opposition, +she married him Dec. 24, 1803. Napoleon (First Consul) promptly +repudiated the marriage, ordered his brother home, and forbade all +French vessels to receive as a passenger, “<i>the young person</i> with whom +Citizen Joseph has connected himself.” In October, 1804, the young +couple sailed for France in the ship <i>Philadelphia</i>, but were blown +ashore at Lewes, Del. In March, 1805, they embarked again, reaching +Lisbon, April 2. Napoleon (now emperor) refused to allow them to enter +France, but sent to know “what he could do for <i>Miss Patterson</i>.” She +replied that “Madame Bonaparte demanded her rights as one of the +imperial family.” The contest was unequal. She was sent back to America, +and the marriage declared null and void. Her son, Jerome, was born in +England, July 7, 1805. She was never allowed to see her husband again, +yet her ambitious projects for “Bo,” as she called her son, were +unremitting until the downfall of the <a name="corr72" id="corr72"></a><ins class="correction" title="Bonaparte">Bonarparte</ins> family. After +this, she aimed to ally him with the English nobility, a design thwarted +by his love-match with a lovely Baltimorean. She was an able financier, +and became one of the richest women in Baltimore. Retaining her mind and +many traces of her extraordinary beauty to the last, she died, April 3, +1879, at the age of ninety-four.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“By the laws of justice and of the Church she was a queen, although +she was never allowed to reign.... There was about her the +brilliancy of courts and palaces, the enchantment of a love-story, +the suffering of a victim of despotic power.”—Eugene Dìdier, <i>Life +and Letters of Madame Bonaparte</i> (1879).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Patty</b>, “the maid of the mill,” daughter of Fairfield, the miller. She +was brought up by the mother of Lord Aimworth, and was promised by her +father in marriage to Farmer Giles; but she refused to marry him, and +became the bride of Lord Aim<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[170]</a></span>worth. Patty was very clever, very pretty, +very ingenuous, and loved his lordship to adoration.—Bickerstaff, <i>The +Maid of the Mill</i> (1765).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pattypan</b> (<i>Mrs.</i>), a widow who keeps lodgings, and makes love to Tim +Tartlet, to whom she is ultimately engaged.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>By all accounts, she is just as loving now as she was thirty years +ago.—James Cobb, <i>The First Floor</i>, i. 2 (1756-1818).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Patullo</b> (<i>Mrs.</i>), waiting-woman to Lady Ashton.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Bride of +Lammermoor</i> (time, William III.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pau-Puk-Keewis</b>, a cunning mischief-maker, who taught the North American +Indians the game of hazard, and stripped them, by his winnings, of all +their possessions. In a mad freak Pau-Puk-Keewis entered the wigwam of +Hiawatha and threw everything into confusion; so Hiawatha resolved to +slay him. Pau-Puk-Keewis, taking to flight, prayed the beavers to make +him a beaver ten times their own size. This they did; but when the other +beavers made their escape, at the arrival of Hiawatha, Pau-Puk-Keewis +was hindered from getting away by his great size; and Hiawatha slew him. +His spirit, escaping, flew upwards, and prayed the storm-fools to make +him a “brant” ten times their own size. This was done, and he was told +never to look downwards, or he would lose his life. When Hiawatha +arrived, the “brant” could not forbear looking at him; and immediately +he fell to earth, and Hiawatha transformed him into an eagle.</p> + +<p class="poem">Now in winter, when the snowflakes<br /> +Whirl in eddies round the lodges,...<br /> +“There,” they cry, “comes Pau-Puk-Keewis;<br /> +He is dancing thro’ the village,<br /> +He is gathering in his harvest.”<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Longfellow, <i>Hiawatha</i>, xvii. (1855).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Paul</b>, the love-child of Margaret, who retired to Port Louis, in the +Mauritius, to bury herself, and bring up her only child. Hither came +Mde. de la Tour, a widow, and was confined of a daughter, whom she named +Virginia. Between these neighbors a mutual friendship arose, and the two +children became playmates. As they grew in years their fondness for each +other developed into love. When Virginia was 15, her mother’s aunt +adopted her, and begged she might be sent to France to finish her +education. She was above two years in France; and as she refused to +marry a count of the “aunt’s” providing, she was disinherited and sent +back to her mother. When within a cable’s length of the island a +hurricane dashed the ship to pieces, and the dead body of Virginia was +thrown upon the shore. Paul drooped from grief, and within two months +followed her to the grave.—Bernardin de St. Pierre, <i>Paul et Virgine</i> +(1788).</p> + +<p>In Cobb’s dramatic version, Paul’s mother (Margaret) is made a faithful +domestic of Virginia’s parents. Virginia’s mother dies, and commits her +infant daughter to the care of Dominique, a faithful old negro servant, +and Paul and Virginia are brought up in the belief that they are brother +and sister. When Virginia is 15 years old, her aunt, Leonora de Guzman, +adopts her, and sends Don Antonio de Guardes to bring her to Spain and +make her his bride. She is taken by force on board ship; but scarcely +has the ship started, when a hurricane dashes it on rocks, and it is +wrecked. Alhambra, a runaway slave whom Paul and Virginia had +befriended, rescues Virginia, who is brought to shore and married to +Paul; but Antonio is drowned (1756-1818).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Paul</i> (<i>Father</i>), Paul Sarpi (1552-1628).</p> + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[171]</a></span><i>Paul</i> (<i>St.</i>). The very sword which cut off the head of this apostle is +preserved at the convent of La Lisla, near Tolēdo, in Spain. If any one +doubts the fact he may, for a gratuity, see a “copper sword, twenty-five +inches long and three and a half broad, on one side of which is the word +<span class="smcap">MUCRO</span> (‘a sword’), and on the other <span class="smcap">PAULUS</span> ... <span class="smcap">CAPITE</span>.” Can anything be +more convincing?</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Paul</i> (<i>The Second St.</i>). <a name="corr73" id="corr73"></a><ins class="correction" title="St.">St</ins> Remi or <i>Remigius</i>, “The Great +Apostle of the French.” He was made bishop of Rheims when only 22 years +old. It was <ins class="correction" title="St.">St</ins> Remi who baptized Clovis, and told him that +henceforth he must worship what he hitherto had hated, and abjure what +he had hitherto adored (439-535).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> The cruse employed by St. Remi in the baptism of Clovis was +used through the French monarchy in the anointing of all the kings.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Paul Pry</b>, an idle, inquisitive, meddlesome fellow, who has no occupation +of his own, and is forever poking his nose into other people’s affairs. +He always comes in with the apology, “I hope I don’t intrude.”—John +Poole, <i>Paul Pry</i>.</p> + +<p>Thomas Hill, familiarly called “Tommy Hill,” was the original of this +character, and also of “Gilbert Gurney,” by Theodore Hook. Planché says +of Thomas Hill:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>His <i>specialité</i> was the accurate information he could impart on +all the petty details of the domestic economy of his friends, the +contents of their wardrobes, their pantries, the number of pots of +preserves in their store-closets, and of the table-napkins in their +linen-presses, the dates of their births and marriages, the amounts +of their tradesmen’s bills, and whether paid weekly or quarterly. +He had been on the press, and was connected with the <i>Morning +Chronicle</i>. He used to drive Mathews crazy by ferreting out his +whereabouts when he left London, and popping the information into +some paper.—<i>Recollections</i>, i. 131-2.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Paul Rushleigh</b>, son of a wealthy manufacturer, and in love from boyhood +with Faith Gartney. She can give him only sisterly affection in return, +but her refusal makes a man of the boy. Ten years afterwards, as General +Rushleigh, a noble, high-minded patriot, he meets Margaret Regis and +marries her.—A. D. T. Whitney, <i>Sights and Insights</i> (1876).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pauletti</b> (<i>the Lady Erminia</i>), ward of Master George Heriot, the king’s +goldsmith.—Sir W. Scott, <i>The Fortunes of Nigel</i> (time, James I.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pauli´na</b>, the noble-spirited wife of Antig´onus, a Sicilian lord, and +the kind friend of Queen Hermi´onê. When Hermionê gave birth in prison +to a daughter, Paulina undertook to present it to King Leontês, hoping +that his heart would be softened at the sight of his infant daughter; +but he commanded the child to be cast out on a desert shore, and left +there to perish. The child was drifted to the “coast” of Bohemia, and +brought up by a shepherd, who called it Perdĭta. Florizel, the son of +king Polixĕnês, fell in love with her, and fled with her to Sicily, to +escape the vengeance of the angry king. The fugitives being introduced +to Leontês, it was soon discovered that Perdita was the king’s daughter, +and Polixenês consented to the union he had before forbidden. Paulina +now invited Leontês and the rest to inspect a famous statue of Hermionê, +and the statue turned out to be the living queen herself.—Shakespeare, +<i>The Winter’s Tale</i> (1604).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pauline</b>, “The Beauty of Lyons,” daughter of M. Deschappelles, a Lyonese +merchant; “as pretty as Venus, and as proud as Juno.” Pauline rejected +the suits of Beauseant, Glavis and Claude Mel<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[172]</a></span>notte; and the three +rejected lovers combined on vengeance. To this end, Claude, who was a +gardener’s son, pretended to be the Prince Como, and Pauline married +him, but was indignant when she discovered the trick which had been +played upon her. Claude left her, and entered the French army, where in +two years and a half he rose to the rank of colonel. Returning to Lyons, +he found his father-in-law on the eve of bankruptcy, and Pauline about +to be sold to Beauseant for money to satisfy the creditors. Being +convinced that Pauline really loved him, Claude paid the money required, +and claimed the lady as his loving and grateful wife.—Lord L. B. +Lytton, <i>The Lady of Lyons</i> (1838).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Pauline</i> (<i>Mademoiselle</i>) or <span class="smcap">Monna Paula</span>, the attendant of Lady Erminia +Pauletti, the goldsmith’s ward.—Sir W. Scott, <i>The Fortunes of Nigel</i> +(time, James I.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pauline Pavlovna</b>, heroine of T. B. Aldrich’s drama of that name (1890).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pauli´nus</b> of York, christened 10,000 men, besides women and their +children in one single day in the Swale. (Altogether some 50,000 souls, +<i>i.e.</i> 104 every minute, 6,250 every hour, supposing he worked eight +hours without stopping.)</p> + +<p class="poem">When the Saxons first received the Christian faith,<br /> +Paulinus of old York, the zealous bishop then,<br /> +In Swale’s abundant stream christened ten thousand men,<br /> +With women and their babes, a number more besides,<br /> +Upon one happy day.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Drayton, <i>Polyolbion</i>, xxviii. (1622).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Paulo</b>, the cardinal and brother of Count Guido Franceschi´ni. He advised +the count to repair his bankrupt fortune by marrying an heiress.—R. +Browning, <i>The Ring and the Book</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Paupiah</b>, the Hindû steward of the British governor of Madras.—Sir W. +Scott, <i>The Surgeon’s Daughter</i> (time, George II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pausa´nias</b> (<i>The British</i>), William Camden (1551-1623). Pausanias was a +traveller and geographer in the 2d century <span class="smcap">A.D.</span>, who wrote an Itinerary +of Greece. Camden wrote in Latin his “Brittania,” a survey of the +British Isles.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pauvre Jacques.</b> When Marie Antoinette had her artificial Swiss village +in the “Little Trianon,” a Swiss girl was brought over to heighten the +illusion. She was observed to pine, and was heard to sigh out, <i>pauvre +Jacques</i>! This little romance pleased the queen, who sent for Jacques, +and gave the pair a wedding portion; while the Marchioness de Travanet +wrote the song called <i>Pauvre Jacques</i>, which created at the time quite +a sensation. The first and last verses run thus:</p> + +<p class="poem">Pauvre Jacques, quand j’etais près de toi,<br /> +<span class="i1">Je ne sentais pas ma misère;</span><br /> +Mais à présent que tu vis loin de moi,<br /> +<span class="i1">Je manque de tout sur la terre.</span></p> + +<p class="poem">Poor Jack, while I was near to thee,<br /> +<span class="i1">Tho’ poor, my bliss was unalloyed;</span><br /> +But now thou dwell’st so far from me,<br /> +<span class="i1">The world appears a lonesome void.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pa´via</b> (<i>Battle of</i>). Francis I. of France is said to have written to +his mother these words, after the loss of this battle: “Madame, tout est +perdu hors l’honneur;” but what he really wrote was: “Madame ... de +toutes choses ne m’est demeuré pas que l’honneur et la vie.”</p> + +<p class="poem">And with a noble siege revolted Pavia took.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Drayton, <i>Polyolbion</i>, xviii. (1613).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pavillon</b> (<i>Meinheer Hermann</i>), the syndic at Liège [<i>Le-aje</i>].</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mother Mabel Pavillon</i>, wife of Meinheer Hermann.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Trudchen</i> or <i>Gertrude Pavillon</i>, their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[173]</a></span> daughter, betrothed to Hans +Glover.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Quentin Durward</i> (time, Edward IV.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pawkins</b> (<i>Major</i>), a huge, heavy man, “one of the most remarkable of the +age.” He was a great politician and great patriot, but generally under a +cloud, wholly owing to his distinguished genius for bold speculations, +not to say “swindling schemes.” His creed was “to run a moist pen slick +through everything, and start afresh.”—C. Dickens, <i>Martin Chuzzlewit</i> +(1844).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pawnbrokers’ Balls.</b> The gilded balls, the sign of pawnbrokers, are the +pills on the shield of the Medici family. Its founder, Cosmo, named +after Saint Cosmo, the patron of physicians, joined the guild of the +doctors (<i>Medici</i>), as every Florentine enrolled himself in one of these +charitable societies. The Medici family became great money-lenders, and +their shield with the “balls” or “pills” was placed over the doors of +their agents.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Paynim Harper</b> (<i>The</i>), referred to by Tennyson in the <i>Last Tournament</i>, +was Orpheus.</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i3">Swine, goats, asses, rams and geese</span><br /> +Troop’d round a Paynim harper once ...<br /> +Then were swine, goats, asses, geese<br /> +The wiser fools, seeing thy Paynim bard<br /> +Had such a mastery of his mystery<br /> +That he could harp his wife up out of hell.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Tennyson, <i>The Last Tournament</i> (1859).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peace</b> (<i>Prince of the</i>), Don Manuel Godoy, born at Badajoz. So called +because he concluded the “peace of Basle” between the French and Spanish +nations in 1795 (1767-1851).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Peace</i> (<i>The Father of</i>), Andrea Doria (1469-1560).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Peace</i> (<i>The Surest Way to</i>). Fox, afterwards bishop of Hereford, said +to Henry VIII., <i>The surest way to peace is a constant preparation for +war</i>. The Romans had the axiom, <i>Si vis pacem, para bellum</i>. It was said +of Edgar, surnamed “the Peaceful,” king of England, that he preserved +peace in those turbulent times “by being always prepared for war” +(reigned 959-975.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peace Thirlmore</b>, ambitious daughter of a scholarly recluse near New +Haven. She marries a clever student, who becomes a sensational preacher, +then farmer, then an army officer. His wife passes through many stages +of belief and emotion, emerging at last into the sunshine.—W. M. Baker, +<i>His Majesty, Myself</i> (1879).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peace at any Price.</b> Mézeray says of Louis XII., that he had such +detestation of war that he rather chose to lose his duchy of Mĭlan than +burden his subjects with a war-tax.—<i>Histoire de France</i> (1643).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peace of Antal´cidas</b>, the peace concluded by Antalcidas, the Spartan, +and Artaxerxes (<span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 387).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peace of God</b>, a peace enforced by the clergy on the barons of +Christendom, to prevent the perpetual feuds between baron and baron +(1035).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peach´um</b>, a pimp, patron of a gang of thieves, and receiver of their +stolen goods. His house is the resort of thieves, pickpockets, and +villains of all sorts. He betrays his comrades when it is for his own +benefit, and even procures the arrest of Captain Macheath.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mrs. Peachum</i>, wife of Peachum. She recommends her daughter Polly to be +“somewhat nice in her deviations from virtue.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[174]</a></span>”</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Polly Peachum</i>, daughter of Peachum. (See <a href="#Polly"><span class="smcap">Polly</span></a>.)—J. Gay, <i>The +Beggar’s Opera</i> (1727).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pearl</b> (<i>Little</i>), illegitimate child of Hester Prynne and Arthur +Dimmesdale. A piquant, tricksy sprite, as naughty as she is +bewitching—a creature of fire and air, more elfish than human, at once +her mother’s torment and her treasure.—Nathaniel Hawthorne, <i>The +Scarlet Letter</i> (1850).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pearl.</b> It is said that Cleopatra swallowed a pearl of more value than +the whole of the banquet she had provided in honor of Antony. This she +did when she drank to his health. The same sort of extravagant folly is +told of Æsopus, son of Clodius Æsopus, the actor (Horace, <i>Satire</i>, ii. +3).</p> + +<p>A similar act of vanity and folly is ascribed to Sir Thomas Gresham, +when Queen Elizabeth dined at the City banquet, after her visit to the +Royal Exchange.</p> + +<p class="poem">Here £15,000 at one clap goes<br /> +Instead of sugar; Gresham drinks the pearl<br /> +Unto his queen and mistress.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Thomas Heywood.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pearson</b> (<i>Captain Gilbert</i>), officer in attendance on Cromwell.—Sir W. +Scott, <i>Woodstock</i> (time, Commonwealth).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peasant-Bard</b> (<i>The</i>), Robert Burns (1859-1796).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peasant-Painter of Sweden</b>, Hörberg. His chief paintings are +altar-pieces.</p> + +<p class="poem">The altar-piece painted by Hörberg.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Longfellow, <i>The Children of the Lord’s Supper</i>.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peasant Poet of Northamptonshire</b>, John Clare (1793-1864).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peasant of the Danube</b> (<i>The</i>), Louis Legendre, a member of the French +National Convention (1755-1797); called in French <i>Le Paysan du Danube</i>, +from his “éloquence sauvage.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peau de Chagrin</b>, a story by Balzac. The hero becomes possessed of a +magical wild ass’s skin, which yields him the means of gratifying every +wish; but for every wish thus gratified, the skin shrank somewhat, and +at last vanished, having been wished entirely away. Life is a <i>peau</i> +<a name="corr74" id="corr74"></a><ins class="correction" title="d’âne,"><i>d’ane</i>,</ins> for every vital act diminishes its force, and when all its +force is gone, life is gone (1834).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peckhams</b> (<i>The</i>), <i>Silas Peckham</i>, “a thorough Yankee, born on a windy +part of the coast, and reared chiefly on salt-fish; keeps a young +ladies’ school exactly as he would have kept a hundred head of +cattle—for the simple, unadorned purpose of making just as much money +in just as few years as can be safely done.”</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mrs. Peckham’s</i> specialty is “to look after the feathering, cackling, +roosting, rising, and general behavior of these hundred chicks. An +honest, ignorant woman, she could not have passed an examination in the +youngest class.”—Oliver Wendell Holmes <i>Elsie Venner</i> (1861).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peck´sniff</b>, “architect and land surveyor,” at Salisbury. He talks +homilies even in drunkenness, prates about the beauty of charity, and +duty of forgiveness, but is altogether a canting humbug, and is +ultimately so reduced in position that he becomes a “drunken, begging, +squalid, letter-writing man,” out at elbows, and almost shoeless. +Pecksniff’s specialty is the “sleek, smiling abominations of hypocrisy.”</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>If ever man combined within himself all the mild qualities of the +lamb with a considerable <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[175]</a></span>touch of the dove, and not a dash of the +crocodile, or the least possible suggestion of the very mildest +seasoning of the serpent, that man was Mr. Pecksniff, “the +messenger of peace.”</p></div> + +<p class="main"><i>Charity</i> and <i>Mercy Pecksniff</i>, the two daughters of the “architect and +land surveyor.” Charity is thin, ill-natured, and a shrew, eventually +jilted by a weak young man, who really loves her sister. Mercy +Pecksniff, usually called “Merry,” is pretty and true-hearted; though +flippant and foolish as a girl, she becomes greatly toned down by the +troubles of her married life.—C. Dickens, <i>Martin Chuzzlewit</i> (1843).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peculiar</b>, negro slave, endowed with talent, ambitious of an opportunity +to develop and use these, but hopeless of gaining it, until emancipated +by the Civil War between the United States and the Southern +Confederacy.—Epes Sargent, <i>Peculiar</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pedant</b>, an old fellow set up to personate Vincentio in Shakespeare’s +comedy called <i>The Taming of the Shrew</i> (1695).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pèdre</b> (<i>Don</i>), a Sicilian nobleman, who has a Greek slave of great +beauty, named Isidore (3 <i>syl.</i>). This slave is loved by Adraste (2 +<i>syl.</i>), a French gentleman, who gains access to the house under the +guise of a portrait-painter. He next sends his slave, <a name="corr75" id="corr75"></a><ins class="correction" title="Zaïde,">Zaïda,</ins> to +complain to the Sicilian of ill-treatment, and Don Pèdre volunteers to +intercede on her behalf. At this moment Adraste comes up, and demands +that Zaïde be given up to deserved chastisement. <a name="corr76" id="corr76"></a><ins class="correction" title="Pèdre">Pedrè</ins> pleads for +her, Adraste appears to be pacified, and <ins class="correction" title="Pèdre">Pedrè</ins> calls for Zaïde to +come forth. Isidore, in the veil of Zaïde, comes out, and <ins class="correction" title="Pèdre">Pedrè</ins> +says, “There, take her home, and use her well.” “I will do so,” says +Adraste, and leads off the Greek slave.—Molière, <i>Le Sicilien ou +L’Amour Peintre</i> (1667).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pedrillo</b>, the tutor of Don Juan. After the shipwreck, the men in the +boat, being wholly without provisions, cast lots to know which should be +killed as food for the rest, and the lot fell on Pedrillo, but those who +feasted on him most ravenously went mad.</p> + +<p class="poem">His tutor, the licentiate Pedrillo,<br /> +Who several languages did understand.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Byron, <i>Don Juan</i>, ii. 25; see 76-79 (1819).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pedro</b>, “the pilgrim,” a noble gentleman servant to Alinda (daughter of +Lord Alphonso).—Beaumont and Fletcher, <i>The Pilgrim</i> (1621).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Pedro</i> (<i>Don</i>), prince of Aragon.—Shakespeare, <i>Much Ado about +Nothing</i> (1600).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Pedro</i> (<i>Don</i>), father of Leonora.—R. Jephson, <i>Two Strings to your +Bow</i> (1792).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Pedro</i> (<i>Don</i>), a Portuguese nobleman, father of Donna Violante.—Mrs. +Centlivre, <i>The Wonder</i> (1714).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Pedro</i> (<i>Dr.</i>), whose full name was Dr. Pedro Rezio de Aguero, court +physician in the island of Barataria. He carried a whalebone rod in his +hand, and whenever any dish of food was set before Sancho Panza, the +governor, he touched it with his wand, that it might be instantly +removed, as unfit for the governor to eat. Partridges were “forbidden by +Hippoc´ratês,” olla podridas were “most pernicious,” rabbits were “a +sharp-haired diet,” veal might not be touched, but “a few wafers, and a +thin slice or two of quince,” might not be harmful.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The governor, being served with some beef hashed with onions, ... +fell to with more avidity than if he had been set down to Milan +godwits, Roman pheasants, Sorrento veal, Moron partridges, or green +geese of Lavajos; and turning to Dr. Pedro, he said, “Look you, +sig<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[176]</a></span>nor doctor, I want no danties, ... for I have always been used +to beef, bacon, pork, turnips and onions.”—Cervantes, <i>Don +Quixote</i>, II. iii. 10, 12 (1615).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peebles</b> (<i>Peter</i>), the pauper litigant. He is vain, litigious, +hard-hearted, and credulous; a liar, a drunkard, and a pauper. His +“ganging plea” is worthy of Hogarth.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Redgauntlet</i> (time, +George III.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peecher</b> (<i>Miss</i>), a schoolmistress, in the flat country where Kent and +Surrey meet. “Small, shining, neat, methodical, and buxom was Miss +Peecher; cherry-cheeked and tuneful of voice. A little pincushion, a +little hussie, a little book, a little work-box, a little set of tables +and weights and measures, and a little woman all in one. She could write +a little essay on any subject exactly a slate long, and strictly +according to rule. If Mr. Bradley Headstone had proposed marriage to +her, she would certainly have replied ‘yes,’ for she loved him;” but Mr. +Headstone did not love Miss Peecher—he loved Lizzie Hexam, and had no +love to spare for any other woman.—C. Dickens, <i>Our Mutual Friend</i>, ii. +1 (1864).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peel-the-Causeway</b> (<i>Old</i>), a smuggler. Sir W. Scott, <i>Redgauntlet</i> +(time, George III.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peeler</b> (<i>Sir</i>), any crop which greatly impoverishes the ground. To +<i>peel</i> is to impoverish soil, as “oats, rye, barley, and grey wheat,” +but not peas (xxxiii. 51).</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i4">Wheat doth not well,</span><br /> +Nor after Sir Peeler he loveth to dwell.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">T. Tusser, <i>Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry</i>, xviii. 12 (1557).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peelers</b>, the constabulary of Ireland, appointed under the Peace +Preservation Act of 1814, proposed by Sir Robert Peel. The name was +subsequently given to the new police of England, who are also called +“Bobbies” from Sir Robert Peel.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peep-o’-Day Boys</b>, Irish insurgents of 1784, who prowled about at +day-break, searching for arms.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peeping Tom of Coventry.</b> Lady Godiva earnestly besought her husband +(Leofric, earl of Mercia) to relieve the men of Coventry of their +grievous oppressions. Leofric, annoyed at her importunity, told her he +would do so when she had ridden on horseback, naked, through the town. +The countess took him at his word, rode naked through the town, and +Leofric was obliged to grant the men of Coventry a charter of +freedom.—Dugdale.</p> + +<p>Rapin says that the countess commanded all persons to keep within doors +and away from windows during her ride. One man, named Tom of Coventry, +took a peep of the lady on horseback, but it cost him his life.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Tennyson, in his <i>Godiva</i>, has reproduced this story.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peerage of the Saints.</b> In the preamble of the statutes instituting the +Order of St. Michael, founded by Louis XI in 1469, the archangel is +styled “my lord,” and created a knight. The apostles had been already +ennobled and knighted. We read of “the Earl Peter,” “Count Paul,” “the +Baron Stephen,” and so on. Thus, in the introduction of a sermon upon +St. Stephen’s Day, we have these lines:</p> + +<p class="poem">Entendes toutes a chest sermon,<br /> +Et clair et lai tules environ;<br /> +Contes vous vueille la pation<br /> +De St. Estieul le baron.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peerce</b> (1 <i>syl.</i>), a generic name for a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[177]</a></span> farmer or ploughman. Piers the +plowman is the name assumed by Robert or William Langland, in a +historico-satirical poem so called.</p> + +<p class="poem">And yet, my priests, pray you to God for Peerce ...<br /> +And if you have a “pater noster” spare,<br /> +Then you shal pray for saylers.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">G. Gascoigne, <i>The Steele Glas</i> (died 1577).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peery</b> (<i>Paul</i>), landlord of the Ship, Dover.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mrs. Peery</i>, Paul’s wife.—G. Colman, <i>Ways and Means</i> (1788).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peerybingle</b> (<i>John</i>), a carrier, “lumbering, slow, and honest; heavy, +but light of spirit; rough upon the surface, but gentle at the core; +dull without, but quick within; stolid, but so good. O, Mother Nature, +give thy children the true poetry of heart that hid itself in this poor +carrier’s breast, and we can bear to have them talking prose all their +life long!”</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mrs. [Mary] Peerybingle</i>, called by her husband “Dot.” She was a little +chubby, cheery, young wife, very fond of her husband, and very proud of +her baby; a good housewife, who delighted in making the house snug and +cozy for John, when he came home after his day’s work. She called him “a +dear old darling of a dunce,” or “her little goosie.” She sheltered +Edward Plummer in her cottage for a time, and got into trouble; but the +marriage of Edward with May Fielding cleared up the mystery, and John +loved his little Dot more fondly than ever.—C. Dickens, <i>The Cricket on +the Hearth</i> (1845).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peg.</b> <i>Drink to your peg.</i> King Edgar ordered “that pegs should be +fastened into drinking-horns at stated distances and whoever drank +beyond his peg at one draught should be obnoxious to a severe +punishment.”</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I had lately a peg-tankard in my hand. It had on the inside a row +of eight pins, one above another, from bottom to top. It held two +quarts, so that there was a gill of liquor between peg and peg. +Whoever drank short of his pin or beyond it, was obliged to drink +to the next, and so on till the tankard was drained to the +bottom.—Sharpe, <i>History of the Kings of England</i>.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peg-a-Ramsey</b>, the heroine of an old song. Percy says it was an indecent +ballad. Shakespeare alludes to it in his <i>Twelfth Night</i>, act ii. sc. 3 +(1614).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>James I. had been much struck with the beauty and embarrassment of +the pretty Peg-a-Ramsey? as he called her.—Sir W. Scott.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Pegasus" id="Pegasus"></a><b>Peg´asus</b>, the winged horse of the Muses. It was caught by Bellerophon, +who mounted thereon, and destroyed the Chimæra; but when he attempted to +ascend to heaven, he was thrown from the horse, and Pegasus mounted +alone to the skies, where it became the constellation of the same name.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>To break Pegasus’s neck</i>, to write halting poetry.</p> + +<p class="poem">Some, free from rhyme or reason, rule or check,<br /> +Break Priscian’s head, and Pegasus’s neck.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Pope, <i>The Dunciad</i>, iii. 161 (1728).</span></p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> To “break Priscian’s head,” is to write ungrammatically. +Priscian was a great grammarian of the fifth century.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pegg</b> (<i>Catharine</i>), one of the mistresses of Charles II. She was the +daughter of Thomas Pegg, Esq., of Yeldersay, in Derbyshire.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peggot´ty</b> (<i>Clara</i>), servant of Mrs. Copperfield, and the faithful old +nurse of David Copperfield. Her name “Clara” was tabooed, because it was +the name of Mrs. Copperfield. Clara Peggotty married Barkis, the +carrier.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[178]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Being very plump, whenever she made any little exertion after she +was dressed, some of the buttons on the back of her gown flew +off.—Ch. ii.</p></div> + +<p class="main"><i>Dan’el Peggotty</i>, brother of David Copperfield’s nurse. Dan’el was a +Yarmouth fisherman. His nephew, Ham Peggotty, and his brother-in-law’s +child, “little Em’ly,” lived with him. Dan’el himself was a bachelor, +and Mrs. Gummidge (widow of his late partner) kept house for him. Dan’el +Peggotty was most tender-hearted, and loved little Em’ly with all his +heart.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Ham Peggotty</i>, nephew of Dan’el Peggotty, of Yarmouth, and son of Joe, +Dan’el’s brother. Ham was in love with little Em’ly, daughter of Tom +(Dan’s brother-in-law), but Steerforth stepped in between them, and +stole Em’ly away. Ham Peggotty is represented as the very beau-ideal of +an uneducated, simple-minded, honest, and warm-hearted fisherman. He was +drowned in his attempt to rescue Steerforth from the sea.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Em’ly Peggotty</i>, daughter of Dan’s brother-in-law, Tom. She was engaged +to Ham Peggotty; but being fascinated with Steerforth, ran off with him. +She was afterwards reclaimed, and emigrated to Australia with Dan’el and +Mrs. Gummidge.—C. Dickens, <i>David Copperfield</i> (1849).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peggy</b>, grandchild of the old widow Maclure, a covenanter.—Sir W. Scott, +<i>Old Mortality</i> (time, Charles II.).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Peggy</i>, the laundry-maid of Colonel Mannering, at Woodburne.—Sir W. +Scott, <i>Guy Mannering</i> (time, George II.).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Peggy</i> (<i>Shippen</i>). A love-letter from Benedict Arnold to this young +lady is extant in which after telling her that he has presumed to write +to her papa and has requested his sanction to his addresses, Arnold +goes on to protest.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“May I perish if I would give you one moment’s inquietude, to +purchase the greatest possible felicity to myself. Whatever my fate +may be, my most ardent wish is for your happiness, and my latest +breath will be to implore the blessing of heaven on the idol and +only wish of my soul.” September 26, 1778.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peggy</b> <a name="corr77" id="corr77"></a><ins class="correction" title="[Thrift] (italicized, not bold)">[<b>Thrift</b>),</ins> the orphan daughter of Sir Thomas Thrift, of +Hampshire, and the ward of Moody, who brings her up in seclusion in the +country. When Moody is 50, and Peggy 19, the guardian tries to marry +her, but “the country girl” outwits him, and marries Belville, a young +man of more suitable age. Peggy calls her guardian “Bud.” She is very +simple but sharp, ingenuous but crafty, lively and girlish.—<i>The +Country Girl</i> (Garrick altered from Wycherly’s <i>Country Wife</i>, 1675).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peggy.</b> Dream-wife about whom cluster the imaginations of the bachelor +over the fire of green wood.</p> + +<p>“Smoke always goes before blaze, and doubt before decision.”—Ik. Marvel +(Donald G. Mitchell), <i>Reveries of a Bachelor</i> (1850).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pegler</b> (<i>Mrs.</i>), mother of Josiah <a name="corr78" id="corr78"></a><ins class="correction" title="Bounderby,">Boundderby,</ins> Esq., banker and +mill-owner, called “The Bully of Humility.” The son allows the old woman +£30 a year to keep out of sight.—C. Dickens. <i>Hard Times</i> (1854).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peg Woffington</b>, celebrated English actress, <i>intriguante</i>, but kind of +heart. Sir Charles Vane is one of her lovers, but after the appearance +of his simple-hearted wife upon the scene, the actress dismisses her +admirer, and induces him to return to domestic life.—Charles Reade, +<i>Peg Woffington</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[179]</a></span><b>Pek´uah</b>, the attendant of Princess Nekayah, of the “happy valley.” She +accompanied the princess in her wanderings, but refused to enter the +great pyramid, and, while the princess was exploring the chambers, was +carried off by some Arabs. She was afterwards ransomed for 200 ounces of +gold.—Dr. Johnson, <i>Rasselas</i> (1759).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pelay´o</b> (<i>Prince</i>), son of Favil´a, founder of the Spanish monarchy +after the overthrow of Roderick, last of the Gothic kings. He united, in +his own person, the royal lines of Spain and of the Goths.</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i3">In him the old Iberian blood,</span><br /> +Of royal and remotest ancestry<br /> +From undisputed source, flowed undefiled ...<br /> +He, too, of Chindasuintho’s regal line<br /> +Sole remnant now, drew after him the love<br /> +Of all true Goths.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Southey, <i>Roderick, etc.</i>, viii. (1814).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pelham</b>, the hero of a novel by Lord Lytton, entitled <i>Pelham</i>, or <i>The +Adventures of a Gentleman</i> (1828).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Pelham</i> (<i>M.</i>), one of the many <i>aliases</i> of Sir R. Phillips, under +which he published <i>The Parent’s and Tutor’s First Catechism</i>. In the +preface he calls the writer <i>authoress</i>. Some of his other names are +Rev. David Blair, Rev. C. C. Clarke, Rev. J. Goldsmith.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pel´ian Spear</b> (<i>The</i>), the lance of Achillês which wounded and cured +Te´lephos. So called from Peleus, the father of Achillês.</p> + +<p class="poem">Such was the cure the Arcadian hero found—<br /> +The Pelian spear that wounded, made him sound.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Ovid, <i>Remedy of Love</i>.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peli´des</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), Achillês, son of Peleus (2 <i>syl.</i>), chief of the +Greek warriors at the siege of Troy.—Homer, <i>Iliad</i>.</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i1">When, like Pelidês, bold beyond control,</span><br /> +Homer raised high to heaven the loud impetuous song.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Beattie, <i>The Minstrel</i> (1773-4).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pe´lion</b> (“<i>mud-sprung</i>”), one of the frog chieftains.</p> + +<p class="poem">A spear at Pelion, Troglodytês cast<br /> +The missive spear within the bosom past<br /> +Death’s sable shades the fainting frog surround,<br /> +And life’s red tide runs ebbing from the wound.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Parnell, <i>Battle of the Frogs and Mice</i>, iii. (about 1712).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pell</b> (<i>Solomon</i>), an attorney in the Insolvent Debtors’ court. He has +the very highest opinions of his own merits, and by his aid Tony Weller +contrives to get his son Sam sent to the Fleet for debt, that he may be +near Mr. Pickwick to protect and wait upon him.—C. Dickens, <i>The +Pickwick Papers</i> (1836).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pelleas</b> (<i>Sir</i>), lord of many isles, and noted for his great muscular +strength. He fell in love with Lady Ettard, but the lady did not return +his love. Sir Gaw´ain promised to advocate his cause with the lady, but +played him false. Sir Pelleas caught them in unseemly dalliance with +each other, but forbore to kill them. By the power of enchantment, the +lady was made to dote on Sir Pelleas; but the knight would have nothing +to say to her, so she pined and died. After the Lady Ettard played him +false, the Damsel of the Lake “rejoiced him, and they loved together +during their whole lives.”—Sir T. Malory, <i>History of Prince Arthur</i>, +i. 79-82 (1470).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Sir Pelleas must not be confounded with <a href="#Pelles">Sir Pelles</a> (<i>q.v.</i>).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pellegrin</b>, the pseudonym of de la Motte Fouqué (1777-1843).</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[180]</a></span><a name="Pelles" id="Pelles"></a><b>Pelles</b> (<i>Sir</i>), of Corbin Castle, “king of the foragn land and nigh +cousin of Joseph of Arimathy.” He was father of Sir Eliazar, and of the +Lady Elaine, who fell in love with Sir Launcelot, by whom she became the +mother of Sir Galahad, “who achieved the quest of the Holy Graal.” This +Elaine was not the “lily maid of Astolat.”</p> + +<p>While Sir Launcelot was visiting King Pelles, a glimpse of the Holy +Graal was vouchsafed them:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>For when they went into the castle to take their repast ... there +came a dove to the window, and in her bill was a little censer of +gold, and there withall was such a savour as though all the spicery +of the world had been there ... and a damsel, passing fair, bare a +vessel of gold between her hands, and thereto the king kneeled +devoutly and said his prayers.... “Oh, mercy!” said Sir Launcelot, +“what may this mean?” ... “This,” said the king, “is the Holy +Sancgreall which ye have seen.”—Sir T. Malory, <i>History of Prince +Arthur</i>, iii. 2 (1470).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pellinore</b> (<i>Sir</i>), king of the isles and knight of the Round Table (pt. +i. 57). He was a good man of power, was called “The Knight with the +Stranger Beast,” and slew King Lot of Orkney, but was himself slain ten +years afterwards by Sir Gawain, one of Lot’s sons (pt. i. 35). Sir +Pellinore (3 <i>syl.</i>) had, by the wife of Aries, the cowherd, a son named +Sir Tor, who was the first knight of the Round Table created by King +Arthur (pt. i. 47, 48); one daughter, Elein, by the Lady of Rule (pt. +iii. 10); and three sons in lawful wedlock; Sir Aglouale (sometimes +called Aglavale, probably a clerical error), Sir Lamorake Dornar (also +called Sir Lamorake de Galis), and Sir Percivale de Gralis (pt. ii. +108). The widow succeeded to the throne (pt. iii. 10).—Sir T. Malory, +<i>History of Prince Arthur</i> (1470).</p> + +<p>Milton calls the name “Pellenore” (2 <i>syl.</i>).</p> + +<p class="poem">Fair damsels, met in forests wide<br /> +By knights of Logres, or of Lyones,<br /> +Lancelot, or Pelleas, or Pellenore.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Milton.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pelob´ates</b> (4 <i>syl.</i>), one of the frog champions. The word means +“mud-wader.” In the battle he flings a heap of mud against Psycarpax, +the Hector of the mice, and half blinds him; but the warrior mouse +heaves a stone “whose bulk would need ten degenerate mice of modern days +to lift,” and the mass, falling on the “mud-wader,” breaks his +leg.—Parnell, <i>Battle of the Frogs and Mice</i>, iii. (about 1712).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pel´ops’ Shoulder</b>, ivory. The tale is that Demēter ate the shoulder of +Pelops when it was served up by Tan´talos for food. The gods restored +Pelops to life by putting the dismembered body into a caldron, but found +that it lacked a shoulder; whereupon Demeter supplied him with an ivory +shoulder, and all his descendants bore this distinctive mark.</p> + +<p>N.B.—It will be remembered that Pythag´oras had a <i>golden thigh</i>.</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i2">Your forehead high,</span><br /> +And smooth as Pelop’s shoulder.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">John Fletcher, <i>The Faithful Shepherdess</i>, ii. 1 (1610).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pelos</b>, father of Physigna´thos, king of the frogs. The word means +“mud.”—Parnell, <i>Battle of the Frogs and Mice</i> (about 1712).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pembroke</b> (<i>The earl of</i>), uncle to Sir Aymer de Valence.—Sir W. Scott, +<i>Castle Dangerous</i> (time, Henry I.).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Pembroke</i> (<i>the Rev. Mr.</i>), chaplain at Waverley Honor.—Sir W. Scott, +<i>Waverley</i> (time, George II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pen</b>, Philemon Holland, translator-gen<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[181]</a></span>eral of the classics. Of him was +the epigram written:</p> + +<p class="poem">Holland, with his translations doth so fill us,<br /> +He will not let <i>Suetonius</i> be <i>Tranquillus</i>.</p> + +<p>(The point of which is, of course, that the name of the Roman historian +was <i>C. Suetonius Tranquillus</i>.)</p> + +<p>Many of these translations were written from beginning to end with one +pen, and hence he himself wrote:</p> + +<p class="poem">With one sole pen I writ this book,<br /> +<span class="i1">Made of a grey goose-quill;</span><br /> +A pen it was when it I took,<br /> +<span class="i1">And a pen I leave it still.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pendennis</b> (<i>Arthur</i>), pseudonym of W. M. Thackeray in <i>The Newcomes</i> +(1854).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Pendennis</i>, a novel by Thackeray (1849), in which much of his own +history and experience is recorded with a novelist’s license. +<i>Pendennis</i> stands in relation to Thackeray as <i>David Copperfield</i> to +Charles Dickens.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Arthur Pendennis</i>, a young man of ardent feelings and lively intellect, +but conceited and selfish. He has a keen sense of honor, and a capacity +for loving, but altogether he is not an attractive character.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Laura Pendennis.</i> This is one of the best of Thackeray’s characters.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Major Pendennis</i>, a tuft-hunter, who fawns on his patrons for the sake +of wedging himself into their society.—<i>History of Pendennis</i>, +published originally in monthly parts, beginning in 1849.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pendrag´on</b>, probably a title meaning “chief leader in war.” <i>Dragon</i> is +Welsh for a “leader in war,” and <a name="corr79" id="corr79"></a><ins class="correction" title="pen"><i>pcn</i></ins> for “head” or “chief.” The +title was given to Uther, brother of Constans, and father of Prince +Arthur. Like the word “Pharaoh,” it is used as a proper name without the +article.—Geoffrey of Monmouth, <i>Chron.</i>, vi. (1142).</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i10">Once I read,</span><br /> +That stout Pendragon in his litter, sick,<br /> +Came to the field, and vanquished his foes.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Shakespeare, 1 <i>Henry VI.</i> act iii. sc. 2 <a name="corr80" id="corr80"></a><ins class="correction" title="(1589).">(1589)</ins></span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Penel´ope’s Web</b>, a work that never progresses. Penelopê, the wife of +Ulysses, being importuned by several suitors during her husband’s long +absence, made reply that she could not marry again, even if Ulysses were +dead, till she had finished weaving a shroud for her aged father-in-law. +Every night she pulled out what she had woven during the day, and thus +the shroud made no progress towards completion.—<i>Greek Mythology.</i></p> + +<p>The French say of a work “never ending, still beginning,” <i>c’est +l’ouvrage de Pénélope</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Penelope Lapham</b>, vivacious, but not pretty daughter of Silas Lapham. Her +wit wins the love her sister’s beauty could not capture. Penelope’s +unintentional conquest brings painful perplexity to herself, with +anguish to her sister. Still she yields finally to Irene’s magnanimity +and her suitor’s persuasions, and weds Tom Corey.—W. D. Howells, <i>The +Rise of Silas Lapham</i> (1887).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Penel´ophon</b>, the beggar loved by King Cophetua. Shakespeare calls the +name Zenelophon in <i>Love’s Labor’s Lost</i>, act iv. sc. 1 (1594).—Percy, +<i>Reliques</i>, I. ii. 6 (1765).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Penelva</b> (<i>The Exploits and Adventures of</i>), part of the series called +<i>Le Roman des Romans</i>, pertaining to “Am´adis of Gaul.” This part was +added by an anonymous Portuguese (fifteenth century).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Penfeather</b> (<i>Lady Penelope</i>), the Lady Patroness at the Spa.—Sir W. +Scott, <i>St. Ronan’s Well</i> (time, George III.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[182]</a></span><b>Pengwern</b> (<i>The Torch of</i>), prince Gwenwyn of Powys-land.—Sir W. Scott, +<i>The Betrothed</i> (time, Henry II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pengwinion</b> (<i>Mr.</i>), from Cornwall; a Jacobite conspirator with Mr. +Redgauntlet.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Redgauntlet</i> (time, George III.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peninsular War</b> (<i>The</i>), the war carried on by Sir Arthur Wellesley +against Napoleon in Portugal and Spain (1808-1814).</p> + +<p>Southey wrote a <i>History of the Peninsular War</i> (1822-32).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Penitents of Love</b> (<i>Fraternity of the</i>), an institution established in +Languedoc, in the thirteenth century, consisting of knights and +esquires, dames and damsels, whose object was to prove the excess of +their love by bearing, with invincible constancy, the extremes of heat +and cold. They passed the greater part of the day abroad, wandering +about from castle to castle, wherever they were summoned by the +inviolable duties of love and gallantry; so that many of these devotees +perished by the inclemency of the weather, and received the crown of +martyrdom to their profession.—See Warton, <i>History of English Poetry</i> +(1781).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pen´lake</b> (<i>Richard</i>), a cheerful man, both frank and free, but married +to Rebecca, a terrible shrew. Rebecca knew if she once sat in St. +Michael’s chair (on St. Michael’s Mount, in Cornwall), that she would +rule her husband ever after; so she was very desirous of going to the +mount. It so happened that Richard fell sick, and both vowed to give six +marks to St. Michael if he recovered. Richard did recover, and they +visited the shrine; but while Richard was making the offering, Rebecca +ran to seat herself in St. Michael’s chair; but no sooner had she done +so, than she fell from the chair, and was killed in the fall.—Southey, +<i>St. Michael’s Chair</i> (a ballad, 1798).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Penniless</b> (<i>The</i>), Maximilian I., emperor of Germany (1459, 1493-1519).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Penniman</b> (<i>Wolfert</i>). Young captain of the Mayga in <i>Outward Bound</i>.—W. +T. Adams (Oliver Optic).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Penny</b> (<i>Jock</i>), a highwayman.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Guy Mannering</i> (time, +George II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Penruddock</b> (<i>Roderick</i>), a “philosopher,” or rather a recluse, who spent +his time in reading. By nature gentle, kind-hearted, and generous, but +soured by wrongs. Woodville, his trusted friend, although he knew that +Arabella was betrothed to Roderick, induced her father to give his +daughter to himself, the richer man; and Roderick’s life was blasted. +Woodville had a son, who reduced himself to positive indigence by +gambling. Sir George Penruddock was the chief creditor. Sir George +dying, all his property came to his cousin, Roderick, who now had ample +means to glut his revenge on his treacherous friend; but his heart +softened. First, he settled all “the obligations, bonds, and mortgages, +covering the whole Woodville property,” on Henry Woodville, that he +might marry Emily Tempest; and next, he restored to Mrs. Woodville “her +settlement, which in her husband’s desperate necessity, she had resigned +to him;” lastly, he sold all his own estates, and retired again to a +country cottage to his books and solitude.—Cumberland, <i>The Wheel of +Fortune</i> (1779).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pentap´oliff</b>, “with the naked arm,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[183]</a></span>” king of the Garaman´teans, who +always went to battle with his right arm bare. Alifanfaron, emperor of +Trap´oban, wished to marry his daughter, but, being refused, resolved to +urge his suit by the sword. When Don Quixote saw two flocks of sheep +coming along the road in opposite directions, he told Sancho Panza they +were the armies of these two puissant monarchs met in array against each +other.—Cervantes, <i>Don Quixote</i>, I. iii. 4 (1605).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pentecôte Vivante</b> (<i>La</i>), Cardinal Mezzofanti, who was the master of +fifty or fifty-eight languages (1774-1849).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Penthe´a</b>, sister of Ith´oclês, betrothed to Or´gilus by the consent of +her father. At the death of her father, Ithoclês compelled her to marry +Bass´anes, whom she hated, and she starved herself to death.—John Ford, +<i>The Broken Heart</i> (1633).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Penthesile´a</b>, queen of the Amazons, slain by Achilles. S. Butler calls +the name “Penthes´ilê.”</p> + +<p class="poem">And laid about in fight more busily<br /> +Than th’ Amazonian dame Penthesile.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">S. Butler, <i>Hudibras</i>.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pen´theus</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), a king of Thebes, who tried to abolish the orgies +of Bacchus, but was driven mad by the offended god. In his madness he +climbed into a tree to witness the rites, and being descried was torn to +pieces by the Bacchantes.</p> + +<p class="poem">As when wild Pentheus, grown mad with fear,<br /> +Whole troops of hellish hags about him spies.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Giles Fletcher, <i>Christ’s Triumph over Death</i> (1610).</span></p> + +<p class="main"><i>Pentheus</i> (2 <i>syl.</i>), a king of Thebes, resisted the introduction of +the worship of Dyoni´sos (<i>Bacchus</i>) into his kingdom, in consequence +of which the Bacchantes pulled his palace to the ground, and Pentheus, +driven from the throne, was torn to pieces on Mount Cithæron by his own +mother and her two sisters.</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i3">He the fate [<i>may sing</i>]</span><br /> +Of sober Pentheus.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Akenside, <i>Hymn to the Naiads</i> (1767).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pentweazel</b> (<i>Alderman</i>), a rich city merchant of Blowbladder Street. He +is wholly submissive to his wife, whom he always addresses as “Chuck.”</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mrs. Pentweazel</i>, the alderman’s wife, very ignorant, very vain, and +very conceitedly humble. She was a Griskin by birth, and “all her family +by the mother’s side were famous for their eyes.” She had an aunt among +the beauties of Windsor, “a perdigious fine woman. She had but one eye, +but that was a piercer, and got her three husbands. We was called the +gimlet family.” Mrs. Pentweazel says her first likeness was done after +“Venus de Medicis, the sister of Mary de Medicis.”</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Sukey Pentweazel</i>, daughter of the alderman, recently married to Mr. +Deputy Dripping, of Candlewick Yard.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Carel Pentweazel</i>, a schoolboy, who had been under Dr. Jerks, near +Doncaster, for two years and a quarter, and had learnt all <i>As in +Præsenti</i> by heart. The terms of this school were £10 a year for food, +books, board, clothes and tuition.—Foote, <i>Taste</i> (1753).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>People</b> (<i>Man of the</i>), Charles James Fox (1749-1806).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pepin</b> (<i>William</i>), a White Friar and most famous preacher at the +beginning of the sixteenth century. His sermons, in eight volumes +quarto, formed the grand repertory of the preachers of those times.</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[184]</a></span><b>Pepita</b>, Spanish beauty of whom the poet sings:</p> + +<p class="poem">I, who dwell over the way<br /> +Watch where Pepita is hid,<br /> +Safe from the glare of the day,<br /> +Like an eye under its lid;<br /> +Over and over I say—<br /> +Name like the song of a bird,<br /> +Melody shut in a word—<br /> +<span class="i4">“Pepita!”</span><br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Frank Dempster Sherman, <i>Madrigals and Catches</i> (1887).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pepperpot</b> (<i>Sir Peter</i>), a West Indian epicure, immensely rich, +conceited and irritable.—Foote, <i>The Patron</i> (1764).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peppers.</b> (See <span class="smcap">White Horse of the Peppers</span>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peps</b> (<i><a name="corr81" id="corr81"></a><ins class="correction" title="Dr.">Dr</ins> Parker</i>), a court physician who attended the first Mrs. +Dombey on her death-bed. Dr. Peps always gave his patients (by mistake, +of course), a title, to impress them with the idea that his practice was +exclusively confined to the upper ten thousand.—C. Dickens, <i>Dombey and +Son</i> (1846).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Perceforest</b> (<i>King</i>), the hero of a prose romance “in Greek.” The MS. is +said to have been found by Count William of Hainault in a cabinet at +“Burtimer” Abbey, on the Humber; and in the same cabinet was deposited a +crown, which the count sent to King Edward. The MS. was turned into +Latin by St. Landelain, and thence into French under the title of <i>La +Tres Elegante Deliceux Melliflue et Tres Plaisante Hystoire du Tres +Noble Roy Perceforest</i> (printed at Paris in 1528).</p> + +<p>(Of course, this pretended discovery is only an invention. An analysis +of the romance is given in Dunlop’s <i>History of fiction</i>.)</p> + +<p>He was called “Perceforest,” because he dared to <i>pierce</i>, almost alone, +an enchanted <i>forest</i>, where women and children were most evilly +treated. Charles IX., of France, was especially fond of this romance.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Perch</b>, messenger in the house of Mr. Dombey, merchant, whom he adored, +and plainly showed by his manner to the great man: “You are the light of +my eyes,” “You are the breath of my soul.”—C. Dickens, <i>Dombey and Son</i> +(1846).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Perche Notary</b> (<i>A</i>), a lawyer who sets people together by the ears, one +who makes more quarrels than contracts. The French proverb is, <i>Notaire +du Perche, qui passe plus d’échalliers que de contrat</i>.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Le Perche, qui se trouve partagé entre les départements de l’Orne +et d’Eure-et-Loir, est un contrée fort boisée, dans laquelle la +plupart des champs sont entourés de haies dans lesquelles sont +ménagées certaines ouvertures propres à donner passage aux piétons +seulement, et que l’on nomme <i>échalliers</i>.—<i>Hilaire le Gai.</i></p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Percinet</b>, a fairy prince, in love with Graciosa. The prince succeeds in +thwarting the malicious designs of Grognon, the step-mother of the +lovely princess.—<i>Percinet and Graciosa</i> (a fairy tale).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Percival</b> (<i>Sir</i>), the third son of Sir Pellinore, king of Wales. His +brothers were Sir Aglavale and Sir Lamorake Dornar, usually called Sir +Lamorake de Galis (<i>Wales</i>). Sir Tor was his half-brother. Sir Percival +caught a sight of the Holy Graal after his combat with Sir Ector de +Maris (brother of Sir Launcelot), and both were miraculously healed by +it. Crétien de Troyes wrote the <i>Roman de Perceval</i> (before 1200), and +Menessier produced the same story in a metrical form. (See <a href="#Parzival"><span class="smcap">Parzival</span></a>.)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Sir Percivale had a glimmering of the Sancgreall and of the maiden +that bare it, for he was <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[185]</a></span>perfect and clean. And forthwith they +were both as whole of limb and hide as ever they were in their life +days. “O, mercy!” said Sir Percival, “what may this mean?” ... “I +wot well,” said Sir Ector ... “it is the holy vessel, wherein is a +part of the holy blood of our blessed Saviour; but it may not be +seen but by a perfect man.”—Pt. iii. 14.</p></div> + +<p>Sir Percival was with Sir Bors and Sir Galahad, when the visible Saviour +went into the consecrated wafer which was given to them by the bishop. +This is called the achievement of the quest of the Holy Graal (pt. iii. +101, <a name="corr82" id="corr82"></a><ins class="correction" title="102).">102.</ins>—Sir T. Malory, <i>History of Prince Arthur</i> (1470).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Percival Glyde</b> (<i>Sir</i>). Rascally husband of <i>Laura Fairlie</i>. To possess +himself of her fortune, he incarcerates her in an insane asylum, gives +out that she is dead, and uses the corpse of her half-sister to confirm +the rumor.—Wilkie Collins, <i>The Woman in White</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Percy Arundel</b> (<i>Lord Ashdale</i>), son of Lady Arundel, by her second +husband. A hot, fiery youth, proud and overbearing. When grown to +manhood, a “sea-captain” named Norman, made love to Violet, Lord +Ashdale’s cousin. The young “Hotspur” was indignant and somewhat +jealous, but discovered that Norman was the son of Lady Arundel by her +first husband, and the heir to the title and estates. In the end, Norman +agreed to divide the property equally, but claimed Violet for his +bride.—Lord Lytton, <i>The Sea-Captain</i> (1839).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Per´dita</b>, the daughter of the Queen Hermionê, born in prison. Her +father, King Leontês, commanded the infant to be cast on a desert shore, +and left to perish there. Being put to sea, the vessel was driven by a +storm to the “coast” of Bohemia, and the infant child was brought up by +a shepherd, who called its name Perdĭta. Flor´izel, the son of the +Bohemian king, fell in love with Perdita, and courted her under the +assumed name of Doriclês; but the king, having tracked his son to the +shepherd’s hut, told Perdita that if she did not at once discontinue +this foolery, he would command her and the shepherd too to be put to +death. Florizel and Perdita now fled from Bohemia to Sicily, and being +introduced to the king, it was soon discovered that Perdita was +Leontês’s daughter. The Bohemian king, having tracked his son to Sicily, +arrived just in time to hear the news, and gave his joyful consent to +the union which he had before forbidden.—Shakespeare, <i>The Winter’s +Tale</i> (1604).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Perdita</i>, Mrs. Mary Robinson (born Darby), the victim of George IV., +while prince of Wales. She first attracted his notice while acting the +part of “Perdĭta,” and the prince called himself “Florizel.” George, +prince of Wales, settled a pension for life on her, £500 a year for +herself, and £200 a year for her daughter. She caught cold one winter, +and losing the use of her limbs, could neither walk nor stand +(1758-1799, not 1800 as is given usually).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Perdrix, toujours Perdrix!</b> Walpole tells us that the confessor of one of +the French kings, having reproved the monarch for his conjugal +infidelities, was asked what dish he liked best. The confessor replied, +“Partridges;” and the king had partridges served to him every day, till +the confessor got quite sick of them. “Perdrix, toujours perdrix!” he +would exclaim, as the dish was set before him. After a time, the king +visited him, and hoped his favorite dish had been supplied him. “Mais +oui,” he replied, “toujours perdrix, toujours perdrix!” “Ah, ah!” said<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[186]</a></span> +the amorous monarch, “and one mistress is all very well, but not +<i>perdrix, toujours perdrix!</i><a name="corr83" id="corr83"></a><ins class="correction" title="(See">”—See</ins> <i>Notes and Queries</i>, 337, October 23, +1869).</p> + +<p>The story is at least as old as the <i>Cent Nouvelles Nouvelles</i>, compiled +between 1450-1461, for the amusement of the dauphin of France, +afterwards Louis XI. (<i>Notes and Queries</i>, November 27, 1869).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Farquhar parodies the French expression into “Soup for +breakfast, soup for dinner, soup for supper, and soup for breakfast +again.”—Farquhar, <i>The Inconstant</i>, iv. 2 (1702).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Père Duchesne</b> (<i>Le</i>), Jacques René Hébert; so called from the <i>Père +Duchesne</i>, a newspaper of which he was the editor (1755-1794).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pereard</b> (<i>Sir</i>), the Black Knight of the Black Lands. Called by Tennyson +“Night” or “Nox.” He was one of the four brothers who kept the passages +to Castle Perilous, and was overthrown by Sir Gareth.—Sir T. Malory, +<i>History of Prince Arthur</i>, i. 126 (1470); Tennyson, <i>Idylls</i> (“Gareth +and Lynette”).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peredur</b> (<i>Sir</i>), son of Evrawe, called “Sir Peredur of the Long Spear,” +one of the knights of the Round Table. He was for many years called “The +Dumb Youth,” from a vow he made to speak to no Christian till Angharad +of the Golden Hand loved him better than she loved any other man. His +great achievements were: (1) the conquest of the Black Oppressor, “who +oppressed every one and did justice to no one;” (2) killing the Addanc +of the Lake, a monster that devoured daily some of the sons of the king +of Tortures. This exploit he was enabled to achieve by means of a stone +which kept him invisible; (3) slaying the three hundred heroes +privileged to sit round the countess of the Achievements; on the death +of these men the seat next the countess was freely given to him; (4) the +achievement of the Mount of Mourning, where was a serpent with a stone +in its tail which would give inexhaustible wealth to its possessor; Sir +Peredur killed the serpent, but gave the stone to his companion, Earl +Etlym of the east country. These exploits over, Sir Peredur lived +fourteen years with the Empress Cristinobyl the Great.</p> + +<p>Sir Peredur is the Welsh name for Sir Percival of Wales.—<i>The +Mabinogion</i> (from the Red Book of Hergest, twelfth century).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Per´egrine</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), a sentimental prig, who talks by the book. At the +age of 15 he runs away from home, and Job Thornberry lends him ten +guineas, “the first earnings of his trade as a brazier.” After thirty +years absence, Peregrine returns just as the old brazier is made a +bankrupt “through the treachery of a friend.” He tells the bankrupt that +his loan of ten guineas has by honest trade grown to 10,000, and these +he returns to Thornberry as his own by right. It turns out that +Peregrine is the eldest brother of Sir Simon Rochdale, J. P., and when +Sir Simon refuses justice to the old brazier Peregrine asserts his right +to the estate, etc. At the same time, he hears that the ship he thought +was wrecked has come safe into port, and has thus brought him +£100,000.—G. Colman, junior, <i>John Bull</i> (1805).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peregrine Pickle</b>, the hero and title of a novel by Smollett (1751). +Peregrine Pickle is a savage, ungrateful spendthrift, fond of practical +jokes, and suffering with evil temper the misfortunes brought on himself +by his own wilfulness.</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[187]</a></span><b>Peregri´nus Proteus</b>, a cynic philosopher, born at Parium, on the +Hellespont. After a youth spent in debauchery and crimes, he turned +Christian, and, to obliterate the memory of his youthful ill practices, +divided his inheritance among the people. Ultimately he burned himself +to death in public at the Olympic games, <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 165. Lucan has held up +this immolation to ridicule in his <i>Death of Peregrinus</i>; and C. M. +Wieland has an historic romance in German entitled <i>Peregrinus Proteus</i> +(1733-1813).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Per´es</b> (<i>Gil</i>), a canon, and the eldest brother of Gil Blas’ mother. Gil +was a little punchy man, three feet and a half high, with his head sunk +between his shoulders. He lived well, and brought up his nephew and +godchild, Gil Blas. “In so doing, Perês taught himself also to read his +breviary without stumbling.” He was the most illiterate canon of the +whole chapter.—Lesage, <i>Gil Blas</i>, i. (1715).</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Perez" id="Perez"></a><b>Perez</b> (<i>Michael</i>), the “copper captain,” a brave Spanish soldier, duped +into marrying Estifania, a servant of intrigue, who passed herself off +as a lady of property. Being reduced to great extremities, Estifania +pawned the clothes and valuables of her husband; but these “valuables” +were but of little worth—a jewel which sparkled as the “light of a dark +lanthorn,” a “chain of whitings’ eyes” for pearls, and as for his +clothes, she tauntingly says to her husband:</p> + +<p class="poem">Put these and them [<i>his jewels</i>] on, and you’re a man of copper,<br /> +A copper, copper captain.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Beaumont and Fletcher, <i>Rule a Wife and Have a Wife</i> (1640).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peri</b>, (plu., <b>Peris</b>), gentle, fairy-like beings of Eastern mythology, +offspring of the fallen angels, and constituting a race of beings +between angels and men. They direct with a wand the pure-minded the way +to heaven, and dwell in Shadu´kiam´ and Am´bre-abad, two cities subject +to Eblis.</p> + +<p class="poem">Are the peries coming down from their spheres?<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">W. Beckford, <i>Vathek</i> (1786).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pe´richole</b> (<i>La</i>), the heroine of Offenbach’s comic opera (<i>opera +bouffe</i>) of that name. She was originally a street-singer of Lima, the +capital of Peru, but became the mistress of the viceroy. She was not a +native of Lima and offended the Creole ladies by calling them, in her +bad Spanish, <i>pericholas</i>, “flaunting, bedizened creatures,” and they, +in retaliation, called her “La Périchole,” <i>i.e.</i>, “the flaunting one +<i>par excellence</i>.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pericles</b>, the Athenian who raised himself to royal supremacy (died <span class="smcap">B.C.</span> +429). On his death-bed he overheard his friends recalling his various +merits, and told them they had forgotten his greatest praise, viz., that +no Athenian through his administration had had to put on mourning, +<i>i.e.</i> he had caused no one to be put to death.</p> + +<p class="poem">Perī´cles was a famous man of warre ...<br /> +Yet at his death he rather did rejoice<br /> +In clemencie.... “Be still,” quoth he, “you grave Athenians”<br /> +(Who whisperèd and told his valiant acts);<br /> +“You have forgot my greatest glorie got:<br /> +For yet by me nor mine occasion<br /> +Was never sene a mourning garment worn.”<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">G. Gascoigne, <i>The Steele Glas</i> (died 1577).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Per´icles, prince of Tyre</b>, a voluntary exile, in order to avert the +calamities which Anti´ochus, emperor of Greece, vowed against the +Tyrians. Pericles, in his wanderings, first came to Tarsus, which he +relieved from famine, but was obliged to quit the city to avoid the +per<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[188]</a></span>secution of Antiochus. He was then shipwrecked, and cast on the +shore of Pentap´olis, where he distinguished himself in the public +games, and being introduced to the king, fell in love with the Princess +Thaïs´a, and married her. At the death of Antiochus, he returned to +Tyre; but his wife, supposed to be dead in giving birth to a daughter +(Marina), was thrown into the sea. Periclês entrusted his infant child +to Cleon (governor of Tarsus), and his wife, Dionysia, who brought her +up excellently well till she became a young woman, when Dionysia +employed a man to murder her; and when Periclês came to see her, he was +shown a splendid sepulchre which had been raised to her honor. On his +return home, the ship stopped at Metalinê, and Marina was introduced to +Periclês to divert his melancholy. She told him the tale of her life, +and he discovered that she was his daughter. Marina was now betrothed to +Lysim´achus, governor of Metalinê; and the party, going to the shrine of +Diana of Ephesus to return thanks to the goddess, discovered the +priestess to be Thaïsa, the wife of Periclês, and mother of +Marina.—Shakespeare, <i>Pericles, Prince of Tyre</i> (1608).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> This is the story of <i>Ismene and Ismenias</i> by Eustathius. The +tale was known to Gower by the translation of Godfrey Viterbo.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Perigort</b> (<i>Cardinal</i>). Previous to the battle of Poitiers, he endeavors +to negotiate terms with the French king, but the only terms he can +obtain, he tells Prince Edward, are:</p> + +<p class="poem">That to the castles, towns, and plunder ta’en,<br /> +And offered now by you to be restored,<br /> +Your royal person with a hundred knights<br /> +Are to be added prisoners at discretion.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Shirley, <i>Edward the Black Prince</i>, iv. 2 (1640).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peri´got</b> (the <i>t</i> pronounced, so as to rhyme with <i>not</i>), a shepherd in +love with Am´oret; but the shepherdess Amaryllis also loves him, and, by +the aid of the Sullen Shepherd, gets transformed into the exact likeness +of the modest Amoret. By her wanton conduct she disgusts Perigot, who +casts her off; and by and by, meeting Amoret, whom he believes to be the +same person, rejects her with scorn, and even wounds her with intent to +kill. Ultimately the truth is discovered by Clor´in, “the faithful +shepherdess,” and the lovers, being reconciled, are married to each +other.—John Fletcher, <i>The Faithful Shepherdess</i> (1610).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Periklym´enos</b>, son of Neleus (2 <i>syl.</i>). He had the power of changing +his form into a bird, beast, reptile, or insect. As a bee, he perched on +the chariot of Heraklês (<i>Herculês</i>), and was killed.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peril´los</b>, of Athens, made a brazen bull for Phal´aris, tyrant of +Agrigentum, intended for the execution of criminals. They were to be +shut up in the bull, and the metal of the bull was to be made red hot. +The cries of the victims inside were so reverberated as to resemble the +roarings of a gigantic bull. Phalaris made the first experiment by +shutting up the inventor himself in his own bull.</p> + +<p class="poem">What’s a protector?<br /> +A tragic actor, Cæsar in a clown;<br /> +He’s a brass farthing stamped with a crown;<br /> +A bladder blown with other breaths puffed full;<br /> +Not a Perillus, but a Perillus’ bull.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">John Cleveland, <i>A Definition of a Protector</i> (died 1650).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Perilous Castle.</b> The castle of Lord Douglas was so called in the reign +of Edward I., because the good Lord Douglas destroyed several English +garrisons stationed there, and vowed to be revenged<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[189]</a></span> on any one who +dared to take possession of it. Sir W. Scott calls it “Castle Dangerous” +in his novel so entitled.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> In the story of Gareth and Linet, the castle in which Lionês +was held prisoner by Sir Ironside, the Red Knight of the Red Lands, was +called Castle Perilous. The passages to the castle were held by four +knights, all of whom Sir Gareth overthrew; lastly he conquered Sir +Ironside, liberated the lady, and married her.—Sir T. Malory, <i>History +of Prince Arthur</i>, i. 120-153 (1470).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Perimo´nes</b> (<i>Sir</i>), the Red Knight, one of the four brothers who kept +the passages to Castle Perilous. He was overthrown by Sir Gareth. +Tennyson calls him “Noonday Sun” or “Meridies.”—Sir T. Malory, <i>History +of Prince Arthur</i>, i. 129 (1470); Tennyson, <i>Idylls</i> (“Gareth and +Lynette”).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Per´ion</b>, king of Gaul, father of Am´adis of Gaul. His “exploits and +adventures” form part of the series called <i>Le Roman des Romans</i>. This +part was added by Juan Diaz (fifteenth century).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> It is generally thought that “Gaul” in this romance is the +same as <i>Galis</i>, that is “Wales.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Perissa</b>, the personification of extravagance, step-sister of Elissa +(<i>meanness</i>) and of Medi´na (<i>the golden mean</i>); but they never agreed +in any single thing. Perissa’s suitor is Sir Huddibras, a man “more huge +in strength than wise in works.” (Greek, <i>perissos</i>, “extravagant,” +<i>perissotês</i>, <a name="corr84" id="corr84"></a><ins class="correction" title="“excess.”)">“excess.”).</ins>—Spenser, <i>Faëry Queen</i>, ii. 2 (1590).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Per´iwinkle</b> (<i>Mr.</i>), one of the four guardians of Anne Lovely, the +heiress. He is a silly, half-witted virtuoso, positive and surly; fond +of everything antique and foreign; and wears clothes of the last +century. Mr. Periwinkle dotes upon travellers, and believes more of Sir +John Mandeville than he does of the Bible. Colonel Feignwell, to obtain +his consent to his marriage with Mr. Periwinkle’s ward, disguised +himself as an Egyptian, and passed himself off as a great traveller. His +dress, he said, “belonged to the famous Claudius Ptolemēus, who lived in +the year 135.” One of his curiosities was <i>poluflosboio</i>, “part of those +waves which bore Cleopatra’s vessel, when she went to meet Antony.” +Another was the <i>moros musphonon</i>, or girdle of invisibility. His trick, +however, miscarried, and he then personated Pillage, the steward of +Periwinkle’s father, and obtained Periwinkle’s signature to the marriage +by a fluke.—Mrs. Centlivre, <i>A Bold Stroke For a Wife</i> (1717).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Perker</b> (<i>Mr.</i>), the lawyer employed for the defence in the famous suit +of “Bardell <i>v.</i> Pickwick” for the breach of promise.—C. Dickens, <i>The +Pickwick Papers</i> (1836).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Perkin Warbeck</b>, an historic play or “chronicle history,” by John Ford +(1635).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Perley Kelso.</b> A woman with “a weakness for an occupation, who suffers +passions of superfluous life. At the Cape she rebelled because +Providence did not create her a bluefisher. In Paris, she would make +muslin flowers, and learn the <i>métier</i> to-morrow.”—Elizabeth Stuart +Phelps, <i>The Silent Partner</i> (1871).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pernelle</b> (<i>Madame</i>), mother of Orgon; a regular vixen, who interrupts +every one, without waiting to hear what was to have been said to +her.—Molière, <i>Tartuffe</i> (1664).</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[190]</a></span><b>Peronella</b>, a pretty country lass, who changes places with an old +decrepit queen. Peronella rejoices for a time in the idolatry paid to +her rank, but gladly resumes her beauty, youth, and rags.—<i>A Fairy +Tale.</i></p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Perrette" id="Perrette"></a><b>Perrette and her Milk-Pail.</b> Perrette, carrying her milk-pail well-poised +upon her head, began to speculate on its value. She would sell the milk +and buy eggs; she would set the eggs and rear chickens; the chickens she +would sell and buy a pig; this she would fatten and change for a cow and +calf, and would it not be delightful to see the little calf skip and +play? So saying, she gave a skip, let the milk-pail fall, and all the +milk ran to waste. “Le lait tombe. Adieu, veau, vache, cochon, couvée,” +and poor Perrette “va s’excuser à son mari, en grand danger d’etre +battue.”</p> + +<p class="poem">Quel esprit ne bat la campagne?<br /> +Qui ne fait château en Espagne?<br /> +<a href="#Picrochole">Picrochole</a> [<i>q.v.</i>], Pyrrhus, la laitière, enfin tous,<br /> +Autant les sages que les fous....<br /> +Quelque accident fait-il que je rentre en moi-même;<br /> +Je suis Gros-Jean comme devant.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Lafontaine, <i>Fables</i> (“La Laitière et le <a name="corr85" id="corr85"></a><ins class="correction" title="Pot au">Po tau</ins> Lait,” 1668).</span></p> + +<p>(Dodsley has this fable, and makes his milkmaid speculate on the gown +she would buy with her money. It should be green, and all the young +fellows would ask her to dance, but she would toss her head at them +all—but ah! in tossing her head, she tossed over her milk-pail.)</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Echephron, an old soldier, related this fable to the advisers +of King Picrochole, when they persuaded the king to go to war: A +shoemaker bought a ha’p’orth of milk; this he intended to make into +butter, and with the money thus obtained he would buy a cow. The cow in +due time would have a calf, the calf was to be sold, and the man when +he became a nabob would marry a princess; only the jug fell, the milk +was spilt, and the dreamer went supperless to bed.—Rabelais, +<i>Gargantua</i>, i. 33 (1533).</p> + +<p>In a similar day-dream, Alnaschar invested all his money in a basket of +glassware, which he intended to sell, and buy other wares, till by +barter he became a princely merchant, when he should marry the vizier’s +daughter. Being offended with his wife, he became so excited that he +kicked out his foot, smashed all his wares, and found himself +penniless.—<i>Arabian Nights</i> (“The Barber’s Fifth Brother”).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Perrin</b>, a peasant, the son of Thibaut.—Molière, <i>Le Médecin Malgré Lui</i> +(1666).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Persaunt of India</b> (<i>Sir</i>), the Blue Knight, called by Tennyson “Morning +Star,” or “Phosphŏrus.” One of the four brothers who kept the passages +to Castle Perilous. Overthrown by Sir Gareth.—Sir T. Malory, <i>History +of Prince Arthur</i>, i. 131 (1470); Tennyson, <i>Idylls</i>.</p> + +<p class="poemquote">“Then, at his call, ‘O, daughters of the Dawn,<br /> +And servants of the Morning Star, approach,<br /> +Arm me,’ from out the silken curtain-folds<br /> +Bare-footed and bare-headed three fair girls<br /> +In gilt and rosy raiment came; their feet<br /> +In dewy grasses glisten’d; and the hair<br /> +All over glanced with dewdrop or with gem,<br /> +Like sparkles in the stone Avanturine.<br /> +These arm’d him in blue arms, and gave a shield,<br /> +Blue also, and thereon the morning star.”<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Tennyson, <i>Gareth and Lynette</i>.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Perseus</b> [<i>Per.suce</i>], a famous Argive hero, whose exploits resemble +those of Herculês, and hence he was called “The Argive Herculês.”</p> + +<p>Benvenuto Cellini made a bronze statue of Perseus, which is in the +Loggia dei Lanzi, in Florence.</p> + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[191]</a></span><i>Perseus’s Horse</i>, a ship. Perseus having cut off Medusa’s head, made +the ship <i>Pegasê</i>, the swiftest ship hitherto known, and generally +called “Perseus’s flying horse.”</p> + +<p class="poem">The thick-ribbed bark thro’ liquid mountains cut ...<br /> +Like Perseus’ horse.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Shakespeare, <i>Troilus and Cressida</i>, act i. sc. 3 (1602).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Persian Creed</b> (<i>The</i>). Zoroaster supposes there are two gods or +spirit-principles—one good and the other evil. The good is Yezad, and +the evil, Ahriman.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Perth</b> (<i>The Fair Maid of</i>), Catharine, or Katie Glover, “universally +acknowledged to be the most beautiful young woman of the city or its +vicinity.” Catharine was the daughter of Simon Glover (the glover of +Perth), and married Henry Smith, the armorer.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Fair Maid +of Perth</i> (time, Henry IV.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pertinax</b> (<i>Sir</i>). (See <span class="smcap">MacSycophant</span>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pertolope</b> (<i>Sir</i>), the Green Knight. One of the four brothers who kept +the passages to Castle Perilous. He was overthrown by Sir Gareth. +Tennyson calls him “Evening Star,” or “Hesperus.”—Sir T. Malory, +<i>History of Prince Arthur</i>, i. 127 (1470); Tennyson, <i>Idylls</i>.</p> + +<p class="poemquote">“For there, beyond a bridge of treble bow,<br /> +All in a rose-red from the west, and all<br /> +Naked it seem’d, and glowing in the broad,<br /> +Deep-dimpled current underneath, the knight<br /> +That named himself the Star of Evening, stood,<br /> +And Gareth, ‘Wherefore waits the madman there<br /> +Naked in open dayshine?’ ‘Nay,’ she cried,<br /> +‘Not naked, only wrapt in harden’d skins<br /> +That fit him like his own; and so ye cleave<br /> +His armor off him, these will turn the blade.’”<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Tennyson, <i>Gareth and Lynette</i>.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Perviz</b> (<i>Prince</i>), son of the Sultan Khrosru-schar of Persia. At birth +he was taken away by the sultana’s sisters, and set adrift on a canal, +but was rescued and brought up by the superintendent of the sultan’s +gardens. When grown to manhood, “the talking-bird” told the sultan that +Pervis was his son, and the young prince, with his brother and sister, +were restored to their rank and position in the empire of +Persia.—<i>Arabian Nights</i> (“The Two Sisters”).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Prince Perviz’s String of Pearls.</i> When Prince Perviz went on his +exploits, he gave his sister, Parizādê, a string of pearls, saying, “So +long as these pearls move readily on the string, you will know that I am +alive and well; but if they stick fast and will not move, it will +signify that I am dead.”—<i>Arabian Nights</i> (“The Two Sisters”).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Birtha’s emerald ring, and Prince Bahman’s knife gave similar +warning. (See <span class="smcap">Birtha</span> and <span class="smcap">Bahman</span>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pescec´ola</b>, a famous diver, whose English name was <i>Fish</i> (Italian, +<i>Pesce</i> = fish). He dived in the pool of Charybdis and returned. King +Frederick then threw a golden cup into the pool; Pescecola dived for it, +and was drowned.</p> + +<p>Schiller, in <i>The Diver</i>, tells the story, but gives the diver no name.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pest</b> (<i>Mr.</i>), a barrister.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Redgauntlet</i> (time, George +III.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pet</b>, a fair girl, with rich brown hair hanging free in natural ringlets. +A lovely girl, with a free, frank face, and most wonderful eyes—so +large, so soft, so bright, and set to perfection in her kind, good face. +She was round, and fresh, and dimpled, and spoilt, most charmingly +timid, most bewitchingly self-willed. She was the daughter of Mr. +Meagles, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[192]</a></span> married Henry Gowan.—C. Dickens, <i>Little Dorrit</i> (1857).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pétaud</b> (<i>King</i>), king of the beggars.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“It is an old saying,” replied the Abbé Huet, “Petaud being derived +from the Latin <i>peto</i>, ‘I beg.’”—<i>Asylum Christi</i>, ii.</p></div> + +<p class="main"><i>The court of King Pétaud</i>, a disorderly assembly, a place of utter +confusion, a bear-garden.</p> + +<p class="poem">On n’y respecte rien, chacun y parle haut,<br /> +Et c’est tout justement le cour du roi Pétaud.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Molière <i>Tartuffe</i>, i. 1 (1664).</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Le cour du roi Pétaud, où chacun est maitre.—<i>French Proverb.</i></p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Petella</b>, the waiting-woman of Rosalura and Lillia-Bianca, the two +daughters of Nantolet.—Beaumont and Fletcher, <i>The Wild-goose Chase</i> +(1652).</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Peter" id="Peter"></a><b>Peter</b>, the stupid son of Solomon, butler of the Count Wintersen. He +grotesquely parrots in an abridged form whatever his father says. Thus: +<i>Sol.</i> “we are acquainted with the reverence due to exalted personages.” +<i>Pet.</i> “Yes, we are acquainted with exalted personages.” Again: <i>Sol.</i> +“Extremely sorry it is not in my power to entertain your lordship.” +<i>Pet.</i> “Extremely sorry.” <i>Sol.</i> “Your lordship’s most obedient, humble, +and devoted servant.” <i>Pet.</i> “Devoted servant.”—Benjamin Thompson, <i>The +Stranger</i> (1797).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Peter</i>, the pseudonym of John Gibson Lockhart, in a work entitled +<i>Peter’s Letters to his Kinsfolk</i> (1819).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Peter</i> (<i>Lord</i>), the pope of Rome.—Dean Swift, <i>Tale of a Tub</i> (1704).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peter Botte</b>, a steep, almost perpendicular “mountain” in the Mauritius, +more than 2800 feet in height. It is so called from Peter Botte, a Dutch +sailor, who scaled it and fixed a flag on its summit, but lost his life +in coming down.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peter Parley</b>, the <i>nom de plume</i> of Samuel G. Goodrich, an American, +whose books for children had an enormous circulation in the middle of +the nineteenth century (1793-1860).</p> + +<p>The name was pirated by numerous persons. Darton and Co., Simkins, +Bogue, Tegg, Hodson, Clements, etc., brought out books under the name, +but not written by S. G. Goodrich.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peter Peebles</b>, a litigious, hard-hearted drunkard, noted for his +lawsuit.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Redgauntlet</i> (time, George III.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peter Pindar</b>, the pseudonym of Dr. John Wolcot, of Dodbrooke, Devonshire +(1738-1819).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peter Plymley’s Letters</b>, attributed to the Rev. Sydney Smith +(1769-1845).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peter Porcupine</b>, William Cobbett, when he was a tory. He brought out +<i>Peter Porcupine’s Gazette</i>, <i>The Porcupine Papers</i>, etc. (1762-1835).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peter Wilkins</b>, the hero of a tale of adventures, by Robert Pultock, of +Clifford’s Inn. His “flying woman” (gawreys) suggested to Southey the +“glendoveer” in <i>The Curse of Kehama</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peter of Provence and the Fair Magalo´na</b>, the chief characters of a +French romance so called. Peter comes into possession of Merlin’s wooden +horse.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peter the Great of Egypt</b>, Mehemet Ali <a name="corr86" id="corr86"></a><ins class="correction" title="(1768-1848).">(1768-1848.</ins></p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[193]</a></span><b>Peter the Hermit</b>, a gentleman of Amiens, who renounced the military life +for the religious. He preached up the first crusade, and put himself at +the head of 100,000 men, all of whom, except a few stragglers, perished +at Nicea.</p> + +<p>He is introduced by Tasso in <i>Jerusalem Delivered</i> (1575); and by Sir W. +Scott in <i>Count Robert of Paris</i>, a novel laid in the time of Rufus. A +statue was erected to him at Amiens in 1854.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peter, the Wild Boy</b>, a savage discovered in November, 1725, in the +forest of Hertswold, Hanover. He walked on all fours, climbed trees like +a monkey, ate grass and other herbage. Efforts were made to reclaim him, +but without success. He died February, 1785.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peter’s Gate</b> (<i>St.</i>), the gate of purgatory, guarded by an angel +stationed there by St. Peter. Virgil conducted Dantê through hell and +purgatory, and Beatrice was his guide through the planetary spheres. +Dantê says to the Mantuan bard:</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i1">... lead me,</span><br /> +That I St. Peter’s gate may view ...<br /> +Onward he moved, I close his steps pursued.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Dantê, <i>Hell</i>, i. (1300).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peterborough</b>, in Northamptonshire; so called from Peada (son of Pendar, +king of Mercia), who founded here a monastery in the seventh century. In +1541 the monastery (then a mitred abbey) was converted by Henry VIII. +into a cathedral and bishop’s see. Before Peada’s time, Peterborough was +a village called Medhamsted.—See Drayton, <i>Polyolbion</i>, xxiii. (1622).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peters</b> (<i>Dr.</i>), benevolent, eccentric physician, who is a sympathetic +fellow-sinner to the most depraved of his patients, going through it all +“with a grimly humorous hope that some good, in some unseen direction, +may come of it.” The waif, <i>Midge</i>, committed by fate to his +guardianship, steals his heart, and finally wrings it to bleeding by +marrying another man.—H. C. Bunner, <i>The Midge</i> (1886).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peterson</b>, a Swede, who deserts from Gustavus Vasa to Christian II., king +of Denmark.—H. Brooke, <i>Gustavus Vasa</i> (1730).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Petit André</b>, executioner.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Quentin Durward</i> (time, Edward +IV.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Petit Perroquet</b>, a king’s gardener, with whom the king’s daughter fell +in love. It so happened that a prince was courting the lady, and, being +jealous of Petit Perroquet, said to the king that the young man boasted +he could bring hither Tartaro’s horse. Now Tartaro was a huge giant and +a cannibal. Petit Perroquet, however, made himself master of the horse. +The prince next told the king that the young gardener boasted he could +get possession of the giant’s diamond. This he also contrived to make +himself master of. The prince then told the king that the young man +boasted he could bring hither the giant himself; and the way he +accomplished the feat was to cover himself first, with honey, and then +with feathers and horns. Thus disguised, he told the giant, to get into +the coach he was driving, and he drove him to the king’s court, and then +married the princess.—Rev. W. Webster, <i>Basque Legends</i> (1877).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pe´to</b>, lieutenant of “Captain” Sir John Falstaff’s regiment. Pistol was +his ensign or ancient, and Bardolph his corporal.—Shakespeare, 1 and 2 +<i>Henry IV.</i> (1597-8).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Petow´ker</b> (<i>Miss Henrietta</i>), of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[194]</a></span> Theatre Royal, Drury Lane. She +marries Mr. Lillyvick, the collector of water-rates, but elopes with an +officer.—C. Dickens, <i>Nicholas Nickleby</i> (1838).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Petrarch</b> (<i>The English</i>). Sir Philip Sidney (1554-1586) is so called by +Sir Walter Raleigh.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Petrarch and Laura.</b> Laura was a lady of Avignon, the wife of Hugues de +Sade, <i>née</i> Laura de Noves, the mistress of the poet Petrarch. (See +<span class="smcap">Laura and Petrarch</span>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Petrarch of Spain</b>, Garcilaso de la Vega, born at Toledo (1530-1568, or, +according to others, 1503-1536).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Petro´nius</b> (<i>C.</i> or <i>T.</i>), a kind of Roman “beau Brummell” in the court +of Nero. He was a great voluptuary and profligate, whom Nero appointed +<i>Arbiter Elegantiæ</i>, and considered nothing <i>comme il faut</i> till it had +received the sanction of this dictator-in-chief of the imperial +pleasures. Tigellinus accused him of treason, and Petronius committed +suicide by opening his veins (<span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 66).</p> + +<p class="poem">Behold the new Petronius of the day,<br /> +The arbiter of pleasure and of play.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Byron, <i>English Bards and Scotch Reviewers</i> (1809).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Petruccio</b> = <i>Pe.truch´.e.o</i>, governor of Bologna.—Beaumont and +Fletcher, <i>The Chances</i> (1620).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Petru´chio</b>, a gentleman of Vero´na who undertakes to tame the haughty +Katharina, called “the Shrew.” He marries her, and, without the least +personal chastisement, reduces her to lamb-like submission. Being a fine +compound of bodily and mental vigor, with plenty of wit, spirit, and +good-nature, he rules his subordinates dictatorially, and shows he will +have his own way, whatever the consequences.—Shakespeare, <i>Taming of +the Shrew</i> (1594).</p> + +<p>Beaumont and Fletcher wrote a comedy called <i>The Tamer Tamed</i>, in which +Petruchio is supposed to marry a second wife, by whom he is hen-pecked +(1647).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pet´ulant</b>, an “odd sort of small wit,” “without manners or breeding.” In +controversy he would bluntly contradict, and he never spoke the truth. +When in his “club,” in order to be thought a man of intrigue, he would +steal out quietly, and then in disguise return and call for himself, or +leave a letter for himself. He not unfrequently mistook impudence and +malice for wit, and looked upon a modest blush in woman as a mark of +“guilt or ill-breeding.”—W. Congreve, <i>The Way of the World</i> (1700).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peu-à-Peu.</b> So George IV. called Prince Leopold. Stein, speaking of the +prince’s vacillating conduct in reference to the throne of Greece, says +of him, “He has no color,” <i>i.e.</i> no fixed plan of his own, but is blown +about by every wind.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peveril</b> (<i>William</i>), natural son of William the Conqueror, and ancestor +of Peveril of the Peak.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Sir Geoffrey Peveril</i>, a cavalier, called “Peveril of the Peak.”</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Lady Margaret Peveril</i>, wife of Sir Geoffrey.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Julian Peveril</i>, son of Sir Geoffrey; in love with Alice Bridgenorth. +He was named by the author after Julian Young, son of the famous +actor.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Peveril of the Peak</i> (time, Charles II.).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“Whom is he called after!” said Scott. “It is a fancy name,” said +Young: “in memoriam <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[195]</a></span>of his mother, Julia Ann.” “Well, it is a +capital name for a novel, I must say,” he replied. In the very next +novel by the author of <i>Waverley</i>, the hero’s name is “Julian.” I +allude, of course, to <i>Peveril of the Peak</i>.—J. Young, <i>Memoirs</i>, +91.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peveril of the Peak</b>, the hero of Sir W. Scott’s novel of that name +(1823).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Peyton</b> (<i>Dunwoodie</i>), fine young fellow, major in the American army, and +in love with Frances Wharton. Yet, when forced to choose between +marrying her at once or doing his duty in keeping her brother under +arrest, he plays the man of honor and true soldier. After many +vicissitudes he becomes the husband of Frances.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Peyton</i> (<i>Miss Jeannette</i>), sister-in-law to Mr. Wharton, relative of +Major Dunwoodie, and affectionate guardian of her nieces. A warm friend +of Dr. Sitgreaves, the American surgeon.—James <a name="corr87" id="corr87"></a><ins class="correction" title="Fenimore">Fennimore</ins> Cooper, +<i>The Spy</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Phædra</b>, daughter of Minos, and wife of Theseus. (See <a href="#Phedre"><span class="smcap">Phedre</span></a>.)</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Phædra</i>, waiting-woman of Alcme´na (wife of Amphit´ryon). A type of +venality of the lowest and grossest kind. Phædra is betrothed to Judge +Gripus, a stupid magistrate, ready to sell justice to the highest +bidder. Neither Phædra nor Gripus forms any part of the <i>dramatis +personæ</i> of Molière’s <i>Amphitryon</i> (1668).—Dryden, <i>Amphitryon</i> (1690).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Phædria</b>, the impersonation of wantonness. She is handmaid of the +enchantress Acrasia, and sails about Idle Lake in a gondola. Seeing Sir +Guyon, she ferries him across the lake to the floating island, where he +is set upon by Cymoch´les. Phædria interposes, and ferries Sir Guyon +(the Knight Temperance) over the lake again.—Spenser, <i>Faëry Queen</i>, +ii. (1590).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pha´eton</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), son, of Helĭos and Clymēnê. He obtained leave to +drive his father’s sun-car for one day, but was overthrown, and nearly +set the world on fire. Jove or Zeus (1 <i>syl.</i>) struck him with a +thunderbolt for his presumption, and cast him into the river Po.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Phal´aris</b>, tyrant of Agrigentum, in Sicily. When Perillos, the +brass-founder of Athens, brought to him a brazen bull, and told the +tyrant it was intended for the punishment of criminals, Phalăris +inquired into its merits. Perillos said the victim was to be enclosed in +the bull, and roasted alive, by making the figure red hot. Certain tubes +were so constructed as to make the groans of the victim resemble the +bellowings of a mad bull. The tyrant much commended the ingenuity, and +ordered the invention to be tried on Perillos himself.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Letters of Phalaris</i>, certain apocryphal letters ascribed to Phalaris, +the tyrant, and published at Oxford, in 1718, by Charles Boyle. There +was an edition in 1777 by Walckenaer; another in 1823, by G. H. Schæfer, +with notes by Boyle and others. Bentley maintained that the letters were +forgeries, and no doubt Bentley was right.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Phallas</b>, the horse of Heraclius (Greek, <i>phalios</i>, “a grey horse.”).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pha´on</b>, a young man who loved Claribel, but being told that she was +unfaithful to him, watched her. He saw, as he thought, Claribel holding +an assignation with some one he supposed to be a groom.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[196]</a></span> Returning home, +he encountered Claribel herself, and “with wrathfull hand he slew her +innocent.” On the trial for murder, “the lady” was proved to be +Claribel’s servant. Phaon would have slain her also, but while he was in +pursuit of her he was attacked by Furor.—Spenser, <i>Faëry Queen</i>, ii. 4, +28, etc. (1590).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Shakespeare’s <i>Much Ado about Nothing</i> is a similar story. +Both are taken from a novel by Belleforest, copied from one by Bandello. +Ariosto, in his <i>Orlando Furioso</i>, has introduced a similar story (bk. +v.), and Turbervil’s <i>Geneura</i> is the same tale.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pharamond</b>, king of the Franks, who visited, <i>incognito</i>, the court of +King Arthur, to obtain by his exploits a place among the knights of the +Round Table. He was the son of Marcomir, and father of Clodion.</p> + +<p>Calprenède has an heroic romance so called, which (like his <i>Cleopatra +and Cassandra</i>) is a <i>Roman de Longue Haleine</i> (1612-1666).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Pharamond</i>, prince of Spain, in the drama called <i>Philaster</i>, or <i>Love +Lies a-bleeding</i>, by Beaumont and Fletcher (date uncertain, probably +about 1662).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pharaoh</b>, the titular name of all the Egyptian kings till the time of +Solomon, as the Roman emperors took the titular name of Cæsar. After +Solomon’s time, the titular name Pharaoh never occurs alone, but only as +a forename, as Pharaoh Necho, Pharaoh Hophra, Pharaoh Shishak. After the +division of Alexander’s kingdom, the kings of Egypt were all called +Ptolemy, generally with some distinctive after-name, as Ptolemy +Philadelphos, Ptolemy Euergetês, Ptolemy Philopător, etc.—Selden, +<i>Titles of Honor</i>, v. 50 (1614).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Pharaohs before Solomon</i> (mentioned in the Old Testament):</p> + +<p>1. Pharaoh contemporary with Abraham (<i>Gen.</i> xii. 15). This may be +Osirtesen I. (dynasty xii.).</p> + +<p>2. The <i>good</i> Pharaoh who advanced Joseph (<i>Gen.</i> xli.). This was, +perhaps, Apōphis (one of the Hyksos).</p> + +<p>3. The Pharaoh who “knew not Joseph” (<i>Exod.</i> i. 8). This may be +Amen´ophis I. (dynasty xviii.). The king, at the flight of Moses, I +think, was Thothmes II.</p> + +<p>4. The Pharaoh drowned in the Red Sea. As this was at least eighty years +after the persecutions began, probably this was another king. Some say +it was Menephthes, son of Ram´eses II., but it seems quite impossible to +reconcile the account in <i>Exodus</i> with any extant historical account of +Egypt (<i>Exod.</i> xiv. 28). Was it Thothmes III.?</p> + +<p>5. The Pharaoh who protected Hadad (1 <i>Kings</i> xi. 19).</p> + +<p>6. The Pharaoh whose daughter Solomon married (1 <i>Kings</i> iii. 1; ix. +16). I think this was Psusennes I. (dynasty xxi.).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Pharaohs after Solomon’s time</i> (mentioned in the Old Testament):</p> + +<p>1. Pharaoh Shishak, who warred against Rehoboam (1 <i>Kings</i> xiv. 25, 26; +2 <i>Chron.</i> xii. 2).</p> + +<p>2. The Pharaoh called “So” king of Egypt, with whom Hoshea made an +alliance (2 <i>Kings</i> xvii. 4).</p> + +<p>3. The Pharaoh who made a league with Hezekiah against Sennacherib. He +is called Tirhākah (2 <i>Kings</i>, xviii. 21; xix. 9).</p> + +<p>4. Pharaoh Necho, who warred against Josiah (2 <i>Kings</i> xxiii. 29, etc.).</p> + +<p>5. Pharaoh Hophra, the ally of Zedekiah. Said to be Pharaoh Apries, who +was strangled, <span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 569-525 (<i>Jer.</i> xliv. 30).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Bunsen’s solution of the Egyptian dynasties cannot possibly +be correct.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Pharaohs noted in romance:</i></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[197]</a></span>1. Cheops, or Suphis I., who built the great pyramid (dynasty iv.).</p> + +<p>2. Cephrenês, or Suphis II., his brother, who built the second pyramid.</p> + +<p>3. Mencherês, his successor, who built the most beautiful, though not +the largest, of the pyramids.</p> + +<p>4. Memnon, or A-menophis III., whose musical statue is so celebrated +(dynasty xviii.).</p> + +<p>5. Sethos I. the Great, whose tomb was discovered by Belzoni (dynasty +xix.).</p> + +<p>6. Sethos II., called “Proteus,” who detained Helen and Paris in Egypt +(dynasty xix.).</p> + +<p>7. Phuōris or Thuōris, who sent aid to Priam in the siege of Troy.</p> + +<p>8. Rampsinītus or Rameses Nēter, the miser, mentioned by Herodotus +(dynasty xx.).</p> + +<p>9. Osorthon IV. (or Osorkon), the Egyptian Herculês (dynasty xxiii.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pharaoh’s Daughter.</b> The daughter of Pharaoh, who brought up Moses, was +Bathia.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pharaoh’s Wife</b>, Asia, daughter of Mozâhem. Her husband cruelly tormented +her because she believed in Moses. He fastened her hands and feet to +four stakes, and laid a millstone on her as she lay in the hot sun with +her face upwards; but angels shaded off the sun with their wings, and +God took her, without dying, into Paradise.—Sale, <i>Al Korân</i>, lxvi. +note.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Among women, four have been perfect; Asia, wife of Pharaoh; Mary, +daughter of Imràn; Khadîjah, daughter of Khowailed, Mahomet’s first +wife; and Fâtima, Mahomet’s daughter.—Attributed to Mahomet.</p></div> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> There is considerable doubt respecting the Pharaoh +meant—whether the Pharaoh, whose daughter adopted Moses, or the Pharaoh +who was drowned in the Red Sea. The tale suits the latter king far +better than it does the first.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pharsa´lia</b> (<i>The</i>), a Latin epic in ten books, by Lucan, the subject +being the fall and death of Pompey. It opens with the passage of Cæsar +across the Rubĭcon. This river formed the boundary of his province, and +his crossing it was virtually a declaration of war (bk. i.). Pompey is +appointed by the senate general of the army to oppose him (bk. v.). +Cæsar retreats to Thessaly; Pompey follows (bk. vi.), and both prepare +for war. Pompey, being routed in the battle of Pharsalia, flees (bk. +vii.), and seeking protection in Egypt, is met by Achillas, the Egyptian +general, who murders him, cuts off his head, and casts his body into the +sea (bk. viii.). Cato leads the residue of Pompey’s army to Cyrēnê, in +Africa (bk. ix.); and Cæsar, in pursuit of Pompey, landing at +Alexandria, is hospitably entertained by Cleopatra (bk. x.). While here, +he tarries in luxurious dalliance, the palace is besieged by Egyptians, +and Cæsar with difficulty escapes to Pharos. He is closely pursued, +hemmed in on all sides, and leaps into the sea. With his imperial robe +held between his teeth, his commentaries in his left hand, and his sword +in his right, he buffets the waves. A thousand javelins are hurled at +him, but touch him not. He swims for empire, he swims for life; ’tis +Cæsar and his fortunes that the waves bear on. He reaches his fleet; is +received by his soldiers with thundering applause. The stars in their +courses fought for Cæsar. The sea-gods were with him, and Egypt with her +host was a by-word and a scorn.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Bk. ix. contains the account of the African serpents, by far +the most celebrated passage of the whole poem. The following is a pretty +close translation of the passage in question. It would have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[198]</a></span> occupied +too much room to give their onslaught also:—</p> + +<p class="poem">Here all the serpent deadly brood appears;<br /> +First the dull Asp its swelling neck uprears;<br /> +The huge Hemor´rhoïs, vampire of the blood;<br /> +Chersy´ders, that pollute both field and flood;<br /> +The Water-serpent, tyrant of the lake;<br /> +The hooded Cobra; and the Plantain snake;<br /> +Here with distended jaws the Prester strays;<br /> +And Seps, whose bite both flesh and bone decays;<br /> +The Amphisbæna with its double head,<br /> +One on the neck, and one of tail instead;<br /> +The horned Cerastês; and the Hammodyte,<br /> +Whose sandy hue might balk the keenest sight;<br /> +A feverish thirst betrays the Dipsas’ sting;<br /> +The Scytăla, its slough that casts in spring;<br /> +The Natrix here the crystal streams pollutes;<br /> +Swift thro’ the air the venomed Javelin shoots;<br /> +Here the Parēas, moving on its tail,<br /> +Marks in the sand its progress by its trail;<br /> +The speckled Cenchris darts its devious way,<br /> +Its skin with spots as Theban marble gay;<br /> +The hissing Sibīla; and Basilisk,<br /> +With whom no living thing its life would risk,<br /> +Where’er it moves none else would dare remain,<br /> +Tyrant alike and terror of the plain.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">E. C. B.</span></p> + +<p>In this battle Pompey had 45,000 legionaries, 7000 horse, and a large +number of auxiliaries. Cæsar had 22,000 legionaries, and 1000 horse. +Pompey’s battle cry was <i>Herculês invictus!</i> That of Cæsar was <i>Venus +victrix!</i> Cæsar won the battle.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Phebe</b> (2 <i>syl.</i>), a shepherdess beloved by the shepherd Silvius. While +Rosalind was in boy’s clothes, Phebe fell in love with the stranger, and +made a proposal of marriage; but when Rosalind appeared in her true +character, and gave her hand to Orlando, Phebe was content to accept her +old love, Silvius.—Shakespeare, <i>As You Like It</i> (1600).</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Phedre" id="Phedre"></a><b>Phedre</b> (or <span class="smcap">Phædra</span>), daughter of Minos, king of Crete, and wife of +Theseus. She conceived a criminal love for Hippolytos, her step-son, +and, being repulsed by him, accused him to her husband of attempting to +dishonor her. Hippolytos was put to death, and Phædra, wrung with +remorse, strangled herself.</p> + +<p>This has been made the subject of tragedy by Eurip´idês in Greek, +Sen´eca in Latin, Racine in French (1677). “Phèdre” was the great part +of Mdlle. Rachel; she first appeared in this character in 1838.</p> + +<p>(Pradon, under the patronage of the duchess de Bouillon and the duc de +Nevers, produced, in 1677, his tragedy of <i>Phèdre</i> in opposition to that +of Racine. The duke even tried to hiss down Racine’s play, but the +public judgment was more powerful than the duke; and, while it +pronounced decidedly for Racine’s <i>chef d’œuvre</i>, it had no tolerance +for Pradon’s production.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Phelis</b> “the Fair,” the wife of Sir Guy, earl of Warwick.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Phid´ias</b> (<i>The French</i>), (1) Jean Goujon; also called “The Correggio of +Sculptors.” He was slain in the St. Bartholomew Massacre (1510-1572). +(2) J. B. Pigalle (1714-1785).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Phil</b> (<i>Little</i>), the lad of John Davies, the old fisherman.—Sir W. +Scott, <i>Redgauntlet</i> (time, George III.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Philaminte</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), wife of Chrysale, the bourgeois, and mother of +Armande, Henrietta, Ariste, and Bélise.—Molière, <i>Les Femmes Savantes</i> +(1672).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Philan´der</b>, of Holland, was a guest at the house of Arge´o, baron of +Servia, and the baron’s wife, Gabri´na, fell in love with him. Philander +fled the house, and Gabrina told her husband he had abused her, and had +fled out of fear of him. He was pursued, overtaken, and cast into a +dungeon. One day Gabrina visited him there<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[199]</a></span> and asked him to defend her +against a wicked knight. This he undertook to do, and Gabrina posted him +in a place where he could make his attack. Philander slew the knight, +but discovered that it was Argeo. Gabrina now declared she would give +him up to justice unless he married her; and Philander, to save his +life, did so. But in a very short time the infamous woman tired of her +toy, and cut him off by poison.—Ariosto, <i>Orlando Furioso</i> (1516).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Philander</i>, a dawdling lover; so called from Philander, the Dutch +knight mentioned above, who was wooed by Gabrina. To “philander” is to +hang about a woman in a half-hearted way; to toy.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Yes, I’ll baste you together, you and your Philander.—W. Congreve, +<i>The Way of the World</i> (1700).</p></div> + +<p class="main"><i>Philander</i>, prince of Cyprus, passionately in love with the Princess +Ero´ta.—Beaumont and Fletcher, <i>The Laws of Candy</i> (1647).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Philanthropist</b> (<i>The</i>), John Howard (1726-1790).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Philario</b>, an Italian, at whose house Posthumus made his silly wager with +Iachimo. (See <a href="#Posthumus"><span class="smcap">Posthumus</span></a>.)—Shakespeare, <i>Cymbeline</i> (1605).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Philario</i>, an Italian improvisatore, who remained faithful to Fazio +even in disgrace.—Dean Milman, <i>Fazio</i> (1815).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Philaster</b> (<i>Prince</i>), heir to the crown of Messi´na. Euphra´sia, who was +in love with Philaster, disguised herself as a boy, and, assuming for +the nonce the name of Bellario, entered the prince’s service. Philaster, +who was in love with the Princess Arethu´sa, transferred Bellario to +her service, and then grew jealous of Arethusa’s love for the young +page.—Beaumont and Fletcher, <i>Philaster</i>, or <i>Love Lies a-bleeding</i> (? +1622).</p> + +<p>There is considerable resemblance between Euphrasia and “Viola” in +<i>Twelfth Night</i> (Shakespeare, 1614).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Philax</b>, cousin of the Princess Imis. The fay Pagan shut them up in the +“Palace of Revenge,” a superb crystal palace, containing every delight +except the power of leaving it. In the course of a few years Imis and +Philax longed as much for a separation as at one time they had wished +for a union.—Comtesse D’Aunoy, <i>Fairy Tales</i> (“Palace of Revenge,” +1682).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Phile´mon</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), an aged rustic who, with his wife, Baucis, +hospitably received Jupiter and Mercury, after every one else had +refused to receive them. The gods sent an inundation to destroy the +inhospitable people, but saved Baucis and Philemon, and converted their +cottage into a magnificent temple. At their own request the aged couple +died on the same day, and were changed into two trees, which stood +before the temple.—<i>Greek Mythology.</i></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Philinte</b> (2 <i>syl.</i>), friend of Alceste (2 <a name="corr88" id="corr88"></a><ins class="correction" title="syl.)."><i>syl.</i>)</ins>—Molière, <i>Le +Misanthrope</i> (1666).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Philip</b>, father of William Swidger. His favorite expression was, “Lord, +keep my memory green. I am 87.”—C. Dickens, <i>The Haunted Man</i> (1848).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Philip</i>, the butler of Mr. Peregrine Lovel; a hypocritical, rascally +servant, who pretends to be most careful of his master’s property, but +who in reality wastes it most recklessly, and enriches himself with it +most unblushingly. Being found out, he is summarily dismissed.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[200]</a></span>—Rev. J. +Townley, <i>High Life Below Stairs</i> (1759).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Philip</i> (<i>Father</i>), sacristan of St. Mary’s.—Sir W. Scott, <i>The +Monastery</i> (time, Elizabeth).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Philip Augustus</b>, king of France, introduced by Sir W. Scott in <i>The +Talisman</i> (time, Richard I.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Philip Nolan</b>, officer in U. S. Navy, condemned by president of court +martial for complicity with Aaron Burr, and for swearing at the United +States, “never to hear the name of the United States again.” He is +passed from one man-of-war to another, never allowed to converse upon +national affairs, to see a U. S. newspaper or read a history of the +United States, until homesick and heartsick, after an exile of +fifty-five years, he dies, praying for the country that had disowned +him.—Edward Everett Hale, <i>The Man Without a Country</i> (1863).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Philip Nye</b>, brought up for the Anglican Church, but became a +Presbyterian, and afterwards an independent. He was noted for the cut of +his beard.</p> + +<p class="poem">This reverend brother, like a goat,<br /> +Did wear a tail upon his throat.<br /> +But set in such a curious frame,<br /> +As if ’twere wrought in filograin,<br /> +And cut so even, as if ’t had been<br /> +Drawn with a pen upon his chin.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">S. Butler, <i>On Philip Nye’s Thanksgiving Beard</i> (1652).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Philip Ogden</b>, lover and hero in Blanche Willis Howard’s <i>One Summer</i>. He +is nearly blinded by the point of Leigh’s umbrella at their first +meeting, and after an idyllic courtship they are wedded (1875).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Philip Quarl</b>, a castaway-sailor, who becomes a hermit. His “man Friday” +is a chimpanzee.—<i>Philip Quarl</i> (1727).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Philip’s Four Daughters.</b> We are told, in <i>Acts</i> xxi. 9, that Philip, the +deacon or evangelist, had four daughters which did prophesy.</p> + +<p class="poem">Helen, the mother of great Constantine,<br /> +Nor yet St. Philip’s daughters, were like thee [<i>Joan of Arc</i>].<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Shakespeare, 1 <i>Henry VI.</i> act i. sc. 2 (1589).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Philippe</b>, a parched and haggard wretch, infirm and bent beneath a pile +of years, yet shrewd and cunning, greedy of gold, malicious, and looked +upon by the common people as an imp of darkness. It was this old villain +who told Thancmar that the provost of Bruges was the son of a serf on +Thancmar’s estates.—S. Knowles, <i>The Provost of Bruges</i> (1836).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Philippe Egalité</b>, (4 <i>syl.</i>), Louis Philippe, duc d’Orléans (1747-1793).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Philipson</b> (<i>The elder</i>), John, earl of Oxford, an exiled Lancastrian, +who goes to France disguised as a merchant.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Arthur Philipson</i>, Sir Arthur de Vere, son of the earl of Oxford, whom +he accompanies to the court of King René of Provence.—Sir W. Scott, +<i>Anne of Geierstein</i> (time, Edward IV.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Phil´isides</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), Sir Philip Sidney (1554-1586).</p> + +<p class="poem">It was the harp of Phil´isides, now dead....<br /> +And now in heaven a sign it doth appear,<br /> +The Harp well known beside the Northern Bear.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Spenser, <i>The Ruins of Time</i> (1591).</span></p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> <i>Phili[p] Sid[ney]</i>, with the Greek termination, makes +<i>Phili-sides</i>. Bishop Hall calls the word <i>Phil-is´-ides</i>: “Which sweet +Philis´ides fetched of late from France.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[201]</a></span>”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Philistines</b>, a title complacently bestowed, in England and America, by +the advance-guard in literature and art, on the Conservatives. The +French equivalent is “les bourgeois.”</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Demonstrative and offensive whiskers, which are the special +inheritance of the British Philistines.—Mrs. Oliphant, <i>Phœbe, +Junr.</i>, i. 2.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Phillips</b> (<i>Jessie</i>), the title and chief character of a novel by Mrs. +Trollope, the object being an attack on the new poor-law system (1843).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Phillis</b>, a drama written in Spanish, by Lupercio Leonardo, of +Argensola.—Cervantes, <i>Don Quixote</i> (1605-15).</p> + +<p class="main"><a name="Phillis" id="Phillis"></a><i>Phillis</i>, a pastoral name for a maiden.</p> + +<p class="poem">Where Corydon and Thyrsis met,<br /> +Are at their savory dinner set,<br /> +Of herbs and other country messes,<br /> +Which the neat-handed Phillis dresses.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Milton, <i>L’Allegro</i> (1638).</span></p> + +<p class="main"><i>Phillis</i>, “the Exigent,” asked “Damon thirty sheep for a kiss;” next +day, she promised him <a name="corr89" id="corr89"></a><ins class="correction" title="“thirty">thirty</ins> kisses for a sheep;” the third day, +she would have given “thirty sheep for a kiss;” and the fourth day, +Damon bestowed his kisses for nothing on Lizette.—C. Rivière Dufresny, +<i>La Coquette de Village</i> (1715).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Philo</b>, a Pharisee, one of the Jewish sanhedrim, who hated Caiaphas, the +high priest, for being a Sadducee. Philo made a vow in the judgment +hall, that he would take no rest till Jesus was numbered with the dead. +In bk. xiii. he commits suicide, and his soul is carried to hell by +Obaddon, the angel of death.—Klopstock, <i>The Messiah</i>, iv. (1771).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Philoc´lea</b>, one of the heroines in Sir Philip Sidney’s “Arcadia.” It +has been sought to identify her with Lady Penelopê Devereux, with whom +Sidney was thought to be in love.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Philocte´tes</b> (4 <i>syl.</i>) one of the Argonauts, who was wounded in the +foot while on his way to Troy. An oracle declared to the Greeks that +Troy could not be taken “without the arrows of Herculês,” and as +Herculês at death had given them to Philoctētês, the Greek chiefs sent +for him, and he repaired to Troy in the tenth and last year of the +siege.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>All dogs have their day, even rabid ones. Sorrowful, incurable +<i>Philoctetês</i> Marat, without whom Troy cannot be taken.—Carlyle.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Philomel</b>, daughter of Pandīon, king of Attica. She was converted into a +nightingale.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Philosopher</b> (<i>The</i>), Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, the Roman emperor, was +so called by Justin Martyr (121, 161-180).</p> + +<p>Leo VI., emperor of the East (866, 886-911).</p> + +<p>Porphyry, the Neoplatonist (223-304).</p> + +<p>Alfred or Alured, surnamed “Anglicus,” was also called “The Philosopher” +(died 1270).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Philosopher of China</b>, Confucius (<span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 551-479).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Philosopher of Ferney</b>, Voltaire, who lived at Ferney, near Geneva, for +the last twenty years of his life (1694-1778).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Philosopher of Malmesbury</b>, Thomas Hobbs, author of <i>Leviathan</i>. He was +born at Malmesbury (1588-1679).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Philosopher of Persia</b> (<i>The</i>), Abou Ebn Sina, of Shiraz (died 1037).</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[202]</a></span><b>Philosopher of Sans Souci</b>, Frederick the Great of Prussia (1712, +1740-1786).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Frederick, elector of Saxony, was called “The Wise” (1463, +1544-1554).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Philosopher of Wimbledon</b> (<i>The</i>), John Horne Tooke, author of the +<i>Diversions of Purley</i>. He lived at Wimbledon, near London (1736-1812).</p> + +<p>(For the philosophers of the different Greek sects, as the Cynic, +Cyrenaic, Eleac, Eleatic, Epicurean, Haraclitian, Ionic, Italic, +Megaric, Peripatetic, Sceptic, Socratic, Stoic, etc., see <i>Dictionary of +Phrase and Fable</i>, 680-1.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Philosophers</b> (<i>The five English</i>): (1) Roger Bacon, author of <i>Opus +Majus</i> <a name="corr90" id="corr90"></a><ins class="correction" title="(1214-1292);">(1214-1292;</ins> (2) Sir Francis Bacon, author of <i>Novum +Orgănum</i> (1561-1626); (3) the Hon. Robert Boyle <a name="corr91" id="corr91"></a><ins class="correction" title="(1627-1691);">(1627-1691;</ins> (4) +John Locke, author of a treatise on the <i>Human Understanding and Innate +Ideas</i> (1632-1704); (5) Sir Isaac Newton, author of <i>Princip´ia</i> +(1641-1727).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Philosophy</b> (<i>The Father of</i>), (1) Albrecht von Haller, of Berne +(1708-1777). (2) Roger Bacon is also so called (1214-1292).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Philosophy</i> (<i>The Father of Inductive</i>), Francis Bacon [<i>Lord Verulam</i>] +(1561-1626).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Philosophy</i> (<i>The Father of Roman</i>), Cicero, the orator <a name="corr92" id="corr92"></a><ins class="correction" title="(B.C.">(<span class="smcap">B.C.</span>)</ins> +106-43).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Philosophy</i> (<i>The Nursing Mother of</i>). Mde. de Boufflers was so called +by Marie Antoinette.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Phil´ostrate</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), master of the revels to Theseus (2 <i>syl.</i>) king +of Athens.—Shakespeare, <i>Midsummer Night’s Dream</i> (1592).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Philo´tas</b>, son of Parmenio, and commander of the Macedonian cavalry. He +was charged with plotting against Alexander the Great. Being put to the +rack, he confessed his guilt, and was stoned to death.</p> + +<p class="poem">The king may doom to me a thousand tortures,<br /> +Ply me with fire, and rack me like Philotas,<br /> +Ere I will stoop to idolize his pride.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">N. Lee, <i>Alexander the Great</i>, i. 1 (1678).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Philot´ime</b> (4 <i>syl.</i>, “<i>love of glory</i>”), daughter of Mammon, whom the +money-god offers to Sir Guyon for a wife; but the knight declines the +honor, saying he is bound by love-vows to another.—Spenser, <i>Faëry +Queen</i>, ii. 7 (1590).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Philot´imus</b>, Ambition personified. (Greek, <i>Philo-tīmus</i>, “ambitious, +covetous of honor.”)—Phineas Fletcher, <i>The Purple Island</i>, viii. +(1633).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Philotimus</i>, steward of the house in the suite of Gargantua.—Rabelais, +<i>Gargantua</i>, i. 18 (1533).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Philpot</b> (<i>Senior</i>), an avaricious old hunks, and father of George +Philpot. The old city merchant cannot speak a sentence without bringing +in something about money. “He wears square-toed shoes with little tiny +buckles, a brown coat with small brass buttons.... His face is all +shrivelled and pinched with care, and he shakes his head like a mandarin +upon a chimney-piece” (act i. 1).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>When I was very young, I performed the part of “Old Philpot,” at +Brighton, with great success, and next evening I was introduced +into a club-room full of company. On hearing my name announced, one +of the gentlemen laid down his pipe, and taking up his glass, said, +“Here’s to your health, young gentleman, and to your father’s, too. +I had the pleasure of seeing him last night in the part of +‘Philpot,’ and a very nice, clever old gentleman he is. I hope, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[203]</a></span>young sir, you may one day be as good an actor as your worthy +father.”—Munden.</p></div> + +<p class="main"><i>George Philpot.</i> The profligate son of old Philpot, destined for Maria +Wilding, but the betrothal is broken off, and Maria marries Beaufort. +George wants to pass for a dashing young blade, but is made the dupe of +every one. “Bubbled at play; duped by a girl to whom he paid his +addresses; cudgelled by a rake; laughed at by his cronies; snubbed by +his father, and despised by every one.”—Murphy, <i>The Citizen</i> (1757 or +1761).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Philtra</b>, a lady of large fortune, betrothed to Bracĭdas; but, seeing the +fortune of Amĭdas daily increasing, and that of Bracidas getting smaller +and smaller, she forsook the declining fortune of her first lover, and +attached herself to the more prosperous younger brother.—Spenser, +<i>Faëry Queen</i>, v. 4 (1596).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Phineus</b> [<i>Fi´.nuce</i>], a blind soothsayer, who was tormented by the +harpies. Whenever a meal was set before him, the harpies came and +carried it off, but the Argonauts delivered him from these pests in +return for his information respecting the route they were to take in +order to obtain the golden fleece. (See <span class="smcap">Tiresias</span>.)</p> + +<p class="poem">Tiresias and Phineus, prophets old.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Milton, <i>Paradise Lost</i>, iii. 36 (1665).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Phiz</b>, the pseudonym of Hablot K. Browne, who illustrated the <i>Pickwick +Papers</i> (1836), <i>Nicholas Nickleby</i>, and most of Charles Dickens’s works +of fiction. He also illustrated the Abbotsford edition of the <i>Waverley +Novels</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Phleg´rian Size</b>, gigantic. Phlegra, or the Phlegræ´an plain, in Macedon, +is where the giants attacked the gods, and were defeated by Hercŭlés. +Drayton makes the diphthong <i>æ</i> a short <i>i</i>:</p> + +<p class="poem">Whose only love surprised those of the Phlegrian size,<br /> +The Titanois, that once against high heaven durst rise.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib"><i>Polyolbion</i>, vi. (1612).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Phobbs.</b> Captain and Mrs. Phobbs, with Mrs. Major Phobbs, a widow, +sister-in-law to the captain, in <i>Lend Me Five Shillings</i>, by J. M. +Morton.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pho´cion</b>, husband of Euphra´sia, “the Grecian daughter.”—A. Murphy, +<i>The Grecian Daughter</i> (1772).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pho´cyas</b>, general of the Syrian army in the siege of Damascus. Phocyas +was in love with Eudo´cia, daughter of Eu´menês, the governor, but when +he asked the governor’s consent, Eumenês sternly refused to give it. +After gaining several battles, Phocyas fell into the hands of the Arabs, +and consented to join their army to revenge himself on Eumenês. The +Arabs triumphed, and Eudocia was taken captive, but she refused to wed a +traitor. Ultimately, Phocyas died, and Eudocia entered a convent.—John +Hughes, <i>Siege of Damascus</i> (1720).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Phœbe</b>, village girl seduced and afterward married by Barry Crittenden. +He takes her to the cottage allotted him by his father, and introduces +her to his mother and sisters. She tries diligently to adapt herself to +her new sphere until she becomes jealous of a woman whom she imagines +Barry once fancied, and now loves. Phœbe flees secretly to her mother’s +cottage, taking her child with her, and refuses to return to her +husband, until accident reveals the causelessness of her +jealousy.—Miriam Coles Harris, <i>Phœbe</i> (1884).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Phœbus</b>, the sun-god. <b>Phœbe</b> (2 <i>syl.</i>), the moon-goddess.—<i>Greek +Mythology.</i></p> + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[204]</a></span><i>Phœbus’s Son.</i> Pha´ĕton obtained permission of his father to drive the +sun-car for one day, but, unable to guide the horses, they left their +usual track, the car was overturned, and both heaven and earth were +threatened with destruction. Jupiter struck Phaeton with his +thunderbolt, and he fell headlong into the Po.</p> + +<p class="poem">... like Phœbus fayrest childe,<br /> +That did presume his father’s fiery wayne,<br /> +And flaming mouths of steeds unwonted wilde,<br /> +Thro’ highest heaven with weaker hand to rayne; ...<br /> +He leaves the welkin way most beaten playne,<br /> +And, wrapt with whirling wheels, inflamed the skyen<br /> +With fire not made to burne, but fayrely for to shyne.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Spenser, <i>Faëry Queen</i>, i. 4, 10 (1590).</span></p> + +<p class="main"><i>Phœbus.</i> Gaston de Foix was so called, from his great beauty +(1488-1512).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Phœbus</i> (<i>Captain</i>), the betrothed of Fleur de Marie. He also +entertains a base love for Esmeralda, the beautiful gypsy girl.—Victor +Hugo, <i>Notre Dame de Paris</i> (1831).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Phœnix</b> (<i>The</i>), is said to live 500 (or 1,000) years, when it makes a +nest of spices, burns itself to ashes, and comes forth with renewed life +for another similar period. There never was but one phœnix.</p> + +<p class="poem">The bird of Arabye ... Can never dye,<br /> +And yet there is none, But only one,<br /> +A phœnix ... Plinni showeth al In his <i>Story Natural</i>,<br /> +What he doth finde Of the phœnix kinde.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">J. Skelton, <i>Philip Sparow</i> (time, Henry VIII.).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Phœnix Tree</b>, the raisin, an Arabian tree. Floro says: “There never was +but one, and upon it the phœnix sits.”—<i>Dictionary</i> (1598).</p> + +<p>Pliny thinks the tree on which the phœnix was supposed to perch is the +date tree (called in Greek <i>phoinix</i>), adding that “the bird died with +the tree, and revived of itself as the tree revived.”—<i>Nat. Hist.</i>, +xiii. 4.</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i6">Now I will believe</span><br /> +That there are unicorns; that in Arabia<br /> +There is one tree, the phœnix’ throne; one phœnix<br /> +At this hour reigning there.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Shakespeare, <i>The Tempest</i>, act iii. sc. 3 (1609).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Phorcus</b>, “the old man of the sea.” He had three daughters, with only one +eye and one tooth between ’em.—<i>Greek Mythology.</i></p> + +<p>This is not “the old man of the sea” mentioned in the <i>Arabian Nights</i> +(“Sindbad the Sailor”).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Phor´mio</b>, a parasite, who is “all things to all men.”—Terence, +<i>Phormio</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Phosphor</b>, the light-bringer or morning star; also called <i>Hespĕrus</i>, and +by Homer and Hesiod <i>Heôs-phŏros</i>.</p> + +<p class="poem">Bright Phosphor, fresher for the night,<br /> +Sweet Hesper-Phosphor, double name.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Tennyson, <i>In Memoriam</i>, cxxi. (1850).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Phos´phorus</b>, a knight called by Tennyson “Morning Star,” but, in the +<i>History of Prince Arthur</i>, “Sir Persaunt of India, or the Blue Knight.” +One of the four brothers who kept the passages to Castle +Perilous.—Tennyson, <i>Idylls</i> (“Gareth and Lynette”); Sir T. Malory, +<i>History of Prince Arthur</i>, i. 131 (1470).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> It is evidently a blunder to call the <i>Blue</i> Knight “Morning +Star,” and the <i>Green</i> Knight “Evening Star.” In the old romance, the +combat with the “Green Knight,” is at dawn, and with the “Blue Knight” +at nightfall. The error arose from not bearing in mind that our +forefathers began the day with the preceding eve, and ended it at +sunset.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Phraortes</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), a Greek admiral.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[205]</a></span>—Sir W. Scott, <i>Count Robert of +Paris</i> (time, Rufus).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Phry´ne</b> (2 <i>syl.</i>), an Athenian courtezan of surpassing beauty. +Apellês’s celebrated picture of “Venus Anadyomĕnê” was drawn from +Phrynê, who entered the sea with hair dishevelled for a model. The +“Cnidian Venus” of Praxitĕlês was also taken from the same model.</p> + +<p>Some say Campaspê was the academy figure of the “Venus Anadyomenê.” Pope +has a poem called <i>Phryne</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Phyllis</b>, a Thracian, who fell in love with Demoph´oön. After some months +of mutual affection, Demophoon was obliged to sail for Athens, but +promised to return within a month. When a month had elapsed, and +Demophoon did not put in an appearance, Phyllis so mourned for him that +she was changed into an almond tree, hence called by the Greeks +<i>Phylia</i>. In time, Demophoon returned, and, being told the fate of +Phyllis, ran to embrace the tree, which though bare and leafless at the +time, was instantly covered with leaves, hence called <i>Phylla</i> by the +Greeks.</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i3">Let Demophoon tell</span><br /> +Why Phyllis by a fate untimely fell.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Ovid, <i>Art of Love</i>, iii.</span></p> + +<p class="main"><i>Phyllis</i>, a country girl in Virgil’s third and fifth <i>Eclogues</i>. Hence +a rustic maiden. Also spelt <a href="#Phillis">Phillis</a> (<i>q.v.</i>).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Phyllis</i>, in Spenser’s eclogue, <i>Colin Clout’s Come Home Again</i>, is +Lady Carey, wife of Sir George Carey (afterwards Lord Hunsdon, 1596). +Lady Carey was Elizabeth, the second of the six daughters of Sir John +Spenser, of Althorpe, ancestor of the noble houses of Spenser and +Marlborough.</p> + +<p class="poem">No less praiseworthy are the sisters three,<br /> +The honor of the noble family<br /> +Of which I, meanest, boast myself to be, ...<br /> +Phyllis, Charyllis, and sweet Amaryllis:<br /> +Phyllis the fair is eldest of the three.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Spenser, <i>Colin Clout’s Come Home Again</i> (1594).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Phyllis and Brunetta</b>, rival beauties. Phyllis procured for a certain +festival some marvellous fabric of gold brocade in order to eclipse her +rival, but Brunetta dressed the slave who bore her train, in a robe of +the same material and cut in precisely the same fashion, while she +herself wore simple black. Phyllis died of mortification.—<i>The +Spectator</i> (1711, 1712, 1714).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Phynnodderee</b>, a Manx spirit, similar to the Scotch brownie. Phynnodderee +is an outlawed fairy, who absented himself from Fairy-court on the great +<i>levée</i> day of the harvest moon. Instead of paying his respects to King +Oberon, he remained in the glen of Rushen, dancing with a pretty Manx +maid whom he was courting.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Physic a Farce is</b> (<i>His</i>). Sir John Hill began his career as an +apothecary in St. Martin’s Lane, London; became author, and amongst +other things wrote farces. Grarrick said of him:</p> + +<p class="poem">For physic and farces, his equal there scarce is:<br /> +His farces are physic, his physic a farce is.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Physician</b> (<i>The Beloved</i>), St. Luke, the evangelist (<i>Col.</i> iv. 14).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Physicians</b> (<i>The prince of</i>), Avicenna, the Arabian (980-1037).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Physigna´thos</b>, king of the frogs, and son of Pelus (“mud”). Being +wounded in the battle of the frogs and mice by Troxartas, the mouse +king, he flees ingloriously to a pool, “and half in anguish<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[206]</a></span> of the +flight, expires” (bk. iii. 112). The word means “puffed chaps.”</p> + +<p class="poem">Great Physignathos I from Pelus’ race,<br /> +Begot in fair Hydromedê’s embrace.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Parnell, <i>Battle of the Frogs and Mice</i>, i. (about 1712).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pibrac</b> (<i>Seigneur de</i>), poet and diplomatist, author of <i>Cinquante +Quatrains</i> (1574). Gorgibus bids his daughter to study Pibrac instead of +trashy novels and poetry.</p> + +<p class="poem">Lisez-moi, comme il faut, au lieu de ces sornettes,<br /> +Les <i>Quatrains</i> de Pibrac, et les doctes <i>Tablettes</i><br /> +Du conseiller Matthieu; l’ouvrage est de valeur, ...<br /> +<i>La Guide des pécheurs</i> est encore un bon livre.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Molière, <i>Sganarelle</i>, i. 1 (1660).</span></p> + +<p>(Pierre Matthieu, poet and historian, wrote <i>Quatrains de la Vanité du +Monde</i>, 1629.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Picanninies</b> (4 <i>syl.</i>), little children; the small fry of a +village.—<i>West Indian Negroes.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>There were at the marriage the picanninies and the Joblilies, but +not the Grand Panjandrum.—Yonge.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pic´atrix</b>, the pseudonym of a Spanish monk; author of a book on +demonology.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>When I was a student ... that same Rev. Picatrix ... was wont to +tell us that devils did naturally fear the bright flashes of swords +as much as he feared the splendor of the sun.—Rabelais, +<i>Pantag´ruel</i>, iii. 23 (1545).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Picciola</b>, flower that, springing up in the court-yard of his prison, +cheers and elevates the lonely life of the prisoner whom X. B. Saintine +makes the hero of his charming tale, <i>Picciola</i> (1837).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Piccolino</b>, an opera by Mons. Guiraud (1875); libretto by MM. Sardou and +Nuittier. This opera was first introduced to an English audience in +1879. The tale is this: Marthé, an orphan girl adopted by a Swiss +pastor, is in love with Frédéric Auvray, a young artist, who “loved and +left his love.” Marthé plods through the snow from Switzerland to Rome +to find her young artist, but, for greater security, puts on boy’s +clothes, and assumes the name of Piccolino. She sees Frédéric, who knows +her not; but, struck with her beauty, makes a drawing of her. Marthé +discovers that the faithless Frédéric is paying his addresses to Elena +(sister of the Duke Strozzi). She tells the lady her love-tale; and +Frédéric, deserted by Elena, forbids Piccolino (Marthé) to come into his +presence again. The poor Swiss wanderer throws herself into the Tiber, +but is rescued. Frédéric repents, and the curtain falls on a +reconciliation and approaching marriage.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pickel-Herringe</b> (5 <i>syl.</i>), a popular name among the Dutch for a +buffoon; a corruption of <i>pickle-härin</i> (“a hairy sprite”), answering to +Ben Jonson’s <i>Puck-hairy</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pickle</b> (<i>Peregrine</i>), a savage, ungrateful spendthrift, fond of +practical jokes, delighting in tormenting others; but suffering with ill +temper the misfortunes which result from his own wilfulness. His +ingratitude to his uncle, and his arrogance to Hatchway and Pipes, are +simply hateful.—T. Smollett, <i>The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle</i> +(1751).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pickwick</b> (<i>Samuel</i>), the chief character of <i>The Pickwick Papers</i>, a +novel by C. Dickens. He is general chairman of the Pickwick Club. A most +verdant, benevolent elderly gentleman, who, as member of a club +instituted “for the purpose of investigating the source of the Hampstead +ponds,” travels about with three members<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[207]</a></span> of the club, to whom he acts +as guardian and adviser. The adventures they encounter form the subject +of the <i>Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club</i> (1836).</p> + +<p>The original of Seymour’s picture of “Pickwick” was a Mr. John Foster +(<i>not</i> the biographer of Dickens, but a friend of Mr. Chapman’s, the +publisher). He lived at Richmond, and was “a fat old beau,” noted for +his “drab tights and black gaiters.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pickwickian Sense</b> (<i>In a</i>), an insult whitewashed. Mr. Pickwick accused +Mr. Blotton of acting in “a vile and calumnious manner;” whereupon Mr. +Blotton retorted by calling Mr. Pickwick “a humbug,” But it finally was +made to appear that both had used the offensive words only in a +parliamentary sense, and that each entertained for the other “the +highest regard and esteem.” So the difficulty was easily adjusted, and +both were satisfied.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Lawyers and politicians daily abuse each other in a Pickwickian +sense.—Bowditch.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Picrochole" id="Picrochole"></a><b>Pic´rochole</b>, king of Lernê, noted for his choleric temper, his thirst +for empire, and his vast but ill-digested projects.—Rabelais, +<i>Gargantua</i>, i. (1533).</p> + +<p>Supposed to be a satire on Charles V. of Spain.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Picrochole’s Counsellors.</b> The duke of Smalltrash, the earl of +Swashbuckler, and Captain Durtaille, advised King Picrochole to leave a +small garrison at home, and to divide his army into two parts—to send +one south, and the other north. The former was to take Portugal, Spain, +Italy, Germany (but was to spare the life of Barbarossa), to take the +islands of the Mediterranean, the Morea, the Holy Land, and all Lesser +Asia. The northern army was to take Belgium, Denmark, Prussia, Poland, +Russia, Norway, Sweden, sail across the Sandy Sea, and meet the other +half at Constantinople, when king Picrochole was to divide the nations +amongst his great captains. Echephron said he had heard about a pitcher +of milk which was to make its possessor a nabob, and give him for wife a +sultan’s daughter; only the poor fellow broke his pitcher, and had to go +supperless to bed. (See <span class="smcap">Bobadil</span>.)—Rabelais, <i>Pantagruel</i>, i. 33 (1533).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>A shoemaker bought a ha’p’orth of milk; with this he intended to +make butter, the butter was to buy a cow, the cow was to have a +calf, the calf was to be sold, and the man to become a nabob; only +the poor dreamer cracked the jug, and spilt the milk and had to go +supperless to bed.—<i>Pantagruel</i>, i. 33.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Picts</b>, the Caledonians or inhabitants of Albin, <i>i.e.</i> northern +Scotland. The Scots came from Scotia, north of Ireland, and established +themselves under Kenneth M’Alpin in 843.</p> + +<p>The etymology of “Picts” from the Latin <i>picti</i> (“painted men”) is about +equal to Stevens’s etymology of the word “brethren” from <i>tabernacle</i> +“because we <a name="corr93" id="corr93"></a><ins class="correction" title="breathe-therein.”">breathe-therein.</ins></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Picture</b> (<i>The</i>), a drama by Massinger (1629). The story of this play +(like that of the <i>Twelfth Night</i>, by Shakespeare) is taken from the +novelette of Bandello, of Piedmont, who died 1555.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pi´cus</b>, a soothsayer and augur; husband of Canens. In his prophetic art +he made use of a woodpecker (<i>picus</i>), a prophetic bird sacred to Mars. +Circé fell in love with him, and as he did not requite her advances, she +changed him into a woodpecker, whereby he still retained his prophetic +power.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“There is Picus,” said Maryx. “What a strange thing is tradition! +Perhaps it was in <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[208]</a></span>this very forest that Circê, gathering her +herbs, saw the bold friend of Mars on his fiery courser, and tried +to bewitch him, and, failing, metamorphosed him so. What, I wonder, +ever first wedded that story to the woodpecker?”—Ouida, <i>Ariadnê</i>, +i. 11.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pied Horses</b>, Motassem had 130,000 <i>pied horses</i>, which he employed to +carry earth to the plain of Catoul; and having raised a mound of +sufficient height to command a view of the whole neighborhood, he built +thereon the royal city of Shamarah´.—Khondemyr, <i>Khelassat al Akhbar</i> +(1495).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>The Hill of the Pied Horses</i>, the site of the palace of Alkoremmi, +built by Motassem, and enlarged by Vathek.</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Pied_Piper" id="Pied_Piper"></a><b>Pied Piper of Hamelin</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), a piper named Bunting, from his dress. +He undertook, for a certain sum of money, to free the town of Hamelin, +in Brunswick, of the rats which infested it; but when he had drowned all +the rats in the river Weser, the townsmen refused to pay the sum agreed +upon. The piper, in revenge, collected together all the children of +Hamelin, and enticed them by his piping into a cavern in the side of the +mountain Koppenberg, which instantly closed upon them, and 130 went down +alive into the pit (June 26, 1284). The street through which Bunting +conducted his victims was Bungen, and from that day to this no music is +ever allowed to be played in this particular street.—Verstegan, +<i>Restitution of Decayed Intelligence</i> (1634).</p> + +<p>Robert Browning has a poem entitled <i>The Pied Piper</i>.</p> + +<p>Erichius, in his <i>Exodus Hamelensis</i>, maintains the truth of this +legend; but Martin Schoock, in his <i>Fabula Hamelensis</i>, contends that it +is a mere myth.</p> + +<p>“Don’t forget to pay the piper” is still a household expression in +common use.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> The same tale is told of the fiddler of Brandenberg. The +children were led to the Marienberg, which opened upon them and +swallowed them up.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> When Lorch was infested with ants, a hermit led the +multitudinous insects by his pipe into a lake, where they perished. As +the inhabitants refused to pay the stipulated price, he led their pigs +the same dance, and they, too, perished in the lake.</p> + +<p>Next year, a charcoal-burner cleared the same place of crickets; and +when the price agreed upon was withheld, he led the sheep of the +inhabitants into the lake.</p> + +<p>The third year came a plague of rats, which an old man of the mountain +piped away and destroyed. Being refused his reward, he piped the +children of Lorch into the Tannenberg.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> About 200 years ago, the people of Ispahan were tormented +with rats, when a little dwarf named Giouf, not above two feet high, +promised, on the payment of a certain sum of money, to free the city of +all its vermin in an hour. The terms were agreed to, and Giouf, by tabor +and pipe, attracted every rat and mouse to follow him to the river +Zenderou, where they were all drowned. Next day, the dwarf demanded the +money; but the people gave him several bad coins, which they refused to +change. Next day, they saw with horror an old black woman, fifty feet +high, standing in the market-place with a whip in her hand. She was the +genie Mergian Banou, the mother of the dwarf. For four days she +strangled daily fifteen of the principal women, and on the fifth day led +forty others to a magic tower, into which she drove them, and they were +never after seen by mortal eye.—T. S. Gueulette, <i>Chinese Tales</i> +(“History of Prince Kader-Bilah,” 1723).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> The syrens of classic story had, by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[209]</a></span> their weird +spirit-music, a similar irresistible influence.</p> + +<p>(Weird music is called Alpleich or <a name="corr94" id="corr94"></a><ins class="correction" title="Elfenseigen.)">Elfenseigen.</ins></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pierre</b> [<i>Peer</i>], a blunt, bold, outspoken man, who heads a conspiracy to +murder the Venetian senators, and induces Jaffier to join the gang. +Jaffier (in order to save his wife’s father, Priuli), reveals the plot, +under promise of free pardon; but the senators break their pledge, and +order the conspirators to torture and death. Jaffier, being free, +because he had turned “king’s evidence” stabs Pierre, to prevent his +being broken on the wheel, and then kills himself.—T. Otway, <i>Venice +Preserved</i> (1682).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Pierre</i>, a very inquisitive servant of M. Darlemont, who long suspects +his master has played falsely with his ward, Julio, count of +Harancour.—Thomas Holcroft, <i>The Deaf and Dumb</i> (1785).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pierre Alphonse</b> (<i>Rabbi Moïse Sephardi</i>), a Spanish Jew converted to +Christianity in 1062.</p> + +<p class="poem">All stories that recorded are<br /> +By Pierre Alfonse he knew by heart.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Longfellow, <i>The Wayside Inn</i> (prelude).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pierre du Coignet</b> or <b>Coignères</b>, an advocate-general in the reign of +Philippe de Valois, who stoutly opposed the encroachments of the Church. +The monks, in revenge, nicknamed those grotesque figures in stone +(called “gargoyles”), <i>pierres du coignet</i>. At Notre Dame de Paris there +were at one time gargoyles used for extinguishing torches, and the smoke +added not a little to their ugliness.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>You may associate them with Master Pierre du Coignet, ... which +perform the office of extinguishers.—Rabelais, <i>Gargantua and +Pantagruel</i> (1533-45).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pierrot</b> [<i>Pe´-er-ro</i>], a character in French pantomime, representing a +man in stature and a child in mind. He is generally the tallest and +thinnest man in the company, and appears with his face and hair thickly +covered with flour. He wears a white gown, with very long sleeves, and a +row of big buttons down the front. The word means “Little Peter.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Piers and Palinode</b>, two shepherds in Spenser’s fifth eclogue, +representing the Protestant and the Catholic priest.</p> + +<p>Piers or Percy again appears in ecl. x. with Cuddy, a poetic shepherd. +This noble eclogue has for its subject “poetry.” Cuddy complains that +poetry has no patronage or encouragement, although it comes by +inspiration. He says no one would be so qualified as Colin to sing +divine poetry, if his mind were not so depressed by disappointed +love.—Spenser, <i>The Shepheardes Calendar</i> (1579).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pie´tro</b> (2 <i>syl.</i>), the putative father of Pompilia. This paternity was +a fraud to oust the heirs of certain property which would otherwise fall +to them.—R. Browning, <i>The Ring and the Book</i>, ii. 580.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pig.</b> Phædrus tells a tale of a popular actor who imitated the squeak of +a pig. A peasant said to the audience that he would himself next night +challenge and beat the actor. When the night arrived, the audience +unanimously gave judgment in favor of the actor, saying that his squeak +was by far the better imitation; but the peasant presented to them a +real pig, and said, “Behold, what excellent judges are ye!”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pigal</b> (<i>Mons. de</i>), the dancing-master who teaches Alice +Bridgenorth.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Peveril of the Peak</i> (time, Charles II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[210]</a></span><b>Pigeon and Dove</b> (<i>The</i>). Prince Constantio was changed into a pigeon, +and the Princess Constantia into a dove, because they loved, but were +always crossed in love. Constantio found that Constantia was sold by his +mother for a slave, and in order to follow her, he was converted into a +pigeon. Constantia was seized by a giant, and in order to escape him was +changed into a dove. Cupid then took them to Paphos, and they became +“examples of a tender and sincere passion; and ever since have been the +emblems of love and constancy.”—Comtesse D’Aunoy, <i>Fairy Tales</i> (“The +Pigeon and Dove,” 1682).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pigmy</b>, a dwarf. (See <a href="#Pygmy"><span class="smcap">Pygmy</span></a>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pigott Diamond</b> (<i>The</i>), brought from India by Lord Pigott. It weighs +82-1/4 carats. In 1818 it came into the hands of Messrs. Rundell and +Bridge.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pigrogrom´itus</b>, a name alluded to by Sir Andrew Ague-cheek.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In sooth thou wast in very gracious fooling last night when thou +spokest of Pigrogromitus, of the Vapian passing the equinoctial of +Queubus. ’Twas very good, i’ faith.—Shakespeare, <i>Twelfth Night</i>, +act ii. sc. 3 (1614).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pigwig´gen</b>, a fairy knight, whose amours with Queen Mab, and furious +combat with Oberon, form the subject of Drayton’s <i>Nymphidia</i> (1593).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pike</b> (<i>Gideon</i>), valet to old Major Bellenden.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Old +Mortality</i> (time, Charles II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pila´tus</b> (<i>Mount</i>), in Switzerland. The legend is that Pontius Pilate, +being banished to Gaul by the Emperor Tiberius, wandered to this mount, +and flung himself into a black lake at the summit of the hill, being +unable to endure the torture of conscience for having given up the Lord +to crucifixion.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pilgrim Fathers.</b> They were 102 puritans (English, Scotch, and Dutch), +who went, in December, 1620, in a ship called the <i>Mayflower</i>, to North +America, and colonized Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, and +Connecticut. These states they called “New England.” New Plymouth (near +Boston) was the second colony planted by the English in the New World.</p> + +<p class="poem">Men in the middle of life, austere and grave in deportment....<br /> +God had sifted three kingdoms to find the wheat for this planting.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Longfellow, <i>Courtship of Miles Standish</i>, iv. (1858).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pilgrim—Palmer.</b> <i>Pilgrims</i> had dwellings, <i>palmers</i> had none. +<i>Pilgrims</i> went at their own charge, <i>palmers</i> professed willing +poverty, and lived on charity. <i>Pilgrims</i> might return to a secular +life, <i>palmers</i> could not. <i>Pilgrims</i> might hold titles and follow +trades, <i>palmers</i> were wholly “religious” men.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pilgrim to Compostella.</b> Some pilgrims on their way to Compostella, +stopped at a hospice in La Calzāda. The daughter of the innkeeper +solicited a young Frenchman to spend the night with her, but he refused; +so she put in his wallet a silver cup, and when he was on the road, she +accused him to the alcaydê of theft. As the property was found in his +possession, the alcaydê ordered him to be hung. His parents went on +their way to Compostella, and returned after eight days, but what was +their amazement to find their son alive on the gibbet, and uninjured. +They went instantly to tell the alcaydê; but the magistrate replied, +“Woman, you are mad!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[211]</a></span> I would just as soon believe these pullets, which +I am about to eat, are alive, as that a man who has been gibbeted eight +days is not dead.” No sooner had he spoken than the two pullets actually +rose up alive. The alcaydê was frightened out of his wits, and was about +to rush out of doors, when the heads and feathers of the birds came +scampering in to complete the resuscitation. The cock and hen were taken +in grand procession to St. James’s Church of Compostella, where they +lived seven years, and the hen hatched two eggs, a cock and a hen, which +lived just seven years, and did the same. This has continued to this +day, and pilgrims receive feathers from these birds as holy relics; but +no matter how many feathers are given away, the plumage of the sacred +fowls is never deficient.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> This legend is also seriously related by Bishop Patrick, +<i>Parable of the Pilgrims</i>, xxxv. 430-4. Udal ap Rhys repeats it in his +<i>Tour through Spain and Portugal</i>, 35-8. It is inserted in the <i>Acta +Sanctorum</i>, vi. 45. Pope Calixtus II. mentions it among the miracles of +Santiago.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pilgrim</b> (<i>A Passionate</i>), American who visits England, as one seeks the +home he has loved throughout a tedious exile. It is like the return of a +weary child to his mother’s arms, as night comes on. He lingers upon +each feature of the landscape as upon the face of his beloved, and +counts the rest of the world but “a garish” place.—Henry James, Jr., <i>A +Passionate Pilgrim</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pilgrim’s Progress</b> (<i>The</i>), by John Bunyan. Pt. i., 1670; pt. ii., 1684. +This is supposed to be a dream, and to allegorize the life of a +Christian, from his conversion to his death. His doubts are giants, his +sins a pack, his Bible a chart, his minister, Evangelist, his conversion +a flight from the City of Destruction, his struggle with besetting sins +a fight with Apollyon, his death a toilsome passage over a deep stream, +and so on.</p> + +<p>The second part is Christiana and her family led by Greatheart through +the same road, to join Christian who had gone before.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pillar of the Doctors</b> (<i>La Colonne des Docteurs</i>), William de Champeaux +(*-1121).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pilot</b> (<i>The</i>), an important character and the title of a nautical +burletta by E. Fitzball, based on the novel so called by J. Fenimore +Cooper, of New York. “The pilot” turns out to be the brother of Colonel +Howard, of America. He happened to be in the same vessel which was +taking out the colonel’s wife and only son. The vessel was wrecked, but +“the pilot” (whose name was John Howard) saved the infant boy, and sent +him to England to be brought up, under the name of Barnstable. When +young Barnstable was a lieutenant in the British navy, Colonel Howard +seized him as a spy, and commanded him to be hung to the yardarm of an +American frigate, called the <i>Alacrity</i>. At this crisis, “the pilot” +informed the colonel that Barnstable was his own son, and the father +arrived just in time to save him from death.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pilpay´</b>, the Indian Æsop. His compilation was in Sanskrit, and entitled +<i>Pantschatantra</i>.</p> + +<p class="poem">It was rumored he could say ...<br /> +All the “Fables” of Pilpay.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Longfellow, <i>The Wayside Inn</i> (prelude).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pilum´nus</b>, the patron god of bakers and millers, because he was the +first person who ever ground corn.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[212]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Then there was Pilumnus, who was the first to make cheese, and +became the god of bakers.—Ouida, <i>Ariadnê</i>, i. 40.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pinabello</b>, son of Anselmo (king of Maganza). Marphi´sa overthrew him, +and told him he could not wipe out the disgrace till he had unhorsed a +thousand dames and a thousand knights. Pinabello was slain by +Brad´amant.—Ariosto, <i>Orlando Furioso</i> (1516).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pinac</b>, the lively, spirited fellow-traveller of Mirabel, “the wild +goose.” He is in love with the sprightly Lillia-Bianca, a daughter of +Nantolet.—Beaumont and Fletcher, <i>The Wild Goose Chase</i> (1652).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pinch</b>, a schoolmaster and conjuror, who tries to exorcise Antiph´olus +(act iv. sc. 4).—Shakespeare, <i>Comedy of Errors</i> (1593).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Pinch</i> (<i>Tom</i>), clerk to Mr. Pecksniff “architect and land surveyor.” +Simple as a child, green as a salad, and honest as truth itself. Very +fond of story-books, but far more so of the organ. It was the seventh +heaven to him to pull out the stops for the organist’s assistant at +Salisbury Cathedral; but when allowed, after service, to finger the +notes himself, he lived in a dreamland of unmitigated happiness. Being +dismissed from Pecksniff’s office, Tom was appointed librarian to the +Temple Library, and his new catalogue was a perfect model of +workmanship.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Ruth Pinch</i>, a true-hearted, pretty girl, who adores her brother, Tom, +and is the sunshine of his existence. She marries John Westlock.—C. +Dickens, <i>Martin Chuzzlewit</i> (1844).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pinchbeck.</b> Sham doctor and matrimonial agent in John Brougham’s play, +<i>Playing With Fire</i>.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Pinchbeck</i> (<i>Lady</i>), with whom Don Juan placed Leila to be brought up.</p> + +<p class="poem">Olden she was—but had been very young;<br /> +Virtuous she was—and had been, I believe ...<br /> +She merely now was amiable and witty.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Byron, <i>Don Juan</i>, xii. 43, 47 (1824).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pinchwife</b> (<i>Mr.</i>), the town husband of a raw country girl, wholly +unpractised in the ways of the world, and whom he watches with ceaseless +anxiety.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Lady Drogheda ... watched her town husband assiduously as Mr. +Pinchwife watched his country wife.—Macaulay.</p></div> + +<p class="main"><i>Mrs. Pinchwife</i>, the counterpart of Molière’s “Agnes,” in his comedy +entitled <i>L’école des Femmes</i>. Mrs. Pinchwife is a young woman wholly +unsophisticated in affairs of the heart.—Wycherly, <i>The Country Wife</i> +(1675).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Garrick altered Wycherly’s comedy to <i>The Country Girl</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pindar</b> (<i>Peter</i>), the pseudonym of Dr. John Wolcot (1738-1819).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Pindar</i> (<i>The British</i>), Thomas Gray (1716-1771). On his monument in +Westminster Abbey is inscribed these lines:</p> + +<p class="poem">No more the Grecian muse unrivalled reigns;<br /> +<span class="i1">To Britain let the nations homage pay:</span><br /> +She felt a Homer’s fire in Milton’s strains,<br /> +<span class="i1">A Pindar’s rapture in the lyre of Gray.</span></p> + +<p class="main"><i>Pindar</i> (<i>The French</i>), (1) Jean Dorat (1507-1588); (2) Ponce Denis +Lebrun (1719-1807).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Pindar</i> (<i>The Italian</i>), Gabriello Chiabrera (1552-1637).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pindar of England.</b> Cowley was preposterously called by the duke of +Buckingham “The Pindar, Horace and Virgil<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[213]</a></span> of England.” Posterity has +not endorsed this absurd eulogium (1618-1667).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pindar of Wakefield</b> (<i>The</i>), George-a-Green, pinner of the town of +Wakefield—that is, keeper of the public pound for the confinement of +estrays.—<i>The History of George-a-Green, Pindar of the Town of +Wakefield</i> (time, Elizabeth).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pindo´rus and Aride´us</b>, the two heralds of the Christian army in the +siege of Jerusalem.—Tasso, <i>Jerusalem Delivered</i> (1575).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pine-Bender</b> (<i>The</i>), Sinis, the Corinthian robber who used to fasten his +victims to two pine trees bent towards the earth, and leave them to be +torn to pieces by the rebound.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pingree</b> (<i>Nancy</i>), called “Old Lady Pingree” because of her pride and +black lace turban. She lives by herself in the lower part of the old +Pingree house, and is so poor that to give an egg to the lodgers above +stairs is an act of self-denying generosity. She has money and +burial-clothes laid away for her funeral, yet when the neighbor upstairs +dies, Nancy “lends” it to the daughter to keep her mother out of the +Potter’s field. A sudden rise in property brings Nancy a few hundreds, +and enables her to face death with calm certainty of an independent +burial in the Pingree lot.—Mary E. Wilkins, <i>A Humble Romance, and +Other Stories</i> (1887).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pinkerton</b> (<i>Miss</i>), a most majestic lady, tall as a grenadier, and most +proper. Miss Pinkerton kept an academy for young ladies on Chiswick +Mall. She was “the Semiramis of Hammersmith, the friend of Dr. Johnson, +and the correspondent of Mrs. Chapone.” This very distinguished lady +“had a Roman nose, and wore a solemn turban.” Amelia Sedley was educated +at Chiswick Mall academy, and Rebecca Sharp was a pupil-teacher +there.—Thackeray, <i>Vanity Fair</i>, i. (1848).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pinnit</b> (<i>Orson</i>), keeper of the bears.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Kenilworth</i> +(time, Elizabeth).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pinto</b> (<i>Ferdinand Mendez</i>), a Portuguese traveller, whose “voyages” were +at one time wholly discredited, but have since been verified +(1509-1583).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Ferdinand Mendez Pinto was but a type of thee, thou liar of the +first magnitude.—W. Congreve, <i>Love for Love</i> (1695).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pious</b> (<i>The</i>), Ernst I., founder of the house of Gotha (1601-1674).</p> + +<p>Robert, son of Hugues Capet (971, 996-1031).</p> + +<p>Eric IX. of Sweden (*, 1155-1161).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pip</b>, the hero of Dickens’s novel called <i>Great Expectations</i>. His family +name was Pirrip, and his Christian name Philip. He was enriched by a +convict named Abel Magwitch; and was brought up by Joe Gargery, a smith, +whose wife was a woman of thunder and lightning, storm and tempest. +Magwitch, having made his escape to Australia, became a sheep farmer, +grew very rich, and deposited £500 a year with Mr. Jaggers, a lawyer, +for the education of Pip, and to make a gentleman of him. Ultimately, +Pip married Estella, the daughter of Magwitch, but adopted from infancy +by Miss Havisham, a rich banker’s daughter. His friend, Herbert Pocket, +used to call him “Handel.”—C. Dickens, <i>Great Expectations</i> (1860).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pipchin</b> (<i>Mrs.</i>), an exceedingly “well-connected lady,” living at +Brighton, where she kept an establishment for the training<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[214]</a></span> of +<i>enfants</i>. Her “respectability” chiefly consisted in the circumstance of +her husband having broken his heart in pumping water out of some +Peruvian mines (that is, in having invested in these mines and been let +in). Mrs. Pipchin was an ill-favored old woman, with mottled cheeks and +grey eyes. She was given to buttered toast and sweetbreads, but kept her +<i>enfants</i> on the plainest possible fare.—C. Dickens, <i>Dombey and Son</i> +(1846).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Piper</b> (<i>Tom</i>), one of the characters in a morris-dance.</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i7">So have I seen</span><br /> +Tom Piper stand upon our village green,<br /> +Backed with the May-pole.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">William Browne, <i>Shepherd’s Pipe</i> (1614).</span></p> + +<p class="main"><i>Piper</i> (<i>Paddy, the</i>), an Irish piper, supposed to have been eaten by a +cow. Going along one night during the “troubles,” he knocked his head +against the body of a dead man dangling from a tree. The sight of the +“iligant” boots was too great a temptation: and as they refused to come +off without the legs, Paddy took them too, and sought shelter for the +night in a cowshed. The moon rose, and Paddy, mistaking the moon-light +for the dawn, started for the fair, having drawn on the boots and left +the “legs” behind. At daybreak, some of the piper’s friends went in +search of him, and found, to their horror, that the cow, as they +supposed, had devoured him with the exception of his legs—clothes, +bags, and all. They were horror-struck, and of course the cow was +condemned to be sold; but while driving her to the fair, they were +attracted by the strains of a piper coming towards them. The cow +startled, made a bolt, with a view, as it was supposed, of making a meal +on another piper. “Help, help!” they shouted; when Paddy himself ran to +their aid. The mystery was soon explained over a drop of the “cratur,” +and the cow was taken home again.—S. Lover, <i>Legends and Stories of +Ireland</i> (1834).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Piper of Hamelin</b> (<i>The Pied</i>), Bunting, who first charmed the rats of +Hamelin into the Weser, and then allured the children (to the number of +130) to Koppenberg Hill, which opened upon them. (See <a href="#Pied_Piper"><span class="smcap">Pied Piper of +Hamelin</span></a>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Piperman</b>, the factotum of Chalomel, chemist and druggist. He was “so +handy” that he was never at his post; and being “so handy,” he took ten +times the trouble of doing anything that another would need to bestow. +For the self-same reason, he stumbled and blundered about, muddled and +marred everything he touched, and being a Jack-of-all-trades was master +of none.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>There has been an accident because I am so handy. I went to the +dairy at a bound, came back at other, and fell down in the open +street, where I spilt the milk. I tried to bale it up—no go. Then +I ran back or ran home, I forget which, and left the money +somewhere; and then, in fact, I have been four times to and fro, +because I am so handy.—J. R. Ware, <i>Piperman’s Predicament</i>.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pipes</b> (<i>Tom</i>), a retired boatswain’s mate, living with Commodore +Trunnion to keep the servants in order. Tom Pipes is noted for his +taciturnity.—Tobias Smollett, <i>The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle</i> +(1751).</p> + +<p><a name="corr95" id="corr95"></a><ins class="correction" title="This should either read The or there should be a ) at the end of the sentence.">(The</ins> incident of Tom Pipes concealing in his shoe his master’s letter to +Emilia was suggested by Ovid.</p> + +<p class="poem">Cum possit solea chartas celare ligatas,<br /> +Et vincto blandas sub pede ferre <a name="corr96" id="corr96"></a><ins class="correction" title="notas.">notas,</ins><br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib"><i>Art of Love.</i></span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pippa.</b> Peasant maid who sings in tripping through the streets on the +morning of her holiday. The song reaches the windows of those who +sorrow, doubt and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[215]</a></span> sin, and thus influences other lives than her +own.—Robert Browning, <i>Pippa Passes</i> (1842).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pirate</b> (<i>The</i>), a novel by Sir W. Scott (1821). In this novel we are +introduced to the wild sea scenery of the Shetlands; the primitive +manners of the old udaller, Magnus Troil, and his fair daughters Minna +and Brenda; lovely pictures, drawn with nice discrimination, and most +interesting.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> A udaller is one who holds his lands on allodial tenure.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pirner</b> (<i>John</i>), a fisherman at Old St. Ronan’s.—Sir W. Scott, <i>St. +Ronan’s Well</i> (time, George III.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pisa.</b> The banner of Pisa is a cross on a crimson field, said to have +been brought from heaven by Michael the archangel, and delivered by him +to St. Efeso, the patron saint of that city.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pisanio</b>, servant of Posthu´mus. Being sent to murder Imogen, the wife of +Posthumus, he persuades her to escape to Milford Haven in boy’s clothes, +and sends a bloody napkin to Posthumus, to make him believe that she has +been murdered. Ultimately, Imogen becomes reconciled to her husband. +(See <a href="#Posthumus"><span class="smcap">Posthumus</span></a>.)—Shakespeare, <i>Cymbeline</i> (1605).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pisis´tratos</b>, of Athens, being asked by his wife to punish with death a +young man who had dared to kiss their daughter, replied, “How shall we +requite those who wish us evil, if we condemn to death those who love +us?” This anecdote is referred to by Dantê, in his <i>Purgatory</i>, +xv.—Valerius Maximus, <i>Memorable Acts and Sayings</i>, v.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pisis´tratos and His Two Sons.</b> The history of Pisistratos and his two +sons is repeated in that of Cosmo de Medici, of Florence, and his two +grandsons. It would be difficult to find a more striking parallel, +whether we regard the characters or the incidents of the two families.</p> + +<p>Pisistratos was a great favorite of the Athenian populace; so was Cosmo +de Medici with the populace of Florence. Pisistratos was banished, but, +being recalled by the people, was raised to sovereign power in the +republic of Athens; so Cosmo was banished, but, being recalled by the +people, was raised to supreme power in the republic of Florence. +Pisistratos was just and merciful, a great patron of literature, and +spent large sums of money in beautifying Athens with architecture; the +same may be said of Cosmo de Medici. To Pisistratos we owe the poems of +Homer in a connected form; and to Cosmo we owe the best literature of +Europe, for he spent fortunes in the copying of valuable MSS. The two +sons of Pisistratos were Hipparchos and Hippias; and the two grandsons +of Cosmo were Guiliano and Lorenzo. Two of the most honored citizens of +Athens (Harmodios and Aristogīton) conspired against the sons of +Pisistratos—Hipparchos was assassinated, but Hippias escaped; so +Francesco Pazzi and the archbishop of Pisa conspired against the +grandsons of Cosmo—Guiliano was assassinated, but Lorenzo escaped. In +both cases it was the elder brother who fell, and the younger who +escaped. Hippias quelled the tumult, and succeeded in placing himself at +the head of Athens; so did Lorenzo in Florence.</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Pistol" id="Pistol"></a><b>Pistol</b>, in <i>The Merry Wives of Windsor</i> and the two parts of <i>Henry +IV.</i>, is the ancient or ensign of Captain Sir John Falstaff. Peto is his +lieutenant, and Bardolph his corporal. Peto being removed,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[216]</a></span> (probably +killed), we find in <i>Henry V.</i>, Pistol is lieutenant, Bardolph ancient, +and Nym corporal. Pistol is also introduced as married to Mistress Nell +Quickly, hostess of the tavern in Eastcheap. Both Pistol and his wife +die before the play is over; so does Sir John Falstaff; Bardolph and Nym +are both hanged. Pistol is a model bully, wholly unprincipled, and +utterly despicable; but he treats his wife kindly, and she is certainly +fond of him.—Shakespeare.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pistris</b>, the sea-monster sent to devour Androm´eda. It had a dragon’s +head and a fish’s tail.—Aratus, <i>Commentaries</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pithyrian</b> [<i>Pi.thirry.an</i>], a pagan of Antioch. He had one daughter, +named Mara´na, who was a Christian. A young dragon of most formidable +character infested the city of Antioch, and demanded a virgin to be sent +out daily for its meal. The Antioch´eans cast lots for the first victim, +and the lot fell on Marana, who was led forth in grand procession as the +victim of the dragon. Pithyrian, in distraction, rushed into a Christian +church, and fell before an image which attracted his attention, at the +base of which was the real arm of a saint. The sacristan handed the holy +relic to Pithyrian, who kissed it, and then restored it to the +sacristan; but the servitor did not observe that a thumb was missing. +Off ran Pithyrian with the thumb, and joined his daughter. On came the +dragon, with tail erect, wings extended, and mouth wide open, when +Pithyrian threw into the gaping jaws the “sacred thumb.” Down fell the +tail, the wings drooped, the jaws were locked, and up rose the dragon +into the air to the height of three miles, when it blew up into a myriad +pieces. So the lady was rescued, Antioch delivered; and the relic, +minus a thumb, testifies the fact of this wonderful miracle.—Southey, +<i>The Young Dragon</i> (Spanish legend).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pitt Diamond</b> (<i>The</i>), the sixth largest cut diamond in the world. It +weighed 410 carats uncut, and 136-3/4 carats cut. It once belonged to +Mr. Pitt, grandfather of the famous earl of Chatham. The duke of +Orleans, regent of France, bought it for £135,000, whence it is often +called “The Regent.” The French republic sold it to Treskon, a merchant +of Berlin. Napoleon I. bought it to ornament his sword. It now belongs +to the king of Prussia. (See <span class="smcap">Diamonds</span>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pizarro</b>, a Spanish adventurer, who made war on Atali´ba, inca of Peru. +Elvi´ra, mistress of Pizarro, vainly endeavored to soften his cruel +heart. Before the battle, Alonzo, the husband of Cora, confided his wife +and child to Rolla, the beloved friend of the inca. The Peruvians were +on the point of being routed, when Rolla came to the rescue, and +redeemed the day; but Alonzo was made a prisoner of war. Rolla, thinking +Alonzo to be dead, proposed to Cora; but she declined his suit, and +having heard that her husband had fallen into the hands of the +Spaniards, she implored Rolla to set him free. Accordingly, he entered +the prison where Alonzo was confined, and changed clothes with him, but +Elvira liberated him on condition that he would kill Pizarro. Rolla +found his enemy sleeping in his tent, spared his life, and made him his +friend. The infant child of Cora being lost, Rolla recovered it, and was +so severely wounded in this heroic act that he died. Pizarro was slain +in combat by Alonzo; Elvira retired to a convent; and the play ends with +a grand funeral march, in which the dead body of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[217]</a></span> Rolla is borne to the +tomb.—Sheridan, <i>Pizarro</i> (1814).</p> + +<p>(Sheridan’s drama of <i>Pizarro</i> is taken from that of Kotzebue, but there +are several alterations: Thus, Sheridan makes Pizarro killed by Alonzo, +which is a departure both from Kotzebue and also from historic truth. +Pizarro lived to conquer Peru, and was assassinated in his palace at +Lima, by the son of his friend, Almagro.)</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Pizarro</i>, “the ready tool of fell Velasquez’ crimes.”—R. Jephson, +<i>Braganza</i> (1775).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Pizarro</i>, the governor of the State prison, in which Fernando Florestan +was confined. Fernando’s young wife, in boy’s attire, and under the name +of Fidelio, became the servant of Pizarro, who, resolving to murder +Fernando, sent Fidelio and Rocco (the jailer) to dig his grave. Pizarro +was just about to deal the fatal blow, when the minister of state +arrived, and commanded the prisoner to be set free.—Beethoven, +<i>Fidelio</i> (1791).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Place´bo</b>, one of the brothers of January, the old baron of Lombardy. +When January held a family conclave to know whether he should marry, +Placebo told him “to please himself, and do as he liked.”—Chaucer, +<i>Canterbury Tales</i> (“The Merchant’s Tale,” 1388).</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Placid" id="Placid"></a><b>Placid</b> (<i>Mr.</i>), a hen-pecked husband, who is roused at last to be +somewhat more manly, but could never be better than “a boiled rabbit +without oyster sauce.” (See <a href="#Pliant"><span class="smcap">Pliant</span></a>.)</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mrs. Placid</i>, the lady paramount of the house, who looked quite aghast +if her husband expressed a wish of his own, or attempted to do an +independent act.—Inchbald, <i>Every One Has His Fault</i> (1794).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Plac´idas</b>, the exact fac-simile of his friend, Amias. Having heard of +his friend’s captivity, he went to release him, and being detected in +the garden, was mistaken by Corflambo’s dwarf for Amias. The dwarf went +and told Pæa´na (the daughter of Corflambo, “fair as ever yet saw living +eye, but too loose of life and eke of love too light”). Placidas was +seized and brought before the lady, who loved Amias, but her love was +not requited. When Placidas stood before her, she thought he was Amias, +and great was her delight to find her love returned. She married +Placidas, reformed her ways, “and all men much admired the change, and +spake her praise.”—Spenser, <i>Faëry Queen</i>, iv. 8, 9 (1596).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Plagiary</b> (<i>Sir Fretful</i>), a playwright, whose dramas are mere +plagiarisms from “the refuse of obscure volumes.” He pretends to be +rather pleased with criticism, but is sorely irritated thereby. Richard +Cumberland (1732-1811), noted for his vanity and irritability, was the +model of this character.—Sheridan, <i>The Critic</i>, i. 1 (1779).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Herrick, who had no occasion to steal, has taken this image from +Suckling, and spoilt it in the theft. Like Sir Fretful Plagiary, +Herrick had not skill to steal with taste.—R. Chambers, <i>English +Literature</i>, i. 134.</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>William Parsons [1736-1795] was the original “Sir Fretful +Plagiary,” and from his delineation most of our modern actors have +borrowed their idea.—<i>Life of Sheridan.</i></p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Plaids et Gieux sous l’Ormel</b>, a society formed by the troubadours of +Picardy in the latter half of the twelfth century. It consisted of +knights and ladies of the highest rank, exercised and approved in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[218]</a></span> +courtesy, who assumed an absolute judicial power in matters of the most +delicate nature; trying with the most consummate ceremony, all causes in +love brought before their tribunals.</p> + +<p>This was similar to the “Court of Love,” established about the same +time, by the troubadours of Provence.—<i>Universal Magazine</i> (March, +1792).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Plain</b> (<i>The</i>), the level floor of the National Convention of France, +occupied by the Girondists, or moderate republicans.</p> + +<p>The red republicans occupied the higher seats, called “the mountain.” By +a figure of speech, the Girondist party was called “the plain,” and the +red republican party “the mountain.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Plain and Perspicuous Doctor</b> (<i>The</i>), Walter Burleigh (1275-1357).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Plain Dealer</b> (<i>The</i>), a comedy by William Wycherly (1677).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The countess of Drogheda ... inquired for the <i>Plain Dealer</i>. +“Madam,” said Mr. Fairbeard, ... “there he is,” pushing Mr. +Wycherly towards her.—Cibber, <i>Lives of the Poets</i>, iii. 252.</p></div> + +<p>(Wycherly married the countess in 1680. She died soon afterwards, +leaving him the whole of her fortune.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Plantagenet</b> (<i>Lady Edith</i>), a kinswoman of Richard I. She marries the +prince royal of Scotland (called Sir Kenneth, knight of the Leopard, or +David, earl of Huntingdon).—Sir W. Scott, <i>The Talisman</i> (time, Richard +I.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Plato.</b> The mistress of this philosopher was Archianassa; of Aristotle, +Hepyllis; and of Epicurus, Leontium. (See <span class="smcap">Lovers</span>.)</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Plato</i> (<i>The German</i>), Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi (1743-1819).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Plato</i> (<i>The Jewish</i>), Philo Judæus (fl. 30-40).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Plato</i> (<i>The Puritan</i>), John Howe (1630-1706).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Plato and the Bees.</b> It is said that when Plato was an infant, bees +settled on his lips while he was asleep, indicating that he would become +famous for his “honeyed words.” The same story is told of Sophoclês +also.</p> + +<p class="poem">And as when Plato did i’ the cradle thrive,<br /> +Bees to his lips brought honey from the hive;<br /> +So to this boy [<i>Dor´idon</i>] they came—I know not whether<br /> +They brought or from his lips did honey gather.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">W. Browne, <i>Brittania’s Pastorals</i>, ii. (1613).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Plato and Homer.</b> Plato greatly admired Homer, but excluded him from his +ideal republic.</p> + +<p class="poem">Plato, ’tis true, great Homer doth commend,<br /> +Yet from his common-weal did him exile.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Lord Brooke, <i>Inquisition upon Fame, etc.</i> (1554-1628).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Plato and Poets.</b></p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i1">Plato, anticipating the Reviewers,</span><br /> +From his “republic,” banished without pity<br /> +The poets.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Longfellow, <i>The Poet’s Tale</i>.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Platonic Puritan</b> (<i>The</i>), John Howe, the puritan divine (1630-1706).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Plausible</b> (<i>Counsellor</i>) and Serjeant Eitherside, two pleaders in <i>The +Man of the World</i>, by C. Macklin (1764).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pleasant</b> (<i>Mrs.</i>) in <i>The Parson’s Wedding</i>, by Tom Killigrew (1664).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pleasures of Hope</b>, a poem in two parts by Thomas Campbell (1799). It +opens with a comparison between the beauty of scenery, and the ideal +enchant<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[219]</a></span>ments of fancy, in which hope is never absent, but can sustain +the seaman on his watch, the soldier on his march, and Byron in his +perilous adventures. The hope of a mother, the hope of a prisoner, the +hope of the wanderer, the grand hope of the patriot, the hope of +regenerating uncivilized nations, extending liberty, and ameliorating +the condition of the poor. Pt. ii. speaks of the hope of love, and the +hope of a future state, concluding with the episode of Conrad and +Ellenore. Conrad was a felon, transported to New South Wales, but, +though “a martyr to his crimes, was true to his daughter.” Soon, he +says, he shall return to the dust from which he was taken;</p> + +<p class="poem">But not, my child, with life’s precarious fire,<br /> +The immortal ties of Nature shall expire;<br /> +These shall resist the triumph of decay,<br /> +When time is o’er, and worlds have passed away.<br /> +Cold in the dust this perished heart may lie,<br /> +But that which warmed it once shall never die—<br /> +That spark, unburied in its mortal frame,<br /> +With living light, eternal, and the same,<br /> +Shall beam on Joy’s interminable years,<br /> +Unveiled by darkness, unassuaged by tears.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Pt. ii.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pleasures of Imagination</b>, a poem in three books, by Akenside (1744). All +the pleasures of imagination arise from the perception of greatness, +wonderfulness, or beauty. The beauty of greatness—witness the pleasures +of mountain scenery, of astronomy, of infinity. The pleasure of what is +wonderful—witness the delight of novelty, of the revelations of +science, of tales of fancy. The pleasure of beauty, which is always +connected with truth—the beauty of color, shape, and so on, in natural +objects; the beauty of mind and the moral faculties. Bk. ii. +contemplates accidental pleasures arising from contrivance and design, +emotion and passion, such as sorrow, pity, terror, and indignation. Bk. +iii. Morbid imagination the parent of vice; the benefits of a +well-trained imagination.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pleasures of Memory</b>, a poem in two parts, by Samuel Rogers (1793). The +first part is restricted to the pleasure of memory afforded by the five +senses, as that arising from visiting celebrated places, and that +afforded by pictures. Pt. ii. goes into the pleasures of the mind, as +imagination and memory of past griefs and dangers. The poem concludes +with the supposition that in the life to come this faculty will be +greatly enlarged. The episode is this: Florio, a young sportsman, +accidentally met Julia in a grot, and followed her home, when her +father, a rich squire, welcomed him as his guest, and talked with +delight of his younger days, when hawk and hound were his joy of joys. +Florio took Julia for a sail on the lake, but the vessel was capsized, +and, though Julia was saved from the water, she died on being brought to +shore. It was Florio’s delight to haunt the places which Julia +frequented.</p> + +<p class="poem">Her charm around the enchantress Memory threw,<br /> +A charm that soothes the mind and sweetens too.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Pt. ii.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pleiads</b> (<i>The</i>), a cluster of seven stars in the constellation <i>Taurus</i>, +and applied to a cluster of seven celebrated contemporaries. The stars +were the seven daughters of Atlas: Maĭa, Electra, Taygĕtê, (4 <i>syl.</i>), +Asterŏpê, Merŏpê, Alcyŏnê and Celēno.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>The Pleiad of Alexandria</i> consisted of Callimachos, Apollonios Rhodios, +Arātos, Homer the Younger, Lycophron, Nicander, and Theocrĭtos. All of +Alexandria, in the time of Ptolemy Philadelphos.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>The Pleiad of Charlemagne</i> consisted of Alcuin, called “Albīnus;” +Angilbert,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[220]</a></span> called “Homer;” Adelard, called “Augustine;” Riculfe, called +“Damætas;” Varnefrid; Eginhard; and Charlemagne himself, who was called +“David.”</p> + +<p class="main"><i>The First French Pleiad</i> (sixteenth century): Ronsard, Joachim du +Bellay, Antoine de Baïf, Remi-Belleau, Jodelle, Ponthus de Thiard, and +the seventh is either Dorat or Amadis de Jamyn. All under Henri III.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>The Second French Pleiad</i> (seventeenth century): Rapin, Commire, Larue, +Santeuil, Ménage, Dupérier, and Petit.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>We have also our English clusters. There were those born in the second +half of the sixteenth century</i>: Spenser (1553), Drayton (1563), +Shakespeare and Marlowe (1564), Ben Jonson (1574), Fletcher (1576), +Massinger (1585), Beaumont (Fletcher’s colleague) and Ford (1586). +Besides these there were Tusser (1515), Raleigh (1552), Sir Philip +Sidney (1554), Phineas Fletcher (1584), Herbert (1593), and several +others.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Another cluster came a century later</i>: Prior (1664), Swift (1667), +Addison and Congreve (1672), Rowe (1673), Farquhar (1678), Young (1684), +Gay and Pope (1688), Macklin (1690).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>These were born in the latter half of the eighteenth century</i>: Sheridan +(1751), Crabbe (1754), Burns (1759), Rogers (1763), Wordsworth (1770), +Scott (1771), Coleridge (1772), Southey (1774), Campbell (1777), Moore +(1779), Byron (1788), Shelley and Keble (1792), and Keats (1796).</p> + +<p>Butler (1600), Milton (1608), and Dryden (1630) came between the first +and second clusters. Thomson (1700), Gray (1717), Collins (1720), +Akenside (1721), Goldsmith (1728), and Cowper (1731), between the second +and the third.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pleonec´tes</b> (4 <i>syl.</i>), Covetousness personified, in <i>The Purple +Island</i>, by Phineas Fletcher (1633). “His gold his god” ... he “much +fears to keep, much more to lose his lusting.” Fully described in canto +viii. (Greek, <i>pleonektês</i>, “covetous.”)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pleydell</b> (<i>Mr. Paulus</i>), an advocate in Edinburgh, shrewd and witty. He +was at one time the sheriff at Ellangowan.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Mr. Counsellor Pleydell was a lively, sharp-looking gentleman, with +a professional shrewdness in his eye, and, generally speaking, a +professional formality in his manner; but this he could slip off on +a Saturday evening, when ... he joined in the ancient pastime of +High Jinks.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Guy Mannering</i>, xxxix. (time, George +II.).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pliable</b>, a neighbor of Christian, whom he accompanied as far as the +“Slough of Despond,” when he turned back.—Bunyan, <i>Pilgrim’s Progress</i>, +i. (1678).</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Pliant" id="Pliant"></a><b>Pliant</b> (<i>Sir Paul</i>), a hen-pecked husband, who dares not even touch a +letter addressed to himself till my lady has read it first. His +perpetual oath is “Gadsbud!” He is such a dolt that he would not believe +his own eyes and ears, if they bore testimony against his wife’s +fidelity and continency. (See <a href="#Placid"><span class="smcap">Placid</span></a>.)</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Lady Pliant</i>, second wife of Sir Paul. “She’s handsome, and knows it; +is very silly, and thinks herself wise; has a choleric old husband” very +fond of her, but whom she rules with spirit, and snubs “afore folk.” My +lady says, “If one has once sworn, it is most unchristian, inhuman, and +obscene that one should break it.” Her conduct with Mr. Careless is most +reprehensible.—Congreve, <i>The Double Dealer</i> (1694).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pliny</b> (<i>The German</i>), or “Modern Pliny,” Konrad von Gesner of Zurich, +who wrote <i>Historia Animalium</i>, etc. (1516-1565).</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[221]</a></span><b>Pliny of the East</b>, Zakarija ibn Muhammed, surnamed “Kazwînî,” from +Kazwîn, the place of his birth. He is so called by De Sacy (1200-1283).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Plon-Plon</b>, Prince Napoleon Joseph Charles Bonaparte, son of Jerome +Bonaparte by his second wife (the Princess Frederica Catherine of +Würtemberg). Plon-Plon is a euphonic corruption of <i>Craint-Plomb</i> +(“fear-bullet”), a nickname given to the prince in the Crimēan war +(1854-6).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Plornish</b>, plasterer, Bleeding-heart Yard. He was a smooth-cheeked, +fresh-colored, sandy-whiskered man of 30. Long in the legs, yielding at +the knees, foolish in the face, flannel-jacketed and lime-whitened. He +generally chimed in conversation by echoing the words of the person +speaking. Thus, if Mrs. Plornish said to a visitor, “Miss Dorrit dursn’t +let him know;” he would chime in, “Dursn’t let him know.” “Me and +Plornish says, ‘Ho! Miss Dorrit;’” Plornish repeated, after his wife, +“Ho! Miss Dorrit.” “Can you employ Miss Dorrit?” Plornish repeated as an +echo, “Employ Miss Dorrit?” (See <a href="#Peter"><span class="smcap">Peter</span></a>.)</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mrs. Plornish</i>, the plasterer’s wife. A young woman, somewhat +slatternly in herself and her belongings, and dragged by care and +poverty already into wrinkles. She generally began her sentences with, +“Well, not to deceive you.” Thus: “Is Mr. Plornish at home?” “Well, sir, +not to deceive you, he’s gone to look for a job.” “Well, not to deceive +you, ma’am, I take it kindly of you.”—C. Dickens, <i>Little Dorrit</i> +(1857).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Plotting Parlor</b> (<i>The</i>). At Whittington, near Scarsdale, in Derbyshire, +is a farmhouse where the earl of Devonshire (Cavendish), the earl of +Danby (Osborne), and Baron Delamer (Booth), concerted the Revolution. +The room in which they met is called “The Plotting Parlor.”</p> + +<p class="poem">Where Scarsdale’s cliffs the swelling pastures bound,<br /> +... there let the farmer hail<br /> +The sacred orchard which embowers his gate,<br /> +And shew to strangers, passing down the vale,<br /> +Where Cav’ndish, Booth, and Osborne sate<br /> +When, bursting from their country’s chain, ...<br /> +They planned for freedom this her noblest reign.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Akenside, <i>Ode</i> XVIII. v. 3 (1767).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Plotwell</b> (<i>Mrs.</i>), in Mrs. Centlivre’s drama, <i>The Beau’s Duel</i> (1703).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Plough of Cincinnatus.</b> The Roman patriot of this name, when sought by +the ambassadors sent to entreat him to assume command of state and army, +was found ploughing his field. Leaving the plough in the furrow, he +accompanied them to Rome, and after a victorious campaign returned to +his little farm.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Plousina</b>, called Hebê, endowed by the fairy Anguilletta with the gifts +of wit, beauty, and wealth. Hebê still felt she lacked something, and +the fairy told her it was love. Presently came to her father’s court a +young prince named Atimir, the two fell in love with each other, and the +day of their marriage was fixed. In the interval, Atimir fell in love +with Hebê’s elder sister Iberia; and Hebê, in her grief, was sent to the +Peaceable Island, where she fell in love with the ruling prince, and +married him. After a time, Atimir and Iberia, with Hebê and her husband, +met at the palace of the ladies’ father, when the love between Atimir +and Hebê revived. A duel was fought between the young princes, in which +Atimir was slain, and the prince of the Peaceable<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[222]</a></span> Islands was severely +wounded. Hebê, coming up, threw herself on Atimir’s sword, and the dead +bodies of Atimir and Hebê were transformed into two trees called +“charms.”—Countess D’Aunoy, <i>Fairy Tales</i> (“Anguilletta,” 1682).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Plowman</b> (<i>Piers</i>), the dreamer, who, falling asleep on the Malvern +Hills, Worcestershire, saw in a vision pictures of the corruptions of +society, and particularly of the avarice and wantonness of the clergy. +This supposed vision is formed into a poetical satire of great vigor, +fancy, and humor. It is divided into twenty parts, each part being +called a <i>passus</i>, or separate vision.—William [or Robert] Langland, +<i>The Vision of Piers the Plowman</i> (1362).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Plumdamas</b> (<i>Mr. Peter</i>), grocer.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Heart of Midlothian</i> +(time, George II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Plume</b> (<i>Captain</i>), a gentleman and an officer. He is in love with +Sylvia, a wealthy heiress, and, when he marries her, gives up his +commission.—G. Farquhar, <i>The Recruiting Officer</i> (1705).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Plummer</b> (<i>Caleb</i>), a little old toy-maker, in the employ of Gruff and +Tackleton, toy merchants. He was spare, gray-haired, and very poor. It +was his pride “to go as close to Natur’ in his toys as he could for the +money.” Caleb Plummer had a blind daughter, who assisted him in his +toy-making, and whom he brought up under the belief that he himself was +young, handsome, and well off, and that the house they lived in was +sumptuously furnished and quite magnificent. Every calamity he smoothed +over, every unkind remark of their snarling employer he called a merry +jest; so that the poor blind girl lived in a castle of the air, “a +bright little world of her own.” When merry or puzzled, Caleb used to +sing something about “a sparkling bowl.”</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Bertha Plummer</i>, the blind daughter of the toy-maker, who fancied her +poor old father was a young fop, that the sack he threw across his +shoulders was a handsome blue great-coat, and that their wooden house +was a palace. She was in love with Tackleton, the toy merchant, whom she +thought to be a handsome young prince; and when she heard that he was +about to marry May Fielding, she drooped and was like to die. She was +then disillusioned, heard the real facts, and said, “Why, oh, why did +you deceive me thus? Why did you fill my heart so full, and then come +like death, and tear away the objects of my love?” However, her love for +her father was not lessened, and she declared that the knowledge of the +truth was “sight restored.” “It is my sight,” she cried. “Hitherto I +have been blind, but now my eyes are open. I never knew my father +before, and might have died without ever having known him truly.”</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Edward Plummer</i>, son of the toy-maker, and brother of the blind girl. +He was engaged from boyhood to May Fielding, went to South America, and +returned to marry her; but, hearing of her engagement to Tackleton, the +toy merchant, he assumed the disguise of a deaf old man, to ascertain +whether she loved Tackleton or not. Being satisfied that her heart was +still his own, he married her, and Tackleton made them a present of the +wedding-cake which he had ordered for himself.—C. Dickens, <i>The Cricket +on the Hearth</i> (1845).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Plush</b> (<i>John</i>), any gorgeous footman, conspicuous for his plush breeches +and rainbow colors.</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[223]</a></span><b>Plutarch</b> (<i>The Modern</i>), Vayer, born at Paris. His name in full was +Francis Vayer de la Mothe (1586-1672).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pluto</b>, the god of Hadês.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Brothers, be of good cheer, for this night we shall sup with +Pluto.—Leonidas, <i>To the Three Hundred at Thermopylæ</i>.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Plutus</b>, the god of wealth.—<i>Classic Mythology.</i></p> + +<p class="poem">Within a heart, dearer than Plutus’ mine.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Shakespeare, <i>Julius Cæsar</i>, act iv. sc. 3 (1607).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Po</b> (<i>Tom</i>), a ghost. (Welsh, <i>bo</i>, “a hobgoblin.”)</p> + +<p class="poem">He now would pass for spirit Po.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">S. Butler, <i>Hudibras</i>, iii. 1 (1678).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pocahontas</b>, daughter of Powhatan, an Indian chief of Virginia, who +rescued Captain John Smith when her father was on the point of killing +him. She subsequently married John Rolfe, and was baptized under the +name of Rebecca (1595-1617).—<i>Old and New London</i>, ii. 481 (1876).</p> + +<p>The Indian Princess is the heroine of John Brougham’s drama, +<i>Po-ca-hon-tas, or the Gentle Savage</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pochet</b> (<i>Madame</i>), the French “Mrs. Gamp.”—Henri Monnier.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pochi Dana´ri</b> (“<i>the pennyless</i>”). So the Italians call Maximilian I., +emperor of Germany (1459, 1493-1519).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pocket</b> (<i>Mr. Matthew</i>), a real scholar, educated at Harrow, and an +honor-man at Cambridge, but, having married young, he had to take up the +calling of “grinder” and literary fag for a living. Mr. Pocket, when +annoyed, used to run his two hands into his hair, and seemed as if he +intended to lift himself by it. His house was a hopeless muddle, the +best meals and chief expense being in the kitchen. Pip was placed under +the charge of this gentleman.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mrs. Pocket</i> (<i>Belinda</i>), daughter of a City knight, brought up to be +an ornamental nonentity, helpless, shiftless, and useless. She was the +mother of eight children, whom she allowed to “tumble up” as best they +could, under the charge of her maid, Flopson. Her husband, who was a +poor gentleman, found life a very uphill work.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Herbert Pocket</i>, son of Mr. Matthew Pocket, and an insurer of ships. He +was a frank, easy young man, lithe and brisk, but not muscular. There +was nothing mean or secretive about him. He was wonderfully hopeful, but +had not the stuff to push his way into wealth. He was tall, slim, and +pale; had a languor which showed itself even in his briskness; was most +amiable, cheerful, and communicative. He called Pip “Handel,” because +Pip had been a blacksmith, and Handel composed a piece of music entitled +<i>The Harmonious Blacksmith</i>. Pip helped him to a partnership in an +agency business.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Sarah Pocket</i>, sister of Matthew Pocket, a little dry, brown, +corrugated old woman, with a small face that might have been made of +walnut-shell, and a large mouth, like a cat’s without the whiskers.—C. +Dickens, <i>Great Expectations</i> (1860).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Podgers</b> (<i>The</i>), lickspittles of the great.—J. Hollingshead, <i>The +Birthplace of Podgers</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Podsnap</b> (<i>Mr.</i>), “a too, too smiling large man, with a fatal freshness +on him.” Mr. Podsnap has “two little light-colored wiry wings, one on +either side of his else bald head, looking as like his hair-brushes as +his hair.” On his forehead are gener<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[224]</a></span>ally “little red beads,” and he +wears “a large allowance of crumpled shirt-collar up behind.”</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mrs. Podsnap</i>, a “fine woman for Professor Owen: quantity of bone, +neck, and nostrils like a rocking-horse, hard features, and majestic +head-dress in which Podsnap has hung golden offerings.”</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Georgiana Podsnap</i>, daughter of the above; called by her father “the +young person.” She is a harmless, inoffensive girl, “always trying to +hide her elbows.” Georgiana adores Mrs. Lammle, and when Mr. Lammle +tries to marry the girl to Mr. Fledgeby, Mrs. Lammle induces Mr. Twemlow +to speak to the father and warn him of the connection.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Poe</b> (<i>Edgar Allen</i>). Poe’s parents were actors, and in 1885, the actors +of America erected a monument to the memory of the unhappy poet. The +poem read at the dedication of the memorial was by <i>William Winter</i>.</p> + +<p class="poemquote">“His music dies not, nor can ever die,<br /> +<span class="i1">Blown ’round the world by every wandering wind,</span><br /> +The comet, lessening in the midnight sky,<br /> +<span class="i1">Still leaves its trail of glory far behind.”</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Poem in Marble</b> (<i>A</i>), the Taj, a mausoleum of white marble, raised in +Agra, by Shah Jehan, to his favorite, Shahrina Moomtaz-i-Mahul, who died +in childbirth of her eighth child. It is also called “The Marble Queen +of Sorrow.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Poet</b> (<i>The Quaker</i>), Bernard Barton (1784-1849).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Poet Sire of Italy</b>, Dantê Alighieri (1265-1321).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Poet Squab.</b> John Dryden was so called by the earl of Rochester, on +account of his corpulence (1631-1701).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Poet of France</b> (<i>The</i>), Pierre Ronsard (1524-1585).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Poet of Poets</b>, Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Poet of the Poor</b>, the Rev. George Crabbe (1754-1832).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Poets</b> (<i>The prince of</i>). Edmund Spenser is so called on his monument in +Westminster Abbey (1553-1598).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Prince of Spanish Poets.</i> So Cervantês calls Garcilaso de la Vega +(1503-1536).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Poets of England.</b></p> + +<p>Addison, Beaumont, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Robert Browning, Burns, +Butler, Byron, Campbell, Chatterton, Chaucer, Coleridge, Collins, +Congreve, Cowley, Cowper, Crabbe, Drayton, Dryden, Fletcher, Ford, Gay, +Goldsmith, Gray, Mrs. Hemans, Herbert, Herrick, Hood, Ben Jonson, Keats, +Keble, Landor, Marlowe, Marvel, Massinger, Milton, Moore, Otway, Pope, +Prior, Rogers, Rowe, Scott, Shakespeare, Shelley, Shenstone, Southey, +Spenser, Thomson, Waller, Wordsworth, Young. With many others of less +celebrity.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Poets’ Corner</b>, in the south transept of Westminster Abbey. No one knows +who christened the corner thus. With poets are divines, philosophers, +actors, novelists, architects and critics.</p> + +<p>The “corner” contains a bust, statue, tablet, or monument, to five of +our first-rate poets: viz., Chaucer (1400), Dryden (1700), Milton +(1674), Shakespeare (1616), and Spenser (1598); and some seventeen of +second or third class merit, as Addison, Beaumont (none to Fletcher), S. +Butler, Campbell, Cowley, Cumberland, Drayton,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[225]</a></span> Gay, Gray, Goldsmith, +Ben Jonson, Macaulay, Prior, Rowe, Sheridan, Thomson and Wordsworth.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Dryden’s monument was erected by Sheffield, duke of +Buckingham. Wordsworth’s statue was erected by a public subscription.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Poetry</b> (<i>The Father of</i>), Orpheus (2 <i>syl.</i>) of Thrace.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Father of Dutch Poetry</i>, Jakob Maerlant; also called “The Father of +Flemish Poetry” (1235-1300).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Father of English Poetry</i>, Geoffrey Chaucer (1328-1400).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Father of Epic Poetry</i>, Homer.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>He compares Richardson to Homer, and predicts for his memory the +same honors which are rendered to the Father of Epic Poetry.—Sir +W. Scott.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Poetry—Prose.</b> Pope advised Wycherly “to convert his poetry into prose.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Poganuc</b>, small Puritan town in New England as it was 100 years +ago.—Harriet Beecher Stowe, <i>Poganuc People</i> (1876).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Po´gram</b> (<i>Elijah</i>), one of the “master minds” of America, and a member +of Congress. He was possessed with the idea that there was a settled +opposition in the British mind against the institutions of his “free and +enlightened country.”—C. Dickens, <i>Martin Chuzzlewit</i> (1844).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Poinder</b> (<i>George</i>), a city officer.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Heart of Midlothian</i> +(time, George II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Poins</b>, a companion of Sir John Falstaff.—Shakespeare, 1 and 2 <i>Henry +IV.</i> (1597, 1598).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The chronicles of that day contain accounts of many a mad prank +which [<i>Lord Warwick, Addison’s step-son</i>] played ... [<i>like</i>] the +lawless freaks of the madcap prince and Poins.—Thackeray.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Poison.</b> It is said that Mithridātês VI., surnamed “the Great,” had so +fortified his constitution that poisons had no baneful effect on him +(<span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 131, 120-63).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Poison of Khaïbar.</b> By this is meant the poison put into a leg of mutton +by Zaïnab, a Jewess, to kill Mahomet while he was in the citadel of +Kha´ïbar. Mahomet partook of the mutton, and suffered from the poison +all through life.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Poisoners</b> (<i>Secret</i>).</p> + +<p>1. <i>Of Ancient Rome</i>: Locusta, employed by Agrippi´na to poison her +husband, the Emperor Claudius. Nero employed the same woman to poison +Britannicus and others.</p> + +<p>2. <i>Of English History</i>: the countess of Somerset, who poisoned Sir +Thomas Overbury in the Tower of London. She also poisoned others.</p> + +<p>Villiers, duke of Buckingham, it is said poisoned King James I.</p> + +<p>3. <i>Of France</i>: Lavoisin and Lavigoreux, French midwives and +fortune-tellers.</p> + +<p>Catherine de Medicis is said to have poisoned the mother of Henri IV. +with a pair of wedding-gloves, and several others with poisoned fans.</p> + +<p>The marquise de Brinvilliers, a young profligate Frenchwoman, was taught +the art of secret poisoning by Sainte-Croix, who learnt it in +Italy.—<i>World of Wonders</i>, vii. 203.</p> + +<p>4. <i>Of Italy</i>: Pope Alexander VI. and his children, Cæsar and Lucrezia +[Borgia] were noted poisoners; so were Hieronyma Spara and Tofa´na.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Polexan´dre</b>, an heroic romance by Gomberville (1632).</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[226]</a></span><b>Policy</b> (<i>Mrs.</i>), housekeeper at Holyrood Palace. She appears in the +introduction.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Fair Maid of Perth</i> (time, Henry IV.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pol´idore</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), father of Valère.—Molière, <i>Le Dépit Amoureux</i> +(1654).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Polinesso</b>, duke of Albany, who falsely accused Geneura of incontinency, +and was slain in single combat by Ariodantês.—Ariosto, <i>Orlando +Furioso</i> (1516).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Polish Jew</b> (<i>The</i>), also called <span class="smcap">The Bells</span>, a melodrama by J. R. Ware, +brought prominently into note by the acting of Henry Irving at the +Lyceum. Mathis, a miller in a small German town, is visited on Christmas +Eve by a Polish Jew, who comes through the snow in a sledge. After rest +and refreshment he leaves for Nantzig, “four leagues off.” Mathis +follows him, kills him with an axe, and burns the body in a lime-kiln. +He then pays his debts, becomes a prosperous and respected man, and is +made burgomaster. On the wedding night of his only child, Annette, he +dies of apoplexy, of which he had ample warning by the constant sound of +sledge-bells in his ears. In his dream he supposes himself put into a +mesmeric sleep in open court, when he confesses everything and is +executed (1874).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Polixène</b>, the name assumed by Madelon Gorgibus, a shopkeeper’s daughter, +as far more romantic and genteel than her baptismal name. Her cousin, +Cathos, called herself Aminte (2 <i>syl.</i>).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Polix´enes</b> (4 <i>syl.</i>), king of Bohemia, schoolfellow and old companion +of Leontês, king of Sicily. While on a visit to the Sicilian king, +Leontês grew jealous of him, and commanded Camillo to poison him; but +Camillo only warned him of his danger, and fled with him to Bohemia. +Polixenês’s son, Flor´izel, fell in love with Perdĭta, the supposed +daughter of a shepherd; but the king threatened Perdita and the shepherd +with death unless this foolish suit were given up. Florizel and Perdita +now fled to Sicily, where they were introduced to King Leontês, and it +was soon discovered that Perdita was his lost daughter. Polixenês, +having tracked the fugitives to Sicily, learned that Perdita was the +king’s daughter, and joyfully consented to the union he had before +forbidden.—Shakespeare, <i>The Winter’s Tale</i> (1604).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Poll Pineapple</b>, the bumboat woman, once sailed in seaman’s clothes with +Lieutenant Belaye (2 <i>syl.</i>), in the <i>Hot Cross-Bun</i>. Jack tars +generally greet each other with “Messmate, ho! what cheer?” but the +greeting on the <i>Hot Cross-Bun</i> was always, “How do you do, my dear?” +and never was any oath more naughty than “Dear me!” One day, Lieutenant +Belaye came on board and said to his crew, “Here, messmates, is my wife, +for I have just come from church.” Whereupon they all fainted; and it +was found the crew consisted of young women only, who had dressed like +sailors to follow the fate of Lieutenant Belaye.—S. Gilbert, <i>The Bab +Ballads</i> (“The Bumboat Woman’s Story”).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pollente</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), a Saracen, lord of the Perilous Bridge. When his +groom, Guizor, demands the “passage-penny” of Sir Artegal, the knight +gives him a “stunning blow,” saying, “Lo! knave, there’s my hire;” and +the groom falls down dead. Pollentê then comes rushing up at full speed, +and both he and Sir Artegal fall into the river, fighting most +desperately.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[227]</a></span> At length Sir Artegal prevails, and the dead body of the +Saracen is carried down “the blood-stained stream.”—Spenser, <i>Faëry +Queen</i>, v. 2 (1596).</p> + +<p>Upton conjectures that “Pollente” is intended for Charles IX. of France, +and his groom, “Guizor” (he says), means the duke of Guise, noted for +the part he took in the St. Bartholomew Massacre.</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Polly" id="Polly"></a><b>Polly</b>, daughter of Peachum. A pretty girl, who really loved Captain +Macheath, married him, and remained faithful even when he disclaimed +her. When the reprieve arrived, “the captain” confessed his marriage, +and vowed to abide by Polly for the rest of his life.—J. Gay, <i>The +Beggar’s Opera</i> (1727).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Polly</i> (<i>Cousin</i>), “a small, bright-eyed lady of indefatigable activity +in sacrificing herself for the good of others.... In her trig person she +embodied the several functions of housekeeper, nurse, confidante, +missionary, parish-clerk, queen of the poultry-yard, and +genealogist.”—Constance Cary Harrison, <i>Flower de Hundred</i> (1890).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Polly</i>, the idolized pet of “the Colonel,” her grandfather. He will not +let “Bob” marry her, but when the two elope together and present +themselves as man and wife, on Christmas Day, and Polly’s face “like a +dew-bathed flower” is pressed to his, he yields and takes both to his +big heart.—Thomas Nelson Page, <i>In Ole Virginia</i> (1887).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Polo´nius</b>, a <a name="corr97" id="corr97"></a><ins class="correction" title="garrulous">garralous</ins> old chamberlain, of Denmark, and father of +Laer´tês and Ophelia; conceited, politic, and a courtier. Polonius +conceals himself, to overhear what Hamlet says to his mother, and, +making some unavoidable noise, startles the prince, who, thinking it is +the king concealed, rushes blindly on the intruder, and kills him; but +finds too late he has killed the chamberlain, and not Claudius, as he +hoped and expected.—Shakespeare, <i>Hamlet</i> (1596).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Polonius is a man bred in courts, exercised in business, stored +with observations, confident of his knowledge, proud of his +eloquence, and declining to dotage.—Dr. Johnson.</p></div> + +<p>It was the great part of William Mynitt (1710-1763).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Soon after Munden retired from the stage, an admirer met him in +Covent Garden. It was a wet day, and each carried an umbrella. The +gentleman’s was an expensive silk one, and Joe’s an old gingham. +“So you have left the stage, ... and ‘Polonius,’ ‘Jemmy Jumps,’ +‘Old Dornton,’ and a dozen others have left the world with you? I +wish you’d give me some trifle by way of memorial, Munden!” +“Trifle, sir? I’ faith, sir, I’ve got nothing. But, hold, yes, +egad, suppose we exchange umbrellas.”—<i>Theatrical Anecdotes.</i></p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Polwarth</b> (<i>Alick</i>), a servant of Waverley’s.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Waverley</i> +(time, George II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Polycle´tos</b> (in Latin <i>Polycletus</i>), a statuary of Sicyon, who drew up a +canon of the proportions of the several parts of the human body: as, +twice round the thumb is once round the wrist; twice round the wrist is +once round the neck; twice round the neck is once round the waist; once +round the fist is the length of the foot; the two arms extended is the +height of the body; six times the length of the foot, or eighteen +thumbs, is also the height of the body.</p> + +<p>Again, the thumb, the longest toe, and the nose should all be of the +same length. The index finger should measure the breadth of the hand and +foot, and twice the breadth should give the length. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[228]</a></span> hand, the foot, +and the face should all be the same length. The nose should be one-third +of the face; and, of course, the thumbs should be one-third the length +of the hand. Gerard de Lairesse has given the exact measurements of +every part of the human figure, according to the famous statues of +<a name="corr98" id="corr98"></a><ins class="correction" title="“Antinöus,”">“Antinöus,</ins> “Apollo Belvidere,” “Herculês,” and “Venus de’Medici.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Polycrates</b> (4 <i>syl.</i>), tyrant of Samos. He was so fortunate in +everything, that Am´asis, king of Egypt, advised him to part with +something he highly prized. Whereupon, Polycrătês threw into the sea an +engraved gem of extraordinary value. A few days afterwards, a fish was +presented to the tyrant, in which this very gem was found. Amasis now +renounced all friendship with him, as a man doomed by the gods; and not +long after this, a satrap, having entrapped the too fortunate despot, +put him to death by crucifixion. (See <span class="smcap">Fish and the Ring</span>.)—<i>Herodotus</i>, +iii. 40.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Polyd´amas</b>, a Thessalian athlete of enormous strength. He is said to +have killed an angry lion, to have held by the heels a raging bull and +thrown it helpless at his feet, to have stopped a chariot in full +career, etc. One day, he attempted to sustain a falling rock, but was +killed and buried by the huge mass.</p> + +<p>Milo carried a bull, four years old, on his shoulders through the +stadium at Olympia; he also arrested a chariot in full career. One day, +tearing asunder a pine tree, the two parts, rebounding, caught his hands +and held him fast, in which state he was devoured by wolves.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Polydore</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), the name by which Belarius called Prince Guiderius, +while he lived in a cave in the Welsh mountains. His brother, Prince +Arvirăgus, went by the name of Cadwal.—Shakespeare, <i>Cymbeline</i> (1605).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Polydore</i> (3 <i>syl.</i>), brother of General Memnon, beloved by the +Princess Calis, sister of Astorax, king of Paphos.—Beaumont and +Fletcher, <i>The Mad Lover</i> (1618).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Polydore</i> (<i>Lord</i>), son of Lord Acasto, and Castalio’s younger brother. +He entertained a base passion for his father’s ward Monimia, “the +orphan,” and, making use of the signal (“three soft taps upon the +chamber door”) to be used by Castalio, to whom she was privately +married, indulged his wanton love, Monimia supposing him to be her +husband. When, next day, he discovered that Monimia was actually married +to Castalio, he was horrified, and provoked a quarrel with his brother; +but as soon as Castalio drew his sword, he ran upon it and was +killed.—Thomas Otway, <i>The Orphan</i> (1680).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Polydore</i> (3 <i>syl.</i>), a comrade of Ernest of Otranto (page of Prince +Tancred).—Sir W. Scott, <i>Count Robert of Paris</i> (time, Rufus).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Polyglot</b> (<i>Ignatius</i>), the master of seventeen languages, and tutor of +Charles Eustace (aged 24). Very learned, very ignorant of human life; +most strict as a disciplinarian, but tender-hearted as a girl. His pupil +has married clandestinely, but Polyglot offers himself voluntarily to be +the scapegoat of the young couple, and he brings them off +triumphantly.—J. Poole, <i>The Scapegoat</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Polyglott</b> (<i>A Walking</i>), Cardinal Mezzofanti, who knew fifty-eight +different languages (1774-1849).</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[229]</a></span><b>Polyolbion</b> (the “<i>greatly blessed</i>”), by Michael Drayton, in thirty +parts, called <a name="corr99" id="corr99"></a><ins class="correction" title="“songs.”">“songs,”</ins> It is a topographical description of +England. Song i. The landing of Bruce. Song ii. Dorsetshire, and the +adventures of Sir Bevis of Southampton. Song iii. Somerset. Song iv. +Contention of the rivers of England and Wales respecting Lundy—to which +country it belonged. Song v. Sabrina, as arbiter, decides that it is +“allied alike both to <a name="corr100" id="corr100"></a><ins class="correction" title="England">Enggland</ins> and Wales;” Merlin and Milford +Haven. Song vi. The salmon and beaver of Twy; the tale of Sabrina; the +druids and bards. Song vii. Hereford. Song viii. Conquest of Britain by +the Romans and by the Saxons. Song ix. Wales. Song x. Merlin’s +prophecies; Winifred’s well; defence of the “tale of Brute” (1612). Song +xi. Cheshire, the religious Saxon kings. Song xii. Shropshire and +Staffordshire; the Saxon warrior kings; and Guy of Warwick. Song xiii. +Warwick; Guy of Warwick concluded. Song xiv. Gloucestershire. Song xv. +The marriage of Isis and Thame. Song xvi. The Roman roads and Saxon +kingdoms. Song xvii. Surrey and Sussex; the sovereigns of England from +William to Elizabeth. Song xviii. Kent; England’s great generals and +sea-captains (1613). Song xix. Essex and Suffolk; English navigators. +Song xx. Norfolk. Song xxi. Cambridge and Ely. Song xxii. +Buckinghamshire, and England’s intestine battles. Song xxiii. +Northamptonshire. Song xxiv. Rutlandshire; and the British saints. Song +xxv. Lincolnshire. Song xxvi. Nottinghamshire, Leicestershire, +Derbyshire; with the story of Robin Hood. Song xxvii. Lancashire and the +Isle of Man. Song xxviii. Yorkshire. Song xxix. Northumberland. Song +xxx. Cumberland (1622).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pol´ypheme</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), a gigantic cyclops of Sicily, who fed on human +flesh. When Ulysses, on his return from Troy, was driven to this Island, +he and twelve of his companions were seized by Polypheme, and confined +in his cave, that he might devour two daily for his dinner. Ulysses made +the giant drunk, and, when he lay down to sleep, bored out his one eye. +Roused by the pain, the monster tried to catch his tormentors; but +Ulysses and his surviving companions made their escape by clinging to +the bellies of the sheep and rams when they were let out to pasture +(<i>Odyssey</i>, ix.).</p> + +<p>There is a Basque legend told of the giant Tartaro, who caught a young +man in his snares, and confined him in his cave for dessert. When, +however, Tartaro fell asleep, the young man made the giant’s spit red +hot, bored out his one eye, and then made his escape by fixing the bell +of the bell-ram round his neck, and a sheep-skin over his back. Tartaro +seized the skin, and the man, leaving it behind, made off.—<i>Basque +Legends.</i></p> + +<p>A very similar adventure forms the tale of Sindbad’s third voyage, in +the <i>Arabian Nights</i>. He was shipwrecked on a strange island, and +entered, with his companions, a sort of palace. At nightfall, a one-eyed +giant entered, and ate one of them for supper, and another for breakfast +next morning. This went on for a day or two, when Sindbad bored out the +giant’s one eye with a charred olive stake. The giant tried in vain to +catch his tormentors, but they ran to their rafts; and Sindbad, with two +others, contrived to escape.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Homer was translated into Syriac by Theophilus Edessenes in +the caliphate of Hárun-ur-Ráshid (<span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 786-809).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Polypheme and Galatea.</b> Polypheme loved Galatēa, the sea-nymph; but +Galatea had fixed her affections on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[230]</a></span> Acis, a Sicilian shepherd. The +giant, in his jealousy, hurled a huge rock at his rival, and crushed him +to death.</p> + +<p>The tale of Polypheme is from Homer’s <i>Odyssey</i>, ix. It is also given by +Ovid in his <i>Metamorphoses</i>, xiv. Euripidês introduces the monster in +his <i>Cyclops</i>; and the tragedy of Acis and Galatea is the subject of +Handel’s famous opera so called.</p> + +<p>(In Greek the monster is called <i>Polyphêmos</i>, and in Latin +<i>Polyphēmus</i>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Polyphe´mus of Literature</b>, Dr. Samuel Johnson (1709-1784).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Polypho´nus</b> (“<i>big voiced</i>”), the Kapăneus and most boastful of the frog +heroes. He was slain by the mouse Artophăgus (“the bread-nibbler”).</p> + +<p class="poem">But great Artophagus avenged the slain, ...<br /> +And Polyphōnus died, a frog renowned<br /> +For boastful speech and turbulence of sound.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Parnell, <i>Battle of the Frogs and Mice</i>, iii. (about 1712).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Polyx´ena</b>, a magnanimous and most noble woman, wife of Charles Emmanuel, +king of Sardinia (who succeeded to the crown in 1730).—R. Browning, +<i>King Victor and King Charles, etc.</i></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pomegranate Seed.</b> When Perseph´onê was in Hadês, whither Pluto had +carried her, the god, foreknowing that Jupiter would demand her release, +gathered a pomegranate, and said to her, “Love, eat with me, this +parting day, of the pomegranate seed;” and she ate. Demēter, in the mean +time, implored Zeus (<i>Jupiter</i>) to demand Persephonê’s release; and the +king of Olympus promised she should be set at liberty, if she had not +eaten anything during her detention in Hadês. As, however, she had eaten +pomegranate seeds, her return was impossible.</p> + +<p class="poem">Low laughs the dark king on his throne—<br /> +“I gave her of pomegranate seeds” ...</p> + +<p class="poem">And chant the maids of Enna still—<br /> +“O fateful flower beside the rill,<br /> +The daffodil, the daffodil.” (See <span class="smcap">Daffodil</span>.)<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Jean Ingelow, <i>Persephone</i>.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pomoma.</b> The incomparable maid-of-work, custodian, novelist, comedienne, +tragedienne, and presiding genius of Rudder Grange. Her <i>chef d’œuvre</i> +is the expedient of posting the premises “<i>To be Sold for Taxes</i>,” to +keep away peddlers of trees, etc., in her employers’ absence.—Frank +Stockton, <i>Rudder Grange</i> (1879).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pompey</b>, a clown; servant to Mrs. Overdone (a bawd).—Shakespeare, +<i>Measure for Measure</i> (1603).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pompey the Great</b>, was killed by Achillas and Septimius, the moment the +Egyptian fishing-boat reached the coast. Plutarch tells us they threw +his head into the sea. Others say his head was sent to Cæsar, who turned +from it with horror, and shed a flood of tears. Shakespeare makes him +killed by “savage islanders” (2 <i>Henry VI.</i> act iv. sc. 1, 1598).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pompil´ia</b>, a foundling, the putative daughter of Pietro (2 <i>syl.</i>). She +married Count Guido Franceschini, who treated her so brutally that she +made her escape under the protection of a young priest named +Caponsacchi. Pompilia subsequently gave birth to a son, but was slain by +her husband.</p> + +<p class="poem">The babe had been a find i’ the filth-heap, sir,<br /> +Catch from the kennel. There was found at Rome,<br /> +Down in the deepest of our social dregs,<br /> +A woman who professed the wanton’s trade ...<br /> +She sold this babe eight months before its birth<br /> +To our Violante (3 <i>syl.</i>), Pietro’s honest spouse, ...<br /> +Partly to please old Pietro,<br /> +Partly to cheat the rightful heirs, agape<br /> +For that same principal of the usufruct,<br /> +It vexed him he must die and leave behind.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">R. Browning, <i>The Ring and the Book</i>, ii, 557, etc.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[231]</a></span><b>Ponce de Léon</b>, the navigator who went in search of the <i>Fontaine de +Jouvence</i>, “qui fit rajovenir la gent.” He sailed in two ships on this +“voyage of discoveries,” in the sixteenth century.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Like Ponce de Léon, he wants to go off to the Antipodês in search +of that <i>Fontaine de Jouvence</i> which was fabled to give a man back +his youth.—<i>Véra</i>, 130.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pongo</b>, a cross between “a land-tiger and a sea-shark.” This terrible +monster devastated Sicily, but was slain by the three sons of St. +George.—R. Johnson, <i>The Seven Champions, etc.</i> (1617).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ponoc´rates</b> (4 <i>syl.</i>), the tutor of Gargantua.—Rabelais, <i>Gargantua</i> +(1533).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pontius Pilate’s Body-Guard</b>, the 1st Foot Regiment. In Picardy the +French officers wanted to make out that they were the seniors, and, to +carry their point, vaunted that they were on duty on the night of the +Crucifixion. The colonel of the 1st Foot replied, “If we had been on +guard we should not have slept at our posts” (see <i>Matt.</i> xxviii. 13).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pontoys</b> (<i>Stephen</i>), a veteran in Sir Hugo de Lacy’s troop.—Sir W. +Scott, <i>The Betrothed</i> (time, Henry II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pony</b> (<i>Mr. Garland’s</i>), Whisker (<i>q.v.</i>).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Poole</b> (1 <i>syl.</i>), in Dorsetshire; once “a young and lusty sea-born +lass,” courted by Great Albion, who had by her three children, Brunksey, +Fursey and [St.] Hellen. Thetis was indignant that one of her virgin +train should be guilty of such indiscretion; and, to protect his +children from her fury, Albion placed them in the bosom of Poole, and +then threw his arms around them.—M. Drayton, <i>Polyolbion</i>, ii. (1612).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Poor</b> (<i>Father of the</i>), Bernard Gilpin. (1517-1583).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Poor Gentleman</b> (<i>The</i>), a comedy by George Colman, the younger (1802). +“The poor gentleman” is Lieutenant Worthington, discharged from the army +on half-pay because his arm had been crushed by a shell in storming +Gibraltar. On his half-pay he had to support himself, his daughter +Emily, an old corporal and a maiden sister-in-law. Having put his name +to a bill for £500, his friend died without effecting an insurance, and +the lieutenant was called upon for payment. Imprisonment would have +followed if Sir Robert Bramble had not most generously paid the money. +With this piece of good fortune came another—the marriage of his +daughter Emily to Frederick Bramble, nephew and heir of the rich +baronet.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Poor Richard</b>, the pseudonym of Benjamin Franklin, under which he issued +a series of almanacs, which he made the medium of teaching thrift, +temperance, order, cleanliness, chastity, forgiveness, and so on. The +maxims or precepts of these almanacs generally end with the words, “as +poor Richard says” (begun in 1732).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Poor Robin</b>, the pseudonym of Robert Herrick, the poet, under which he +issued a series of almanacs (begun in 1661).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pope</b> (<i>to drink like a</i>). Benedict XII. was an enormous eater, and such +a huge wine-drinker that he gave rise to the Bacchanalian expression, +<i>Bibāmus papaliter</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pope Changing His Name.</b> Peter Hogsmouth, or, as he is sometimes called, +Peter di Porca, was the first pope to change<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[232]</a></span> his name. He called +himself Sergius II. (844-847). Some say he thought it arrogant to be +called Peter II.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pope-Fig-Lands</b>, Protestant countries. The Gaillardets, being shown the +pope’s image, said, “A fig for the pope!” whereupon their whole island +was put to the sword, and the name changed to Pope-fig-land, the people +being called “Pope-figs.”—Rabelais, <i>Pantag´ruel</i>, iv. 45 (1545).</p> + +<p>The allusion is to the kingdom of Navarre, once Protestant; but in 1512 +it was subjected to Ferdinand, the Catholic.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pope-Figs</b>, Protestants. The name was given to the Gaillardets for saying +“A fig for the pope!”</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>They were made tributaries and slaves to the Papimans for saying “A +fig for the pope’s image!” and never after did the poor wretches +prosper, but every year the devil was at their doors, and they were +plagued with hail, storms, famine, and all manner of woes, in +punishment of this sin of their forefathers.—Rabelais, +<i>Pantagruel</i>, iv. 45 (1545).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pope Joan</b>, between Leo IV. and Benedict III., and called John [VIII.]. +The subject of this scandalous story was an English girl, educated at +Cologne, who left her home in man’s disguise with her lover (the monk +Folda), and went to Athens, where she studied law. She went to Rome and +studied theology, earning so great a reputation that, at the death of +Leo IV., she was chosen his successor. Her sex was discovered by the +birth of a child, while she was going to the Lateran Basilica, between +the Coliseum and the church of St. Clement. Pope Joan died, and was +buried, without honors, after a pontificate of two years and five months +(853-855).—Marianus Scotus (who died 1086).</p> + +<p>The story is given most fully by Martinus Polonus, confessor to Gregory +X., and the tale was generally believed till the Reformation. There is a +German miracle-play on the subject, called <i>The Canonization of Pope +Joan</i> (1480). David Blondel, a Calvinist divine, has written a book to +confute the tale.</p> + +<p>The following note contains the chief points of interest:—</p> + +<p>Anastasius, the librarian, is the first to mention such a pope, <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> +886, or thirty years after the death of Joan.</p> + +<p>Marianus Scotus, in his <i>Chronicle</i>, says she reigned two years, five +months and four days (853-855). Scotus died 1086.</p> + +<p>Sigebert de Gemblours, in his <i>Chronicle</i>, repeats the same story +(1112).</p> + +<p>Otto of <a name="corr101" id="corr101"></a><ins class="correction" title="Freisingen">Friesingen</ins> and Gotfried of Viterbo both mention her in +their histories.</p> + +<p>Martin Polonus gives a very full account of the matter. He says she went +by the name of John Anglus, and was born at Metz, of English parents. +While she was pope, she was prematurely delivered of a child in the +street “between the Coliseum and St. Clement’s Church.”</p> + +<p>William Ocham alludes to the story.</p> + +<p>Thomas de Elmham repeats it (1422).</p> + +<p>John Huss tells us her baptismal name was not Joan, but Agnes.</p> + +<p>Others insist that her name was Gilberta.</p> + +<p>In the <i>Annalês Augustani</i> (1135), we are told her papal name was John +VIII., and that she it was who <a name="corr102" id="corr102"></a><ins class="correction" title="consecrated">conscrated</ins> Louis II., of France.</p> + +<p>Arguments in favor of the allegation are given by Spanheim, <i>Exercit. de +Papa Fæmina</i>, ii. 577; in Lenfant, <i>Historie de la Papesse Jeanne</i>.</p> + +<p>Arguments against the allegation are given by Allatius or Allatus, +<i>Confutatio Fabulæ de Johanna Papissa</i>; and in <a name="corr103" id="corr103"></a><ins class="correction" title="Le Quien,">Lequien,</ins> <i>Oriens +Christianus</i>, iii. 777.</p> + +<p>Arguments on both sides are given in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[233]</a></span> Cunningham’s translation of +<i>Geiseler, Lehrbuch</i>, ii. 21, 22; and in La Bayle’s <i>Dictionnaire</i>, +iii., art. “Papisse.”</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Gibbon says, “Two Protestants, Blondel and Bayle, have +annihilated the female pope;” but the expression is certainly too +strong, and even Mosheim is more than half inclined to believe there +really was such a person.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pope of Philosophy</b>, Aristotle (<span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 384-322).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Popes</b> (<i>Titles assumed by</i>). “Universal Bishop,” prior to Gregory the +Great. Gregory the Great adopted the style of “Servus Servorum” (591).</p> + +<p>Martin IV. was addressed as “the lamb of God which takest away the sins +of the world,” to which was added, “Grant us thy peace!” (1281).</p> + +<p>Leo X. was styled, by the council of Lateran, “Divine Majesty,” “Husband +of the Church,” “Prince of the Apostles,” “The Key of all the Universe,” +“The Pastor, the Physician, and a God possessed of all power both in +heaven and on earth” (1513).</p> + +<p>Paul V. styled himself “Monarch of Christendom,” “Supporter of the Papal +Omnipotence,” “Vice-God,” “Lord God the Pope” (1605).</p> + +<p>Others, after Paul, “Master of the World,” “Pope the Universal Father,” +“Judge in the place of God,” “Vicegerent of the Most High.”—Brady, +<i>Clavis Calendaria</i>, 247 (1839).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The pope assumes supreme dominion, not only over spiritual but also +over temporal affairs, styling himself “Head of the Catholic or +Universal Church, Sole Arbiter of its rights, and Sovereign Father +of all the Kings of the Earth.” From these titles, he wears a +triple crown, one as High Priest, one as emperor, and the third as +king. He also bears keys, to denote his privilege of opening the +gates of heaven to all true believers.—Brady, 250-1.</p></div> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> For the first five centuries the bishops of Rome wore a +bonnet, like other ecclesiastics. Pope Hormisdas placed on his bonnet +the crown sent him by Clovis; Boniface VIII. added a second crown during +his struggles with Philip the Fair; and John XXII. assumed the third +crown.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Popish Plot</b>, a supposed Roman Catholic conspiracy to massacre the +Protestants, burn London, and murder the king (Charles II.). This +fiction was concocted by one Titus Oates, who made a “good thing” by his +schemes; but being at last found out, was pilloried, whipped, and +imprisoned (1678-9).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Poppy</b> (<i>Ned</i>), a prosy old anecdote teller, with a marvellous tendency +to digression.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Poquelin</b> (<i>Jean-ah</i>), a wealthy Creole living in seclusion in an old +house, attended only by a deaf-mute negro. The secrecy and mystery of +his life excite all sorts of ugly rumors, and he is mobbed by a crowd of +mischievous boys and loafers, receiving injuries that cause his death. +The story that his house is haunted keeps intruders from the doors, but +they venture near enough on the day of his funeral, to see the coffin +brought out by the mute negro, and laid on a cart, and that the solitary +mourner is Poquelin’s brother, long supposed to be dead. He is a +<i>leper</i>, for whom the elder brother has cared secretly all these years, +not permitting the knowledge of his existence to get abroad, lest the +unfortunate man should be removed forcibly, and sent to what is the only +asylum for him now that his guardian is dead—the abhorrent <i>Terre aux +Lepreux</i>.—George W. Cable, <i>Old Creole Days</i> (1879).</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[234]</a></span><b>Porch</b> (<i>The</i>). The Stoics were so called, because their founder gave his +lectures in the Athenian <i>stoa</i>, or <i>porch</i>, called “Pœ´cilê.”</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The successors of Socrătês formed ... the Academy, the Porch, the +Garden.—Professor Seeley, <i>Ecce Homo</i>.</p></div> + +<p>George Herbert has a poem called <i>The Church Porch</i> (six-line stanzas). +It may be considered introductory to his poem entitled <i>The Church</i> +(Sapphic verse and sundry other metres).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Porcius</b>, son of Cato, of Utĭca (in Africa), and brother of Marcus. Both +brothers were in love with Lucia; but the hot-headed, impulsive Marcus, +being slain in battle, the sage and temperate Porcius was without a +rival.—J. Addison, <i>Cato</i> (1713).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>When Sheridan reproduced <i>Cato</i>, Wignell, who acted “Porcius,” +omitted the prologue, and began at once with the lines, “The dawn +is overcast, the morning lowers....” “The prologue! the prologue!” +shouted the audience; and Wignell went on in the same tone, as if +continuing his speech:</p> +</div> + +<p class="poem">Ladies and gentleman, there has not been<br /> +A prologue spoken to this play for years—<br /> +And heavily on clouds brings on the day,<br /> +The great, th’ important day, big with the fate<br /> +Of Cato and of Rome.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib"><i>History of the Stage.</i></span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Porcupine</b> (<i>Peter</i>). William Cobbett, the politician, published <i>The +Rushlight</i> under this pseudonym in 1860.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pornei´us</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), Fornication personified; one of the four sons of +Anag´nus (<i>inchastity</i>), his brothers being Mæ´chus (<i>adultery</i>), +Acath´arus, and Asel´gês (<i>lasciviousness</i>). He began the battle of +Mansoul by encountering Parthen´ia (<i>maidenly chastity</i>), but “the +martial maid” slew him with her spear. (Greek, <i>porneia</i>, +“fornication.”).</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i1">In maids his joy; now by a maid defied,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">His life he lost and all his former pride.</span><br /> +With women would he live, now by a woman died.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Phineas Fletcher, <i>The Purple Island</i>, xi. (1633).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Porphyrius</b>, in Dryden’s drama of <i>Tyrannic Love</i>.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Valeria, daughter of Maximin, having killed herself for the love of +Porphyrus, was on one occasion being carried off by the bearers, +when she started up and boxed one of the bearers on the ears, +saying to him:</p> + +<p> +Hold! are you mad, you damned confounded dog?<br /> +I am to rise and speak the epilogue.<br /> +<br /> +W. C. Russell, <i>Representative Actors</i>, 456.<br /> +</p> +</div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Porphyro-Genitus</b> (“<i>born in the Porphyra</i>”), the title given to the +kings of the Eastern empire, from the apartments called Porphyra, set +apart for the empresses during confinement.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>There he found Irene, the empress, in travail, in a house anciently +appointed for the empresses during childbirth. They call that house +“Porphyra,” whence the name of the Porphyro-geniti came into the +world.—See Selden, <i>Titles of Honor</i>, v. 61 (1614).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Porrex</b>, younger son of Gorboduc, a legendary king of Britain. He drove +his elder brother, Ferrex, from the kingdom, and, when Ferrex returned +with a large army, defeated and slew him. Porrex was murdered while +“slumbering on his careful bed,” by his own mother, who <a name="corr104" id="corr104"></a><ins class="correction" title="“stabbed">stabbed</ins> +him to the heart with a knife.”—Thomas Norton and Thomas Sackville, +<i>Gorboduc</i> (a tragedy, 1561-2).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Por´sena</b>, a legendary king of Etruria, who made war on Rome to restore +Tarquin to the throne.</p> + +<p>Lord Macaulay has made this the subject of one of his <i>Lays of Ancient +Rome</i> (1842).</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[235]</a></span><b>Port´amour</b>, Cupid’s sheriff’s officer, who summoned offending lovers to +“Love’s Judgment Hall.”—Spenser, <i>Faëry Queen</i>, vi. 7 (1596).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Porteous</b> (<i>Captain John</i>), an officer of the city guard. He is hanged by +the mob (1736).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mrs. Porteous</i>, wife of the captain.—Sir W. Scott, <i>The Heart of +Midlothian</i> (time, George II.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Porter</b> (<i>Sir Joseph</i>), K. C. B. The admiral who “stuck close to his +desk, and never went to sea.” His reward was the appointment as “ruler +of the Queen’s navee.”—W. S. Gilbert, <i>Pinafore</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Portia</b>, the wife of Pontius Pilate, in Klopstock’s <i>Messiah</i>.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Portia</i>, wife of Marcus Brutus. Valerius Maximus says: “She, being +determined to kill herself, took hot burning coals into her mouth, and +kept her lips closed till she was suffocated by the smoke.”</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i2">With this she fell distract,</span><br /> +And, her attendants absent, swallowed fire.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Shakespeare, <i>Julius Cæsar</i>, act iv. sc. 3 (1607).</span></p> + +<p class="main"><i>Portia</i>, a rich heiress, in love with Bassa´nio; but her choice of a +husband was restricted by her father’s will to the following condition: +Her suitors were to select from three caskets, one of gold, one of +silver, and one of lead, and he who selected the casket which contained +Portia’s picture, was to claim her as his wife. Bassanio chose the lead, +and being successful, became the espoused husband. It so happened that +Bassanio had borrowed 3,000 ducats, and Antonio, a Venetian merchant, +was his security. The money was borrowed of Shylock, a Jew, on these +conditions: If the loan was repaid within three months, only the +principal would be required; if not, the Jew should be at liberty to +claim a pound of flesh from Antonio’s body. The loan was not repaid, and +the Jew demanded the forfeiture. Portia, in the dress of a law doctor, +conducted the defence, and saved Antonio by reminding the Jew that a +pound of <i>flesh</i> gave him no drop of blood, and that he must cut neither +more nor less than an exact pound, otherwise his life would be +forfeited. As it would be plainly impossible to fulfill these +conditions, the Jew gave up his claim, and Antonio was +saved.—Shakespeare, <i>Merchant of Venice</i> (1598).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Portsmouth</b> (<i>The duchess of</i>), “La Belle Louise de Querouaille,” one of +the mistresses of Charles II.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Perveril of the Peak</i> +(time, Charles II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Portuguese Cid</b> (<i>The</i>), Nunez Alvarez Pereria (1360-1431).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Portuguese Horace</b> (<i>The</i>), Antonio Ferreira (1528-1569).</p> + + +<p>“<b>Posson Jone</b>,” a gigantic parson from “up the river” who has “been to +Mobile on business for Bethesdy Church.” His sojourn in New Orleans on +his way home is marked by divers adventures. He is beguiled into a +gambling den, drugged and made drunk. While intoxicated, he visits a +circus and has a scene with the showman and his tiger; he is locked up +and awakes in his senses and penitent. His simplicity of +self-condemnation, his humility and fortitude move his tempter to +restore the $500 of church-money he has “borrowed” from the confiding +victim whose transport of pious gratitude overwhelms the world-hardened +man with shame and inspires him to new resolves.—George W. Cable, +“<i>Posson Jone</i>” (1879).</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[236]</a></span><a name="Posthumus" id="Posthumus"></a><b>Posthu´mus</b> [<span class="smcap">Leonatus</span>] married Imogen, daughter of Cymbeline, king of +Britain, and was banished the kingdom for life. He went to Italy, and +there, in the house of Philario, bet a diamond ring with Iachimo that +nothing could seduce the fidelity of Imogen. Iachimo accepted the bet, +concealed himself in a chest in Imogen’s chamber, made himself master of +certain details and also of a bracelet, and with these vouchers claimed +the ring. Posthūmus now ordered his servant, Pisanio, to inveigle Imogen +to Milford Haven under the promise of meeting her husband, and to murder +her on the road; but Pisanio told Imogen to assume boy’s apparel, and +enter the service of the Roman general in Britain, as a page. A battle +being fought, the Roman general, Iachimo, and Imogen were among the +captives; and Posthumus, having done great service in the battle on +Cymbeline’s behalf, was pardoned. The Roman general prayed that the +supposed page might be set at liberty, and the king told her she might +also claim a boon, whereupon she asked that Iachimo should state how he +became possessed of the ring he was wearing. The whole villainy being +thus exposed, Imogen’s innocence was fully established, and she was +re-united to her husband.—Shakespeare, <i>Cymbeline</i> (1605).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Potage</b> (<i>Jean</i>), the French “Jack Pudding;” similar to the Italian +“Macaroni,” the Dutch “Pickel-herringe,” and the German “Hanswurst.” +Clumsy, gormandizing clowns, fond of practical jokes, especially such as +stealing eatables and drinkables.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pother</b> (<i>Doctor</i>), an apothecary, “city register, and walking +story-book.” He had a story <i>à propos</i> of every remark made and of every +incident; but as he mixed two or three together, his stories were +pointless and quite unintelligible. “I know a monstrous good story on +that point He! he! he” “I tell you a famous good story about that, you +must know. He! he! he!...” “I could have told a capital story, but there +was no one to listen to it. He! he! he!” This is the style of his +chattering ... “speaking professionally—for anatomy, chemistry, +pharmacy, phlebotomy, oxygen, hydrogen, caloric, carbonic, atmospheric, +galvanic. Ha! ha! ha! Can tell you a prodigiously laughable story on the +subject. Went last summer to a watering-place—lady of fashion—feel +pulse—not lady, but lap-dog—talk Latin—prescribed galvanism—out +jumped Pompey plump into a batter pudding, and lay like a toad in a +hole. Ha! ha! ha!”—Dibdin, <i>The Farmer’s Wife</i> (1780).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Colman’s “Ollapod” (1802) was evidently copied from Dibdin’s +“Doctor Pother.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Potiphar</b> (<i>Mr.</i>), freshly-made man intensely uncomfortable in his plated +harness. His ideas of art are grounded upon a dim picture in his wife’s +drawing-room, called by him “Giddo’s Shay Doover.”</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mrs. Potiphar</i>, shoddy of shoddys. Purse-proud, affected, pretentious +and ambitious, and even less fit for her position than her husband for +his.—George William Curtis, <i>Potiphar Papers</i> (1853).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Potiphar’s Wife</b>, Zoleikha or Zuleika; but some call her Raïl.—Sale, <i>Al +Korân</i>, xii. note.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pott</b> (<i>Mr.</i>), the librarian at the Spa.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mrs. Pott</i>, the librarian’s wife.—Sir W. Scott, <i>St. Roman’s Well</i> +(time, George III.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Potteries</b> (<i>Father of the</i>), Josiah Wedgewood (1730-1795).</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[237]</a></span><b>Pounce</b> (<i>Mr. Peter</i>), in <i>The Adventures of Joseph Andrews</i>, by Fielding +(1742).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Poundtext</b> (<i>Peter</i>), an “indulged pastor” in the covenanters’ army.—Sir +W. Scott, <i>Old Mortality</i> (time, Charles II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pourceaugnac</b> [<i>Poor-sone-yak</i>], the hero of a comedy so called. He is a +pompous country gentleman, who comes to Paris to marry Julie, daughter +of Oronte (2 <i>syl.</i>); but Julie loves Eraste (2 <i>syl.</i>), and this young +man plays off so many tricks, and devises so many mystifications upon M. +de Pourceaugnac, that he is fain to give up his suit.—Molière, <i>M. de +Pourceaugnac</i> (1669).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Poussin</b> (<i>The British</i>), Richard Cooper (*-1806).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Poussin</i> (<i>Gaspar</i>). So Gaspar Dughet, the French painter, is called +(1613-1675).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Powell</b> (<i>Mary</i>), the first wife of John Milton.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Powheid</b> (<i>Lazarus</i>), the old sexton in Douglas.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Castle +Dangerous</i> (time, Henry I.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Poyning’s Law</b>, a statute to establish the English jurisdiction in +Ireland. The parliament that passed it was summoned in the reign of +Henry VII. by Sir Edward Poynings, governor of Ireland (1495).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Poyser</b> (<i>Mrs.</i>), shrewd, capable and ready-tongued wife of a British +yeoman, and aunt of Hetty Sorrel.—George Eliot, <i>Adam Bede</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>P. P.</b>, “Clerk of the Parish,” the feigned signature of Dr. Arbuthnot, +subscribed to a volume of <i>Memoirs</i> in ridicule of Burnet’s <i>History of +My Own Times</i>.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Those who were placed around the dinner-table had those feelings of +awe with which <i>P. P.</i>, <i>Clerk of the Parish</i>, was oppressed when +he first uplifted the psalm in presence of ... the wise Mr. Justice +Freeman, the good Lady Jones, and the great Sir Thomas Truby.—Sir +W. Scott.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pragmatic Sanction.</b> The word <i>pragmaticus</i> means “relating to State +affairs,” and the word <i>sanctio</i> means “an ordinance” or “decree.” The +four most famous statutes so called are:</p> + +<p>1. <i>The Pragmatic Sanction of St. Louis</i> (1268), which forbade the court +of Rome to levy taxes or collect subscriptions in France without the +express permission of the king. It also gave French subjects the right +of appealing, in certain cases, from the ecclesiastical to the civil +courts of the realm.</p> + +<p>2. <i>The Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges</i>, passed by Charles VII. of +France, in 1438. By this ordinance the power of the people in France was +limited and defined. The authority of the National Council was declared +superior to that of the pope. The French clergy were forbidden to appeal +to Rome on any point affecting the secular condition of the nation; and +the Roman pontiff was wholly forbidden to appropriate to himself any +vacant living, or to appoint to any bishopric or parish church in +France.</p> + +<p>3. <i>The Pragmatic Sanction of Kaiser Karl VI. of Germany</i> (in 1713), +which settled the empire on his daughter, the Archduchess Maria Theresa, +wife of François de Loraine. Maria Theresa ascended the throne in 1740, +and a European war was the result.</p> + +<p>4. <i>The Pragmatic Sanction of Charles III. of Spain</i> (1767). This was to +suppress the Jesuits of Spain.</p> + +<p>What is meant emphatically by <i>The Pragmatic Sanction</i> is the third of +these ordinances, viz., settling the line of suc<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[238]</a></span>cession in Germany on +the house of Austria.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pramnian Mixture</b> (<i>The</i>), any intoxicating draught; so called from the +Pramnian grape, from which it was made. Circê gave Ulysses “Pramnian +wine” impregnated with drugs, in order to prevent his escape from the +island.</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i4">And for my drink prepared</span><br /> +The Pramnian mixture in a golden cup,<br /> +Impregnating (on my destruction bent)<br /> +With noxious herbs the draught.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Homer, <i>Odyssey</i>, x. (Cowper’s trans.).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Prasildo</b>, a Babylonish nobleman, who falls in love with Tisbi´na, wife +of his friend Iroldo. He is overheard by Tisbina threatening to kill +himself, and, in order to divert him from his guilty passion she +promises to return his love on condition of his performing certain +adventures which she thinks to be impossible. However, Prasildo performs +them all, and then Tisbina and Iroldo, finding no excuse, take poison to +avoid the alternative. Prasildo resolves to do the same, but is told by +the apothecary that the “poison” he had supplied was a harmless drink. +Prasildo tells his friend, Iroldo quits the country, and Tisbina marries +Prasildo. Time passes on and Prasildo hears that his friend’s life is in +danger, whereupon he starts forth to rescue him at the hazard of his own +life.—Bojardo, <i>Orlando Innamorato</i> (1495).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Prasu´tagus</b> or <b>Præsu´tagus</b>, husband of Bonduica or Boadicēa, queen of +the Icēni.—Richard of Cirencester, <i>History</i>, xxx. (fourteenth +century).</p> + +<p class="poem">Me, the wife of rich Prasutagus; me the lover of liberty.—<br /> +Me, they seized, and me they tortured!<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Tennyson, <i>Boadicea</i>.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Prate´fast</b> (<i>Peter</i>), who “in all his life spake no word in waste.” His +wife was Maude, and his eldest son, Sym Sadle Gander, who married Betres +(daughter of Davy Dronken Nole, of Kent, and his wife, +Al´yson).—Stephen Hawes, <i>The Passe-tyme of Plesure</i>, xxix. (1515).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Prattle</b> (<i>Mr.</i>), medical practitioner, a voluble gossip, who retails all +the news and scandal of the neighborhood. He knows everybody, +everybody’s affairs, and everybody’s intentions.—G. Colman, Sr, <i>The +Deuce is in Him</i> (1762).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pre-Adamite Kings</b>, Soliman Raad, Soliman Daki, and Soliman de Gian ben +Gian. The last named, having chained up the dives (1 <i>syl.</i>) in the dark +caverns of Pâf, became so presumptuous as to dispute the Supreme Power. +All these kings maintained great state [before the existence of that +contemptible being denominated by us “The Father of Mankind”]; but none +can be compared with the eminence of Soliman ben Daoud.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pre-Adamite Throne</b> (<i>The</i>). It was Vathek’s ambition to gain the +pre-Adamite throne. After long search, he was shown it at last in the +abyss of Eblis; but being there, return was impossible, and he remained +a prisoner without hope forever.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>They reached at length the hall [<i>Argenk</i>] of great extent, and +covered with a lofty dome.... A funereal gloom prevailed over it. +Here, upon two beds of incorruptible cedar, lay recumbent the +fleshless forms of the pre-Adamite kings, who had once been +monarchs of the whole earth.... At their feet were inscribed the +events of their several reigns, their power, their pride, and their +crimes. [<i>This was the pre-Adamite throne, the ambition of the +Caliph Vathek.</i>]—W. Beckford, <i>Vathek</i> (1784).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Preacher</b> (<i>The</i>) Solomon, the son of David, author of <i>The Preacher</i> (i. +e. <i>Ecclesiastes</i>).</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[239]</a></span></p> + +<p class="poem">Thus saith the Preacher, “Nought beneath the sun<br /> +Is new;” yet still from change to change we run.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Byron.</span></p> + +<p class="main"><i>Preacher</i> (<i>The Glorious</i>), St. Chrys´ostom (347-407). The name means +“Golden mouth.”</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Preacher</i> (<i>The Little</i>), Samuel de Marets, Protestant controversialist +(1599-1663).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Preacher</i> (<i>The Unfair</i>). Dr. Isaac Barrow was so called by Charles +II., because his sermons were so exhaustive that they left nothing more +to be said on the subject, which was “unfair” to those that came after +him.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Preachers</b> (<i>The King of</i>), Louis Bourdaloue (1632-1704).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Précieuses Ridicules</b> (<i>Les</i>), a comedy by Molière, in ridicule of the +“<i>precieuses</i>,” as they were styled, forming the coterie of the Hotel de +Rambouillet in the seventeenth century. The <i>soirées</i> held in this hotel +were a great improvement on the licentious assemblies of the period; but +many imitators made the thing ridiculous, because they wanted the same +presiding talent and good taste.</p> + +<p>The two girls of Molière’s comedy are Madelon and Cathos, the daughter +and niece of Gorgibus, a bourgeois. They change their names to Polixène +and Aminte, which they think more genteel, and look on the affectations +of two flunkies as far more <i>distingué</i> than the simple, gentlemanly +manners of their masters. However, they are cured of their folly, and no +harm comes of it (1659).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Preciosa</b>, the heroine of Longfellow’s <i>Spanish Student</i>, in love with +Victorian, the student.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Precocious Genius.</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Johann Philip Baratier</span>, a German, at the age of five years, knew Greek, +Latin, and French, besides his native German. At nine he knew Hebrew and +Chaldaic, and could translate German into Latin. At thirteen he could +translate Hebrew into French, or French into Hebrew (1721-1740).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> The life of this boy was written by Formey. His name is +enrolled in all biographical dictionaries.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Christian Henry Heinecken</span>, at one year old, knew the chief events of the +Pentatauch!! at thirteen months he knew the history of the Old +Testament!! at fourteen months he knew the history of the New +Testament!! at two and a half years he could answer any ordinary +question of history or geography; and at three years old knew French and +Latin as well as his native German (1721-1725).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> The life of this boy was written by Schœneich, his teacher. +His name is duly noticed in biographical dictionaries.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pressæus</b> (“<i>eater of garlic</i>”), the youngest of the frog chieftains.</p> + +<p class="poem">The pious ardor young Pressæus brings,<br /> +Betwixt the fortunes of contending kings;<br /> +Lank, harmless frog! with forces hardly grown,<br /> +He darts the reed in combats not his own,<br /> +Which, faintly tinkling on Troxartas’ shield,<br /> +Hangs at the point and drops upon the field.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Parnell, <i>Battle of the Frogs and Mice</i>, iii. (about 1712).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Prest</b>, a nickname given by Swift to the duchess of Shrewsbury, who was a +foreigner.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Prester John</b>, a corruption of <i>Belul Gian</i>, meaning “precious stone.” +Gian<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[240]</a></span> (pronounced <i>zjon</i>) has been corrupted into John, and Belul, +translated into “precious;” in Latin <i>Johannes preciosus</i> (“precious +John”) corrupted into “Presbyter Joannes.” The kings of Ethiopia or +Abyssinia, from a gemmed ring given to Queen Saba, whose son by Solomon +was king of Ethiopia, and was called Melech, with the “precious stone,” +or Melech <i>Gian-Belul</i>.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Æthiopes regem suum, quem nos vulgo “Prete Gianni” corrupte +dicimus, quatour appellant nominibus, quorum primum est “Belul +Giad,” hoc est <i>lapis preciosus</i>. Ductum est autem hoc nomen ab +<i>annulo Salomonis</i> quem ille filio ex regina Saba, ut putant +genito, dono dedisse, quove omnes postea reges usos fuisse +describitor.... Cum vero eum coronant, appellant “Neghuz.” Postremo +cum vertice capitis in coronæ modum abraso, ungitur a patriarcha, +vocant “Masih,” hoc est <i>unctum</i>. Hæc autem regiæ dignitatis nomina +omnibus communia sunt.—Quoted by Selden, from a little annal of +the Ethiopian kings (1552), in his <i>Titles of Honor</i>, v. 65 (1614).</p></div> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> As this title was like the Egyptian <i>Pharaoh</i>, and belonged +to whole lines of kings, it will explain the enormous diversity of time +allotted by different writers to “Prester John.”</p> + +<p>Marco Polo says that Prester John was slain in battle by Jenghiz Khan; +and Gregory Bar-Hebræus says, “God forsook him because he had taken to +himself a wife of the Zinish nation, called <a name="corr105" id="corr105"></a><ins class="correction" title="Quarakhata.”">Quarakhata.</ins></p> + +<p>Bishop Jordānus, in his description of the world, sets down Abyssinia as +the kingdom of Prester John. Abyssinia used to be called “Middle India.”</p> + +<p>Otto of Freisingen is the first author to mention him. This Otto wrote a +chronicle to the date 1156. He says that John was of the family of the +Magi, and ruled over the country of these Wise Men. Otto tells us that +Prester John had “a sceptre of emeralds.”</p> + +<p>Maimonĭdês, about the same time (twelfth century), mentions him, but +calls him “Prester-Cuan.”</p> + +<p>Before 1241 a letter was addressed by “Prester John” to Manuel Comnēnus, +emperor of Constantinople. It is preserved in the <i>Chronicle</i> of +Albericus Trium Fontium, who gives for its date 1165.</p> + +<p>Mandeville calls Prester John a lineal descendant of Ogier, the Dane. He +tells us that Ogier, with fifteen others, penetrated into the north of +India, and divided the land amongst his followers. John was made +sovereign of Teneduc, and was called “Prester” because he converted the +natives to the Christian faith.</p> + +<p>Another tradition says that Prester John had seventy kings for his +vassals, and was seen by his subjects only three times in a year.</p> + +<p>In <i>Orlando Furioso</i>, Prester John is called by his subjects “Senāpus, +king of Ethiopia.” He was blind, and though the richest monarch of the +world, he pined with famine, because harpies flew off with his food by +way of punishment for wanting to add paradise to his empire. The plague, +says the poet, was to cease “when a stranger appeared on a flying +griffin.” This stranger was Astolpho, who drove the harpies to Cocy´tus. +Prester John, in return for this service, sent 100,000 Nubians to the +aid of Charlemagne. Astolpho supplied this contingent with horses by +throwing stones into the air, and made transport-ships to convey them to +France by casting leaves into the sea. After the death of Agramant, the +Nubians were sent home, and then the horses became stones again, and the +ships became leaves (bks. xvii.-xix.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pretender</b> (<i>The Young</i>), Prince Charles Edward Stuart, son of James +Francis Edward Stuart (called “The <i>Old</i> Pre<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[241]</a></span>tender”). James Francis was +the son of James II., and Charles Edward was the king’s grandson.—Sir +W. Scott, <i>Waverley</i> (time, George II.).</p> + +<p>Charles Edward was defeated at Cullōden in 1746, and escaped to the +Continent.</p> + +<p class="poem">God bless the king—I mean the “Faith’s defender;”<br /> +God bless—no harm in blessing—the Pretender.<br /> +Who that Pretender is, and who is king,<br /> +God bless us all! that’s quite another thing.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Ascribed by Sir W. Scott to John Byrom (in <i>Redgauntlet</i>).</span></p> + +<p>The mistress of Charles Edward Stuart was Miss Walkingshaw.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Prettyman</b> (<i>Prince</i>), in love with Cloris. He is sometimes a fisherman, +and sometimes a prince.—Duke of Buckingham, <i>The Rehearsal</i> (1671).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> “Prince Prettyman” is said to be a parody on “Leonidas” in +Dryden’s <i>Marriage-à-la-mode</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pri´amus</b> (<i>Sir</i>), a knight of the Round Table. He possessed a phial, +full of four waters that came from paradise. These waters instantly +healed any wounds which were touched by them.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“My father,” says Sir Priamus, “is lineally descended of Alexander +and of Hector by right line. Duke Josuê and Machabæus were of our +lineage. I am right inheritor of Alexandria, and Affrike of all the +out isles.”</p> + +<p>And Priamus took from his page a phial, full of four waters that +came out of paradise; and with certain balm nointed he their +wounds, and washed them with that water, and within an hour after +they were both as whole as ever they were.—Sir T. Malory, <i>History +of Prince Arthur</i>, i. 97 (1470).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Price</b> (<i>Matilda</i>), a miller’s daughter; a pretty, coquettish young +woman, who marries John Browdie, a hearty Yorkshire corn-factor.—C. +Dickens, <i>Nicholas Nickleby</i> (1838).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pride</b> (<i>Sir</i>), first a drayman, then a colonel in the parliamentary +army.—S. Butler, <i>Hudibras</i> (1663-78).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pride of Humility.</b> Antisthĕnês, the Cynic, affected a very ragged coat; +but Socrătês said to him, “Antisthenês, I can see your vanity peering +through the holes of your coat.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pride’s Purge</b>, a violent invasion of parliamentary rights by Colonel +Pride, in 1649. At the head of two regiments of soldiers he surrounded +the House of Commons, seized forty-one of the members and shut out 160 +others. None were allowed into the House but those most friendly to +Cromwell. This fag-end went by the name of “the Rump.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Pridwin" id="Pridwin"></a><b>Pridwin</b> or <span class="smcap">Priwen</span>, Prince Arthur’s shield.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Arthur placed a golden helmet upon his head, on which was engraven +the figure of a dragon; and on his shoulders his shield, called +Priwen, upon which the picture of the blessed Mary, mother of God, +was painted; then, girding on his Caliburn, which was an excellent +sword, made in the isle of Avallon; he took in his right hand his +lance, Ron, which was hard, broad, and fit for +slaughter.—Geoffrey, <i>British History</i>, ix. 4 (1142).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Priest of Nature</b>, Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727).</p> + +<p class="poem">Lo! Newton, priest of nature, shines afar,<br /> +Scans the wide world, and numbers every star.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Campbell, <i>Pleasures of Hope</i>, i. (1799).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Prig</b>, a knavish beggar.—Beaumont and Fletcher, <i>The Beggars’ Bush</i> +(1622).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Prig</i> (<i>Betsey</i>), an old monthly nurse, “the frequent pardner” of Mrs. +Gamp; equally ignorant, equally vulgar, equally selfish, and brutal to +her patients.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[242]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“Betsey,” said Mrs. Gamp, filling her own glass, and passing the +teapot [<i>of gin</i>], “I will now propoge a toast: ‘My frequent +pardner, Betsey Prig.’” “Which, altering the name to Sairah Gamp, I +drink,” said Mrs. Prig, “with love and tenderness.”—C. Dickens, +<i>Martin Chuzzlewit</i>, xlix. (1843).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Prim´er</b> (<i>Peter</i>), a pedantic country schoolmaster, who believes himself +to be the wisest of pedagogues.—Samuel Foote, <i>The Mayor of Garratt</i> +(1763).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Primitive Fathers</b> (<i>The</i>). The five apostolic fathers contemporary with +the apostles (viz., Clement of Rome, Barnăbas, Hermas, Ignatius and +Polycarp), and the nine following, who all lived in the first three +centuries:—Justin, Theoph´ilus of Antioch, Irenæus, Clement of +Alexandria, Cyprian of Carthage, Orĭgen, Gregory “Thaumatur´gus,” +Dionysius of Alexandria and Tertullian.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> For the “Fathers” of the fourth and fifth centuries see <span class="smcap">Greek +Church</span>, <span class="smcap">Latin Church</span>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Primrose</b> (<i>The Rev. Dr. Charles</i>), a clergyman rich in heavenly wisdom, +but poor indeed in all worldly knowledge. Amiable, charitable, devout, +but not without his literary vanity, especially on the Whistonian theory +about second marriages. One admires his virtuous indignation against the +“washes,” which he deliberately demolished with the poker. In his +prosperity his chief “adventures were by the fireside, and all his +migrations were from the blue bed to the brown.”</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mrs.</i> [<i>Deborah</i>] <i>Primrose</i>, the doctor’s wife, full of motherly +vanity, and desirous to appear <i>genteel</i>. She could read without much +spelling, prided herself on her housewifery, especially on her +gooseberry wine, and was really proud of her excellent husband.</p> + +<p>(She was painted as “Venus,” and the vicar, in gown and bands, was +presenting to her his book on “second marriages,” but when complete the +picture was found to be too large for the house.)</p> + +<p class="main"><i>George Primrose</i>, son of the vicar. He went to Amsterdam to teach the +Dutch English, but never once called to mind that he himself must know +something of Dutch before this could be done. He becomes Captain +Primrose, and marries Miss Wilmot, an heiress.</p> + +<p>(Goldsmith himself went to teach the French English under the same +circumstances.)</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Moses Primrose</i>, younger son of the vicar, noted for his greenness and +pedantry. Being sent to sell a good horse at a fair, he bartered it for +a gross of green spectacles, with copper rims and shagreen cases, of no +more value than Hodge’s razors (ch. xii.).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Olivia Primrose</i>, the eldest daughter of the doctor. Pretty, +enthusiastic, a sort of Hebê in beauty. “She wished for many lovers,” +and eloped with Squire Thornhill. Her father found her at a roadside inn +called the Harrow, where she was on the point of being turned out of the +house. Subsequently, she was found to be legally married to the squire.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Sophia Primrose</i>, the second daughter of Dr. Primrose. She was “soft, +modest, and alluring.” Not like her sister, desirous of winning all, but +fixing her whole heart upon one. Being thrown from her horse into a deep +stream, she was rescued by Mr. Burchell (<i>alias</i> Sir William Thornhill), +and being abducted, was again rescued by him. She married him at +last.—Goldsmith, <i>Vicar of Wakefield</i> (1766).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Prince of Alchemy</b>, Rudolph II., kaiser<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[243]</a></span> of Germany; also called “The +German Trismegistus” (1552, 1576-1612).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Prince of Angels</b>, Michael.</p> + +<p class="poem">So spake the prince of angels. To whom thus<br /> +The Adversary [i.e. <i>Satan</i>].<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Milton, <i>Paradise Lost</i>, vi. 281 (1665).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Prince of Celestial Armies</b>, Michael, the archangel.</p> + +<p class="poem">Go, Michael, of celestial armies prince.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Milton, <i>Paradise Lost</i>, vi. 44 (1665).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Prince of Darkness</b>, Satan (<i>Eph.</i> vi 12).</p> + +<p class="poem">Whom thus the prince of darkness answered glad:<br /> +“Fair daughter,<br /> +High proof ye now have given to be the race<br /> +Of Satan (I glory in the name).”<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Milton, <i>Paradise Lost</i>, x, 383 (1665).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Prince of Hell</b>, Satan.</p> + +<p class="poem">And with them comes a third of regal port,<br /> +But faded splendor wan; who by his gait<br /> +And fierce demeanor seems the prince of Hell.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Milton, <i>Paradise Lost</i>, iv. 868 (1665).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Prince of Life</b>, a title given to Christ (<i>Acts</i> iii. 15).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Prince of Peace</b>, a title given to the Messiah (<i>Isaiah</i> ix. 6).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Prince of Peace</i>, Don Manuel Godoy, of Badajoz. So called because he +concluded the “peace of Basle” in 1795, between France and Spain +(1757-1851).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Prince of the Air</b>, Satan.</p> + +<p class="poem">... Jesus, son of Mary, second Eve,<br /> +Saw Satan fall, like lightning, down from heaven,<br /> +Prince of the air.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Milton, <i>Paradise Lost</i>, x. 185 (1665).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Prince of the Devils</b>, Satan (<i>Matt.</i> xii. 24).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Prince of the Kings of the Earth</b>, a title given to Christ (<i>Rev.</i> i. 5).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Prince of the Power of the Air</b>, Satan (<i>Eph.</i> ii. 2).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Prince of this World</b>, Satan (<i>John</i> xiv. 30).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Princes.</b> It was Prince Bismarck, the German Chancellor, who said to a +courtly attendant, “Let princes be princes, and mind your own business.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Prince’s Peers</b>, a term of contempt applied to peers of low birth. The +phrase arose in the reign of Charles VII., of France, when his son Louis +(afterwards Louis XI.) created a host of riff-raff peers, such as +tradesmen, farmers, and mechanics, in order to degrade the aristocracy, +and thus weaken its influence in the state.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Printed Books.</b> The first book produced in England, was printed in +England in 1477, by William Caxton, in the Almonry, at Westminster, and +was entitled <i>The Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers</i>.</p> + +<p>The Rev. T. Wilson says: “The press at Oxford existed ten years before +there was any press in Europe, except those of Haarlem and Mentz.” The +person who set up the Oxford press was Corsellis, and his first printed +book bore the date of 1468. The colophon of it ran thus: “Explicit +exposicio Sancti Jeronimi in simbolo apostolorum ad papam laurēcium. +Impressa Oxonii Et finita Anno Domini Mcccclxviij., xvij. die +Decembris.” The book is a small quarto of forty-two leaves, and was +first noticed in 1664 by Richard Atkins in his <i>Origin and Growth of +Printing</i>. Dr. Conyers Middleton, in 1735, charged Atkins with forgery. +In 1812, S. W. Singer defended the book. Dr. Cotton<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[244]</a></span> took the subject up +in his <i>Typographical Gazetteer</i> (first and second series).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Prior</b> (<i>Matthew</i>). The monument to this poet in Westminster Abbey was by +Rysbrack; executed by order of Louis XIV.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Priory</b> (<i>Lord</i>), an old-fashioned husband, who actually thinks that a +wife should “love, honor, and obey” her husband; nay, more, that +“forsaking all others, she should cleave to him so long as they both +should live.”</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Lady Priory</i>, an old-fashioned wife, but young and beautiful. She was, +however, so very old-fashioned that she went to bed at ten and rose at +six; dressed in a cap and gown of her own making; respected and loved +her husband; discouraged flirtation; and when assailed by any improper +advances, instead of showing temper or conceited airs, quietly and +tranquilly seated herself to some modest household duty till the +assailant felt the irresistible power of modesty and virtue.—Mrs. +Inchbald, <i>Wives as They Were and Maids as They Are</i> (1797).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Priscian</b>, a great grammarian of the fifth century. The Latin phrase, +<i>Diminuĕre Prisciani caput</i> (“to break Priscian’s head”), means to +“violate the rules of grammar.” (See <a href="#Pegasus"><span class="smcap">Pegasus</span></a>.)</p> + +<p class="poem">Some, free from rhyme or reason, rule or check,<br /> +Break Priscian’s head, and Pegasus’s neck.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Pope, <i>The Dunciad</i>, iii. 161 (1728).</span></p> + +<p class="poem">Quakers (that like to lanterns, bear<br /> +Their light within them) will not swear<br /> +And hold no sin so deeply red<br /> +As that of breaking Priscian’s head.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Butler, <i>Hudibras</i>, II. ii. 219, etc. (1664).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Priscilla</b>, daughter of a noble lord. She fell in love with Sir Aladine, +a poor knight.—Spenser, <i>Faëry Queen</i>, vi. 1 (1596).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Priscilla</i>, the beautiful puritan in love with John Alden. When Miles +Standish, a bluff old soldier, in the middle of life, wished to marry +her, he asked John Alden to go and plead his cause; but the puritan +maiden replied archly, “Why don’t you speak for yourself, John?” Upon +this hint, John did speak for himself, and Priscilla listened to his +suit.—Longfellow, <i>The Courtship of Miles Standish</i> (1858).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Priscilla.</i> Fragile, pretty, simple girl, whom Hollingsworth and +Coverdale love, instead of falling victims to the superb Zenobia. She is +thin-blooded and weak-limbed, and her very helplessness charms the +strong men, who suppose themselves proof against love of the ordinary +kind.—Nathaniel Hawthorne, <i>The Blithedale Romance</i> (1852).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Prison Life Endeared.</b> The following are examples of prisoners who, from +long habit, have grown attached to prison life:—</p> + +<p>Comte de Lorge was confined for thirty years in the Bastile, and when +liberated (July 14, 1789) declared that freedom had no joys for him. +After imploring in vain to be allowed to return to his dungeon, he +lingered for six weeks and pined to death.</p> + +<p>Goldsmith says, when Chinvang the Chaste, ascended the throne of China, +he commanded the prisons to be thrown open. Among the prisoners was a +venerable man of 85 years of age, who implored that he might be suffered +to return to his cell. For sixty-three years he had lived in its gloom +and solitude, which he preferred to the glare of the sun and the bustle +of a city.—<i>A Citizen of the World</i> lxxiii. (1759).</p> + +<p>Mr. Cogan once visited a prisoner of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[245]</a></span> state in the King’s Bench prison, +who told him he had grown to like the subdued light and extreme solitude +of his cell; he even liked the spots and patches on the wall, the +hardness of his bed, the regularity, and the freedom from all the cares +and worries of active life. He did not wish to be released, and felt +sure he should never be so happy in any other place.</p> + +<p>A woman of Leyden, on the expiration of a long imprisonment, applied for +permission to return to her cell, and added, if the request was refused +as a favor, she would commit some offence which should give her a title +to her old quarters.</p> + +<p>A prisoner condemned to death had his sentence commuted to seven years’ +close confinement on a bed of nails. After the expiration of five years, +he declared, if ever he were released, he should adopt from choice what +habit had rendered so agreeable to him.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Prisoner of Chillon</b>, Françoise de Bonnivard, a Frenchman, who resided at +Geneva, and made himself obnoxious to Charles III., duc de Savoie, who +incarcerated him for six years in a dungeon of the Château de Chillon, +at the east end of the lake of Geneva. The prisoner was ultimately +released by the Bernese, who were at war with Savoy.</p> + +<p>Byron has founded on this incident his poem entitled <i>The Prisoner of +Chillon</i>, but has added two brothers, whom he supposes to be imprisoned +with Françoise, and who die of hunger, suffering, and confinement. In +fact, the poet mixes up Dantê’s tale about Count Ugolino with that of +Françoise de Bonnivard, and has produced a powerful and affecting story, +but it is not historic.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Prisoner of State</b> (<i>The</i>), Ernest de Fridberg. E. Sterling has a drama +so called. (For the plot, see <span class="smcap">Ernest de Fridberg</span>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pritchard</b> (<i>William</i>), commander of H.M. sloop, the <i>Shark</i>.—Sir W. +Scott, <i>Guy Mannering</i> (time, George II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Priu´li</b>, a senator of Venice, of unbending pride. His daughter had been +saved from the Adriatic by Jaffier, and gratitude led to love. As it was +quite hopeless to expect Priuli to consent to the match, Belvidera +eloped in the night, and married Jaffier. Priuli now discarded them +both. Jaffier joined Pierre’s conspiracy to murder the Venetian +senators, but in order to save his father-in-law, revealed to him the +plot under the promise of a general free pardon. The promise was broken, +and all the conspirators except Jaffier were condemned to death by +torture. Jaffier stabbed Pierre, to save him from the wheel, and then +killed himself. Belvidera went mad and died. Priuli lived on, a +broken-down old man, sick of life, and begging to be left alone in some +“place that’s fit for mourning.” “There, all leave me:</p> + +<p class="poem">Sparing no tears when you this tale relate,<br /> +But bid all cruel fathers dread my fate.”<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">T. Otway, <i>Venice Preserved</i>, v. the end (1682).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Privolvans</b>, the antagonists of the Subvolvans.</p> + +<p class="poem">These silly, ranting Privolvans<br /> +Have every summer their campaigns,<br /> +And muster like the warlike sons<br /> +Of Rawhead and of Bloody-bones.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">S. Butler, <i>The Elephant in the Moon</i>, v. 85 (1754).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Probe</b> (1 <i>syl.</i>), a priggish surgeon, who magnifies mole-hill ailments +into mountain maladies, in order to enhance his skill and increase his +charges. Thus, when<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[246]</a></span> Lord Foppington received a small flesh-wound in the +arm from a foil, Probe drew a long face, frightened his lordship +greatly, and pretended the consequences might be serious; but when Lord +Foppington promised him £500 for a cure, he set his patient on his legs +the next day.—Sheridan, <i>A Trip to Scarborough</i> (1777).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Procida</b> (<i>John of</i>), a tragedy by S. Knowles (1840). John of Procida was +an Italian gentleman of the thirteenth century, a skillful physician, +high in favor with King Fernando II., Conrad, Manfred, and Conrad´ine. +The French invaded the island, put the last two monarchs to the sword, +usurped the sovereignty, and made Charles d’Anjou king. The cruelty, +licentiousness, and extortion of the French being quite unbearable, +provoked a general rising of the Sicilians, and in one night (<i>Sicilian +Vespers</i>, March 30, 1282), every Frenchman, Frenchwoman, and French +child in the whole island was ruthlessly butchered. Procĭda lost his +only son Fernando, who had just married Isoline (3 <i>syl.</i>), the daughter +of the French governor of Messina. Isoline died broken-hearted, and her +father, the governor, was amongst the slain. The crown was given to John +of Procida.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Procris</b>, the wife of Cephălos. Out of jealousy she crept into a wood to +act as a spy upon her husband. Cephalos, hearing something move, +discharged an arrow in the direction of the rustling, thinking it to be +caused by some wild beast, and shot Procris. Jupiter, in pity, turned +Procris into a star.—<i>Greek and Latin Mythology.</i></p> + +<p class="main"><i>The unerring dart of Procris.</i> Diana gave Procris a dart which never +missed its aim, and after being discharged returned back to the +shooter.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Procrus´tes</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), a highwayman of Attica, who used to place +travellers on a bed; if they were too short he stretched them out till +they fitted it, if too long he lopped off the redundant part. <i>Greek +Mythology.</i></p> + +<p class="poem">Critic, more cruel than Procrustes old,<br /> +Who to his iron bed by torture fits<br /> +Their nobler parts, the souls of suffering wits.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Mallet, <i>Verbal Criticism</i> (1734).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Proctor’s Dogs</b> or <i>Bull-Dogs</i>, the two “runners” or officials who +accompany a university proctor in his rounds, to give chase to +recalcitrant gownsmen.</p> + +<p class="poem">And he had breathed the proctor’s dogs [<i>was a member of Oxford or Cambridge University</i>].<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Tennyson, prologue of <i>The Princess</i> (1830).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Prodigal</b> (<i>The</i>), Albert VI. duke of Austria (1418, 1439-1463).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Prodigy of France</b> (<i>The</i>). Guillaume Budé was so called by Erasmus +(1467-1540).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Prodigy of Learning</b> (<i>The</i>). Samuel Hahnemann, the German, was so called +by J. P. Richter (1755-1843).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Professor</b> (<i>The</i>). The most important member of the party gathered about +the social board in O. W. Holmes’s <i>Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table</i> +(1858).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Profound</b> (<i>The</i>), Richard Middleton, an English scholastic divine +(*-1304).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Profound Doctor</b> (<i>The</i>), Thomas Bradwardine, a schoolman. Also called +“The Solid <a name="corr106" id="corr106"></a><ins class="correction" title="Doctor”">Docter”</ins> (*-1349).</p> + +<p>Ægidius de Columna, a Sicilian schoolman, was called “The Most Profound +Doctor” (*-1316).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Progne</b> (2 <i>syl.</i>), daughter of Pandīon,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[247]</a></span> and sister of Philomēla. Prognê +was changed into a swallow, and Philomela into a nightingale.—<i>Greek +Mythology.</i></p> + +<p class="poem">As Prognê or as Philomela mourns ...<br /> +So Bradamant laments her absent knight.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Ariosto, <i>Orlando Furioso</i>, xxiii. (1516).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Prome´thean Unguent</b> (<i>The</i>), made from the extract of a herb on which +some of the blood of Promētheus (3 <i>syl.</i>), had fallen. Medea gave Jason +some of this unguent, which rendered his body proof against fire and +warlike instruments.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Prome´theus</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>) taught man the use of fire, and instructed him in +architecture, astronomy, mathematics, writing, rearing cattle, +navigation, medicine, the art of prophecy, working metal, and, indeed, +every art known to man. The word means “forethought,” and forethought is +the father of invention. The tale is that he made man of clay, and, in +order to endow his clay with life, stole fire from heaven and brought it +to earth in a hollow tube. Zeus, in punishment, chained him to a rock, +and sent an eagle to consume his liver daily; during the night it grew +again, and thus his torment was ceaseless, till Herculês shot the eagle, +and unchained the captive.</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i1">Learn the while, in brief,</span><br /> +That all arts come to mortals from Prometheus.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">E. B. Browning, <i>Prometheus Bound</i> (1850).</span></p> + +<p class="poem">Truth shall restore the light by Nature given,<br /> +And, like Prometheus, bring the fire from heaven.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Campbell, <i>Pleasures of Hope</i>, i. (1700).</span></p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Percy B. Shelley has a classical drama entitled <i>Prometheus +Unbound</i> (1819).</p> + +<p>James Russell Lowell has a noble poem entitled <i>Prometheus</i>, +beginning,—</p> + +<p class="poemquote">“One after one the stars have risen and set,<br /> +Sparkling upon the hoarfrost on my chain.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Prompt</b>, the servant of Mr. and Miss Blandish. General Burgoyne, <i>The +Heiress</i> (1781).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pronando</b> (<i>Rast</i>). The early lover of Anne Douglas. He is handsome, +weak, and attractive in disposition, a favorite with all his friends. +His pliant character and good-natured vanity make him a prey to the +whimsical fascinations of Tita, Anne’s “little sister,” whom he marries +instead of his first betrothed.—Constance Fenimore Woolson, <i>Anne</i> +(1882).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pronouns.</b> It was of Henry Mossop, tragedian (1729-1773), that Churchill +wrote the two lines:</p> + +<p class="poem">In monosyllables his thunders roll—<br /> +He, she, it, and we, ye, they, fright the soul;</p> + +<p class="noindent">because Mossop was fond of emphasizing his pronouns and little words.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Prophecy.</b> Jourdain, the wizard, told the duke of Somerset, if he wished +to live, to “avoid where castles mounted stand.” The duke died in an +ale-house called the Castle, in St. Alban’s.</p> + +<p class="poem">... underneath an ale-house’ paltry sign,<br /> +The Castle, in St. Alban’s, Sumerset<br /> +Hath made the wizard famous in his death.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Shakespeare, 2 <i>Henry VI.</i> act v. sc. 2 (1591).</span></p> + +<p>Similar prophetic equivokes were told to Henry IV., Pope Sylvester II., +and Cambysês (see <span class="smcap">Jerusalem</span>).</p> + +<p>Aristomĕnês was told by the Delphic oracle to “flee for his life when he +saw a goat drink from the river Neda.” Consequently, all <i>goats</i> were +driven from the banks of this river; but one day, Theŏclos observed that +the branches of a fig tree bent into the stream, and it immediately +flashed into his mind that the Messenian word for <i>fig tree</i> and <i>goat</i> +was the same. The pun or equivoke will be better understood by an +English reader if for <i>goat</i> we read <i>ewe</i>, and bear in mind that <i>yew</i> +is to the ear the same word; thus:</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[248]</a></span></p> + +<p class="poem">When an <i>ewe</i> [<i>yew</i>] stops to drink of the “Severn,” then fly,<br /> +And look not behind, for destruction is nigh.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Prophetess</b> (<i>The</i>), Ayē´shah, the second and beloved wife of Mahomet. It +does not mean that she prophesied, but, like <i>Sultana</i>, it is simply a +title of honor. He was the <i>Prophet</i>, she the <i>Prophēta</i> or Madam +Prophet.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Prose</b> (<i>Father of English</i>), Wycliffe (1324-1384).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Prose</i> (<i>Father of Greek</i>), Herodotus (<span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 484-408).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Prose</i> (<i>Father of Italian</i>), Boccaccio (1313-1375).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pros´erpine</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), called <i>Proserpĭna</i> in Latin, and “Proser´pin” +by Milton, was daughter of Ce´rês. She went to the field of Enna to +amuse herself by gathering asphodels, and being tired, fell asleep. Dis, +the god of Hell, then carried her off, and made her queen of the +infernal <a name="corr107" id="corr107"></a><ins class="correction" title="regions.">reions.</ins> Cerês wandered for nine days over the world +disconsolate, looking for her daughter, when Hec´ate (2 <i>syl.</i>) told her +she had heard the girl’s cries, but knew not who had carried her off. +Both now went to Olympus, when the sun-god told them the true state of +the case.</p> + +<p>N.B.—This is an allegory of seed-corn.</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i8">Not that fair field</span><br /> +Of Enna, where Proser´pin, gathering flowers,<br /> +Herself a fairer flower, by gloomy Dis<br /> +Was gathered—which cost Cerês all that pain<br /> +To seek her thro’ the world.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Milton, <i>Paradise Lost</i>, iv. 268 (1665).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Prosperity Robinson</b>, Frederick Robinson, afterwards Viscount Goderich +and earl of Ripon, chancellor of the exchequer in 1823. So called by +Cobbett, from his boasting about the prosperity of the country just a +little before the great commercial crisis of 1825.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pros´pero</b>, the banished duke of Milan, and father of Miranda. He was +deposed by his brother, Antonio, who sent him to sea with Miranda in a +“rotten carcass of a boat,” which was borne to a desert island. Here +Prospero practised magic. He liberated Ariel from the rift of a pine +tree, where the witch Syc´orax had confined him for twelve years, and +was served by that bright spirit with true gratitude. The only other +inhabitant of the island was Calĭban, the witch’s “welp.” After a +residence in the island of sixteen years, Prospero raised a tempest by +magic to cause the shipwreck of the usurping duke and of Ferdinand, his +brother’s son. Ferdinand fell in love with his cousin, Miranda, and +eventually married her.—Shakespeare, <i>The Tempest</i> (1609).</p> + +<p class="poem">Still they kept limping to and fro,<br /> +Like Ariels round old Prospero,<br /> +Saying, “Dear master, let us go.”<br /> +But still the old man answered, “No!”<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">T. Moore, <i>A Vision</i>.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pross</b> (<i>Miss</i>), a red-haired, ungainly creature, who lived with Lucie +Manette, and dearly loved her. Miss Pross, although eccentric, was most +faithful and unselfish.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Her character (dissociated from stature) was shortness.... It was +characteristic of this lady that whenever her original proposition +was questioned, she exaggerated it.—C. Dickens, <i>A Tale of Two +Cities</i>, ii. 6 (1859).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Proterius</b> of Cappadōcia, father of Cyra. (See <a href="#Sinner_Saved"><span class="smcap">Sinner Saved</span></a>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Protesila´os</b>, husband of Laodamīa. Being slain at the siege of Troy, the +dead body was sent home to his wife, who<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[249]</a></span> prayed that she might talk +with him again, if only for three hours. Her prayer was granted, but +when Protesilāos returned to death, Laodamia died also.—<i>Greek +Mythology.</i></p> + +<p>In Fénelon’s <i>Télémaque</i> “Protésilaos” is meant for Louvois, the French +minister of state.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Protestant Duke</b> (<i>The</i>), James, duke of Monmouth, a love-child of +Charles II. So called because he renounced the Roman faith, in which he +had been brought up, and became a Protestant (1619-1685).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Protestant Pope</b> (<i>The</i>), Gian Vincenzo Ganganelli, Pope Clement XIV. So +called from his enlightened policy, and for his bull suppressing the +Jesuits (1705, 1769-1774).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Proteus</b> [<i>Pro-tuce</i>], a sea-god who resided in the Carpathian Sea. He +had the power of changing his form at will. Being a prophet also, Milton +calls him “the Carpathian wizard.”—<i>Greek Mythology.</i></p> + +<p class="poem">By hoary Nereus’ wrinkled look,<br /> +And the Carpathian wizard’s hook [<i>or trident</i>].<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Milton, <i>Comus</i> (1634).</span></p> + +<p>Periklym´enos, son of Neleus (2 <i>syl.</i>), had the power of changing his +form into a bird, beast, reptile, or insect. As a bee he perched on the +chariot of Heraklês (<i>Hercules</i>), and was killed.</p> + +<p>Aristogīton, from being dipped in the Achelōus (4 <i>syl.</i>), received the +power of changing his form at will.—Fénelon, <i>Télémaque</i>, xx. (1700).</p> + +<p>The genii, both good and bad, of Eastern mythology, had the power of +changing their form instantaneously. This is powerfully illustrated by +the combat between the queen of Beauty and the son of Eblis. The genius +first appeared as an enormous lion, but the queen of Beauty plucked out +a hair which became a scythe, with which she cut the lion in pieces. The +head of the lion now became a scorpion, and the princess changed herself +into a serpent; but the scorpion instantly made itself an eagle, and +went in pursuit of the serpent. The serpent, however, being vigilant, +assumed the form of a white cat; the eagle in an instant changed to a +wolf, and the cat, being hard pressed, changed into a worm; the wolf +changed to a cock, and ran to pick up the worm, which, however, became a +fish before the cock could pick it up. Not to be outwitted, the cock +transformed itself into a pike to devour the fish, but the fish changed +into a fire, and the son of Eblis was burnt to ashes before he could +make another change.—<i>Arabian Nights</i> (“The Second Calender”).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Proteus</i> or <i>Protheus</i>, one of the two gentlemen of Verona. He is in +love with Julia. His servant is Launce, and his father Anthonio or +Antonio. The other gentleman is called Valentine, and his lady love is +Silvia.—Shakespeare, <i>The Two Gentlemen of Verona</i> (1594).</p> + +<p>Shakespeare calls the word <i>Pro-tĕ-us</i>. Malone, Dr. Johnson, etc., +retain the <i>h</i> in both names, but the Globe edition omits them.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Protevangelon</b> (“<i>first evangelist</i>”), a gospel falsely attributed to St. +James the Less, first bishop of Jerusalem, noted for its minute details +of the Virgin and Jesus Christ. Said to be the production of L. Carīnus, +of the second century.</p> + +<p class="poem">First of all we shall rehearse ...<br /> +The nativity of our Lord,<br /> +As written in the old record<br /> +Of the <i>Protevangelon</i>.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Longfellow, <i>The Golden Legend</i> (1851).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Protocol</b> (<i>Mr. Peter</i>), the attorney in Edinburgh, employed by Mrs. +Margaret<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[250]</a></span> Bertram, of Singleside.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Guy Mannering</i> (time, +George II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Protosebastos</b> (<i>The</i>), or <span class="smcap">Sebastocrator</span>, the highest State officer in +Greece.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Count Robert of Paris</i> (time, Rufus).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Protospathaire</b> (<i>The</i>), or general of Alexius Comnēnus, emperor of +Greece. His name is Nicanor.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Count Robert of Paris</i> +(time, Rufus).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Proud</b> (<i>The</i>). Tarquin II. of Rome, was called <i>Superbus</i> (reigned <span class="smcap">B.C.</span> +535-510, died 496).</p> + +<p>Otho IV., kaiser of Germany, was called “The Proud” (1175, 1209-1218).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Proud Duke</b> (<i>The</i>), Charles Seymour, duke of Somerset. His children were +not allowed to sit in his presence; and he spoke to his servants by +signs only (*-1748).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Proudfute</b> (<i>Oliver</i>), the boasting bonnet-maker at Perth.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Magdalen</i> or <i>Maudie Proudfute</i>, Oliver’s widow.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Fair +Maid of Perth</i> (time, Henry IV.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Proudie</b> (<i>Dr.</i>), hen-pecked bishop of Barchester. A martinet in his +diocese, a serf in his home.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Proudie</i> (<i>Mrs.</i>), strong-willed, strong-voiced help-mate of the +bishop. She lays down social, moral, religious and ecclesiastical laws +with equal readiness and severity.—Anthony Trollope, <i>Framley +Parsonage</i> and <i>Barchester Towers</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Prout</b> (<i>Father</i>), the pseudonym of Francis Mahoney, a humorous writer in +<i>Fraser’s Magazine</i>, etc. (1805-1866).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Provis</b>, the name assumed by Abel Magwitch, Pip’s benefactor. He was a +convict, who had made a fortune, and whose chief desire was to make his +<a name="corr108" id="corr108"></a><ins class="correction" title="protégé">protegé</ins> a gentleman.—C. Dickens, <i>Great Expectations</i> (1860).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Provoked Husband</b> (<i>The</i>), a comedy by Cibber and Vanbrugh. The “provoked +husband” is Lord Townly, justly annoyed at the conduct of his young +wife, who wholly neglects her husband and her home duties for a life of +gambling and dissipation. The husband seeing no hope of amendment, +resolves on a separate maintenance; but then the lady’s eyes are +opened—she promises amendment, and is <a name="corr109" id="corr109"></a><ins class="correction" title="forgiven.">forgiven</ins></p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> This comedy was Vanbrugh’s <i>Journey to London</i>, left +unfinished at his death. Cibber took it, completed it, and brought it +out under the title of <i>The Provoked Husband</i> (1728).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Provoked Wife</b> (<i>The</i>), Lady Brute, the wife of Sir John Brute, is, by +his ill manners, brutality, and neglect, “provoked” to intrigue with one +Constant. The intrigue is not of a very serious nature, since it is +always interrupted before it makes head. At the conclusion, Sir John +says:</p> + +<p class="poem">Surly, I may be stubborn, I am not,<br /> +For I have both forgiven and forgot.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Sir J. Vanbrugh (1697).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Provost of Bruges</b> (<i>The</i>), a tragedy based on “The Serf,” in Leitch +Ritchie’s <i>Romance of History</i>. Published anonymously in 1836; the +author is S. Knowles. The plot is this: Charles “the Good,” earl of +Flanders, made a law that a serf is always a serf till manumitted, and +whoever marries a serf, becomes thereby a serf. Thus, if a prince +married the daughter of a serf, the prince becomes a serf<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[251]</a></span> himself, and +all his children were serfs. Bertulphe, the richest, wisest, and bravest +man in Flanders, was provost of Bruges. His beautiful daughter, +Constance, married Sir Bouchard, a knight of noble descent; but +Bertulphe’s father had been Thancmar’s serf, and, according to the new +law, Bertulphe, the provost, his daughter, Constance, and the knightly +son-in-law were all the serfs of Thancmar. The provost killed the earl, +and stabbed himself; Bouchard and Thancmar killed each other in fight; +and Constance died demented.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Prowler</b> (<i>Hugh</i>), any vagrant or highwayman.</p> + +<p class="poem">For fear of Hugh Prowler, get home with the rest.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">T. Tusser, <i>Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry</i>, xxxiii. 25 (1557).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Prudence</b> (<i>Mistress</i>), the lady attendant on Violet, ward of Lady +Arundel. When Norman, “the sea-captain,” made love to Violet, Mistress +Prudence remonstrated, “What will the countess say if I allow myself to +see a stranger speaking to her ward?” Norman clapped a guinea on her +left eye, and asked, “What see you now?” “Why, nothing with my left +eye,” she answered, “but the right has still a morbid sensibility.” +“Poor thing!” said Norman; “this golden ointment soon will cure it. What +see you now, my Prudence?” “Not a soul,” she said.—Lord Lytton, <i>The +Sea-Captain</i> (1839).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Prudhomme</b> (<i>Joseph</i>), “pupil of Brard and Saint-Omer,” +<a name="corr110" id="corr110"></a><ins class="correction" title="calligraphist">caligraphist</ins> and sworn expert in the courts of law. Joseph +Prudhomme is the synthesis of bourgeois imbecility; radiant, serene, and +self-satisfied; letting fall from his fat lips “one weak, washy, +everlasting flood” of puerile aphorisms and inane circumlocutions. He +says, “The car of the state floats on a precipice.” “This sword is the +proudest day of my life.”—Henri Monnier, <i>Grandeur et Décadence de +Joseph Prudhomme</i> (1852).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pruddoterie</b> (<i>Madame de la</i>). Character in comedy of <i>George Dandin</i>, by +Molière.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Prue</b> (<i>Miss</i>), a schoolgirl still under the charge of a nurse, very +precocious and very injudiciously brought up. Miss Prue is the daughter +of Mr. Foresight, a mad astrologer, and Mrs. Foresight, a frail +nonentity.—Congreve, <i>Love for Love</i> (1695).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Prue.</i> Wife of “I”; a dreamer. “Prue makes everything think well, even +to making the neighbors speak well of her.”</p> + +<p>Of himself Prue’s husband says:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“How queer that a man who owns castles in Spain should be deputy +book-keeper at $900 per annum!”—George William Curtis, <i>Prue and +I</i> (1856).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Prunes and Prisms</b>, the words which give the lips the right plie of the +highly aristocratic mouth, as Mrs. General tells Amy Dorrit.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“’Papa’ gives a pretty form to the lips. ‘Papa,’ ‘potatoes,’ +‘poultry,’ ‘prunes and prisms.’ You will find it serviceable if you +say to yourself on entering a room, ‘Papa, potatoes, poultry, +prunes and prisms.’”—C. Dickens, <i>Little Dorrit</i> (1855).</p></div> + +<p>General Burgoyne, in <i>The Heiress</i>, makes Lady Emily tell Miss Alscrip +that the magic words are “nimini pimini;” and that if she will stand +before her mirror and pronounce these words repeatedly, she cannot fail +to give her lips that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[252]</a></span> happy plie which is known as the “Paphian +mimp.”—<i>The Heiress</i>, iii. 2 (1781).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pru´sio</b>, king of Alvarecchia, slain by Zerbi´no.—Ariosto, <i>Orlando +Furioso</i> (1516).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pry</b> (<i>Paul</i>), one of those idle, meddling fellows, who, having no +employment of their own, are perpetually interfering in the affairs of +other people.—John Poole, <i>Paul Pry</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Prydwen</b> or <a href="#Pridwin"><span class="smcap">Pridwin</span></a> (<i>q.v.</i>), called in the <i>Mabinogion</i>, the ship of +King Arthur. It was also the name of his shield. Taliessin speaks of it +as a ship, and Robert of Gloucester as a shield.</p> + +<p class="poem">Hys sseld that het Prydwen.<br /> +Myd ye suerd he was ygurd, that so strong was and kene;<br /> +Calybourne yt was ycluped, nas nour no such ye wene.<br /> +In ys right hond ys lance he nom, that ycluped was Ron.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">I. 174.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Prynne</b> (<i>Hester</i>). Handsome, haughty gentlewoman of English birth, +married to a deformed scholar, whom she does not love. She comes alone +to Boston, meets Arthur Dimmesdale, a young clergyman, and becomes his +wife in all except in name. When her child is born she is condemned to +stand in the pillory, holding it in her arms, to be reprimanded by +officials, civic and clerical, and to wear, henceforward, upon her +breast, the letter “A” in scarlet. Her fate is more enviable than that +of her undiscovered lover, whose vacillations of dread and despair and +determination to reveal all but move Hester to deeper pity and stronger +love. She is beside him when he dies in the effort to bare his bosom and +show the cancerous <i>Scarlet Letter</i> that has grown into his flesh while +she wore hers outwardly.—Nathaniel Hawthorne, <i>The Scarlet Letter</i> +(1850).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Psalmist</b> (<i>The</i>). King David is called “The Sweet Psalmist of Israel” (2 +<i>Sam.</i> xxiii. 1). In the compilation called <i>Psalms</i>, in the Old +Testament, seventy-three bear the name of David, twelve were composed by +Asaph, eleven by the sons of Korah, and one (<i>Psalm</i> xc.) by Moses.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Psycarpax</b> (<i>i. e.</i> “<i>granary-thief</i>”), son of Troxartas, king of the +mice. The frog king offered to carry the young Psycarpax over a lake; +but a water-hydra made its appearance, and the frog-king, to save +himself, dived under water, whereby the mouse prince lost his life. This +catastrophe brought about the fatal <i>Battle of the Frogs and Mice</i>. +Translated from the Greek into English verse by Parnell (1679-1717).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Psyche</b> [<i>Si´.ke</i>], a most beautiful maiden, with whom Cupid fell in +love. The god told her she was never to seek to know who he was; but +Psychê could not resist the curiosity of looking at him as he lay sleep. +A drop of the hot oil from Psychê’s lamp falling on the love-god, woke +him, and he instantly took to flight. Psychê now wandered from place to +place, persecuted by Venus; but after enduring ineffable troubles, Cupid +came at last to her rescue, married her, and bestowed on her +immortality.</p> + +<p>This exquisite allegory is from the <i>Golden Ass</i> of Apulēios. Lafontaine +has turned it into French verse. M. Laprade (born 1812) has rendered it +into French most exquisitely. The English version, by Mrs. Tighe, in six +cantos, is simply unreadable.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pternog´lyphus</b> (“<i>bacon-scooper</i>”), one<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[253]</a></span> of the mouse +chieftains.—Parnell, <i>Battle of the Frogs and Mice</i>, iii. (about 1712).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pternoph´agus</b> (“<i>bacon-eater</i>”), one of the mouse chieftains.</p> + +<p class="poem">But dire Pternophagus divides his way<br /> +Thro’ breaking ranks, and leads the dreadful day.<br /> +No nibbling prince excelled in fierceness more,—<br /> +His parents fed him on the savage boar.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Parnell, <i>Battle of the Frogs and Mice</i>, iii. (about 1712).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pternotractas</b> (“<i>bacon-gnawer</i>”), father of “the meal-licker,” Lycomĭlê +(wife of Troxartas, “the bread-eater”). Psycarpas, the king of the mice, +was son of Lycomĭlê, and grandson of Pternotractas.—Parnell, <i>Battle of +the Frogs and Mice</i>, i. (about 1712).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Public Good</b> (<i>The League of the</i>), a league between the dukes of +Burgundy, Brittany, and other French princes against Louis XI.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Public´ola</b>, of the <i>Despatch Newspaper</i>, was the <i>nom de plume</i> of Mr. +Williams, a vigorous political writer.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Publius</b>, the surviving son of Horatius after the combat between the +three Horatian brothers against the three Curiatii of Alba. He +entertained the Roman notion that “a patriot’s soul can feel no ties but +duty, and know no voice of kindred” if it conflicts with his country’s +weal. His sister was engaged to Caius Curiatius, one of the three Alban +champions; and when she reproved him for “murdering” her betrothed, he +slew her, for he loved Rome more than he loved friend, sister, brother, +or the sacred name of father.—Whitehead, <i>The Roman Father</i> (1714).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pucel.</b> <i>La bel Pucel</i> lived in the tower of “Musyke.” Graunde Amoure, +sent thither by Fame to be instructed by the seven ladies of science, +fell in love with her, and ultimately married her. After his death, +Remembrance wrote his “epitaphy on his graue.”—S. Hawes, <i>The +Passe-tyme of Pleasure</i> (1506, printed 1515).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pucelle</b> (<i>La</i>), a surname given to Joan of Arc, the “Maid of Orleans” +(1410-1431).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Puck</b>, generally called Hobgoblin. Same as Robin Goodfellow. Shakespeare, +in <i>Midsummer Night’s Dream</i>, represents him as “a very Shetlander among +the gossamer-winged, dainty-limbed fairies, strong enough to knock all +their heads together, a rough, knurly-limbed, fawn-faced, shock-pated, +mischievous little urchin.”</p> + +<p class="poem">He [<i>Oberon</i>] meeteth Puck, which most men call<br /> +Hobgoblin, and on him doth fall,<br /> +With words from phrenzy spoken.<br /> +“Hoh! hoh!” quoth Hob; “God save your grace....”<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Drayton, <i>Nymphidia</i> (1593).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pudding</b> (<i>Jack</i>), a gormandizing clown. In French he is called <i>Jean +Potage</i>; in Dutch, <i>Pickle-Herringe</i>; in Italian, <i>Macarōni</i>; in German, +<i>John Sausage</i> (Hanswurst).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Puff</b>, servant of Captain Loveit, and husband of Tag, of whom he stands +in awe.—D. Garrick, <i>Miss in Her Teens</i> (1753).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Puff</i> (<i>Mr.</i>), a man who had tried his hand on everything to get a +living, and at last resorts to criticism. He says of himself, “I am a +practitioner in panegyric, or to speak more plainly, a professor of the +art of puffing.”</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“I open,” says Puff, “with a clock striking, to beget an awful +attention in the audience; it also marks the time, which is four +o’clock in the morning, and saves a description of the rising <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[254]</a></span>sun, +and a great deal about gilding the eastern hemisphere.”—Sheridan, +<i>The Critic</i>, i. 1 (1779).</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“God forbid,” says Mr. Puff, “that in a free country, all the fine +words in the language should be engrossed by the highest characters +of the piece.”—Sir W. Scott, <i>The Drama</i>.</p></div> + +<p class="main"><i>Puff</i>, publisher. He says:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“Panegyric and praise! and what will that do with the public? Why, +who will give money to be told that Mr. Such-a-one is a wiser and +better man than himself? No, no! ’tis quite, and clean out of +nature. A good, sousing satire, now, well powdered with personal +pepper, and seasoned with the spirit of party, that demolishes a +conspicuous character, and sinks him below our own level—there, +there, we are pleased; there we chuckle and grin, and toss the +half-crowns on the counter.”—Foote, <i>The Patron</i> (1764).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pug</b>, a mischievous little goblin, called “Puck” by Shakespeare.—B. +Jonson, <i>The Devil is an Ass</i> (1616).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Puggie-Orrock</b>, a sheriff’s officer at Fairport.—Sir W. Scott, <i>The +Antiquary</i> (time, George III.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pul´ci</b> (<i>L.</i>), poet of Florence (1432-1487), author of the heroï-comic +poem called <i>Morgantê Maggiorê</i>, a mixture of the bizarre, the serious, +and the comic, in ridicule of the romances of chivalry. This <i>Don Juan</i> +class of poetry has since been called <i>Bernesque</i>, from Francesco Berni, +of Tuscany, who greatly excelled in it.</p> + +<p class="poem">Pulci was sire of the half-serious rhyme,<br /> +Who sang when chivalry was more quixotic,<br /> +And revelled in the fancies of the time,<br /> +True knights, chaste dames, huge giants, kings despotic.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Byron, <i>Don Juan</i>, iv. 6 (1820).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pulia´no</b>, leader of the Nasamo´ni. He was slain by Rinaldo.—Ariosto, +<i>Orlando Furioso</i> (1516).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pumblechook</b>, uncle to Joe Gargery, the blacksmith. He was a well-to-do +corn-chandler, and drove his own chaise-cart. A hard-breathing, +middle-aged, slow man was uncle Pumblechook, with fishy eyes and sandy +hair, inquisitively on end. He called Pip, in his facetious way, +“six-pen’orth of h’pence;” but when Pip came into his fortune, Mr. +Pumblechook was the most servile of the servile, and ended every +sentence with, “May I, Mr. Pip?” <a name="corr111" id="corr111"></a><ins class="correction" title="i.e.,"><i>i.e</i>,</ins> have the honor of shaking +hands with you again.—C. Dickens, <i>Great Expectations</i> (1860).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pumpernickel</b> (<i>His Transparency</i>), a nickname by which the <i>Times</i> +satirized the minor German princes.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Some ninety men and ten drummers constitute their whole embattled +host on the parade-ground before their palace; and their whole +revenue is supplied by a percentage on the tax levied on strangers +at the Pumpernickel kursaal.—<i>Times</i>, July 18, 1866.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pumpkin</b> (<i>Sir Gilbert</i>), a country gentleman plagued with a ward (Miss +Kitty Sprightly) and a set of servants all stage mad. He entertains +Captain Charles Stanley, and Captain Harry Stukely at Strawberry Hall, +when the former, under cover of acting, makes love to Kitty (an +heiress), elopes with her, and marries her.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Miss Bridget Pumpkin</i>, sister of Sir Gilbert, of Strawberry Hall. A +Mrs. Malaprop. She says, “The Greeks, the Romans, and the Irish are +barbarian nations who had plays;” but Sir Gilbert says, “they were all +Jacobites.” She speaks of “taking a degree at our principal adversity;” +asks “if the Muses are a family living at Oxford,” if so, she tells +Captain Stukely, she will be delighted to “see them at Strawberry Hall, +with any other of his friends.” Miss Pumpkin hates “play acting,” but +does not object to love-making.—Jackman, <i>All the World’s a Stage</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[255]</a></span><b>Punch</b>, derived from the Latin <i>Mimi</i>, through the Italian +<i>Pullicenella</i>. It was originally intended as a characteristic +representation. The tale is this: Punch, in a fit of jealousy, strangles +his infant child, when Judy flies to her revenge. With a bludgeon she +belabors her husband, till he becomes so exasperated that he snatches +the bludgeon from her, knocks her brains out, and flings the dead body +into the street. Here it attracts the notice of a police officer, who +enters the house, and Punch flies to save his life. He is, however, +arrested by an officer of the Inquisition, and is shut up in prison, +from which he escapes by a golden key. The rest of the allegory shows +the triumph of Punch over slander, in the shape of a dog, disease in the +guise of a doctor death, and the devil.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Pantalone</i> was a Venetian merchant; <i>Dottore</i> a Bolognese physician; +<i>Spaviento</i> a Neapolitan braggadocio; <i>Pullicinella</i> a wag of Apulia; +<i>Giangurgolo</i> and <i>Coviello</i> two clowns of Calabria; <i>Gelsomino</i> a Roman +beau; <i>Beltrame</i> a Milanese simpleton; <i>Brighella</i> a Ferrarese pimp; and +<i>Arlecchino</i> a blundering servant of Bergamo. Each was clad in an +appropriate dress, had a characteristic mask, and spoke the dialect of +the place he represented.</p> + +<p>Besides these there were <i>Amorosos</i> or <i>Innamoratos</i>, with their +servettas, or waiting-maids, as <i>Smeraldina</i>, <i>Columbina</i>, <i>Spilletta</i>, +etc., who spoke Tuscan.—Walker, <i>On the Revival of the Drama in Italy</i>, +249.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Punch</i>, the periodical. The first cover was designed by A. S. Henning; +the present one by R. Doyle.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pure</b> (<i>Simon</i>), a Pennsylvanian Quaker. Being about to visit London to +attend the quarterly meeting of his sect he brings with him a letter of +introduction to Obadiah Prim, a rigid, stern Quaker, and the guardian of +Anne Lovely, an heiress worth £30,000. Colonel Feignwell, availing +himself of this letter of introduction, passes himself off as Simon +Pure, and gets established as the accepted suitor of the heiress. +Presently the real Simon Pure makes his appearance, and is treated as an +impostor and swindler. The colonel hastens on the marriage arrangements, +and has no sooner completed them than Master Simon re-appears, with +witnesses to prove his identity; but it is too late, and Colonel +Feignwell freely acknowledges the “bold stroke he has made for a +wife.”—Mrs. Centlivre, <i>A Bold Stroke for a Wife</i> (1717).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Purefoy</b> (<i>Master</i>), former tutor of Dr. Anthony Rochecliffe, the +plotting royalist.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Woodstock</i> (time, Commonwealth).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Purgatory</b>, by Dantê, in thirty-three cantos (1308). Having emerged from +Hell, Dantê saw in the southern hemisphere four stars, “ne’er seen +before, save by our first parents.” The stars were symbolical of the +four cardinal virtues (prudence, justice, fortitude and temperance). +Turning round, he observed old Cato, who said that a dame from Heaven +had sent him to prepare the Tuscan poet for passing through Purgatory. +Accordingly, with a slender reed, old Cato girded him, and from his face +he washed “all sordid stain,” restoring to his face “that hue which the +dun shades of Hell had covered and concealed” (canto i.). Dantê then +followed his guide, Virgil, to a huge mountain in mid-ocean antipodal to +Judea, and began the ascent. A party of spirits were ferried over at the +same time by an angel, amongst whom was Casella, a musician, one of +Dantê’s friends. The mountain, he tells us, is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[256]</a></span> divided into terraces, +and terminates in Earthly Paradise, which is separated from it by two +rivers—Lethê and Eu´noe (3 <i>syl.</i>). The first eight cantos are occupied +by the ascent, and then they come to the gate of Purgatory. This gate is +approached by three stairs (faith, penitence and piety); the first stair +is transparent white marble, as clear as crystal; the second is black +and cracked; and the third is of blood-red porphyry (canto ix.). The +porter marked on Dantê’s forehead seven P’s (<i>peccata</i>, “sins”), and +told him he would lose one at every stage, till he reached the river +which divided Purgatory from Paradise. Virgil continued his guide till +they came to Lethê, when he left him during sleep (canto xxx.). Dantê +was then dragged through the river Lethê, drank of the waters of Eunŏe, +and met Beatrice, who conducted him till he arrived at the “sphere of +unbodied light,” when she resigned her office to St. Bernard.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Purgon</b>, one of the doctors in Molière’s comedy of <i>Le Malade +Imaginaire</i>. When the patient’s brother interfered, and sent the +apothecary away with his clysters, Dr. Purgon got into a towering rage, +and threatened to leave the house and never more visit it. He then said +to the patient “Que vous tombiez dans la bradypepsie ... de la +bradypepsie dans la dyspepsie ... de la dyspepsie dans l’apepsie ... de +l’apepsie dans la lienterie ... de la lienterie dans la dyssenterie ... +de la dyssenterie dans l’hydropisie ... et de l’hydropisie dans la +privation de la vie.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Purita´ni</b> (<i>I</i>), “the puritans,” that is Elvi´ra, daughter of Lord +Walton, also a puritan, affianced to Ar´turo (<i>Lord Arthur Talbot</i>) a +cavalier. On the day of espousals, Arturo aids Enrichetta (<i>Henrietta, +widow of Charles I.</i>), to escape; and Elvira, supposing that he is +eloping, loses her reason. On his return, Arturo explains the facts to +Elvira, and they vow nothing on earth shall part them more, when Arturo +is arrested for treason, and led off to execution. At this crisis, a +herald announces the defeat of the Stuarts, and Cromwell pardons all +political offenders, whereupon Arturo is released, and marries +Elvira.—Bellini’s opera, <i>I Puritani</i> (1834).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Purley</b> (<i>Diversions of</i>), a work on the analysis and etymology of +English words, so called from Purley, where it was written by John +Horne. In 1782 he assumed the name of Tooke, from Mr. Tooke, of Purley, +in Surrey, with whom he often stayed, and who left him £8000 (vol. i, +1785; vol. ii., 1805).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Purple Island</b> (<i>The</i>), the human body. It is the name of a poem in +twelve cantos, by Phineas Fletcher (1633). Canto i. Introduction. Cantos +ii.-v. An anatomical description of the human body, considered as an +island kingdom. Cantos vi. The “intellectual” man. Cantos vii. The +“natural man,” with its affections and lusts. Canto viii. The world, the +flesh, and the devil, as the enemies of man. Cantos ix., x. The friends +of man who enable him to overcome these enemies. Cantos xi., xii. The +battle of “Mansoul,” the triumph, and the marriage of Eclecta. The whole +is supposed to be sung to shepherds by Thirsil, a shepherd.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pusil´lus</b>, Feeble-mindedness personified in <i>The Purple Island</i>, by +Phineas Fletcher (1633); “a weak, distrustful heart.” Fully described in +cantos viii. (Latin, <i>pusillus</i>, “pusillanimous.”)</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Puss-in-Boots" id="Puss-in-Boots"></a><b>Puss-in-Boots</b>, from Charles Per<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[257]</a></span>rault’s tale <i>Le Chat Botté</i> (1697). +Perrault borrowed the tale from the <i>Nights</i> of Straparola, an Italian. +Straparola’s <i>Nights</i> were translated into French in 1585, and +Perrault’s <i>Contes de Fées</i> were published in 1697. Ludwig Tieck, the +German novelist, reproduced the same tale in his <i>Volksmärchen</i> (1795), +called in German <i>Der Gestiefelte Kater</i>. The cat is marvellously +accomplished, and by ready wit or ingenious tricks secures a fortune and +royal wife for his master, a penniless young miller, who passes under +the name of the marquis de Car´abas. In the Italian tale, puss is called +“Constantine’s cat.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pwyll’s Bag</b> (<i>Prince</i>), a bag that it was impossible to fill.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Come thou in by thyself, clad in ragged garments, and holding a bag +in thy hand, and ask nothing but a bagful of food, and I will cause +that if all the meat and liquor that are in these seven cantreves +were put into it, it would be no fuller than before.—<i>The +Mabinogion</i> <a name="corr112" id="corr112"></a><ins class="correction" title="(“Pwyll">(Pwyll</ins> Prince of Dyved,” twelfth century).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pygma´lion</b>, a sculptor of Cyprus. He resolved never to marry, but became +enamored of his own ivory statue, which Venus endowed with life, and the +sculptor married. Morris has a poem on the subject in his <i>Earthly +Paradise</i> (“August”), and Gilbert a comedy.</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i3">Fell in loue with these,</span><br /> +As did Pygmalion with his carvèd tree.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Lord Brooke, <i>Treatie on Human Learning</i> (1554-1628).</span></p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Lord Brooke calls the statue “a carved tree.” There is a +vegetable ivory, no doubt, one of the palm species, and there is the +<i>ebon tree</i>, the wood of which is black as jet. The former could not be +known to Pygmalion, but the latter might, as Virgil speaks of it in his +<i>Georgics</i>, ii. 117, “India nigrum fert ebenum.” Probably Lord Brooke +blundered from the resemblance between <i>ebor</i> (“ivory”) and <i>ebon</i>, in +Latin “ebenum.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Pygmy" id="Pygmy"></a><b>Pygmy</b>, a dwarf. The pygmies were a nation of dwarfs always at war with +the cranes of Scythia. They were not above a foot high, and lived +somewhere at the “end of the earth”—either in Thrace, Ethiopia, India, +or the Upper Nile. The pygmy women were mothers at the age of three, and +old women at eight. Their houses were built of egg-shells. They cut down +a blade of wheat with an axe and hatchet, as we fell huge forest trees.</p> + +<p>One day, they resolved to attack Herculês in his sleep, and went to work +as in a siege. An army attacked each hand, and the archers attacked the +feet. Herculês awoke, and with the paw of his lion-skin overwhelmed the +whole host, and carried them captive to King Eurystheus.</p> + +<p>Swift has availed himself of this Grecian fable in his <i>Gulliver’s +Travels</i> (“Lilliput,” 1726).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pyke and Pluck</b> (<i>Messrs.</i>), the tools and toadies of Sir Mulberry Hawk. +They laugh at all his jokes, snub all who attempt to rival their patron, +and are ready to swear to anything Sir Mulberry wishes to have +confirmed.—C. Dickens, <i>Nicholas Nickleby</i> (1838).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pylades and Orestes</b>, inseparable friends. Pyladês was a nephew of King +Agamemnon, and Orestês was Agamemnon’s son. The two cousins contracted a +friendship which has become proverbial. Subsequently, Pyladês married +Orestês’s sister, Electra.</p> + +<p>Lagrange-Chancel has a French drama entitled <i>Oreste et Pylade</i> (1695). +Voltaire also (<i>Oreste</i>, 1750). The two characters are introduced into a +host of plays, Greek,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[258]</a></span> Italian, French, and English. (See <span class="smcap">Andromache</span>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pynchons</b> (<i>The</i>). <i>Mr. Pynchon</i>, a “representative of the highest and +noblest class” in the Massachusetts Colony; one of the first settlers in +Agawam (Springfield, Mass.).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mrs. Pynchon</i> (a second wife), a woman of excellent sense, with +thorough reverence for her husband.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mary Pynchon</i>, beautiful and winning girl, afterward wedded to Elizur +Holyoke.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>John Pynchon</i>, a promising boy.—J. G. Holland, <i>The Bay Path</i> (1857).</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Pyncheon" id="Pyncheon"></a><b>Pyncheon</b> (<i>Col.</i>). An old bachelor, possessed of great wealth, and of an +eccentric and melancholy turn of mind, the owner and tenant of the old +Pyncheon mansion. He dies suddenly, after a life of selfish devotion to +his own interests, and is thus found when the house is opened in the +morning.—Nathaniel Hawthorne, <i>The House of the Seven Gables</i> (1851).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pyrac´mon</b>, one of Vulcan’s workmen in the smithy of Mount Etna. (Greek, +<i>pûr akmôn</i>, “fire anvil.”)</p> + +<p class="poem">Far passing Bronteus or Pyracmon great,<br /> +The which in Lipari do day and night<br /> +Frame thunderbolts for Jove.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Spenser, <i>Faëry Queen</i>, iv. 5 (1596).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pyramid.</b> According to Diodo´rus Sic´ulus (<i>Hist.</i>, i.), and Pliny (<i>Nat. +Hist.</i>, xxxvi. 12), there were 360,000 men employed for nearly twenty +years upon one of the pyramids.</p> + +<p>The largest pyramid was built by Cheops or Suphis, the next largest by +Cephrēnês or Sen-Suphis, and the third by Menchērês, last king of the +Fourth Egyptian dynasty, said to have lived before the birth of +Abraham.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>The Third Pyramid.</i> Another tradition is that the third pyramid was +built by Rhodŏpis or Rhodopê, the Greek courtezan. Rhodopis means the +“rosy-cheeked.”</p> + +<p class="poem">The Rhodopê that built the pyramid.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Tennyson, <i>The Princess</i>, ii. (1830).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pyr´amos</b> (in Latin <i>Pyrămus</i>), the lover of Thisbê. Supposing Thisbê had +been torn to pieces by a lion, Pyramos stabs himself in his unutterable +grief “under a mulberry tree.” Here Thisbê finds the dead body of her +lover, and kills herself for grief on the same spot. Ever since then the +juice of this fruit has been blood-stained.—<i>Greek Mythology.</i></p> + +<p>Shakespeare has introduced a burlesque of this pretty love story in his +<i>Midsummer Night’s Dream</i>, but Ovid has told the tale beautifully.</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Pyrgo" id="Pyrgo"></a><b>Pyrgo Polini´ces</b>, an extravagant blusterer. (The word means “tower and +town taker.”)—Plautus, <i>Miles Gloriosus</i>.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>If the modern reader knows nothing of Pyrgo Polinicês and Thraso, +Pistol and Parollês; if he is shut out from Nephelo-Coccygia, he +may take refuge in Lilliput.—Macaulay.</p></div> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> “Thraso,” a bully in Terence (<i>The Eunuch</i>); “Pistol,” in the +<i>Merry Wives of Windsor</i> and 2 <i>Henry IV.</i>; “Parollês,” in <i>All’s Well +that Ends Well</i>; “Nephelo-Coccygia,” or cloud cuckoo-town, in +Aristophanê’s (<i>The Birds</i>); and “Lilliput,” in Swift (<i>Gulliver’s +Travels</i>).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Py´rocles</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>) and his brother, Cy´moclês (3 <i>syl.</i>) sons of +Acratês (<i>incontinence</i>). The two brothers are about to strip Sir Guyon, +when Prince Arthur comes up and slays both of them.—Spenser, <i>Faëry +Queen</i>, ii. 8 (1590).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pyroc´les and Musidorous</b>, heroes,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[259]</a></span> whose exploits are told by Sir Philip +Sidney in his <i>Arcadia</i> (1581).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pyr´rho</b>, the founder of the sceptics or Pyrrhonian school of philosophy. +He was a native of Elis, in Peloponne´sus, and died at the age of 90 +(<span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 285).</p> + +<p class="poem">It is a pleasant voyage, perhaps, to float,<br /> +Like Pyrrho, on a sea of speculation.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Byron, <i>Don Juan</i>, ix. 18 (1824).</span></p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> “Pyrrhonism” means absolute and unlimited infidelity.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pythag´oras</b>, the Greek philosopher, is said to have discovered the +musical scale from hearing the sounds produced by a blacksmith hammering +iron on his anvil.—See <i>Dictionary of Phrase and Fable</i>, 722.</p> + +<p class="poem">As great Pythagoras of yore,<br /> +Standing beside the blacksmith’s door.<br /> +And hearing the hammers, as he smote<br /> +The anvils with a different note ...<br /> +... formed the seven-chorded lyre.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Longfellow, <i>To a Child</i>.</span></p> + +<p>Handel wrote an “air with variations” which he called <i>The Harmonious +Blacksmith</i>, said to have been suggested by the sounds proceeding from a +smithy, where he heard the village blacksmiths swinging their heavy +sledges “with measured beat and slow.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Pyth´ias</b>, a Syracusan soldier, noted for his friendship for Damon. When +Damon was condemned to death by Dionysius, the new-made king of +Syracuse, Pythias obtained for him a respite of six hours, to go and bid +farewell to his wife and child. The condition of this respite was that +Pythias should be bound, and even executed, if Damon did not return at +the hour appointed. Damon returned in due time, and Dionysius was so +struck with this proof of friendship, that he not only pardoned Damon, +but even begged to be ranked among his friends. The day of execution was +the day that Pythias was to have been married to Calanthê.—<i>Damon and +Pythias</i>, a drama by R. Edwards (1571), and another by John Banim in +1825.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Python</b>, a huge serpent engendered from the mud of the deluge, and slain +by Apollo. In other words, pytho is the miasma or mist from the +evaporation of the overflow, dried up by the sun. (Greek, <i>puthesthai</i>, +“to rot;” because the serpent was left to rot in the sun.)</p> + + + + +<p class="letterstart"><span class="dropcapq"><span class="hide"><b>Q</b></span></span><span class="upper"> (<i>Old</i>),</span> the earl of March, afterwards duke of Queensberry, at the +close of the last century and the beginning of this.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Quacks</b> (<i>Noted</i>).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Bechic</span>, known for his “cough pills,” consisting of <i>digitalis</i>, <i>white +oxide of antimony</i> and <i>licorice</i>. Sometimes, but erroneously, called +“Beecham’s magic cough pills.”</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Booker</span> (<i>John</i>), astrologer, etc. (1601-1667).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Bossy</span> (<i>Dr.</i>), a German by birth. He was well known in the beginning of +the nineteenth century in Covent Garden, and in other parts of London.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Brodum</span> (eighteenth century). His “nervous cordial” consisted of <i>gentian +root</i> infused in <i>gin</i>. Subsequently, a little <i>bark</i> was added.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cagliostro</span>, the prince of quacks. His<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[260]</a></span> proper name was Joseph Balsamo, +and his father was Pietro Balsamo, of Palermo. He married Lorenza, the +daughter of a girdle-maker of Rome, called himself the Count Alessandro +di Cagliostro, and his wife the Countess Seraphina di Cagliostro. He +professed to heal every disease, to abolish wrinkles, to predict future +events, and was a great mesmerist. He styled himself “Grand Cophta, +Prophet, and Thaumaturge.” His “Egyptian pills” sold largely at 30<i>s.</i> a +box (1743-1795). One of the famous novels of A. Dumas is <i>Joseph +Balsamo</i> (1845).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>He had a flat, snub face; dew-lapped, flat-nosed, greasy, and +sensual. A forehead impudent, and two eyes which turned up most +seraphically languishing. It was a model face for a +quack.—Carlyle, <i>Life of Cagliostro</i>.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Case</span> (<i>Dr. John</i>), of Lime Regis, Dorsetshire. His name was Latinized +into <i>Caseus</i>, and hence he was sometimes called Dr. Cheese. He was born +in the reign of Charles II., and died in that of Anne. Dr. Case was the +author of the <i>Angelic Guide</i>, a kind of <i>Zadkiel’s Almanac</i>, and over +his door was this couplet:</p> + +<p class="poem">Within this place<br /> +Lives Dr. Case.</p> + +<p class="poem">Legions of quacks shall join us in this place,<br /> +From great Kirlëus down to Dr. Case.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Garth, <i>Dispensary</i>, iii. (1699).</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Clarke</span>, noted for his “world-famed blood-mixture” (end of the nineteenth +century).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cockle</span> (<i>James</i>), known for his anti-bilious pills, advertised as “the +oldest patent medicine” (nineteenth century).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Franks</span> (<i>Dr. Timothy</i>), who lived in Old Bailey, was the rival of Dr. +Rock. Franks was a very tall man, while his rival was short and stout +(1692-1763).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Dr. Franks, F.O.G.H., calls his rival “Dumplin’ Dick,”.... Sure the +world is wide enough for two great personages. Men of science +should leave controversy to the little world ... and then we might +see Rock and Franks walking together, hand-in-hand, smiling, onward +to immortality.—Goldsmith, <i>A Citizen of the World</i>, lxviii. +(1759).</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Graham</span> (<i>Dr.</i>), of the Temple of Health, first in the Adelphi, then in +Pall Mall. He sold his “elixir of life” for £1000 a bottle, was noted +for his mud baths, and for his “celestial bed,” which assured a +beautiful progeny. He died poor in 1784.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Grant</span> (<i>Dr.</i>), first a tinker, then a Baptist preacher in Southwark, +then oculist to Queen Anne.</p> + +<p class="poem">Her majesty sure was in a surprise,<br /> +<span class="i1">Or else was very short-sighted,</span><br /> +When a tinker was sworn to look after her eyes,<br /> +<span class="i1">And the mountebank tailor was knighted.</span><br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib"><i>Grub Street Journal.</i></span></p> + +<p>(The “mountebank tailor” was Dr. Read.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hancock</span> (<i>Dr.</i>), whose panacea was cold water and stewed prunes.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Dr. Sandgrado prescribed hot water and stewed +apples.—Lesage, <i>Gil Blas</i>.</p> + +<p>Dr. Rezio, of Barataria, would allow Sancho Panza to eat only “a few +wafers, and a thin slice or two of quince.”—Cervantes, <i>Don Quixote</i>, +II. iii. 10 (1615).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hannes</span> (<i>Dr.</i>), knighted by Queen Anne. He was born in Oxfordshire.</p> + +<p class="poem">The queen, like heaven, shines equally on all,<br /> +Her favors now without distinction fall,<br /> +Great Read, and slender Hannes, both knighted, show<br /> +That none their honors shall to merit owe.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib"><i>A Political Squib of the Period.</i></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Holloway</span> (<i>Professor</i>), noted for his ointment to cure all strumous +affections, his digestive pills, and his enormous expenditure in +advertising (nineteenth century). Holloway’s ointment is an imitation of +Albinolo’s; being analyzed by order of the French law-courts, it was +declared to consist of <i>butter</i>, <i>lard</i>, <i>wax</i> and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[261]</a></span> <i>Venice turpentine</i>. +His pills are made of <i>aloes</i>, <i>jalap</i>, <i>ginger</i> and <i>myrrh</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Katerfelto</span> (<i>Dr.</i>), the influenza doctor. He was a tall man, dressed in +a black gown and square cap, and was originally a common soldier in the +Prussian service. In 1782 he exhibited in London his solar microscope, +and created immense excitement by showing the infusoria of muddy water, +etc. Dr. Katerfelto used to say that he was the greatest philosopher +since the time of Sir Isaac Newton.</p> + +<p class="poem">And Katerfelto, with his hair on end,<br /> +At his own wonders, wondering for his bread.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Cowper, <i>The Task</i> (“The Winter Evening,” 1782).</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lilly</span> (<i>William</i>), astrologer, born at Diseworth, in Leicestershire +(1602-1681).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Long</span> (<i>St. John</i>), born at Newcastle, began life as an artist, but +afterwards set up as a curer of consumption, rheumatism and gout. His +profession brought him wealth, and he lived in Harley Street, Cavendish +Square. St. John Long died himself of rapid consumption (1798-1834).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mapp</span> (<i>Mrs.</i>), bone-setter. She was born at Epsom, and at one time was +very rich, but she died in great poverty at her lodgings in Seven Dials, +1737.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Hogarth has introduced her in his heraldic picture, “The +Undertakers’ Arms.” She is the middle of the three figures at the top, +and is holding a bone in her hand.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Moore</span> (<i>Mr. John</i>), of the Pestle and Mortar, Abchurch Lane, +immortalized by his “worm-powder,” and called the “Worm Doctor” (died +1733).</p> + +<p class="poem">Vain is thy art, thy powder vain,<br /> +Since worms shall eat e’en thee.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Pope, <i>To Mr. John Moore</i> (1723).</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Morison</span> (<i>Dr.</i>), famous for his pills (consisting of <i>aloes</i> and <i>cream +of tartar</i>, equal parts). Professor Holloway, Dr. Morison, and Rowland, +maker of hair-oil and tooth-powder, were the greatest advertisers of +their generation.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Partridge</span>, cobbler, astrologer, almanac-maker and quack (died 1708).</p> + +<p class="poem">Weep, all you customers who use<br /> +His pills, his almanacs, or shoes.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Swift, <i>Elegy, etc.</i></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Read</span> (<i>Sir William</i>), a tailor, who set up for oculist, and was knighted +by Queen Anne. This quack was employed both by Queen Anne and George I. +Sir William could not read. He professed to cure wens, wry-necks and +hare-lips (died 1715).</p> + +<p class="poem">... none their honors shall to merit owe—<br /> +That popish doctrine is exploded quite,<br /> +Or Ralph had been no duke, and Read no knight;<br /> +That none may virtue or their learning plead,<br /> +This hath no <i>grace</i>, and that can hardly <i>read</i>.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib"><i>A Political Squib of the Period.</i></span></p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> The “Ralph” referred to is Ralph Montagu, son of Edward +Montagu, created viscount in 1682, and duke of Montagu in 1705 (died +1709).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Rock</span> (<i>Dr. Richard</i>), professed to cure every disease, at any stage +thereof. According to his bills, “Be your disorder never so far gone, I +can cure you.” He was short in stature and fat, always wore a white, +three-tailed wig, nicely combed and frizzed upon each cheek, carried a +cane, and waddled in his gait (eighteenth century).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Dr. Rock, F.U.N., never wore a hat. He is usually drawn at the top +of his own bills sitting in an armchair, holding a little bottle +between his finger and thumb, and surrounded with rotten teeth, +nippers, pills and gallipots.—Goldsmith, <i>A Citizen of the World</i>, +lxviii. (1759).</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Smith</span> (<i>Dr.</i>), who went about the country in the eighteenth century in +his coach with four outriders. He dressed in black velvet, and cured any +disease for sixpence. “His amusements on the stage were well worth the +sixpence which he charged for his box of pills.”</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>As I was sitting at the George Inn I saw a coach, with six bay +horses, a calash and four, a chaise and four, enter the inn, in +yellow livery <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[262]</a></span>turned up with red; and four gentlemen on horseback, +in blue trimmed with silver. As yellow is the color given by the +dukes in England, I went out to see what duke it was, but there was +no coronet on the coach, only a plain coat-of-arms, with the motto +<span class="smcap">Argento Laborat Faber</span> [<i>Smith works for money</i>]. Upon inquiry I +found this grand equipage belonged to a mountebank named Smith.—<i>A +Tour through England</i> (1723).</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Solomon</span> (<i>Dr.</i>), eighteenth century. His “anti-impetigines” was simply a +solution of <i>bichloride of mercury</i>, colored.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Taylor</span> (<i>Dr. Chevalier John</i>). He called himself “Opthalminator, +Pontificial, Imperial, and Royal.” It is said that five of his horses +were blind from experiments tried by him on their eyes (died 1767).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Hogarth has introduced Dr. Taylor in his “Undertakers’ Arms.” +He is one of the three figures at the top, to the left hand of the +spectator.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Unborn Doctor</span> (<i>The</i>), of Moorfields. Not being born a doctor, he called +himself “The Un-born Doctor.”</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Walker</span> (<i>Dr.</i>), one of the three great quacks of the eighteenth century, +the others being Dr. Rock and Dr. Timothy Franks. Dr. Walker had an +abhorrence of quacks, and was for ever cautioning the public not to +trust them, but come at once to him, adding, “there is not such another +medicine in the world as mine.”</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Not for himself but for his country he prepares his gallipot, and +seals up his precious drops for any country or any town, so great +is his zeal and philanthropy.—Goldsmith, <i>A Citizen of the World</i>, +lxviii. (1759).</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ward</span> (<i>Dr.</i>), a footman, famous for his “friars’ balsam.” He was called +in to prescribe for George II., and died 1761. Dr. Ward had a claret +stain on his left cheek, and in Hogarth’s famous picture, “The +Undertakers’ Arms,” the cheek is marked gules. He occupies the right +hand side of the spectator, and forms one of the triumvirate, the +others being Dr. Taylor and Mrs. Mapp.</p> + +<p>Dr. Kirlëus and Dr. Tom Saffold are also known names.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Quackleben</b> (<i>Dr. Quentin</i>), “the man of medicine,” one of the committee +at the Spa.—Sir W. Scott, <i>St. Ronan’s Well</i> (time, George III.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Quaint</b> (<i>Timothy</i>), servant of Governor Heartall. Timothy is “an odd +fish, that loves to swim in troubled waters.” He says, “I never laugh at +the governor’s good humors, nor frown at his infirmities. I always keep +a steady, sober phiz, fixed as the gentleman’s on horseback at Charing +Cross; and, in his worst of humors, when all is fire and faggots with +him, if I turn round and coolly say, ‘Lord, sir, has anything ruffled +you?’ he’ll burst out into an immoderate fit of laughter, and exclaim, +‘Curse that inflexible face of thine! Though you never suffer a smile to +mantle on it, it is a figure of fun to the rest of the world.”—Cherry, +<i>The Soldier’s Daughter</i> (1804).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Quaker Poet</b> (<i>The</i>), Bernard Barton (1784-1849).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Quaker Widow.</b> Gentle old dame who, on the afternoon of her husband’s +funeral, tells to a kindly visitor the simple story of her blameless +life, its joys and sorrows, and of the light that comes at eventide.</p> + +<p class="poemquote">“It is not right to wish for death;<br /> +<span class="i1">The Lord disposes best.</span><br /> +His spirit comes to quiet hearts<br /> +<span class="i1">And fits them for His rest.</span><br /> +And that He halved our little flock<br /> +<span class="i1">Was merciful, I see;</span><br /> +For Benjamin has two in Heaven,<br /> +<span class="i1">And two are left with me.”</span><br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Bayard Taylor, <i>The Quaker Widow</i>.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[263]</a></span><b>Quale</b> (<i>Mr.</i>), a philanthropist, noted for his bald, shining forehead. +Mrs. Jellyby hopes her daughter, Caddy, will become Quale’s +wife.—Charles Dickens, <i>Bleak House</i> (1853).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Quarl</b> (<i>Philip</i>), a sort of Robinson Crusoe, who had a chimpanzee for +his “man Friday.” The story consists of the adventures and sufferings of +an English hermit named Philip Quarl (1727).</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Quasimodo" id="Quasimodo"></a><b>Quasimo´do</b>, a foundling, hideously deformed, but of enormous muscular +strength, adopted by Archdeacon Frollo. He is brought up in the +cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris. One day, he sees Esmeralda, who had +been dancing in the cathedral close, set upon by a mob as a witch, and +he conceals her for a time in the church. When, at length, the beautiful +gypsy girl is gibbeted, Quasimodo disappears mysteriously, but a +skeleton corresponding to the deformed figure is found after a time in a +hole under the gibbet.—Victor Hugo, <i>Notre Dame de Paris</i> (1831).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Quatre Filz Aymon</b> (<i>Les</i>), the four sons of the duke of Dordona +(<i>Dordogne</i>). Their names are Rinaldo, Guicciardo, Alardo, and +Ricciardetto (<i>i.e.</i> Renaud, Guiscard, Alard, and Richard), and their +adventures form the subject of an old French romance by Huon de +Villeneuve (twelfth century).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Quaver</b>, a singing-master, who says “if it were not for singing-masters, +men and women might as well have been born dumb.” He courts Lucy by +promising to give her singing lessons.—Fielding, <i>The Virgin Unmasked</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Queechy.</b> Farmstead to which the Rossiters retired after the ruin of +their fortunes in New York. Old-fashioned house and not productive +land.—Susan Warner, <i>Queechy</i> (1852).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Queen</b> (<i>The Starred Ethiop</i>), Cassiopēia, wife of Cepheus (2 <i>syl.</i>), +king of Ethiopia. She boasted that she was fairer than the sea-nymphs, +and the offended nereids complained of the insult to Neptune, who sent a +sea-monster to ravage Ethiopia. At death, Cassiopeia was made a +constellation of thirteen stars.</p> + +<p class="poem">... that starred Ethiop queen that strove<br /> +To set her beauty’s praise above<br /> +The sea-nymphs, and their powers offended.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Milton, <i>Il Penseroso</i>, 19 (1638).</span></p> + +<p class="main"><i>Queen</i> (<i>The White</i>), Mary queen of Scots, <i>La Reine Blanche</i>; so +called by the French, because she dressed in white as mourning for her +husband.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Queen Dick</b>, Richard Cromwell (1626, 1658-1660, died 1712).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> <i>It happened in the reign of Queen Dick</i>, never, on the Greek +kalends. This does not refer to Richard Cromwell, but to Queen “Outis.” +There never was a Queen Dick, except by way of joke.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Queen Sarah</b>, Sarah Jennings, duchess of Marlborough (1660-1744).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Queen Anne only reigned while Queen Sarah governed.—<i>Temple Bar</i>, +208.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Queen Square Hermit</b>, Jeremy Bentham, 1 Queen Square, London (1748-1832).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Queen of Hearts</b>, Elizabeth Stuart, daughter of James I., the unfortunate +queen of Bohemia (1596-1662).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Queen of Heaven</b>, Ashtoreth (“the moon”). Horace calls the moon “the +two-horned queen of the stars.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[264]</a></span>”</p> + +<p>Some speak of the Virgin Mary as “the queen of heaven.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Queen of Queens.</b> Cleopatra was so called by Mark Antony (<span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 69-30).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Queen of Song</b>, Angelica Catala´ni; also called “the Italian Nightingale” +(1782-1849).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Queen of Sorrow</b>, the marble tomb at Delhi called the Taj-Mahul, built by +Shah Jehan for his wife, Moomtaz-i-Mahul.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Queen of Tears</b>, Mary of Mo´dena, second wife of James II. of England +(1658-1718).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Her eyes became eternal fountains of sorrow for that crown her own +ill policy contributed to lose.—Noble, <i>Memoirs, etc.</i> (1784).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Queen of the East</b>, Zenobia, queen of Palmy´ra (*, 266-273).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Queen of the South</b>, Maqueda, or Balkis, queen of Sheba, or Saba.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The queen of the south ... came from the uttermost parts of the +earth to hear the wisdom of Solomon.—<i>Matt.</i> xii. 42; see also 1 +<i>Kings</i> x. 1.</p></div> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> According to tradition, the queen of the south had a son by +Solomon, named Melech, who reigned in Ethiopia or Abyssinia, and added +to his name the words Belul Gian (“precious stone”), alluding to a ring +given to him by Solomon. Belul Gian translated into Latin, became +<i>pretiosus Joannes</i>, which got corrupted into Prester John (<i>presbyter +Johannes</i>), and has given rise to the fables of this “mythical king of +Ethiopia.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Queen of the Swords.</b> Minna Troil was so called, because the gentlemen, +formed into two lines, held their swords so as to form an arch or roof +under which Minna led the ladies of the party.—Sir W. Scott, <i>The +Pirate</i> (time, William III.).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> In 1877, W. Q. Orchardson, R. A., exhibited a picture in +illustration of this incident.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Queen</b> (<i>My</i>).</p> + +<p class="poem">But thou thyself shall not come down<br /> +From that pure region far above,<br /> +But keep thy throne and wear thy crown,<br /> +Queen of my heart and queen of love!<br /> +A monarch in thy realm complete,<br /> +And I a monarch—at thy feet!<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">William Winter, <i>Wanderers</i> (1889).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Queens</b> (<i>Four Daughters</i>). Raymond Ber´enger, count of Provence, had +four daughters, all of whom married kings; Margaret married Louis IX. of +France; Eleanor married Henry III. of England; Sancha married Henry’s +brother, Richard, king of the Romans; and Beatrice married Charles I. of +Naples and Sicily.</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i1">Four daughters were there born</span><br /> +To Raymond Ber´enger, and every one<br /> +Became a queen.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Dantê, <i>Paradise</i>, vi. (1311).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Quentin</b> (<i>Black</i>), groom of Sir John Ramorny.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Fair Maid +of Perth</i> (time, Henry IV.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Quentin Durward</b>, a novel by Sir W. Scott (1823). A story of French +history. The delineations of Louis XI., and Charles the Bold, of +Burgundy, will stand comparison with any in the whole range of fiction +or history.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Quern-Biter</b>, the sword of Haco I. of Norway.</p> + +<p class="poem">Quern-biter of Hacon the Good<br /> +Wherewith at a stroke he hewed<br /> +The millstone thro’ and thro’.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Longfellow.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Querno</b> (<i>Camillo</i>), of Apulia, was intro<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[265]</a></span>duced to Pope Leo X., as a +buffoon, but was promoted to the laurel. This laureate was called the +“Antichrist of Wit.”</p> + +<p class="poem">Rome in her capitol saw Querno sit,<br /> +Throned on seven hills, the antichrist of wit.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Pope, <i>The Dunciad</i>, ii. (1728).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Querpo</b> (<i>Shrill</i>), in Garth’s <i>Dispensary</i>, is meant for Dr. Howe.</p> + +<p class="poem">To this design shrill Querpo did agree,<br /> +A zealous member of the faculty,<br /> +His sire’s pretended pious steps he treads,<br /> +And where the doctor fails, the saint succeeds.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib"><i>Dispensary</i>, iv. (1699).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Questing Beast</b> (<i>The</i>), a monster called Glatisaunt, that made a noise +called questing, “like thirty couple of hounds giving quest” or cry. +King Pellinore (3 <i>syl.</i>) followed the beast for twelve months (pt. i. +17), and after his death Sir Palomidês gave it chase.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The questing beast had in shape and head like a serpent’s head, and +a body like a libard, buttocks like a lion, and footed like a hart; +and in his body there was such a noise as it had been the noise of +thirty couple of hounds questing, and such a noise that beast made +wheresoever he went; and this beast evermore Sir Palomides +followed.—Sir T. Malory, <i>History of Prince Arthur</i>, i. 17; ii. 53 +(1470).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Quiara and Mon´nema</b>, man and wife, the only persons who escaped the +ravages of the small-pox plague which carried off all the rest of the +Guara´ni race, in Paraguay. They left the fatal spot, settled in the +Mondai woods, had one son, Yerūti, and one daughter, Mooma; but Quiāra +was killed by a jagŭar before the latter was born.—Southey, <i>A Tale of +Paraguay</i> (1814). (See <a name="corr113" id="corr113"></a><ins class="correction" title="Monema"><a href="#Monema"><span class="smcap">Monnema</span></a></ins> and <a href="#Mooma"><span class="smcap">Mooma</span></a>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Quick</b> (<i>Abel</i>), clerk to Surplus, the lawyer.—J. M. Morton, <i>A Regular +Fix</i>.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Quick</i> (<i>John</i>), called “The Retired Diocletian of Islington” +(1748-1831).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Little Quick, the retired Diocletian of Islington, with his squeak +like a Bart’lemew fiddle.—Charles Mathews.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Quickly</b> (<i>Mistress</i>), servant-of-all-work, to Dr. Caius, a French +physician. She says, “I wash, wring, brew, bake, scour, dress meat and +drink, make the beds, and do all myself.” She is the go-between of three +suitors for “sweet Anne Page,” and with perfect disinterestedness wishes +all three to succeed, and does her best to forward the suit of all +three, “but speciously of Master Fenton.”—Shakespeare, <i>Merry Wives of +Windsor</i> (1601).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Quickly</i> (<i>Mistress Nell</i>), a hostess of a tavern in East-cheap, +frequented by Harry, prince of Wales, Sir John Falstaff, and all their +disreputable crew. In <i>Henry V.</i> Mistress Quickly is represented as +having married Pistol, the “lieutenant of Captain Sir John’s army.” All +three die before the end of the play. Her description of Sir John +Falstaff’s death (<i>Henry V.</i> act ii. sc. 3) is very graphic and true to +nature. In 2 <i>Henry IV.</i> Mistress Quickly arrests Sir John for debt, but +immediately she hears of his commission is quite willing to dismiss the +bailiffs, and trust “the honey sweet” old knight again to any +amount.—Shakespeare, 1 and 2 <i>Henry IV.</i> and <i>Henry V.</i></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Quid</b> (<i>Mr.</i>), the tobacconist, a relative of Mrs. Margaret Bertram.—Sir +W. Scott, <i>Guy Mannering</i> (time, George II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Quid Rides</b>, the motto of Jacob Brandon, tobacco-broker, who lived at the +close of the eighteenth century. It was suggested by Harry Calendon of +Lloyd’s coffee-house.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[266]</a></span><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> <i>Quid Ridês</i> (Latin) means “Why do you laugh?” <i>Quid rides</i>, +<i>i.e.</i> “the tobacconist rides.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Quidnunc</b> (<i>Abraham</i>), of St. Martin’s-in-the-Fields, an upholsterer by +trade, but bankrupt. His head “runs only on schemes for paying off the +National Debt, the balance of power, the affairs of Europe, and the +political news of the day.”</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> The prototype of this town politician was the father of Dr. +Arne (see <i>The Tatler</i>, No. 155).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Harriet Quidnunc</i>, his daughter, rescued by Belmour from the flames of +a burning house, and adored by him.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>John Quidnunc</i>, under the assumed name of Rovewell, having married a +rich planter’s widow, returns to England, pays his father’s debts, and +gives his sister to Mr. Belmour for wife.—Murphy, <i>The Upholsterer</i> +(1758).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Quidnuncs</b>, a name given to the ancient members of certain political +clubs, who were constantly inquiring, “Quidnunc? What news?”</p> + +<p class="poem">This the Great Mother dearer held than all<br /> +The clubs of Quidnuncs, or her own Guildhall.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Pope, <i>The Dunciad</i>, i. 269 (1728).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Quidnunkis</b>, a monkey which climbed higher than its neighbors, and fell +into a river. For a few moments the monkey-race stood panic-struck, but +the stream flowed on, and in a minute or two the monkeys continued their +gambols as if nothing had happened.—Gay, <i>The Quidnunkis</i> (a fable, +1726).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Quildrive</b> (2 <i>syl.</i>), clerk to old Philpot “the citizen.”—Murphy, <i>The +Citizen</i> (1761).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Quilp</b> (<i>Daniel</i>), a hideous dwarf, cunning, malicious, and a perfect +master in tormenting. Of hard, forbidding features, with head and face +large enough for a giant. His black eyes were restless, sly, and +cunning; his mouth and chin bristly with a coarse, hard beard; his face +never clean, but always distorted with a ghastly grin, which showed the +few discolored fangs that supplied the place of teeth. His dress +consisted of a large high-crowned hat, a worn-out dark suit, a pair of +most capacious shoes, and a huge crumpled dirty white neck-cloth. Such +hair as he had was a grizzled black, cut short but hanging about his +ears in fringes. His hands were coarse and dirty; his fingernails +crooked, long, and yellow. He lived on Tower Hill, collected rents, +advanced money to seamen, and kept a sort of wharf, containing rusty +anchors, huge iron rings, piles of rotten wood, and sheets of old +copper, calling himself a ship-breaker. He was on the point of being +arrested for felony, when he drowned himself.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>He ate hard eggs, shell and all, for his breakfast, devoured +gigantic prawns with their heads and tails on, chewed tobacco and +water-cresses at the same time, drank scalding hot tea without +winking, bit his fork and spoon till they bent again, and performed +so many horrifying acts, that one might doubt if he were indeed +human.—Ch. v.</p></div> + +<p class="main"><i>Mrs. Quilp</i> (<i>Betsy</i>), wife of the dwarf, a loving, young, timid, +obedient, and pretty blue-eyed little woman, treated like a dog by her +diabolical husband, whom she really loved but more greatly feared.—C. +Dickens, <i>The Old Curiosity Shop</i> (1840).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Quinnailon</b> (<i>Father</i>). Benevolent priest in Xerxes, a Western town. He +succors the suffering of whatever creed and conditions, and shares his +little all with the needy. When appointed bishop, he goes to Rome to beg +for permission to decline the honor.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[267]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“I will fall at the feet of the Holy Father, and beseech him not to +make a bishop out of a poor, simple old man who cannot bear so +great a burden; but to let me come back and die among my dear +people!”—Octave Thanet, <i>Quilters in the Sun</i> (1877).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Quinap´alus</b>, the Mrs. Harris of “authorities in citations.” If any one +quotes from an hypothetical author, he gives Quinapalus as his +authority.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>What says Quinapalus: “Better a witty fool than a foolish +wit.”—Shakespeare, <i>Twelfth Night</i>, <a name="corr114" id="corr114"></a><ins class="correction" title="act">act.</ins> i. sc. 5 (1614).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Quinbus Flestrin</b> (<i>the “man-mountain”</i>). So the Lilliputians called +Gulliver (ch. ii.).—Swift, <i>Gulliver’s Travels</i> (“Voyage to Lilliput,” +1726).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Quince</b> (<i>Peter</i>), a carpenter, who undertakes the management of the play +called “Pyramus and Thisbê,” in <i>Midsummer Night’s Dream</i>. He speaks of +“laughable tragedy,” “lamentable comedy,” “tragical mirth,” and so +on.—Shakespeare, <i>Midsummer Night’s Dream</i> (1592).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Quino´nes</b> (<i>Suero de</i>), in the reign of Juan II. He, with nine other +cavaliers, held the bridge of Orbigo against all comers for thirty-six +days, and in that time they overthrew seventy-eight knights of Spain and +France.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Quintano´na</b>, the duenna of Queen Guinever or Ginebra.—Cervantes, <i>Don +Quixote</i>, II. ii. 6 (1615).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Quintessence</b> (<i>Queen</i>), sovereign of Entéléchie, the country of +speculative science visited by Pantag´ruel and his companions in their +search for “the oracle of the Holy Bottle.”—Rabelais, <i>Pantagruel</i>, v. +19 (1545).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Quin´tiquinies´tra</b> (<i>Queen</i>), a much-dreaded, fighting giantess. It was +one of the romances of Don Quixote’s library condemned by the priest and +barber of the village to be burnt.—Cervantes, <i>Don Quixote</i>, I. (1605).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Quintus Fixlein</b> [<i>Fix.line</i>], the title and chief character of a romance +by Jean Paul Friedrich Richter (1796).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Francia, like Quintus Fixlein, had perennial fireproof joys, +namely, employments.—Carlyle.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Quiri´nus</b>, Mars.</p> + +<p class="poem">Now, by our sire Quirīnus,<br /> +<span class="i1">It was a goodly sight</span><br /> +To see the thirty standards<br /> +<span class="i1">Swept down the stream of flight.</span><br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Lord Macaulay, <i>Lays of Ancient Rome</i> (“Battle of the Lake Regillus,”<br /> +xxxvi., 1842).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Quitam</b> (<i>Mr.</i>), the lawyer at the Black Bear inn at Darlington.—Sir W. +Scott, <i>Rob Roy</i> (time, George I.).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> The first two words in an action on a penal statute are <i>Qui +tam</i>. Thus, <i>Qui tam pro domina regina, quam pro seipso, sequitur</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Quixa´da</b> (<i>Gutierre</i>), lord of Villagarcia. Don Quixote calls himself a +descendant of this brave knight.—Cervantes, <i>Don Quixote</i>, I. (1605).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Quixote</b> (<i>Don</i>), a gaunt country gentleman of La Mancha, about 50 years +of age, gentle, and dignified, learned and high-minded; with strong +imagination perverted by romance, and crazed with ideas of chivalry. He +is the hero of a Spanish romance by Cervantes. Don Quixote feels himself +called on to become a knight-errant to defend the oppressed, and succor +the injured. He engages for his squire Sancho Panza, a middle-aged, +ignorant rustic, selfish, but full of good sense, a gourmand, attached +to his master, shrewd and credulous. The knight goes<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[268]</a></span> forth on his +adventures, thinks <i>wind-mills</i> to be giants, <i>flocks of sheep</i> to be +armies, <i>inns</i> to be castles, and <i>galley-slaves</i> oppressed gentlemen; +but the squire sees them in their true light. Ultimately, the knight is +restored to his right mind, and dies like a peaceful Christian. The +object of this romance was to laugh down the romances of chivalry of the +Middle Ages.</p> + +<p>(Quixote means “armor for the thighs,” but Quixada means “lantern jaws.” +Don Quixote’s favorite author was Feliciano de Sylva; his model knight +was Am´adis de Gaul. The romance is in two parts, of four books each. +Pt. I. was published in 1605, and pt. II. in 1615.)</p> + +<p>The prototype of the knight was the duke of Lerma.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Don Quixote is a tall, meagre, lantern-jawed, hawk-nosed, +long-limbed, grizzle-haired man, with a pair of large black +whiskers, and he styles himself “The Knight of the Woeful +Countenance.”—Cervantes, <i>Don Quixote</i>, II. i. 14 (1615).</p></div> + +<p class="main"><i>Don Quixote’s Horse</i>, Rosinantê (4 <i>syl.</i>), all skin and bone.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Quixote</i> (<i>The Female</i>), or <i>Adventures of Arabella</i>, a novel by Mrs. +Lennox (1752).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Quixote of the North</b> (<i>The</i>), Charles XII. of Sweden; sometimes called +“The Madman” (1682, 1697-1718).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Quodling</b> (<i>The Rev. Mr.</i>), chaplain to the duke of Buckingham.—Sir W. +Scott, <i>Peveril of the Peak</i> (time, Charles II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Quos Ego—</b>, a threat intended but withheld; a sentence broken off. +Eŏlus, angry with the winds and storms which had thrown the sea into +commotion without his sanction, was going to say he would punish them +severely for this act of insubordination; but having uttered the first +two words, “Whom I——,” he says no more, but proceeds to the business +in hand.—Virgil, <i>Æneid</i>, i.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“Next Monday,” said he, “you will be a ‘substance,’ and then——;” +with which <i>quos ego</i> he went to the next boy.—Dasent, <i>Half a +Life</i> (1850).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Quo´tem</b> (<i>Caleb</i>), a parish clerk or Jack-of-all-trades.—G. Colman, +<i>The Review, or The Ways of Windsor</i>.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I resolved like Caleb Quotem, to have a place at the +review.—Washington Irving.</p></div> + + + +<p class="letterstart"><span class="dropcapr"><span class="hide"><b>R</b></span></span><span class="upper"> Neither</span> Demosthĕnês nor Aristotle could pronounce the letter <i>r</i>.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>R</i> (<i>rogue</i>), vagabonds, etc., who were branded on the left shoulder +with this letter.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>They ... may be burned with a hot burning iron, of the breadth of a +shilling, with a great Roman R on the left shoulder, which letter +shall remain as a mark of a rogue.—<a name="corr115" id="corr115"></a><ins class="correction" title="Prynne,">Pyrnne,</ins> <i>Histriomastix</i>, +or <i>The Player’s Scourge</i>.</p></div> + +<p class="poem">If I escape the halter with the letter R<br /> +Printed upon it.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Massinger, <i>A New Way to Pay Old Debts</i>, iv. 2 (1629).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rab´agas</b>, an advocate and editor of a journal called the <i>Carmagnole</i>. +At the same office was published another radical paper, called the +<i>Crapaud Volant</i>. Rabagas lived in the kingdom of Monaco, and was a +demagogue leader of the deepest red; but was won over to the king’s +party by the tact of an American lady, who got him an invitation to dine +at the palace, and made him chief minister of state. From this moment he +became the most stren<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[269]</a></span>uous opponent of the “liberal” party.—M. Sardou, +<i>Rabagas</i> (1872).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rabbi Jehosha</b>, wise teacher, whose good words are recorded in James +Russell Lowell’s poem “<i>What Rabbi Jehosha Said</i>.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rabbi Abron of Trent</b>, a fictitious sage, and most wonderful linguist. +“He knew the nature of all manner of herbs, beasts and +minerals.”—<i>Reynard the Fox</i>, xii. (1498).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rabelais</b> (<i>The English</i>). Dean Swift was so called by Voltaire +(1667-1745).</p> + +<p>Sterne (1713-1768) and Thomas Amory (1699-1788) have also been so +called.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Rabelais</i> (<i>The Modern</i>), William Maginn (1794-1842).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rabelais of Germany</b>, J. Fischart, called “Mentzer” (1550-1614).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rabelais’s Poison.</b> Rabelais, being at a great distance from Paris, and +without money to pay his hotel bill or his fare, made up three small +packets of brick-dust. One he labelled “Poison for the king,” another, +“Poison for monsieur,” and the third, “Poison for the dauphin.” The +landlord instantly informed against this “poisoner,” and the secretary +of state removed him at once to Paris. When, however, the joke was found +out, it ended only in a laugh.—<i>Spectator</i> (“Art of Growing Rich”).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rab´ican</b> or <b>Rabica´no</b>, the horse of Astolpho. Its sire was Wind and its +dam Fire. It fed on human food. The word means “short tail.”—Ariosto, +<i>Orlando Furioso</i> (1516).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Argalia’s horse is called by the same name in <i>Orlando +Innamorato</i> (1495).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rabisson</b>, a vagabond tinker and knife-grinder. He was the only person +who knew about “the gold-mine” left to the “miller of Grenoble.” +Rabisson was murdered for his secret by Eusebe Noel, the schoolmaster of +Bout des Monde.—E. Stirling, <i>The Gold Mine</i>, or <i>Miller of Grenoble</i> +(1854).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rab´sheka</b> (in the Bible <span class="smcap">Rabshakeh</span>), in the satire of <i>Absalom and +Achitophel</i>, by Dryden and Tate, is meant for Sir Thomas Player (2 +<i>Kings</i> xviii.).</p> + +<p class="poem">Next him let railing Rabsheka have place—<br /> +So full of zeal, he has no need of grace.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Pt. ii. (1682).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Raby</b> (<i>Aurora</i>), a rich young English orphan, Catholic in religion, of +virgin modesty, “a rose with all its sweetest leaves yet folded.” She +was staying in the house of Lord and Lady Amundeville during the +parliamentary vacation. Here Don Juan, “as Russian envoy,” was also a +guest, with several others. Aurora Raby is introduced in canto xv., and +crops up here and there in the two remaining cantos; but, as the tale +was never finished, it is not possible to divine what part the beautiful +and innocent girl was designed by the poet to play. Probably Don Juan, +having sowed his “wild oats,” might become a not unfit match for the +beautiful orphan.—Byron, <i>Don Juan</i> (1824).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Raby</i> (<i>The Rose of</i>), the mother of Richard III. She was Cecily, +daughter of Ralph Nevyll de Raby, first earl of Westmoreland. Her +husband was Richard, duke of York, who was slain at the battle of +Wakefield in 1460. She died 1495.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rachael</b>, a servant-girl at Lady Peveril’s of the Peak.—Sir W. Scott, +<i>Peveril of the Peak</i> (time, Charles II.).</p> + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[270]</a></span><i>Rachael</i> (2 <i>syl.</i>), one of the “hands” in Bounderby’s mill at +Coketown. She loved Stephen Blackpool, and was greatly beloved by him in +return; but Stephen was married to a worthless drunkard. After the death +of Stephen, Rachael watched over the good-for-nothing young widow, and +befriended her.—C. Dickens, <i>Hard Times</i> (1854).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rachel Ffrench</b>, beautiful daughter of Haworth’s unworthy partner in the +iron business. Haworth loves her, as does Murdoch, a young inventor who +rises fast in Haworth’s employ. She seems to vacillate between the two +men, but really loves Murdoch, although pride will not let her avow it. +When he is on the point of embarking to America, with an assured future, +she confesses all, only to learn from him that “it is all over.” Yet, in +looking back at her “dark young face turned seaward” as his ship moves +away, he mutters, “When I return it will be to you.”—Frances Hodgson +Burnett, <i>Haworth’s</i> (1879).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Racine of Italy</b> (<i>The</i>), Metastasio (1698-1782).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Racine of Music</b> (<i>The</i>), Antonio Gaspare Sacchini, of Naples +(1735-1786).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Racket</b> (<i>Sir Charles</i>), a young man of fashion, who married the daughter +of a wealthy London merchant. In the third week of the honeymoon Sir +Charles paid his father-in-law a visit, and quarrelled with his bride +about a game of whist. The lady affirmed that Sir Charles ought to have +played a diamond instead of a club. Sir Charles grew furious, and +resolved upon a divorce; but the quarrel was adjusted, and Sir Charles +ended by saying, “You may be as wrong as you please, but I’ll be cursed +if I ever endeavor to set you right again.”</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Lady Racket</i>, wife of Sir Charles, and elder daughter of Mr. +Drugget.—Murphy, <i>Three Weeks after Marriage</i> (1776).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Racket</i> (<i>Widow</i>), a sprightly, good-natured widow and woman of +fashion.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>A coquette, a wit, and a fine lady.—Mrs. Cowley, <i>The Belle’s +Stratagem</i>, ii. 1 (1780).</p></div> + +<p>The “Widow Racket” was one of Mrs. Pope’s best parts. Her usual manner +of expressing piquant carelessness consisted in tossing her head from +right to left, and striking the palm of one hand with the back of the +other [1740-1797].—James Smith.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rackrent</b> (<i>Sir Condy</i>), in Miss Edgeworth’s novel of <i>Castle Rackrent</i> +(1802).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Raddle</b> (<i>Mrs.</i>), keeper of the lodgings occupied by Bob Sawyer. The +young medical practitioner invited Mr. Pickwick and his three friends to +a convivial meeting; but the termagant Mrs. Raddle brought the meeting +to an untimely end.—C. Dickens, <i>The Pickwick Papers</i> (1836).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rad´egonde</b> (<i>St.</i>) or <span class="smcap">St. Radegund</span>, queen of France (born 519, died +587). She was the daughter of Bertaire, king of Thuringia, and brought +up a pagan. King Clotaire I. taught her the Christian religion, and +married her in 538; but six years later she entered a nunnery, and lived +in the greatest austerity.</p> + +<p class="poem">There thou must walk in greatest gravity,<br /> +And seem as saintlike as St. Radegund.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Spenser, <i>Mother Hubbard’s Tale</i> (1591).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Radigund</b> or <span class="smcap">Radegone</span>, the proud queen of the Amăzons. Being rejected by +Bellodant “the Bold,” she revenged herself by degrading all the men who +fell into her power by dressing them like women, giving them woman’s +work to do,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[271]</a></span> such as spinning, carding, sewing, etc., and feeding them +on bread and water to effeminate them (canto 4). When she overthrew Sir +Artegal in single combat, she imposed on him the condition of dressing +in “woman’s weeds,” with a white apron, and to spend his time in +spinning flax, instead of in deeds of arms. Radigund fell in love with +the captive knight, and sent Clarinda as a go-between; but Clarinda +tried to win him for herself, and told the queen he was inexorable +(canto 5). At length Britomart arrived, cut off Radigund’s head, and +liberated the captive (canto 7).—Spenser, <i>Faëry Queen</i>, v. 4-7 (1596).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rag and Famish</b> (<i>The</i>), the Army and Navy Club; so christened by +<i>Punch</i>. The <i>rag</i> refers to the flag, and the <i>famish</i> to the bad +cuisine.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ragged Regiment</b> (<i>The</i>), the wan figures in Westminster Abbey, in a +gallery over Islip’s Chapel.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Railway King</b> (<i>The</i>), George Hudson, of Yorkshire, chairman of the North +Midland Company. In one day he cleared by speculation £100,000. It was +the Rev. Sydney Smith who gave Hudson the title of “Railway king” +(1800-1871).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Raine</b> (<i>Old Roger</i>), the tapster, near the abode of Sir Geoffrey +Peveril.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Dame Raine</i>, old Roger’s widow; afterwards Dame Chamberlain.—Sir W. +Scott, <i>Peveril of the Peak</i> (time, Charles II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rainy-Day Smith</b>, John Thomas Smith, the antiquary (1766-1833).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rajah of Mattan</b> (<i>Borneo</i>), has a diamond which weighs 367 carats. The +largest cut diamond in the world. It is considered to be a palladium. +(See <span class="smcap">Diamonds</span>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rake</b> (<i>Lord</i>), a nobleman of the old school, fond of debauch, street +rows, knocking down Charlies, and seeing his guests drunk. His chief +boon companions are Sir John Brute and Colonel Bully.—Vanbrugh, <i>The +Provoked Wife</i> (1697).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rakeland</b> (<i>Lord</i>), a libertine, who makes love to married women, but +takes care to keep himself free from the bonds of matrimony.—Mrs. +Inchbald, <i>The Wedding Day</i> (1790).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rak´she</b> (2 <i>syl.</i>), a monster, which lived on serpents and dragons.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Raleigh</b> (<i>Sir Walter</i>), introduced by Sir W. Scott in <i>Kenilworth</i>. The +tradition of Sir Walter laying down his cloak on a miry spot for the +queen to step on, and the queen commanding him to wear the “muddy cloak +till her pleasure should be further known,” is mentioned in ch. xv. +(1821).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Raleigh</i> (<i>Sir Walter</i>). Jealous of the earl of Essex, he plots with +Lord Burleigh to compass his death.—Henry Jones, <i>The Earl of Essex</i> +(1745).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ralph</b>, abbot of St. Augustine’s, expended £43,000 on the repast given at +his installation.</p> + +<p>It was no unusual thing for powerful barons to provide 30,000 dishes at +a wedding breakfast. The coronation dinner of Edward III., cost £40,000, +equal to half a million of money now. The duke of Clarence, at his +marriage, entertained 1000 guests, and furnished his table with 36 +courses. Archbishop Neville had 1000<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[272]</a></span> egrettes served at one banquet, +and the whole species seems to have been extirpated.</p> + +<p>After this it will be by no means difficult to understand why Apicius +despaired of being able to make two ends meet, when he had reduced his +enormous fortune to £80,000, and therefore hanged himself.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> After the winter of 1327 was over, the elder Spenser had left +of the stores laid in by him the preceding November and salted down, “80 +salted beeves, 500 bacons, and 600 muttons.”</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Ralph</i>, son of Fairfield, the miller. An outlandish, ignorant booby, +jealous of his sister, Patty, because she “could paint picturs and strum +on the harpsicols.” He was in love with Fanny, the gypsy, for which +“feyther” was angry with him; but, “what argufies feyther’s anger?” +However, he treated Fanny like a brute, and she said of him, “He has a +heart as hard as a parish officer. I don’t doubt but he would stand by +and see me whipped.” When his sister married Lord Aimworth, Ralph said:</p> + +<p class="poem">Captain Ralph my lord will dub me,<br /> +<span class="i1">Soon I’ll mount a huge cockade;</span><br /> +Mounseer shall powder, queue, and club me,—<br /> +<span class="i1">’Gad! I’ll be a roaring blade.</span><br /> +If Fan should offer then to snub me,<br /> +<span class="i1">When in scarlet I’m arrayed;</span><br /> +Or my feyther ’temp to drub me—<br /> +<span class="i1">Let him frown, but who’s afraid?</span><br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Bickerstaff, <i>The Maid of the Mill</i> (1647).</span></p> + +<p class="main"><i>Ralph</i> or <span class="smcap">Ralpho</span>, the squire of Hudibras. Fully described in bk. i. +457-644.—S. Butler, <i>Hudibras</i> (1663-78).</p> + +<p>The prototype of “Ralph” was Isaac Robinson, a zealous butcher, in +Morefields. Ralph represents the independent party, and Hudibras the +Presbyterian.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> In regard to the pronunciation of this name, which, in 1878, +was the subject of a long controversy in <i>Notes and Queries</i>, Butler +says:</p> + +<p class="poem">A squire he had whose name was Ralph,<br /> +That in th’ adventure went his half: ...<br /> +And when we can, with metre safe,<br /> +We’ll call him Ralpho, or plain Ra’ph.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Bk. l. 456.</span></p> + +<p class="main"><i>Ralph</i> (<i>Rough</i>), the helper of Lance Outram, park-keeper at Sir +Geoffrey Peveril’s of the Peak.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Peveril of the Peak</i> +(time, Charles II.).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Ralph</i> (<i>James</i>), an American, who came to London and published a poem +entitled <i>Night</i> (1725).</p> + +<p class="poem">Silence, ye wolves! while Ralph to Cynthia howls,<br /> +Making night hideous; answer him ye owls.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Pope, <i>The Dunciad</i>, iii. 165 (1728).</span></p> + +<p class="main"><i>Ralph</i> [<span class="smcap">de Lascours</span>], captain of the <i>Uran´ia</i>, husband of Louise de +Lascours. Ralph is the father of Diana and Martha, <i>alias</i> Orgari´ta. +His crew having rebelled, Ralph, his wife, infant [Martha], and servant, +Bar´abas, were put into a boat, and turned adrift. The boat ran on a +huge iceberg, which Ralph supposed to be a small island. In time, the +iceberg broke, when Ralph and his wife were drowned, but Martha and +Barabas escaped. Martha was taken by an Indian tribe, who brought her +up, and named her Orgarita (“withered corn”), because her skin was so +white and fair.—E. Stirling, <i>Orphan of the Frozen Sea</i> (1856).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ralph Roister Doister</b>, by Nicholas Udall, the first English comedy, +about 1534. It contains nine male and four female characters. Ralph is a +vain, thoughtless, blustering fellow, who is in pursuit of a rich widow +named Custance, but he is baffled in his intention.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ramble</b> (<i>Sir Robert</i>), a man of gallantry,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[273]</a></span> treats his wife with such +supreme indifference that she returns to her guardian, Lord Norland, and +resumes her maiden name of Marie Wooburn. Subsequently, however, she +returns to her husband.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mrs. Ramble</i>, wife of Sir Robert, and ward of Lord Norland.—Inchbald, +<i>Every One Has His Fault</i> (1794).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ram´iel</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), one of the “atheist crew” overthrown by Ab´diel. +(The word means, according to Hume, “one who exalts himself against +God.”)—Milton, <i>Paradise Lost</i>, vi. 371 (1665).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Raminago´bris.</b> Lafontaine, in his fables, gives this name to a cat. +Rabelais, in his <i>Pantag´ruel</i>, iii. 21, satirizes under the same name +Guillaume Crétin, a poet.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rami´rez</b>, a Spanish monk, and father confessor to Don Juan, duke of +Braganza. He promised Velasquez, when he absolved the duke at bed-time, +to give him a poisoned wafer prepared by the Carmelite Castruccio. This +he was about to do, when he was interrupted, and the breaking out of the +rebellion saved the duke from any similar attempt.—Robert Jephson, +<i>Braganza</i> (1775).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rami´ro</b> (<i>King</i>) married Aldonza, who, being faithless, eloped with +Alboa´zar, the Moorish king of Gaya. Ramiro came disguised as a +traveller to Alboazar’s castle, and asked a damsel for a draught of +water, and when he lifted the pitcher to his mouth, he dropped in it his +betrothal ring, which Aldonza saw and recognized. She told the damsel to +bring the stranger to her apartment. Scarce had he arrived there when +the Moorish king entered, and Ramiro hid himself in an alcove. “What +would you do to Ramiro,” asked Aldonza, “if you had him in your power?” +“I would hew him limb from limb,” said the Moor. “Then lo! Alboazar, he +is now skulking in that alcove.” With this, Ramiro was dragged forth, +and the Moor said, “And how would you act if our lots were reversed?” +Ramiro replied, “I would feast you well, send for my chief princes and +counsellors, and set you before them and bid you blow your horn till you +died.” “Then be it so,” said the Moor. But when Ramiro blew his horn, +his “merry men” rushed into the castle, and the Moorish king, with +Aldonza and all their children, princes, and counsellors, were put to +the sword.—Southey, <i>Ramiro</i> (a ballad from the Portuguese, 1804).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ramona</b>, young Indian woman, who, in defiance of her duenna’s fierce +opposition, goes out into the wide world with gallant Alessandro. The +struggles and disappointments of the wedded pair, and their oppression +by Indian agents are told in Helen Hunt Jackson’s novel, <i>Ramona</i>, +(1884).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ramorny</b> (<i>Sir John</i>), a voluptuary, master of the horse to Prince Robert +of Scotland.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Fair Maid of Perth</i> (time, Henry IV.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ramsay</b> (<i>David</i>), the old watch-maker, near Temple Bar.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Margaret Ramsay</i>, David’s daughter. She marries Lord Nigel.—Sir W. +Scott, <i>Fortunes of Nigel</i> (time, James I.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ramsbottom</b> (<i>Mrs.</i>), a vile speller of the language. Theodore Hook’s +pseudonym in the <i>John Bull</i> newspaper, 1829.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Winifred Jenkins, the maid of Miss Tabitha Bramble (in +Smollett’s <i>Humphrey Clinker</i>, 1770), rivals Mrs. Ramsbottom in bad +spelling.</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[274]</a></span><b>Randal</b>, the boatman at Lochleven Castle.—Sir W. Scott, <i>The Abbot</i> +(time, Elizabeth).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Randolph</b> (<i>Lord</i>), a Scotch nobleman, whose life was saved by young +Norval. For this service, his lordship gave the youth a commission; but +Glenalvon, the heir presumptive, hated the new favorite, and persuaded +Lord Randolph that Norval was too familiar with his lady. Accordingly, +Glenalvon and Lord Randolph waylaid the lad, who being attacked, slew +Glenalvon in self-defence, but was himself slain by Lord Randolph. When +the lad was killed, Lord Randolph learned that “Norval” was the son of +Lady Randolph by Lord Douglas, her former husband. He was greatly vexed, +and went to the war then raging between Scotland and Denmark, to drown +his sorrow by activity and danger.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Lady Randolph</i>, daughter of Sir Malcolm, was privately married to Lord +Douglas, and when her first boy was born, she hid him in a basket, +because there was a family feud between Malcolm and Douglas. Soon after +this, Douglas was slain in battle, and the widow married Lord Randolph. +The babe was found by old Norval, a shepherd, who brought it up as his +own son. When 18 years old, the lad saved the life of Lord Randolph, and +was given a commission in the army. Lady Randolph, hearing of the +incident, discovered that young Norval was her own son, Douglas. +Glenalvon, who hated the new favorite, persuaded Lord Randolph that the +young man was too familiar with Lady Randolph, and being waylaid, a +fight ensued, in which Norval slew Glenalvon, but was himself slain by +Lord Randolph. Lord Randolph being informed that the young man was Lady +Randolph’s son, went to the wars to “drive away care;” and Lady +Randolph, in her distraction, cast herself headlong from a steep +precipice.—J. Home, <i>Douglas</i> (1757).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The voice of Mrs. Crawford [1734-1801], when thrown out by the +vehemence of strong feeling, seemed to wither up the hearer; it was +a flaming arrow, a lighting of passion. Such was the effect of her +almost shriek to old Norval, “Was he alive?” It was like an +electric shock, which drove the blood back to the heart, and +produced a shudder of terror through the crowded theatre.—Boaden, +<i>Life of Kemble</i>.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Random</b>, a man of fortune with a scapegrace son. He is pale and puffy, +with gout and a tearing cough. Random goes to France to recruit his +health, and on his return to England, gets arrested for debt by mistake +for his son. He raves and rages, threatens and vows vengeance, but finds +his son on the point of marrying a daughter of Sir David Dunder of +Dunder Hall, and forgets his evils in contemplation of this most +desirable alliance.—G. Colman, <i>Ways and Means</i> (1788).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Random</i> (<i>Roderick</i>), a young Scotch scapegrace, in quest of fortune. +At one time he revels in prosperity, at another he is in utter +destitution. Roderick is led into different countries (whose +peculiarities are described), and falls into the society of wits, +sharpers, courtiers, and harlots. Occasionally lavish, he is essentially +mean; with a dash of humor, he is contemptibly revengeful; and, though +generous minded when the whim jumps with his wishes, he is thoroughly +selfish. His treatment of Strap is revolting to a generous mind. Strap +lends him money in his necessity, but the heartless Roderick wastes the +loan, treats Strap as a mere servant, fleeces him at dice, and cuffs him +when the game is adverse.—T. Smollett, <i>Roderick Random</i> (1748).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ranger</b>, the madcap cousin of Clarinda,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[275]</a></span> and the leading character in +Hoadly’s <i>Suspicious Husband</i> (1747).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ran´tipole</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), a madcap. One of the nicknames given to Napoleon +III. (See <a href="#Napoleon_III"><span class="smcap">Napoleon III</span></a>.)</p> + +<p class="poem">Dick, be a little <a name="corr116" id="corr116"></a><ins class="correction" title="rantipolish.">rantipolish,</ins><br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Colman, <i>Heir-at-Law</i>, i. 2 (1797).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Raoul</b> [<i>Rawl</i>], the old huntsman of Sir Raymond Berenger.—Sir W. Scott, +<i>The Betrothed</i> (time, Henry II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Raoul di Nangis</b> (<i>Sir</i>), the Huguenot in love with Valentina (daughter +of the Comte de St. Bris, governor of the Louvre). Sir Raoul is offered +the hand of Valentina in marriage, but rejects it because he fancies she +is betrothed to the comte de Nevers. Nevers being slain in the +Bartholomew Massacre, Raoul marries Valentina, but scarcely is the +ceremony over when both are shot by the musketeers under the command of +St. Bris.—Meyerbeer, <i>Les Huguenots</i> (opera, 1836).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Raphael</b> (2 or 3 <i>syl.</i>), called by Milton, “The Sociable Spirit,” and +“The Affable Archangel.” In the book of <i>Tobit</i> it was Raphael who +travelled with Tobias into Media and back again; and it is the same +angel that holds discourse with Adam through two books of <i>Paradise +Lost</i>, v. and vi. (1665).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Raphael</i>, the guardian angel of John the Beloved.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Longfellow calls Raphael “The Angel of the Sun,” and says +that he brings to man “the gift of faith.”—<i>Golden Legend</i> +(“Miracle-Play,” iii., 1851).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Raphael</i> (<i>The Flemish</i>), Frans Floris. His chief works are “St. Luke +at His Easel,” and the “Descent of the Fallen Angels,” both in Antwerp +Cathedral (1520-1570).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Raphael</i> (<i>The French</i>), Eustace Lesueur (1617-1655).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Raphael of Cats</b> (<i>The</i>), Godefroi Mind, a Swiss painter, famous for his +cats (1768-1814).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Raphael of Holland</b> (<i>The</i>), Martin van Hemskerck (1498-1574).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Raphael’s Enchanter</b>, La Fornarina, a baker’s daughter. Her likeness +appears in several of his paintings. (See <span class="smcap">Fornarina</span>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rapier</b> (<i>The</i>) was introduced by Rowland York in 1587.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>He [<i>Rowland York</i>] was a Londoner, famous among the cutters in his +time for bringing in a new kind of fight—to run the point of a +rapier into a man’s body ... before that time the use was with +little bucklers, and with broadswords to strike and never thrust, +and it was accounted unmanly to strike under the girdle.—Carleton, +<i>Thankful Remembrance</i> (1625).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rare Ben.</b> Ben Jonson, the dramatist, was so called by Robert Herrick +(1574-1637).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Raredrench</b> (<i>Master</i>), apothecary.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Fortunes of Nigel</i> +(time, James I.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rashleigh Osbaldistone</b>, called “the scholar,” an hypocritical and +accomplished villain, killed by Rob Roy.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Rob Roy</i> (time, +George I.).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Surely never gentleman was plagued with such a family as Sir +Hildebrand Osbaldistone, of Osbaldistone Hall. (1) Percival, “the sot;” +(2) Thorncliff, “the bully;” (3) John, “the gamekeeper;” (4) Richard, +“the horse-jockey;” (5) Wilfred, “the fool;” (6) Rashleigh, “the scholar +and knave.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ras´selas</b>, prince of Abyssina, fourth<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[276]</a></span> son of the emperor. According to +the custom of the country, he was confined in a private paradise, with +the rest of the royal family. This paradise was in the valley of Amhara, +surrounded by high mountains. It had only one entrance, which was by a +cavern under a rock concealed by woods, and closed by iron gates. He +escaped with his sister, Nekayah, and Imlac, the poet, and wandered +about to find out what condition or rank of life was the most happy. +After careful investigation he found no lot without its drawbacks, and +resolved to return to the “happy valley.”—Dr. Johnson, <i>Rasselas</i> +(1759).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rats</b> (<i>Devoured by</i>). Archbishop Hatto, Count Graaf, Bishop Widerolf of +Strasburg, Bishop Adolph of Cologne, Freiherr von Güttingen were all +devoured by rats. (See <span class="smcap">Hatto</span>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ratcliffe</b> (<i>James</i>), a notorious thief.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Heart of +Midlothian</i> (time, George II.).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Ratcliffe</i> (<i>Mr. Hubert</i>), a friend of Sir Edward Mauley, “the Black +Dwarf.”—Sir W. Scott, <i>The Black Dwarf</i> (time, Anne).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Ratcliffe</i> (<i>Mrs.</i>), the widow of “Don Carlos,” who rescued Sheva at +Cadiz from an <i>auto da fe</i>.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Charles Ratcliffe</i>, clerk of Sir Stephen Bertram, discharged because he +had a pretty sister, and Sir Stephen had a young son. Charles supported +his widowed mother and his sister by his earnings. He rescued Sheva, the +Jew, from a howling London mob, and was left the heir of the old man’s +property.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Miss [Eliza] Ratcliffe</i>, sister of Charles, clandestinely married to +Charles Bertram, and given £10,000 by the Jew to reconcile Sir Stephen +Bertram to the alliance. She was handsome, virtuous and elegant, mild, +modest and gentle.—Cumberland, <i>The Jew</i> (1776).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rath´mor</b>, chief of Clutha (<i>the Clyde</i>), and father of Calthon and +Colmar. Dunthalmo, lord of Teutha, “came in his pride against him,” and +was overcome, whereupon his anger rose, and he went by night with his +warriors and slew Rathmor in his own halls, where his feasts had so +often been spread for strangers.—Ossian, <i>Calthon and Colmal</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rattlin</b> (<i>Jack</i>), a famous naval character in Smollett’s <i>Roderick +Random</i>. Tom Bowling is in the same novel (1749).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rattray</b> (<i>Sir Runnion</i>), of Runnagullion; the duelling friend of Sir +Mungo Malagrowther.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Fortunes of Nigel</i> (time, James I.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Raucocan´ti</b>, leader of a troupe of singers going to act in Sicily. The +whole were captured by Lambro, the pirate, and sold in Turkey as slaves.</p> + +<p class="poem">’Twould not become myself to dwell upon<br /> +My own merits, and, tho’ young, I see, sir, you [<i>Don Juan</i>]<br /> +Have got a travelled air, which shews you one<br /> +To whom the opera is by no means new.<br /> +You’ve heard of Raucocanti—I’m that man ...<br /> +You was [<i>sic</i>] not last year at the fair of Lugo,<br /> +But next, when I’m engaged to sing there—do go.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Byron, <i>Don Juan</i>, iv. 88 (1820).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Raven</b> (<i>Barnaby’s</i>), Grip, a large bird of most impish disposition. Its +usual phrases were: “I’m a devil!” “Never say die!” “Polly, put the +kettle on!” He also uttered a cluck like cork-drawing, a barking like a +dog, and a crowing like a cock. Barnaby Budge used to carry it<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[277]</a></span> about in +a basket at his back. The bird drooped while it was in jail with his +master, but after Barnaby’s reprieve</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>It soon recovered its good looks, and became as glossy and sleek as +ever ... but for a whole year it never indulged in any other sound +than a grave and decorous croak.... One bright summer morning ... +the bird advanced with fantastic steps to the door of the Maypole, +and then cried “I’m a devil!” three or four times, with +extraordinary rapture ... and from that time constantly practised +and improved himself in the vulgar tongue.—C. Dickens, <i>Barnaby +Rudge</i>, ii. (1841).</p></div> + +<p class="main"><i>Raven</i> (<i>The</i>), Edgar Allan Poe’s poem bearing this caption is the best +known of his works, and one of the most remarkable in the English +language (1845).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ravens of Owain</b> (<i>The</i>). Owain had in his army 300 ravens, who were +irresistible. It is thought that these ravens were warriors who bore +this device on their shields.</p> + +<p class="poem">A man who caused the birds to fly upon the host<br /> +Like the ravens of Owain, eager for prey.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Bleddynt Vardd, <i>Myvyrian Archaiology</i>, i. 365.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ravens once White.</b> One day a raven told Apollo that Coro´nis, a +Thessalian nymph whom he passionately loved, was faithless. Apollo, in +his rage, shot the nymph, but hated the raven, and “bade him prate in +white plumes never more.”—Ovid, <i>Metam.</i>, ii.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ravenswood</b> (<i>Allan, lord of</i>), a decayed Scotch nobleman of the royalist +party.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Master Edgar Ravenswood</i>, the son of Allan. In love with Lucy Ashton, +daughter of Sir William Ashton, lord-keeper of Scotland. The lovers +plight their troth at the “Mermaid’s Fountain,” but Lucy is compelled to +marry Frank Hayston, laird of Bucklaw. The bride, in a fit of insanity, +attempts to murder the bridegroom, and dies in convulsions. Bucklaw +recovers, and goes abroad. Colonel Ashton appoints a hostile meeting +with Edgar; but young Ravenswood, on his way to the place appointed, is +lost in the quicksands of Kelpies Flow, in accordance with an ancient +prophecy.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Bride of Lammermoor</i> (time, William III.).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> In Donizetti’s opera of <i>Lucia di Lammermoor</i>, Bucklaw dies +of the wound inflicted by the bride, and Edgar, heart-broken, comes on +the stage and kills himself.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The catastrophe in the <i>Bride of Lammermoor</i>, where [<i>Edgar</i>] +Ravenswood is swallowed up by a quicksand, is singularly grand in +romance, but would be inadmissible in a drama.—<i>Encyc. Brit.</i>, +Art. “Romance.”</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rawhead and Bloody-Bones</b>, two bogies or bugbears, generally coupled +together. In some cases the phrase is employed to designate one and the +same “shadowy sprite.”</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Servants awe children ... by telling them of Rawhead and +Bloody-bones.—Locke.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ray.</b> One of two brothers, divided by the civil war. Beltran is in the +Southern army, Ray in the Northern. Both love the same woman whose heart +is Beltran’s. The brothers <a name="corr117" id="corr117"></a><ins class="correction" title="meet">met</ins> in battle and Beltran falls. Ray is +wounded and left for dead; recovers and makes his way homeward. There he +lives—undergoing volcanic changes, now passionless lulls, and now rages +and spasms of grief; “gradually out of them all he gathers his strength +about him,” and wins Vivia’s hand.—Harriet Prescott Spofford, <i>Ray</i>.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Ray</i> (<i>Will</i>), popular officer in a frontier brigade who steals through +the deadly line<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[278]</a></span> of Cheyennes drawn about a handful of U. S. soldiers, +and, followed by shots and yells, rides for his life and his comrades’ +lives to the nearest encampment of troops and brings succor to the +devoted little band with the dawn of the day that, but for him, would +have been the last on earth for those left behind.—Charles King, +<i>Marion’s Faith</i> (1886).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rayland</b> (<i>Mrs.</i>), the domineering lady of the <i>Old Manor-House</i>, by +Charlotte Smith (1749-1806).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Mrs. Rayland is a sort of Queen Elizabeth in private life.—Sir W. +Scott.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Raymond</b>, count of Toulouse, the Nestor of the crusaders. He slays +Aladine, king of Jerusalem, and plants the Christian standard on the +tower of David.—Tasso, <i>Jerusalem Delivered</i>, xx. (1516).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Introduced by Sir W. Scott in <i>Count Robert of Paris</i>, a +novel of the period of Rufus.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Raymond</i> (<i>Sir Charles</i>), a country gentleman, the friend and neighbor +of Sir Robert Belmont.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Colonel Raymond</i>, son of Sir Charles, in love with Rosetta Belmont. +Being diffident and modest, Rosetta delights in tormenting him, and he +is jealous even of William Faddle “a fellow made up of knavery, noise +and impudence.”</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Harriet Raymond</i>, daughter of Sir Charles, whose mother died in giving +her birth. She was committed to the care of a gouvernante, who changed +her name to Fidelia, wrote to Sir Charles to say that she was dead, and +sold her at the age of 12 to a villain named Villard. Charles Belmont, +hearing her cries of distress, rescued her and took her home. The +gouvernante at death confessed the truth, and Charles Belmont married +her.—Edward Moore, <i>The Foundling</i> (1748).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Raz´eka</b>, the giver of food, one of the four gods of the Adites (2 +<i>syl.</i>).</p> + +<p class="poem">We called on Razeka for food.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Southey, <i>Thalaba, the Destroyer</i>, i. 24 (1797).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Razor</b>, a barber who could “think of nothing but old England.” He was the +friend and neighbor of Quidnunc, the upholsterer, who was equally crazy +about the political state of the nation, and the affairs of Europe in +general.—Murphy, <i>The Upholsterer</i> (1758).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Razor</i> (<i>To cut blocks with a</i>). Oliver Goldsmith said of Edward Burke, +the statesman.</p> + +<p class="poem">Too deep for his hearers, he went on refining,<br /> +And thought of convincing, while they thought of dining:<br /> +Tho’ equal to all things, to all things unfit;<br /> +Too nice for a statesman, too proud for a wit;<br /> +For a patriot too cool; for a drudge disobedient;<br /> +And too fond of the <i>right</i> to pursue the <i>expedient</i>.<br /> +In short, ’twas his fate, unemployed or in place, sir,<br /> +To eat mutton cold, and cut blocks with a razor.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib"><i>Retaliation</i> (1774.)</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Read</b> (<i>Sir William</i>), a tailor, who set up for oculist, and was knighted +by Queen Anne. This quack was employed both by Queen Anne and George I. +Sir William could not read. He professed to cure wens, wry-necks, and +hare-lips (died 1715).</p> + +<p class="poem">None shall their rise to merit owe—<br /> +That popish doctrine is exploded quite,<br /> +Or Ralph had been no duke, and Read no knight.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib"><i>A Political Squib of the Period.</i></span></p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> The “Ralph” <a name="corr118" id="corr118"></a><ins class="correction" title="referred">refered</ins> to is Ralph Montagu, created +viscount in 1682, and duke of Montagu in 1705 (died 1709).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ready-to-Halt</b>, a pilgrim that journeyed to the Celestial City on +crutches.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[279]</a></span> He joined Mr. Greatheart’s party, and was carried to heaven +in a chariot of fire.—Bunyan, <i>Pilgrim’s Progress</i>, ii. (1684).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Reason</b> (<i>The goddess of</i>), in the French Revolution, some say, was the +wife of Momoro, the printer; but Lamartine says it was Mdlle. Malliard, +an actress.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rebecca</b>, leader of the Rebeccaïtes, a band of Welsh rioters, who, in +1843, made a raid upon toll-gates. The captain and his guard disguised +themselves in female attire.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> This name arose from a gross perversion of a text of +Scripture: “And they blessed Rebekah, and said unto her, ... let thy +seed possess the gate of those which hate them.” (<i>Gen.</i> xxiv. 60).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Rebecca</i>, daughter of Isaac, the Jew; meek, modest, and high-minded. +She loves Ivanhoe, who has shown great kindness to her and to her +father; and when Ivanhoe marries Rowena, both Rebecca and her father +leave England for a foreign land.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Ivanhoe</i> (time, +Richard I.).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Rebecca</i> (<i>Mistress</i>), the favorite waiting-maid of Mrs. Margaret +Bertram, of Singleside.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Guy Mannering</i> (time, George +II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Record</b>, noted for his superlatives, “most presumptuous,” “most +audacious,” “most impatient,” as:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Oh, you will, most audacious.... Look at him, most inquisitive.... +Under lock and key, most noble.... I will, most dignified.—S. +Birch, <i>The Adopted Child</i>.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Recruiting Officer</b> (<i>The</i>), a comedy by G. Farquhar (1705). The +“recruiting officer” is Sergeant Kite, his superior officer is Captain +Plume, and the recruit is Sylvia, who assumes the military dress of her +brother and the name of Jack Wilful, <i>alias</i> Pinch. Her father, Justice +Balance, allows the name to pass the muster, and when the trick is +discovered, to prevent scandal, the justice gives her in marriage to the +captain.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Red Book of Hergest</b> (<i>The</i>), a collection of children’s tales in Welsh; +so called from the name of the place where it was discovered. Each tale +is called in Welsh a <i>Mabinogi</i>, and the entire collection is the +<i>Mabinogion</i> (from <i>nab</i>, “a child”). The tales relate chiefly to Arthur +and the early British kings. A translation in three vols., with notes, +was published by Lady Charlotte Guest (1838-49).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Red-Cap</b> (<i>Mother</i>), an old nurse at the Hungerford Stairs.—Sir W. +Scott, <i>Fortunes of Nigel</i> (time, James I.).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Red-Cap</i> (<i>Mother</i>). Madame Bufflon was so called, because her bonnet +was deeply colored with her own blood in a street fight at the outbreak +of the French Revolution.—W. Melville.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Red Cross Knight</b> (<i>The</i>) represents St. George, the patron saint of +England. His adventures, which occupy bk. i. of Spenser’s <i>Faëry Queen</i>, +symbolize the struggles and ultimate victory of holiness over sin (or +protestantism over popery). Una comes on a white ass to the court of +Gloriana, and craves that one of the knights would undertake to slay the +dragon which kept her father and mother prisoners. The Red Cross Knight, +arrayed in all the armor of God (<i>Eph.</i> vi. 11-17), undertakes the +adventure, and goes, accompanied for a time, with Una; but, deluded by +Archimago, he quits the lady, and the two meet with numerous adventures. +At last, the knight, having slain the dragon, marries<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[280]</a></span> Una; and thus +holiness is allied to the Oneness of Truth (1590).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Red Hand of Ulster.</b></p> + +<p>Calverley, of Calverley, Yorkshire. Walter Calverley, Esq., in 1605, +murdered two of his children, and attempted to murder his wife and a +child “at nurse.” This became the subject of <i>The Yorkshire Tragedy</i>. In +consequence of these murders, the family is required to wear “the bloody +hand.”</p> + +<p>The Holt family, of Lancashire, has a similar tradition connected with +their coat armor.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Red Knight</b> (<i>The</i>), Sir Perimo´nês, one of the four brothers who kept +the passages leading to Castle Perilous. In the allegory of Gareth, this +knight represents noon, and was the third brother. Night, the eldest +born, was slain by Sir Gareth; the Green Knight, which represents the +young day-spring, was overcome, but not slain; and the Red Knight, being +overcome, was spared also. The reason is this: darkness is <i>slain</i>, but +dawn is only <i>overcome</i> by the stronger light of noon, and noon decays +into the evening twilight. Tennyson in his <i>Gareth and Lynette</i>, calls +Sir Perimonês “Meridies,” or “Noonday Sun.” The Latin name is not +consistent with a British tale.—Sir T. Malory, <i>History of Prince +Arthur</i>, i. 129 (1470); Tennyson, <i>Idylls</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Red Knight of the Red Lands</b> (<i>The</i>), Sir Ironside. “He had the strength +of seven men, and every day his strength went on increasing till noon.” +This knight kept the Lady Lionês captive in Castle Perilous. In the +allegory of Sir Gareth, Sir Ironside represents death, and the captive +lady “the Bride,” or Church triumphant. Sir Gareth combats with Night, +Morn, Noon, and Evening, or fights the fight of faith, and then +overcomes the last enemy, which is death, when he marries the lady, or +is received into the Church, which is “the Lamb’s Bride.” Tennyson, in +his <i>Gareth and Lynette</i>, makes the combat with the Red Knight (“Mors,” +or “Death”) to be a single stroke; but the <i>History</i> says it is endured +from morn to noon, and from noon to night—in fact, that man’s whole +life is a contest with moral and physical death.—Sir T. Malory, +<i>History of Prince Arthur</i>, i. 134-137 (1470); Tennyson, <i>Idylls</i> +(“Gareth and Lynette”).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Red Pipe.</b> The Great Spirit long ago called the Indians together, and, +standing on the red pipe-stone rock, broke off a piece, which he made +into a pipe, and smoked, letting the smoke exhale to the four quarters. +He then told the Indians that the red pipe-stone was their flesh, and +they must use the red pipe when they made peace; and that when they +smoked it, the war-club and scalping-knife must not be touched. Having +so spoken, the Great Spirit was received up into the clouds.—<i>Indian +Mythology.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The red pipe has blown its fumes of peace and war to the remotest +corners of the continent. It visited every warrior, and passed +through its reddened stem the irrevocable oath of war and +desolation. Here, too, the peace-breathing calumet was born, and +fringed with eagle’s quills, which has shed its thrilling fumes +over the land, and soothed the fury of the relentless +savage.—Catlin, <i>Letters on ... the North Americans</i>, ii. 160.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Red Ridinghood</b> (<i>Little</i>), a child with a red cloak, who went to carry +cakes to her grandmother. A wolf placed itself in the grandmother’s bed, +and when the child remarked upon the size of its eyes, ears, and nose, +replied it was the better to see, hear, and smell the little grandchild. +“But, grandmamma,” said the child, “what a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[281]</a></span> great mouth you have got!” +“The better to eat you up,” was the reply, and the child was devoured by +the wolf.</p> + +<p>This nursery tale is, with slight variations, common to Sweden, Germany, +and France. In Charles Perrault’s <i>Contes des Fées</i> (1697) it is called +“Le Petit Chaperon Rouge.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Red Swan</b> (<i>The</i>). Odjibwa, hearing a strange noise, saw in the lake a +most beautiful red swan. Pulling his bow, he took deliberate aim, +without effect. He shot every arrow from his quiver with the same +result; then, fetching from his father’s medicine sack three poisoned +arrows, he shot them also at the bird. The last of the three arrows +passed through the swan’s neck, whereupon the bird rose into the air and +sailed away towards the setting sun.—Schoolcraft, <i>Algic Researches</i>, +ii. 9 (1839).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Redgauntlet</b>, a story told in a series of letters, about a conspiracy +formed by Sir Edward Hugh Redgauntlet, on behalf of the “Young +Pretender,” Charles Edward, then above 40 years of age. The conspirators +insist that the prince shall dismiss his mistress, Miss Walkingshaw, +and, as he refuses to comply with this demand, they abandon their +enterprise. Just as a brig is prepared for the prince’s departure from +the island, Colonel Campbell arrives with the military. He connives, +however, at the affair, the conspirators disperse, the prince embarks, +and Redgauntlet becomes the prior of a monastery abroad. This is one of +the inferior novels, but is redeemed by the character of Peter +Peebles.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Redgauntlet</i> (1824).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Redgauntlet</i> embodies a great deal of Scott’s own personal history +and experience.—Chambers, <i>English Literature</i>, ii. 589.</p></div> + +<p class="main"><i>Redgauntlet</i> (<i>Sir Alberick</i>), an ancestor of the family.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Sir Edward Redgauntlet</i>, son of Sir Alberick; killed by his father’s +horse.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Sir Robert Redgauntlet</i>, an old tory, mentioned in Wandering Willie’s +tale.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Sir John Redgauntlet</i>, son and successor of Sir Robert, mentioned in +Wandering Willie’s tale.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Sir Redwald Redgauntlet</i>, son of Sir John.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Sir Henry Darsie Redgauntlet</i>, son of Sir Redwald.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Lady Henry Darsie Redgauntlet</i>, wife of Sir Henry Darsie.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Sir Arthur Darsie Redgauntlet</i>, alias <i>Darsie Latimer</i>, son of Sir +Henry and Lady Darsie.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Miss Lilias Redgauntlet</i>, alias <i>Green-mantle</i>, sister of Sir Arthur. +She marries Allan Fairford.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Sir Edward Hugh Redgauntlet</i>, the Jacobite conspirator. He is uncle to +Darsie Latimer, and is called “Laird of the Lochs,” <i>alias</i> “Mr. Herries +of Birrenswark,” <i>alias</i> “Master Ingoldsby.”—Sir W. Scott, +<i>Redgauntlet</i> (time, George III.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Redi</b> (<i>Francis</i>), an Italian physician and lyric poet. He was first +physician to the grand-duke of Tuscany (1626-1698).</p> + +<p class="poem">Even Redi, tho’ he chanted<br /> +<span class="i1">Bacchus in the Tuscan valleys,</span><br /> +Never drank the wine he vaunted<br /> +<span class="i1">In his dithyrambic sallies.</span><br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Longfellow, <i>Drinking Song</i>.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Redlaw</b> (<i>Mr.</i>), the “haunted man.” He was a professor of chemistry, who +bargained with the spirit which haunted him to leave him, on condition +of his imparting to others his own idiosyncrasies. From this moment the +chemist carried with him the infection of sullenness, selfishness, +discontent and ingratitude. On Christmas Day the infection ceased. +Redlaw lost his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[282]</a></span> morbid feelings, and all who suffered by his infection, +being healed, were restored to love, mirth, benevolence and +gratitude.—C. Dickens, <i>The Haunted Man</i> (1848).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Redmain</b> (<i>Sir Magnus</i>), governor of the town of Berwick (fifteenth +century).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>He was remarkable for his long red beard, and was therefore called +by the English “Magnus Red-beard,” but by the Scotch, in derision, +“Magnus Red-mane,” as if his beard had been a +horse-mane.—Godscroft, 178.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Redmond O’Neale</b>, Rokeby’s page, beloved by Rokeby’s daughter, Matilda, +whom he marries. He turns out to be Mortham’s son and heir.—Sir W. +Scott, <i>Rokeby</i> (1812).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Reece</b> (<i>Captain</i>), R.N., of the <i>Mantelpiece</i>; adored by all his crew. +They had feather-beds, warm slippers, hot-water cans, brown Windsor +soap, and a valet to every four, for Captain Reece said, “It is my duty +to make my men happy, and I will.” Captain Reece had a daughter, ten +female cousins, a niece and a ma, six sisters and an aunt or two, and, +at the suggestion of William Lee, the coxswain, married these ladies to +his crew—“It is my duty to make my men happy, and I will.” Last of all, +Captain Reece married the widowed mother of his coxswain, and they were +all married on one day—“It was their duty, and they did it.”—W. S. +Gilbert, <i>The Bab Ballads</i> (“Captain Reece, R.N.”).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Reeve’s Tale</b> (<i>The</i>). Symond Symkyn, a miller of Trompington, near +Cambridge, used to serve “Soler Hall College,” but was an arrant thief. +Two scholars, Aleyn and John, undertook to see that a sack of corn sent +to be ground was not tampered with; so one stood by the hopper, and one +by the trough which received the flour. In the mean time the miller let +their horse loose, and, when the young men went to catch it, purloined +half a bushel of the flour, substituting meal instead. It was so late +before the horse could be caught that the miller offered the two +scholars a “shakedown” in his own chamber, but when they were in bed he +began to belabor them unmercifully. A scuffle ensued, in which the +miller, being tripped up, fell upon his wife. His wife, roused from her +sleep, seized a stick, and, mistaking the bald pate of her husband for +the night-cap of one of the young men, banged it so lustily that the man +was almost stunned with the blows. In the mean time the two scholars +made off without payment, taking with them the sack and also the +half-bushel of flour, which had been made into cakes.—Chaucer, +<i>Canterbury Tales</i> (1388).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Boccaccio has a similar story in his <i>Decameron</i>. It is also +the subject of a <i>fabliau</i> entitled <i>De Gombert et des Deux Clers</i>. +Chaucer borrowed his story from a <i>fabliau</i> given by Thomas Wright in +his <i>Anecdota Literaria</i>, 15.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Reformation</b> (<i>The</i>). It was in germ in the early Lollards, and was +radiant in the works of Wycliffe.</p> + +<p>It was present in the pulpit of Pierre de Bruys, in the pages of Arnoldo +da Brescia, in the cell of Roger Bacon.</p> + +<p>It was active in the field with Peter Revel, in the castle of Lord +Cobham, in the pulpit with John Huss, in the camp with John Ziska, in +the class-room of Pico di Mirandola, in the observatory of Abraham +Zacuto, and the college of Antonio di Lebrija, and it burst into full +light through Martin Luther.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Re´gan</b>, second daughter of King Lear, and wife of the duke of Cornwall. +Having received the half of her father’s <a name="corr119" id="corr119"></a><ins class="correction" title="kingdom">king-</ins><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[283]</a></span> she refused to +entertain him with his suite. On the death of her husband, she designed +to marry Edmund, natural son of the earl of Gloster, and was poisoned by +her elder sister, Goneril, out of jealousy. Regan, like Goneril, is +proverbial for “filial ingratitude.”—Shakespeare, <i>King Lear</i> (1605).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Regent Diamond</b> (<i>The</i>). So called from the regent duke of Orleans. This +diamond, the property of France, at first set in the crown, and then in +the sword of state, was purchased in India by a governor of Madras, of +whom the regent bought it for £80,000.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Regillus</b> (<i>The Battle of Lake</i>). Regillus Lacus is about twenty miles +east of Rome, between Gabii (north) and Lavīcum (south). The Romans had +expelled Tarquin the Proud from the throne, because of the most +scandalous conduct of his son Sextus, who had violated Lucretia, the +wife of Collatinus. Thirty combined cities of Latium, with Sabines and +Volscians, took the part of Tarquin, and marched towards Rome. The +Romans met the allied army at the Lake Regillus, and here, on July 15, +<span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 499, they won the great battle which confirmed their republican +constitution, and in which Tarquin, with his sons Sextus and Titus, was +slain. While victory was still doubtful, Castor and Pollux, on their +white horses, appeared to the Roman dictator, and fought for the Romans. +The victory was complete, and ever after the Romans observed the +anniversary of this battle with a grand procession and sacrifice. The +procession started from the temple of Mars outside the city walls, +entered by the Porta Capēna, traversed the chief streets of Rome, +marched past the temple of Vesta in the Forum, and then to the opposite +side of the “great square,” where they had built a temple to Castor and +Pollux in gratitude for the aid rendered by them in this battle. Here +offerings were made, and sacrifice was offered to the Great +Twin-Brothers, the sons of Leda. Macaulay has a lay, called <i>The Battle +of the Lake Regillus</i>, on the subject.</p> + +<p class="poem">Where, by the Lake Regillus,<br /> +<span class="i1">Under the Porcian height,</span><br /> +All in the land of Tusculum,<br /> +<span class="i1">Was fought the glorious fight.</span><br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Macaulay, <i>Lays of Ancient Rome</i> (1842).</span></p> + +<p>A very parallel case occurs in the life of Mahomet. The Koreishites had +armed to put down “the prophet;” but Mahomet met them in arms, and on +January 13, 624, won the famous battle of Bedr. In the <i>Korân</i> (ch. +iii.), he tells us that the angel Gabriel, on his horse, Haïzûm, +appeared on the field with 3000 “angels,” and won the battle for him.</p> + +<p>In the conquest of Mexico, we are told that St. James appeared on his +grey horse at the head of the Castilian adventurers, and led them on to +victory. Bernal Diaz, who was in the battle, saw the grey horse, but +fancies the rider was Francesco de Morla, though, he confesses, “it +might be the glorious apostle St. James” for aught he knew.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Regimen of the School of Salerno</b>, a collection of precepts in Latin +verse, written by John of Milan, a poet of the eleventh century, for +Robert, the duke of Normandy.</p> + +<p class="poem">A volume universally known<br /> +As the “Regimen of the School of Salern.”<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Longfellow, <i>The Golden Legend</i> (1851).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Reginald Archer.</b> A refined, debonnaire sensualist, courted by women and +envied by men. He wooes and marries a gentle, pure heiress, and would, +as her husband, break her heart were not the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[284]</a></span> evil work cut short by his +death at the hands of a man whose wife Reginald has lured from her +allegiance to her lawful lord.—Anne Crane Seemuller, <i>Reginald Archer</i> +(1865).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Region of Death</b>, (<i>Marovsthulli</i>), Thurr, near Delhi, fatal, from some +atmospheric influence, especially about sunset.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Regno</b> (<i>The</i>), Naples.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Are our wiser heads leaning towards an alliance with the pope and +the Regno?—George Eliot (Marian Evans).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Reg´ulus</b>, a Roman general, who conquered the Carthaginians (<span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 256), +and compelled them to sue for peace. While negotiation was going on, the +Carthaginians, joined by Xanthippos, the Lacedemonian, attacked the +Romans at Tunis, and beat them, taking Regulus prisoner. The captive was +sent to Rome to make terms of peace and demand exchange of prisoners, +but he used all his influence with the senate to dissuade them from +coming to terms with their foe. On his return to captivity, the +<a name="corr120" id="corr120"></a><ins class="correction" title="Carthaginians">Cathaginians</ins> cut off his eyelids and exposed him to the burning +sun, then placed him in a barrel armed with nails, which was rolled up +and down a hill till the man was dead.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> This subject has furnished Pradon and Dorat with tragedies +(<i>French</i>), and Metastasio, the Italian poet, with an opera called +<i>Regolo</i> (1740).</p> + +<p>“Regulus” was a favorite part of the French actor, François J. Talma.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rehearsal</b> (<i>The</i>), a farce by George Villiers, duke of Buckingham +(1671). It was designed for a satire on the rhyming plays of the time. +The chief character, Bayes (1 <i>syl.</i>), is meant for Dryden.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The name of George Villiers, duke of Buckingham, demands cordial +mention by every writer on the stage. He lived in an age when plays +were chiefly written in rhyme, which served as a vehicle for +foaming sentiment clouded by hyperbolê.... The dramas of Lee and +Settle ... are made up of blatant couplets that emptily thundered +through five long acts. To explode an unnatural custom by +ridiculing it, was Buckingham’s design in <i>The Rehearsal</i>, but in +doing this the gratification of private dislike was a greater +stimulus than the wish to promote the public good.—W. C. Russell, +<i>Representative Actors</i>.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Reichel</b> (<i>Colonel</i>), in <i>Charles XII.</i>, by J. R. Planché (1826).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rejected Addresses</b>, parodies on Wordsworth, Cobbett, Southey, Scott, +Coleridge, Crabbe, Byron, Theodore Hook, etc., by James and Horace +Smith; the copyright after the sixteenth edition was purchased by John +Murray, in 1819, for £131. The directors of Drury Lane Theatre had +offered a premium for the best poetical address to be spoken at the +opening of the new building, and the brothers Smith conceived the idea +of publishing a number of poems supposed to have been written for the +occasion and rejected by the directors (1812).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“I do not see why they should have been rejected,” said a +Leicestershire clergyman, “for I think some of them are very +good.”—James Smith.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Reksh</b>, Sir Rustam’s horse.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Relapse</b>, (<i>The</i>), a comedy by Vanbrugh (1697). Reduced to three acts, +and adapted to more modern times by Sheridan, under the title of <i>A Trip +to Scarborough</i> (1777).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rel´dresal</b>, principal secretary for private affairs in the court of +Lilliput, and great friend of Gulliver. When it was proposed to put the +Man-mountain to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[285]</a></span> death for high treason, Reldresal moved as an +amendment, that the “traitor should have both his eyes put out, and be +suffered to live that he might serve the nation.”—Swift, <i>Gulliver’s +Travels</i> (“Voyage to Lilliput,” 1726).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Probably the dean had the Bible story of Samson and the +Philistines in his thoughts.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Relics.</b> The following relics are worthy of note, if for no other reason, +because of the immense number of pilgrims who are drawn to them from all +parts of the world.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>1. <span class="smcap">The House of the Virgin.</span> This is now to be seen at Loreto, a +town on the Adriatic, near Ancona, whither it was miraculously +transported through the air by angels in the year 1294. It had been +originally brought from Nazareth to Dalmatia in 1291, but after +resting there for three years was again lifted up and placed where +it now stands. It is a small brick structure surrounded by a marble +screen designed by Bramante and decorated with carvings and +sculptures by a number of celebrated sculptors. The church in which +the house stands was built over it to protect it shortly after its +arrival.</p> + +<p>2. <span class="smcap">The Holy Coat.</span> This is the seamless coat worn by Jesus, and for +which the soldiers drew lots at his crucifixion. It is described by +John alone of the evangelists: “Now the coat was without seam, +woven from the top throughout.” John 19, 23. It is preserved at +Treves in the cathedral, and is shown at long intervals to the +faithful, attracting vast crowds of pilgrims from all parts of +Europe and America. It was last shown in 1891. The village of +Argenteuil, near Paris, disputes with Treves the possession of the +true garment, insisting on its own superior claim, but the right of +Treves is generally acknowledged by Catholics.</p> + +<p>3. <span class="smcap">The Holy Face.</span> According to the legend, when Jesus was on His +way to Calvary, one of the women standing by, whose name was +Veronica, seeing Him sinking under the weight of the cross, gave +Him her handkerchief to wipe the sweat from His face. When He +returned it the impression of His face was left upon the cloth, and +remains distinctly to be seen at the present day.</p> + +<p>4. <span class="smcap">The Sainte Chapelle</span> at Paris, one of the most beautiful Gothic +buildings in Europe, was built as a shrine to contain the fragment +of the true Cross and a thorn from the Crown of Thorns given by +Louis IX. of France (Saint Louis). These relics have since been +transferred to the Treasury of Notre Dame, at Paris. The church at +Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle) also contains a fragment of the true +Cross. In various churches of Italy, pictures of the Virgin Mary +said to have been painted by Saint Luke (a painter as well as a +physician, and the patron saint of both professions) are preserved, +but no one of them has any fame above the rest.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Remember, Thou Art Mortal!</b> When a Roman conqueror entered the city in +triumph, a slave was placed in the chariot to whisper from time to time +into the ear of the conqueror, “Remember, thou art a man!”</p> + +<p>Vespasian, the Roman emperor, had a slave who said to him daily as he +left his chamber, “Remember, thou art a man!”</p> + +<p>In the ancient Egyptian banquets it was customary during the feast to +draw a mummy, in a car, round the banquet hall, while one uttered aloud, +“To this estate you must come at last!”</p> + +<p>When the sultan of Serendib (<i>i.e.</i> Ceylon) went abroad, his vizier +cried aloud, “This is the great monarch, the tremendous sultan of the +Indies ... greater than Solimo or the grand Mihragê!” An officer behind +the monarch then exclaimed, “This monarch, though so great and powerful, +must die, must die, must die!”—<i>Arabian Nights</i> (“Sindbad,” sixth +voyage).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Remois</b> (2 <i>syl.</i>), the people of Rheims, in France.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Remond</b>, a shepherd in <i>Britannia’s Pastorals</i>, by William Browne (1613).</p> + +<p class="poem">Remond, young Remond, that full well could sing,<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[286]</a></span>And tune his pipe at Pan’s birth carolling;<br /> +Who, for his nimble leaping, sweetest layes,<br /> +A laurell garland wore on holidayes;<br /> +In framing of whose hand Dame Nature swore,<br /> +There never was his like, nor should be more.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib"><i>Pastoral</i>, i.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rem´ores</b>, birds which retard the execution of a project.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“Remores” aves in auspicio dicuntur quæ acturum aliquid remorari +compellunt.—Festus, <i>De </i><a name="corr121" id="corr121"></a><ins class="correction" title="Verborum Significatione."><i>VerborumSignificatione</i>.</ins></p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Remus.</b> (See <a href="#Romulus_and_Remus"><span class="smcap">Romulus and Remus</span></a>.)</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Remus</i> (<i>Uncle</i>). Hero of many of Joel Chandler Harris’s tales of +negro-life. His fables of “Brer Rabbit,” “Brer Bear,” and the like are +curious relics of African folk-lore (1886).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Re´naud</b>, one of the paladins of Charlemagne, always described with the +properties of a borderer, valiant, alert, ingenious, rapacious, and +unscrupulous. Better known in the Italian form <a href="#Rinaldo"><i>Rinaldo</i></a> (<i>q.v.</i>).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Renault</b>, a Frenchman, and one of the chief conspirators in which Pierre +was concerned. When Jaffier joined the conspiracy, he gave his wife, +Belvide´ra, as surety of his fidelity, and a dagger to be used against +her if he proved unfaithful. Renault attempted the honor of the lady, +and Jaffier took her back in order to protect her from such insults. The +old villain died on the wheel, and no one pitied him.—T. Otway, <i>Venice +Preserved</i> (1682).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>René</b>, the old king of Provence, father of Queen Margaret of Anjou (wife +of Henry VI. of England). A minstrel-monarch, friend to the chase and +tilt, poetry, and music. Thiebault says he gave in largesses to +knights-errant and minstrels more than he received in revenue (ch. +xxix.).—Sir W. Scott, <i>Anne of Geierstein</i> (time, Edward IV.).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>René</i> (2 <i>syl.</i>), the hero and title of a romance by Châteaubriand +(1801). It was designed for an episode to his <i>Génie du Christianisme</i> +(1802). René is a man of social inaction, conscious of possessing a +superior genius, but his pride produces in him a morbid bitterness of +spirit.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>René</i> [<span class="smcap">Leblanc</span>], notary public of Grand Pré, in Arcadia (<i>Nova +Scotia</i>). Bent with age, but with long yellow hair flowing over his +shoulders. He was the father of twenty children, and had a hundred +grandchildren. When Acadia was ceded by the French to England, George +II. confiscated the goods of the simple colonists, and drove them into +exile. René went to Pennsylvania, where he died, and was +buried.—Longfellow, <i>Evangeline</i> (1849).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Renton</b> (<i>Dr.</i>). A Boston physician, whose best friend, dying, leaves a +letter charging Renton, “<i>In the name of the Saviour, be true and tender +to mankind</i>.” The doctor believes himself to be haunted by the ghost of +this man, intent upon inforcing the admonition, and the needy and the +afflicted profit by the hallucination.—William D. O’Connor, <i>The +Ghost</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rentowel</b> (<i>Mr. Jabesh</i>), a covenanting preacher.—Sir W. Scott, +<i>Waverley</i> (time, George II.).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>With vehemence of some pulpit-drumming Gowkthrapple, or “precious” +Mr. Jabesh Rentowel.—Carlyle.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Renzo and Lucia</b>, the hero and heroine of an Italian novel by Alessandro +Manzoni, <a name="corr122" id="corr122"></a><ins class="correction" title="entitled">entititled</ins> <i>The Betrothed Lover</i> (“I Promessi Sposi”). +This novel contains an account<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[287]</a></span> of the Bread Riot and plague of Milan. +Cardinal Borro´meo is also introduced. There is an English translation +(1827).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Republican Queen</b>, (<i>The</i>), Sophie Charlotte, wife of Frederick I. of +Prussia.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Resequenz</b>, wily major-domo to the duke of Romagna, audacious, +unscrupulous and treacherous.—William Waldorf Astor, <i>Valentino</i> +(1886).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Resolute</b> (<i>The</i>), John Florio, philologist (1545?-1625). Translated +Montaigne’s Essays and wrote a French and English Dictionary called a +<i>World of Words</i>. One of the few autographs of Shakespeare is in a copy +of Florio’s Montaigne in the British Museum.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Florio is said to have been the prototype of Shakespeare’s +“Holofernês,” in <i>Love’s Labour’s Lost</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Resolute Doctor</b> (<i>The</i>), John Baconthorpe (*-1346).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Guillaume Durandus de St. Pourçain was called “the Most +Resolute <a name="corr123" id="corr123"></a><ins class="correction" title="Doctor“">Doctor</ins> (1267-1332).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Restless</b> (<i>Sir John</i>), the suspicious husband of a suspicious wife.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Lady Restless</i>, wife of Sir John. As she has a fixed idea that her +husband is inconstant, she is always asking the servants, “Where is Sir +John?” “Is Sir John returned?” “Which way did Sir John go?” “Has Sir +John received any letters?” “Who has called?” etc.; and, whatever the +answer, it is to her a confirmation of her surmises.—A. Murphy, <i>All in +the Wrong</i> (1761).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Reuben Dixon</b>, a village schoolmaster of “ragged lads.”</p> + +<p class="poem">’Mid noise, and dirt, and stench, and play, and prate,<br /> +He calmly cuts the pen or views the slate.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Crabbe, <i>Borough</i>, xxiv. (1810).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Reuben and Seth</b>, servants of Nathan ben Israel, the Jew at Ashby, a +friend of Isaac and Rebecca.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Ivanhoe</i> (time, Richard +I.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Reullu´ra</b> (<i>i.e. “beautiful star”</i>), the wife of Aodh, one of the +Culdees, or primitive clergy of Scotland, who preached the gospel of God +in Io´na, an island south of Staffa. Here Ulvfa´gre, the Dane, landed, +and, having put all who opposed him to death, seized Aodh, bound him in +iron, carried him to the church, and demanded where the treasures were +concealed. Just then appeared a mysterious figure all in white, who +first unbound Aodh, and then taking the Dane by the arm, led him up to +the statue of St. Columb, which immediately fell and crushed him to +death. Then turning to the Norsemen, the same mysterious figure told +them to “go back and take the bones of their chief with them;” adding, +whoever lifted hand in the island again, should be a paralytic for life. +<a name="corr124" id="corr124"></a><ins class="correction" title="The">“The</ins> “saint” then transported the remnant of the islanders to +Ireland; but when search was made for Reullura, her body was in the sea, +and her soul in heaven.—Campbell, <i>Reullura</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Reutha´mir</b>, the principal man of Balclutha, a town belonging to the +Britons on the river Clyde. His daughter, Moina, married Clessammor +(Fingal’s uncle on the mother’s side). Reuthamir was killed by Combal +(Fingal’s father) when he attacked Balcutha and burned it to the +ground.—Ossian, <i>Carthon</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Reutner</b> (<i>Karl</i>), young German, serving in the Federal army, finds, on +the Gettysburg battle-field, a four-leafed clover, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[288]</a></span> waves it in the +air. The gesture attracts a sharp-shooter, and Reutner falls insensible. +He is taken from hospital to prison, and languishes for weeks, in +delirium, all the while haunted by a vision of a woman, dark-eyed and +beautiful, who brings him handfuls of four-leaved clover. When he +reaches home, he recognizes her in Margaret Warren, a guest in his +father’s house. The betrothal-ring bears a four-leaved clover of green +enamel, set in diamonds.—Helen Hunt Jackson, <i>A Four-Leaved Clover</i> +(1886).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rev´eller</b> (<i>Lady</i>), cousin of Valeria, the blue-stocking. Lady Reveller +is very fond of play, but ultimately gives it up, and is united to Lord +Worthy.—Mrs. Centlivre, <i>The Basset Table</i> (1706).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Revenge</b> (<i>The</i>), a tragedy by Edward Young (1721). (For the plot, see +<span class="smcap">Zanga</span>.)</p> + +<p class="main"><a name="Revenge" id="Revenge"></a><i>Revenge</i> (<i>The</i>), the ship under the command of Sir Richard Grenville, +anchored at Flores, in the Azores, when a fleet of fifty-three Spanish +ships hove in sight. Lord Thomas Howard, with six men-of-war, sailed +off; but Sir Richard stood his ground. He had only a hundred men, but +with this crew and his one ship, he encountered the Spanish fleet. The +fight was very obstinate. Some of the Spanish ships were sunk, and many +shattered; but Sir Richard at length was wounded, and the surgeon shot +while dressing the wound. “Sink the ship, master gunner!” cried Sir +Richard; “sink the ship, and let her not fall into the hands of Spain!” +But the crew were obliged to yield, and Sir Richard died. The Spaniards +were amazed at Grenville’s pluck, and gave him all honors, as they cast +his body into the sea. <i>The Revenge</i> was then manned by Spaniards, but +never reached the Spanish coast, for it was wrecked in a tempest, and +went down with all hands aboard.—Tennyson, <i>The Revenge</i>, a ballad of +the fleet (1878).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> This sea-fight is the subject of one of Froude’s essays.</p> + +<p>Canon Kingsley has introduced it in <i>Westward Ho!</i> where he gives a +description of Sir Richard Grenville.</p> + +<p>Lord Bacon says the fight “was memorable even beyond credit, and to the +height of heroic fable.”</p> + +<p>Mr. Arber published three interesting contemporary documents relating to +<i>The Revenge</i>, by Sir Walter Raleigh.</p> + +<p>Gervase Markham wrote a long poem on the subject (two hundred stanzas of +eight lines each).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Revenge</i> (<i>The Palace of</i>), a palace of crystal, provided with +everything agreeable to life except the means of going out of it. The +fairy Pagan made it, and when Imis rejected his suit because she loved +Prince Philax, he shut them up in this palace out of revenge. At the end +of a few years Pagan had his revenge, for Philax and Imis longed as +eagerly for a separation as they had once done to be united.—Comtesse +D’Aunoy, <i>Fairy Tales</i> (“Palace of Revenge,” 1682).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Revenons à nos Moutons</b>, let us return to the matter in hand. This phrase +comes from an old French comedy of the fifteenth century, entitled +<i>L’Avocat Patelin</i>, by Blanchet. A clothier, giving evidence against a +shepherd who had stolen some sheep, is for ever running from the subject +to talk about some cloth of which Patelin, his lawyer, had defrauded +him. The judge from time to time pulls him up by saying, “Well, well! +and about the sheep?” “What about the sheep!” (See <a href="#Patelin"><span class="smcap">Patelin</span></a>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[289]</a></span><b>Revolutionary Songs.</b> By far the most popular were:</p> + +<p>1. <i>La Marseillaise</i>, both words and music by Rouget de Lisle (1792).</p> + +<p>2. <i>Veillons au Salut de l’Empire</i>, by Adolphe S. Boy (1791). Music by +Dalayra. Very strange that men whose whole purpose was to <i>destroy</i> the +empire should go about singing “Let us guard it!”</p> + +<p>3. <i>Ça Ira</i>, written to the tune of <i>Le Carillon National</i>, in 1789, +while preparations were being made for the <i>Fête de la Féderation</i>. It +was a great favorite with Marie Antoinette, who was for ever “strumming +the tune on her harpsichord.”</p> + +<p>4. <i>Chant du Départ</i>, by Marie Joseph de Chénier (1794). Music by Méhul. +This was the most popular next to the <i>Marseillaise</i>.</p> + +<p>5. <i>La Carmagnole.</i> “Madame Veto avait promis de faire égorger tout +Paris ...” (1792). Probably so called from Carmagnole, in Piedmont. The +burden of this dancing song is:</p> + +<p class="poem">Danson la Carmagnole,<br /> +<span class="i1">Vive le son! Vive le son!</span><br /> +Danson la Carmagnole,<br /> +<span class="i1">Vive le son du canon!</span></p> + +<p>6. <i>La Vengeur</i>, a spirited story, in verse, about a ship so called. +Lord Howe took six of the French ships, June 1, 1794; but <i>La Vengeur</i> +was sunk by the crew, that it might not fall into the hands of the +English, and went down while the crew shouted “Vive la République!” The +story bears a strong resemblance to that of “The Revenge,” Sir Richard +Grenville’s ship. See <a href="#Revenge"><i>ante</i></a>.</p> + +<p>In the second Revolution we have:</p> + +<p>1. <i>La Parisienne</i>, called “The <i>Marseillaise</i> of 1830,” by Casimir +Delavigne, the same year.</p> + +<p>2. <i>La France a l’Horreur du Servage</i>, by Casimir Delavigne (1843).</p> + +<p>3. <i>Le Champ de Bataille</i>, by Emile Debreaux (about 1830).</p> + +<p>The chief political songs of Béranger are: <i>Adieux de Marie Stuart</i>, <i>La +Cocarde Blanche</i>, <i>Jacques</i>, <i>La Déesse</i>, <i>Marquis de Carabas</i>, <i>Le +Sacre de Charles le Simple</i>, <i>Le Senateur</i>, <i>Le Vieux Caporal</i>, and <i>Le +Vilain</i>.</p> + +<p>In the American Revolution the air of <i>Yankee Doodle</i> was sung to +various sets of words, all derisive of the British and exhilarating to +the Americans.</p> + +<p>In the Civil War of the United States <i>The Star-Spangled Banner</i>, <i>Hail +Columbia</i>, <i>Tramp! Tramp! Tramp!</i> and Julia Ward Howe’s <i>Battle Hymn of +the Republic</i> to the air of <i>John Brown’s Body Lies Mouldering in the +Ground</i> were favorites with the Federal troops.</p> + +<p>Among the Confederates, <i>Dixie</i>, and <i>Maryland, My Maryland</i>, were most +popular.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rewcastle</b> (<i>Old John</i>), a Jedburgh smuggler, and one of the Jacobite +conspirators with the laird of Ellieslaw.—Sir W. Scott, <i>The Black +Dwarf</i> (time, Anne).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Reynaldo</b>, a servant to Polonius.—Shakespeare, <i>Hamlet</i> (1596).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Reynard the Fox</b>, the hero of the beast-epic so called. This prose poem +is a satire on the state of Germany in the Middle Ages. Reynard +represents the Church; Isengrin, the wolf (his uncle), typifies the +baronial element; and Nodel, the lion, stands for the regal power. The +plot turns on the struggle for supremacy between Reynard and Isengrin. +Reynard uses all his endeavors to victimize every one, especially his +uncle, Isengrin, and generally succeeds.—<i>Reinecke Fuchs</i> +<a name="corr125" id="corr125"></a><ins class="correction" title="(Thierepos,">(thierepos,</ins> 1498).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Reynardine</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), eldest son of Reynard the Fox. He assumed the +names of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[290]</a></span> Dr. Pedanto and Crabron.—<i>Reynard the Fox</i> (1498).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Reynold of Montalbon</b>, one of Charlemagne’s paladins.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Reynolds</b> (<i>Sir Joshua</i>), is thus described by Goldsmith:</p> + +<p class="poem">Here Reynolds is laid; and, to tell you my mind,<br /> +He has not left a wiser or better behind.<br /> +His pencil was striking, resistless and grand;<br /> +His manners were gentle, complying and bland ...<br /> +To coxcombs averse, yet most civilly steering,<br /> +When they judged without skill he was still hard of hearing;<br /> +When they talked of their Raphaels, Corregios, and stuff,<br /> +He shifted his trumpet, and only took snuff.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib"><i>Retaliation</i> (1774).</span></p> + +<p>N.B.—Sir Joshua Reynolds was hard of hearing, and used an ear-trumpet.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rez´io</b> (<i>Dr.</i>) or “Pedro Rezio of Ague´ro,” the doctor of Barata´ria, +who forbade Sancho Panza to taste any of the meats set before him. Roast +partridge was “forbidden by Hippoc´ratês.” Podri´da was “the most +pernicious food in the world.” Rabbits were “a sharp-haired diet.” Veal +was “prejudicial to health.” But, he said, the governor might eat “a few +wafers, and a thin slice or two of quince.”—Cervantes, <i>Don Quixote</i>, +II. iii. 10 (1615).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rhadaman´thus</b>, son of Jupiter and Euro´pa. He reigned in the Cycladês +with such partiality, that at death he was made one of the judges of the +infernal regions.</p> + +<p class="poem">And if departed souls must rise again ...<br /> +And bide the judgment of reward or pain ...<br /> +Then Rhadamanthus and stern Minos were<br /> +True types of justice while they livèd here.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Lord Brooke, <i>Monarchie</i>, i. (1554-1628).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rhampsini´tos</b>, king of Egypt, usually called Ram´esês III., the richest +of the Egyptian monarchs, who amassed 72 millions sterling, which he +secured in a treasury of stone. By an artifice of the builder, he was +robbed every night.—<i>Herodotus</i>, ii. 121.</p> + +<p>A parallel tale is told of Hyrieus [<i>Hy´.ri.uce</i>] of Hyrĭa. His two +architects, Trophōnios and Agamēdês (brothers), built his +treasure-vaults, but left one stone removable at pleasure. After great +loss of treasure, Hyrieus spread a net, in which Agame´des was caught. +To prevent recognition, Trophonios cut off his brother’s +head.—Pausanias, <i>Itinerary of Greece</i>, ix. 37, 3.</p> + +<p>A similar tale is told of the treasure-vaults of Augĕas, king of Elis.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rha´sis</b> or Mohammed Aboubekr ibn Zakaria el Razi, a noted Arabian +physician. He wrote a treatise on small-pox and measles, with some 200 +other treatises (850-923).</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i4">Well, error has no end;</span><br /> +And Rhasis is a sage.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">R. Browning, <i>Paracelsus</i>, iii.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rhea’s Child.</b> Jupiter is so called by Pindar. He dethroned his father, +Saturn.</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i8">The child</span><br /> +Of Rhea drove him [<i>Saturn</i>] from the upper sky.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Akenside, <i>Hymn to the Naiads</i> (1767).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rheims</b> (<i>The Jackdaw of</i>), The cardinal-archbishop of Rheims made a +great feast, to which he invited all the joblillies of the neighborhood. +There were abbots and prelates, knights and squires, and all who +delighted to honor the great panjandrum of Rheims. The feast over, water +was served, and his lordship’s grace, drawing off his turquoise ring, +laid it beside<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[291]</a></span> his plate, dipped his fingers into the golden bowl, and +wiped them on his napkin; but when he looked to put on his ring, it was +nowhere to be found. It was evidently gone. The floor was searched, the +plates and dishes lifted up, the mugs and chalices, every possible and +impossible place was poked into, but without avail. The ring must have +been stolen. His grace was furious, and, in dignified indignation, +calling for bell, book, and candle, banned the thief, both body and +soul, this life and for ever. It was a terrible curse, but none of the +guests seemed the worse for it—except, indeed, the jackdaw. The poor +bird was a pitiable object, his head lobbed down, his wings draggled on +the floor, his feathers were all ruffled, and with a ghost of a caw he +prayed the company follow him; when lo! there was the ring, hidden in +some sly corner by the jackdaw as a clever practical joke. His +lordship’s grace smiled benignantly, and instantly removed the curse; +when lo! as if by magic, the bird became fat and sleek again, perky and +impudent, wagging his tail, winking his eye, and cocking his head on one +side, then up he hopped to his old place on the cardinal’s chair. Never +after this did he indulge in thievish tricks, but became so devout, so +constant at feast and chapel, so well-behaved at matins and vespers, +that when he died he died in the odor of sanctity, and was canonized, +his name being changed to that of Jim Crow.—Barham, <i>Ingoldsby Legends</i> +(“Jackdaw of Rheims,” 1837).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rheingold.</b> The treasure given Siegfried by the dwarfs, and the cause of +contention after his death.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rhesus</b> was on his march to aid the Trojans in their siege, and had +nearly reached Troy, when he was attacked in the night by Ulysses and +Diomed. In this surprise Rhesus and all his army were cut to +pieces.—Homer, <i>Iliad</i>, x.</p> + +<p>A parallel case was that of Sweno, the Dane, who was marching to join +Godfrey and the crusaders, when he was attacked in the night by Solyman, +and both Sweno and his army perished.—Tasso, <i>Jerusalem Delivered</i> +(1575).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rhiannon’s Birds.</b> The notes of these birds were so sweet that warriors +remained spell-bound for eighty years together, listening to them. These +birds are often alluded to by the Welsh bards. (Rhiannon was the wife of +Prince Pwyll.)—<i>The Mabinogion</i>, 363 (twelfth century).</p> + +<p>The snow-white bird which the monk Felix listened to, sang so +enchantingly that he was spell-bound for a hundred years, listening to +it.—Longfellow, <i>Golden Legend</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rhodalind</b>, daughter of Aribert, king of Lombardy, in love with Duke +Gondibert; but Gondibert preferred Birtha, a country girl, daughter of +the sage, Astrăgon. While the duke is whispering sweet love-notes to +Birtha, a page comes post-haste to announce to him that the king has +proclaimed him his heir, and is about to give him his daughter in +marriage. The duke gives Birtha an emerald ring, and says if he is false +to her, the emerald will lose its lustre; then hastens to court, in +obedience to the king’s summons. Here the tale breaks off, and was never +finished.—Sir Wm. Davenant, <i>Gondibert</i> (1605-1668).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rhodian Venus</b> (<i>The</i>). This was the “Venus” of Protog´enês mentioned by +Pliny, <i>Natural History</i>, xxxv. 10.</p> + +<p class="poem">When first the Rhodian’s mimic art arrayed<br /> +The Queen of Beauty in her Cyprian shade,<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[292]</a></span>The happy master mingled in his piece<br /> +Each look that charmed him in the fair of Greece.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Campbell, <i>Pleasures of Hope</i>, ii. (1799).</span></p> + +<p>Prior (1664-1721) refers to the same painting in his fable of +<i>Protogênes and Appellês</i>:</p> + +<p class="poem">I hope, sir, you intend to stay<br /> +To see our Venus; ’tis the piece<br /> +The most renowned throughout all Greece.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rhod´ope</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), or <b>Rhod´opis</b>, a celebrated Greek courtezan, who +afterwards married Psammetichus, king of Egypt. It is said she built the +third pyramid.—Pliny, <i>Nat. Hist.</i>, xxxvi. 12.</p> + +<p class="poem">A statelier pyramis to her I’ll rear,<br /> +Than Rhodope’s.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Shakespeare, <i>Henry VI.</i> act i. sc. 6 (1589).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rhombus</b>, a schoolmaster who speaks “a leash of languages at once,” +puzzling himself and his hearers with a jargon like that of “Holofernês” +in Shakespeare’s <i>Love’s Labor’s Lost</i> (1594).—Sir Philip Sidney, +<i>Pastoral Entertainment</i> (1587).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Rhombus</i>, a spinning-wheel or rolling instrument used by the Roman +witches for fetching the moon out of heaven.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Quæ nunc Thessalico lunam deducere rhombo [<i>sciet</i>].—Martial, +<i>Epigrams</i>, ix. 30.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rhone of Christian Eloquence</b> (<i>The</i>), St. Hilary (300-367).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rhone of Latin Eloquence</b> (<i>The</i>). St. Hilary is so called by St. Jerome +(300-367).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rhongomyant</b>, the lance of King Arthur.—<i>The Mabinogion</i> (“Kilhwch and +Olwen,” twelfth century).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rhyming to Death.</b> In 1 <i>Henry VI.</i> act i. sc. 1, Thomas Beaufort, duke +of Exeter, speaking about the death of Henry V., says, “Must we think +that the subtle-witted French conjurors and sorcerers, out of fear of +him, ‘by magic verses have contrived his end?’” The notion of killing by +incantation was at one time very common.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Irishmen ... will not stick to affirme that they can rime either +man or beast to death.—Reg. Scot, <i>Discoverie of Witchcraft</i> +(1564).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ribbon.</b> The <i>yellow</i> ribbon, in France, indicates that the wearer has +won a <i>médaille militaire</i> (instituted by Napoleon III.) as a minor +decoration of the Legion of Honor.</p> + +<p>The <i>red</i> ribbon marks a <i>chevalier</i> of the Legion of Honor. A <i>rosette</i> +indicates a higher grade than that of <i>chevalier</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ribemont</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), the bravest and noblest of the French host in the +battle of Poitiers. He alone dares confess that the English are a brave +people. In the battle he is slain by Lord Audley.—Shirley, <i>Edward the +Black Prince</i> (1640).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Ribemont</i> (<i>Count</i>), in <i>The Siege of Calais</i>, by Colman.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Riccar´do</b>, commander of Plymouth fortress, a Puritan to whom Lord Walton +has promised his daughter, Elvira, in marriage. Riccardo learns that the +lady is in love with Arthur Talbot, and when Arthur is taken prisoner by +Cromwell’s soldiers, Riccardo promises to use his efforts to obtain his +pardon. This, however, is not needful, for Cromwell, feeling quite +secure of his position, orders all the captives of war to be released. +Riccardo is the Italian form of Sir Richard Forth.—Bellini, <i>I +Puritani</i> (opera, 1834).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ricciardetto</b>, son of Aymon, and brother of Bradamante.—Ariosto, +<i>Orlando Furioso</i> (1516).</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[293]</a></span><b>Rice.</b> <i>Eating rice with a bodkin.</i> Aminê, the beautiful wife of Sidi +Nouman, ate rice with a bodkin, but she was a ghoul. (See <span class="smcap">Amine</span>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Richard</b>, a fine, honest lad, by trade a smith. He marries, on New Year’s +Day, Meg, the daughter of Toby Veck.—C. Dickens, <i>The Chimes</i> (1844).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Richard</i> (<i>Squire</i>), eldest son of Sir Francis Wronghead, of Bumper +Hall. A country bumpkin, wholly ignorant of the world and of +literature.—Vanbrugh and Cibber, <i>The Provoked Husband</i> (1727).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Robert Wetherilt [1708-1745] came to Drury Lane a boy, where he +showed his rising genius in the part of “Squire +Richard.”—Chetwood, <i>History of the Stage</i>.</p></div> + +<p class="main"><i>Richard</i> (<i>Prince</i>), eldest son of King Henry II.—Sir W. Scott, <i>The +Betrothed</i> (time, Henry II.).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Richard</i> “Cœur de Lion,” introduced in two novels by Sir W. Scott (<i>The +Talisman</i> and <i>Ivanhoe</i>). In the latter he first appears as “The Black +Knight,” at the tournament, and is called <i>Le Noir Fainéant</i>, or “The +Black Sluggard;” also “The Knight of the Fetter-lock.”</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Richard a Name of Terror.</i> The name of Richard I., like that of Attila, +Bonaparte, Corvīnus, Narses, Sebastian, Talbot, Tamerlane, and other +great conquerors, was at one time employed <i>in terrorem</i> to disobedient +children. (See <a href="#Names_of_Terror"><span class="smcap">Names of Terror</span></a>.)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>His tremendous name was employed by the Syrian mothers to silence +their infants; and if a horse suddenly started from the way, his +rider was wont to exclaim, “Dost thou think King Richard is in the +bush?”—Gibbon, <i>Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</i>, xi. 146 +(1776-88).</p></div> + +<p class="main"><i>The Daughters of Richard I.</i> When Richard was in France, Fulco, a +priest, told him he ought to beware how he bestowed his daughters in +marriage. “I have no daughters,” said the king. “Nay, nay,” replied +Fulco, “all the world knows that you have three—Pride, Covetousness and +Lechery.” “If these are my daughters,” said the king, “I know well how +to bestow them where they will be well cherished. My eldest I give to +the Knights Templars, my second to the monks; and my third I cannot +bestow better than on yourself, for I am sure she will never be divorced +nor neglected.”—Thomas Milles, <i>True Nobility</i> (1610).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>The Horse of Richard I.</i>, Fennel.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Ah, Fennel, my noble horse, thou bleedest, thou art slain!—<i>Cœur +de Lion and His Horse.</i></p></div> + +<p class="main"><i>The Troubadour of Richard I.</i>, Bertrand de Born.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Richard Pennyroyal</b>, unhappy man whose weary indifference to his first +wife heightens into aversion as she becomes insane. He is relieved when +she drowns herself. His second wife, passionately beloved, is unfaithful +to him, and loathes him as he drinks more and more to drown +disappointment. His rival triumphs over him in a struggle for property, +but Richard has his wife still. Straying one night toward the pool in +which his first wife drowned herself, he comes upon the false wife and +her lover, challenges the latter to a duel then and there, and is shot +through the heart. His body is tossed into the pool and never +discovered.—Julian Hawthorne, <i>Archibald Malmaison</i> (1878).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Richard II’s Horse</b>, Roan Barbary.—Shakespeare, <i>Richard II.</i> act v. sc. +5 (1597).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Richard III.</b>, a tragedy by Shakespeare (1597). At one time parts of +Rowe’s trag<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[294]</a></span>edy of <i>Jane Shore</i> were woven in the acting edition, and +John Kemble introduced other clap-traps from Colley Cibber. The best +actors of this part were David Garrick (1716-1779), Henry Mossop +(1729-1773) and Edmund Kean (1787-1833).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Richard III. was only 19 years old at the opening of Shakespeare’s +play.—Sharon Turner.</p></div> + +<p class="main"><i>The Horse of Richard III.</i>, White Surrey.—Shakespeare, <i>Richard III.</i> +act v. sc. 3 (1597).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Richard’s himself again!</i> These words were interpolated by John Kemble +from Colley Cibber.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Richards</b> (<i>Allen</i>). He meets his lately betrothed in a parlor-car, and +the dialogue that ensues ends in reconciliation and renewal of vows. +They are alone, except when the porter enters from time to time, and a +providential detention on the road prolongs the interview.—W. D. +Howells, <i>The Parlor Car</i> (a farce, 1876).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Richelieu</b> (<i>Armand</i>), cardinal and chief minister of France. The duke of +Orleans (the king’s brother), the count de Baradas (the king’s +favorite), and other noblemen, conspired to assassinate Richelieu, +dethrone Louis XIII., and make Gaston, duke of Orleans, the regent. The +plot was revealed to the cardinal by Marion de Lorme, in whose house the +conspirators met. The conspirators were arrested, and several of them +put to death, but Gaston, duke of Orleans, turned king’s evidence, and +was pardoned.—Lord Lytton, <i>Richelieu</i> (1839).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Richland</b> (<i>Miss</i>), intended for Leontine Croaker, but she gives her hand +in marriage to Mr. Honeywood, “the good-natured man,” who promises to +abandon his quixotic benevolence, and to make it his study in future “to +reserve his pity for real distress, his friendship for true merit, and +his love for her who first taught him what it is to be +happy.”—Goldsmith, <i>The Good-natured Man</i> (1768).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Richlings</b> (<i>The</i>). Brave young couple who come to New Orleans to make a +living. <i>John Richling</i> has forfeited the favor of a rich father by +marrying the woman of his choice, but never regrets the action. From the +outset ill-fortune pursues him. He is willing to work, but work is hard +to get. He accepts various employments, more or less menial, and through +no fault of his, loses one after another. Nothing is stable except +<i>Mary’s</i> love and <i>Dr. Sevier’s</i> friendship. Just before the war poverty +compels him to send Mary to her mother in Milwaukee. There her child is +born. He remains in New Orleans, working hard, and steadily failing in +health. For three years they are separated by war, the noble wife trying +all the while to get to her husband. When she succeeds, it is to find +him on his death-bed.</p> + +<p>Mary becomes, under Dr. Sevier’s direction a city-missionary. “The work +... seemed to keep John near. Almost, sometimes, he seemed to walk at +her side in her errands of mercy, or to spread above her the arms of +benediction.”—George W. Cable, <i>Dr. Sevier</i> (1888).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Richmond</b> (<i>The duchess of</i>) wife of Charles Stuart, in the court of +Charles II. The line became extinct, and the title was given to the +Lennox family.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Perveril of the Peak</i> (time, Charles +II.).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Richmond</i> (<i>The earl of</i>), Henry of Lancaster.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Anne of +Geierstein</i> (time, Edward IV.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Richmond Hill</b> (<i>The Lass of</i>), Miss<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[295]</a></span> l’Anson, of Hill House, Richmond, +Yorkshire. Words by M’Nally, music by James Hook, who married the young +lady.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>The Lass of Richmond Hill</i> is one of the sweetest ballads in the +language.—John Bell.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Richmond</b> (<i>Kate</i>). New England girl, heroine of several sketches in +Grace Greenwood’s <i>Leaves</i>. “Aside from her beauty and unfailing +cheerfulness, she has a clear, strong intellect, an admirable taste and +an earnest truthfulness of character.”—Grace Greenwood, <i>Greenwood +Leaves</i> (1850).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rickets</b> (<i>Mabel</i>), the old nurse of Frank Osbaldistone.—Sir W. Scott, +<i>Rob Roy</i> (time, George I.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Riderhood</b> (<i>Rogue</i>), the villain in Dickens’s novel of <i>Our Mutual +Friend</i> (1864).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rides on the Tempest and Directs the Storm.</b> Joseph Addison, speaking of +the duke of Marlborough and his famous victories, says that he inspired +the fainting squadrons, and stood unmoved in the shock of battle:</p> + +<p class="poem">So when an angel by divine command,<br /> +With rising tempests shakes a guilty land,<br /> +Such as of late o’er pale Britannia past,<br /> +Calm and serene he drives the furious blast;<br /> +And, pleased th’ Almighty’s orders to perform,<br /> +Rides on the tempest and directs the storm.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib"><i>The Campaign</i> (1705).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ridicule</b> (<i>Father of</i>). François Rabelais is so styled by Sir Wm. Temple +(1495-1553).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ridolphus</b>, one of the band of adventurers that joined the crusaders. He +was slain by Argantês (bk. <a name="corr126" id="corr126"></a><ins class="correction" title="book vii.).">vii.)</ins>—Tasso, <i>Jerusalem Delivered</i> +(1575).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rienzi</b> (<i>Nicolo Gabrïni</i>) or <span class="smcap">Cola di Rienzi</span>, last of the tribunes, who +assumed the name of “Tribune of Liberty, Peace and Justice” +(1313-1354).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Cola di Rienzi is the hero of a novel by Lord Bulwer Lytton, +entitled <i>Rienzi</i>, or <i>The Last of the Tribunes</i> (1849).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Rienzi</i>, an opera by Wagner (1841). It opens with a number of the +Orsini breaking into Rienzi’s house, in order to abduct his sister, +Irēnê, but in this they are foiled by the arrival of the Colonna and his +followers. The outrage provokes a general insurrection, and Rienzi is +appointed leader. The nobles are worsted, and Rienzi becomes a senator; +but the aristocracy hate him, and Paolo Orsini seeks to assassinate him, +but without success. By the machinations of the German emperor and the +Colonna, Rienzi is excommunicated and deserted by all his adherents. He +is ultimately fired on by the populace and killed on the steps of the +capitol.—Libretto by J. P. Jackson.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Rienzi</i> (<i>The English</i>), William with the Long Beard, <i>alias</i> +Fitzosbert (*-1196).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rigaud</b> (<i>Mons.</i>), a Belgian, 35 years of age, confined in a villainous +prison at Marseilles, for murdering his wife. He has a hooked nose, +handsome after its kind, but too high between the eyes, and his eyes, +though sharp, were too near to one another. He was, however, a large, +tall man, with thin lips, and a goodly quantity of dry hair shot with +red. When he spoke, his moustache went up under his nose, and his nose +came down over his moustache. After his liberation from prison, he first +took the name of Lagnier, and then of Blandois, his name being Rigaud +Lagnier Blandois.—Charles Dickens, <i>Little Dorrit</i> (1857).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rigdum-Funnidos</b>, a courtier in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[296]</a></span> palace of King Chrononhotonthologos. +After the death of the king, the widowed queen is advised to marry +again, and Rigdum Funnidos is proposed to her as “a very proper man.” At +this Aldiborontephoscophornio takes umbrage, and the queen says, “Well, +gentlemen, to make matters easy, I’ll have you both.”—H. Carey, +<i>Chrononhotonthologos</i> (1734).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> John Ballantyne, the publisher, was so called by Sir W. +Scott. He was “a quick, active, intrepid little fellow, full of fun and +merriment ... all over quaintness and humorous mimicry.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Right-Hitting Brand</b>, one of the companions of Robin Hood, mentioned by +Mundy.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rig´olette</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), a grisette and courtezan.—Eugène Sue, <i>Mysteries +of Paris</i> (1842-3).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Rigoletto</i>, an opera, describing the agony of a father obliged to +witness the violation of his own daughter.—Verdi, <i>Rigoletto</i> (1852).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> The libretto of this opera is borrowed from Victor Hugo’s +drama <i>Le Roi s’Amuse</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rimegap</b> (<i>Joe</i>), one of the miners of Sir Geoffrey <a name="corr127" id="corr127"></a><ins class="correction" title="Peveril">Perveril</ins> of the +Peak.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Peveril of the Peak</i> (time, Charles II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rimini</b> (<i>Francesca di</i>), a woman of extraordinary beauty, daughter of +the lord of Ravenna. She was married to Lanciotto Malatesta, signore of +Rimini, a man of great bravery, but deformed. His brother, Paolo, was +extremely handsome, and with him Francesca fell in love. Lanciotto, +detecting them in criminal intercourse, killed them both (1389).</p> + +<p>This tale forms one of the episodes of Dantê’s <i>Inferno</i>; is the subject +of a tragedy called <i>Francesca di Rimini</i>, by Silvio Pellico (1819); and +Leigh Hunt, about the same time, published his <i>Story of Rimini</i>, in +verse.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rimmon</b>, seventh in order of the hierarchy of Hell: (1) Satan, (2) +Beëlzebub, (3) Moloch, (4) Chemos, (5) Thammuz, (6) Dagon, (7) Rimmon, +whose chief temple was at Damascus (2 <i>Kings</i> v. 18).</p> + +<p class="poem">Him [<i>Dagon</i>] followed Rimmon, whose delightful seat<br /> +Was fair Damascus on the fertile banks<br /> +Of A´bana and Pharpar, lucid streams.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Milton, <i>Paradise Lost</i>, i. 467, etc. (1665).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Rinaldo" id="Rinaldo"></a><b>Rinaldo</b>, son of the fourth Marquis d’Estê, cousin of Orlando, and nephew +of Charlemagne. He was the rival of Orlando in his love for Angelica, +but Angelica detested him. Rinaldo brought an auxiliary force of English +and Scotch to Charlemagne, which “Silence” conducted safely into +Paris.—Ariosto, <i>Orlando Furioso</i> (1516).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Rinaldo</i>, the Achillês of the Christian army in the siege of Jerusalem. +He was the son of Bertoldo and Sophia, but was brought up by Matilda. +Rinaldo joined the crusaders at the age of 15. Being summoned to a +public trial for the death of Gernando, he went into voluntary +exile.—Tasso, <i>Jerusalem Delivered</i> (1575).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Pulci introduces the same character in his burlesque poem +entitled <i>Morgantê Maggiorê</i>, which holds up to ridicule the romances of +chivalry.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Rinaldo</i>, steward to the countess of Rousillon—Shakespeare, <i>All’s +Well that Ends Well</i> (1598).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rinaldo of Montalban</b>, a knight who<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[297]</a></span> had the “honor” of being a public +plunderer. His great exploit was stealing the golden idol of Mahomet.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In this same <i>Mirror of Knighthood</i> we meet with Rinaldo de +Montalban and his companions, with the twelve peers of France, and +Turpin, the historian.... Rinaldo had a broad face, and a pair of +large rolling eyes; his complexion was ruddy, and his disposition +choleric. He was, besides, naturally profligate, and a great +encourager of vagrants.—Cervantes, <i>Don Quixote</i>, I. i. 1, 6 +(1605).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ring</b> (<i>Dame Liŏnês’s</i>), a ring given by Dame Lionês to Sir Gareth, +during a tournament.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“That ring,” said Dame Lionês, “increaseth my beauty much more than +it is of itself; and this is the virtue of my ring: that which is +green it will turn to red, and that which is red it will turn +green; that which is blue it will turn white, and that which is +white it will turn blue; and so with all other colors. Also, +whoever beareth my ring can never lose blood.”—Sir T. Malory, +<i>History of Prince Arthur</i>, i. 146 (1470).</p></div> + +<p class="main"><i>Ring</i> (<i>Luned’s</i>). This ring rendered the wearer invisible. Luned or +Lynet gave it to Owain, one of King Arthur’s knights. Consequently, when +men were sent to kill him he was nowhere to be found, for he was +invisible.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Take this ring, and put it on thy finger, with the stone inside thy +hand; and close thy hand upon the stone; and as long as thou +concealest it, it will conceal thee.—<i>The Mabinogion</i> (“Lady of +the Fountain,” twelfth century).</p></div> + +<p class="main"><i>Ring</i> (<i>The Steel</i>), made by Siedel-Beckir. This ring enabled the +wearer to read the secrets of another’s heart.—Comte de Caylus, +<i>Oriental Tales</i> (“The Four Talismans,” 1743).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Ring</i> (<i>The Talking</i>), a ring given by Tartaro, the Basque Cyclops, to +a girl whom he wished to marry. Immediately she put it on, it kept +incessantly saying, “You there, and I here;” so, to get rid of the +nuisance, she cut off her finger and threw both ring and finger into a +pond.—Rev. W. Webster, <i>Basque Legends</i>, 4 (1876).</p> + +<p>The same story appears in Campbell’s <i>Popular Tales of the West +Highlands</i>, i. 111, and in Grimm’s tale of <i>The Robber and His Sons</i>. +When the robber put on the ring, it incessantly cried out, “Here I am;” +so he bit off his finger, and threw it from him.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Ring</i> (<i>The Virgin’s Wedding Ring</i>), kept in the Duomo of Perugia, +under fourteen locks.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ring and the Book</b> (<i>The</i>), an idyllic epic, by Robert Browning, founded +on a <i>cause célèbre</i> of Italian history in 1698. The case was this: +Guido Franceschini, a Florentine count of shattered fortune, married +Pompilia, thinking her to be an heiress. When the young bride discovered +that she had been married for her money only, she told her husband she +was no heiress at all, but was only the supposititious child of Pietro +(2 <i>syl.</i>), supplied by one Violantê, for the sake of keeping in his +hands certain entailed property. The count now treated Pompilia so +brutally that she ran away from home, under the protection of +Caponsacchi, a young priest, and being arrested at Rome, a legal +separation took place. Pompilia sued for a divorce, but, pending the +suit, gave birth to a son. The count now murdered Pietro, Violantê, and +Pompilia, but being taken red-handed, was brought to trial, found +guilty, and executed.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ring the Bells Backwards</b> (<i>To</i>), to ring a muffled peal, to lament. +Thus, John Cleveland, wishing to show his abhorrence of the Scotch, +says:</p> + +<p class="poem">How! Providence! and yet a Scottish crew!...<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[298]</a></span>Ring the bells backwards. I am all on fire;<br /> +Not all the buckets in a country quire<br /> +Shall quench my rage.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib"><i>The Rebel Scot</i> (1613-1659).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ringdove</b> (<i>The Swarthy</i>). The responses of the oracle of Dodōna, in +Epīros, were made by old women called “pigeons,” who derived their +answers from the cooing of certain doves, the bubbling of a spring, a +rustling of the sacred oak [or <i>beech</i>], and the tinkling of a gong or +bell hung in the tree. The women were called pigeons by a play on the +word <i>pelīæ</i>, which means “old women” as well as “pigeons;” and as they +came from Libya they were <i>swarthy</i>.</p> + +<p>According to the fable, Zeus gave his daughter, Thēbê, two black doves +endowed with the gift of human speech; one of them flew into Libya, and +the other into Dodona. The former gave the responses in the temple of +Ammon, and the latter in the oracle of Dodona.</p> + +<p class="poem">... beach or lime,<br /> +<span class="i1">Or that Thessalian growth,</span><br /> +In which the swarthy ringdove sat,<br /> +<span class="i1">And mystic sentence spoke.</span><br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Tennyson.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ringhorse</b> (<i>Sir Robert</i>), a magistrate at Old St. Ronan’s.—Sir W. +Scott, <i>St. Ronan’s Well</i> (time, George III.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ringwood</b>, a young Templar.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Fortunes of Nigel</i> (time, +James I.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rintherout</b> (<i>Jenny</i>), a servant at Monkbarns to Mr. Jonathan Oldbuck, +the antiquary.—Sir W. Scott, <i>The Antiquary</i> (time, George III.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Riou</b> (<i>Captain</i>), called by Nelson “The Gallant and the Good;” fell in +the battle of the Baltic.</p> + +<p class="poem">Brave hearts! to Britain’s pride<br /> +<span class="i1">Once so faithful and so true,</span><br /> +On the deck of fame that died,<br /> +<span class="i1">With the gallant, good Riou.</span><br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Campbell, <i>Battle of the Baltic</i> (1777-1844).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rip van Winkle</b> slept twenty years in the Catskill Mountains, of North +America. (See <span class="smcap">Winkle</span>.)</p> + +<p>Epimenĭdês, the Gnostic, slept for fifty-seven years.</p> + +<p>Gyneth slept 500 years, by the enchantment of Merlin.</p> + +<p>The seven sleepers slept for 250 years in Mount Celion.</p> + +<p>St. David slept for seven years. (See <a name="corr128" id="corr128"></a><ins class="correction" title="This entry does not exist."><span class="smcap">Ormandine</span></ins>.)</p> + +<p>(The following are not dead, but only sleep till the fulness of their +respective times:—Elijah, Endymion, Merlin, King Arthur, Charlemagne, +Frederick Barbarossa and his knights, the three Tells, Desmond of +Kilmallock, Thomas of Erceldoune, Boabdil el Chico, Brian Boroimhe, Knez +Lazar, King Sebastian of Portugal, Olaf Tryggvason, the French slain in +the Sicilian Vespers, and one or two others.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Riquet with the Tuft</b>, the beau-ideal of ugliness, but with the power of +bestowing wit and intelligence on the person he loved best. Riquet fell +in love with a most beautiful woman, as stupid as he was ugly, but +possessing the power of giving beauty to the person she loved best. The +two married, whereupon Riquet gave his bride wit, and she bestowed on +him beauty.—Charles Perrault, <i>Contes des Fées</i> (“Riquet à la Houppe,” +1697).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> This tale is borrowed from the <i>Nights</i> of Straparola. It is +imitated by Mde. Villeneuve in her <i>Beauty and the Beast</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Risingham</b> (<i>Bertram</i>), the vassal of Philip of Mortham. Oswald Wycliffe +induced him to shoot his lord at Marston<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[299]</a></span> Moor; and for this deed the +vassal demanded all the gold and movables of his late master. Oswald, +being a villain, tried to outwit Bertram, and even to murder him; but it +turned out that Philip of <a name="corr129" id="corr129"></a><ins class="correction" title="Mortham">Mortham,</ins> was not killed, neither was +Oswald Wycliffe, his heir, for Redmond O’Neale (Rokeby’s page) was found +to be the son and heir of Philip of Mortham.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Rokeby</i> +(1812).</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Ritho" id="Ritho"></a><b>Ritho</b> or <b>Rython</b>, a giant who had made himself furs of the beards of +kings killed by him. He sent to King Arthur, to meet him on Mount +Aravius, or else to send his beard to him without delay. Arthur met him, +slew him, and took “fur” as a spoil. Drayton says it was this Rython who +carried off Helĕna, the niece of Duke Hoel; but Geoffrey of Monmouth +says that King Arthur, having killed the Spanish giant, told his army +“he had found none so great in strength <i>since</i> he killed the giant +Ritho;” by which it seems that the Spanish giant and Ritho are different +persons, although it must be confessed the scope of the chronicle seems +to favor their identity.—Geoffrey, <i>British History</i>, x. 3 (1142).</p> + +<p class="poem">As how great Rython’s self he [<i>Arthur</i>] slew ...<br /> +Who ravished Howell’s niece, young Helena, the fair.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Drayton, <i>Polyolbion</i>, iv. (1612).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rival Queens</b> (<i>The</i>), Stati´ra and Roxa´na. Statīra was the daughter of +Darīus, and wife of Alexander the Great. Roxana was the daughter of +Oxyartês, the Bactrian; her, also, Alexander married. Roxana stabbed +Statira, and killed her.—N. Lee, <i>Alexander the Great</i>, or <i>The Rival +Queens</i> (1678).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rivals</b> (<i>The</i>), a comedy by Sheridan (1775). The rivals are Bob Acres +and Ensign Beverley (<i>alias</i> Captain Absolute), and Lydia Languish is +the lady they contend for. Bob Acres tells Captain Absolute that Ensign +Beverley is a booby; and if he could find him out, he’d teach him his +place. He sends a challenge to the unknown, by Sir Lucius O’Trigger, but +objects to forty yards, and thinks thirty-eight would suffice. When he +finds that Ensign Beverley is Captain Absolute, he declines to quarrel +with his friend; and when his second calls him a coward, he fires up and +exclaims, “Coward! Mind, gentlemen, he calls me a ‘coward,’ coward by my +valor!” and when dared by Sir Lucius, he replies, “I don’t mind the word +‘coward;’ ‘coward’ may be said in a joke; but if he called me +‘poltroon,’ ods, daggers and balls——” “Well, sir, what then?” “Why,” +rejoined Bob Acres, “I should certainly think him very ill-bred.” Of +course, he resigns all claim to the lady’s hand.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>River of Juvenescence.</b> Prester John, in his letter to Manuel Comnēnus, +emperor of Constantinople, says there is a spring at the foot of Mount +Olympus, which changes its flavor hour by hour, both night and day. +Whoever tastes thrice of its waters, will never know fatigue or the +infirmities of age.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>River of Paradise</b>, St. Bernard, abbot of Clairvaux (1091-1153).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rivers Arise....</b> In this <i>Vacation Exercise</i>, George Rivers (son of Sir +John Rivers of Westerham, in Kent), with nine other freshmen, took the +part of the ten “Predicaments,” while Milton himself performed the part +of “Ens.” Without a doubt, the pun suggested the idea in Milton’s +<i>Vacation Exercise</i> (1627):</p> + +<p class="poem">Rivers arise; whether thou be the son<br /> +Of utmost Tweed, or Ouse, or gulpy Don,<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[300]</a></span>Or Trent, who, like some earthborn giant, spreads<br /> +His thirty arms along the indented meads,<br /> +Or sullen Mole that runneth underneath,<br /> +Or Severn swift, guilty of maiden’s death,<br /> +Or rocky Avon, or of sedgy Lee,<br /> +Or cooly Tyne, or ancient hallowed Dee,<br /> +Or Humber loud that keeps the Scythian’s name,<br /> +Or Medway smooth, or royal towered Thame.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rivulet Controversy</b> (<i>The</i>) arose against Rev. T. T. Lynch, a +Congregationalist, who, in 1853, had expressed neologian views in <i>The +Rivulet</i>, a book of poems.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rizzio</b> (<i>David</i>), the private secretary of Marie Stuart, queen of the +Scots, and reputed by her enemies to be her favored lover. He was +murdered in her presence by a gang of conspirators, led by Henry +Darnley, her husband. Poets and musicians have made lavish use of this +episode in the life of the unhappy queen.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Road to Ruin</b>, a comedy by Thomas Holcroft (1792). Harry Dornton and his +friend, Jack Milford, are on “the road to ruin,” by their extravagance. +The former brings his father to the eve of bankruptcy; and the latter, +having spent his private fortune, is cast into prison for debt. Sulky, a +partner in the bank, comes forward to save Mr. Dornton from ruin; Harry +advances £6000 to pay his friend’s debts, and thus saves Milford from +ruin; and the father restores the money advanced by Widow Warren to his +son, to save Harry from the ruin of marrying a designing widow instead +of Sophia Freelove, her innocent and charming daughter.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Roads</b> (<i>The king of</i>), John Loudon Macadam, the improver of roads +(1756-1836).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Roan Barbary</b>, the charger of Richard II., which would eat from his +master’s hand.</p> + +<p class="poem">Oh, how it yearned my heart when I beheld<br /> +In London streets, that coronation day,<br /> +When Bolingbroke rode on Roan Barbary!<br /> +That horse that thou so often hast bestrid;<br /> +That horse that I so carefully have dressed!<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Shakespeare, <i>Richard II.</i> act v. sc. 5 (1597).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rob Roy</b>, published in 1818, excellent for its bold sketches of Highland +scenery. The character of Bailie Nicol Jarvie is one of Scott’s happiest +conceptions; and the carrying of him to the wild mountains among outlaws +and desperadoes is exquisitely comic. The hero, Frank Osbaldistone, is +no hero at all. Dramatized by I. Pocock.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rob Roy M’Gregor</b>, <i>i.e.</i> “Robert the Red,” whose surname was MacGregor. +He was an outlaw who assumed the name of Campbell in 1662. He may be +termed the Robin Hood of Scotland. The hero of the novel is Frank +Osbaldistone, who gets into divers troubles, from which he is rescued by +Rob Roy. The last service is to kill Rashleigh Osbaldistone, whereby +Frank’s great enemy is removed; and Frank then marries Diana +Vernon.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Rob Roy</i> (time, George I.).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Rather beneath the middle size than above it, his limbs were formed +upon the very strongest model that is consistent with agility.... +Two points in his person interfered with the rules of symmetry: his +shoulders were too broad ... and his arms (though round, sinewy and +strong) were so very long as to be rather a deformity.—Ch. xxiii.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rob Tally-ho</b>, Esq., cousin of the Hon. Tom Dashall, the two blades whose +rambles and adventures through the metropolis are related by Pierce Egan +(1821-2).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rob the Rambler</b>, the comrade of Willie Steenson, the blind fiddler.—Sir +W. Scott, <i>Redgauntlet</i> (time, George III.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[301]</a></span><b>Robb</b> (<i>Duncan</i>), the grocer near Ellangowan.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Guy +Mannering</i> (time, George II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Robber</b> (<i>Alexander’s</i>). The pirate who told Alexander he was the greater +robber of the two, was Dionĭdês. (See <i>Evenings at Home</i>, art. +“Alexander and the Robber.”) The tale is from Cicero:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Nam quum quæreretur ex eo, quo scelere impulsus mare haberet +infestum uno myoparone: eodem, inquit, quo tu orbem terræ.—<i>De +Repub.</i>, iii. 14 sc. 24.</p></div> + +<p class="main"><i>Robber</i> (<i>Edward the</i>). Edward IV. was so called by the Scotch.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Robert</b>, father of Marian. He had been a wrecker, and still hankered +after the old occupation. One night a storm arose, and Robert went to +the coast to see what would fall into his hands. A body was washed +ashore, and he rifled it. Marian followed, with the hope of restraining +her father, and saw in the dusk some one strike a dagger into a +prostrate body. She thought it was her father, and when Robert was on +his trial he was condemned to death on his daughter’s evidence. Black +Norris, the real murderer, told her he would save her father if she +would consent to be his wife; she consented, and Robert was acquitted. +On the wedding day her lover, Edward, returned to claim her hand, Norris +was seized as a murderer, and Marian was saved.—S. Knowles, <i>The +Daughter</i> (1836).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Robert</i>, a servant of Sir Arthur Wardour, at Knockwinnock Castle.—Sir +W. Scott, <i>The Antiquary</i> (time, George III.).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Robert</i> (<i>Mons.</i>), a neighbor of Sganarelle. Hearing the screams of +Mde. Martine (Sganarelle’s wife), he steps over to make peace between +them, whereupon Madame calls him an impertinent fool, and says if she +chooses to be beaten by her husband it is no affair of his; and +Sganarelle says, “Je la veux battre, si je le veux; et ne la veux pas +battre, si je ne le veux pas;” and beats M. Robert again.—Molière, <i>Le +Médecin Malgré Lui</i> (1666).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Robert Kent.</b> Weak, vicious husband of Margaret Kent. Causes trouble all +his life and dies of yellow fever.—Ellen Olney Kirk, <i>The Story of +Margaret Kent</i> (1886).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Robert Macaire</b>, a bluff, free-living libertine. His accomplice is +Bertrand, a simpleton and a villain.—Daumier, <i>L’Auberge des Adrets</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Robert, duke of Albany</b>, brother of Robert III. of Scotland.—Sir W. +Scott, <i>Fair Maid of Perth</i> (time, Henry <a name="corr130" id="corr130"></a><ins class="correction" title="IV.).">IV.)</ins></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Robert, duke of Normandy</b>, sold his dominions to Rufus for 10,000 marks, +to furnish him with ready money for the crusade, which he joined at the +head of 1000 heavy-armed horse and 1000 light-armed Normans.—Tasso, +<i>Jerusalem Delivered</i> (1575).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Robert III.</b> of Scotland, introduced by Sir W. Scott in the <i>Fair Maid of +Perth</i> (time, Henry IV.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Robert le Diable</b>, son of Bertha and Bertramo. Bertha was the daughter of +Robert, duke of Normandy, and Bertramo was a fiend in the guise of a +knight. The opera shows the struggle in Robert between the virtue +inherited from his mother and the vice inherited from his father. His +father allures him to gamble till he loses everything, and then claims +his soul, but his foster-sister, Alice, counterplots<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[302]</a></span> the fiend, and +rescues Robert by reading to him his mother’s will.—Meyerbeer, <i>Roberto +il Diavolo</i> (libretto by Scribe, 1831).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Robert le Diable was the hero of an old French metrical +romance (thirteenth century). This romance in the next century was +thrown into prose. There is a miracle-play on the same subject.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Robert of Paris</b> (<i>Count</i>), one of the crusading princes. The chief hero +of this novel is Hereward (3 <i>syl.</i>), one of the Varangian guard of the +Emperor Alexius Comnēnus. He and the count fight a single combat with +battle-axes; after which Hereward enlists under the count’s banner, and +marries Bertha, also called Agatha.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Count Robert of +Paris</i> (time, Rufus).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Robert Penfold.</b> Hero of Foul Play, by Charles Reade. He is foully +wronged by Arthur Wardlaw, who forges his father’s name on a note with +Penfold’s endorsement. Penfold is found guilty and imprisoned. After his +release, he takes passage in the ship with Helen Rolleston, Wardlaw’s +betrothed. Penfold also loves her, but hopelessly. They are wrecked and +cast upon an island in company, and for several months are the only +residents. After their rescue and return home, the truth is made +manifest, Robert is vindicated, and marries Helen. His aliases are James +Seaton and John Hazel.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Robert the Devil</b>, or <b>Robert the Magnificent</b>, Robert I., duke of +Normandy, father of William “the Conqueror” (*, 1028-1035).</p> + +<p>Robert François Damiens, who tried to assassinate Louis XV., was +popularly so called (*, 1714-1757).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Robert of Lincoln.</b> The saucy songster is an especial favorite with +American poets. Bryant does not disdain to write a long poem that has +him as the theme.</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i1">“Merrily singing on briar and reed,</span><br /> +Near to the nest of his little dame,<br /> +<span class="i1">Over the mountain-side or mead,</span><br /> +Robert of Lincoln is telling his name:<br /> +<span class="i2">‘Bob-o’-link, bob-o’-link!</span><br /> +<span class="i2">Spink, spank, spink!</span><br /> +<span class="i1">Snug and safe is that nest of ours,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">Hidden among the summer flowers,</span><br /> +<span class="i3">Cha! cha! cha!’”</span><br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">William Cullen Bryant, <i>Poems</i>.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Roberts</b>, cash-keeper of Master George Heriot, the king’s goldsmith.—Sir +W. Scott, <i>Fortunes of Nigel</i> (time, James I.).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Roberts</i> (<i>John</i>), a smuggler.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Redgauntlet</i> (time, +George III.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Robespierre’s Weavers</b>, the fish-fags and their rabble female followers +of the very lowest class, partisans of Robespierre in the first French +Revolution.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Robin</b>, the page of Sir John Falstaff.—Shakespeare, <i>Merry Wives of +Windsor</i> (1601).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Robin</i>, servant of Captain Rovewell, whom he helps in his love +adventure with Arethusa, daughter of Argus.—Carey, <i>Contrivances</i> +(1715).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Robin</i>, brother-in-law of Farmer Crop, of Cornwall. Having lost his +property through the villainy of Lawyer Endless, he emigrates, and in +three years returns. The ship is wrecked off the coast of Cornwall and +Robin saves Frederick, the young squire. On landing, he meets his old +sweetheart, Margaretta, at Crop’s house, and the acquaintance is renewed +by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[303]</a></span> mutual consent.—P. Hoare, <i>No Song no Supper</i> (1790).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Robin</i>, a young gardener, fond of the minor theatres, where he has +picked up a taste for sentimental fustian, but all his rhapsodies bear +upon his trade. Thus, when Wilhelmina asks why he wishes to dance with +her, he replies:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Ask the plants why they love a shower; ask the sunflower why it +loves the sun; ask the snowdrop why it is white; ask the violet why +it is blue; ask the trees why they blossom; the cabbages why they +grow. ’Tis all because they can’t help it; no more can I help my +love for you.—C. Didbin, <i>The Waterman</i>, i. (1774).</p></div> + +<p class="main"><i>Robin</i> (<i>Old</i>), butler to old Mr. Ralph Morton, of Milnwood.—Sir W. +Scott, <i>Old Mortality</i> (time, Charles II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Robin Bluestring.</b> Sir Robert Walpole was so called, in allusion to his +blue ribbon as a knight of the garter (1676-1745).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Robin des Bois.</b> Mysterious rover of the woods in <i>Freischütz</i>, also in +Eugène Sue’s novels—“a bug-a-boo!”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Robin Gray</b> (<i>Auld</i>). The words of this song are by Lady Anne Lindsay, +daughter of the earl of Balcarres; she was afterwards Lady Barnard. The +song was written, in 1772, to an old Scotch tune called <i>The Bridegroom +Grat when the Sun gaed Down</i>. (See <span class="smcap">Gray</span>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Robin Hood</b> was born at Locksley, in Notts., in the reign of Henry II. +(1160). His real name was Fitzooth, and it is commonly said that he was +the earl of Huntingdon. Having outrun his fortune, and being outlawed, +he lived as a freebooter in Barnsdale (Yorkshire), Sherwood (Notts.), +and Plompton Park (Cumberland). His chief companions were Little John +(whose name was <i>Nailor</i>), William Scadlock (or <i>Scarlet</i>), George +Green, the pinder (or pound-keeper) of Wakefield, Much, a miller’s son, +and Tuck, a friar, with one woman, Maid Marian. His company at one time +consisted of a hundred archers. He was bled to death in his old age by +his sister, the Prioress of Kirkley’s Nunnery, in Yorkshire, November +18, 1247, aged 87 years.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> An excellent sketch of Robin Hood is given by Drayton in his +<i>Polyolbion</i>, xxvi. Sir W. Scott introduces him in two novels—<i>Ivanhoe</i> +and <i>The Talisman</i>. In the former he first appears as Locksley, the +archer, at the tournament. He is also called “Dickon Bend-the-Bow.”</p> + +<p>The following dramatic pieces have the famous outlaw for the hero: +<i>Robin Hood</i>, i. (1597), Munday; <i>Robin Hood</i>, ii. (1598), Chettle; +<i>Robin Hood</i> (1741), an opera, by Dr. Arne and Burney; <i>Robin Hood</i> +(1787), an opera by O’Keefe, music by Shield; <i>Robin Hood</i>, by Macnally +(before 1820).</p> + +<p>Major tells us that this famous robber took away the goods of rich men +only; never killed any person except in self-defence; never plundered +the poor, but charitably fed them; and adds, “he was the most humane and +the prince of all robbers.”—<i>Britanniæ Historia</i>, 128 (1740).</p> + +<p>The abbot of St. Mary’s, in York, and the sheriff at Nottingham were his +<i>bêtês noires</i>. Munday and Chettle wrote a popular play in 1601, +entitled <i>The Death of Robert, Earl of Huntington</i>.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Epitaph of Robin Hood.</i></p> + +<p class="poem">Hear undernead dis laitl stean<br /> +Laiz robert earl of Huntingtun.<br /> +Near arcir ver az hie sa geud,<br /> +An pipl kauld im robin heud.<br /> +Sick utlawz az hi an iz men<br /> +Vil england nivr si agen.<br /> +Obiit 24 (? 14) kal dekembris, 1247.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Dr. Gale (dean of York).</span></p> + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[304]</a></span><i>Robin Hood’s Fat Friar</i> was Friar Tuck.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Robin Hood’s Men</i>, outlaws, freebooters.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>There came sodainly twelve men all appareled in short cotes of +Kentish Kendal [<i>green</i>] ... every one of them ... like outlaws or +Robyn Hodes men.—Hall (<i>fo.</i> lvi. <i>b</i>).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Robin Redbreast.</b> One tradition is that the robin pecked a thorn out of +the crown of thorns when Christ was on His way to Calvary, and the blood +which issued from the wound, falling on the bird, dyed its breast red.</p> + +<p>Another tradition is that it carries in its bill dew to those shut up in +the burning lake, and its breast is red from being scorched by the fire +of Gehenna.</p> + +<p class="poem">He brings cool dew in his little bill,<br /> +<span class="i1">And lets it fall on the souls of sin;</span><br /> +You can see the mark on his red breast still,<br /> +<span class="i1">Of fires that scorch as he drops it in.</span><br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">J. G. Whittier, <i>The Robin</i>.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Robin Redbreasts</b>, Bow Street officers. So called from their red vests.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Robin Roughhead</b>, a poor cottager and farm laborer, the son of Lord +Lackwit. On the death of his lordship, Robin Roughhead comes into the +title and estates. This brings out the best qualities of his +heart—liberality, benevolence and honesty. He marries Dolly, to whom he +was already engaged, and becomes the good genius of the peasantry on his +estate.—Allingham, <i>Fortune’s Frolic</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Robin and Makyne</b> (2 <i>syl.</i>), an old Scotch pastoral. Robin is a +shepherd, for whom Makyne sighs, but he turns a deaf ear to her, and she +goes home to weep. In time, Robin sighs for Makyne, but she replies, “He +who wills not when he may, when he wills he shall have nay.”—Percy, +<i>Reliques, etc.</i>, II.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Robin of Bagshot</b>, <i>alias</i> Gordon, <i>alias</i> Bluff Bob, <i>alias</i> Carbuncle, +<i>alias</i> Bob Booty, one of Macheath’s gang of thieves, and a favorite of +Mrs. Peachum’s.—Gay, <i>The Beggar’s Opera</i> (1727).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Robins</b> (<i>Zerubbabel</i>), in Cromwell’s troop.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Woodstock</i> +(time, Commonwealth).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Robinson Cru´soe</b> (2 <i>syl.</i>), a tale by Daniel Defoe. Robinson Crusoe ran +away from home, and went to sea. Being wrecked, he led for many years a +solitary existence on an uninhabited island of the tropics, and relieved +the weariness of life by numberless contrivances. At length he met a +human being, a young Indian, whom he saved from death on a Friday. He +called him his “man Friday,” and made him his companion and servant.</p> + +<p>Defoe founded this story on the adventures of Alexander Selkirk, +sailing-master of the <i>Cinque Ports Galley</i>, who was left by Captain +Stradling on the desolate island of Juan Fernandez for four years and +four months (1704-1709), when he was rescued by Captain Woodes Rogers +and brought to England.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Robsart</b> (<i>Amy</i>), countess of Leicester. She was betrothed to Edmund +Tressilian. When the earl falls into disgrace at court for marrying Amy, +Richard Varney loosens a trap-door at Cumnor Place; and Amy, rushing +forward to greet her husband, falls into the abyss and is killed.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Sir Hugh Robsart</i>, of Lidcote Hall, father of Amy.—Sir W. Scott, +<i>Kenilworth</i> (time, Elizabeth).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Roc</b>, a white bird of enormous size. Its strength is such that it will +lift up an elephant from the ground and carry it to its mountain nest, +where it will devour it.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[305]</a></span> In the <i>Arabian Nights’ Entertainments</i>, it +was a roc which carried Sindbad the sailor from the island on which he +had been deserted by his companions (“Second Voyage”). And it was a roc +which carried Agib from the castle grounds of the ten young men who had +lost their right eyes (“The Third Calender’s Story”). Sindbad says one +claw of the roc is as “big as the trunk of a large tree,” and its egg is +“fifty paces [<i>150 feet</i>] in circumference.”</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> The “rukh” of Madagascar, lays an egg equal to 148 hen’s +eggs.—<i>Comptes Rendus</i>, etc., xxxii. 101 (1851).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rocco</b>, the jailer sent with Fidelio (<i>Leonora</i>) to dig the grave of +Fernando Florestan <a name="corr131" id="corr131"></a><ins class="correction" title="(q.v.).">(<i>q.v.</i>)</ins>—Beethoven, <i>Fidelio</i> (1791).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Roch´dale</b> (<i>Sir Simon</i>), of the manor-house. He is a J.P., but refuses +to give justice to Job Thornberry, the old brazier, who demands that his +son, Frank Rochdale, should marry Mary [Thornberry], whom he has +seduced. At this crisis, Peregrine appears, and tells Sir Simon he is +the elder brother, and, as such, is heir to the title and estates.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Frank Rochdale</i>, son of the baronet, who has promised to marry Mary +Thornberry, but Sir Simon wants him to marry Lady Caroline Braymore, who +has £4000 a year. Lady Caroline marries the Hon. Tom Shuffleton, and +Frank makes the best reparation he can by marrying Mary.—G. Colman, +Jr., <i>John Bull</i> (1805).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Roche’s Bird</b> (<i>Sir Boyle</i>), which was “in two places at the same time.” +The tale is that Sir Boyle Roche said in the House of Commons, “Mr. +Speaker, it is impossible I could have been in two places at once, +unless I were a bird.” This is a quotation from Jevon’s play, <i>The Devil +of a Wife</i> (seventeenth century).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Wife.</i> I cannot be in two places at once.</p> + +<p><i>Husband</i> (Rowland). Surely no, unless thou wert a bird.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rochecliffe</b> (<i>Dr. Anthony</i>), formerly Joseph Albany, a plotting +royalist.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Woodstock</i> (time, commonwealth).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rochester</b> (<i>The earl of</i>), the favorite of Charles II., introduced in +high feather by Sir W. Scott in <i>Woodstock</i>, and in <i>Peveril of the +Peak</i> in disgrace.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Rochester</i> (<i>Edward</i>). Brusque, cynical lover of <i>Jane Eyre</i>. Having +married in his early youth a woman who disgraces him and then goes +crazy, he shuts her up at Thornhill, and goes abroad. He returns to find +a governess there in charge of his child-ward; falls in love with her, +and would marry her, but for the discovery of his insane wife. <i>Jane +Eyre</i> leaves him, and is lost to him until he is almost blind from +injuries received in trying to rescue his wife from burning Thornhill. +<i>Jane</i> marries and ministers unto him.—Charlotte Bronté, <i>Jane Eyre</i> +(1847).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rock</b> (<i>Dr. Richard</i>), a famous quack, who professed to cure every +disease. He was short of stature and fat, wore a white three-tailed wig, +nicely combed and frizzed upon each cheek, carried a cane, and halted in +his gait.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Dr. Rock, F.U.N., never wore a hat.... He and Dr. Franks were at +variance.... Rock cautioned the world to beware of bog-trotting +quacks, while Franks called his rival “Dumplin’ Dick.” Head of +Confucius, what profanation!—Goldsmith, <i>Citizen of the World</i> +(1759).</p></div> + +<p class="poem">Oh! when his nerves had received a shock,<br /> +Sir Isaac Newton might have gone to Rock.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Crabbe, <i>Borough</i> (1810).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rocket.</b> <i>He rose like a rocket, and fell<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[306]</a></span> like the stick.</i> Thomas Paine +said this of Mr. Burke.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Roderick</b>, the thirty-fourth and last of the Gothic kings of Spain, son +of Theod´ofred and Rusilla. Having violated Florinda, daughter of Count +Julian, he was driven from his throne by the Moors, and assumed the garb +of a monk with the name of “Father Maccabee.” He was present at the +great battle of Covadonga, in which the Moors were cut to pieces, but +what became of him afterwards no one knows. His helm, sword, and cuirass +were found, so was his steed. Several generations passed away, when, in +a hermitage near Viseu, a tomb was discovered, “which bore in ancient +characters King Roderick’s name;” but imagination must fill up the gap. +He is spoken of as most popular.</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i7">Time has been</span><br /> +When not a tongue within the Pyrenees<br /> +Dared whisper in dispraise of Roderick’s name,<br /> +Lest, if the conscious air had caught the sound,<br /> +The vengeance of the honest multitude<br /> +Should fall upon the traitorous head, and brand<br /> +For life-long infamy the lying lips.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Southey, <i>Roderick, etc.</i>, xv. (1814).</span></p> + +<p class="main"><i>Roderick’s Dog</i> was called Theron.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Roderick’s Horse</i> was Orel´io.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Roderick</i> (<i>The Vision of Don</i>). Roderick, the last of the Gothic kings +of Spain, descended into an ancient vault near Toledo. This vault was +similar to that in Greece, called the cave of Triphōnios, where was an +oracle. In the vault Roderick saw a vision of Spanish history from his +own reign to the beginning of the nineteenth century. <i>Period I.</i> The +invasion of the Moors, with his own defeat and death. <i>Period II.</i> The +Augustine age of Spain, and their conquests in the two Indies. <i>Period +III.</i> The oppression of Spain by Bonaparte, and its succor by British +aid.—Sir W. Scott, <i>The Vision of Don Roderick</i> (1811).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Roderick Dhu</b>, an outlaw and chief of a banditti, which resolved to win +back the spoil of the “Saxon spoiler.” Fitz-James, a Saxon, met him and +knew him not. He asked the Saxon why he was roaming unguarded over the +mountains, and Fitz-James replied that he had sworn to combat with +Roderick, the rebel, till death laid one of them prostrate. “Have, then, +thy wish!” exclaimed the stranger, “for I am Roderick Dhu.” As he spoke, +the whole place bristled with armed men. Fitz-James stood with his back +against a rock, and cried, “Come one, come all, this rock shall fly from +its firm base as soon as I.” Roderick, charmed with his daring, waved +his hand, and all the band disappeared as mysteriously as they had +appeared. Roderick then bade the Saxon fight, “For,” said he, “that +party will prove victorious which first slays an enemy.” “Then,” replied +Fitz-James, “thy cause is hopeless, for Red Murdock is slain already.” +They fought, however, and Roderick was slain (canto v.).—Sir W. Scott, +<i>The Lady of the Lake</i> (1810).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Roderick Random</b>, a child of impulse, and a selfish libertine. His +treatment of Strap is infamous and most heartless.—Smollett, <i>Roderick +Random</i> (1748).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rod´erigo</b> or <b>Roderi´go</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), a Venetian gentleman, in love with +Desdemona. When Desdemona eloped with Othello, Roderigo hated the “noble +Moor,” and Ia´go took advantage of this temper for his own base +ends.—Shakespeare, <i>Othello</i> (1611).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Roderigo’s suspicious credulity and impatient submission to the +cheats which he sees practised on him, and which, by persuasion, he +suffers to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[307]</a></span>be repeated, exhibit a strong picture of a weak mind +betrayed by unlawful desires to a false friend.—Dr. Johnson.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rodilardus</b>, a huge cat, which attacked Panurge, and which he mistook for +“a young, soft-chinned devil.” The word means “gnaw-lard” (Latin, +<i>rodĕre lardum</i>).—Rabelais, <i>Pantagruel</i>, iv. 67 (1545).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> <a name="corr132" id="corr132"></a><ins class="correction" title="“The">The</ins> marquis de Carabas.” (See <a href="#Puss-in-Boots"><span class="smcap">Puss in Boots</span></a>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rodrigo</b>, king of Spain, conquered by the Moors. He saved his life by +flight, and wandered to Guadaletê, where he begged food of a shepherd, +and gave him in recompense his royal chain and ring. A hermit bade him, +in penance, retire to a certain tomb full of snakes and toads, where, +after three days, the hermit found him unhurt; so, going to his cell, he +passed the night in prayer. Next morning, Rodrigo cried aloud to the +hermit, “They eat me now; I feel the adder’s bite.” So his sin was +atoned for, and he died.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> This Rodrigo is Roderick, the last of the Goths.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Rodrigo</i>, rival of Pe´dro, “the pilgrim,” and captain of a band of +outlaws.—Beaumont and Fletcher, <i>The Pilgrim</i> (1621).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rodri´go de Mondragon</b> (<i>Don</i>), a bully and tyrant, the self-constituted +arbiter of all disputes in a tennis-court of Valladolid.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Don Rodrigo de Mondragon was about 30 years of age, of an ordinary +make, but lean and muscular; he had two little twinkling eyes that +rolled in his head, and threatened everybody he looked at; a very +flat nose, placed between red whiskers that curled up to his very +temples; and a manner of speaking so rough and passionate that his +words struck terror into everybody.—Lesage, <i>Gil Bias</i>, ii. 5 +(1715).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rodhaver</b>, the sweetheart of Zal, a Persian. Zal being about to scale +her bower, she let down her long tresses to assist him, but Zal managed +to fix his crook into a projecting beam, and thus made his way to the +lady of his devotion.—Champion, <i>Ferdosi</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rodman</b> (<i>Keeper, The</i>), an ex-colonel of the Federal army, who has +become the keeper of a national cemetery at the south. “At sunrise, the +keeper ran up the stars and stripes, and ... he had taken money from his +own store to buy a second flag for stormy weather, so that, rain or not, +the colors should float over the dead.... It was simply a sense of the +fitness of things.” He deviates so far from his rule as to fall in love +with a Southern girl, whose nearest relative he has nursed through his +last illness. She despises him as a Yankee too much to suspect this; she +will not even write her name as a visitor to the National Cemetery. She +goes to Tennessee to teach school, and Rodman offers to buy the uprooted +vines discarded by the new owner of her cottage. “Wuth about twenty-five +cents, I guess,” said the Maine man, handing them over.—Constance +Fenimore Woolson (1880).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rodmond</b>, chief mate of the <i>Brittania</i>, son of a Northumbrian, engaged +in the coal trade; a hardy, weather-beaten seaman, uneducated, +“boisterous of manners,” and regardless of truth, but tender-hearted. He +was drowned when the ship struck on Cape Colonna, the most southern +point of Attica.</p> + +<p class="poem">Unskilled to argue, in dispute yet loud,<br /> +Bold without caution, without honors proud,<br /> +In art unschooled, each veteran rule he prized,<br /> +And all improvement haughtily despised.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Falconer, <i>The Shipwreck</i>, i. (1756).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ro´dogune</b>, <b>Rhodogune</b>, or <b>Rho´dogyne</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), daughter of Phraa´tês,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[308]</a></span> +king of Parthia. She married Deme´trius Nica´nor (the husband of +Cleopat´ra, queen of Syria) while in captivity.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> P. Corneille has a tragedy on the subject entitled <i>Rodogune</i> +(1646).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rodolfo</b> (<i>Il conte</i>). It is in the bedchamber of this count that Ami´na +is discovered the night before her espousal to Elvi´no. Ugly suspicion +is excited, but the count assures the young farmer that Amina walks in +her sleep. While they are talking Amina is seen to get out of a window +and walk along a narrow edge of the mill-roof while the huge wheel is +rapidly revolving. She crosses a crazy bridge, and walks into the very +midst of the spectators. In a few minutes she awakens and flies to the +arms of her lover.—Bellini, <i>La Sonnambula</i> (opera, 1831).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rodomont</b>, king of Sarza or Algiers. He was Ulien’s son, and called the +“Mars of Africa.” His lady-love was Dor´alis, princess of Grana´da, but +she eloped with Mandricardo, king of Tartary. At Rogero’s wedding +Rodomont accused him of being a renegade and traitor, whereupon they +fought, and Rodomont was slain.—<i>Orlando Innamorato</i> (1495); and +<i>Orlando Furioso</i> (1516).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Who so meek? I’m sure I quake at the very thought of him; why, he’s +as fierce as Rodomont!—Dryden, <i>Spanish Fryar</i>, v. 2 (1680).</p></div> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Rodomontade (4 <i>syl.</i>), from Rodomont, a bragging although a +brave knight.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rogel of Greece</b> (<i>The Exploits and Adventures of</i>), part of the series +called <i>Le Roman des Romans</i>, pertaining to “Am´adis of Gaul.” This part +was added by Feliciano de Silva.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Roger</b>, the cook who “cowde roste, sethe, broille, and frie, make +mortreux, and wel bake a pye.”—Chaucer, <i>Canterbury Tales</i> (1388).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Roger</i> (<i>Sir</i>), curate to “The Scornful Lady” (no name +given).—Beaumont and Fletcher, <i>The Scornful Lady</i> (1616).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Roger Armstrong</b>, clerical lover of Faith Gartney, and her preferred +suitor.—A. D. T. Whitney, <i>Faith Gartney’s Girlhood</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Roger Bontemps</b>, the personation of contentment with his station in life, +and of the buoyancy of good hope. “There’s a good time coming, John.”</p> + +<p class="poem">Vous pauvres, pleins d’enviè;<br /> +<span class="i1">Vous rich, désireux;</span><br /> +Vous dont le char dévie<br /> +<span class="i1">Après un cours heureux;</span><br /> +Vous qui perdrez peut-être<br /> +<span class="i1">Des titres éclatans;</span><br /> +Eh! gai! prenez pour maitre<br /> +<span class="i1">Le gros Roger Bontemps.</span><br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Béranger (1780-1856).</span></p> + +<p class="poem">Ye poor, with envy goaded;<br /> +<span class="i1">Ye rich, for more who long;</span><br /> +Ye who by fortune loaded<br /> +<span class="i1">Find all things going wrong;</span><br /> +Ye who by some disaster<br /> +<span class="i1">See all your cables break;</span><br /> +From henceforth, for your master<br /> +<span class="i1">Sleek Roger Bontemps take.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Roger Chillingworth</b>, deformed husband of Hester Prynne. He returns to +Boston from a long sojourn with the Indians, and sees his wife in the +pillory with a baby—not his—in her arms. From that instant he sets +himself to work to discover the name of her seducer, and, suspecting +Arthur Dimmesdale, attaches himself to the oft-ailing clergyman as his +medical attendant. He it is who first suspects the existence of the +cancer that is devouring the young clergyman’s life, and when the +horrible thing is revealed, kneels by the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[309]</a></span> dying man with the bitter +whisper, “Thou hast escaped me!”—Nathaniel Hawthorne, <i>The Scarlet +Letter</i> (1850).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Roger de Coverley</b> (<i>Sir</i>), an hypothetical baronet of Coverley or +Cowley, near Oxford.—Addison, <i>The Spectator</i> (1711, 1712, 1714).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> The prototype of this famous character was Sir John +Pakington, seventh baronet of the line.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Roge´ro</b>, brother of Marphi´sa; brought up by Atlantês, a magician. He +married Brad´amant, the niece of Charlemagne. Rogero was converted to +Christianity, and was baptized. His marriage with Bradamant and his +election to the crown of Bulgaria concludes the poem.—Ariosto, <i>Orlando +Furioso</i> (1516).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Who more brave than Rodomont? who more courteous than +Rogero?—Cervantês, <i>Don Quixote</i>, I. i. (1605).</p></div> + +<p class="main"><i>Rogero</i>, son of Roberto Guiscardo, the Norman. Slain by +Tisaphernês.—Tasso, <i>Jerusalem Delivered</i>, xx. (1575).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Rogero</i> (3 <i>syl.</i>), a gentleman of Sicilia.—Shakespeare, <i>The Winter’s +Tale</i> (1604).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> This is one of those characters which appear in the <i>dramatis +personæ</i>, but are never introduced in the play. Rogero not only does not +utter a word—he does not even enter the stage all through the drama. In +the Globe edition his name is omitted. (See <span class="smcap">Violenta</span>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rogers</b> (<i>Mr.</i>), illiterate, tender-hearted, great-souled old father of +<i>Louisiana</i>. When she begs his pardon for having been ashamed of, and +having disowned him, he tells her, “It’s <i>you</i> as should be a-forgivin’ +<i>me</i> ... I hadn’t done ye no sort o’ justice in the world, an’ never +could.”—Frances Hodgson Burnett, <i>Louisiana</i> (1880).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Roget</b>, the pastoral name of George Wither in the four “eglogues” called +<i>The Shepheards Hunting</i> (1615). The first and last “eglogues” are +dialogues between Roget and Willy, his young friend; in the second +pastoral Cuddy is introduced, and in the third Alexis makes a fourth +character. The subject of the first three is the reason of Roget’s +imprisonment, which, he says, is a hunt that gave great offence. This +hunt is in reality a satire called <i>Abuses Stript and Whipt</i>. The fourth +pastoral has for its subject Roget’s love of poetry.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> “Willy” is his friend, William Browne, of the Inner Temple +(two years his junior), author of <i>Britannia’s Pastorals</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Roi Panade</b> (“<i>king of slops</i>”), Louis XVIII. (1755, 1814-1824).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Roister Doister</b> (<i>Ralph</i>), a vain, thoughtless, blustering fellow, in +pursuit of Custance, a rich widow, but baffled in his +endeavor.—Nicholas Udall, <i>Ralph Roister Doister</i> (the first English +comedy, 1534).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rokesmith</b> (<i>John</i>), <i>alias</i> <span class="smcap">John Harmon</span>, secretary of Mr. Boffin. He +lodged with the Wilfers, and ultimately married Bella Wilfer. John +Rokesmith is described as “a dark gentleman, 30 at the utmost, with an +expressive, one might say, a handsome face.”—Dickens, <i>Our Mutual +Friend</i> (1864).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> For solution of the mystery, see vol. I. ii. 13.</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Roland" id="Roland"></a><b>Ro´land</b>, count of Mans and knight of Blaives. His mother, Bertha, was +Charle<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[310]</a></span>magne’s sister. Roland is represented as brave, devotedly loyal, +unsuspicious, and somewhat too easily imposed <a name="corr133" id="corr133"></a><ins class="correction" title="upon.">npon.</ins> He was eight +feet high, and had an open countenance. In Italian romance he is called +Orlan´do. He was slain in the valley of Roncesvalles as he was leading +the rear of his uncle’s army from Spain to France. Charlemagne himself +had reached St. Jean Pied de Port at the time, heard the blast of his +nephew’s horn, and knew it announced treachery, but was unable to render +him assistance (<span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 778).</p> + +<p>Roland is the hero of Théroulde’s <i>Chanson de Roland</i>; of Turpin’s +<i>Chronique</i>; of Bojardo’s <i>Orlando Innamorato</i>; of Ariosto’s <i>Orlando +Furioso</i>; of Piccini’s opera called <i>Roland</i> (1778); etc.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Roland’s Horn</i>, Olivant or Olifant. It was won from the giant Jatmund, +and might be heard at the distance of thirty miles. Birds fell dead at +its blast, and the whole Saracen army drew back in terror when they +heard it. So loud it sounded, that the blast reached from Roncesvallês +to St. Jean Pied de Port, a distance of several miles.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Roland lifts Olifant to his month and blows it with all his might. +The mountains around are lofty, but high above them the sound of +the horn arises [<i>at the third blast, it split in twain</i>].—<i>Song +of Roland</i> (as sung by Taillefer, at the battle of Hastings). See +Warton, <i>History of English Poetry</i>, v. I, sect. iii. 132 (1781).</p></div> + +<p class="main"><i>Roland’s Horse</i>, Veillantif, called in Italian <i>Velian´tino</i> (“the +little vigilant one”).</p> + +<p>In Italian romance, Orlando has another horse, called Brigliado´ro +(“golden bridle”).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Roland’s Spear.</i> Visitors are shown a spear in the cathedral of Pa´via, +which they are told belonged to Roland.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Roland’s Sword</i>, Duran´dal, made by the fairies. To prevent its falling +into the hands of the enemy, when Roland was attacked in the valley of +Roncesvallês, he smote a rock with it, and it made in the solid rock a +fissure some 300 feet in depth, called to this day <i>La Brêche de +Roland</i>.</p> + +<p class="poem">Then would I seek the Pyrenean breach,<br /> +Which Roland clove with huge two-handed sway,<br /> +And to the enormous labor left his name.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Wordsworth.</span></p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> A sword is shown at Rocamadour, in the department of Lot +(France), which visitors are assured was Roland’s <i>Durandal</i>. But the +romances says that Roland, dying, threw his sword into a poisoned +stream.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Death of Roland.</i> There is a tradition that Roland escaped the general +slaughter in the defile of Roncesvallês, and died of starvation while +trying to make his way across the mountains.—John de la Bruiere +Champier, <i>De Cibaria</i>, xvi. 5.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Died like Roland</i>, died of thirst.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Nonnulli qui de Gallicis rebus historias conscripserunt, non +dubitarunt posteris significare Rolandum Caroli illius magni +sororis filium, verum certe bellica gloria omnique fortitudine +nobillissimum, post ingentem Hispanorum cædem prope Pyrenæi saltus +juga, ubi insidiæ ab hoste collocatæ fuerint, siti miserrime +extinctum. Inde nostri intolerabili siti et immiti volentes +significare se torqueri, facete aiunt “Rolandi morte se +perire.”—John de la Bruiere Champier, <i>De Cibaria</i>, xvi. 5.</p></div> + +<p class="main"><i>Roland</i> (<i>The Roman</i>). Sicinius Dentātus is so called by Niebuhr. He is +not unfrequently called “The Roman Achillês” (put to death <span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 450).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Roland Blake.</b> Hero of a war-novel of the same name.—Silas Weir +Mitchell, M.D. (1886).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Roland and Oliver</b>, the two most famous of the twelve paladins of +Charlemagne. To give a “Roland for an Oliver” is to give tit for tat, to +give another as good a drubbing as you receive.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[311]</a></span></p> + +<p class="poem">Froissart, a countryman of ours [<i>the French</i>] records,<br /> +England all Olivers and Rowlands bred<br /> +During the time Edward the Third did reign.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Shakespeare, 1 <i>Henry VI.</i> act i. sc. 2 (1589).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Roland de Vaux</b> (<i>Sir</i>), baron of Triermain, who wakes Gyneth from her +long sleep of 500 years, and marries her.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Bridal of +Triermain</i> (1813).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rolando</b> (<i>Signor</i>), a common railer against women, but brave, of a +“happy wit and independent spirit.” Rolando swore to marry no woman, but +fell in love with Zam´ora, and married her, declaring “that she was no +woman, but an angel.”—J. Tobin, <i>The Honeymoon</i> (1804).</p> + +<p>The resemblance between Rolando and Benedick will instantly occur to the +mind.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rolandseck Tower</b>, opposite the Drachenfels. Roland was engaged to Aude, +daughter of Sir Gerard and Lady Guibourg; but the lady, being told that +Roland had been slain by Angoulaffre, the Saracen, retired to a convent. +The paladin returned home full of glory, having slain the Saracen, and +when he heard that his lady-love had taken the veil, he built Rolandseck +Castle, which overlooks the convent, that he might at least <i>see</i> the +lady to whom he could never be united. After the death of Aude, Roland +“sought the battle-field again, and fell at Roncevall.”—Campbell, <i>The +Brave Roland</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Roldan</b>, “El encantado,” Roldan made invulnerable by enchantment. The +cleft “Roldan,” in the summit of a high mountain in the kingdom of +Valencia, was so called because it was made by a single back-stroke of +Roldan’s sword. The character is in two Spanish romances, authors +unknown.—<i>Bernardo del Carpio</i> and <i>Roncesvalles</i>.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>This book [<i>Rinaldo de Montalban</i>], and all others written on +French matters, shall be deposited in some dry place ... except one +called <i>Bernardo del Carpio</i>, and another called <i>Roncesvalles</i>, +which shall certainly accompany the rest on the +bonfire.—Cervantes, <i>Don Quixote</i>, I. i. 6 (1605).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rolla</b>, kinsman of the Inca Atali´ba, and the idol of the army. “In war a +tiger chafed by the hunters’ spears; in peace more gentle than the +unweaned lamb” (act i. 1). A firm friend and most generous foe. Rolla is +wounded in his attempt to rescue the infant child of Alonzo from the +Spaniards, and dies. His grand funeral procession terminates the +drama.—Sheridan, <i>Pizarro</i> (altered from Kotzebue, 1799).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rolleston</b> (<i>General</i>), father of Helen, in <i>Foul Play</i>, by Charles +Reade.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rollo</b>, duke of Normandy, called “The Bloody Brother.” He caused the +death of his brother, Otto, and slew several others, some out of mere +wantonness.—Beaumont and Fletcher, <i>The Bloody Brother</i> (1639).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rollo</b>, boy who is the hero of Jacob Abbott’s celebrated and delightful +“<i>Rollo Books</i>,” embracing <i>Rollo Learning to Read</i>, <i>Rollo Learning to +Work</i>, <i>Rollo at School</i>, <i>Rollo’s Vacation</i>, etc., etc. (1840-1857).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Roman</b> (<i>The</i>), Jean Dumont, the French painter, <i>Le Romain</i> (1700-1781).</p> + +<p>Stephen Picart, the French engraver, <i>Le Romain</i> (1631-1721).</p> + +<p>Giulio Pippi, called <i>Giulio Romano</i> (1492-1546).</p> + +<p>Adrian von Roomen, mathematician, <i>Adriānus Romānus</i> (1561-1615).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Roman Achillês</b>, Sicinius Dentātus (slain <a name="corr134" id="corr134"></a><ins class="correction" title="B.C."><span class="smcap">R.C.</span></ins> 450).</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[312]</a></span><b>Roman Brevity.</b> Cæsar imitated laconic brevity when he announced to +Amintius his victory at Zela, in Asia Minor, over Pharna´cês, son of +Mithridatês; <i>Veni, vidi, vici.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Poins.</i> I will imitate the honorable Roman in +brevity.—Shakespeare, 2 <i>Henry IV.</i> act ii. sc. 2 (1598).</p></div> + +<p>Sir Charles Napier is credited with a far more laconic despatch, on +making himself master of Scinde, in 1843. Taking possession of +Hyderabad, and outflanking Shere Mohammed by a series of most brilliant +manœuvres, he is said to have written home this punning despatch: +<i>Peccāvi</i> (“I have sinned” [Scinde]).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Roman Father</b> (<i>The</i>), Horatius, father of the Horatii and of Horatia. +The story of the tragedy is the well-known Roman legend about the +Horatii and Curiatii. Horatius rejoices that his three sons have been +selected to represent Rome, and sinks the affection of the father in +love for his country. Horatia is the betrothed of Caius Curiatius, but +is also beloved by Valerius, and when the Curiatii are selected to +oppose her three brothers, she sends Valerius to him with a scarf, to +induce him to forego the fight. Caius declines, and is slain. Horatia is +distracted; they take from her every instrument of death, and therefore +she resolves to provoke her surviving brother, Publius, to kill her. +Meeting him in his triumph, she rebukes him for murdering her lover, +scoffs at his “patriotism,” and Publius kills her. Horatius now resigns +Publius to execution for murder, but the king and Roman people rescue +him.—W. Whitehead (1741).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Corneille has a drama on the same subject, called <i>Les +Horaces</i> (1639).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Roman des Romans</b> (<i>Le</i>), a series of prose romances connected with +Am´adis, of Gaul. So called by Gilbert Saunier.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Romans</b> (<i>Last of the</i>), Rienzi, the tribune (1310-1354).</p> + +<p>Charles James Fox (1749-1806).</p> + +<p>Horace Walpole, <i>Ultimus Romanorum</i> (1717-1797).</p> + +<p>Caius Cassius was so called by Brutus.</p> + +<p class="poem">The last of all the Romans, fare thee well!<br /> +It is impossible that ever Rome<br /> +Should breed thy fellow.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Shakespeare, <i>Julius Cæsar</i>, act v. sc. 3. (1607).</span></p> + +<p class="main"><i>Romans</i> (<i>Most Learned of the</i>), Marcus Terentius Varro (<span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 116-28).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Romance of the Rose</b>, a poetical allegory, begun by Guillaume di Lorris +in the latter part of the thirteenth century, and continued by Jean de +Meung in the former half of the fourteenth century. The poet dreams that +Dame Idleness conducts him to the palace of Pleasure, where he meets +Love, whose attendant maidens are Sweet-looks, Courtesy, Youth, Joy, and +Competence, by whom he is conducted to a bed of roses. He singles out +one, when an arrow from Love’s bow stretches him fainting on the ground, +and he is carried off. When he comes to himself, he resolves, if +possible, to find his rose, and Welcome promises to aid him; Shyness, +Fear, and Slander obstruct him; and Reason advises him to give up the +quest. Pity and Kindness show him the object of his search; but Jealousy +seizes Welcome, and locks her in Fear Castle. Here the original poem +ends. The sequel, somewhat longer than the twenty-four books of Homer’s +<i>Iliad</i>, takes up the tale from this point.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Roma´no</b>, the old monk who took pity on Roderick in his flight (viii.), +and went<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[313]</a></span> with him for refuge to a small hermitage on the sea-coast, +where they remained for twelve months, when the old monk died.—Southey, +<i>Roderick, The Last of the Goths</i>, i., ii. (1841).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rome Does</b> (<i>Do as</i>). The saying originated with Saint Ambrose (fourth +century). It arose from the following diversity in the observance of +Saturday:—The Milanese make it a feast, the Romans a fast. St. Ambrose, +being asked what should be done in such a case, replied, “In matters of +indifference, it is better to be guided by the general usage. When I am +at Milan, I do not fast on Saturdays, but when I am at Rome, I do as +they do at Rome.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rome Saved by Geese.</b> When the Gauls invaded Rome, a detachment in single +file scaled the hill on which the capitol stood, so silently that the +foremost man reached the summit without being challenged; but while +striding over the rampart, some sacred geese were disturbed, and by +their cackle aroused the guard. Marcus Manlius rushed to the wall, and +hustled the Gaul over, thus saving the capitol.</p> + +<p>A somewhat parallel case occurred in Ireland in the battle of Glinsaly, +in Donegal. A party of the Irish would have surprised the Protestants if +some wrens had not disturbed the guards by the noise they made in +hopping about the drums and pecking on the parchment heads.—Aubrey, +<i>Miscellanies</i>, 45.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ro´meo</b>, a son of Mon´tague (3 <i>syl.</i>), in love with Juliet, the daughter +of Cap´ulet; but between the houses of Montague and Capulet there +existed a deadly feud. As the families were irreconcilable, Juliet took +a sleeping draught, that she might get away from her parents and elope +with Romeo. Romeo, thinking her to be dead, killed himself; and when +Juliet awoke and found her lover dead, she also killed +herself.—Shakespeare, <i>Romeo and Juliet</i> (1598).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Romeo and Juliet</b>, a tragedy by Shakespeare (1598). The tale is taken +from <i>Rhomeo and Julietta</i>, a novel by Boisteau, in French, borrowed +from an Italian story by Bandello (1554).</p> + +<p>In 1562 Arthur Brooke produced the same tale in verse, called <i>The +Tragicall History of Romeus and Juliet</i>. In 1567 Painter published a +prose translation of Boisteau’s novel.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Romola</b>, superb woman, high-spirited, pure and single of heart, the idol +and co-laborer of her scholarly father. She wrecks her life by the +marriage with the fascinating Greek, Tito Melema.—George Eliot, +<i>Romola</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Romp</b> (<i>The</i>), a comic opera altered from Bickerstaff’s <i>Love in the +City</i>. Priscilla Tomboy is “the romp,” and the plot is given under that +name.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>A splendid portrait of Mrs. Jordan, in her character of “The Romp,” +hung over the mantelpiece in the dining-room [<i>of Adolphus +Fitzclarence</i>].—Lord W. P. Lennox, <i>Celebrities, etc.</i>, i. 11.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rom´uald</b> <a name="corr135" id="corr135"></a><ins class="correction" title="(St.).">(<i>St</i>).</ins> The Catalans had a great reverence for a hermit +so called, and hearing that he was about to quit their country, called +together a parish meeting, to consult how they might best retain him +amongst them, “For,” said they, “he will certainly be consecrated, and +his relics will bring a fortune to us.” So they agreed to strangle him; +but their intention being told to the hermit, he secretly made his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[314]</a></span> +escape.—St. Foix, <i>Essais Historiques sur Paris</i>, v. 163.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Southey has a ballad on the subject.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Romulus</b> (<i>The Second and Third</i>), Camillus and Marĭus. Also called “The +Second and Third Founders of Rome.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Romulus_and_Remus" id="Romulus_and_Remus"></a><b>Romulus and Remus</b>, the twin sons of Silvia, a vestal virgin, and the god +Mars. The infants were exposed in a cradle, and the floods carried the +cradle to the foot of the Palatine. Here a wolf suckled them, till one +Faustulus, the king’s shepherd, took them to his wife, who brought them +up. When grown to manhood, they slew Amulius, who had caused them to be +exposed.</p> + +<p>The Greek legend of Tyro is in many respects similar. This Tyro had an +amour with Poseidon (as Silvia had with Mars), and two sons were born in +both cases. Tyro’s mother-in-law confined her in a dungeon, and exposed +the two infants (Pelias and Neleus) in a boat on the river Enīpeus (3 +<i>syl.</i>). Here they were discovered and brought up by a herdsman (Romulus +and Remus were brought up by a shepherd), and when grown to manhood, +they put to death their mother-in-law, who had caused them to be exposed +(as Romulus and Remus put to death their great-uncle, Amulius).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ron</b>, the ebony spear of Prince Arthur.</p> + +<p class="poem">The temper of his sword, the tried Excalibor,<br /> +The bigness and the length of Rone his noble spear,<br /> +With Pridwin his great shield.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Drayton, <i>Polyolbion</i>, iv. (1612).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ronald</b> (<i>Lord</i>), in love with Lady Clare, to whom he gave a lily-white +doe. The day before the wedding nurse Alice told Lady Clare she was not +“Lady Clare” at all, but her own child. On hearing this, she dressed +herself as a peasant girl, and went to Lord Ronald to release him from +his engagement. Lord Ronald replied, “If you are not the heiress born, +we will be married to-morrow, and you shall still be Lady +Clare.”—Tennyson, <i>Lady Clare</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ronaldson</b> (<i>Neil</i>), the old ranzelman of Jarlshof (ch. vii.).—Sir W. +Scott, <i>The Pirate</i> (time William III.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rondib´ilis</b>, the physician consulted by Panurge, on the knotty question, +“whether he ought to marry, or let it alone.”—Rabelais, <i>Pantagruel</i> +(1545).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> This question, which Panurge was perpetually asking every +one, of course refers to the celibacy of the clergy.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rondo</b> (<i>The Father of the</i>), Jean Baptiste Davaux.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rope of Ocnus</b> (<i>A</i>), profitless labor. Ocnus was always twisting a rope +with unwearied diligence, but an ass ate it as fast as it was twisted.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> This allegory means that Ocnus worked hard to earn money, +which his wife squandered by her extravagance.</p> + +<p>The work of Penelopê’s web was “never ending, still beginning,” because +Penelopê pulled out at night all that she had spun during the day. Her +object was to defer doing what she abhorred but knew not how to avoid.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Roper</b> (<i>Margaret</i>), was buried with the head of her father, Sir Thomas +More, between her hands.</p> + +<p class="poem">Her who clasped in her last trance<br /> +<span class="i1">Her murdered father’s head.</span><br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Tennyson.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Roque</b> (1 <i>syl.</i>), a blunt, kind-hearted old servitor to Donna +Floranthe.—Colman, <i>The Mountaineers</i> (1793).</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[315]</a></span><b>Roque Guinart</b>, a freebooter, whose real name was Pedro Rocha Guinarda. +He is introduced by Cervantês in <i>Don Quixote</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rosa</b>, a village beauty, patronized by Lady Dedlock. She marries Mrs. +Rouncewell’s grandson.—C. Dickens, <i>Bleak House</i> (1853).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rosabelle</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), the lady’s-maid of Lady Geraldine. Rosabelle +promised to marry L’Eclair, the orderly of Chevalier Florian.—W. +Dimond, <i>The Foundling of the Forest</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rosalind</b> (<i>i.e.</i> Rose Daniel), the shepherd lass who rejected Colin +Clout (the poet Spenser) for Menalcas (John Florio, the lexicographer, +1579). Spenser was at the time in his twenty-sixth year. Being rejected +by Rosalind, he did not marry till he was nearly 41, and then we are +told that Elizabeth “was the name of his mother, queen and wife” +(<i>Sonnet</i>, 74). In the <i>Faëry Queen</i>, “the country lass” (Rosalind) is +introduced dancing with the Graces, and the poet says she is worthy to +be the fourth (bk. vi. 10, 16). In 1595 appeared the <i>Epithala´mion</i>, in +which the recent marriage is celebrated.—Ed. Spenser, <i>Shepheardes +Calendar</i>, i., vi. (1579).</p> + +<p>“Rosalinde” is an anagram for Rose Daniel, evidently a well-educated +young lady of the north, and probably the “Lady Mirabella” of the <i>Faëry +Queen</i>, vi. 7, 8. Spenser calls her “the widow’s daughter of the glen” +(ecl. iv.), supposed to be either Burnley or Colne, near Hurstwood, in +Yorkshire. Ecl. i. is the plaint of Colin for the loss of Rosalind. Ecl. +vi. is a dialogue between Colin and Hobbinol, his friend, in which Colin +laments, and Hobbinol tries to comfort him. Ecl. xii. is a similar +lament to ecl. i. Rose Daniel married John Florio, the lexicographer, +the “Holofernês” of Shakespeare.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Rosalind</i>, daughter of the banished duke who went to live in the forest +of Arden. Rosalind was retained in her uncle’s court as the companion of +his daughter, Celia; but when the usurper banished her, Celia resolved +to be her companion, and, for greater security, Rosalind dressed as a +boy, and assumed the name of Ganymede, while Celia dressed as a peasant +girl, and assumed the name of Aliēna. The two girls went to the forest +of Arden, and lodged for a time in a hut; but they had not been long +there when Orlando encountered them. Orlando and Rosalind had met before +at a wrestling match, and the acquaintance was now renewed; Ganymede +resumed her proper apparel, and the two were married, with the sanction +of the duke.—Shakespeare, <i>As You Like It</i> (1598).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Nor shall the griefs of Lear be alleviated, or the charms and wit +of Rosalind be abated by time.—N. Drake, M.D., <i>Shakespeare and +His Times</i>, ii. 554 (1817).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rosaline</b>, the niece of Capulet, with whom Romeo was in love before he +saw Juliet. Mercutio calls her “a pale-hearted wench,” and Romeo says +she did not “grace for grace and love for love allow,” like +Juliet.—Shakespeare, <i>Romeo and Juliet</i> (1598).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Rosaline is frequently mentioned in the first act of the +play, but is not one of the <i>dramatis personæ</i>.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Rosaline</i>, a lady in attendance on the princess of France. A sharp wit +was wedded to her will, and “two pitch balls were stuck in her face for +eyes.” Rosaline is called “a merry, nimble, stirring spirit.” Biron, a +lord in attendance on Ferdinand,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[316]</a></span> king of Navarre, proposes marriage to +her, but she replies:</p> + +<p class="poem">You must be purged first, your sins are racked ...<br /> +Therefore if you my favor mean to get,<br /> +A twelvemonth shall you spend, and never rest,<br /> +But seek the weary beds of people sick.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Shakespeare, <i>Love’s Labor’s Lost</i> (1594).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rosalu´ra</b>, the airy daughter of Nantolet, beloved by Belleur.—Beaumont +and Fletcher, <i>The Wild-goose Chase</i> (1652).</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Rosamond" id="Rosamond"></a><b>Ros´amond</b> (<i>The Fair</i>), Jane Clifford, daughter of Walter, Lord +Clifford. The lady was loved, not wisely, but too well, by Henry II., +who kept her for concealment in a labyrinth at Woodstock. Queen Eleanor +compelled the frail fair one to swallow poison (1777).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>She was the fayre daughter of Walter, Lord Clifford.... Henry made +for her a house of wonderfull working, so that no man or woman +might come to her. This house was named “Labyrinthus,” and was +wrought like unto a knot, in a garden called a maze. But the queen +came to her by a clue of thredde, and so dealt with her that she +lived not long after. She was buried at Godstow, in a house of +nunnes, with these verses upon her tombe:</p> +</div> + +<p class="poem">Hic jacet in tumba Rosa mundi, non Rosa munda;<br /> +Non redolet, sed olet, quæ redolere solet.</p> + +<p class="poem"><i>Here Rose the graced, not Rose the chaste, reposes;</i><br /> +<i>The smell that rises is no smell of roses.</i></p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> The subject has been a great favorite with poets. We have in +English the following tragedies:—<i>The Complaint of Rosamond</i>, by S. +Daniel (before 1619); <i>Henry II.... with the Death of Rosamond</i>, either +Bancroft or Mountford (1693); <i>Rosamond</i>, by Addison (1706); <i>Henry and +Rosamond</i>, by Hawkins (1749); <i>Fair Rosamond</i>, by Tennyson (1879). In +Italian, <i>Rosmonda</i>, by Rucellai (1525). In Spanish, <i>Rosmunda</i>, by Gil +y Zarate (1840). We have also <i>Rosamond</i>, an opera, by Dr. Arne (1733); +and <i>Rosamonde</i>, a poem in French, by C. Briffaut (1813). Sir Walter +Scott has introduced the beautiful soiled dove in two of his +novels—<i>The Talisman</i> and <i>Woodstock</i>.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Dryden says her name was <i>Jane</i>:</p> + +<p class="poem">Jane Clifford was her name, as books aver:<br /> +“Fair Rosamond” was but her <i>nom de guerre</i>.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>We rede that in Englande was a king that had a concubyne whose name +was Rose, and for hir greate bewtye he cleped hir Rose à mounde +(Rosa mundi), that is to say, Rose of the world, for him thought +that she passed al wymen in bewtye.—R. Pynson (1493), subsequently +printed by Wynken de Worde in 1496.</p></div> + +<p>The <i>Rosemonde</i> of Alfieri is quite another person. (See <a href="#Rosemond"><span class="smcap">Rosemond</span></a>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rosa´na</b>, daughter of the Armenian queen who helped St. George to quench +the seven lamps of the knight of the Black Castle.—R. Johnson, <i>The +Seven Champions of Christendom</i>, ii. 8, 9 (1617).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Roscius</b> (<i>Quintus</i>), the greatest of Roman actors (died <span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 62).</p> + +<p class="poem">What scene of death hath Roscius now to act?<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Shakespeare, 3 <i>Henry VI.</i> act v. sc. 6 (1592).</span></p> + +<p class="main"><i>Roscius</i> (<i>The British</i>), Thomas Betterton (1635-1710), and David +Garrick (1716-1779).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> The earl of Southampton says that Richard Burbage “is famous +as our English Roscius” (1566-1619).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Roscius</i> (<i>The Irish</i>), Spranger Barry, “The Silver Tongued” +(1719-1777).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Roscius</i> (<i>The Young</i>), William Henry West Betty, who, in 1803, made +his <i>début</i> in London. He was about 12 years of age, and in fifty-six +nights realized £34,000. He died, aged 84, in 1874.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Roscius of France</b> (<i>The</i>), Michel Boyron or Baron (1653-1729).</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[317]</a></span><b>Roscrana</b>, daughter of Cormac, king of Ireland (grandfather of that +Cormac murdered by Cairbar). Roscra´na is called “the blue-eyed and +white-handed maid,” and was “like a spirit of heaven, half folded in the +skirt of a cloud.” Subsequently she was the wife of Fingal, king of +Morven, and mother of Ossian, “king of bards.”—Ossian, <i>Temora</i>, vi.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Cormac, the father of Roscrana, was great-grandfather of that +Cormac who was reigning when Swaran made his invasion. The line ran +thus: (1) Cormac I., (2) Cairbre, his son, (3) Artho, his son, (4) +Cormac II., father-in-law of Fingal.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rose</b>, “the gardener’s daughter,” a story of happy first love, told in +later years by an old man who had, in his younger days, trifled with the +passion of love; but, like St. Augustin, was always “loving to love” +(<i>amans amāre</i>), and was at length heart-smitten with Rose, whom he +married. (See <span class="smcap">Alice</span>.)—Tennyson, <i>The Gardener’s Daughter</i>.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Rose.</i> Sir John Mandeville says that a Jewish maid of Bethlehem (whom +Southey names Zillah) was beloved by one Ham´uel, a brutish sot. Zillah +rejected his suit, and Hamuel, in revenge, accused the maiden of +offences for which she was condemned to be burned alive. When brought to +the stake, the flames burnt Hamuel to a cinder, but did no harm to +Zillah. There she stood, in a garden of roses, for the brands which had +been kindled became red roses, and those which had not caught fire +became white ones. These are the first roses that ever bloomed on earth +since the loss of paradise.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>As the fyre began to brenne about hire, she made her preyeres to +oure Lord ... and anon was the fayer quenched and oute, and brondes +that weren brennynge becomen white roseres ... and theise werein +the first roseres that ever ony man saughe.—Sir John Maundeville, +<i>Voiage and Traivaile</i>.</p></div> + +<p class="main"><i>Rose.</i> According to Mussulman tradition, the rose is thus accounted +for: When Mahomet took his journey to heaven, the sweat which fell on +the earth from the prophet’s forehead produced <i>White</i> roses, and that +which fell from Al Borak´ (the animal he rode) produced <i>yellow</i> ones.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Rose.</i></p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i1">The gentle name that shows</span><br /> +Her love, her loveliness, and bloom<br /> +<span class="i1">(Her only epitaph a rose)</span><br /> +Is growing on her tomb!<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">John James Piatt, <i>Poems of House and Home</i> (1879).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rose of Aragon</b> (<i>The</i>), a drama by S. Knowles (1842). Olivia, daughter +of Ruphi´no (a peasant), was married to Prince Alonzo of Aragon. The +king would not recognize the match, but sent his son to the army, and +made the cortez pass an act of divorce. A revolt having been organized, +the king was dethroned, and Almagro was made regent. Almagro tried to +marry Olivia, and to murder her father and brother, but the prince +returning with the army made himself master of the city, Almagro died of +poison, the marriage of the prince and peasant was recognized, the +revolt was broken up, and order was restored.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rose of Har´pocrate</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>). Cupid gave Harpocrate a rose, to bribe +him not to divulge the amours of his mother, Venus.</p> + +<p class="poem">Red as a rose of Harpocrate.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">E. B. Browning, <i>Isobel’s Child</i>, iii.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rose of Paradise.</b> The roses which grew in paradise had no thorns. +“Thorns and thistles” were unknown on earth till after the Fall (<i>Gen.</i> +iii. 18). Both St. Am<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[318]</a></span>brose and St. Basil note that the roses in Eden +had no thorns, and Milton says, in Eden bloomed “Flowers of all hue, and +without thorn the rose.”—<i>Paradise Lost</i>, iv. 256 (1665).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rose of Raby</b>, the mother of Richard III. This was Cicely, daughter of +Ralph de Nevill of Raby, earl of Westmoreland.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rose Vaughan.</b> Lover of “Yone” Willoughby, in <i>The Amber Gods</i>. He has +super-refined and poetical tastes; delights and revels in beauty, and +until he met Yone had admired her gentle sister. The siren, Yone, sets +herself to win him and succeeds. Marriage disenchants him and the +knowledge of this maddens her into something akin to hatred. Yet she +dies begging him to kiss her. “I am your Yone! I forgot a little +while,—but I love you, Rose, Rose!”—Harriet Prescott Spofford, <i>The +Amber Gods</i> (1863).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rose of York</b>, the heir and head of the York faction.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>When Warwick perished, Edmund de la Pole became the Rose of York, +and if this foolish prince should be removed by death ... his young +and clever brother [<i>Richard</i>] would be raised to the rank of Rose +of York.—W. H. Dixon, <i>Two Queens</i>.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Roses</b> (<i>War of the</i>). The origin of this expression is thus given by +<a name="corr136" id="corr136"></a><ins class="correction" title="Shakespeare:">Shakepeare:</ins></p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;"><i>Plant.</i> Let him that is a true-born gentleman ...</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">If he supposes that I have pleaded truth,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">From off this briar pluck a white rose with me.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;"><i>Somerset.</i> Let him that is no coward, nor no flatterer,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">But dare maintain the party of the truth,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Pluck a red rose from off this thorn with me.</span><br /> +</p> + +<p>Whereupon Warwick plucked a white rose and joined the Yorkists, while +Suffolk plucked a red one and joined the Lancastrians.—Shakespeare, 1 +<i>Henry VI.</i> act ii. sc. 4 (1589).</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Rosemond" id="Rosemond"></a><b>Rosemond</b>, daughter of Cunimond, king of the Gepidæ. She was compelled to +marry Alboin, king of the Lombards, who put her father to death <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> +567. Alboin compelled her to drink from the skull of her own father, and +Rosemond induced Peride´us (the secretary of Helmichild, her lover), to +murder the wretch (573). She then married Helmichild, fled Ravenna, and +sought to poison her second husband, that she might marry Longin, the +exarch; but Helmichild, apprised of her intention, forced her to drink +the mixture she had prepared for him. This lady is the heroine of +Alfieri’s tragedy called <i>Rosemonde</i> (1749-1803). (See <a href="#Rosamond"><span class="smcap">Rosamond</span></a>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ro´sencrantz</b>, a courtier in the court of Denmark, willing to sell or +betray his friend and schoolfellow, Prince Hamlet, to please a +king.—Shakespeare, <i>Hamlet</i> (1596).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rosetta</b>, the wicked sister of Brunetta and Blon´dina, the mothers of +Cherry and Fairstar. She abetted the queen-mother in her wicked designs +against the offspring of her two sisters, but, being found out, was +imprisoned for life.—Comtesse D’Aunoy, <i>Fairy Tales</i> (“Princess +Fairstar,” 1682).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Rosetta</i>, a bright, laughing little coquette, who runs away from home +because her father wants her to marry young Meadows, whom she has never +seen. She enters the service of Justice Woodcock. Now, it so happens +that Sir William Meadows wishes his son to marry Rosetta, whom he has +never seen, and he also runs away from home, and under the name of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[319]</a></span> +Thomas becomes gardener to Justice Woodcock. Rosetta and young Meadows +here fall in love with each other, and the wishes of the two fathers are +accomplished.—Isaac Bickerstaff, <i>Love in a Village</i> (1763).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In 1786 Mrs. Billington made her <i>début</i> in “Rosetta,” at once +dazzling the town with the brilliancy of her vocalization and the +flush of her beauty.—C. R. Leslie.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rosetta [Belmont]</b>, daughter of Sir Robert Belmont. Rosetta is +high-spirited, witty, confident, and of good spirits. “If you told her a +merry story, she would sigh; if a mournful one, she would laugh. For +<i>yes</i> she would say ‘no,’ and for <i>no</i>, ‘yes.’” She is in love with +Colonel Raymond, but shows her love by teasing him, and Colonel Raymond +is afraid of the capricious beauty.—Edward Moore, <i>The Foundling</i> +(1748).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rosiclear and Donzel del Phebo</b>, the heroine and hero of the <i>Mirror of +Knighthood</i>, a mediæval romance.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rosinan´te</b> (4 <i>syl.</i>), the steed of Don Quixote. The name implies “that +the horse had risen from a mean condition to the highest honor a steed +could achieve, for it was once a cart-horse, and was elevated into the +charger of a knight-errant.”—Cervantes, <i>Don Quixote</i>, I. ii. 1 (1605).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Rosinante was admirably drawn, so lean, lank, meagre, drooping, +sharp-backed, and raw-boned, as to excite much curiosity and +mirth.—Pt. I. ii. 1.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rosiphele</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), princess of Armenia; of surpassing beauty, but +insensible to love. She is made to submit to the yoke of Cupid, by a +vision which befalls her on a May-day ramble.—Gower, <i>Confessio +Amantis</i> (1393).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rosmonda</b>, a tragedy in Italian, by John R. Ruccellai (1525). This is one +of the first regular tragedies of modern times. <i>Sophonisba</i>, by +Trissino, preceded it, being produced in 1514, and performed in 1515.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rosny</b> (<i>Sabina</i>), the young wife of Lord Sensitive. “Of noble parents, +who perished under the axe in France.” The young orphan, “as much to be +admired for her virtues, as to be pitied for her misfortunes,” fled to +Padua, where she met Lord Sensitive.—Cumberland, <i>First Love</i> (1796).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ross</b> (<i>Lord</i>), an officer in the king’s army, under the duke of +Monmouth.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Old Mortality</i> (time, Charles II.).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Ross</i> (<i>The Man of</i>), John Kyrle, of Whitehouse, in Gloucestershire. So +called because he resided in the village of Ross, Herefordshire. Kyrle +was a man of unbounded benevolence, and beloved by all who knew him.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Pope celebrates him in his <i>Moral Essays</i>, iii. (1709).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rosse</b> (2 <i>syl.</i>), the sword which the dwarf Elberich gave to Otwit, king +of Lombardy. It was so keen that it left no gap where it cut.</p> + +<p>Balmung, the sword forged by Wieland, and given to Siegfried, was so +keen that it clove Amilias in two without his knowing it, but when he +attempted to move he fell asunder.</p> + +<p class="poem">This sword to thee I give; it is all bright of hue,<br /> +Whatever it may cleave, no gap will there ensue.<br /> +From Almari I brought it, and Rossê is its name.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib"><i>The Heldenbuch.</i></span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rostocostojambedanesse</b> (<i>M. N.</i>), author of <i>After Beef, +Mustard</i>.—Rabelais, Pantagruel, ii. 7 (1533).</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[320]</a></span><b>Rothmar</b>, chief of Tromlo. He attacked the vassal kingdom of Croma, while +the under-king, Crothar, was blind with age, resolving to annex it to +his own dominion. Crothar’s son, Fovar-Gormo, attacked the invader, but +was defeated and slain. Not many days after, Ossian (one of the sons of +Fingal) arrived with succors, renewed the battle, defeated the +victorious army, and slew the invader.—Ossian, <i>Croma</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rothsay</b> (<i>The duke of</i>) prince Robert, eldest son of Robert III. of +Scotland.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Margaret, duchess of Rothsay.</i>—Sir W. Scott, <i>Fair Maid of Perth</i> +(time, Henry IV.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rou</b> (<i>Le Roman de</i>), a metrical and mythical history, in Norman-French, +of the dukes of Normandy, from Rollo downwards, by Robert Wace (author +of <i>Le Brut</i>).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Rou’, that is, <i>Roul</i>, the same as Rollo.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Roubigné</b> (<i>Julie de</i>), the heroine and title of a novel by Henry +Mackenzie (1783).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rougedragon</b> (<i>Lady Rachel</i>), the former guardian of Lilias +Redgauntlet.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Redgauntlet</i> (time, George III.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rouncewell</b> (<i>Mrs.</i>), housekeeper at Chesney Wold to Lord and Lady +Dedlock, to whom she is most faithfully attached.—C. Dickens, <i>Bleak +House</i> (1823).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Round Table</b> (<i>The</i>), a table made at Carduel, by Merlin, for Uther, the +pendragon. Uther gave it to King Leodegraunce, of Camelyard, and when +Arthur married Guinever (the daughter of Leodegraunce), he received the +table with a hundred knights as a wedding present (pt. i. 45). The +table would seat 150 knights (pt. iii. 36), and each seat was +appropriated. One of them was called the “Siege Perilous,” because it +was fatal for any one to sit therein, except the knight who was destined +to achieve the Holy Graal (pt. iii. 32). King Arthur instituted an order +of knighthood called “the knights of the Round Table,” the chief of whom +were Sir Launcelot, Sir Tristram, and Sir Lamerock, or Lamorake. The +“Siege Perilous” was reserved for Sir Galahad, the son of Sir Launcelot +by Elaine.—Sir T. Malory, <i>History of Prince Arthur</i> (1470).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> There is a table shown at Winchester, as “Arthur’s Round +Table,” but it corresponds in no respect with the Round Table described +in the <i>History of Prince Arthur</i>. Round Tables are not unusual, as Dr. +Percy has shown, with other kings in the times of chivalry. Thus, the +king of Ireland, father of Christabelle, had his “knights of the Round +Table.”—See “Sir Cauline,” in Percy’s <i>Reliques</i>.</p> + +<p>In the eighth year of Edward I., Roger de Mortimer established at +Kenilworth, a Round Table for “the encouragement of military pastimes.” +Some seventy years later, Edward III. had his Round Table at Windsor; it +was 200 feet in diameter.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rousseau</b> (<i>Jean Jacques</i>) used to say that all fables which ascribe +speech and reason to dumb animals ought to be withheld from children, as +being only vehicles of deception.</p> + +<p class="poem">I shall not ask Jean Jacques Rousseau<br /> +If birds confabulate or no;<br /> +’Tis clear that they were always able<br /> +To hold discourse—at least in fable.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Cowper, <i>Pairing-Time Anticipated</i> (1782).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Roustam</b> or <b>Rostam</b>, the Persian Herculês. He was the son of Zal, and a +descendant of Djamshid At one time Rous<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[321]</a></span>tam killed 1000 Tartars at a +blow; he slew dragons, overcame devils, captured cities, and performed +other marvellous exploits. This mighty man of strength fell into +disgrace for refusing to receive the doctrines of Zoroaster, and died by +the hand of one of his brothers named Scheghad (sixth century <span class="smcap">B.C.</span>).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Routledge</b> (<i>Harold</i>). First love of <i>Lilian Westbrook</i>, in <i>The Banker’s +Daughter</i>. They have a lover’s quarrel and separate. Lilian, to save her +father from poverty, marries another man. Meeting Harold in after years, +her love revives. When he challenges a Frenchman who has spoken lightly +of her, she follows him to the field in time to receive his last breath +and sob in his ear—“I have loved you—you only—from the +first.”—Bronson Howard, <i>The Banker’s Daughter</i>, (1878).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rover</b>, a dissolute young spark, who set off vice “as naughty but yet +nice.”—Mrs. Behn, <i>The Rover</i> (1680).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>William Mountford [1660-1692] had so much in him of the agreeable, +that when he played “The Rover,” it was remarked by many, and +particularly by Queen Mary, that it was dangerous to see him +act—he made vice so alluring.—C. Dibdin, <i>History of the Stage</i>.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rovewell</b> (<i>Captain</i>), in love with Arethusa, daughter of Argus. The +lady’s father wanted her to marry Squire Cuckoo, who had a large estate; +but Arethusa contrived to have her own way and marry Captain Rovewell, +who turned out to be the son of Ned Worthy, who gave the bridegroom +£30,000.—Carey, <i>Contrivances</i> (1715).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rowe</b> (<i>Nicholas</i>), poet-laureate (1673, 1714-1718). The monument in +Westminster Abbey to this poet was by Rysbrack.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rowena</b> (<i>The lady</i>), of Hargettstanstede, a ward of Cedric the Saxon, of +Rotherwood. She marries Ivanhoe.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Ivanhoe</i> (time, Richard +I.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rowland</b> (<i>Childe</i>), youngest brother of Helen. Under the guidance of +Merlin, he undertook to bring back his sister from elf land, whither the +fairies had carried her, and he succeeded in his perilous exploit.—<i>An +Ancient Scotch Ballad.</i></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rowland for an Oliver</b> (<i>A</i>), a tit for tat; getting as good as you gave. +Rowland (or Roland) and Oliver were two of Charlemagne’s paladins, so +much alike in prowess and exploits that they might be described as +“fortemque Gyan, fortemque Cloanthum” (<i>Æneid</i>, i. 222).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Och! Mrs. Mustard-pot, have you found a Rowland for your Oliver at +last?—T. Knight, <i>The Honest Thieves</i>.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rowley</b>, one of the retainers of Julia Avenel (2 <i>syl.</i>).—Sir W. Scott, +<i>The Monastery</i> (time, Elizabeth).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Rowley</i> (<i>Master</i>), formerly steward of Mr. Surface, Sr., the friend of +Charles Surface, and the <i>fidus Achātês</i> of Sir Oliver Surface, the rich +uncle.—Sheridan, <i>School for Scandal</i> (1777).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Rowley</i> (<i>Thomas</i>), the hypothetical priest of Bristol, said by +Chatterton to have lived in the reigns of Henry VI. and Edward IV., and +to have written certain poems, of which Chatterton himself was the +author.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rowley Overdees</b>, a highwayman.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Guy Mannering</i> (time, +George II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Roxa´na</b>, daughter of Oxyartês of Bac<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[322]</a></span>tria, and wife or concubine of +Alexander the Great. Proud, imperious, and relentless, she loved +Alexander with a madness of love; and being jealous of Statīra, daughter +of King Darius, and wife of Alexander, she stabbed her and slew her.—N. +Lee, <i>Alexander the Great</i> (1678).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>So now am I as great as the famed Alexander; but my dear Statīra +and Roxana, don’t exert yourselves so much about me.—Mrs. +Centlivre, <i>The Wonder</i>, iii. 1 (1714).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Roxa´na and Stati´ra.</b> Dr. Doran says that Peg Woffington (as “Roxana”), +jealous of Mrs. Bellamy (as “Statira”) because she was better dressed, +pulled her to the floor when she left the stage, and pummeled her with +the handle of her dagger, screaming as she did so:</p> + +<p class="poem">Nor he, nor heaven, shall shield thee from my justice.<br /> +Die, sorceress, die! and all my wrongs die with thee?<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib"><i>Table Traits.</i></span></p> + +<p>Campbell tells a very similar story of Mrs. Barry (“Roxana”) and Miss +Boutwell (“Statira”). The stage-manager had given to Miss Boutwell a +lace veil, and Mrs. Barry, out of jealousy, actually stabbed her rival +in acting, and the dagger went a quarter of an inch through the stays +into the flesh.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Royal Mottoes</b> or <span class="smcap">Legends</span>.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Dieu et mon droit</i>, Richard I.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Honi soit qui mal y pense</i>, Edward III.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Semper eadem</i>, Elizabeth and Anne.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Je maintiendrai</i>, William III.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Royal Style of Address.</b></p> + +<p>“My Liege,” the usual style till the Lancastrian usurpation.</p> + +<p>“Your Grace,” Henry IV.</p> + +<p>“Your Excellent Grace,” Henry VI.</p> + +<p>“Most High and Mighty Prince,” Edward IV.</p> + +<p>“Your Highness,” Henry VII.</p> + +<p>“Your Majesty,” Henry VIII. So addressed in 1520, by François I.</p> + +<p>“The King’s Sacred Majesty,” James I.</p> + +<p>“Your Most Excellent Majesty,” Charles II.</p> + +<p>“Your Most Gracious Majesty,” the present style.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Royal Titles.</b></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">William I.</span> called himself “Rex Anglorum, comes Normannorum et +Cinomanentium.”</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">William II.</span> called himself “Rex Anglorum,” or “Monarchicus +Britanniæ.”</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Henry I.</span> called himself “Rex Anglorum et dux Normannorum.” +Subsequent to 1106 we find “Dei gratia” introduced in charters.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Henry II.</span> called himself “Rex Anglorum, et dux Normannorum et +Aquitannorum, et comes Andegavorum;” or “Rex Angliæ, dux Normanniæ +et Aquitaniæ, et comes Andegaviæ.”</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Richard I.</span> began his charters with “Dei gratia, rex Angliæ, et dux +Normaniæ et Aquitaniæ, et comes Andegaviæ.”</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">John</span> headed his charters with “Johannes, D.G. rex Angliæ, dominus +Hiberniæ, dux Normanniæ et Aquitaniæ, et comes Andegaviæ.” Instead +of “Hiberniæ” we sometimes find “Iberniæ,” and sometimes “Yberniæ.”</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Henry III.</span> followed the style of his father till October, 1259, +when he adopted the form “D.G. rex Angliæ, dominus Hiberniæ, et dux +Aquitaniæ.”</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Edward I.</span> adopted the latter style. So did <a name="corr137" id="corr137"></a><ins class="correction" title="This should be in small capitals.">Edward</ins> II. till +1326, when he used the form “Rex Angliæ et dominus Hiberniæ.” +<ins class="correction" title="This should be in small capitals">Edward</ins> I. for thirteen years headed his charters with +“Edwardus, Dei gratia rex Angliæ, dominus Hiberniæ, et dux +Aquitaniæ.” But after 1337 the form ran thus: “Edwardus, D.G. rex +Angliæ et Franciæ, dominus Hiberniæ, et dux Aquitaniæ;” and +sometimes “Franciæ” stands before “Angliæ.”</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Richard II.</span> began thus: “Richardus, D.G. rex Angliæ et Franciæ, et +dominus Hiberniæ.”</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Henry IV.</span> continued the same style. So did <span class="smcap">Henry V.</span> till 1420, +after which date he adopted the form, “Henricus, D.G. rex Angliæ, +hæres et regens Franciæ, et dominus Hiberniæ.”</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Henry VI.</span> began, “Henricus, D.G. rex Angliæ et Franciæ, et dominus +Hiberniæ.”</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Edward IV.</span>, <span class="smcap">Edward V.</span>, <span class="smcap">Richard III.</span>, <span class="smcap">Henry VII.</span> continued the same +style.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[323]</a></span>From <span class="smcap">Henry VIII.</span> (1521) to <span class="smcap">George III.</span> (1800) the royal style and +title was “* by the grace of God, of Great Britain, France and +Ireland, king, Defender of the Faith.”</p> + +<p>From <span class="smcap">George III.</span> (1800) to the present day it has been, “* by the +grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, +king, Defender of the Faith.”</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ru´bezahl</b>, Number Nip, a famous mountain-spirit of Germany corresponding +to our Puck.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rubi</b>, one of the cherubs or spirits of wisdom who was with Eve in +Paradise. He loved Liris, who was young, proud, and most eager for +knowledge. She asked her angel lover to let her see him in his full +glory; so Rubi came to her in his cherubic splendor. Liris, rushing into +his arms, was burnt to ashes; and the kiss she gave him became a brand +upon his forehead, which shot unceasing agony into his brain.—T. Moore, +<i>Loves of the Angels</i>, ii. (1822).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ru´bicon</b> (<i>Napoleon’s</i>), Moscow. The invasion of Moscow was the +beginning of Napoleon’s fall.</p> + +<p class="poem">Thou, Rome, who saw’st thy Cæsar’s deeds outdone!<br /> +Alas! why passed he [<i>Napoleon</i>] too the Rubicon ...<br /> +Moscow! thou limit of his long career,<br /> +For which rude Charles had wept his frozen tear.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Byron, <i>Age of Bronze</i>, v. (1821).</span></p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Charles XII. of Sweden formed the resolution of humbling +Peter the Great (1709).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rubo´nax</b>, a man who hanged himself from mortification and annoyance at +some verses written upon him by a poet.—Sir P. Sidney, <i>Defence of +Poesie</i> (1595).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rubrick</b> (<i>The Rev. Mr.</i>), chaplain to the baron of Bradwardine.—Sir W. +Scott, <i>Waverley</i> (time, George II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ruby</b> (<i>Lady</i>), the young widow of Lord Ruby. Her “first love” was +Frederick Mowbray, and when a widow she married him. She is described as +“young, blooming and wealthy, fresh and fine as a daisy.”—Cumberland, +<i>First Love</i> (1796).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rucellai</b> (<i>John</i>), <i>i.e.</i> Oricellarius, poet (1475-1525), son of Bernard +Rucellai, of Florence, historian and diplomatist.</p> + +<p class="poem">As hath been said by Rucellai.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Longfellow, <i>The Wayside Inn</i> (prelude, 1863).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ruddymane</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), the name given by Sir Guyon to the babe rescued +from Amavia, who had stabbed herself in grief at the death of her +husband. So called because:</p> + +<p class="poem">... in her streaming blood he [<i>the infant</i>] did embay his little hands.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Spenser, <i>Faëry Queen</i>, ii. 1, 3 (1590).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rudge</b> (<i>Barnaby</i>), a half-witted young man of three and twenty years +old; rather spare, of a fair height and strong make. His hair, of which +he had a great profusion, was red and hung in disorder about his face +and shoulders. His face was pale, his eyes glassy and protruding. His +dress was green, clumsily trimmed here and there with gaudy lace. A pair +of tawdry ruffles dangled at his wrists, while his throat was nearly +bare. His hat was ornamented with a cluster of peacock’s feathers, limp, +broken, and trailing down his back. Girded to his side was the steel +hilt of an old sword, without blade or scabbard; and a few knee-ribbons +completed his attire. He had a large raven named Grip, which he carried +at his back in a basket, a most knowing imp, which used to cry out in a +hoarse voice, “Hal<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[324]</a></span>loa!” “I’m a devil!” “Never say die!” “Polly, put the +kettle on!”</p> + +<p>Barnaby joined the Gordon rioters for the proud pleasure of carrying a +flag and wearing a blue bow. He was arrested and lodged in Newgate, from +whence he made his escape, with other prisoners, when the jail was burnt +down by the rioters; but both he and his father and Hugh, being betrayed +by Dennis, the hangman, were recaptured, brought to trial, and condemned +to death, but by the influence of <i>Gabriel Varden</i>, the locksmith, the +poor half-witted lad was reprieved, and lived the rest of his life with +his mother in a cottage and garden near the Maypole.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Here he lived, tending the poultry and the cattle, working in a +garden of his own, and helping every one. He was known to every +bird and beast about the place, and had a name for every one. Never +was there a lighter-hearted husbandman, a creature more popular +with young and old, a blither and more happy soul than +Barnaby.—Ch. lxxxii.</p></div> + +<p class="main"><i>Mr. Rudge</i>, the father of Barnaby, supposed to have been murdered the +same night as Mr. Haredale, to whom he was steward. The fact is that +Rudge himself was the murderer both of Mr. Haredale and also of his +faithful servant, to whom the crime was falsely attributed. After the +murder, he was seen by many haunting the locality, and was supposed to +be a ghost. He joined the Gordon rioters when they attacked and burnt to +the ground the house of Mr. Haredale, the son of the murdered man, and +being arrested (ch. lvi.), was sent to Newgate, but made his escape with +the other prisoners when it was burnt down by the rioters. Being +betrayed by Dennis, he was brought to trial for murder, but we are not +told if he was executed (ch. lxxiii.). His name is not mentioned again, +and probably he suffered death.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mrs. [Mary] Rudge</i>, mother of Barnaby, and very like him, “but where +in his face there was wildness and vacancy, in hers there was the +patient composure of long effort and quiet resignation.” She was a +widow. Her husband (steward at the Warren), who murdered his master, Mr. +Haredale, and his servant, told her of his deed of blood a little before +the birth of Barnaby, and the woman’s face ever after inspired terror. +It was thought for many years that Rudge had been murdered in defending +his master, and Mrs. Rudge was allowed a pension by Mr. Haredale, son +and heir of the murdered man. This pension she subsequently refused to +take. After the reprieve of Barnaby, Mrs. Rudge lived with him in a +cottage near the Maypole, and her last days were her happiest. C. +Dickens, <i>Barnaby Rudge</i> (1841).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ru´diger</b>, a wealthy Hun, liegeman of Etzel, sent to conduct Kriemhild to +Hungary. When Günther and his suite went to visit Kriemhild, Rudiger +entertained them all most hospitably, and gave his daughter in marriage +to Giselher (Kriemhild’s brother). In the broil which ensued, Rudiger +was killed fighting against Gernot, but Gernot dropped down dead at the +same moment, “each by the other slain.”—<i>Nibelungen Lied</i> (by the +minnesingers, 1210).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Rudiger</i>, a knight who came to Waldhurst in a boat drawn by a swan. +Margaret fell in love with him. At every tournament he bore off the +prize, and in everything excelled the youths about him. Margaret became +his wife. A child was born. On the christening day, Rudiger carried it +along the banks of the Rhine, and nothing that Margaret said could +prevail on him to go home. Presently, the swan and boat came in sight, +and carried all three to a desolate place, where<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[325]</a></span> was a deep cavern. +Rudiger got on shore, still holding the babe, and Margaret followed. +They reached the cave, two giant arms clasped Rudiger, Margaret sprang +forward and seized the infant, but Rudiger was never seen more.—R. +Southey, <i>Rudiger</i> (a ballad from Thomas Heywood’s notes).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rufus</b> (or <i>the Red</i>), William II. of England (1057, 1087-1100).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rugby</b>, servant to Dr. Caius, in <i>Merry Wives of Windsor</i>, by +Shakespeare.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rugg</b>, (<i>Mr.</i>) a lawyer living at Pentonville. A red-haired man, who wore +a hat with a high crown and narrow brim. Mr. Pancks employed him to +settle the business pertaining to the estate which had long lain +unclaimed, to which Mr. Dorrit was heir-at-law. Mr. Rugg delighted in +legal difficulties as much as a housewife in her jams and preserves.—C. +Dickens, <i>Little Dorrit</i> (1857).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ruggie´ro</b>, a young Saracen knight, born of Christian parents. He fell in +love with Bradamant (sister of Rinaldo), whom he ultimately married. +Ruggiero is especially noted for possessing a hippogriff, or winged +horse, and a shield of such dazzling splendor that it blinded those who +looked on it. He threw away this shield into a well, because it enabled +him to win victory too cheaply.—<i>Orlando <a name="corr138" id="corr138"></a><ins class="correction" title="Innamorato">Innamarato</ins></i> (1495), and +<i>Orlando Furioso</i> (1516).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rukenaw</b> (<i>Dame</i>), the ape’s wife, in the beast-epic called <i>Reynard the +Fox</i> (1498).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rule a Wife and Have a Wife</b>, a comedy by Beaumont and Fletcher (1640). +Donna Margaritta, a lady of great wealth, wishes to marry in order to +mask her intrigues, and seeks for a husband a man without spirit, whom +she can mould to her will. Leon, the brother of Altea, is selected as +the “softest fool in Spain,” and the marriage takes place. After +marriage, Leon shows himself firm, courageous, high-minded, but most +affectionate. He “rules his wife” and her household with a masterly +hand, wins the respect of every one, and the wife, wholly reclaimed, +“loves, honors, and obeys” him.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rumolt</b>, the chief cook of Prince Günther of Burgundy.—<i>Nibelungen +Lied</i>, 800 (1210).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rumpelstilzchen</b> [<i>Rumple.stiltz.skin</i>], an irritable, deformed dwarf. He +aided a miller’s daughter, who had been enjoined by the king to spin +straw into gold; and the condition he made with her for this service, +was that she should give him for wife her first daughter. The miller’s +daughter married the king, and when her first daughter was born, the +mother grieved so bitterly that the dwarf consented to absolve her of +her promise, if, within three days she could find out his name. The +first day passed, but the secret was not discovered; the second passed +with no better success; but on the third day, some of the queen’s +servants heard a strange voice singing:</p> + +<p class="poem">Little dreams my dainty dame<br /> +Rumpelstilzchen is my name.</p> + +<p>The queen, being told thereof, saved her child, and the dwarf killed +himself from rage.—<i>German Popular Stories.</i></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Runa</b>, the dog of Argon and Ruro, sons of Annir, king of Inis-Thona, an +island of Scandinavia.—Ossian, <i>The War of <a name="corr139" id="corr139"></a><ins class="correction" title="Inis-Thona">Inis-Thorna</ins></i>.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[326]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Runners.</b></p> + +<p>1. Iphiclês, son of Phylakos and Klymĕnê. Hesiod says he could run over +ears of corn without bending the stems; and Demarātos says he could run +on the surface of the sea.—<i>Argonauts</i>, i. 60.</p> + +<p>2. Camilla, queen of the Volsci, was so swift of foot that she could run +over standing corn, without bending the ears, and over the sea without +wetting her feet.—Virgil, <i>Æneid</i>, vii. 303; xi. 433.</p> + +<p class="poem">Not so when swift Camilla scours the plain,<br /> +Flies o’er th’ unbending corn, and skims along the main.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Pope.</span></p> + +<p>3. Lădas, the swift runner of King Alexander. He ran so fast that he +never left a foot-print on the ground.</p> + +<p>4. Phidippĭdês, a professional courier, ran from Athens to Sparta (150 +miles) in two days.</p> + +<p>5. Theagĕnês, a native of Thasos, was noted for his swiftness of foot.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> The Greek hemerodromos would run from twenty to thirty-six +leagues in a day.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Runnymede</b>, the <i>nom de plume</i> of Benj. Disraeli, in the <i>Times</i> +(1805-1881).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rupert</b>, <i>i.e.</i> Major Roselheim, the betrothed of Meeta, “the maid of +Mariendorpt.”—S. Knowles, <i>The Maid of Mariendorpt</i> (1838).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Rupert</i> (<i>Prince</i>), in the service of Charles II. Introduced by Sir W. +Scott, in three of his novels.—<i>Woodstock</i>, <i>Legend of Montrose</i>, and +<i>Peveril of the Peak</i>.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Rupert</i> (<i>Sir</i>), in love with Catharine.—S. Knowles, <i>Love</i> (1840).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rupert of Debate.</b> Edward Geoffrey, earl of Derby, when he was Mr. +Stanley, was so called by Lord Lytton (1799-1869).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rupert Clare.</b> Desperate lover, who skates with “handsome Madge” straight +toward the rotten ice. Seeing their danger and his revengeful resolve, +she shrieks out the name of her betrothed who, unknown to her and the +rejected suitor, has followed them. “He hurls himself upon the pair,” +and rescues his affianced.</p> + +<p class="poemquote">“The lovers stand with heart to heart,<br /> +‘No more,’ they cry, ‘no more to <a name="corr140" id="corr140"></a><ins class="correction" title="part!’">part!”</ins><br /> +But still along the lone lagoon<br /> +The steel skates ring a ghostly tune,<br /> +And in the moonlight, pale and cold,<br /> +The panting lovers still behold<br /> +The self-appointed sacrifice<br /> +Skating toward the rotten ice!”<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Fitz-James O’Brien, <i>Poems and Stories</i>.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rush</b> (<i>Friar</i>), a house-spirit, sent from the infernal regions in the +seventeenth century to keep the monks and friars in the same state of +wickedness they then were.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> The legends of this roistering friar are of German origin. +(<i>Bruder Rausch</i> means “Brother Tipple.”)</p> + +<p>Milton confounds “Jack-o’-Lantern” with Friar Rush. The latter was not a +<i>field bogie</i> at all, and was never called “Jack.” Probably Milton meant +<a name="corr141" id="corr141"></a><ins class="correction" title="“a">a</ins> friar with a rush-[light].” Sir Walter Scott also falls into the +same error:</p> + +<p class="poem">Better we had thro’ mire and bush<br /> +Been lantern-led by Friar Rush.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib"><i>Marmion</i> (1808).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rusil´la</b>, mother of Roderick, the last of the Goths, and wife of +Theodofred, rightful heir to the Spanish throne.—Southey, <i>Roderick, +etc.</i> (1814).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rusport</b> (<i>Lady</i>), second wife of Sir Stephen Rusport, a City knight, and +step-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[327]</a></span>mother of Charlotte Rusport. Very proud, very mean, very +dogmatical, and very vain. Without one spark of generosity or loving +charity in her composition. She bribes her lawyer to destroy a will, but +is thwarted in her dishonesty. Lady Rusport has a <i>tendresse</i> for Major +O’Flaherty; but the major discovers the villainy of the old woman, and +escapes from this Scylla.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Charlotte Rusport</i>, step-daughter of Lady Rusport. An amiable, +ingenuous, animated, handsome girl, in love with her cousin, Charles +Dudley, whom she marries.—R. Cumberland, <i>The West Indian</i> (1771).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Russet</b> (<i>Mr.</i>), the choleric old father of Harriot, on whom he dotes. He +is so self-willed that he will not listen to reason, and has set his +mind on his daughter marrying Sir Harry Beagle. She marries, however, +Mr. Oakly.—(See <span class="smcap">Harriot</span>.)—George Colman, <i>The Jealous Wife</i> (1761).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Russian Byron</b> (<i>The</i>), Alexander Sergeiwitch Pushkin (1799-1837).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Russian History</b> (<i>The Father of</i>), Nestor, a monk of Kiev. His +<i>Chronicle</i> includes the years between 862 and 1116 (twelfth century).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Russian Murat</b> (<i>The</i>), Michael Miloradowith (1770-1820).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rust</b> (<i>Martin</i>), an absurd old antiquary. “He likes no coins but those +which have no head on them.” He took a fancy to Juliet, the niece of Sir +Thomas Lofty, but preferred his “Ænēas, his precious relic of Troy,” to +the living beauty; and Juliet preferred Richard Bever to Mr. Rust; so +matters were soon amicably adjusted.—Foote, <i>The Patron</i> (1764).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rustam</b>, chief of the Persian mythical heroes, son of Zâl “the Fair,” +king of India, and regular descendant of Benjamin, the beloved son of +Jacob, the patriarch. He delivered King Caïcāus (4 <i>syl.</i>) from prison, +but afterwards fell into disgrace because he refused to embrace the +religious system of Zoroaster. Caïcaus sent his son, Asfendiar (or +Isfendiar) to convert him, and, as persuasion availed nothing, the logic +of single combat was resorted to. The fight lasted two days, and then +Rustam discovered that Asfendiar bore a “charmed life,” proof against +all wounds. The valor of these two heroes is proverbial, and the Persian +romances are full of their deeds of fight.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Rustam’s Horse</i>, Reksh.—Chardin, <i>Travels</i> (1686-1711).</p> + +<p>In Matthew Arnold’s poem, <i>Sohrab and Rustum</i>, Rustum fights with and +overcomes Sohrab, and finds too late that he has slain his own son.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Rustam</i>, son of Tamur, king of Persia. He had a trial of strength with +Rustam, son of Zâl, which was to pull away from his adversary an iron +ring. The combat was never decided, for Rustam could no more conquer +Rustam than Roland could overcome Oliver.—Chardin, <i>Travels</i> +(1686-1711).</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Rusticuss_Pig" id="Rusticuss_Pig"></a><b>Rusticus’s Pig</b>, the pig on which Rusticus fed daily, but which never +diminished.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Two Christians, travelling in Poland, ... came to the door of +Rustĭcus, a heathen peasant, who had killed a fat hog to celebrate +the birth of a son. The pilgrims, being invited to partake of the +feast, pronounced a blessing on what was left, which <i>never +diminished in size or weight</i> from <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[328]</a></span>that moment, though all the +family fed on it freely every day.—J. Brady, <i>Clavis Calendaria</i>, +183.</p></div> + +<p>This, of course, is a parallelism to Elijah’s miracle (1 <i>Kings</i> xvii. +11-16).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rut</b> (<i>Doctor</i>), in <i>The Magnetic Lady</i>, by Ben Jonson (1632).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ruth</b>, the friend of Arabella, an heiress, and ward of Justice Day. Ruth +also is an orphan, the daughter of Sir Basil Thoroughgood, who died when +she was two years old, leaving Justice Day trustee. Justice Day takes +the estates, and brings up Ruth as his own daughter. Colonel Careless is +her accepted <i>amé de cœur</i>.—T. Knight, <i>The Honest Thieves</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ruthven</b> (<i>Lord</i>), one of the embassy from Queen Elizabeth to Mary Queen +of Scots.—Sir W. Scott, <i>The Abbot</i> (time, Elizabeth).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rutil´io</b>, a merry gentleman, brother of Arnoldo.—Beaumont and Fletcher, +<i>The Custom of the Country</i> (1647).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rutland</b> (<i>The Countess of</i>), wife of the earl of Essex, whom he married +when he started for Ireland. The queen knew not of the marriage, and was +heart-broken when she heard of it.—Henry Jones, <i>The Earl of Essex</i> +(1745).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Rutland</i> (<i>The duchess of</i>), of the court of Queen Elizabeth.—Sir W. +Scott, <i>Kenilworth</i> (time Elizabeth).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rutledge</b> (<i>Archie</i>), constable at Osbaldistone Hall. Sir W. Scott, <i>Rob +Roy</i> (time, George I.).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Rutledge</i> (<i>Job</i>), a smuggler.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Redgauntlet</i> (time, +George III.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rut´terkin</b>, name of a cat, the spirit of a witch, sent at one time to +torment the countess of Rutland (sixteenth century).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ruy´dera</b>, a duenna who had seven daughters and two nieces. They were +imprisoned for 500 years in the cavern of Montesi´nos, in La Mancha, of +Spain. Their ceaseless weeping stirred the compassion of Merlin, who +converted them into lakes in the same province.—Cervantes, <i>Don +Quixote</i>, II. ii. 6 (1615).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ryence</b> (<i>Sir</i>), king of Wales, Ireland, and many of the isles. When +Arthur first mounted the throne, King Ryence, in scorn, sent a messenger +to say “he had purfled a mantel with the beards of kings; but the mantel +lacked one more beard to complete the lining, and he requested Arthur to +send his beard by the messenger, or else he would come and take head and +beard too.” Part of the insolence was in this: Arthur at the time was +too young to have a beard at all; and he made answer, “Tell your master, +my beard at present is all too young for purfling; but I have an arm +quite strong enough to drag him hither, unless he comes without delay to +do me homage.” By the advice of Merlin, the two brothers, Balin and +Balan, set upon the insolent king, on his way to Lady De Vauce, +overthrew him, slew “more than forty of his men, and the remnant fled.” +King Ryence craved for mercy; so “they laid him on a horse-litter, and +sent him captive to King Arthur.”—Sir T. Malory, <i>History of Prince +Arthur</i>, i. 24, 34 (1470).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rymar</b> (<i>Mr. Robert</i>), poet at the Spa.—Sir W. Scott, <i>St. Ronan’s Well</i> +(time, George III.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ryno</b>, youngest of the sons of Fingal, king of Morven. He fell in the +battle<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[329]</a></span> of Lena between the Norsemen led by Swaran and the Irish led by +Fingal.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“Rest!” said Fingal; “youngest of my sons, rest! Rest, O Ryno, on +Lena! We, too, shall be no more. Warriors must one day +fall.”—Ossian, <i>Fingal</i>, v.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ryparog´rapher of Wits</b>, Rabelais (1495-1553).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Greek, <i>rupăros</i> (“foul, nasty”). Pliny calls Pyrĭcus the +painter a “ryparographer.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Rython</b>, a giant of Brittany, slain by King Arthur. (See <a href="#Ritho"><span class="smcap">Ritho</span></a>.)</p> + +<p class="poem">Rython, the mighty giant, slain,<br /> +By his good brand relieved Bretagne.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Sir W. Scott, <i>Bridal of Triermain</i>, ii. 11 (1813).</span></p> + + + +<p class="letterstart"><span class="dropcaps"><span class="hide"><b>S</b></span></span><span class="upper"><b>aadi</b></span> or <span class="smcap"><b>Sadi</b></span>, the Persian poet, called “The Nightingale of a Thousand +Songs.” His poems are <i>The Gulistan</i> or “Garden of Roses,” <i>The Boston</i> +or “Garden of Fruits,” and <i>The Pend Nâmeh</i>, a moral poem. Saadi +(1184-1263) was one of the “Four Monarchs of Eloquence.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Saba</b> or <b>Zaba</b> (<i>The Queen of</i>), called Balkis. She came to the court of +Solomon, and had by him a son named Melech. This queen of Ethiopia or +Abyssinia is sometimes called Maqueda.—Zaga Zabo, <i>Ap. Damian. a Goes.</i></p> + +<p>The <i>Korân</i> (ch. xxvii.) tells us that Solomon summoned before him all +the birds to the valley of ants, but the lapwing did not put in an +appearance. Solomon was angry, and was about to issue an order of death, +when the bird presented itself, saying, “I come from Saba, where I found +a queen reigning in great magnificence, but she and her subjects worship +the sun.” On hearing this, Solomon sent back the lapwing to Saba with a +letter, which the bird was to drop at the foot of the queen, commanding +her to come at once, submit herself unto him, and accept from him the +“true religion.” So she came in great state, with a train of 500 slaves +of each sex, bearing 500 “bricks of solid gold,” a crown, and sundry +other presents.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sabbath-Breakers.</b> The fish of the Red Sea used to come ashore on the eve +of the Sabbath, to tempt the Jews to violate the day of rest. The +offenders at length became so numerous that David, to deter others, +turned the fish into apes.—Jallâlo´ddin.—<i>Al Zamakh.</i></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sabellan Song</b>, incantation. The Sabelli or Samnites were noted for their +magic art and incantations.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sabine</b> (<i>The</i>). Numa, the Sabine, was taught the way to govern by +Egĕrĭe, one of the Camēnæ (prophetic nymphs of ancient Italy). He used +to meet her in a grove, in which was a well, afterwards dedicated by him +to the Camenæ.</p> + +<p class="poem">Our statues—she<br /> +That taught the Sabine how to rule.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Tennyson, <i>The Princess</i>, ii. (1830).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sablonnière</b> (<i>La</i>), the Tuilleries. The word means the “sand-pit.” The +<i>tuilleries</i> means the “tile-works.” Nicolas de Neuville, in the +fifteenth century, built a mansion in the vicinity, which he called the +“Hotel des Tuilleries,” and François I. bought the property for his +mother in 1518.</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[330]</a></span><b>Sabra</b>, daughter of Ptolemy, king of Egypt. She was rescued by St. George +from the hands of a giant, and ultimately married her deliverer. Sabra +had three sons at a birth: Guy, Alexander, and David.</p> + +<p class="poem">Here come I, St. George, the valiant man,<br /> +With naked sword and spear in han’,<br /> +Who fought the dragon and brought him to slaughter,<br /> +And won fair Sabra thus, the king of Egypt’s daughter.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib"><i>Notes and Queries</i>, December 21, 1878.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sabreur</b> (<i>Le Beau</i>), Joachim Murat (1767-1815).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sab´rin</b>, <b>Sabre</b>, or <b>Sabri´na</b>, the Severn, daughter of Locrine (son of +Brute) and his concubine, Estrildis. His queen, Guendolen, vowed +vengeance, and, having assembled an army, made war upon Locrine, who was +slain. Guendolen now assumed the government, and commanded Estrildis and +Sabrin to be cast into a river, since then called the Severn.—Geoffrey +of Monmouth, <i>British History</i>, ii. 5 (1142).</p> + +<p>(An <a name="corr142" id="corr142"></a><ins class="correction" title="exquisite">exqusite</ins> description of Sabine, sitting in state as a queen, +is given in the opening of song v. of Drayton’s <i>Polyolbion</i>, and the +tale of her metamorphosis is recorded at length in song vi. Milton in +<i>Comus</i>, and Fletcher in <i>The Faithful Shepherdess</i>, refer to the +transformation of Sabrina into a <a name="corr143" id="corr143"></a><ins class="correction" title="river.)">river.</ins></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sabrina</b> (<i>Aunt</i>). “Grim old maid in rusty bombazine gown and cap,” whose +strongest passion is family pride in the old homestead and farm which +“her grandfather, a revolted cobbler from Rhode Island, had cleared and +paid for at ten cents an acre.”—Harold Frederic, <i>Seth’s Brother’s +Wife</i> (1886).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sabrinian Sea</b> or <i>Severn Sea</i>, <i>i.e.</i> the Bristol Channel. Both terms +occur not unfrequently in Drayton’s <i>Polyolbion</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sacchini</b> (<i>Antonio Maria Gaspare</i>), called “The Racine of Music,” +contemporary with Glück and Piccini (1735-1786).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sacharissa.</b> So Waller calls the Lady Dorothea Sidney, eldest daughter of +the earl of Leicester, to whose hand he aspired. Sacharissa married the +earl of Sunderland. (Greek, <i>sakchar</i>, “sugar.”)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sackbut</b>, the landlord of a tavern, in Mrs. Centlivre’s comedy, <i>A Bold +Stroke for a Wife</i> (1717).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sackingen</b> (<i>The Trumpeter of</i>). Werner, a trumpeter, discourses such +divine music upon his instrument as gains him access to a baronial +castle, the good-will of the baron and the love of Margaret, the baron’s +daughter.—Victor Hugo, <i>The Trumpeter of Sackingen</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sacred Nine</b> (<i>The</i>), the Muses, nine in number.</p> + +<p class="poem">Fair daughters of the Sun, the Sacred Nine,<br /> +Here wake to ecstasy their harps divine.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Falconer, <i>The Shipwreck</i>, iii. 3 (1756).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sacred War</b> (<i>The</i>), a war undertaken by the Amphictyonic League for the +defence of Delphi, against the Cirrhæans (<span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 595-587).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>The Sacred War</i>, a war undertaken by the Athenians for the purpose of +restoring Delphi to the Phocians (<span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 448-447).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>The Sacred War</i>, a war undertaken by Philip of Macedon, as chief of the +Amphictyonic League, for the purpose of wresting Delphi from the +Phocians (<span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 357).</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[331]</a></span><b>Sa´cripant</b> (<i>King</i>), king of Circassia, and a lover of +Angelica.—Bojardo, <i>Orlando Innamorato</i> (1495); Ariosto, <i>Orlando +Furioso</i> (1516).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>With the same stratagem, Sacripant had his steed stolen from under +him, by that notorious thief Brunello, at the siege of +Albracca.—Cervantes, <i>Don Quixote</i>, I. iii. 9 (1605).</p></div> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> The allusion is to Sancho Panza’s ass, which was stolen from +under him by the galley-slave, Gines de Passamonte.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Sacripant</i>, a false, noisy, hectoring braggart; a kind of Pistol or +Bobadil.—Tasso, <i>Secchia Rapita</i> (<i>i.e.</i> “Rape of the Bucket”).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sa´dak and Kalasra´de</b> (4 <i>syl.</i>), Sadak, general of the forces of +Am´urath, sultan of Turkey, lived with Kalasradê in retirement, and +their home life was so happy that it aroused the jealousy of the sultan, +who employed emissaries to set fire to their house, carry off Kalasradê +to the seraglio, and seize the children. Sadak, not knowing who were the +agents of these evils, laid his complaint before Amurath, and then +learnt that Kalasradê was in the seraglio. The sultan swore not to force +his love upon her till she had drowned the recollections of her past +life by a draught of the waters of oblivion. Sadak was sent on this +expedition. On his return, Amurath seized the goblet, and, quaffing its +contents, found “that the waters of oblivion were the waters of death.” +He died, and Sadak was made sultan in his stead.—J. Ridley, <i>Tales of +the Genii</i> (“Sadak and Kalasradê,” ix. 1751).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sadaroubay.</b> So Eve is called in Indian mythology.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Saddletree</b> (<i>Mr. Bartoline</i>), the learned saddler.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mrs. Saddletree</i>, the wife of Bartoline.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Heart of +Midlothian</i> (time, George II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sadha-Sing</b>, the mourner of the desert.—Sir W. Scott, <i>The Surgeon’s +Daughter</i> (time, George II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sæmund Sigfusson</b>, surnamed “the Wise,” an Icelandic priest and scald. He +compiled the <i>Elder</i> or <i>Rythmical Edda</i>, often called <i>Sæmund’s Edda</i>. +This compilation contains not only mythological tales and moral +sentences, but numerous sagas in verse or heroic lays, as those of +Völung and Helgê, of Sigurd and Brynhilda, of Folsungs and Niflungs (pt. +ii.). Probably his compilation contained all the mythological, heroic, +and legendary lays extant at the period in which he lived (1054-1133).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Saga</b>, the goddess of history.—<i>Scandinavian Mythology.</i></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Saga and Edda.</b> The <i>Edda</i> is the Bible of the ancient Scandinavians. A +saga is a book of instruction, generally, but not always, in the form of +a tale, like a Welsh “mabinogi.” In the <i>Edda</i> there are numerous sagas. +As our Bible contains the history of the Jews, religious songs, moral +proverbs, and religious stories, so the <i>Edda</i> contained the history of +Norway, religious songs, a book of proverbs, and numerous stories. The +original <i>Edda</i> was compiled and edited by Sæmund Sigfusson, an +Icelandic priest and scald, in the eleventh century. It contains +twenty-eight parts or books, all of which are in verse.</p> + +<p>Two hundred years later, Snorro Sturleson, of Iceland, abridged, +re-arranged, and reduced to prose the <i>Edda</i>, giving the various parts a +kind of dramatic form,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[332]</a></span> like the dialogues of Plato. It then became +needful to distinguish these two works; so the old poetical compilation +is the <i>Elder</i> or <i>Rythmical Edda</i>, and sometimes the <i>Sæmund Edda</i>, +while the more modern work is called the <i>Younger</i> or <i>Prose Edda</i>, and +sometimes the <i>Snorro Edda</i>. The <i>Younger Edda</i> is, however, partly +original. Pt. i. is the old <i>Edda</i> reduced to prose, but pt. ii. is +Sturleson’s own collection. This part contains “The Discourse of Bragi” +(the scald of the gods) on the origin of poetry; and here, too, we find +the famous story called by the Germans the <i>Nibelungen Lied</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sagas.</b> Besides the sagas contained in the <i>Eddas</i>, there are numerous +others. Indeed, the whole saga literature extends over 200 volumes.</p> + +<p>I. <span class="smcap">The Edda Sagas.</span> The <i>Edda</i> is divided into two parts and twenty-eight +lays or poetical sagas. The first part relates to the gods and heroes of +Scandinavia, creation, and the early history of Norway. The Scandinavian +“Books of Genesis” are the “Voluspa Saga,” or “prophecy of Vola” (about +230 verses), “Vafthrudner’s Saga,” and “Grimner’s Saga.” These three +resemble the Sibylline books of ancient Rome, and give a description of +chaos, the formation of the world, the creation of all animals +(including dwarfs, giants and fairies), the general conflagration, and +the renewal of the world, when, like the new Jerusalem, it will appear +all glorious, and there shall in no wise enter therein “anything that +defileth, neither whatsoever worketh abomination, or maketh a lie.”</p> + +<p>The “Book of Proverbs” in the <i>Edda</i> is called the “Hâvamâl Saga,” and +sometimes “The High Song of Odin.”</p> + +<p>The “Völsunga Saga” is a collection of lays about the early Teutonic +heroes.</p> + +<p>The “Saga of St. Olaf” is the history of this Norwegian king. He was a +savage tyrant, hated by his subjects, but because he aided the priests +in forcing Christianity on his subjects, he was canonized.</p> + +<p>The other sagas in the <i>Edda</i> are “The Song of Lodbrok” or “Lodbrog,” +“Hervara Saga,” the “Vilkina Saga,” the “Blomsturvalla Saga,” the +“Ynglinga Saga” (all relating to Norway), the “Jomsvikingia Saga,” and +the “Knytlinga Saga” (which pertain to Denmark), the “Sturlunga Saga,” +and the “Eryrbiggia Saga” (which pertain to Iceland). All the above were +compiled and edited by Sæmund Sigfusson, and are in verse; but Snorro +Sturleson reduced them to prose in his prose version of the old <i>Edda</i>.</p> + +<p>II. <span class="smcap">Sagas not in the Edda.</span> Snorro Sturleson, at the close of the twelfth +century, made the second great collection of chronicles in verse, called +the <i>Heimskringla Saga</i>, or the book of the kings of Norway, from the +remotest period to the year 1177. This is a most valuable record of the +laws, customs, and manners of the ancient Scandinavians. Samuel Laing +published his English translation of it in 1844.</p> + +<p>1. <i>The Icelandic Sagas.</i> Besides the two Icelandic sagas collected by +Sæmund Sigfusson, numerous others were subsequently embodied in the +<i>Landama Bok</i>, set on foot by Ari hinn Frondê, and continued by various +hands.</p> + +<p>2. <i>Frithjof’s Saga</i> contains the life <a name="corr144" id="corr144"></a><ins class="correction" title="and">and and</ins> adventures of Frithjof, +of Iceland, who fell in love with Ingeborg, the beautiful wife of Hring, +king of Norway. On the death of Hring, the young widow marries her +Icelandic lover. Frithjof lived in the eighth century, and this saga was +compiled at the beginning of the fourteenth century, a year or two after +the <i>Heimskringla</i>. It is very interesting, because<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[333]</a></span> Tegnér, the Swedish +poet, has selected it for his <i>Idylls</i> (1825), just as Tennyson has +taken his idyllic stories from the <i>Morte d’Arthur</i> or the Welsh +<i>Mabinogion</i>. Tegnér’s <i>Idylls</i> were translated into English by Latham +(1838), by Stephens (1841), and by Blackley (1857).</p> + +<p>3. <i>The Swedish Saga</i>, or lay of Swedish “history,” is the <i>Ingvars +Saga</i>.</p> + +<p>4. <i>The Russian Saga</i>, or lay of Russian legendary history, is the +<i>Egmunds Saga</i>.</p> + +<p>5. <i>The Folks-Sagas</i> are stories of romance. From this ancient +collection we have derived our nursery tales of <i>Jack and the +Bean-Stalk</i>, <i>Jack the Giant-Killer</i>, the <i>Giant who smelt the Blood of +an Englishman</i>, <i>Blue Beard</i>, <i>Cinderella</i>, the <i>Little Old Woman cut +Shorter</i>, the <i>Pig that wouldn’t go over the Bridge</i>, <i>Puss in Boots</i>, +and even the first sketches of <i>Whittington and His Cat</i>, and <i>Baron +Munchausen</i>. (See Dasent, <i>Tales from the Norse</i>, 1859.)</p> + +<p>6. <i>Sagas of Foreign origin.</i> Besides the rich stores of original tales, +several foreign ones have been imported and translated into Norse, such +as <i>Barlaham and Josaphat</i>, by Rudolph of Ems, one of the German +minnesingers. On the other hand, the minnesingers borrowed from the +Norse sagas their famous story embodied in the <i>Nibelungen Lied</i>, called +the “German <i>Iliad</i>,” which is from the second part of Snorro +Sturleson’s <i>Edda</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sagaman</b>, a narrator of sagas. These ancient chroniclers differed from +scalds in several respects. Scalds were minstrels, who celebrated in +verse the exploits of living kings or national heroes; sagamen were +tellers of legendary stories, either in prose or verse, like +Scheherazādê, the narrator of the <i>Arabian Nights</i>, the mandarin, +Fum-Hoam, the teller of the <i>Chinese Tales</i>, Moradbak, the teller of the +<i>Oriental Tales</i>, Ferămorz, who told the tales to Lalla Rookh, and so +on. Again, scalds resided at court, were attached to the royal suite, +and followed the king in all his expeditions; but sagamen were free and +unattached, and told their tales to prince or peasant, in lordly hall or +at village wake.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sage of Concord</b> (<i>The</i>), Ralph Waldo Emerson, author of <i>Literary +Ethics</i> (1838), <i>Poems</i> (1846), <i>Representative Men</i> (1850), <i>English +Traits</i> (1856), and numerous other works (1803-1882).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In Mr. Emerson we have a poet and a profoundly religious man, who +is really and entirely undaunted by the discoveries of science, +past, present or prospective. In his case, poetry, with the joy of +a Bacchanal, takes her graver brother, science, by the hand, and +cheers him with immortal laughter. By Emerson scientific +conceptions are continually transmuted into the finer forms and +warmer lines of an ideal world.—Professor Tyndall, <i>Fragments of +Science</i>.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sage of Monticello</b> (<i>The</i>), Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the +United States, whose country seat was at Monticello.</p> + +<p class="poem">As from the grave where Henry sleeps,<br /> +<span class="i1">From Vernon’s weeping willow,</span><br /> +And from the grassy pall which hides<br /> +<span class="i1">The Sage of Monticello ...</span><br /> +Virginia, o’er thy land of slaves<br /> +<span class="i1">A warning voice is swelling.</span><br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Whittier, <i>Voices of Freedom</i> (1836).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sage of Samos</b> (<i>The</i>), Pythagŏras, a native of Samos (<span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 584-506).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sages</b> (<i>The Seven</i>). (See <a href="#Seven_Wise_Men_of_Greece"><span class="smcap">Seven Wise Men of Greece</span></a>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sag´ittary</b>, a monster, half man and half beast, described as “a terrible +archer, who neighs like a horse, and with eyes of fire which strike men +dead like lightning.” Any deadly shot is a sagittary.—Guido delle +Colonna (thirteenth century), <i>Historia<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[334]</a></span> Troyana Prosayce Composita</i> +(translated by Lydgate).</p> + +<p class="poem">The dreadful Sagittary,<br /> +Appals our numbers.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Shakespeare, <i>Troilus and Cressida</i> (1602).</span></p> + +<p>(See also <i>Othello</i>, act i. sc. 1, 3. The barrack is so called from the +figure of an archer over the door.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sagramour le De´sirus</b>, a knight of the Round Table.—See <i>Launcelot du +Lac</i> and <a href="#Morte_dArthur"><i>Morte d’Arthur</i></a>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sailor King</b> (<i>The</i>), William IV. of Great Britain (1765, 1830-1837).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Saint</b> (<i>The</i>), Kang-he, of China, who assumed the name of Chin-tsou-jin +(1653, 1661-1722).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>St. Aldobrand</b>, the noble husband of Lady Imogine, murdered by Count +Bertram, her quondam lover.—C. Maturin, <i>Bertram</i> (1816).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>St. Alme</b> (<i>Captain</i>), son of Darlemont, a merchant, guardian of Julio, +count of Harancour. He pays his addresses to Marianne Franval, to whom +he is ultimately married. Captain St. Alme is generous, high-spirited, +and noble-minded.—Thomas Holcroft, <i>The Deaf and Dumb</i> (1785).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>St. Andre</b>, a fashionable dancing-master in the reign of Charles II.</p> + +<p class="poem">St. Andre’s feet ne’er kept more equal time.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Dryden, <i>MacFlecknoe</i> (1682).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>St. Asaph</b> (<i>The dean of</i>), in the court of Queen Elizabeth.—Sir W. +Scott, <i>Kenilworth</i> (1821).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>St. Basil Outwits the Devil.</b> (See <a href="#Sinner_Saved"><span class="smcap">Sinner Saved</span></a>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>St. Botolph</b> (<i>The Prior of</i>). Sir W. Scott, <i>Ivanhoe</i> (time, Richard +I.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>St. Cecili</b>, <b>Cecily</b>, or <b>Cecile</b> (2 <i>syl.</i>), the daughter of noble Roman +parents, and a Christian. She married Valirian. One day, she told her +husband she had “an aungel ... that with gret love, wher so I wake or +slepe, is redy ay my body for to kepe.” Valirian requested to see this +angel, and Cecile told him he must first go to St. Urban, and, being +purged by him “fro synne, than [<i>then</i>] schul ye see that aungel.” +Valirian was accordingly “cristened” by St. Urban, returned home, and +found the angel with two crowns, brought direct from paradise. One he +gave to Cecile and one to Valirian, saying that “bothe with the palme of +martirdom schullen come unto God’s blisful feste.” Valirian suffered +martydom first; then Almachius, the Roman prefect, commanded his +officers to “brenne Cecile in a bath of flammês red.” She remained in +the bath all day and night, yet, “sat she cold, and felte of it no woe.” +Then smote they her three strokes upon the neck, but could not smite her +head off. She lingered on for three whole days, preaching and teaching, +and then died. St. Urban buried her body privately by night, and the +house he converted into a church, which he called the church of +Cecily.—Chaucer, <i>Canterbury Tales</i> (“The Second Nun’s Tale,” 1388).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>St. Christopher</b>, a native of Lycia, very tall, and fearful to look at. +He was so proud of his strength that he resolved to serve only the +mightiest, and went in search of a worthy master. He first entered the +service of the emperor; but one day, seeing his master cross himself for +fear of the devil, he quitted his service for that of Satan. This new +master he found<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[335]</a></span> was thrown into alarm at the sight of a cross; so he +quitted him also, and went in search of the Saviour. One day, near a +ferry, a little child accosted him, and begged the giant to carry him +across the water. Christopher put the child on his back, but found every +step he took the child grew heavier and heavier, till the burden was +more than he could bear. As he sank beneath his load, the child told the +giant he was Christ, and Christopher resolved to serve Christ and Him +alone. He died three days afterwards, and was canonized. The Greek and +Latin churches look on him as the protecting saint against floods, fire, +and earthquake.—James de Voragine, <i>Golden Legends</i>, 100 (thirteenth +century).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> His body is said to be at Valencia, in Spain; one of his arms +at Compostella; a jaw-bone at Astorga; a shoulder at St. Peter’s, in +Rome; and a tooth and rib at Venice. His day is May 9 in the Greek +Church, and July 25 in the Latin. Of course, “the Christ-bearer” is an +allegory. The gigantic bones called his relics may serve for “matters of +faith” to give reality to the fable.</p> + +<p>(His name before conversion was Offĕrus, but after he carried Christ +across the ford, it was called Christ-Offerus, shortened into +Christopher, which means “the Christ-bearer.”)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>St. Clare</b> (<i>Augustin</i>), the kind, indulgent master of Uncle Tom. He was +beloved by all his slaves.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Evangeline St. Clare</i>, daughter of Mr. St. Clare. Evangeline was the +good angel of the family, and was adored by Uncle Tom.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Miss Ophelia St. Clare</i>, sister of Augustin.—Mrs. Harriet Beecher +Stowe, <i>Uncle Tom’s Cabin</i> (1852).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>St. Distaff</b>, an imaginary saint to whom January 7, or Twelfth Day is +consecrated.</p> + +<p class="poem">Partly worke and partly play<br /> +You must on St. Distaff’s Day;<br /> +Give St. Distaff all the right,<br /> +Then give Christmas sport good night.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib"><i>Wit Asporting in a Pleasant Grove of New Fancies</i> (1657).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>St. Filume´na</b> or <span class="smcap">Filomena</span>, a new saint of the Latin Church. Sabateli has +a picture of this nineteenth-century saint, representing her as hovering +over a group of sick and maimed, who are healed by her intercession. In +1802 a grave was found in the cemetery of St. Priscilla, and near it +three tiles, with these words in red letters.</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="20" summary="St. Filumena's tiles"> +<tr> + <td class="bbox">LUMENA</td> + <td class="bbox">PAXTE</td> + <td class="bbox">CVMFI</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>A re-arrangement of the tiles made the inscription, <span class="smcap">Pax Te-cum, +Fi-lumena</span>. That this was the correct rendering is quite certain, for the +virgin martyr herself told a priest and a nun in a dream, that she was +Fi[lia] Lumina, the daughter Lumina, <i>i.e.</i> the daughter of the Light of +the world. In confirmation of this dream, as her bones were carried to +Mugnano, the saint repaired her own skeleton, made her hair grow, and +performed so many miracles, that those must indeed be hard of belief who +can doubt the truth of the story.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>St. George</b> is the national saint of England, in consequence of the +miraculous assistance rendered by him, to the arms of the Christians +under Godfrey de Bouillon during the first crusade.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>St. George’s Sword</i>, Askelon.</p> + +<p class="poem">George he shaved the dragon’s beard,<br /> +<span class="i1">And Askelon was his razor.</span><br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Percy’s <i>Reliques</i>, III. iii. 15.</span></p> + +<p class="main"><i>St. George</i> (<i>Le chevalier de</i>), James Fran<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[336]</a></span>cis Edward Stuart, called +“The Old (or <i>elder</i>) Pretender” (1688-1766).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>St. Graal.</b> (See <a href="#Sangraal"><span class="smcap">Sangraal</span></a>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>St. Leon</b>, the hero of a novel of the same name, by W. Goodwin (1799). +St. Leon becomes possessed of the “elixir of life,” and of the +“philosopher’s stone;” but this knowledge, instead of bringing him +wealth and happiness, is the source of misery and endless misfortunes.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Saint Maur</b>, one of the attendants of Sir Reginald Front de Bœuf (a +follower of Prince John).—Sir W. Scott, <i>Ivanhoe</i> (time, Richard I.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>St. Nicholas</b>, the patron saint of boys. He is said to have been bishop +of Myra, in Lycia, and his death is placed in the year 326.</p> + +<p>Under his triple names of <i>St. Nicholas</i>, <i>Santa Claus</i> and <i>Kriss +Kringle</i>, he fills good children’s stockings on Christmas Eve. Clement +C. Moore has made the annual visit of this saint “in a miniature sleigh +drawn by eight tiny reindeer,” the subject of his famous nursery poem +beginning:</p> + +<p class="poemquote">“’Twas the night before Christmas, and all through the house,<br /> +Not a creature was stirring, not even a mouse.”<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">(1844).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>St. Prieux</b>, the <i>amant</i> of Julie, in Rousseau’s novel entitled <i>Julie</i> +ou <i>La Nouvelle Héloïse</i> (1760).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>St. Ronan’s Well</b>, a novel by Sir W. Scott (1823). An inferior work; but +it contains the character of Meg Dods, of the Clachan or Mowbray Arms +inn, one of the very best low comic characters in the whole range of +fiction.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>St. Stephen’s Chapel</b>, properly the House of Commons, but sometimes +applied to the two Houses of Parliament. So called by a figure of speech +from St. Stephen’s Chapel, built by King Stephen, rebuilt by Edward II. +and III., and finally destroyed by fire in 1834. St. Stephen’s Chapel +was fitted up for the use of the House of Commons in the reign of Edward +IV. The great council of the nation met before in the chapel-house of +the abbey.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>St. Swithin</b>, tutor of King Alfred, and bishop of Winchester. The monks +wished to bury him in the chancel of the minster; but the bishop had +directed that his body should be interred under the open vault of +heaven. Finding the monks resolved to disobey his injunction, he sent a +heavy rain on July 15, the day assigned to the funeral ceremony, in +consequence of which it was deferred from day to day for forty days. The +monks then bethought them of the saint’s injunction, and prepared to +inter the body in the churchyard. St. Swithin smiled his approbation by +sending a beautiful sunshiny day, in which all the robes of the +<a name="corr145" id="corr145"></a><ins class="correction" title="hierarchy">heirarchy</ins> might be displayed without the least fear of being +injured by untimely and untoward showers.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Saints</b> (<i>Island of</i>), Ireland.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Saints</i> (<i>Royal</i>).</p> + +<p>David of Scotland (*, 1124-1153).</p> + +<p>Edward the Confessor (1004, 1042-1066).</p> + +<p>Edward the Martyr (961, 975-979).</p> + +<p>Eric IX. of Sweden (*, 1155-1161).</p> + +<p>Ethelred I., king of Wessex (*, 866-871).</p> + +<p>Eugenius I., pope (*, 654-657).</p> + +<p>Felix I., pope (*, 269-274).</p> + +<p>Ferdinand III. of Castile and Leon (1200, 1217-1252).</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[337]</a></span>Julius I., pope (*, 337-352).</p> + +<p>Kâng-he, second of the Manchoo dynasty of China (*, 1661-1722).</p> + +<p>Lawrence Justiniani, patriarch of Venice (1380, 1451-1465).</p> + +<p>Leo IX., pope (1002, 1049-1054).</p> + +<p>Louis IX. of France (1215, 1226-1270).</p> + +<p>Olaus II. of Norway (992, 1000-1030).</p> + +<p>Stephen I. of Hungary (979, 997-1038).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Saints for Diseases.</b> These saints either ward off ills or help to +relieve them, and should be invoked by those who trust their power:—</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ague.</span> St. Pernel cures.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Bad Dreams.</span> St. Christopher protects from.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Blear Eyes.</span> St. Otilic cures.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Blindness.</span> St. Thomas à Becket cures.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Boils</span> and <span class="smcap">Blains.</span> St. Rooke cures.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Chastity.</span> St. Susan protects.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Children’s Diseases</span> (<i>All</i>). St Blaise heals; and all cattle diseases. +The bread consecrated on his day (February 3) and called “the +Benediction of St. Blaise,” should have been tried in the recent cattle +plague.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cholera.</span> Oola Beebee is invoked by the Hindûs in this malady.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Colic.</span> St. Erasmus relieves.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dancing Mania.</span> St. Vitus cures.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Defilement.</span> St. Susan preserves from.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Discovery of Lost Goods.</span> St. Ethelbert and St Elian.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Doubts.</span> St. Catherine resolves.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dying.</span> St. Barbara relieves.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Epilepsy.</span> St. Valentine cures.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Fire.</span> St. Agatha protects from it, but St. Florian should be invoked if +it has already broken out.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Flood</span>, <span class="smcap">Fire</span>, and <span class="smcap">Earthquake</span>. St. Christopher saves from.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Gout.</span> St. Wolfgang, they say, is of more service than Blair’s pills.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Gripes.</span> St. Erasmus cures.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Idiocy.</span> St. Gildas is the guardian angel of idiots.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Infamy.</span> St. Susan protects from.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Infection.</span> St. Roque protects from.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Leprosy.</span> St. Lazarus, the beggar.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Madness.</span> St. Dymphna cures.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mice</span> and <span class="smcap">Rats</span>. St. Gertrude and St. Huldrick ward them off.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Night Alarms.</span> St. Christopher protects from.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Plague.</span> St. Roch, they say, in this case is better than the “good bishop +of Marseilles.”</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Quenching Fire.</span> St. Florian and St. Christopher should not be forgotten +by fire-insurance companies.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Quinsy.</span> St. Blaise will cure it sooner than tartarized antimony.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Riches.</span> St. Anne and St. Vincent help those who seek it. Gold-diggers +should ask them for nuggets.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Scabs.</span> St. Rooke cures.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Small-pox.</span> St. Martin of Tours may be tried by those objecting to +vaccination. In Hindûstan, Seetla wards it off.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sudden Death.</span> St. Martin saves from.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Temperance.</span> Father Mathew is called “The Apostle of Temperance” +(1790-1856).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Tooth-ache.</span> St. Appolline cures better than creosote.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Vermin-destroyers.</span> St. Gertude and St. Huldrick.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Wealth-bestower.</span> St. Anne, recommended to the sultan.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Saints of Places.</b> The following are the patron saints of the cities, +nations, or places set down:—</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Aberdeen</span>, St. Nicholas (died 342). His day is December 6.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Abyssinia</span>, St. Frumentius (died 360). His day is October 27.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Alexandria</span>, St. Mark, who founded the church there (died <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 52). His +day is April 25th.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Alps</span> (<i>The</i>), Felix Neff (1798-1829).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Antioch</span>, St. Margaret (died 275). Her day is July 20.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ardennes</span> (<i>The</i>), St. Hubert (656-730). He is called “The Apostles of +the Ardennes.” His days are May 30 and November 3d.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Armenia</span>, St. Gregory of Armenia (256-331). His day is September 30.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Bath</span>, St. David, from whose benediction the waters of Bath received +their warmth and medicinal qualities (480-544). His day is March 1.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Beauvais</span>, St. Lucian (died 290), called “The Apostle of Beauvais.” His +day is January 8.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Belgium</span>, St. Boniface (680-755). His day is on June 5.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Bohemia</span>, St. Wenceslaus.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[338]</a></span><span class="smcap">Brussels</span>, the Virgin Mary; St. Gudule, who died 712. St. Gudule’s day is +January 8.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cagliari</span> (in Sardinia), St. Efisio or St. Ephesus.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cappadocia</span>, St. Matthias (died <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 62). His day is February 24.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Carthage</span>, St. Perpetua (died 203). Her day is March 7.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cologne</span>, St. Ursula (died 452). Her day is October 21.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Corfu</span>, St. Spiridion (fourth century). His day is December 14.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cremona</span>, St. Margaret (died 275). Her day is July 20.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Denmark</span>, St. Anscharius (801-864), whose day is February 3; and St. +Canute (died 1086), whose day is January 19.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Edinburgh</span>, St. Giles (died 550). His day is September 1.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">England</span>, St. George (died 290). St. Bede calls Gregory the Great “The +Apostle of England,” but St. Augustin was “The Apostle of the English +People” (died 607). St. George’s day is April 23.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ethiopia</span>, St. Frumentius (died 360). His day is October 27.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Flanders</span>, St. Peter (died 66). His day is June 29.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Florence</span>, St. John the Baptist (died <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 32). His days are June 24 and +August 29.</p> + +<p><i>Forests</i>, St. Sylvester, because <i>silva</i>, in Latin, means “a wood.” His +day is June 20.</p> + +<p><i>Forts</i>, St. Barbara (died 335). Her day is December 4.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">France</span>, St. Denys (died 272). His day is October 9. St. Remi is called +“The Great Apostle of the French” (439-535). His day is October 1.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Franconia</span>, St. Kilian (died 689). His day is July 8.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Friseland</span>, St. Wilbrod or Willibrod (657-738), called “The Apostle of +the Frisians.” His day is November 7.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Gaul</span>, St. Irenæus (130-200), whose day is June 28; and St. Martin +(316-397), whose day is November 12; St. Denys is called “The Apostle of +the Gauls.”</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Genoa</span>, St. George of Cappadocia. His day is April 23.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Gentiles.</span> St. Paul was “The Apostle of the Gentiles” (died <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 66). His +days are January 25 and June 29.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Georgia</span>, St. Nino, whose day is September 16.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Germany</span>, St. Boniface, “Apostles of the Germans” (680-755), whose day is +June 5; and St. Martin (316-397), whose day is November 11. (St. +Boniface was called Winfred till Gregory II. changed the name.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Glasgow</span>, St. Mungo, also called Kentigern (514-601).</p> + +<p><i>Groves</i>, St. Sylvester, because <i>silva</i>, in Latin, means “a wood.” His +day is June 20.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Highlanders</span>, St. Columb (521-597). His day is June 9.</p> + +<p><i>Hills</i>, St. Barbara (died 335). Her day is December 4.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Holland</span>, the Virgin Mary. Her days are: her <i>Nativity</i>, November 21; +<i>Visitation</i>, July 2; <i>Conception</i>, December 8; <i>Purification</i>, February +2; <i>Assumption</i>, August 15.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hungary</span>, St. Louis; Mary of Aquisgrana (<i>Aix-la-Chapelle</i>); and St. +Anastatius (died 628), whose day is January 22.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">India</span>, St. Bartolomé de las Casas <a name="corr146" id="corr146"></a><ins class="correction" title="(1474-1566);">(1474-1566):</ins> the Rev. J. Eliot +(1603-1690); and Francis Xavier (1506-1552), called “The Apostle of the +Indians,” whose day is December 4.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ireland</span>, St. Patrick (372-493). His day is March 17. (Some give his +birth 387, and some his death 495).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Italy</span>, St. Anthony (251-356). His day is January 17.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lapland</span>, St. Nicholas (died 342). His day is December 6.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lichfield</span>, St. Chad, who lived there (died 672). His day is March 2.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Liege</span>, St. Albert (died 1195). His day is November 21.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lisbon</span>, St. Vincent (died 304). His translation to Lisbon is kept +September 15.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">London</span>, St. Paul, whose day is January 25; and St. Michael, whose day is +September 29.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Moscow</span>, St. Nicholas (died 342). His day is December 6.</p> + +<p><i>Mountains</i>, St. Barbara (died 335). Her day is December 4.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Naples</span>, St. Januarius (died 291), whose day is September 19; and St. +Thomas Aquīnas (1227-1274), whose days are March 7 and July 18.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Netherlands</span>, St. Armand (589-679).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">North</span> (<i>The</i>), St. Ansgar (801-864), and Bernard Gilpin (1517-1583). <span class="smcap"> +Norway</span>, St. Anscharius, called “The Apostle of the North” (801-864), +whose day is February 3; and St. Olaus (992, 1000-1030).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Oxford</span>, St. Frideswide.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Padua</span>, St. Justina, whose day is October 7; and St. Anthony (1195-1231), +whose day is June 13.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Paris</span>, St. Geneviève (419-512). Her day is January 3.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[339]</a></span><span class="smcap">Peak</span> (<i>The</i>), Derbyshire, W. Bagshaw (1628-1702).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Picts</span> (<i>The</i>), St. Ninian (fourth century), whose day is September 16; +and St. Columb (521-597), whose day is June 9.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pisa</span>, San Ranieri.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Poitiers</span>, St. Hilary (300-367). His day is January 14.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Poland</span>, St. Hedviga (1174-1243), whose day is October 15; and St. +Stanislaus (died 1078), whose day is May 7.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Portugal</span>, St. Sebastian (250-288). His day is January 20.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Prussia</span>, St. Andrew, whose day is November 30; and St. Albert (died +1195), whose day is November 21.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Rochester</span>, St. Paulīnus (353-431). His day is June 22.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Rome</span>, St. Peter and St. Paul. Both died on the same day of the month, +June 29. The old tutelar deity was Mars.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Russia</span>, St. Nicholas, St. Andrew, St. George, and the Virgin Mary.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Saragossa</span>, St. Vincent, where he was born (died 304). His day is January +22.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sardinia</span>, Mary the Virgin. Her days are: <i>Nativity</i>, November 21; +<i>Visitation</i>, July 2; <i>Conception</i>, December 8; <i>Purification</i>, February +2; <i>Assumption</i>, August 15.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Scotland</span>, St. Andrew, because his remains were brought by Regulus into +Fifeshire in 368. His day is November 30.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sebastia</span> (in Armenia), St. Blaise (died 316). His day is February 3.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sicily</span>, St. Agatha, where she was born (died <a name="corr147" id="corr147"></a><ins class="correction" title="251).">251.</ins> Her day is +February 5. The old tutelar deity was Cerês.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Silesia</span>, St. Hedviga, also called Avoye (1174-1243). His day is October +15.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Slaves</span> or <span class="smcap">Slavi</span>, St. Cyril, called “The Apostle of the Slavi” (died +868). His day is February 14.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Spain</span>, St. James the Greater (died <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 44). His day is July 24.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sweden</span>, St. Anscharius, St John, and St. Eric IX. (reigned 1155-1161).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Switzerland</span>, St. Gall (died 646). His day is October 16.</p> + +<p><i>Valleys</i>, St. Agatha (died 251). Her day is February 5.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Venice</span>, St. Mark, who was buried there. His day is April 25. St. +Pantaleon, whose day is July 27; and St. Lawrence Justiniani +(1380-1465).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Vienna</span>, St. Stephen (died <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 34). His day is December 26.</p> + +<p><i>Vineyards</i>, St. Urban (died 230). His day is May 25.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Wales</span>, St. David, uncle of King Arthur (died 544). His day is March 1.</p> + +<p><i>Woods</i>, St. Silvester, because <i>silva</i>, in Latin, means “a wood.” His +day is June 20.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Yorkshire</span>, St. Paulīnus (353-431). His day is June 22.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Saints for Special Classes of Persons</b>, such as tradesmen, children, +wives, idiots, students, etc.:—</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Archers</span>, St. Sebastian, because he was shot by them.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Armorers</span>, St. George of Cappadocia.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Artists</span> and the <span class="smcap">Arts</span>, St. Agatha; but St. Luke is the patron of +painters, being himself one.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Bakers</span>, St. Winifred, who followed the trade.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Barbers</span>, St. Louis.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Barren Women</span>. St. Margaret befriends them.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Beggars</span>, St. Giles. Hence the outskirts of cities are often called “St. +Giles.”</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Bishops</span>, etc., St. Timothy and St. Titus (1 <i>Tim.</i> iii. 1; <i>Titus</i> i. +7).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Blind Folk</span>, St. Thomas à Becket, and St. Lucy, who was deprived of her +eyes by Paschasius.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Booksellers</span>, St. John Port Latin.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Brides</span>, St. Nicholas, because he threw three stockings, filled with +wedding portions, into the chamber window of three virgins, that they +might marry their sweethearts, and not live a life of sin for the sake +of earning a living.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Burglars</span>, St. Dismas, the penitent thief.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Candle</span> and <span class="smcap">Lamp Makers</span>, St. Lucy and Lucian. A pun upon <i>lux lucis</i> +(“light”).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cannoneers</span>, St. Barbara, because she is generally represented in a fort +or tower.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Captives</span>, St. Barbara and St. Leonard.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Carpenters</span>, St. Joseph, who was a carpenter.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Children</span>, St. Felicitas and St. Nicholas. This latter saint restored to +life some children, murdered by an <a name="corr148" id="corr148"></a><ins class="correction" title="innkeeper,">inkeeper,</ins> of Myra, and pickled +in a pork-tub.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cobblers</span>, St. Crispin, who worked at the trade.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cripples</span>, St. Giles, because he refused to be cured of an accidental +lameness, that he might mortify his flesh.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Divines</span>, St. Thomas Aquinas, author of <i>Somme de Theology</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Doctors</span>, St. Cosme, who was a surgeon in Cilicia.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[340]</a></span><span class="smcap">Drunkards.</span> St. Martin, because St. Martin’s Day (November 11) happened +to be the day of the Vinalia, or feast of Bacchus. St. Urban protects.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dying</span>, St. Barbara.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ferrymen</span>, St. Christopher, who was a ferryman.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Fishermen</span>, St. Peter, who was a fisherman.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Fools</span>, St. Maturin because the Greek word <i>matia</i> or <i>matê</i> means +“folly.”</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Free Trade.</span> R. Cobden is called “The Apostle of Free Trade” (1804-1865).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Freemen</span>, St. John.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Fullers</span>, St. Sever, because the place so called, on the Adour, is or was +famous for its tanneries and fulleries.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Goldsmiths</span>, St. Eloy, who was a goldsmith.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hatters</span>, St. William, the son of a hatter.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hog</span> and <span class="smcap">Swineherds</span>, St. Anthony. Pigs unfit for food used anciently to +have their ears slit, but one of the proctors of St. Anthony’s Hospital +once tied a bell about the neck of a pig whose ear was slit, and no one +ever attempted to injure it.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Housewives</span>, St. Osyth, especially to prevent their losing the keys, and +to help them in finding these “tiny tormentors;” St. Martha, the sister +of Lazarus.</p> + +<p><a name="Huntsmen" id="Huntsmen"></a><span class="smcap">Huntsmen</span>, St. Hubert, who lived in the Ardennes, a famous hunting +forest; and St. Eustace.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Idiots.</span> St. Gildas restores them to their right senses.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Infants</span>, St. Felicitas and St. Nicholas.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Infidels.</span> Voltaire is called “The Apostle of Infidels” (1694-1778).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Insane Folks</span>, St. Dymphna.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lawyers</span>, St. Yves Helori (in Sicily), who was called “The Advocate of +the Poor,” because he was always ready to defend them in the law courts +gratuitously (1233-1303).</p> + +<p><a name="Learned_Men" id="Learned_Men"></a><span class="smcap">Learned Men</span>, St. Catherine, noted for her learning, and for converting +certain philosophers, sent to convince the Christians of Alexandria of +the folly of the Christian faith.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Madmen</span>, St. Dymphna.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Maidens</span>, the Virgin Mary.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mariners</span>, St. Christopher, who was a ferryman; and St. Nicholas, who was +once in danger of shipwreck, and who, on one occasion, lulled a tempest +for some pilgrims on their way to the Holy Land.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Millers</span>, St. <a name="corr149" id="corr149"></a><ins class="correction" title="This should not be in small capitals"><span class="smcap">Arnold</span></ins>, the son of a miller.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mercers</span>, St. Florian, the son of a mercer.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mothers</span>, the Virgin Mary; St. Margaret, for those who wish to be so. The +girdle of St. Margaret, in St. Germain’s, is placed round the waist of +those who wish to be mothers.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Musicians</span>, St. Cecilia, who was an excellent musician.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nailers</span>, St. Cloud, because <i>clou</i>, in French means “a nail.”</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Netmakers</span>, St. James and St. John (<i>Matt.</i> iv. 21).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nurses</span>, St. Agatha.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Painters</span>, St. Luke, who was a painter.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Parish Clerks</span>, St. Nicholas.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Parsons</span>, St. Thomas Aquinas, doctor of theology, at Paris.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Physicians</span>, St. Cosme, who was a surgeon; St. Luke (<i>Col.</i> iv. 14).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pilgrims</span>, St. Julian, St. Raphael, St. James of Compostella.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pinmakers</span>, St. Sebastian, whose body was as full of arrows in his +<a name="corr150" id="corr150"></a><ins class="correction" title="martyrdom">martydom</ins> as a pincushion is of pins.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Poor Folks</span>, St. Giles, who affected indigence, thinking “poverty and +suffering” a service acceptable to God.</p> + +<p><a name="Portrait-painters" id="Portrait-painters"></a><span class="smcap">Portrait-painters</span> and <span class="smcap">Photographers</span>, St. Veronica, who had a +handkerchief with the face of Jesus stamped on it.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Potters</span>, St. Gore, who was a potter.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Prisoners</span>, St. Sebastian and St. Leonard.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sages</span>, St. Cosme, St. Damian, and St. Katherine.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sailors</span>, St. Nicholas and St. Christopher.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Scholars</span>, St. Katherine. (See “<a href="#Learned_Men">Learned Men</a>.”)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">School Children</span>, St. Nicholas and St. Gregory.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Scotch Reformers.</span> Knox is “The Apostle of the Scotch Reformers” +(1505-72).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Seaman</span>, St. Nicholas, who once was in danger of shipwreck; and St. +Christopher, who was a ferryman.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Shepherds</span> and their <span class="smcap">Flocks</span>, St. Windeline, who kept sheep, like David.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Shoemakers</span>, St. Crispin, who made shoes.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Silversmiths</span>, St. Eloy, who worked in gold and silver.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Slaves</span>, St. Cyril. This is a pun; he was “The Apostle of the Slavi.”</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Soothsayers</span>, etc., St. Agabus (<i>Acts</i> xxi. 10).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sportsmen</span>, St. Hubert. (See “<a href="#Huntsmen">Huntsmen</a>.”)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Statuaries</span>, St. Veronica. (See above, “<a href="#Portrait-painters">Portrait-painters</a>.”)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Stonemasons</span>, St. Peter, (<i>John</i> i. 42).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Students</span>, St. Katherine, noted for her great learning.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Surgeons</span>, St. Cosme, who practised medicine in Cilicia gratuitously +(died 310).</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[341]</a></span><span class="smcap">Sweethearts</span>, St. Valentine, because in the Middle Ages ladies held their +“courts of love” about this time. (See <span class="smcap">Valentine</span>.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Swineherds</span> and <span class="smcap">Swine</span>, St. Anthony.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Tailors</span>, St. Goodman, who was a tailor.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Tanners</span>, St. Clement, the son of a tanner.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Tax-collectors</span>, St. Matthew, (<i>Matt.</i> ix. 9).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Tentmakers</span>, St. Paul and St. Aquila, who were tentmakers (<i>Acts</i> xviii. +3).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Thieves</span>, St. Dismas, the penitent thief. St. Ethelbert and St. Elian +ward off thieves.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Travellers</span>, St. Raphael, because he assumed the guise of a traveller in +order to guide Tobias from Nineveh to Ragês (<i>Tobit</i> v.).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Vintners</span> and <span class="smcap">Vineyards</span>, St. Urban.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Virgins</span>, St. Winifred and St. Nicholas.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Wheelwrights</span>, St. Boniface, the son of a wheelwright.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Wigmakers</span>, St. Louis.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Wise Men</span>, St. Cosme, St. Damian, and St. Catherine.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Woolcombers</span> and <span class="smcap">Staplers</span>, St. Blaise, who was torn to pieces by “combes +of yren.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sakhar</b>, the devil who stole Solomon’s signet. The tale is that Solomon, +when he washed, entrusted his signet-ring to his favorite concubine, +Amina. Sakhar one day assumed the appearance of Solomon, got possession +of the ring, and sat on the throne as the king. During this usurpation, +Solomon became a beggar, but in forty days Sakhar flew away, and flung +the signet-ring into the sea. It was swallowed by a fish, the fish was +caught and sold to Solomon, the ring was recovered, and Sakhar was +thrown into the sea of Galilee with a great stone round his +neck.—Jallâlo´ddin, <i>Al Zamakh</i>. (See <span class="smcap">Fish and the Ring</span>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sa´kia</b>, the dispenser of rain, one of the four gods of the Adites (2 +<i>syl.</i>).</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i3">Sakia, we invoked for rain;</span><br /> +<span class="i3">We called on Razeka for food;</span><br /> +They did not hear our prayers—they could not hear.<br /> +<span class="i3">No cloud appeared in heaven,</span><br /> +<span class="i3">No nightly dews came down.</span><br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Southey, <i>Thalaba, the Destroyer</i>, i. 24 (1797).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sakunta´la</b>, daughter of Viswamita and a water-nymph, abandoned by her +parents, and brought up by a hermit. One day, King Dushyanta came to the +hermitage, and persuaded Sakuntala to marry him. In due time a son was +born, but Dushyanta left his bride at the hermitage. When the boy was +six years old, his mother took him to the king, and Dushyanta recognized +his wife by a ring which he had given her. Sakuntala was now publicly +proclaimed queen, and the boy (whose name was Bhârata) became the +founder of the glorious race of the Bhâratas.</p> + +<p>This story forms the plot of the famous drama, <i>Sakuntala</i>, by Kâlidasa, +well known to us through the translation of Sir W. Jones.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sakya-Muni</b>, the founder of Buddhism. Sakya is the family name of +Siddharta, and <i>muni</i> means “a recluse.” Buddha (“perfection”) is a +title given to Siddharta.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sal´ace</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>) or <span class="smcap">Salacia</span>, wife of Neptune, and mother of Triton.</p> + +<p class="poem">Triton, who boasts his high Neptunian race,<br /> +Sprung from the god by Salace’s embrace.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Camoens, <i>Lusiad</i>, vi. (1672).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sal´adin</b>, the soldan of the East. Sir W. Scott introduces him in <i>The +Talisman</i>, first as Sheerkohf, emir of Kurdistan, and subsequently as +Adonbeck el Hakim, the physician.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Salamanca</b> (<i>The Bachelor of</i>), the title and hero of a novel by Lesage. +The name of the bachelor is Don Cherubim, who is placed in all sorts of +situations suitable to the author’s vein of satire <a name="corr151" id="corr151"></a><ins class="correction" title="(1704).">(1704)</ins></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sala´nio</b>, a friend to Antonio and Bassānio.—Shakespeare, <i>Merchant of +Venice</i> (1598).</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[342]</a></span><b>Salari´no</b>, a friend to Antonio and Bassānio.—Shakespeare, <i>Merchant of +Venice</i> (1598).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sa´leh.</b> The Thamûdites (3 <i>syl.</i>), proposed that Sâleh should, by +miracle, prove that Jehovah was a God superior to their own. Prince +Jonda said he would believe it if Sâleh made a camel, big with young, +come out of a certain rock which he pointed out. Sâleh did so, and Jonda +was converted.</p> + +<p>(The Thamûdites were idolaters, and Sâleh, the prophet, was sent to +bring them back to the worship of Jehovah.)</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Sâleh’s Camel.</i> The camel thus miraculously produced, used to go about +the town, crying aloud, “Ho! every one that wanteth milk, let him come, +and I will give it him.”—Sale, <i>Al Korân</i>, vii. notes. (See <i>Isaiah</i> +lv. 1).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Saleh</i>, a son of Faras´chê (3 <i>syl.</i>) queen of a powerful under-sea +empire. His sister was Gulna´rê (3 <i>syl.</i>), empress of Persia. Saleh +asked the king of Samandal, another under-sea emperor, to give his +daughter, Giauha´rê, in marriage to Prince Beder, son of Gulnarê; but +the proud, passionate despot ordered the prince’s head to be cut off for +such presumptuous insolence. However, Saleh made his escape, invaded +Samandal, took the king prisoner, and the marriage between Beder and the +Princess Giauharê was duly celebrated.—<i>Arabian Nights</i> (“Beder and +Giauharê”).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sa´lem</b>, a young seraph, one of the two tutelar angels of the Virgin Mary +and of John the Divine, “for God had given to John two tutelar angels, +the chief of whom was Raph´ael, one of the most exalted seraphs of the +hierarchy of heaven.”—Klopstock, <i>The Messiah</i>, iii. (1748).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sal´emal</b>, the preserver in sickness, one of the four gods of the Adites +(2 <i>syl.</i>).—D’Herbelot, <i><a name="corr152" id="corr152"></a><ins class="correction" title="Bibliothèque">Bibliothèques</ins> Orientale</i> (1697).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Salian Franks.</b> So called from the Isăla or Yssel, in Holland. They were +a branch of the Sicambri; hence, when Clovis was baptized at Rheims, the +old prelate addressed him as “Sigambrian,” and said that “he must +henceforth set at naught what he had hitherto worshipped, and worship +what he had hitherto set at naught.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Salisbury</b> (<i>Earl of</i>), William Longsword, natural son of Henry II. and +Jane Clifford, “The Fair Rosamond.”—Shakespeare, <i>King John</i> (1596); +Sir W. Scott, <i>The Talisman</i> (time, Richard I.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sallust of France</b> (<i>The</i>). César Vichard (1639-1692) was so called by +Voltaire.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Salmigondin</b>, or “Salmygondin,” a lordship of Dipsody, given by +Pantagruel to Panurge (2 <i>syl.</i>). Alcofribas, who had resided six months +in the giant’s mouth without his knowing it, was made castellan of the +castle.—Rabelais, <i>Pantagruel</i>, ii. 32; iii. 2 (1533-45).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The lordship of Salmygodin was worth 67 million pounds sterling, +per annum, in “certain rent,” and an annual revenue for locusts and +periwinkles, varying from £24,357 to 12 millions in a good year, +when the exports of locusts and periwinkles were flourishing. +Panurge, however, could not make the two ends meet. At the close of +“less than fourteen days” he had forestalled three years’ rent and +revenue, and had to apply to Pantagruel to pay his +debts.—<i>Pantagruel</i>, iii. 2.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Salmo´neus</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), king of Elis, wishing to be thought a god, used +to imitate thunder and lightning by driving his chariot over a brazen +bridge, and darting burning torches on every side. He was killed by +lightning for his impiety and <a name="corr153" id="corr153"></a><ins class="correction" title="folly.">folly</ins></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[343]</a></span></p> + +<p class="poem">Salmoneus, who while he his carroach drave<br /> +<span class="i1">Over the brazen bridge of Elis’ stream,</span><br /> +And did with artificial thunder brave<br /> +<span class="i1">Jove, till he pierced him with a lightning beam.</span><br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Lord Brooke, <i>Treatise on Monarchie</i>, vi.</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>It was to be the literary Salmoneus of the political Jupiter.—Lord +Lytton.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sally in our Alley</b>, subject of popular ballad of same name, by Henry +Carew (1663-1743).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sally</b> (<i>red haired</i>), remembered love of a poor pioneer, whom the +Indians have scalped and blinded. As he lies by the camp-fire, he +bemoans his hard lot and wishes he had been left to die.</p> + +<p class="poemquote">“It’s twice dead not to see.”<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Rose Terry Cooke, <i>Poems</i> (1888).</span></p> + +<p class="main"><i>Sally</i> (<i>Kittredge</i>), black-eyed, rosy-cheeked country girl, Mara +Linnotti’s friend, and finally, the wife of Moses Pennell.—Harriet +Beecher Stowe, <i>The Pearl of Orr’s Island</i> (1860).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Salome and the Baptist.</b> When Salomê delivered the head of John the +Baptist to her mother, Herodias pulled out the tongue and stabbed it +with her bodkin.</p> + +<p>When the head of Cicero was delivered to Marc Antony, his wife, Fulvia, +pulled out the tongue and stabbed it repeatedly with her bodkin.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Salvage Knight</b> (<i>The</i>), Sir Arthegal, called Artegal, from bk. iv. 6. +The hero of bk. v. (<i>Justice</i>).—Spenser, <i>Faëry Queen</i> (1596).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Salva´tor Rosa</b> (<i>The English</i><a name="corr154" id="corr154"></a><ins class="correction" title="),">)</ins> John Hamilton Mortimer +<a name="corr156" id="corr156"></a><ins class="correction" title="(1741-1779).">(1741-1779.</ins></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Salvato´re</b> (4 <i>syl.</i>), Salva´tor Rosa, an Italian painter, especially +noted for his scenes of brigands, etc. (1615-1673).</p> + +<p class="poem">But, ever and anon, to soothe your vision,<br /> +<span class="i1">Fatigued with these hereditary glories,</span><br /> +There rose a Carlo Dolce or a Titian,<br /> +<span class="i1">Or wilder group of savage Salvatore’s.</span><br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Byron, <i>Don Juan</i>, xiii. 71 (1824).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sam</b>, a gentleman, the friend of Francis´co.—Beaumont and Fletcher, +<i>Mons. Thomas</i> (1619).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Sam</i>; one of the Know-Nothings, or Native American party. One of “Uncle +Sam’s” sons.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Sam</i> (<i>Dicky</i>), a Liverpool man.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Sam</i> (<i>Uncle</i>), the United States of North America, or rather the +government of the states personified. So called from Samuel Wilson, +uncle of Ebenezer Wilson. Ebenezer was inspector of Elbert Anderson’s +store on the Hudson, and Samuel superintended the workmen. The stores +were marked E·A. U·S. (“Elbert Anderson, United States”), but the +workmen insisted that U·S. stood for <a name="corr155" id="corr155"></a><ins class="correction" title="“Uncle">Uncle</ins> Sam.”—Mr. Frost.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sam Kimper.</b> Reformed convict who sets himself earnestly to work to lead +a new life, toiling steadily at the shoemaker’s bench, and <i>acting</i> his +new religion. His only creed is to believe simply in the Saviour of +sinners. “He” (the chaplain) “says to me—‘Just believe in Jesus like +you do in Andrew Jackson and you’ll be right in the course of time. +Believe that what He said was true, an’ get your mind full of what He +said, an’ <i>keep it full</i>.’”—John Habberton, <i>All He Knew</i> (1890).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sam Silverquill</b>, one of the prisoners at Portanferry.—Sir W. Scott, +<i>Guy Mannering</i> (time, George II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[344]</a></span><b>Sam Weller</b>, servant of Mr. Pickwick. The impersonation of the +shrewdness, quaint humor, and best qualities of cockney low life.—C. +Dickens, <i>The Pickwick Papers</i> (1836).</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Samael" id="Samael"></a><b>Sa´mael</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), the prince of demons, who, in the guise of a +<a name="corr157" id="corr157"></a><ins class="correction" title="serpent,">serpant,</ins> tempted Eve in paradise. (See <a href="#Samiel"><span class="smcap">Samiel</span></a>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Samarcand Apple</b>, a perfect panacea of all diseases. It was bought by +Prince Ahmed, and was instrumental in restoring Nouroun´nihar to perfect +health, although at the very point of death.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In fact sir, there is no disease, however painful or dangerous, +whether fever, pleurisy, plague, or any other disorder, but it will +instantly cure; and that in the easiest possible way; it is simply +to make the sick person smell of the apple.—<i>Arabian Nights</i>, +(“Ahmed and Pari-Banou”).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sam´benites</b> [<i>Sam´.be.neetz</i>], persons dressed in the <i>sambenĭto</i>, a +yellow coat without sleeves, having devils painted on it. The sambenito +was worn by “heretics” on their way to execution.</p> + +<p class="poem">And blow us up i’ the open streets.<br /> +Disguised in rumps, like sambenites.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">S. Butler, <i>Hudibras</i>, iii. 2 (1678).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sambo</b>, any male of the negro race.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>No race has shown such capabilities of adaptation to varying soil +and circumstances as the negro. Alike to them the snows of Canada, +the rocky land of New England or the gorgeous profusion of the +Southern States. Sambo and Cuffey expand under them all.—Harriet +Beecher Stowe.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sam´eri</b> (<i>Al</i>), the proselyte who cast the golden calf at the bidding of +Aaron. After he had made it, he took up some dust on which Gabriel’s +horse had set its feet, threw it into the calf’s mouth, and immediately +the calf became animated and began to low. Al Beidâwi says that Al +Sâmeri was not really a proper name, but that the real name of the +artificer was Mûsa ebn Dhafar. Selden says Al Sameri means “keeper,” and +that Aaron was so called, because he was the <i>keeper</i> or “guardian of +the people.”—Selden, <i>De Diis Syris</i>, i. 4 (see <i>Al Korân</i>, ii. notes).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sa´mian</b> (<i>The Long-Haired</i>), Pythagoras or Budda Ghooroos, a native of +Samos (sixth century <span class="smcap">B.C.</span>).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Samian He´ra.</b> Hera or Herê, wife of Zeus, was born at Samos. She was +worshipped in Egypt as well as in Greece.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Samian Sage</b> (<i>The</i><a name="corr158" id="corr158"></a><ins class="correction" title="),">)</ins> Pythagoras, born at Samos (sixth century <span class="smcap">B.C.</span>).</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i8">’Tis enough</span><br /> +In this late age, adventurous to have touched<br /> +Light on the numbers of the Samian Sage.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Thomson.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Samias´a</b>, a seraph, in love with Aholiba´mah, the granddaughter of Cain. +When the Flood came, the seraph carried off his <i>innamorata</i> to another +planet.—Byron, <i>Heaven and Earth</i> (1819).</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Samiel" id="Samiel"></a><b>Sa´miel</b>, the Black Huntsman of the Wolf’s Glen, who gave to Der +Freischütz seven balls, six of which were to hit whatever the marksman +aimed at, but the seventh was to be at the disposal of Samiel. (See +<a href="#Samael"><span class="smcap">Samael</span></a>.)—Weber, <i>Der Freischütz</i> (libretto by Kind, 1822).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Samient</b>, the female ambassador of Queen Mercilla to Queen Adicia (wife +of the soldan). Adicia treated her with great contumely, thrust her out +of doors, and induced two knights to insult her; but Sir Artegal, coming +up, drove at one of the unmannerly knights with such fury as to knock +him from his horse and break his neck.—Spenser, <i>Faëry Queen</i>, v. +(1596).</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[345]</a></span>(This refers to the treatment of the deputies sent by the states of +Holland to Spain for the redress of grievances. Philip (“the soldan”) +detained the deputies as prisoners, disregarding the sacred rights of +their office as ambassadors).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sam´ma</b>, the demoniac that John “the Beloved,” could not exorcise. Jesus, +coming from the Mount of Olives, rebuked Satan, who quitted “the +possessed,” and left him in his right mind.—Klopstock, <i>The Messiah</i>, +ii. (1748).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sammy Craddock</b>, oracle of the Riggan coal-pits. Crabbed, wrinkled, +sarcastic old fellow, whose self-conceit is immeasurable. “The biggest +trouble I ha’ is settlin’ i’ my moind what the world’ll do when I turn +up my toes to th’ daisies, an’ how the government’ll mak’ up their +moinds who shall ha’ th’ honer o’ payin’ fer th’ moniment.”—Frances +Hodgson Burnett, <i>That Lass o’ Lowrie’s</i> (1877).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sampson</b>, one of Capulet’s servants.—Shakespeare, <i>Romeo and Juliet</i> +(1597).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Sampson</i>, a foolish advocate, kinsman of Judge Vertaigne (2 +<i>syl.</i>).—Beaumont and Fletcher, <i>The Little French Lawyer</i> (1647).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Sampson</i> (<i>Mrs. Amanda Welsh</i>), well-born Bohemian, financial +adventurer and lobbyist. “She was still accustomed to at least a fair +semblance of respect from the men who came to see her; women, it is to +be noted, being not often seen within her walls.”—Arlo Bates, <i>The +Philistines</i> (1888).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Sampson</i> (<i>Dominie</i>), or Abel Sampson, tutor to Harry Bertram, son of +the laird of Ellangowan. One of the best creations of romance. His +favorite exclamation is “Prodigious!” Dominie Sampson is very learned, +simple and green. Sir Walter describes him as “a poor, modest, humble +scholar, who had won his way through the classics, but fallen to the +leeward in the voyage of life.”—Sir W. Scott, <i>Guy Mannering</i> (time, +George II.).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>His appearance puritanical. Ragged black clothes, blue worsted +stockings, pewter-headed long cane.—<i>Guy Mannering</i> (dramatized), +i. 2.</p></div> + +<p class="main"><i>Sampson</i> (<i>Dr.</i>), eccentric Irish physician; inventor of +<i>Chronothermalism</i>.—Charles Reade, <i>Very Hard Cash</i>.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Sampson</i> (<i>George</i>), a friend of the Wilfer family. He adored Bella +Wilfer, but married her youngest sister, Lavinia.—C. Dickens, <i>Our +Mutual Friend</i> (1864).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Sampson</i> (<i>Nurse</i>), dry-visaged, soft-hearted sick-nurse, whose adage +is, “Somebody must eat drumsticks,” and whose practice is based upon the +formula.—A. D. T. Whitney, <i>Faith Gartney’s Girlhood</i> (1863).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Samson</b> (<i>The British</i>), Thomas Topham (1710-1749).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Samson Agonistes</b> (4 <i>syl.</i>), “Samson, the Combatant,” a sacred drama by +Milton, showing Samson blinded and bound, but triumphant over his +enemies, who sent for him to make sport by feats of strength on the +feast of Dagon. Having amused the multitude for a time, he was allowed +to rest awhile against the “grand stand,” and, twining his arms round +two of the supporting pillars, he pulled the whole edifice down, and +died himself in the general devastation (1632).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Samson’s Crown</b>, an achievement of great renown, which costs the life of +the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[346]</a></span> doer thereof. Samson’s greatest exploit was pulling down the “grand +stand” occupied by the chief magnates of Philistia at the feast of +Dagon. By this deed “he slew at his death more than [<i>all</i>] they which +he slew in his life.”—<i>Judges</i> xvi. 30.</p> + +<p class="poem">And by self-ruin seek a Samson’s crown.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Lord Brooke, <i>Inquisition upon Fame, etc.</i> (1554-1628).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>San Bris</b> (<i>Conte di</i>), father of Valenti´na. During the Bartholomew +slaughter his daughter and her husband (Raoul) were both shot by a party +of musketeers, under the count’s command.—Meyerbeer, <i>Les Huguenots</i> +(opera, 1836).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sancha</b>, daughter of Garcias, king of Navarre, and wife of Fernan +Gonsalez, of Castile. Sancha twice saved the life of her husband: when +he was cast into a dungeon by some personal enemies who waylaid him, she +liberated him by bribing the jailer; and when he was incarcerated at +Leon she effected his escape by changing clothes with him.</p> + +<p>The countess of Nithsdale effected the escape of her husband from the +Tower, in 1715, by changing clothes with him.</p> + +<p>The Countess de Lavalette, in 1815, liberated her husband, under +sentence of death, in the same way; but the terror she suffered so +affected her nervous system that she lost her senses, and never +afterwards recovered them.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>San´chez II.</b> of Castile, was killed at the battle of Zamo´ra, 1065.</p> + +<p class="poem">It was when brave King Sanchez<br /> +Was before Zamora slain.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Longfellow, <i>The Challenge</i>.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sanchi´ca</b>, eldest daughter of Sancho and Teresa Panza.—Cervantes, <i>Don +Quixote</i> (1605-15<a name="corr159" id="corr159"></a><ins class="correction" title=").">)</ins></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sancho</b> (<i>Don</i>), a rich old beau, uncle to Victoria. “He affects the +misdemeanors of a youth, hides his baldness with amber locks, and +complains of toothache, to make people believe that his teeth are not +false ones.” Don Sancho “loves in the style of Roderigo I.”—Mrs. +Cowley, <i>A Bold Stroke for a Husband</i> (1782).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sancho Panza</b>, the squire of Don Quixote. A short, pot-bellied peasant, +with plenty of shrewdness and good common sense. He rode upon an ass +which he dearly loved, and was noted for his proverbs.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Sancho Panza’s Ass</i>, Dapple.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Sancho Panza’s Island-City</i>, Barataria, where he was for a time +governor.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Sancho Panza’s Wife</i>, Teresa [Cascajo] (pt. II. i. 5); Maria or Mary +[Gutierez] (pt. II. iv. 7); Dame Juana [Gutierez] (pt. I. i. 7); and +Joan (pt. I. iv. 21).—Cervantes, <i>Don Quixote</i> (1605-15).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> The model painting of Sancho Panza is by Leslie; it is called +“Sancho and the Duchess.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sanchoni´athon</b> or <span class="smcap">Sanchoniatho</span>. Nine books ascribed to this author are +published at Bremen in 1838. The original was said to have been +discovered in the convent of St. Maria de Merinhâo, by Colonel Pereira, +a Portuguese; but it was soon ascertained that no such convent existed, +that there was no colonel of the name Pereira in the Portuguese service, +and that the paper bore the water-mark of the Osnabrück paper-mills. +(See <span class="smcap">Impostors, Literary</span>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sanct-Cyr</b> (<i>Hugh de</i>), the seneschal of King René, at Aix.—Sir W. +Scott, <i>Anne of Geierstein</i> (time, Edward IV.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sancy Diamond</b> (<i>The</i>) weighs 53-1/2<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[347]</a></span> carats, and belonged to Charles +“the Bold” of Burgundy. It was bought, in 1495, by Emmanuel of Portugal, +and was sold, in 1580, by Don Antonio to the Sieur de Sancy, in whose +family it remained for a century. The sieur deposited it with Henri IV. +as a security for a loan of money. The servant entrusted with it, being +attacked by robbers, swallowed it, and being murdered, the diamond was +recovered by Nicholas de Harlay. We next hear of it in the possession of +James II. of England, who carried it with him in his flight, in 1688. +Louis XIV. bought it of him for £25,000. It was sold in the Revolution; +Napoleon I. rebought it; in 1825 it was sold to Paul Demidoff for +£80,000. The prince sold it, in 1830, to M. Levrat, administrator of the +Mining Society; but as Levrat failed in his engagement, the diamond +became, in 1832, the subject of a lawsuit, which was given in favor of +the prince. We next hear of it in Bombay; in 1867 it was transmitted to +England by the firm of Forbes and Co.; in 1873 it formed part of “the +crown necklace,” worn by Mary of Sachsen Altenburg, on her marriage with +Albert of Prussia; 1876, in the investiture of the Star of India by the +Prince of Wales, in Calcutta, Dr. W. H. Russel tells us it was worn as a +pendant by the maharajah of Puttiala.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Streeter, in his book of <i>Precious Stones and Gems</i>, 120 +(1877), tells us it belongs to the Czar of Russia, but if Dr. Russel is +correct, it must have been sold to the maharajah.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sand</b> (<i>George</i>). Her birth name was Amantine Lucile Aurore Dupin, +afterwards Dudevant (1803-1877).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>San´dabar</b>, an Arabian writer, about a century before the Christian era, +famous for his <i>parables</i>.</p> + +<p class="poem">It was rumored he could say<br /> +The <i>parables</i> of Sandabar.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Longfellow, <i>The Wayside Inn</i> (prelude 1863).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sanford</b> (<i>Marion</i>). Truth-loving, sincere, and simple-hearted woman, +loyal in deed and thought to her traduced lover until time establishes +his innocence.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>A marked woman in general society; a woman who reigned, queen-like, +over every heart, but among the circle of her relatives ... she was +held to be little less than the angels.—Charles King, <i>Marion’s +Faith</i> (1886).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sandford</b> (<i>Harry</i>), the companion of Tommy Merton.—Thomas Day, <i>History +of Sandford and Merton</i> (1783-9).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sandpiper</b> (<i>The</i>).</p> + +<p class="poemquote">“Comrade, where wilt thou be to-night?<br /> +<span class="i1">When the loosed storm breaks furiously?</span><br /> +My driftwood fire will burn so bright!<br /> +<span class="i1">To what warm shelter can’st thou fly?</span><br /> +I do not fear for thee, ’though wroth<br /> +<span class="i1">The tempest rushes through the sky.</span><br /> +For are we not <span class="smcap">God’s</span> children both,<br /> +<span class="i1">Thou little sandpiper and I?”</span><br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Celia Thaxter, <i>Drift-weed</i> (1878).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>San´glamore</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), the sword of Braggadochio.—Spenser, <i>Faëry +Queen</i>, iii. (1590).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sanglier</b> (<i>Sir</i>), a knight who insisted on changing wives with a squire, +and when the lady objected, he cut off her head, and rode off with the +squire’s wife. Being brought before Sir Artegal, Sir Sanglier insisted +that the living lady was his wife, and that the dead woman was the +squire’s wife. Sir Artegal commanded that the living and dead women +should both be cut in twain, and half of each be given to the two +litigants. To this Sir Sanglier gladly assented; but the squire +objected, declaring it would be far better to give the lady to the +knight than that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[348]</a></span> she should suffer death. On this, Sir Artegal +pronounced the living woman to be the squire’s wife, and the dead one to +be the knight’s.—Spenser, <i>Faëry Queen</i>, v. 1 (1596).</p> + +<p>(“Sir Sanglier” is meant for Shan O’Neil, leader of the Irish insurgents +in 1567. Of course this judgment is borrowed from that of Solomon, 1 +<i>Kings</i> iii. 16-27.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sanglier des Ardennes</b>, Guillaume de la Marck (1446-1485).</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Sangraal" id="Sangraal"></a><b>Sangraal</b>, <b>Sancgreal</b>, etc., generally said to be the holy plate from +which Christ ate at the Last Supper, brought to England by Joseph of +Arimathy. Whatever it was, it appeared to King Arthur and his 150 +knights of the Round Table, but suddenly vanished, and all the knights +vowed they would go in quest thereof. Only three, Sir Bors, Sir +Percivale and Sir Galahad, found it, and only Sir Galahad had touched +it, but he soon died, and was borne by angels up into heaven. The +Sangraal of Arthurian romance is “the dish” containing Christ +transubstantiated by the sacrament of the Mass, and made visible to the +bodily eye of man. This will appear quite obvious to the reader by the +following extracts:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Then anon they heard cracking and crying of thunder.... In the +midst of the blast entered a sunbeam more clear by seven times than +the day, and all they were alighted of the grace of the Holy +Ghost.... Then there entered into the hall the Holy Grale covered +with white samite, but there was none that could see it, nor who +bare it, but the whole hall was full filled with good odors, and +every knight had such meat and drink as he best loved in the world, +and when the Holy Grale had been borne through the hall, then the +holy vessel departed suddenly, and they wist not where it +became.—Ch. 35.</p> + +<p>Then looked they and saw a man come out of the holy vessel, that +had all the signs of the passion of Christ, and he said ... “This +is the holy dish wherein I ate the lamb on Sher-Thursday, and now +hast thou seen it ... yet hast thou not seen it so openly as thou +shalt see it in the city of Sarras ... therefore thou must go hence +and bear with thee this holy vessel, for this night it shall depart +from the realm of Logris ... and take with thee ... Sir Percivale +and Sir Bors.”—Ch. 101.</p> + +<p>So departed Sir Galahad, and Sir Percivale and Sir Bors with him. +And so they rode three days, and came to a river, and found a ship +... and when on board, they found in the midst the table of silver +and the Sancgreall covered with red samite.... Then Sir Galahad +laid him down and slept ... and when he woke ... he saw the city of +Sarras (ch. 103).... At the year’s end ... he saw before him the +holy vessel, and a man kneeling upon his knees in the likeness of +the bishop, which had about him a great fellowship of angels, as it +had been Christ Himself ... and when he came to the sakering of the +Mass, and had done, anon he called Sir Galahad, and said unto him, +“Come forth ... and thou shalt see that which thou hast much +desired to see” ... and he beheld spiritual things ... (ch. +104).—Sir T. Malory, <i>History of Prince Arthur</i>, iii. 35, 101, 104 +(1470).</p></div> + +<p>The earliest story of the Holy Graal was in verse (<span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1100), author +unknown.</p> + +<p>Chrétien de Troyes has a romance in eight-syllable verse on the same +subject (1170).</p> + +<p>Guiot’s tale of <i>Titurel</i>, founder of Graalburg, and <i>Parzival</i>, prince +thereof, belongs to the twelfth century.</p> + +<p>Wolfram von Eschenbach, a minnesinger, took Guiot’s tale as the +foundation of his poem (thirteenth century).</p> + +<p>In <i>Titurel the Younger</i> the subject is very fully treated.</p> + +<p>Sir T. Malory (in pt. iii. of the <i>History of Prince Arthur</i>, translated +in 1470 from the French) treats the subject in prose very fully.</p> + +<p>R. S. Hawker has a poem on the <i>Sangraal</i>, but it was never completed.</p> + +<p>Tennyson has an idyll called <i>The Holy Grail</i> (1858).</p> + +<p>Boisserée published, in 1834, at Munich, a work <i>On the Description of +the Temple of the Holy Graal</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[349]</a></span><b>Sangra´do</b> (<i>Doctor</i>), of Valladolid. This is the “Sagredo” of Espinel’s +romance called <i>Marcos de Obregon</i>. “The doctor was a tall, meagre, pale +man, who had kept the shears of Clotho employed for forty years at +least. He had a very solemn appearance, weighed his discourse, and used +‘great pomp of words.’ His reasonings were geometrical, and his opinions +his own.” Dr. Sangrado considered that blood was not needful for life, +and that hot water could not be administered too plentifully into the +system. Gil Blas became his servant and pupil, and was allowed to drink +any quantity of water, but to eat only sparingly of beans, peas and +stewed apples.</p> + +<p>Dr. Hancock prescribed cold water and stewed prunes.</p> + +<p>Dr. Rezio, of Barataria, allowed Sancho Panza to eat “a few wafers and a +thin slice or two of quince.”—Cervantes, <i>Don Quixote</i>, II. iii. 10 +(1615).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sansculottes</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), a low, riff-raff party in the great French +Revolution, so shabby in dress that they were termed “the trouser-less.” +The <i>culotte</i> is the breeches, called <i>bræck</i> by the ancient Gauls, and +<i>hauts-de-chausses</i> in the reign of Charles IX.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sansculottism</b>, red republicanism, or the revolutionary platform of the +Sansculottes.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The duke of Brunswick, at the head of a large army, invaded France +to restore Louis XVI. to the throne, and save legitimacy from the +sacrilegious hands of sansculottism.—G. H. Lewes, <i>Story of +Goethe’s Life</i>.</p></div> + +<p class="main"><i>Literary Sansculottism</i>, literature of a low character, like that of +the “Minerva Press,” the “Leipsic Fair,” “Hollywell Street,” “Grub +Street,” and so on.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sansfoy</b>, a “faithless Saracen,” who attacked the Red Cross Knight, but +was slain by him. “He cared for neither God nor man.” Sansfoy +personifies infidelity.</p> + +<p class="poem">Sansfoy, full large of limb and every joint<br /> +He was, and carëd not for God or man a point.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Spenser, <i>Faëry Queen</i>, i. 2 (1590).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sansjoy</b>, brother of Sansfoy. When he came to the court of Lucifĕra, he +noticed the shield of Sansfoy on the arm of the Red Cross Knight, and +his rage was so great that he was with difficulty restrained from +running on the champion there and then, but Lucifera bade him defer the +combat to the following day. Next day, the fight began, but just as the +Red Cross Knight was about to deal his adversary a death-blow, Sansjoy +was enveloped in a thick cloud, and carried off in the chariot of Night +to the infernal regions, where Æsculapius healed him of his +wounds.—Spenser, <i>Faëry Queen</i>, i. 4, 5 (1590).</p> + +<p>(The reader will doubtless call to mind the combat of Menalāos and +Paris, and remember how the Trojan was invested in a cloud and carried +off by Venus under similar circumstances.—Homer, <i>Iliad</i>, iii.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sansloy</b> (“<i>superstition</i>”), the brother of Sansfoy and Sansjoy. He +carried off Una to the wilderness, but when the fauns and satyrs came to +her rescue, he saved himself by flight.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> The meaning of this allegory is this; Una (<i>truth</i>), +separated from St. George (<i>holiness</i>), is deceived by Hypocrisy; and +immediately Truth joins Hypocrisy it is carried away by Superstition. +Spenser says the “simplicity of truth” abides with the common people, +especially of the rural districts, it is lost to towns and the luxurious +great. The historical reference is to Queen Mary, in whose reign Una +(<i>the Re</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[350]</a></span><i>formation</i>) was carried captive, and religion, being mixed up +with hypocrisy, degenerated into superstition, but the rural population +adhered to the simplicity of the Protestant faith.—Spenser, <i>Faëry +Queen</i>, i. 2 (1590).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sansonetto</b>, a Christian regent of Mecca, vicegerent of +Charlemagne.—Ariosto, <i>Orlando Furioso</i> (1516).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Santa Klaus</b> (1 <i>syl.</i>), the Dutch name of St. Nicholas, the patron saint +of youth.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Santiago</b> [<i>Sent.yah´.go</i>], the war-cry of Spain; adopted because St. +James (<i>Sant Iago</i>) rendered, according to tradition, signal service to +a Christian king of Spain in a battle against the Moors.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Santiago for Spain.</b> This saint was James, son of Zebedee, brother of +John. He was beheaded, and caught his head in his hands as it fell. The +Jews were astonished, but when they touched the body they found it so +cold that their hands and arms were paralyzed.—Francisco Xavier, +<i>Añales de Galicia</i> (1733).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Santiago’s Head.</i> When Santiago went to Spain in his marble ship, he +had no head on his body. The passage took seven days, and the ship was +steered by the “presiding hand of Providence.”—<i>España Sagrada</i>, xx. 6.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Santiago had two heads.</i> One of his heads is at Braga, and one at +Compostella.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Santiago lead the armies of Spain.</i> Thirty-eight instances of the +interference of this saint are gravely set down as facts in the +<i>Chronicles of Galicia</i>, and this is super-added: “These instances are +well known, but I hold it for certain that the appearances of Santiago +in our victorious armies have been much more numerous, and in fact that +every victory obtained by the Spaniards has been really achieved by +this great captain.” Once when the rider on the white horse was asked in +battle who he was, he distinctly made answer, “I am the soldier of the +King of kings, and my name is James.”—Don Miguel Erce Gimenez, <i>Armas i +Triunfos del Reino de Galicia</i>, 648-9.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The true name of this saint was Jacobo.... We have first shortened +Santo Jacobo into <i>Santo Jac’o</i>. We clipped it again into <i>Sant’ +Jaco</i>, and by changing the <i>J</i> into <i>I</i> and the <i>c</i> into <i>g</i>, we +get <i>Sant-Iago</i>. In household names we convert Iago into <i>D’iago</i> +or <i>Diago</i>, which we soften into <i>Diego</i>.—Ambrosio de Morales, +<i>Coronica General de España</i>, ix. 7 sect. 2 (1586).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Santons</b>, a body of religionists, also called <i>Abdals</i>, who pretended to +be inspired with the most enthusiastic raptures of divine love. They +were regarded by the vulgar as saints. Olearius, <i>Reisebeschreibung</i>, i. +971 (1647).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sapphi´ra</b>, a female liar.—<i>Acts</i> v. 1.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>She is called the village Sapphira.—Crabbe.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sappho</b>, Greek poetess of the sixth century <span class="smcap">B.C.</span>, called “The Tenth +Muse.” Fragments of her verse remain which are very beautiful. She was +the victim of unrequited love, and leaped to her death from the +Leucadian Rock into the sea.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Sappho</i> (<i>The English</i>), Mrs. Mary D. Robinson (1758-1800).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Sappho</i> (<i>The French</i>), Mdlle. Scudéri (1607-1704).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Sappho</i> (<i>The Scotch</i>), Catherine Cockburn (1679-1749).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sappho of Toulouse</b>, Clémence Isaure (2 <i>syl.</i>), who instituted, in 1490, +<i>Les Jeux<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[351]</a></span> Floraux</i>. She is the authoress of a beautiful <i>Ode to Spring</i> +(1463-1513).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sapskull</b>, a raw Yorkshire tike, son of Squire Sapskull, of Sapskull +Hall. Sir Penurious Muckworm wishes him to marry his niece and ward, +Arbella, but as Arbella loves Gaylove, a young barrister, the tike is +played upon thus: Gaylove assumes to be Muckworm, and his lad, Slango, +dresses up as a woman to pass for Arbella; and while Sapskull “marries” +Slango, Gaylove, who assumes the dress and manners of the Yorkshire +tike, marries Arbella. Of course, the trick is then discovered, and +Sapskull returns to the home of his father, befooled but not +married.—Carey, <i>The Honest Yorkshireman</i> (1736).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Saracen</b> (<i>A</i>), in Arthurian romance, means any unbaptized person, +regardless of nationality. Thus, Priamus, of Tuscany, is called a +Saracen (pt. i. 96, 97); so is Sir Palomides, simply because he refused +to be baptized till he had done some noble deed (pt. ii.).—Sir T. +Malory, <i>History of Prince Arthur</i> (1470).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sara Carroll.</b> Devoted daughter of Major Carroll and firm ally of her +dainty stepmother, Madame Carroll, in the latter’s renewal of +intercourse with her eldest son and concealment of his existence from +her husband. Sara contrives that the mother shall be with the young man +when he dies, and by becoming the go-between for the two, incurs the +suspicions of her lover.—Constance Fenimore Woolson, <i>For the Major</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Saragossa</b> (<i>The Maid of</i>), Augustina Saragossa or Zaragoza, who, in +1808, when the city was invested by the French, mounted the battery in +the place of her lover who had been shot. Lord Byron says, when he was +at Seville, “the maid” used to walk daily on the prado, decorated with +medals and orders, by command of the junta. Southey, <i>History of the +Peninsular War</i> (1832).</p> + +<p class="poem">Her lover sinks—she sheds no ill timed tear;<br /> +<span class="i1">Her chief is slain—she fills his fatal post;</span><br /> +Her fellows flee—she checks their base career;<br /> +<span class="i1">The foe retires—she heads the sallying host.</span><br /> +... the flying Gaul,<br /> +Foiled by a woman’s hand before a battered wall.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Byron, <i>Childe Harold</i>, i. 56 (1809).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sardanapa´lus</b>, king of Nineveh and Assyria, noted for his luxury and +voluptuousness. Arbācês, the Mede, conspired against him, and defeated +him; whereupon his favorite slave, Myrra, induced him to immolate +himself on a funeral pile. The beautiful slave, having set fire to the +pile, leaped into the blazing mass, and was burnt to death with the +king, her master (<span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 817).—Byron, <i>Sardanapalus</i> (1619).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sardanapa´lus of China</b> (<i>The</i>), Cheo-tsin, who shut himself up in his +palace with his queen, and then set fire to the building, that he might +not fall into the hands of Woo-wong (<span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 1154-1122).</p> + +<p>(Cheo-tsin invented the chopsticks, and Woo-wong founded the Tchow +dynasty.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sardanapa´lus of Germany</b> (<i>The</i>), Wenceslas VI. or (IV.), king of +Bohemia and emperor of Germany (1359, 1378-1419).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sarell Gately.</b> Shrewd, “capable” girl who “lives out” on the Heybrook +farm.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“She was a young woman to take up responsibilities as she went +along. She liked them. She became naturally a part of whatever was +happening in her Troy; and wherever her temporary Troy might be, +there was pretty sure to be something happening.”—A. D. T. +Whitney, <i>Odd or Even?</i> (1880).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[352]</a></span><b>Sassenach</b>, a Saxon, an Englishman. (Welsh, <i>saesonig</i> adj. and +<i>saesoniad</i> noun.)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I would, if I thought I’d be able to catch some of the Sassenachs +in London.—<i>Very Far West Indeed.</i></p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Satan</b>, according to the <i>Talmud</i>, was once an archangel, but was cast +out of heaven with one-third of the celestial host for refusing to do +reverence to Adam.</p> + +<p>In mediæval mythology, Satan holds the fifth rank of the nine demoniacal +orders.</p> + +<p>Johan Wier, in his <i>Præstigiis Dæmonum</i> (1564), makes Beëlzebub the +sovereign of hell, and Satan leader of the opposition.</p> + +<p>In legendary lore, Satan is drawn with horns and tail, saucer eyes, and +claws; but Milton makes him a proud, selfish, ambitious chief, of +gigantic size, beautiful, daring, and commanding. He declares his +opinion that it is “better to reign in hell than serve in heaven.” Defoe +has written a <i>Political History of the Devil</i> (1726).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Satan</i>, according to Milton, monarch of hell. His chief lords are +Beëlzebub, Moloch, Chemos, Thammuz, Dagon, Rimmon, and Belial. His +standard-bearer is Azaz´el.</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i5">He, above the rest</span><br /> +In shape and gesture proudly eminent,<br /> +Stood like a tower. His form had not yet lost<br /> +All her original brightness; nor appeared<br /> +Less than archangel ruined, and the excess<br /> +Of glory obscured ... but his face<br /> +Deep scars of thunder had intrenched, and care<br /> +Sat on his faded cheek ... cruel his eye, but cast<br /> +Signs of remorse.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Milton, <i>Paradise Lost</i>, i. 589, etc. (1665).</span></p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> The word Satan means “enemy;” hence Milton says:</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i4">To whom the arch-enemy,</span><br /> +... in heaven called Satan.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib"><i>Paradise Lost</i>, i. 81 (1665).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Satanic School</b> (<i>The</i>), a class of writers in the earlier part of the +nineteenth century, who showed a scorn for all moral rules and the +generally received dogmas of the Christian religion. The most eminent +English writers of this school were Bulwer (afterwards Lord Lytton), +Byron, Moore, and P. B. Shelley. Of French writers: Paul de Kock, +Rousseau, George Sand, and Victor Hugo.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Satire</b> (<i>Father of</i>), Archilŏchos of Paros (<span class="smcap">B.C.</span> seventh century).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Satire</i> (<i>Father of French</i>), Mathurin Regnier (1573-1613).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Satire</i> (<i>Father of Roman</i>), Lucilius (<span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 148-103).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Satiro-mastix</b>, or <i>The Untrussing of the Humorous Poet</i>, a comedy by +Thomas Dekker (1602). Ben Jonson, in 1601, had attacked Dekker in <i>The +Poetaster</i>, where he calls himself “Horace,” and Dekker “Cris´pinus.” +Next year (1602), Dekker replied with spirit to this attack, in a comedy +entitled <i>Satiro-mastix</i>, where Jonson is called “Horace, junior.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Saturday.</b> To the following English sovereigns from the establishment of +the Tudor dynasty, Saturday has proved a fatal day:—</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Henry VII.</span> died Saturday, April 21, 1509.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">George II.</span> died Saturday, October 27, 1760.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">George III.</span> died Saturday, January 29, 1820, but of his fifteen children +only three died on a Saturday.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">George IV.</span> died Saturday, June 26, 1830, but the Princess Charlotte died +on a Tuesday.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Prince Albert</span> died Saturday, Decem<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[353]</a></span>ber 14, 1861. The duchess of Kent and +the Princess Alice also died on a Saturday.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> William III., Anne, and George I., all died on a Sunday; +William IV. on a Tuesday.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Saturn</b>, son of Heaven and Earth. He always swallowed his children +immediately they were born, till his wife, Rhea, not liking to see all +her children perish, concealed from him the birth of Jupiter, Neptune, +and Pluto, and gave her husband large stones instead, which he swallowed +without knowing the difference.</p> + +<p class="poem">Much as old Saturn ate his progeny;<br /> +For when his pious consort gave him stones<br /> +In lieu of sons, of those he made no bones.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Byron, <i>Don Juan</i>, xiv. 1 (1824).</span></p> + +<p class="main"><i>Saturn</i>, an evil and malignant planet.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>He is a genius full of gall, an author born under the planet +Saturn, a malicious mortal whose pleasure consists in hating all +the world.—Lesage, <i>Gil Blas</i>, v. 12 (1724).</p> + +<p>The children born under the sayd Saturne shall be great jangeleres +and chyders ... and they will never forgyve tyll they be revenged +of theyr quarrell.—Ptholomeus, <i>Compost</i>.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Satyr.</b> T. Woolner calls Charles II. “Charles the Satyr.”</p> + +<p class="poem">Next flared Charles Satyr’s saturnalia<br /> +Of lady nymphs.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib"><i>My Beautiful Lady.</i></span></p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> The most famous statue of the satyrs is that by Praxitĕlês, +of Athens, in the fourth century.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Satyrane</b> (<i>Sir</i>), a blunt, but noble knight, who helps Una to escape +from the fauns and satyrs.—Spenser, <i>Faëry Queen</i>, i. (1590).</p> + +<p class="poem">And passion erst unknown, could gain<br /> +The breast of blunt Sir Satyrane.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Sir W. Scott.</span></p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> “Sir Satyrane” is meant for Sir John Perrot, a natural son of +Henry VIII., and lord deputy of Ireland, from 1583 to 1588; but, in +1590, he was in prison in the Tower for treason, and was beheaded in +1592.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Satyr´icon</b>, a comic romance in Latin, by Petro´nius Ar´biter, in the +first century. Very gross, but showing great power, beauty, and skill.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Saul</b>, in Dryden’s satire of <i>Absalom and Achitophel</i>, is meant for +Oliver Cromwell. As Saul persecuted David, and drove him from Jerusalem, +so Cromwell persecuted Charles II., and drove him from England.</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i6">... ere Saul they chose,</span><br /> +God was their king, and God they durst depose.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Pt. i. (1681).</span></p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> This was the “divine right” of kings.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Saunders</b>, groom of Sir Geoffrey Peveril of the Peak.—Sir W. Scott, +<i>Peveril of the Peak</i> (time, Charles II.).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Saunders</i> (<i>Richard</i>), the pseudonym of Dr. Franklin, adopted in <i>Poor +Richard’s Almanac</i>, begun in 1732.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Saunders Sweepclean</b>, a king’s messenger, at Knockwinnock Castle.—Sir W. +Scott, <i>The Antiquary</i> (time George III.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Saunderson</b> (<i>Saunders</i>), butler, etc., to Mr. Cosmo Comyne Bradwardine, +baron of Bradwardine and Tully Veolan.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Waverley</i> (time, +George II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Saurid</b>, king of Egypt, say the Coptites (2 <i>syl.</i>) built the pyramids +300 years before the Flood, and according to the same<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[354]</a></span> authority, the +following inscription was engraved upon one of them:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I, King Saurid, built the pyramids ... and finished them in six +years. He that comes after me ... let him destroy them in 600 if he +can ... I also covered them ... with satin, and let him cover them +with matting.—Greaves, <i>Pyramidographia</i>, (seventeenth century).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Savage</b> (<i>Captain</i>), a naval commander.—Captain Marryat, <i>Peter Simple</i> +(1833).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sav´il</b>, steward to the elder Loveless.—Beaumont and Fletcher, <i>The +Scornful Lady</i> (1616).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sav´ille</b> (2 <i>syl.</i>), the friend of Doricourt. He saves Lady Frances +Touchwood from Courtall, and frustrates his infamous designs on the +lady’s honor.—Mrs. Cowley, <i>The Belle’s Stratagem</i> (1780).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Saville</i> (<i>Lord</i>), a young nobleman with Chiffinch (emissary of Charles +II.).—Sir W. Scott, <i>Peveril of the Peak</i> (time Charles II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Saviour of Rome.</b> C. Marĭus was so called after the overthrow of the +Cimbri, July 30, <span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 101.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Saviour of the Nations.</b> So the duke of Wellington was termed after the +overthrow of Bonaparte (1769-1852).</p> + +<p class="poem">Oh, Wellington ... called “Saviour of the Nations!”<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Byron, <i>Don Juan</i>, ix. 5 (1824).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sawney</b>, a corruption of Sandie, a contracted form of Alexander. Sawney +means a Scotchman, as David a Welshman, John Bull an Englishman, Cousin +Michael a German, Brother Jonathan a native of the United States, +Macaire a Frenchman, Colin Tampon a Swiss, and so on.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sawyer</b> (<i>Bob</i>), a dissipated, struggling young medical practitioner, who +tries to establish a practice at Bristol, but without success. Sam +Weller calls him “Mr. Sawbones.”—C. Dickens, <i>The Pickwick Papers</i> +(1836)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Saxon Duke</b> (<i>The</i>), mentioned by Butler in his <i>Hudibras</i>, was John +Frederick, duke of Saxony, of whom Charles V. said, “Never saw I such a +swine before.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sboga</b> (<i>Jean</i>), the hero of a romance by C. Nodier (1818), a leader of +bandits, in the spirit of Lord Byron’s <i>Corsair</i> and <i>Lara</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scadder</b> (<i>General</i>), agent in the office of the “Eden Settlement.” His +peculiarity consisted in the two distinct expressions of his profile, +for “one side seemed to be listening to what the other side was +doing.”—C. Dickens, <i>Martin Chuzzlewit</i> (1844).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scalds</b>, court poets and chroniclers of the ancient Scandinavians. They +resided at court, were attached to the royal suite, and attended the +king in all his wars. They also acted as ambassadors between hostile +tribes, and their persons were held sacred. These bards celebrated in +song the gods, the kings of Norway, and national heroes. Their lays or +<i>vyses</i> were compiled in the eleventh century by Sæmund Sigfusson, a +priest and scald of Iceland, and the compilation is called the <i>Elder</i> +or <i>Rythmical Edda</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scallop-Shell</b> (<i>The</i>). Every one knows that St. James’s pilgrims are +distinguished by scallop-shells, but it is a blunder to suppose that +other pilgrims are privileged to wear them. Three of the popes have, by +their bulls, distinctly confirmed this right to the Compostella pilgrim +alone:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[355]</a></span> viz., Pope Alexander III., Pope Gregory IX. and Pope Clement V.</p> + +<p>Now, the escallop or scallop, is a shell-fish, like an oyster or large +cockle; but Gwillim tells us what ignorant zoölogists have omitted to +mention, that the bivalve is “engendered solely of dew and air. It has +no blood at all; yet no food that man eats turns so soon into life-blood +as the scallop.”—<i>Display of Heraldy</i>, 171.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Scallop-shells used by Pilgrims.</i> The reason why the scallop-shell is +used by pilgrims is not generally known. The legend is this: When the +marble ship which bore the headless body of St. James approached Bouzas, +in Portugal, it happened to be the wedding day of the chief magnate of +the village; and while the bridal party was at sport, the horse of the +bridegroom became unmanageable, and plunged into the sea. The ship +passed over the horse and its rider, and pursued its onward course, +when, to the amazement of all, the horse and its rider emerged from the +water uninjured, and the cloak of the rider was thickly covered with +scallop-shells. All were dumbfounded, and knew not what to make of these +marvels, but a voice from heaven exclaimed, “It is the will of God that +all who henceforth make their vows to St. James, and go on pilgrimage, +shall take with them scallop-shells; and all who do so shall be +remembered in the day of judgment.” On hearing this, the lord of the +village, with the bride and bridegroom, were duly baptized, and Bouzas +became a Christian Church.—<i>Sanctoral Portugues</i> (copied into the +<i>Breviaries</i> of <i>Alcobaça and St. Cucufate</i>).</p> + +<p class="poem">Cunctis mare cernentibus,<br /> +Sed a profundo ducitur;<br /> +Natus Regis submergitur,<br /> +Totus plenus conchilibus.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib"><i>Hymn for St. James’s day.</i></span></p> + +<p class="poem">In sight of all the prince went down,<br /> +<span class="i1">Into the deep sea dells;</span><br /> +In sight of all the prince emerged,<br /> +<span class="i1">Covered with scallop-shells.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scalping</b> (<i>Rules for</i>). The Cheyennes, in scalping, remove from the part +just over the left ear a piece of skin not larger than a silver dollar. +The Arrapahoes take a similar piece from the region of the right ear. +Others take the entire skin from the crown of the head, the forehead, or +the nape of the neck. The Utes take the entire scalp from ear to ear, +and from the forehead to the nape of the neck.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scambister</b> (<i>Eric</i>), the old butler of Magnus Troil, the udaller of +Zetland.—Sir W. Scott, <i>The Pirate</i> (time, William III.).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> A udaller is one who holds his lands by allodial tenure.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scandal</b>, a male character in <i>Love for Love</i>, by Congreve (1695).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Scandal</i> (<i>School for</i>), a comedy by Sheridan (1777).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scanderbeg.</b> So George Castriota, an Albanian hero, was called. Amurath +II. gave him the command of 5000 men, and such was his daring and +success, that he was called Skander (<i>Alexander</i>). In the battle of +Morava (1443) he deserted Amurath, and, joining the Albanians, won +several battles over the Turks. At the instigation of Pius II. he headed +a crusade against them, but died of a fever, before Mahomet II. arrived +to oppose him (1404-1467). (Beg or Bey is the Turkish for “prince.”)</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Scanderbeg’s sword needs Scanderbeg’s arm.</i> Mahomet II. “the Great” +requested to see the scimitar which George Castriota used so +successfully against the Ottomans in 1461. Being shown it, and wholly +un<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[356]</a></span>able to draw it, he pronounced the weapon to be a hoax, but received +for answer, “Scanderbeg’s sword needs Scanderbeg’s arm to wield it.”</p> + +<p>The Greeks had a similar saying, “None but Ulysses can draw Ulysses’s +bow.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scapegoat</b> (<i>The</i>), a farce by John Poole. Ignatius Polyglot, a learned +pundit, master of seventeen languages, is the tutor of Charles Eustace, +aged 24 years. Charles has been clandestinely married for four years, +and has a little son named Frederick. Circumstances have occurred which +render the concealment of this marriage no longer decorous or possible, +so he breaks it to his tutor, and conceals his young wife for the nonce +in Polyglot’s private room. Here she is detected by the housemaid, Molly +Maggs, who tells her master, and old Eustace says, the only reparation a +man can make in such circumstances is to marry the girl at once. “Just +so,” says the tutor. “Your son is the husband, and he is willing at once +to acknowledge his wife and infant son.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scapin</b>, valet of Léandre, son of Seignior Géronte. (See +<span class="smcap">Fourberies</span>.)—Molière, <i>Les Fourberies de Scapin</i> (1671).</p> + +<p>(Otway has made an English version of this play, called <i>The Cheats of +Scapin</i>, in which Léandre is Anglicized into “Leander,” Géronte is +called “Gripe,” and his friend, Argante, father of Zerbinette, is called +“Thrifty,” father of <a name="corr160" id="corr160"></a><ins class="correction" title="“Lucia.”)">“Lucia.”</ins></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scapi´no</b>, the cunning, knavish servant of Gratiano, the loquacious and +pedantic Bolognese doctor.—<i>Italian Mask.</i></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scar</b> (<i>Little</i>), son of Major and Madam Carroll, believed by his father +to be legitimate, known by his mother to have been born during the +lifetime of her first husband, although she had married the major, +supposing herself a widow.—Constance Fenimore Woolson, <i>For the Major</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Scaramouch" id="Scaramouch"></a><b>Scar´amouch</b>, a braggart and fool, most valiant in words, but constantly +being drubbed by Harlequin. Scaramouch is a common character in Italian +farce, originally meant in ridicule of the Spanish don, and therefore +dressed in Spanish costume. Our clown is an imbecile old idiot, and +wholly unlike the dashing poltroon of Italian pantomime. The best +“Scaramouches” that ever lived were Tiberio Fiurelli, a Neapolitan (born +1608), and Gandini (eighteenth century).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Scar´borough Warning</i> (<i>A</i>), a warning given too late to be taken +advantage of. Fuller says the allusion is to an event which occurred in +1557, when Thomas Stafford seized upon Scarborough Castle, before the +townsmen had any notice of his approach. Heywood says a “Scarborough +warning” resembles what is now called Lynch law: punished first, and +warned afterwards. Another solution is this: If ships passed the castle +without saluting it by striking sail, it was customary to fire into them +a shotted gun, by way of warning.</p> + +<p class="poem">Be suërly seldom, and never for much ...<br /> +Or Scarborow warning, as ill I believe,<br /> +When (“Sir, I arrest ye”) gets hold of thy sleeve.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">T. Tusser, <i>Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry</i>, x. 28 (1557).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Scarlet" id="Scarlet"></a><b>Scarlet</b> (<i>Will</i>), <b>Scadlock</b> or <b>Scathelocke</b>, one of the companions of +Robin Hood.</p> + +<p class="poem">“Take thy good bowe in thy hande,” said Robyn.<br /> +<span class="i1">“Let Moche wend with the</span><br /> +And so shall Wyllyam Scathelocke,<br /> +<span class="i1">And no man abyde with me.”</span><br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Ritson, <i>Robin Hood Ballads</i>, i. 1 (1520).</span></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[357]</a></span></p> + +<p class="poem">The tinker looking him about,<br /> +<span class="i1">Robin his horn did blow;</span><br /> +Then came unto him Little John<br /> +<span class="i1">And William Scadlock, too.</span><br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Ditto, ii. 7 (1656).</span></p> + +<p class="poem">And there of him they made a<br /> +<span class="i1">Good yeoman Robin Hood,</span><br /> +Scarlet and Little John,<br /> +<span class="i1">And Little John, hey ho!</span><br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Ditto, appendix 2 (1790).</span></p> + +<p>In the two dramas called <i>The First and Second Parts of Robin Hood</i>, by +Anthony Munday and Henry Chettle, Scathlock or Scadlock, is called the +brother of Will Scarlet.</p> + +<p class="poem">... possible that Warman’s spite ... doth hunt the lives<br /> +Of bonnie Scarlet and his brother, Scathlock.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Pt. i. (1597).</span></p> + +<p>Then “enter Warman, with Scarlet and Scathlock bounde,” but Warman is +banished, and the brothers are liberated and pardoned.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scarlet Woman</b> (<i>The</i>), popery (<i>Rev.</i> xvii. 4).</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i6">And fulminated</span><br /> +Against the scarlet woman and her creed.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Tennyson, <i>Sea Dreams</i>.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scathelocke</b> (2 <i>syl.</i>) or <b>Scadlock</b>, one of the companions of Robin Hood. +Either the brother of Will Scarlet or another spelling of the name. (See +<a href="#Scarlet"><span class="smcap">Scarlet</span></a>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scatterbury</b> (<i>Juliet</i>). Ambitious New York woman, who lives in a flat +and pretends to distant friends that she lives in a Fifth Avenue brown +stone front; “an egregious follower of Ananias and Sapphira.”—William +Henry Bishop, <i>The Brown Stone Boy and Other Stories</i> (1888).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scavenger’s Daughter</b> (<i>The</i>), an instrument of torture, invented by Sir +William Skevington, lieutenant of the Tower in the reign of Henry VIII. +“Scavenger” is a corruption of Skevington.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>To kiss the scavenger’s daughter</i>, to suffer punishment by this +instrument of torture, to be beheaded by a guillotine or some similar +instrument.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sceaf</b> [<i>Sheef</i>], one of the ancestors of Woden. So called because in +infancy he was laid on a wheatsheaf, and cast adrift in a boat; the boat +stranded on the shores of Sleswig, and the infant, being considered a +gift from the gods, was brought up for a future king.—<i>Beowulf</i> (an +Anglo-Saxon epic, sixth century).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scepticism</b> (<i>Father of Modern</i>), Pierre Bayle (1647-1706).</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Schacabac" id="Schacabac"></a><b>Schacabac</b>, “the hare-lipped,” a man reduced to the point of starvation, +invited to a feast by the rich Barmecide. Instead of victuals and drink, +the rich man set before his guest empty dishes and empty glasses, +pretending to enjoy the imaginary foods and drinks. Schacabac entered +into the spirit of the joke, and did the same. He washed in imaginary +water, ate of the imaginary delicacies, and praised the imaginary wine. +Barmecide was so delighted with his guest, that he ordered in a +substantial meal, of which he made Schacabac a most welcome +partaker.—<i>Arabian Nights</i> (“The Barber’s Sixth Brother”). (See +<a href="#Shaccabac"><span class="smcap">Shaccabac</span></a>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Schah´riah</b>, sultan of Persia. His wife being unfaithful, and his +brother’s wife too, Schahriah imagined that no woman was virtuous. He +resolved, therefore, to marry a fresh wife every night, and to have her +strangled at daybreak. Scheherazādê, the vizier’s daughter, married him +notwithstanding, and contrived, an hour before daybreak, to begin a +story to her sister,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[358]</a></span> in the sultan’s hearing, always breaking off +before the story was finished. The sultan got interested in these tales; +and, after a thousand and one nights, revoked his decree, and found in +Scheherazadê a faithful, intelligent, and loving wife.—<i>Arabian Nights’ +Entertainments.</i></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Schah´zaman</b>, sultan of the “Island of the children of Khal´edan,” +situated in the open sea, some twenty day’s sail from the coast of +Persia. The sultan had a son, an only child, named Camaral´zaman, the +most beautiful of mortals. Camaralzaman married Badoura, the most +beautiful of women, the only daughter of Gaiour (2 <i>syl.</i>), emperor of +China.—<i>Arabian Nights</i> (“Camaralzaman and Badoura”).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Schaibar</b> (2 <i>syl.</i>), brother of the fairy Pari-Banou. He was only +eighteen inches in height, and had a huge hump both before and behind. +His beard, though thirty feet long, never touched the ground, but +projected forwards. His moustaches went back to his ears, and his little +pig’s eyes were buried in his enormous head. He wore a conical hat, and +carried for quarterstaff an iron bar of 500 lbs. weight at +least.—<i>Arabian Nights</i> (“Ahmed and Pari-Banou”).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Schamir</b> (<i>The</i>) that instrument or agent with which Solomon wrought the +stones of the Temple, being forbidden to use any metal instrument for +the purpose. Some say the Schamir´ was a worm; some that it was a stone; +some that it was “a creature no bigger than a barleycorn, which nothing +could resist.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scheherazade</b> [<i>Sha.ha´.ra.zah´.de</i>], the hypothetical relater of the +stories in the <i>Arabian Nights</i>. She was the elder daughter of the +vizier of Persia. The sultan, Schahriah, exasperated at the infidelity +of his wife, came to the hasty conclusion that no woman could be +faithful; so he determined to marry a new wife every night, and strangle +her at daybreak. Scheherazādê, wishing to free Persia of this disgrace, +requested to be made the sultan’s wife, and succeeded in her wish. She +was young and beautiful, of great courage and ready wit, well read, and +an excellent memory, knew history, philosophy, and medicine, was besides +a good poet, musician, and dancer. Scheherazadê obtained permission of +the sultan for her younger sister, Dinarzadê, to sleep in the same +chamber, and instructed her to say, one hour before daybreak, “Sister, +relate to me one of those delightful stories which you know, as this +will be the last time.” Scheherazadê then told the sultan (under +pretence of speaking to her sister) a story, but always contrived to +break off before the story was finished. The sultan, in order to hear +the end of the story, spared her life till the next night. This went on +for a thousand and one nights, when the sultan’s resentment was worn +out, and his admiration of his sultana was so great that he revoked his +decree.—<i>Arabian Nights’ Entertainments.</i> (See <a href="#Moradbak"><span class="smcap">Moradbak</span></a>.)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Roused like the Sultana Scheherazadê, and forced into a story.—C. +Dickens, <i>David Copperfield</i> (1849).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Schemseddin Mohammed</b>, elder son of the vizier of Egypt, and brother of +Noureddin Ali. He quarrelled with his brother on the subject of their +two children’s hypothetical marriage; but the brothers were not yet +married, and children “were only in supposition.” Noureddin Ali quitted +Cairo, and travelled to Basora, where he married the vizier’s daughter, +and on the very same day Schemseddin married the daughter of one of the +chief<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[359]</a></span> grandees of Cairo. On one and the same day a daughter was born to +Schemseddin, and a son to his brother, Noureddin Ali. When Schemseddin’s +daughter was 20 years old, the sultan asked her in marriage, but the +vizier told him she was betrothed to his brother’s son, Bed´reddin Ali. +At this reply, the sultan, in anger, swore she should be given in +marriage to the “ugliest of his slaves;” and accordingly betrothed her +to Hunchback, a groom, both ugly and deformed. By a fairy trick, +Bedreddin Ali was substituted for the groom, but at daybreak was +conveyed to Damascus. Here he turned pastry-cook, and was discovered by +his mother by his cheese-cakes. Being restored to his country and his +wife, he ended his life happily.—<i>Arabian Nights</i> (“Noureddin Ali,” +etc.). (See <span class="smcap">Cheese-Cakes</span>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Schemsel´nihar</b>, the favorite sultana of Haroun-al-Raschid, caliph of +Bagdad. She fell in love with Aboulhassan Ali ebn Becar, prince of +Persia. From the first moment of their meeting they began to pine for +each other, and fell sick. Though miles apart, they died at the same +hour, and were both buried in the same grave.—<i>Arabian Nights</i> +(“Aboulhassen and Schemselnihar”).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Schlemihl</b> (<i>Peter</i>), the hero of a popular German legend. Peter sells +his shadow to an “old man in grey,” who meets him while fretting under a +disappointment. The name is a household term for one who makes a +desperate and silly bargain.—Chamisso, <i>Peter Schlemihl</i> (1813).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Schmidt</b> (<i>Mr.</i>), a German of kindly spirit and refined tastes, “in his +talk gently cynical.” “To know him a little was to dislike him, but to +know him well was to love him.” At the feet of a pretty Quaker dame, he +laid an homage, which he felt to be hopeless of result, while he was +schooled by sorrowful fortunes to accept the position as one which he +hardly ever wished to change.—Silas Weir Mitchell, <i>Hephzibah Guinness</i> +(1880).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scholastic</b> (<i>The</i>), Epipha´nius, an Italian scholar (sixth century).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scholastic Doctor</b> (<i>The</i>), Anselm, of Laon (1050-1117).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scholey</b> (<i>Lawrence</i>), servant at Burgh-Westra. His master is Magnus +Troil, the udaller of Zetland.—Sir W. Scott, <i>The Pirate</i> (time, +William III.).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Udaller, one who holds land by allodial tenure.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Schonfelt</b>, lieutenant of Sir Archibald von Hagenbach, a German +noble.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Anne of Geierstein</i> (time, Edward IV.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>School of Husbands</b>, (<i>L’école des Maris</i>, “wives trained by men”), a +comedy by Molière (1661). Ariste and Sganarelle, two brothers, bring up +Léonor and Isabelle, two orphan sisters, according to their systems for +making them in time their model wives. Sganarelle’s system was to make +the women dress plainly, live retired, attend to domestic duties, and +have few indulgences. Ariste’s system was to give the woman great +liberty, and trust to her honor. Isabelle, brought up by Sganarelle, +deceived him and married another; but Léonor, brought up by Ariste, made +him a fond and faithful wife.</p> + +<p>Sganarelle’s plan:</p> + +<p class="poem">J’entend que la mienne vive à ma fantaisie—<br /> +Que d’une serge honnête elle ait son vêtement,<br /> +Et ne porte le noir, qu’ aux bons jours seulement;<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[360]</a></span>Qu’ enfermée au logis, en personne bien sage,<br /> +Elle s’applique toute aux choses du ménage,<br /> +A recoudre mon linge aux heures de loisir,<br /> +Ou bien à tricoter quelques bas par <a name="corr161" id="corr161"></a><ins class="correction" title="plaisir;">plasir;</ins><br /> +Qu’ aux discours des muguets elle ferme l’oreille,<br /> +Et ne sorte jamais sans avoir qui la veille.</p> + +<p>Ariste’s plan:</p> + +<p class="poem">Leur sexe aime à jouir d’un peu de liberté;<br /> +On le retient fort mal par tant d’austérité;<br /> +Et les soins défiants les verroux et les grilles,<br /> +Ne font pas la vertu des femmes ni des filles;<br /> +C’est l’honneur qui les doit tenir dans le devoir,<br /> +Non la sévérité que nous leur faisons voir ...<br /> +Je trouve que le cœur est ce qu’il faut gagner.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Act i. 2.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>School for Wives</b> (<i>L’école des Femmes</i>, “training for wives”), a comedy +by Molière (1662). Arnolphe has a crotchet about the proper training of +girls to make good wives, and tries his scheme upon Agnes, whom he +adopts from a peasant’s cottage, and designs in due time to make his +wife. He sends her from early childhood to a convent, where difference +of sex and the conventions of society are wholly ignored. When removed +from the convent she treats men as if they were schoolgirls, kisses +them, plays with them, and treats them with girlish familiarity. The +consequence is, a young man named Horace falls in love with her and +makes her his wife, but Arnolphe loses his pains.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Schoolmen.</b> (For a list of the schoolmen of each of the three periods, +see <i>Dictionary of Phrase and Fable</i>, 794.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Schoolmistress</b> (<i>The</i>), a poem in Spenserian metre, by Shenstone (1758). +The “schoolmistress” was Sarah Lloyd, who taught the poet himself in +infancy. She lived in a thatched cottage, before which grew a birch +tree, to which allusion is made in the poem.</p> + +<p class="poem">There dwells, in lowly shed and mean attire,<br /> +A matron old, whom we schoolmistress name ...<br /> +And all in sight doth rise a birchen tree.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Stanzas 2, 3.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Schreckenwald</b> (<i>Ital.</i>), steward of Count Albert.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Anne +of Geierstein</i> (time, Edward IV.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Schwaker</b> (<i>Jonas</i>), jester of Leopold, archduke of Austria.—Sir W. +Scott, <i>The Talisman</i> (time, Richard I.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scian Muse</b> (<i>The</i>), Simon´dês, born at Scia, or Cea, now <i>Zia</i>, one of +the Cyclades.</p> + +<p class="poem">The Scian and the Teian Muse [<i>Anacreon</i>] ...<br /> +Have found the fame your shores refuse.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Byron, <i>Don Juan</i>, iii. (“The Isles of Greece,” 1820).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Science</b> (<i>The prince of</i>), Tehuhe, “The Aristotle of China” (died <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> +1200).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scio</b> (now called <i>Chios</i>), one of the seven cities which claimed to be +the birthplace of Homer. Hence he is sometimes called “Scio’s Blind Old +Bard.” The seven cities referred to make an hexameter verse:</p> + +<p class="poem">Smyrna, Chios, Colophôn, Salamis, Rhodos, Argos, Athenæ; <i>or</i><br /> +Smyrna, Chios, Colophôn, Ithacâ, Pylos, Argos, Athenæ.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Antipater Sidonius, <i>A Greek Epigram</i>.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sciol´to</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), a proud Genoese nobleman, the father of Calista. +Calista was the bride of Altamont, a young man proud and fond of her, +but it was discovered on the wedding day that she had been seduced by +Lothario. This led to a series of calamities: (1) Lothario was killed in +a duel by Altamont; (2) a street riot was created, in which Sciolto +received his death-wound; and (3) Calista stabbed herself.—N. Rowe, +<i>The Fair Penitent</i> (1703).</p> + +<p>(In Italian, <i>Sciolto</i> forms but two syllables, but Rowe has made it +three in every case.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">[361]</a></span><b>Scipio</b> “dismissed the Iberian maid” (Milton, <i>Paradise Regained</i>, ii.). +The poet refers to the tale of Scipio’s restoring a captive princess to +her lover, Allucius, and giving to her, as a wedding present, the money +of her ransom. (See <span class="smcap">Continence</span>.)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>During his command in Spain a circumstance occurred which +contributed more to his fame and glory than all his military +exploits. At the taking of New Carthage, a lady of extraordinary +beauty was brought to Scipio, who found himself greatly affected by +her charms. Understanding, however, that she was betrothed to a +Celtibērian prince named Allucius, he resolved to conquer his +rising passion, and sent her to her lover without recompense. A +silver shield, on which this interesting event is depicted, was +found in the river Rhone by some fishermen in the seventeenth +century.—Goldsmith, <i>History of Rome</i>, xiv. 3. (Whittaker’s +improved edition contains a fac-simile of the shield on p. 215.)</p></div> + +<p class="main"><i>Scipio</i>, son of the gypsy woman, Coscolīna, and the soldier, Torribio +Scipio. Scipio becomes the secretary of Gil Blas, and settles down with +him at “the castle of Lirias.” His character and adventures are very +similar to those of Gil Blas himself, but he never rises to the same +level. Scipio begins by being a rogue, who pilfered and plundered all +who employed him, but in the service of Gil Blas he was a model of +fidelity and integrity.—Lesage, <i>Gil Blas</i> (1715).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sciro´nian Rocks</b>, between Meg´ara and Corinth. So called because the +bones of Sciron, the robber of Attica, were changed into these rocks +when Theseus (2 <i>syl.</i>) hurled him from a cliff into the sea. It was +from these rocks that Ino cast herself into the Corinthian bay.—<i>Greek +Fable.</i></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scirum.</b> The men of Scirum used to shoot against the stars.</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i4">Like ... men of wit bereaven,</span><br /> +Which howle and shoote against the lights of heaven.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Wm. Browne, Britannia’s Pastorals, iv. (1613).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scogan</b> (<i>Henry</i>), M.A., a poet, contemporary with Chaucer. He lived in +the reigns of Richard II., Henry IV., and probably Henry V. Among the +gentry who had letters of protection to attend Richard II. in his +expedition into Ireland, in 1399, is “Henricus Scogan, +Armiger.”—Tyrwhitt’s <i>Chaucer</i>, v. 15 (1773).</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i4">Scogan? What was he?</span><br /> +Oh, a fine gentleman and a master of arts<br /> +Of Henry the Fourth’s time, that made disguises<br /> +For the king’s sons, and writ in ballad royal<br /> +Daintily well.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Ben Jonson, <i>The Fortunate Isles</i> (1626).</span></p> + +<p class="main"><i>Scogan</i> (<i>John</i>), the favorite jester and buffoon of Edward IV. +“Scogan’s jests” were published by Andrew Borde, a physician in the +reign of Henry VIII.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The same Sir John [<i>Falstaff</i>], the very same. I saw him break +Skogan’s head at the court-gate, when he was a crack not thus +high.—Shakespeare, 2 <i>Henry IV.</i> act iii. sc. 2.</p></div> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Shakespeare has confounded Henry Scogan, M.A., the poet, who +lived in the reign of Henry IV., with John Scogan, the jester, who lived +about a century later, in the reign of Edward IV.; and, of course, Sir +John Falstaff, could not have known him when “he was a mere crack.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scogan’s Jest.</b> Scogan and some companions, being in lack of money, +agreed to the following trick: A peasant, driving sheep, was accosted by +one of the accomplices, who laid a wager that his sheep were hogs, and +agreed to abide by the decision of the first person they met. This, of +course, was Scogan, who instantly gave judgment against the herdsman.</p> + +<p>A similar joke is related in the <i>Hitopadesa</i>, an abridged version of +Pilpay’s <i>Fables</i>. In this case, the “peasant” is represented by a +Brahmin carrying a goat, and the joke was to persuade the Brahmin that +he was carrying a dog. “How is this,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[362]</a></span> friend,” says one, “that you, a +Brahmin, carry on your back such an unclean animal as a dog?” “It is not +a dog,” says the Brahmin, “but a goat;” and trudged on. Presently +another made the same remark, and the Brahmin, beginning to doubt, took +down the goat to look at it. Convinced that the creature was really a +goat, he went on, when presently a third made the same remark. The +Brahmin, now fully persuaded that his eyes were befooling him, threw +down the goat and went away without it; whereupon the three companions +took possession of it and cooked it.</p> + +<p>In <i>Tyll Eulenspiegel</i> we have a similar hoax. Eulenspiegel sees a man +with a piece of green cloth, which he resolves to obtain. He employs two +confederates, both priests. Says Eulenspiegel to the man, “What a famous +piece of blue cloth! Where did you get it?” “Blue, you fool! why, it is +green.” After a short contention, a bet is made, and the question in +dispute is referred to the first comer. This was a confederate, and he +at once decided that the cloth was blue. “You are both in the same +boat,” says the man, “which I will prove by the priest yonder.” The +question being put to the priest, is decided against the man, and the +three rogues divide the cloth amongst them.</p> + +<p>Another version is in novel 8 of Fortini. The joke was that certain kids +he had for sale were capons.—See Dunlop, <i>History of Fiction</i>, viii. +art. “Ser Giovanni.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scone</b> [<i>Skoon</i>], a palladium stone. It was erected in Icolmkil for the +coronation of Fergus Eric, and was called the <i>Lia-Fail</i> of Ireland. +Fergus, the son of Fergus Eric, who led the Dalriads to Argyllshire, +removed it to Scone; and Edward I. took it to London. It still remains +in Westminster Abbey, where it forms the support of Edward the +Confessor’s chair, which forms the coronation chair of the British +monarchs.</p> + +<p class="poem">Ni fallat fatum, Scoti, quocunque locatum<br /> +Invenient lapidem, regnare tenentur ibidem.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Lardner, <i>History of Scotland</i>, i. 67 (1832).</span></p> + +<p class="poem">Where’er this stone is placed, the fates decree,<br /> +The Scottish race shall there the sovereigns be.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Of course, the “Scottish race” is the dynasty of the Stuarts +and their successors.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scotch Guards</b>, in the service of the French kings, were called his +<i>garde du corps</i>. The origin of the guard was this: When St. Louis +entered upon his first crusade, he was twice saved from death by the +valor of a small band of Scotch auxiliaries under the commands of the +earls of March and Dunbar, Walter Stuart, and Sir David Lindsay. In +gratitude thereof, it was resolved that “a standing guard of Scotchmen, +recommended by the king of Scotland, should ever more form the +body-guard of the king of France.” This decree remained in force for +five centuries.—Grant, <i>The Scottish Cavalier</i>, xx.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scotland.</b> So called, according to legend, from Scota, daughter of +Pharaoh. What gives this legend especial interest is, that when Edward +I. laid claim to the country as a fief of England, he pleaded that +Brute, the British king, in the days of Eli and Samuel, had conquered +it. The Scotch, in their defence, pleaded their independence in virtue +of descent from Scota, daughter of Pharaoh. This is not fable, but sober +history.—Rymer, <i>Fœdera</i>, I. ii. (1703).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scotland a Fief of England.</b> When Edward I. laid claim to Scotland as a +fief<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[363]</a></span> of the English crown, his great plea was that it was awarded to +Adelstan, by direct miracle, and, therefore, could never be alienated. +His advocates seriously read from <i>The Life and Miracles of St. John of +Beverley</i>, this extract: Adelstan went to drive back the Scotch, who had +crossed the border, and, on reaching the Tyne, St. John of Beverley +appeared to him, and bade him cross the river at daybreak. Adelstan +obeyed, and reduced the whole kingdom to submission. On reaching Dunbar, +in the return march, Adelstan prayed that some sign might be given, to +testify to all ages that God had delivered the kingdom into his hands. +Whereupon he was commanded to strike the basaltic rock with his sword. +This did he, and the blade sank into the rock “as if it had been +butter,” cleaving it asunder for “an ell or more.” As the cleft remains +to the present hour, in testimony of this miracle, why, of course, <i>cela +va sans dire</i>.—Rymer, <i>Fœdera</i>, I. ii. 771 (1703).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scotland’s Scourge</b>, Edward I. His son, Edward II., buried him in +Westminster Abbey, where his tomb is still to be seen, with the +following inscription:—</p> + +<p class="poem">Edwardus Longus, Scotorum Malleus, hic est.<br /> +(Our Longshanks, “Scotland’s Scourge,” lies here).<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Drayton, <i>Polyolbion</i>, xvii. (1613).</span></p> + +<p class="poem">So Longshanks, Scotland’s Scourge, the land laid waste.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Ditto, xxix. (1622).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scots</b> (<i>scuite</i>, “a wanderer, a rover”), the inhabitants of the western +coast of Scotland. As this part is very hilly and barren, it is unfit +for tillage; and the inhabitants used to live a roving life on the +produce of the chase, their chief employment being the rearing of +cattle.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Scots</i> (<i>The Royal</i>). The hundred cuirassiers, called <i>hommes des +armes</i>, which formed the body-guard of the French king, were sent to +Scotland in 1633, by Louis XIII., to attend the coronation of Charles +I., at Edinburgh. On the outbreak of the civil war, eight years +afterwards, these cuirassiers loyally adhered to the crown, and received +the title of “The Royal Scots.” At the downfall of the king, the <i>hommes +des armes</i> returned to France.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scott</b> (<i>The Southern</i>). Ariosto is so called by Lord Byron.</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i8">First rose</span><br /> +The Tuscan father’s “comedy divine” [<i>Dantê</i>];<br /> +Then, not unequal to the Florentine,<br /> +The southern Scott, the minstrel who called forth<br /> +A new creation with his magic line,<br /> +And, like the Ariosto of the north [<i>Sir W. Scott</i>],<br /> +Sang ladye-love and war, romance and knightly worth.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Byron, <i>Childe Harold</i>, iv. 40 (1817).</span></p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Dante was born at Florence.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scott of Belgium</b> (<i>The Walter</i>), Hendrick Conscience (1812- ).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scottish Anacreon</b> (<i>The</i>), Alexander Scot is so called by Pinkerton.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scottish Boanerges</b> (<i>The</i>), Robert and James Haldane (nineteenth +century). Robert died 1842, aged 79, and James 1851.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scottish Hogarth</b> (<i>The</i>), David Allan (1744-1796).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scottish Homer</b> (<i>The</i>), William Wilkie, author of an epic poem in rhyme, +entitled <i>The Epigoniad</i> (1753).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scottish Solomon</b> (<i>The</i>), James VI. of Scotland, subsequently called +James I. of England (1566, 1603-1625).</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[364]</a></span><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> The French king called him far more aptly, “The Wisest Fool +in Christendom.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scottish Terriers</b> (<i>The</i>), Sir David Wilkie (1785-1841).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scottish Theoc´ritos</b> (<i>The</i>), Allan Ramsay (1685-1758).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scotus.</b> There were two schoolmen of this name: (1) John Scotus +<i>Erigena</i>, a native of Ireland, who died 886, in the reign of King +Alfred; (2) John Duns Scotus, a Scotchman, who died 1308. Longfellow +confounds these two in his <i>Golden Legend</i> when he attributes the Latin +version of <i>St. Dionysius</i>, <i>the Areopagite</i>, to the latter schoolman.</p> + +<p class="poem">And done into Latin by that Scottish beast,<br /> +Erigena Johannes.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Longfellow, <i>The Golden Legend</i> (1851).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scourers</b>, a class of dissolute young men, often of the better class, who +infested the streets of London, in the seventeenth century, and thought +it capital fun to break windows, upset sedan-chairs, beat quiet +citizens, and molest young women. These young blades called themselves +at different times, Muns, Hectors, Scourers, Nickers, Hawcabites, and +Mohawks or Mohocks.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scourge of Christians</b> (<i>The</i>), Noureddin-Mahmûd, of Damascus +(1116-1174).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scourge of God</b> (<i>The</i>), Attila, king of the Huns, called <i>Flagellum Dei</i> +(died <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 453). Gensĕric, king of the Vandals, called <i>Virga Dei</i> (*, +reigned 429-477).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scourge of Princes</b> (<i>The</i>), Pietro Aretino, of Arezzo, a merciless +satirist of kings and princes, but very obscene and licentious. He +called himself “Aretino the Divine” (1492-1557).</p> + +<p class="poem">Thus Aretin of late got reputation<br /> +By scourging kings, as Lucian did of old<br /> +By scorning gods.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Lord Brooke, <i>Inquisition Upon Fame</i> (1554-1628).</span></p> + +<p>Suidas called Lucian “The Blasphemer;” and he added that he was torn to +pieces by dogs for his impiety. Some of his works attack the heathen +philosophy and religion. His <i>Jupiter Convicted</i> shows Jupiter to be +powerless, and <i>Jupiter, the Tragedian</i>, shows Jupiter and the other +gods to be myths (120-200).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scourge of Scotland</b>, Edward I., <i>Scotōrum Malleus</i> (1239, 1272-1307).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scrape-All</b>, a soapy, psalm-singing hypocrite, who combines with Cheatly +to supply young heirs with cash at most exorbitant usury. (See +<span class="smcap">Cheatly</span>.)—Shadwell, <i>Squire of Alsatia</i> (1688).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scrape on, Gentlemen.</b> Hadrian went once to the public baths, and, seeing +an old soldier scraping himself with a potsherd, for want of a +flesh-brush, sent him a sum of money. Next day the bath was crowded with +potsherd scrapers; but the emperor said when he saw them, “Scrape on, +gentlemen, but you will not scrape an acquaintance with me.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scribble</b>, an attorney’s clerk, who tries to get married to Polly +Honeycombe, a silly, novel-struck girl, but well off. He is happily +foiled in his scheme, and Polly is saved from the consequences of a most +unsuitable match.—G. Colman, the elder, <i>Polly Honeycombe</i> (1760).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scrible´rus</b> (<i>Cornelius</i>), father of Martinus. He was noted for his +pedantry, and his odd whims about the education of his son.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Martīnus Scriblērus</i>, a man of capacity,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[365]</a></span> who had read everything; but +his judgment was worthless, and his taste perverted.—(?) Arbuthnot, +<i>Memoirs of the Extraordinary Life, Works, and Discoveries of Martin +Scriblerus</i>.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> These “memoirs” were intended to be the first +<a name="corr162" id="corr162"></a><ins class="correction" title="installment">instalment</ins> of a general satire on the false taste in literature +prevalent in the time of Pope. The only parts of any moment that were +written of this intended series, were Pope’s <i>Treatise of the Bathos, or +Art of Sinking in Poetry</i>, and his <i>Memoirs of P. P., Clerk of this +Parish</i> (1727), in ridicule of Dr. Burnett’s <i>History of His Own Time</i>. +The <i>Dunciad</i> is, however, preceded by a <i>Prolegomena</i>, ascribed to +Martinus Scriblerus, and contains his notes and illustrations on the +poem, thus connecting this merciless satire with the original design.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scriever</b> (<i>Jock</i>), the apprentice of Duncan Macwheeble (bailie at Tully +Veolan to Mr. Cosmo Comyne Bradwardine, baron of Bradwardine and Tully +Veolan).—Sir W. Scott, <i>Waverley</i> (time George II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scriptores Decem</b>, a collection of ten ancient chronicles on English +history, in one vol., folio, London, 1652, edited by Roger Twysden and +John Selden. The volume contains: (1) Simeon Dunelmensis [Simeon of +Durham], <i>Historia</i>; (2) Johannes Hagustaldensis [John of Hexham], +<i>Historia Continuata</i>; (3) Richardus Hagustaldensis [Richard of Hexham], +<i>De Gestis Regis Stephani</i>; (4) Ailredus Rievallensis [Ailred of +Rieval], <i>Historia</i> (genealogy of the kings); (5) Radulphus de Diceto +[Ralph of Diceto], <i>Abbreviationes Chronicorum</i> and <i>Ymagines +Historiarum</i>; (6) Johannes Brompton, <i>Chronicon</i>; (7) Gervasius +Dorobornensis [Gervais of Dover], <i>Chronica, etc.</i> (burning and repair +of Dover Church; contentions between the monks of Canterbury and +Archbishop Baldwin; and lives of the archbishops of Canterbury); (8) +Thomas Stubbs (a Dominican), <i>Chronica Pontificum ecc. Eboraci</i> [<i>i.e.</i> +York]; (9) Guilielmus Thorn Cantuariensis [of Canterbury], <i>Chronica</i>; +and (10) Henricus Knighton Leicestrensis [of Leicester], <i>Chronica</i>. +(The last three are chronicles of “pontiffs” or archbishops.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scriptores Quinque</b>, better known as <i>Scriptores Post Bedam</i>, published +at Frankfürt, 1601, in one vol., folio, and containing: (1) Willielm +Malmesburiensis, <i>De Gestis Regum Anglorum</i>, <i>Historiæ Novellæ</i>, and <i>De +Gestis Pontificum Anglorum</i>; (2) Henry Huntindoniensis, <i>Historia</i>; (3) +Roger Hovedeni [Hoveden], <i>Annales</i>; (4) Ethelwerd, <i>Chronica</i>; and (5) +Ingulphus Croylandensis [of Croyland], <i>Historia</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scriptores Tres</b>, three “hypothetical” writers on ancient history, which +Dr. Bertram professed to have discovered between the years 1747 and +1757. They are called Richardus Corinensis [of Cirencester], <i>De Situ +Britanniæ</i>; Gildas Badonĭcus; and Nennius Banchorensis [of +Bangor].—J. E. Mayor, in his preface to <i>Ricardi de Cirencestria +Speculum Historiale</i>, has laid bare this literary forgery.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scripture.</b> Parson Adams’s wife said to her husband that in her opinion +“it was blasphemous to talk of Scriptures out of church.”—Fielding, +<i>Joseph Andrews</i>.</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i3">A great impression in my youth</span><br /> +Was made by Mrs. Adams, where she cries,<br /> +“That Scriptures out of church are blasphemous.”<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Byron, <i>Don Juan</i>, xiii. 96 (1824).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scroggen</b>, a poor hack author, celebrated by Goldsmith in his +<i>Description of an Author’s Bedchamber</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[366]</a></span><b>Scroggens</b>, (<i>Giles</i>), a peasant, who courted Molly Bawn, but died just +before the wedding day. Molly cried and cried for him, till she cried +herself fast asleep. Fancying that she saw Giles Scroggens’s ghost +standing at her bedside, she exclaimed in terror, “What do you want?” +“You for to come for to go along with me,” replied the ghost. “I ben’t +dead, you fool!” said Molly; but the ghost rejoined, “Why, that’s no +rule.” Then, clasping her round the waist, he exclaimed, “Come, come +with me, ere morning beam.” “I won’t!” shrieked Molly, and woke to find +“‘twas nothing but a dream.”—<i>A Comic Ballad.</i></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scroggs</b> (<i>Sir William</i>), one of the judges.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Peveril of +the Peak</i> (time, Charles II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scrooge</b> (<i>Ebenezer</i>), partner, executor, and heir of old Jacob Marley, +stock-broker. When first introduced, he is “a squeezing, grasping, +covetous old hunks, sharp and hard as a flint;” without one particle of +sympathy, loving no one, and by none beloved. One Christmas Day Ebenezer +Scrooge sees three ghosts; The Ghost of Christmas Past; Ghost of +Christmas Present; and the Ghost of Christmas To-come. The first takes +him back to his young life, shows him what Christmas was to him when a +schoolboy, and when he was an apprentice; reminds him of his courting a +young girl, whom he forsook as he grew rich; and shows him that +sweetheart of his young days married to another, and the mother of a +happy family. The second ghost shows him the joyous home of his clerk, +Bob Cratchit, who has nine people to keep on 15<i>s.</i> a week, and yet +could find wherewithal to make merry on this day; it also shows him the +family of his nephew, and of others. The third ghost shows him what +would be his lot if he died as he then was, the prey of harpies, the +jest of his friends on ‘Change, the world’s uncared-for waif. These +visions wholly changed his nature, and he becomes benevolent, +charitable, and cheerful, loving all, and by all beloved.—C. Dickens, +<i>A Christmas Carol</i> (in five staves, 1843).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scrow</b>, the clerk of Lawyer Glossin.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Guy Mannering</i> (time +George II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scrub</b>, a man-of-all-work to Lady Bountiful. He describes his duties +thus;</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Of a Monday I drive the coach, of a Tuesday I drive the plough, on +Wednesday I follow the hounds, on Thursday I dun the tenants, on +Friday I go to market, on Saturday I draw warrants, and on Sunday I +draw beer.—Geo. Farquhar, <i>The Beaux’ Stratagem</i>, iii. 4 (1707).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scrubin´da</b>, the lady who “lived by the scouring of pots in Dyot Street, +Bloomsbury Square.”</p> + +<p class="poem">Oh, was I a quart, pint, or gill,<br /> +<span class="i1">To be scrubbed by her delicate hands!...</span><br /> +My parlor that’s next to the sky<br /> +<span class="i1">I’d quit, her blest mansion to share;</span><br /> +So happy to live and to die<br /> +<span class="i1">In Dyot Street, Bloomsbury Square.</span><br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">W. B. Rhodes, <i>Bombastes Furioso</i> (1790).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scruple</b>, the friend of Random. He is too honest for a rogue, and too +conscientious for a rake. At Calais he met Harriet, the elder daughter +of Sir David Dunder, of Dunder Hall, near Dover, and fell in love with +her. Scruple subsequently got invited to Dunder Hall, and was told that +his Harriet was to be married next day to Lord Snolt, a stumpy, “gummy” +fogey of five and forty. Harriet hated the idea, and agreed to elope +with Scruple; but her father discovered by accident the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">[367]</a></span> intention, and +intercepted it. However, to prevent scandal, he gave his consent to the +union, and discovered that Scruple, both in family and fortune, was +quite suitable for a son-in-law.—G. Colman, <i>Ways and Means</i> (1788).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scu´damour</b> (<i>Sir</i>), the knight beloved by Am´oret (whom Britomart +delivered from Busyrane, the enchanter), and whom she ultimately +married. He is called Scudamour (3 <i>syl.</i>) from [<i>e</i>]<i>scu d’amour</i> (“the +shield of love”), which he carried (bk. iv. 10). This shield was hung by +golden bands in the temple of Venus, and under it was written: +“<span class="smcap">Whosoever be this Shield, Faire Amoret be his</span>.” Sir Scudamour, +determined to win the prize, had to fight with twenty combatants, +overthrew them all, and the shield was his. When he saw Amoret in the +company of Britomart, dressed as a knight, he was racked with jealousy, +and went on his wanderings, accompanied by nurse Glaucê for “his +squire;” but somewhat later, seeing Britomart, without her <a name="corr163" id="corr163"></a><ins class="correction" title="helmet,">hemlet,</ins> +he felt that his jealousy was groundless (bk. iv. 6). His tale is told +by himself (bk. iv. 10).—Spenser, <i>Faëry Queen</i>, iii., iv. (1590-6).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sculpture</b> (<i>Father of French</i>), Jean Goujon (1510-1572). G. Pilon is so +called also (1515-1590).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scyld</b>, the king of Denmark preceding Beowulf. The Anglo-Saxon epic poem +called <i>Beowulf</i> (sixth century) begins with the death of Scyld.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>At his appointed time, Scyld deceased, very decrepit, and went into +the peace of the Lord. They ... bore him to the sea-shore as he +himself requested.... There on the beach stood the ring-prowed +ship, the vehicle of the noble ... ready to set out. They laid down +the dear prince, the distributer of rings, in the bosom of the +ship, the mighty one beside the mast ... they set up a golden +ensign high overhead ... they gave him to the deep. Sad was their +spirit, mournful their mood.—Kemble, <i>Beowulf</i> (an Anglo-Saxon +poem, 1833).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scylla and Charybdis.</b> The former was a rock, in which dwelt Scylla, a +hideous monster, encompassed with dogs and wolves. The latter was a +whirlpool, into which Charybdis was metamorphosed.—<i>Classic Fable.</i></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scythian</b> (<i>That Brave</i>), Darius, the Persian. According to Herod´otus, +all the south-east of Europe used to be called Scythia, and Xenophon +calls the dwellers south of the Caspian Sea “Scythians,” also. In fact, +by Scythia was meant the south of Russia and west of Asia; hence, the +Hungarians, a Tartar horde, settled on the east coast of the Caspian +Sea, who, in 889, crossed into Europe, are spoken of as “Scythians,” and +Lord Brooke calls the Persians “Scythians.” The reference below is to +the following event in Persian history:—The death of Smerdis was kept +for a time a profound secret, and one of the officers about the court +who resembled him usurped the crown, calling himself brother of the late +monarch. Seven of the high nobles conspired together, and slew the +usurper, but it then became a question to which of the seven the crown +should be offered. They did not toss for it, but they did much the same +thing. They agreed to give the crown to him whose horse neighed first. +Darius’s horse won, and thus Darius became king of the Persian empire.</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i5">That brave Scythian,</span><br /> +Who found more sweetness in his horse’s neighing<br /> +Than all the Phrygian, Dorian, Lydian playing.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Lord Brooke, (1554-1628).</span></p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Marlowe calls Tamburlaine of Tartary “a Scythian.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">[368]</a></span>”</p> + +<p class="poem">You shall hear the Scythian Tamburlaine<br /> +Threatening the world with high astounding terms.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Marlowe, <i>Tamburlaine</i> (prologue, 1587).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Scythian’s Name</b> (<i>The</i>). Humber or Humbert, king of the Huns, invaded +England during the reign of Locrin, some 1000 years <span class="smcap">B.C.</span> In his flight, +he was drowned in the river Abus, which has ever since been called the +Humber, after “the Scythian’s name.”—Geoffrey, <i>British History</i>, ii. 2 +(1142); and Milton’s <i>History of England</i>.</p> + +<p class="poem">Or Humber loud that keeps the Scythian’s name.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Milton, <i>Vacation Exercise</i> (1627).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sea-Captain</b> (<i>The</i>), a drama by Lord Lytton (1839). Norman, “the +sea-captain,” was the son of Lady Arundel by her first husband, who was +murdered. He was born three days after his father’s murder, and was +brought up by Onslow, a village priest. At 14 he went to sea, and became +the captain of a man-of-war. Lady Arundel married again, and had another +son named Percy. She wished to ignore Norman, and to settle the title +and estates on Percy, but it was not to be. Norman and Percy both loved +Violet, a ward of Lady Arundel. Violet, however, loved Norman only. A +scheme was laid to murder Norman, but failed; and at the end Norman was +acknowledged by his mother, reconciled to his brother, and married to +the ward.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Seaforth</b> (<i>The earl of</i>), a royalist, in the service of King Charles +I.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Legend of Montrose</i> (time, Charles I.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Seasons</b> (<i>The</i>), a descriptive poem in blank verse, by James Thomson, +“Winter” (1726), “Summer” (1727), “Spring” (1728), “Autumn” (1730). +“Winter” is inscribed to the earl of Wilmington; “Summer” to Mr. +Doddington; “Spring” to the countess of Hertford; and “Autumn” to Mr. +Onslow.</p> + +<p>1. In “Winter,” after describing the season, the poet introduces his +episode of a traveller lost in a snowstorm, “the creeping cold lays him +along the snow, a stiffened <a name="corr164" id="corr164"></a><ins class="correction" title="corpse,”">corse,”</ins> of wife, of children, and of +friends unseen. The whole book containing 1069 lines.</p> + +<p>2. “Summer” begins with a description of the season, and the rural +pursuits of haymaking and sheep-shearing; passes on to the hot noon, +when “nature pants, and every stream looks languid.” After describing +the tumultuous character of the season in the torrid zone, he returns to +England, and describes a thunder-storm, in which Celădon and Amelia are +overtaken. The thunder growls, the lightnings flash, louder and louder +crashes the aggravated roar, “convulsing heaven and earth.” The maiden, +terrified, clings to her lover for protection. “Fear not, sweet +innocence,” he says. “He who involves yon skies in darkness ever smiles +on thee. ’Tis safety to be near thee, sure, and thus to clasp +protection.” As he speaks the words, a flash of lightning strikes the +maid, and lays her a blackened corpse at the young man’s feet. The poem +concludes with the more peaceful scenery of a summer’s evening, when the +story of Damon and Musidōra is introduced. Damon had long loved the +beautiful Musidora, but met with scant encouragement. One summer’s +evening he <a name="corr165" id="corr165"></a><ins class="correction" title="accidentally">accidently</ins> came upon her bathing, and the respectful +modesty of his love so won upon the damsel that she wrote upon a tree, +“Damon, the time may come when you need not fly.” The whole book +contains 1804 lines.</p> + +<p>3. In “Spring” the poet describes its<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">[369]</a></span> general features, and its +influence on the vegetable and animal world. He describes a garden with +its harem of flowers, a grove with its orchestry of song-birds making +melody in their love, the rough world of brutes, furious and fierce with +their strong desire, and lastly man tempered by its infusive influence. +The book contains 1173 lines.</p> + +<p>4. In “Autumn” we are taken to the harvest-field, where the poet +introduces a story similar to that of Ruth and Boaz. His Ruth he calls +“Lavinia,” and his Boaz “Palēmon.” He then describes partridge and +pheasant shooting, hare and fox hunting, all of which he condemns. After +luxuriating in the orchard and vineyard, he speaks of the emigration of +birds, the falling of the sear and yellow leaf, and concludes with a +eulogy of country life. The whole book contains 1371 lines.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> It is much to be regretted that the poet’s order has not been +preserved. The arrangement of the seasons into Spring, Summer, Autumn, +and Winter, is unnatural, and mars the harmony of the poet’s plan.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Seatonian Prize.</b> The Rev. Thomas Seaton, Fellow of Clare Hall, Cambridge +University, bequeathed the rents of his Kislingbury estate for a yearly +prize of £40 to the best English poem on a sacred subject announced in +January, and sent in on or before September 29 following.</p> + +<p class="poem">Shall hoary Granta call her sable sons....<br /> +Shall these approach the Muse? Ah, no! she flies,<br /> +And even spurns the great Seatonian prize.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Byron, <i>English Bards and Scotch Reviewers</i> (1809).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sebastes of Mytile´ne</b> (4 <i>syl.</i>), the assassin in the “Immortal +Guards.”—Sir W. Scott, <i>Count Robert of Paris</i> (time, Rufus).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sebastian</b>, a young gentleman of Messalinê, brother to Viola. They were +twins, and so much alike that they could not be distinguished except by +their dress. Sebastian and his sister, being shipwrecked, escaped to +Illyria. Here Sebastian was mistaken for his sister (who had assumed +man’s apparel), and was invited by the Countess Olivia to take shelter +in her house from a street broil. Olivia was in love with Viola, and +thinking Sebastian to be the object of her love, married +him.—Shakespeare, <i>Twelfth Night</i> (1614).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Sebastian</i>, brother of Alonso, king of Naples, in <i>The Tempest</i> (1609).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Sebastian</i>, father of Valentine and Alice.—Beaumont and Fletcher, +<i>Mons. Thomas</i> (1619).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Sebastian</i> (<i>Don</i>), king of Portugal, is defeated in battle and taken +prisoner by the Moors (1574). He is saved from death by Dorax, a noble +Portuguese, then a renegade in the court of the emperor of Barbary. The +train being dismissed, Dorax takes off his turban, assumes his +Portuguese dress, and is recognized as Alonzo of Alcazar.—Dryden, <i>Don +Sebastian</i> (1690).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The quarrel and <a name="corr166" id="corr166"></a><ins class="correction" title="reconciliation">reconcilation</ins> of Sebastian and Dorax [<i>alias +Alonzo of Alcazar</i>] is a masterly copy from a similar scene between +Brutus and Cassius [<i>in Shakespeare’s Julius Cæsar</i>].—R. Chambers, +<i>English Literature</i>, i. 380.</p></div> + +<p class="main"><i>Don Sebastian</i>, a name of terror to Moorish children.</p> + +<p class="poem">Nor shall Sebastian’s formidable name<br /> +Be longer used to still the crying babe.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Dryden, <i>Don Sebastian</i> (1690).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sebastian I. of Brazil</b>, who fell in the battle of Alcazarquebir in 1578. +The legend is that he is not dead, but is patiently biding the fulness +of time, when he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[370]</a></span> will return, and make Brazil the chief kingdom of the +earth. (See <span class="smcap">Barbarossa</span>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sebastoc´rator</b> (<i>The</i>), the chief officer of state in the empire of +Greece. Same as Protosebastos.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Count Robert of Paris</i> +(time, Rufus).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sebile</b> (2 <i>syl.</i>), la Dame du Lac, in the romance called <i>Perceforest</i>. +Her castle was surrounded by a river, on which rested so thick a fog +that no one could see across it. Alexander the Great abode with her a +fortnight to be cured of his wounds, and King Arthur was the result of +this amour (vol. i. 42).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Secret Hill</b> (<i>The</i>). Ossian said to Oscar, when he resigned to him the +command of the morrow’s battle, “Be thine the secret hill to-night,” +referring to the Gaelic custom of the commander of an army retiring to a +secret hill the night before a battle, to hold communion with the ghosts +of departed heroes.—Ossian, <i>Cathlin of Clutha</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Secret Tribunal</b> (<i>The</i>), the count of the Holy Vehme.—Sir W. Scott, +<i>Anne of Geierstein</i> (time, Edward IV.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sedgwick</b> (<i>Doomsday</i>), William Sedgwick, a fanatical “prophet” in the +Commonwealth, who pretended that it had been revealed to him in a vision +that the day of doom was at hand.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sedillo</b>, the licentiate, with whom Gil Blas took service as a footman. +Sedillo was a gouty old gourmand of 69. Being ill, he sent for Dr. +Sangrado, who took from him six porringers of blood every day, and dosed +him incessantly with warm water, giving him two or three pints at a +time, saying, “a patient cannot be blooded too much; for it is a great +error to suppose that blood is needful for the preservation of life. +Warm water,” he maintained, “drunk in abundance, is the true specific in +all distempers.” When the licentiate died under this treatment, the +doctor insisted it was because his patient had neither lost blood enough +nor drunk enough warm water.—Lesage, <i>Gil Blas</i>, ii. 1, 2 (1715).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sedley</b> (<i>Mr.</i>), a wealthy London stock-broker, brought to ruin by the +fall of the Funds just prior to the battle of Waterloo. The old merchant +then tried to earn a meagre pittance by selling wine, coals, or +lottery-tickets by commission, but his bad wine and cheap coals found +but few customers.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mrs. Sedley</i>, wife of Mr. Sedley. A homely, kind-hearted motherly woman +in her prosperous days, but soured by adversity, and quick to take +offence.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Amelia Sedley</i>, daughter of the stock-broker, educated at Miss +Pinkerton’s academy, Chiswick Mall, and engaged to Captain George +Osborne, son of a rich London merchant. After the ruin of old Sedley, +George married Amelia, and was disinherited by his father. He was adored +by his young wife, but fell on the field of Waterloo. Amelia then +returned to her father, and lived in great indigence, but Captain Dobbin +greatly loved her, and did much to relieve her worst wants. Captain +Dobbin rose in his profession to the rank of colonel, and married the +young widow.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Joseph Sedley</i>, a collector, of Boggley Wollah; a fat, sensual, +conceited dandy, vain, shy, and vulgar. “His Excellency” fled from +Brussels on the day of the battle between Napoleon and Wellington, and +returned to Calcutta, where he bragged of his brave deeds, and made +appear that he was Wellington’s right hand; so that he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">[371]</a></span> obtained the +sobriquet of “Waterloo Sedley.” He again returned to England, and became +the “patron” of Becky Sharp (then Mrs. Rawdon Crawley, but separated +from her husband). But this lady proved a terrible dragon, fleeced him +of all his money, and in six months he died under very suspicious +circumstances.—Thackeray, <i>Vanity Fair</i> (1848).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Sedley</i> (<i>Sir Charles</i>), in the court of Charles II.—Sir W. Scott, +<i>Woodstock</i> (time, Commonwealth).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Seelencooper</b> (<i>Captain</i>), superintendent of the military hospital at +Ryde.—Sir W. Scott, <i>The Surgeon’s Daughter</i> (time, George II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Seer</b> (<i>The Poughkeepsie</i>), Andrew Jackson Davis.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Seicen´to</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), the sixteenth century of Italian notables, the +period of bad taste and degenerate art. The degraded art is termed +<i>Seicentista</i>, and the notables of the period the <i>Seicentisti</i>. The +style of writing was inflated and bombastic, and that of art was what is +termed “rococo.” The chief poet was Marini (1569-1615), the chief +painter Caravaggio (1569-1609), the chief sculptor Bernini (1593-1680), +and the chief architect Borromini (1599-1667).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sede</b>, in Voltaire’s tragedy of <i>Mahomet</i>, was the character in which +Talma, the great French tragedian, made his <i>début</i> in 1787.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Seidel-Beckir</b>, the most famous of all talismanists. He made three of +extraordinary power: viz., a little golden fish, which would fetch from +the sea whatever was desired of it; a poniard, which rendered the +person who bore it invisible, and all others whom he wished to be so; +and a steel ring, which enabled the wearer to read the secrets of +another’s heart.—Comte de Caylus, <i>Oriental Tales</i> (“The Four +Talismans,” 1743).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sejanus</b> (<i>Ælius</i>), a minister of Tibērius, and commander of the +Prætorian Guards. His affability made him a great favorite. In order +that he might be the foremost man of Rome, all the children and +grandchildren of the emperor were put to death under sundry pretences. +Drusus, the son of Tiberius, then fell a victim. He next persuaded the +emperor to retire, and Tiberius went to Campania, leaving to Sejānus the +sole management of affairs. He now called himself emperor; but Tiberius, +roused from his lethargy, accused his minister of treason. The senate +condemned him to be strangled, and his remains, being treated with the +grossest insolence, were kicked into the Tiber, <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 31. This was the +subject of Ben Jonson’s first historical play, entitled <i>Sejanus</i> +(1603).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sejjin</b> or <b>Sejn</b>, the record of all evil deeds, whether by men or the +genii, kept by the recording angel. It also means that dungeon beneath +the seventh earth, where Eblis and his companions are confined.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Verily, the register of the deeds of the wicked is surely in +Sejjin.—Sale, <i>Al Korân</i>, lxxxiii.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Selby</b> (<i>Captain</i>), an officer in the guards.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Peveril of +the Peak</i> (time, Charles II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Self-Admiration Society</b> (<i>The</i>). <i>Poets</i>: Morris, Rosetti and Swinburne. +<i>Painters</i>: Brown, Mudon, Whistler and some others.</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[372]</a></span><b>Selim</b>, son of Abdallah, who was murdered by his brother, Giaffir (pacha +of Aby´dos). After the death of his brother, Giaffir (2 <i>syl.</i>) took +Selim under his charge and brought him up, but treated him with +considerable cruelty. Giaffir had a daughter named Zuleika (3 <i>syl.</i>), +with whom Selim fell in love; but Zuleika thought he was her brother. As +soon as Giaffir discovered the attachment of the two cousins for each +other, he informed his daughter that he intended her to marry Osmyn Bey; +but Zuleika eloped with Selim, the pacha pursued them, Selim was shot, +Zuleika killed herself, and Giaffir was left childless and +alone.—Byron, <i>Bride of Abydos</i> (1813).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Selim</i>, son of Acbar. Jehanguire was called Selim before his accession +to the throne. He married Nourmahal, the “Light of the Haram,” but a +coolness rose up between them. One night Nourmahal entered the sultan’s +banquet-room as a lute-player, and so charmed young Selim that he +exclaimed, “If Nourmahal had so sung, I could have forgiven her!” It was +enough. Nourmahal threw off her disguise, and became reconciled to her +husband.—T. Moore, <i>Lalla Rookh</i> (“Light of the Haram,” 1817).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Selim</i>, son of the Moorish king of Algiers. [Horush] Barbarossa, the +Greek renegade, having made himself master of Algiers, slew the reigning +king, but Selim escaped. After the lapse of seven years, he returned +under the assumed name of Achmet, and headed an uprising of the Moors. +The insurgents succeeded, Barbarossa was slain, the widowed Queen +Zaphīra was restored to her husband’s throne, and Selim, her son, +married Irēnê, daughter of Barbarossa.—J. Brown, <i>Barbarossa</i> (1742 or +1755).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Selim</i>, friend of Etan (the supposed son of Zamti, the +mandarin).—Murphy, <i>The Orphan of China</i> (1759).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sel´ima</b>, daughter of Bajazet, sultan of Turkey, in love with Prince +Axalla, but promised by her father in marriage to Omar. When Selima +refused to marry Omar, Bajazet would have slain her; but Tamerlane +commanded both Bajazet and Omar to be seized. So every obstacle was +removed from the union of Selima and Axalla.—N. Rowe, <i>Tamerlane</i> +(1702).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Selima</i>, one of the six Wise Men from the East, led by the guiding star +to Jesus.—Klopstock, <i>The Messiah</i>, v. (1771).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Se´lith</b>, one of the two guardian angels of the Virgin Mary, and of John +the Divine.—Klopstock, <i>The Messiah</i>, ix. (1771).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sellock</b> (<i>Cisly</i>), a servant girl in the service of Lady and Sir +Geoffrey Peveril, of the Peak.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Peveril of the Peak</i> +(time, Charles II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Selvaggio</b>, the father of Sir Industry, and the hero of Thomson’s <i>Castle +of Indolence</i>.</p> + +<p class="poem">In Fairy-land there lived a knight of old,<br /> +<span class="i1">Of feature stern, Selvaggio well y-clept;</span><br /> +A rough, unpolished man, robust and bold,<br /> +<span class="i1">But wondrous poor. He neither sowed nor reaped;</span><br /> +<span class="i1">No stores in summer for cold winter heaped.</span><br /> +In hunting all his days away he wore—<br /> +<span class="i1">Now scorched by June, now in November steeped,</span><br /> +Now pinched by biting January sore.<br /> +<span class="i1">He still in woods pursued the libbard and the boar.</span><br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Thomson, <i>Castle of Indolence</i>, ii. 5 (1745).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sem´ele</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), ambitious of enjoying Jupiter in all his glory, +perished from the sublime effulgence of the god. This is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">[373]</a></span> substantially +the tale of the second story of T. Moore’s <i>Loves of the Angels</i>. Liris +requested her angel lover to come to her in all his angelic brightness; +but was burnt to ashes as she fell into his embrace.</p> + +<p class="poem">For majesty gives nought to subjects, ...<br /> +<span class="i1">A royal smile, a guinea’s glorious rays,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">Like Semelê, would kill us with its blaze.</span><br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Peter Pindar [Dr. Wolcot], <i>Progress of Admiration</i> (1809).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Semi´da</b>, the young man, the only son of a widow, raised from the dead by +Jesus, as he was being carried from the walls of Nain. He was deeply in +love with Cidli, the daughter of Jairus.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>He was in the bloom of life. His hair hung in curls on his +shoulders, and he appeared as beautiful as David, when, sitting by +the stream of Bethlehem, he was ravished at the voice of +God.—Klopstock, <i>The Messiah</i>, iv. (1771).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Semir´amis</b>, queen of Assyria, wife of Ninus. She survived her husband, +and reigned. The glory of her reign stands out so prominently that she +quite eclipses all the monarchs of ancient Assyria. After a reign of +forty-two years she resigned the crown to her son, Ninyas, and took her +flight to heaven in the form of a dove. Semiramis was the daughter of +Dercĕto, the fish-goddess, and a Syrian youth, and, being exposed in +infancy, was brought up by doves.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Semiramis of the North</b>, Margaret, daughter of Waldemar III. of Denmark. +At the death of her father she succeeded him; by the death of her +husband, Haco VIII., king of Norway, she succeeded to that kingdom also; +and, having conquered Albert of Sweden, she added Sweden to her empire. +Thus was she queen of Denmark, Norway and Sweden (1353-1412).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Semirămis of the North</i>, Catherine of Russia, a powerful and ambitious +sovereign, but in morals a law unto herself (1729-1796).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Semkail</b>, the angel of the winds and waves.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I keep the winds in awe with the hand which you see in the air, and +prevent the wind Haidge from coming forth. If I gave it freedom it +would reduce the universe to powder. With my other hand I hinder +the sea from overflowing, without which precaution it would cover +the face of the whole earth.—Comte de Caylus, <i>Oriental Tales</i> +(“History of Abdal Motalleb,” 1743).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Semo</b> (<i>Son of</i>), Cuthullin, general of the Irish tribes.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sempro´nius</b>, one of the “friends” of Timon of Athens, and “the first man +that e’er received a gift from him.” When Timon sent to borrow a sum of +money of “his friend,” he excused himself thus: As Timon did not think +proper to apply to me first, but asked others before he sent to me, I +consider his present application an insult. “Go,” said he to the +servant, “and tell your master:</p> + +<p class="poem">Who bates mine honor shall not know my coin.”<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Shakespeare, <i>Timon of Athens</i>, act iii. sc. 3 (1600).</span></p> + +<p class="main"><i>Sempronius</i>, a treacherous friend of Cato while in Utĭca. Sempronius +tried to mask his treason by excessive zeal and unmeasured animosity +against Cæsar, with whom he was acting in alliance. He loved Marcia, +Cato’s daughter, but his love was not honorable love; and when he +attempted to carry off the lady by force, he was slain by Juba, the +Numidian prince.—J. Addison, <i>Cato</i> (1713).</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i11">I’ll conceal</span><br /> +My thoughts in passion, ’tis the surest way.<br /> +I’ll bellow out for Rome, and for my country,<br /> +And mouth at Cæsar till I shake the senate.<br /> +Your cold hypocrisy’s a stale device,<br /> +A worn-out trick.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Act i. 1.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">[374]</a></span><b>Sena´nus</b> (<i>St.</i>), the saint who fled to the island of Scattery, and +resolved that no woman should ever step upon the isle. An angel led St. +Can´ara to the isle, but Senanus refused to admit her.—T. Moore, <i>Irish +Melodies</i> (“St. Senanus and the Lady,” 1814).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sen´eca</b> (<i>The Christian</i>), Bishop Hall, of Norwich (1574-1656).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sene´na</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), a Welsh maiden, in love with Car´adoc. She dressed +in boy’s clothes, and, under the assumed name of Mervyn, became the page +of the Princess Goervyl, that she might follow her lover to America, +when Madoc colonized Caer-Madoc. Senena was promised in marriage to +another; but when the wedding day arrived and all was ready, the bride +was nowhere to be found.</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i10">... she doffed</span><br /> +Her bridal robes, and clipt her golden locks,<br /> +And put on boy’s attire, thro’ wood and wild<br /> +To seek her own true love; and over sea,<br /> +Forsaking all for him, she followed him.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Southey, <i>Madoc</i>, ii. 23 (1805).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sennac´herib</b>, called by the Orientals King Moussal.—D’Herbelot, <i>Notes +to the Korân</i> (seventeenth century).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sennamar</b>, a very skilful architect, who built at Hirah, for +Nôman-al-Aôuar, king of Hirah, a most magnificent palace. In order that +he might not build another equal or superior to it, for some other +monarch, Nôman cast him headlong from the highest tower of the +building.—D’Herbelot, <i>Bibliothèque Orientale</i> (1697).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> A parallel tale is told of Neim´heid (2 <i>syl.</i>), who employed +four architects to build for him a palace in Ireland, and then, jealous +lest they should build one like it, or superior to it, for another +monarch, he had them all privately put to death.—O’Halloran, <i>History +of Ireland</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sensitive</b> (<i>Lord</i>), a young nobleman of amorous proclivities, who +marries Sabīna Rosny, a French refugee, in Padua, but leaves her, more +from recklessness than wickedness. He comes to England and pays court to +Lady Ruby, a rich young widow; but Lady Ruby knows of his marriage to +the young French girl, and so hints at it that his lordship, who is no +libertine, and has a great regard for his honor, sees that his marriage +is known, and tells Lady Ruby he will start without delay to Padua, and +bring his young wife home. This, however, was not needful, as Sabina was +at the time the guest of Lady Ruby. She is called forth, and Lord +Sensitive openly avows her to be his wife.—Cumberland, <i>First Love</i> +(1796).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sentimental Journey</b> (<i>The</i>), by Laurence Sterne (1768). It was intended +to be sentimental sketches of his tour through Italy in 1764, but he +died soon after completing the first part. The tourist lands at Calais, +and the first incident is his interview with a poor monk of St. Francis, +who begged alms for his convent. Sterne refused to give anything, but +his heart smote him for his churlishness to the meek old man. From +Calais he goes to Montriul (Montreuil-sur-Mer) and thence to Nampont, +near Cressy. Here occurred the incident, which is one of the most +touching of all the sentimental sketches, that of “The Dead Ass.” His +next stage was Amiens, and thence to Paris. While looking at the +Bastille, he heard a voice crying, “I can’t get out! I can’t get out!” +He thought it was a child, but it was only a caged starling. This led +him to reflect on the delights of liberty and miseries of captivity. +Giving reins to his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">[375]</a></span> fancy, he imaged to himself a prisoner who for +thirty years had been confined in a dungeon, during all which time “he +had seen no sun, no moon, nor had the voice of kinsman breathed through +his lattice.” Carried away by his feelings, he burst into tears, for he +“could not sustain the picture of confinement which his fancy had +drawn.” While at Paris, our tourist visited Versailles, and introduces +an incident which he had witnessed some years previously at Rennes, in +Brittany. It was that of a marquis reclaiming his sword and “patent of +nobility.” Any nobleman in France who engaged in trade, forfeited his +rank; but there was a law in Brittany that a nobleman of reduced +circumstances might deposit his sword temporarily with the local +magistracy, and if better times dawned upon him, he might reclaim it. +Sterne was present at one of these interesting ceremonies. A marquis had +laid down his sword to mend his fortune by trade, and after a successful +career at Martinico for twenty years, returned home, and reclaimed it. +On receiving his deposit from the president, he drew it slowly from the +scabbard, and, observing a spot of rust near the point, dropped a tear +on it. As he wiped the blade lovingly, he remarked, “I shall find some +other way to get it off.” Returning to Paris, our tourist starts for +Italy; but the book ends with his arrival at Moulines (Moulins). Some +half a league from this city he encountered Maria, whose pathetic story +had been told him by Mr. Shandy. She had lost her goat when Sterne saw +her, but had instead a little dog named Silvio, led by a string. She was +sitting under a poplar, playing on a pipe her vespers to the Virgin. +Poor Maria had been crossed in love, or, to speak more strictly, the +curé of Moulines had forbidden her banns, and the maiden lost her +reason. Her story is exquisitely told, and Sterne says, “Could the +traces be ever worn out of her brain, and those of Eliza out of mine, +she should not only eat of my bread and drink of my cup, but Maria +should lie in my bosom, and be unto me as a daughter.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sentinel and St. Paul’s Clock</b> (<i>The</i>). The sentinel condemned to death +by court-martial for falling asleep on his watch, but pardoned because +he affirmed that he heard St. Paul’s clock strike thirteen instead of +twelve, was John Hatfield, who died at the age of 102, June, 1770.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sentry</b> (<i>Captain</i>), one of the members of the club under whose auspices +the <i>Spectator</i> was professedly issued.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>September Massacre</b> (<i>The</i>), the slaughter of loyalists confined in the +Abbaye. This massacre took place in Paris between September 2 and 5, +1792, on receipt of the news of the capture of Verdun. The number of +victims was not less than 1200, and some place it as high as 4000.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>September the Third</b> was Cromwell’s day. On September 3, 1650, he won the +battle of Dunbar. On September 3, 1651, he won the battle of Worcester. +On September 3, 1658, he died.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Seraphic Doctor</b> (<i>The</i>), St. Bonaventura, placed by Dantê among the +saints of his <i>Paradiso</i> (1221-1274).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Seraphic Saint</b> (<i>The</i>), St. Francis d’Assisi (1182-1226).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Of all the saints, St. Francis was the most blameless and +gentle.—Dean Milman.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Seraphina Arthuret</b> (<i>Miss</i>), a papist.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">[376]</a></span> Her sister is Miss Angelica +Arthuret.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Redgauntlet</i> (time, George III.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sera´pis</b>, an Egyptian deity symbolizing the Nile, and fertility in +general.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Seraskier´</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), a name given by the Turks to a general of +division, generally a pacha with two or three tails. (Persian, <i>seri +asker</i>, “head of the army.”)</p> + +<p class="poem">... three thousand Moslems perished here,<br /> +And sixteen bayonets pierced the seraskier.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Byron, <i>Don Juan</i>, viii. 81 (1824).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Serb</b>, a Servian or native of Servia.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sereme´nes</b> (4 <i>syl.</i>), brother-in-law of King Sardanapālus, to whom he +entrusts his signet-ring to put down the rebellion headed by Arbācês, +the Mede, and Belĕsis, the Chaldēan soothsayer. Seremēnês was slain in a +battle with the insurgents.—Byron, <i>Sardanapalus</i> (1819).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sere´na</b>, allured by the mildness of the weather, went into the fields to +gather wild flowers for a garland, when she was attacked by the Blatant +Beast, who carried her off in its mouth. Her cries attracted to the spot +Sir Calidore, who compelled the beast to drop its prey.—Spenser, <i>Faëry +Queen</i>, vi. 3 (1596).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sergis</b> (<i>Sir</i>), the attendant on Irēna. He informs Sir Artegal that +Irena is the captive of Grantorto, who has sworn to take her life within +ten days, unless some knight will volunteer to be her champion, and in +single combat prove her innocent of the crime laid to her +charge.—Spenser, <i>Faëry Queen</i>, v. 11 (1596).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sergius</b>, a Nestorian monk, said to be the same as Boheira, who resided +at Bosra, in Syria. This monk, we are told, helped Mahomet in writing +the <i>Korân</i>. Some say it was Saïd or Felix Boheira.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Boheira’s name, in the books of Christians, is Sergius.—Masudi, +<i>History</i>, 24 (<span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 956).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Serimner</b>, the wild boar whose lard fed the vast multitude in Einheriar, +the hall of Odin. Though fed on daily, the boar never diminished in +size. Odin himself gave his own portion of the lard to his two wolves, +Geri and Freki.—<i>Scandinavian Mythology.</i> (See <a href="#Rusticuss_Pig"><span class="smcap">Rusticus’s Pig</span></a>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Seri´na</b>, daughter of Lord Acasto, plighted to Chamont (the brother of +Monimia, “the orphan”).—Otway, <i>The Orphan</i> (1680).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Seriswattee</b>, the Janus of Hindû mythology.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>The Serpent and Satan.</b> There is an Arabian tradition that the devil +begged all the animals, one after another, to carry him into the garden, +that he might speak to Adam and Eve, but they all refused except the +serpent, who took him between two of its teeth. It was then the most +beautiful of all the animals, and walked upon legs and feet.—Masudi, +<i>History</i>, 22 (<span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 956).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>The Serpent’s Punishment.</i> The punishment of the serpent for tempting +Eve was this: (1) Michael was commanded to cut off its legs; and (2) the +serpent was doomed to feed on human excrements ever after.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Serpent d’Isabit</b>, an enormous monster, whose head rested on the top of +the Pic du Midi de Bigorre, its body filled the whole valley of Luz, St. +Sauveur, and Gèdres, and its tail was coiled in the hollow below the +cirque of Gavarnie. It fed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">[377]</a></span> once in three months, and supplied itself by +making a very strong inspiration of its breath, whereupon every living +thing around was drawn into its maw. It was ultimately killed by making +a huge bonfire, and waking it from its torpor, when it became enraged, +and drawing a deep breath, drew the bonfire into its maw, and died in +agony.—Rev. W. Webster, <i>A Pyrenean Legend</i> (1877).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Served My God.</b> <span class="smcap">Wolsey</span> said, in his fall, “Had I but served my God with +half the zeal I served my king, He would not in mine age have left me +naked to mine enemies.”—Shakespeare, <i>Henry VIII.</i> act iii. sc. 2 +(1601).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Samrah</span>, when he was deposed from the government of Basorah by the Caliph +Moawiyah, said, “If I had served God so well as I have served the +caliph, He would never have condemned me to all eternity.”</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Antonio Perez</span>, the favorite of Philip II. of Spain, said, “Mon zele +etoit si grand vers ces benignes puissances [i.e. <i>Turin</i>] qui si j’en +eusse eu autant pour Dieu, je ne doubte point qu’il ne m’eut deja +recompensé de son paradis.”</p> + +<p>The earl of <span class="smcap">Gowrie</span>, when, in 1854, he was led to execution, said, “If I +had served God as faithfully as I have done the king [<i>James VI.</i>], I +should not have come to this end.”—Spotswood, <i>History of the Church of +Scotland</i>, 332, 333 (1653).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sesostris</b> (<i>The Modern</i>), Napoleon Bonaparte (1769, 1804-1815, 1821).</p> + +<p class="poem">But where is he, the modern, mightier far,<br /> +Who, born no king, made monarchs draw his car;<br /> +The new Sesostris, whose unharnessed kings,<br /> +Freed from the bit, believe themselves with wings,<br /> +And spurn the dust o’er which they crawled of late,<br /> +Chained to the chariot of the chieftain’s state?<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Byron, <i>Age of Bronze</i> (1821).</span></p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> “Sesostris,” in Fénelon’s <i>Télémaque</i>, is meant for Louis +XIV.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Set´ebos</b>, a deity of the Patagonians.</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i4">His art is of such power,</span><br /> +It would control my dam’s god Setebos.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Shakespeare, <i>The Tempest</i> (1609).</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The giants, when they found themselves fettered, roared like bulls, +and cried upon Setebos to help them.—Eden, <i>History of Travayle</i>.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Seth</b>, a servant of the Jew at Ashby. Reuben is his fellow-servant.—Sir +W. Scott, <i>Ivanhoe</i> (time, Richard I.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Seth Fairchild.</b> Young countryman, who is almost persuaded to be in love +with Isabel, the wife of his brother, Albert. Albert is killed—it is +supposed, accidentally—and Isabel, assuming that Seth has murdered him, +and for her sake, promises to keep the deed secret. The horror of the +supposition and her readiness to believe him capable of the crime, +dispels Seth’s unholy illusion and sends him back to his first love, who +has always been his good angel.—Harold Frederic, <i>Seth’s Brother’s +Wife</i> (1887).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Settle</b> (<i>Elkana</i>), the poet, introduced by Sir W. Scott in <i>Peveril of +the Peak</i> (time, Charles II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Seven Champions of Christendom</b> (<i>The</i>): St. George for England; St. +Andrew for Scotland; St. Patrick for Ireland; St. David for Wales; St. +Denis for France; St. James for Spain; and St. Anthony for Italy.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Richard Johnson wrote <i>The Famous History of the Seven +Champions of Christendom</i> (1617).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Seven</b>, Rienzi’s Number.</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">October 7, Rienzi’s foes yielded to his power.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">7 months Rienzi reigned as tribune.</span><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[378]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">7 years he was absent in exile.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">7 weeks of return saw him without an enemy (Oct. 7).</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">7 was the number of the crowns the Roman convents and the Roman council awarded him.</span><br /> +</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Seven Sleepers</b> (<i>The</i>). The tale of these sleepers is told in divers +manners. The best accounts are those in the <i>Korân</i> xviii., entitled, +“The Cave, Revealed at Mecca;” <i>The Golden Legends</i>, by Jacques de +Voragine; the <i>De Gloria Martyrum</i>, i. 9, by Gregory of Tours; and the +<i>Oriental Tales</i>, by Comte de Caylus (1743).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Names of the Seven Sleepers.</i> Gregory of Tours says their names were: +Constantine, Dionysius, John, Maximian, Malchus, Martinian or Marcian, +and Serapĭon. In the <i>Oriental Tales</i> the names given are: Jemlikha, +Mekchilinia, Mechlima, Merlima, Debermouch, Charnouch, and the shepherd +Keschetiouch. Their names are not given in the <i>Korân</i>.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Number of the Sleepers.</i> Al Seyid, a Jacobite Christian of Najrân, says +the sleepers were only three, with their dog; others maintain that their +number was five, besides the dog; but Al Beidâwi, who is followed by +most authorities, says they were seven, besides the dog.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Duration of the Sleep.</i> The <i>Korân</i> says it was “300 years and nine +years over;” the <i>Oriental Tales</i> say the same; but if Gregory of Tours +is followed, the duration of the sleep was barely 230 years.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>The Legend of the Seven Sleepers.</i> (1) According to Gregory of Tours. +Gregory says they were seven noble youths of Ephesus, who fled in the +Decian persecution to a cave in Mount Celion, the mouth of which was +blocked up by stones. After 230 years they were discovered, and awoke, +but died within a few days, and were taken in a large stone coffin to +Marseilles. Visitors are still shown, in St. Victor’s Church, the stone +coffin.</p> + +<p>If there is any truth at all in the legend, it amounts to this: In <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> +250, some youths (three or seven) suffered martyrdom under the Emperor +Decius, “fell asleep in the Lord,” and were buried in a cave of Mount +Celion. In 479 (the reign of Theodosius) their bodies were discovered, +and, being consecrated as holy relics, were removed to Marseilles.</p> + +<p>(2) According to the <i>Oriental Tales</i>. Six Grecian youths were slaves in +the palace of Dakiānos (<i>Decianus</i>, <i>Decius</i>). This Dakianos had risen +from low degrees to kingly honors, and gave himself out to be a god. +Jemlikha was led to doubt the divinity of his master, because he was +unable to keep off a fly which persistently tormented him, and being +roused to reflection, came to the conclusion that there must be a god to +whom both Dakianos and the fly were subject. He communicated his +thoughts to his companions, and they all fled from the Ephesian court +till they met the shepherd Keschetiouch, whom they converted, and who +showed them a cave, which no one but himself knew of. Here they fell +asleep, and Dakianos, having discovered them, commanded the mouth of the +cave to be closed up. Here the sleepers remained 309 years, at the +expiration of which time they all awoke, but died a few hours +afterwards.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>The Dog of the Seven Sleepers.</i> In the notes of the <i>Korân</i>, by Sale, +the dog’s name is Kratim, Kratimer, or Katmir. In the <i>Oriental Tales</i> +it is Catnier, which looks like a clerical blunder for Catmer, only it +occurs frequently. It is one of the ten animals admitted into Mahomet’s +paradise. The <i>Korân</i> tells us that the dog followed the seven young men +into the cave, but they tried to drive him away, and even broke three of +its legs with stones, when the dog said to them, “I love those who love +God. Sleep, masters, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">[379]</a></span> I will keep guard.” In the <i>Oriental Tales</i> +the dog is made to say, “You go to seek God, but am not I also a child +of God?” Hearing this, the young men were so astounded, they went +immediately, and carried the dog into the cave.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>The Place of Sepulture of the Seven Sleepers.</i> Gregory of Tours tells +us that the bodies were removed from Mount Celion in a stone coffin to +Marseilles. The <i>Korân</i>, with Sale’s notes, informs us they were buried +in the cave, and a chapel was built there to mark the site. (See +<span class="smcap">Sleeper</span>.)</p> + +<p class="main"><i>The Seven Sleepers turning on their sides.</i> William of Malmesbury says +that Edward the Confessor, in his mind’s eye, saw the seven sleepers +turn from their right sides to their left, and (he adds) whenever they +turn on their sides, it indicates great disasters to Christendom.</p> + +<p class="poem">Woe, woe to England! I have seen a vision:<br /> +The seven sleepers in the cave of Ephesus<br /> +Have turned from right to left.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Tennyson, <i>Harold</i>, i. 1.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Seven Wise Masters.</b> Lucien, the son of Dolopathos, was placed under the +charge of Virgil, and was tempted in manhood by his step-mother. He +repelled her advances, and she accused him to the king of taking +liberties with her. By consulting the stars it was discovered that if he +could tide over seven days his life would be spared; so seven wise +masters undertook to tell the king a tale each, in illustration of rash +judgments. When they had all told their tales, the prince related, under +the disguise of a tale, the story of the queen’s wantonness; whereupon +Lucien was restored to favor, and the queen was put to death.—Sandabar, +<i>Parables</i> (contemporary with King Courou).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> John Rolland, of Dalkeith, has rendered this legend into +Scotch verse. There is an Arabic version by Nasr Allah (twelfth +century), borrowed from the Indian by Sandabar. In the Hebrew version by +Rabbi Joel (1270), the legend is called <i>Kalilah and Dimnah</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Seven Wise Men</b> (<i>The</i>).</p> + +<p>One of Plutarch’s <i>brochures</i> in the <i>Moralia</i> is entitled “The Banquet +of the Seven Wise Men,” in which Periander is made to give an account of +a contest at Chalcis between Homer and Hesiod, in which the latter wins +the prize, and receives a tripod, on which he caused to be engraved this +inscription:</p> + +<p class="poem">This Hesiod vows to the Heliconian nine,<br /> +In Chalcis won from Homer the divine.</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Seven_Wise_Men_of_Greece" id="Seven_Wise_Men_of_Greece"></a><b>Seven Wise Men of Greece</b> (<i>The</i>), seven Greeks of the sixth century +<span class="smcap">B.C.</span>, noted for their maxims.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Bias.</span> His maxim was, “Most men are bad” (“There is none that doeth good, +no, not one,” <i>Psalm</i> xiv. 3): <span title="Hoi pleious kakoi">Οἱ <a name="corr167" id="corr167"></a><ins class="correction" title="πλείους">πλέιους</ins> κακοὶ</span> (fl. <span class="smcap">B.C.</span> +550).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Chilo.</span> “Consider the end:” <span title="Telos horan makrou biou">Τέλος ὁρᾳν μακροῦ βίου</span> (fl. <span class="smcap">B.C.</span> +590).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cleobūlos.</span> “Avoid extremes” (the golden mean): <span title="Ariston metron">Ἄριστον μέτρον</span> +(fl. <span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 580).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Periander.</span> “Nothing is impossible to industry” (patience and +perseverance overcome mountains): <span title="Meletê to pan">Μελέτη τὸ πᾶν</span> (<span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 665-585).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pittăcos.</span> “Know thy opportunity” (seize time by the forelock): +<span title="Kairon gnôthi">Καιρὸν γνῶθι</span> (<span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 652-569).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Solon.</span> “Know thyself:” <span title="Gnôthi seauton">Γνῶθι σεαυτὸν</span> (<span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 638-558).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Thāles</span> (2 <i>syl.</i>). “Suretyship is the forerunner of ruin.” (“He that +hateth suretyship is sure,” <i>Prov.</i> xi. 15): <span title="Engua, para d'átê">Εγγύα, πάρα δ᾽ ἄτη</span> +(<span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 636-546).</p> + +<p class="poem">First Solon, who made the Athenian laws,<br /> +While Chilo, in Sparta, was famed for his saws;<br /> +In Milētos did Thalês astronomy teach;<br /> +Bias used in Priēnê his morals to preach;<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">[380]</a></span>Cleobūlos of Lindos, was handsome and wise;<br /> +Mitylēnê, gainst thraldom saw Pittăcos rise;<br /> +Periander is said to have gained, thro’ his court,<br /> +The title that Myson, the Chenian, ought.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> It is Plato who says that Myson should take the place of +Periander as one of the Seven Wise Men.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Seven Years.</b></p> + +<p>Barbarossa changes his position in his sleep every seven years.</p> + +<p>Charlemagne starts in his chair from sleep every seven years.</p> + +<p>Ogier, the Dane, stamps his iron mace on the floor every seven years.</p> + +<p>Olaf Redbeard of Sweden uncloses his eyes every seven years.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Seven Year’s War</b> (<i>The</i>), the war maintained by Frederick II. of Prussia +against Austria, Russia, and France (1756-1763).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Seven Against Thebes</b> (<i>The</i>). At the death of Œdĭpus, his two sons, +Eteŏclês and Polynīcês, agreed to reign alternate years, but at the +expiration of the first year Eteoclês refused to resign the crown to his +brother. Whereupon, Polynicês induced six others to join him in +besieging Thebes, but the expedition was a failure. The names of the +seven Grecian chiefs who marched against Thebes were: Adrastos, +Amphiarāos, Kapaneus, Hippomedon (<i>Argives</i>), Parthenopæos (<i>an +Arcadian</i>), Polynicês (<i>a Theban</i>), and Tydeus (<i>an Æolian</i>). (See +<span class="smcap">Epigoni</span>.)</p> + +<p>Æschylos has a tragedy on the subject.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Severn</b>, a corruption of Averne, daughter of Astrild. The legend is this: +King Locryn was engaged to Gwendolen, daughter of Corīneus, but seeing +Astrild (daughter of the king of Germany), who came to this island with +Homber, king of Hungary, fell in love with her. While Corineus lived he +durst not offend him, so he married Gwendolen, but kept Astrild as his +mistress, and had by her a daughter (Averne). When Corineus died, he +divorced Gwendolen, and declared Astrild queen, but Gwendolen summoned +her vassals, dethroned Locryn, and caused both Astrild and Averne to be +cast into the river, ever since called Severn <a name="corr168" id="corr168"></a><ins class="correction" title="from">fron</ins> Averne “the +kinges dohter.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sevier</b> (<i>Dr.</i>), New Orleans physician. “His inner heart was all of +flesh, but his demands for the rectitude of mankind pointed out like the +muzzles of cannon through the embrasures of his virtues.” He befriends +the struggling Richlings, setting John upon his feet time and again, and +in his last illness, never leaving him until he goes out and closes the +door upon the dying man, reunited to his wife and child. Dr. Sevier +finds work for the widow, and educates little Alice, named for his own +dead wife.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“And oh! when they two, who have never joined hands on this earth, +go to meet John and Alice,—which <span class="smcap">God</span> grant may be at one and the +same time,—what weeping there will be among <span class="smcap">God’s</span> poor!”—George +W. Cable, <i>Dr. Sevier</i> (1883).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sewall</b> (<i>Judge</i>) Colonial judge in Massachusetts. He has left in his +diary a circumstantial account of his courtship of Madam Winthrop, also +a curious “confession” made by him in church of the “Guilt contracted +upon the opening of the late Commission of Oyer and Terminer, at +Salem.”—<i>Sewall Papers</i> (1697).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Sewall</i> (<i>Rev. Mr.</i>). Boston clergyman, liberal in opinion, and large +of heart. He counsels the Lapham parents in their family perplexities, +and becomes the not-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">[381]</a></span>too-willing sponsor of Lemuel Barker, a rustic +aspirant after literary honors.—W. L. Howells, <i>The Rise of Silas +Lapham</i> and <i>The Minister’s Charge</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sex.</b> Milton says that spirits can assume either sex at pleasure, and +Michael Psellus asserts that demons can take what sex, shape, and color +they please, and can also contract or dilate their forms at pleasure.</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i4">For spirits when they please,</span><br /> +Can either sex assume, or both; so soft<br /> +And uncompounded is their essence pure;<br /> +Not tied or manacled with joint and limb,<br /> +Nor founded on the brittle strength of bones,<br /> +Like cumbrous flesh.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib"><i>Paradise Lost</i>, i. 423, etc. (1665).</span></p> + +<p class="main"><i>Sex.</i> Cæneus and Tire´sias were at one part of their lives of the male +sex, and at another part of their lives of the female sex. (See these +names.)</p> + +<p>Iphis was first a woman, and then a man.—Ovid, <i>Metamorphoses</i>, ix. 12; +xiv 699.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sextus [Tarquinius].</b> There are several points of resemblance in the +story of Sextus and that of Paris, son of Priam. (1) Paris was the guest +of Menelāos, when he eloped with his wife, Helen; and Sextus was the +guest of Lucretia when he defiled her. (2) The elopement of Helen was +the cause of a national war between the Greek cities and the allied +cities of Troy; and the defilement of Lucretia was the cause of a +national war between Rome and the allied cities under Por´sena. (3) The +contest between Greece and Troy terminated in the victory of Greece, the +injured party; and the contest between Rome and the supporters of +Tarquin terminated in favor of Rome, the injured party. (4) In the +Trojan war, Paris, the aggressor, showed himself before the Trojan +ranks, and defied the bravest of the Greeks to single combat, but when +Menelaos appeared, he took to flight; and so Sextus rode vauntingly +against the Roman host, but when Herminius appeared, fled to the rear +like a coward. (5) In the Trojan contest, Priam and his sons fell in +battle; and in the battle of Lake Regillus, Tarquin and his sons were +slain.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Lord Macaulay has taken the “Battle of Lake Regillus” as the +subject of one of his <i>Lays of Ancient Rome</i>. Another of his lays, +called “Horatius,” is the attempt of Porsĕna to re-establish Tarquin on +the throne.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Seyd</b>, pacha of the Morea, assassinated by Gulnare (2 <i>syl.</i>), his +favorite concubine. Gulnare was rescued from the burning harem by +Conrad, “the Corsair.” Conrad, in the disguise of a dervise, was +detected and seized in the palace of Seyd, and Gulnare, to effect his +liberation, murdered the pacha.—Byron, <i>The Corsair</i> (1814).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Seyton</b> (<i>Lord</i>), a supporter of Queen Mary’s cause.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Catherine Seyton</i>, daughter of Lord Seyton, a maid of honor in the +Court of Queen Mary. She appears at Kinross village in disguise.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Henry Seyton</i>, son of Lord Seyton.—Sir W. Scott, <i>The Abbot</i> (time, +Elizabeth).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sforza</b>, of Lombardy. He with his two brothers (Achilles and Palamēdês) +were in the squadron of adventurers in the allied Christian +army.—Tasso, <i>Jerusalem Delivered</i> (1575).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> The word Sforza means “force,” and, according to tradition, +was derived thus: Giacomuzzo Attendolo, the son of a day laborer, being +desirous of going to the wars, consulted his hatchet, resolving to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">[382]</a></span> +enlist if it stuck fast in the tree at which he flung it. He threw it +with such <i>force</i> that the whole blade was completely buried in the +trunk (fifteenth century).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Sforza</i> (<i>Ludov´ico</i>), duke of Milan, surnamed “the More,” from <i>mora</i>, +“a mulberry” (because he had on his arm a birth-stain of a mulberry +color). Ludovico was dotingly fond of his bride, Marcelia, and his love +was amply returned; but during his absence in the camp, he left +Francesco lord protector, and Francesco assailed the fidelity of the +young duchess. Failing in his villainy, he accused her to the duke of +playing the wanton with him, and the duke, in a fit of jealousy, slew +her. Sforza was afterwards poisoned by Eugenia (sister of Francesco), +whom he had seduced.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Nina Sforza</i>, the duke’s daughter.—Massinger, <i>The Duke of Milan</i> +(1622).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> This tragedy is obviously an imitation of Shakespeare’s +<i>Othello</i> (1611).</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Sganarelle" id="Sganarelle"></a><b>Sganarelle</b>, the “cocu imaginaire,” of Molière’s comedy (1660). The plot +runs thus: Célie was betrothed to Lélie, but her father, Gorgĭbus, +insisted on her marrying Valère, because he was the richer man. Célie +fainted on hearing this, and dropped her lover’s miniature, which was +picked up by Sganarelle’s wife. Sganarelle, thinking it to be the +portrait of a gallant, took possession of it, and Lélie asked him how he +came by it. Sganarelle said he took it from his wife, and Lélie supposed +that Célie had become the wife of Sganarelle. A series of +misapprehensions arose thence: Célie supposed that Lélie had deserted +her for Madame Sganarelle; Sganarelle supposed that his wife was +unfaithful to him; madame supposed that her husband was an adorer of +Célie; and Lélie supposed that Célie was the wife of Sganarelle. In time +they met together, when Lélie charged Célie with being married to +Sganarelle; both stared, an explanation followed, when a messenger +arrived to say that Valère was married.—Molière, <i>Le Cocu Imaginaire</i>.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Sganarelle</i>, younger brother of Ariste (2 <i>syl.</i>); a surly, +domineering, conceited fellow, the dupe of the play. His brother says to +him, “Cette farouche humeur à tous vos procédés inspire un air bizarre, +et, jusques à l’habit, rend tout chez vous barbare.” The father of +Isabelle and Léonor, on his death-bed, committed them to the charge of +Sganarelle and Ariste, who were either to marry them or dispose of them +in marriage. Sganarelle chose Isabelle, but insisted on her dressing in +serge, going to bed early, keeping at home, looking after the house, +mending the linen, knitting socks, and never flirting with any one. The +consequence was, she duped her guardian, and cajoled him into giving his +signature to her marriage with Valère.—Molière, <i>L’Ecole des Maris</i>.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Sganarelle</i> (3 <i>syl.</i>). At about 63 years of age, Sganarelle wished to +marry Dorimène (3 <i>syl.</i>), daughter of Alcantor, a girl fond of dances, +parties of pleasure, and all the active enjoyments of young life. +Feeling some doubts about the wisdom of this step, he first consults a +friend, who dissuades him, but, seeing the advice is rejected, replies +“Do as you like.” He next consults two philosophers, but they are so +absorbed in their philosophy, that they pay no attention to him. He then +asks the gypsies, who take his money and decamp with a dance. At length, +he overhears Dorimène telling a young lover that she only marries the +old dotard for his money, and that he cannot live above a few months; so +he makes up his mind to decline the marriage. The father of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">[383]</a></span> lady +places the matter in his son’s hands, and the young fire-eater, armed +with two swords, goes at once to the old <i>fiancé</i>, and begs him to +choose one. When Sganarelle declines to fight, the young man beats him +soundly, and again bids him choose a sword. After two or three good +beatings, Sganarelle consents to the marriage “forcé.”—Molière, <i>Le +Mariage Forcé</i> (1664).</p> + +<p>Molière wrote <a href="#Sganarelle"><i>Sganarelle ou Le Cocu Imaginaire</i></a> (<i>q.v.</i>) as a +supplement to this comedy.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> This joke about marrying is borrowed from Rabelais, +<i>Pantagruel</i>, iii. 35, etc. Panurge asks Trouillogan whether he would +advise him to marry. The sage says “No.” “But I wish to do so,” says the +prince. “Then do so, by all means,” says the sage. “Which, then, would +you advise?” asks Panurge. “Neither,” says Trouillogan. “But,” says +Panurge, “that is not possible.” “Then both,” says the sage. After this, +Panurge consults many others on the subject, and lastly the oracle of +the Holy Bottle.</p> + +<p>The plot of Molière’s comedy is founded on an adventure recorded of the +count of Grammont (<i>q.v.</i>). The count had promised marriage to la belle +Hamilton, but deserted her, and tried to get to France. Being overtaken +by the two brothers of the lady, they clapped their hands on their +swords, and demanded if the count had not forgotten something or left +something behind. “True,” said the count; “I have forgotten to marry +your sister;” and returned with the two brothers to repair this +oversight.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Sganarelle</i>, father of Lucinde. Anxious about his daughter because she +has lost her vivacity and appetite, he sends for four physicians, who +retire to consult upon the case, but talk only on indifferent topics. +When Sganarelle asks the result of their deliberation, they all differ, +both in regard to the disease, and the remedy to be applied. Lisette +(the lady’s maid) sends for Clitandre, the lover, who comes disguised as +a quack doctor, tells Sganarelle that the young lady’s disease must be +acted on through the imagination, and prescribes a mock marriage. +Sganarelle consents to the experiment, but Clitandre’s assistant being a +notary, the mock marriage proves to be a real one.—Molière, <i>L’Amour +Médecin</i> (1665).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Sganarelle</i>, husband of Martine. He is a faggot-maker, and has a +quarrel with his wife, who vows to be even with him for striking her. +Valère and Lucas (two domestics of Géronte) ask her to direct them to +the house of a noted doctor. She sends them to her husband, and tells +them he is so eccentric that he will deny being a doctor, but they must +beat him well. So they find the faggot-maker, whom they beat soundly, +till he consents to follow them. He is introduced to Lucinde, who +pretends to be dumb, but, being a shrewd man, he soon finds out that the +dumbness is only a pretence, and takes with him Léandre as an +apothecary. The two lovers understand each other, and Lucinde is rapidly +cured with “pills matrimoniac.”—Molière, <i>Le Médecin Malgré Lui</i> +(1666).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Sganarelle being asked by the father what he thinks is the +matter with Lucinde, replies, “Entendez-vous le Latin?” “En aucune +façon,” says Géronte. “Vous n’entendez point le Latin?” “Non, monsieur.” +“That is a sad pity,” says Sganarelle, “for the case may be briefly +stated thus:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Cabricias arci thuram, catalamus, singulariter, nominativo, hæc +musa, <i>la muse</i>, bonus, bona, bonum. Deus sanctus, estne oratio +Latinas? etiam, <i>oui</i>, quare? <i>pourquoi?</i> quia substantivo et +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">[384]</a></span>adjectivum concordat in generi, numerum, et casus.” “Wonderful +man!” says the father.—Act iii.</p></div> + +<p class="main"><i>Sganarelle</i> (3 <i>syl.</i>), valet to Don Juan. He remonstrates with his +master on his evil ways, but is forbidden sternly to repeat his +impertinent admonitions. His praise of tobacco, or rather snuff, is +somewhat amusing:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Tabac est la passion des honnêtes gens; et qui vit sans tabac n’est +pas digne de vivre. Non seulement il réjouit et purge les cerveaux +humains, mais encore il instruit les ames à la vertu, et l’on +apprend avec lui à devenir honnête homme ... il inspire des +sentiments d’honneur à tous ceux qui en prennent.—Molière, <i>Don +Juan</i>, i. 1 (1665).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Shaccabac" id="Shaccabac"></a><b>Shaccabac</b>, in <i>Blue Beard</i>. (See <a href="#Schacabac"><span class="smcap">Schacabac</span></a>.)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I have seen strange sights. I have seen Wilkinson play “Macbeth;” +Matthews, “Othello;” Wrench, “George Barnwell;” Buckstone, “Iago;” +Rayner, “Penruddock;” Keeley, “Shylock;” Liston, “Romeo” and +“Octavian;” G. F. Cooke, “Mercutio;” John Kemble, “Archer;” Edmund +Kean, clown in a pantomine; and C. Young, “Shaccabac.”—<i>Record of +a Stage Veteran.</i></p></div> + +<p>“Macbeth,” “Othello,” “Iago” (in <i>Othello</i>), “Shylock” (<i>Merchant of +Venice</i>), “Romeo” and “Mercutio” (in <i>Romeo and Juliet</i>), all by +Shakespeare: “George Barnwell” (Lillo’s tragedy so called); “Penruddock” +(in <i>The Wheel of Fortune</i>), by <a name="corr169" id="corr169"></a><ins class="correction" title="Cumberland;">Cumberland);</ins> “Octavian” (in +Colman’s drama so called); “Archer” (in <i>The Beaux’ Stratagem</i>, by +Farquhar).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shackfords</b> (<i>The</i>). <i>Lemuel Shackford</i>, “a hard, avaricious, passionate +man, holding his own way remorselessly.... A prominent character because +of his wealth, endless lawsuits and eccentricity.”</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Richard Shackford</i>, nephew of <i>Lemuel</i>, a frank, whole-souled young +fellow, intent upon his profession, but willing to make everybody else +comfortable as he wins his way up. He is accused, upon circumstantial +evidence, of the murder of his uncle, but is extricated by his own +sagacity, which enables him to fix the crime upon the true assassin.—T. +B. Aldrich, <i>The Stillwater Tragedy</i> (1880).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shaddai</b> (<i>King</i>), who made war upon Diabolus for the regaining of +Mansoul.—John Bunyan, <i>The Holy War</i> (1682).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shade</b> (<i>To fight in the</i>). Dieneces [<i>Di.en´.e.seez</i>], the Spartan, +being told that the army of the Persians was so numerous that their +arrows would shut out the sun, replied, “Thank the gods! we shall then +fight in the shade.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shadow</b> (<i>Simon</i>), one of the recruits of the army of Sir John Falstaff. +“A half-faced fellow,” so thin that Sir John said, “A foeman might as +well level his gun at the edge of a penknife” as at such a +starveling.—Shakespeare, 2 <i>Henry IV.</i> act iii. sc. 2 (1598).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego</b> were cast, by the command of +Nebuchadnezzar, into a fiery furnace, but received no injury, although +the furnace was made so hot that the heat thereof “slew those men” that +took them to the furnace.-<i>Dan.</i> iii. 22.</p> + +<p>By Nimrod’s order, Abraham was bound and cast into a huge fire at Cûtha; +but he was preserved from injury by the angel Gabriel, and only the +cords which bound him were burnt. Yet so intense was the heat that above +2000 men were consumed thereby.—See <i>Gospel of Barnabas</i>, xxviii.; and +Morgan, <i>Mahometanism Explained</i>, V. i. 4.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shadwell</b> (<i>Thomas</i>), the poet-laureate,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">[385]</a></span> was a great drunkard, and was +said to be “round as a butt, and liquored every chink” (1640-1692).</p> + +<p class="poem">Besides, his [<i>Shadwell’s</i>] goodly fabric fills the eye,<br /> +And seems designed for thoughtless majesty.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Dryden, <i>MacFlecknoe</i> (1682).</span></p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Shadwell took opium, and died from taking too large a dose. +Hence Pope says:</p> + +<p class="poem">Benlowes, propitious still to blockheads, bows;<br /> +And Shadwell nods the poppy on his brows.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib"><i>The Dunciad</i>, iii. 21, 22 (1728).</span></p> + +<p>Benlowes was a great patron of bad poets, and many have dedicated to him +their lucubrations. Sometimes the name is shifted into “Benevolus.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shaf´alus and Procrus.</b> So Bottom, the weaver, calls Cephălus and +Procris. (See <span class="smcap">Cephalus</span>.)</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;"><i>Pyramus.</i> Not Shafalus to Procrus was so true.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;"><i>Thisbe.</i> As Shafalus to Procrus; I to you.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Shakespeare, <i>Midsummer Night’s Dream</i> (1592).</span><br /> +</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shaftesbury</b> (<i>Anthony Ashley Cooper, earl of</i>), introduced by Sir W. +Scott in <i>Peveril of the Peak</i> (time, Charles II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shafton</b> (<i>Ned</i>), one of the prisoners in Newgate with old Sir Hildebrand +Osbaldistone.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Rob Roy</i> (time, George I.).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Shafton</i> (<i>Sir Piercie</i>), called “The knight of Wolverton,” a +fashionable cavaliero, grandson of old Overstitch, the tailor, of +Holderness. Sir Piercie talks in the pedantic style of the Elizabethan +courtiers.—Sir W. Scott, <i>The Monastery</i> (time, Elizabeth).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shah</b> (<i>The</i>), a famous diamond, weighing 86 carats. It was given by +Chosroës, of Persia, to the Czar of Russia. (See <span class="smcap">Diamonds</span>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shakebag</b> (<i>Dick</i>), a highwayman with Captain Colepepper.—Sir W. Scott, +<i>Fortunes of Nigel</i> (time, James I.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shakespeare</b>, introduced by Sir W. Scott in the ante-rooms of Greenwich +Palace.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Kenilworth</i> (time, Elizabeth).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> In <i>Woodstock</i> there is a conversation about Shakespeare.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Shakespeare’s Home.</i> He left London before 1613, and established +himself at Stratford-on-Avon, in Warwickshire, where he was born (1564), +and where he died (1616). In the diary of Mr. Ward, the vicar of +Stratford, is this entry: “Shakspeare, Drayton and Ben Jonson had a +merry meeting, and, it seems, drank too hard, for Shakspeare died of a +fever then contracted.” (Drayton died 1631, and Ben Jonson, 1637.) +Probably Shakespeare died on his birthday, April 23.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Shakespeare’s Monument</i>, in Westminster Abbey, designed by Kent, and +executed by Scheemakers, in 1742. The statue to Shakespeare in Drury +Lane Theatre was by the same.</p> + +<p>The statue of Shakespeare in the British Museum is by Roubiliac, and was +bequeathed to the nation by Garrick. His best portrait is by Droeshout.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Shakespeare’s Plays</i>, quarto editions:</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Romeo and Juliet</span>: 1597, John Danter; 1599, Thomas Creede for Cuthbert +Burby; 1609, 1637. Supposed to have been written, 1595.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">King Richard II.</span>: 1597, Valentine Simmes for Andrew Wise; 1598, 1608 +(with an additional scene); 1615, 1634.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">King Richard III.</span>: 1597, ditto; 1598, 1602, 1612, 1622.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">[386]</a></span><span class="smcap">Love’s Labor’s Lost</span>; 1598, W. W. for Cuthbert Burby. Supposed to have +been written, 1594.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">King Henry IV.</span> (pt. I): 1598, P. S. for Andrew Wise; 1599, 1604, 1608, +1613. Supposed to have been written, 1597.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">King Henry IV.</span> (pt. 2): 1600, V. S. for Andrew Wise and William Aspley; +1600. Supposed to have been written, 1598.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">King Henry V.</span>: 1600, Thomas Creede for Thomas Millington and John Busby; +1602, 1608. Supposed to have been written, 1599.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Midsummer Night’s Dream</span>: 1600, Thomas Fisher; 1600, James Roberts. +Mentioned by Meres, 1598. Supposed to have been written, 1592.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Merchant of Venice</span>: 1600, I. R. for Thomas Heyes; 1600, James Roberts; +1637. Mentioned by Meres, 1598.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Much Ado about Nothing</span>: 1600, V. S. for Andrew Wise and William Aspley.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Merry Wives of Windsor</span>: 1602, T. C. for Arthur Johnson; 1619. Supposed +to have been written, 1596.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hamlet</span>: 1603, I. R. for N. L.; 1605, 1611. Supposed to have been +written, 1597.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">King Lear</span>: 1608, A. for Nathaniel Butter; 1608, B. for ditto. Acted at +Whitehall, 1607. Supposed to have been written, 1605.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Troilus and Cressida</span>: 1609, G. Eld for R. Bonian and H. Whalley (with a +preface). Acted at court, 1609. Supposed to have been written, 1602.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Othello</span>: 1622, N. O. for Thomas Walkely. Acted at Harefield, 1602.</p> + +<p>The rest of the dramas are:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>All’s Well that Ends Well</i>, 1598. First title supposed to be +<i>Love’s Labor’s Won</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Antony and Cleopatra</i>, 1608. No early mention made of this play.</p> + +<p><i>As You Like It.</i> Entered at Stationer’s Hall, 1600.</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Comedy of Errors</i>, 1593. Mentioned by Meres, 1598.</p> + +<p><i>Coriolanus</i>, 1610. No early mention made of this play.</p> + +<p><i>Cymbeline</i>, 1605. No early mention made of this play.</p> + +<p>1 <i>Henry VI.</i> Alluded to by Nash in <i>Pierce Penniless</i>, 1592.</p> + +<p>2 <i>Henry VI.</i> Original title, <i>First Part of the Contention</i>, 1594.</p> + +<p>3 <i>Henry VI.</i> Original title, <i>True Tragedy of Richard Duke of +York</i>, 1595.</p> + +<p><i>Henry VIII.</i>, 1601. Acted at the Globe Theatre, 1613.</p> + +<p><i>John</i> (<i>King</i>), 1596. Mentioned by Meres, 1598.</p> + +<p><i>Julius Cæsar</i>, 1607. No early mention made of this play.</p> + +<p><i>Lear</i>, 1605. Acted at <a name="corr170" id="corr170"></a><ins class="correction" title="Whitehall,">Whitehall</ins> 1607. Printed 1608.</p> + +<p><i>Macbeth</i>, 1606. No early mention made of this play.</p> + +<p><i>Measure for Measure</i>, 1603. Acted at <a name="corr171" id="corr171"></a><ins class="correction" title="Whitehall,">Whitehall</ins> 1604.</p> + +<p><i>Merry Wives of Windsor</i>, 1596. Printed 1602.</p> + +<p><i>Pericles Prince of Tyre.</i> Printed 1609.</p> + +<p><i>Taming of the Shrew.</i> (?) Acted at Henslow’s Theatre, 1593. +Entered at Stationer’s Hall, 1607.</p> + +<p><i>Tempest</i>, 1609. Acted at Whitehall, 1611.</p> + +<p><i>Timon of Athens</i>, 1609. No early mention made of this play.</p> + +<p><i>Titus Andronicus</i>, 1593. Printed 1600.</p> + +<p><i>Twelfth Night.</i> Acted in the Middle Temple Hall, 1602.</p> + +<p><i>Two Gentlemen of Verona</i>, 1595. Mentioned by <a name="corr172" id="corr172"></a><ins class="correction" title="Meres,">Meres</ins> 1598.</p> + +<p><i>Winter’s Tale</i>, 1604. Acted at Whitehall, 1611.</p></div> + +<p>First complete collection in folio; 1623, Isaac Jaggard and Ed. Blount; +1632, 1664, 1685. The second folio is of very little value.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Shakespeare’s Parents.</i> His father was John Shakespeare, a glover, who +married Mary Arden, daughter of Robert Arden, Esq., of Bomich, a good +country gentleman.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Shakespeare’s Wife</i>, Anne Hathaway, of Shottery, some eight years older +than himself; daughter of a substantial yeoman.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Shakespeare’s Children.</i> One son, Hamnet, who died in his twelfth year +(1585-1596). Two daughters, who survived him,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387">[387]</a></span> Susanna and Judith, +twin-born with Hamnet. Both his daughters married and had children, but +the lines died out.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Voltaire says of Shakespeare</i>: “Rimer had very good reason to say that +Shakespeare <i><a name="corr173" id="corr173"></a><ins class="correction" title="n’était">n’etait</ins> q’un vilain singe</i>.” Voltaire, in 1765, said, +“Shakespeare is a savage with some imagination, whose plays can please +only in London and Canada.” In 1735 he wrote to M. de Cideville, +“Shakespeare is the Corneille of London, but everywhere else he is a +great fool (<i>grand fou d’ailleur</i>).”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shakespeare of Divines</b> (<i>The</i>), Jeremy Taylor (1613-1667).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Taylor, the Shakespeare of divines.—Emerson.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shakespeare of Eloquence</b> (<i>The</i>). The comte de Mirabeau was so called by +Barnave (1749-1791).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shakespeare of Germany</b> (<i>The</i>), Augustus Frederick Ferdinand von +Kotzebue (1761-1819).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shakespeare of Prose Fiction</b> (<i>The</i>). Richardson, the novelist, is so +called by D’Israeli (1689-1761).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shallow</b>, a weak-minded country justice, cousin to Slender. He is a great +braggart, and especially fond of boasting of the mad pranks of his +younger days. It is said that Justice Shallow is a satirical portrait of +Sir Thomas Lucy of Charlecote, who prosecuted Shakespeare for +deer-stealing.—Shakespeare, <i>The Merry Wives of Windsor</i> (1596); and 2 +<i>Henry IV.</i> (1598).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>As wise as a justice of the quorum and custalorum in Shallow’s +time.—Macaulay.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shallum</b>, lord of a manor consisting of a long chain of rocks and +mountains called Tirzah. Shallum was “of gentle disposition, and beloved +both by God and man.” He was the lover of Hilpa, a Chinese antediluvian +princess, one of the 150 daughters of Zilpah, of the race of Cohu or +Cain.—Addison, <i>Spectator</i>, viii. 584-5 (1712).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shalott</b> (<i>The lady of</i>), a poem by Tennyson, in four parts. Pt. i. tells +us that the lady passed her life in the island of Shalott in great +seclusion, and was known only by the peasantry. Pt. ii. tells us that +she was weaving a magic web, and that a curse would fall on her if she +looked down the river. Pt. iii. describes how Sir Lancelot rode to +Camelot in all his bravery; and the lady gazed at him as he rode along. +Pt. iv. tells us that the lady floated down the river in a boat called +<i>The Lady of Shalott</i>, and died heart-broken on the way. Sir Lancelot +came to gaze on the dead body, and exclaimed, “She has a lovely face, +God in his mercy grant her grace!” This ballad was afterwards expanded +into the <i>Idyll</i> called “Elaine, the Lily Maid of Astolat” (<i>q.v.</i>), the +beautiful incident of Elaine and the barge being taken from the <i>History +of Prince Arthur</i>, by Sir T. Malory.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“While my body is whole, let this letter be put into my right hand, +and my hand bound fast with the letter until I be cold, and let me +be put in a fair bed with all the richest clothes that I have about +me, and so let my bed and all my rich clothes be laid with me in a +chariot to the next place whereas the Thames is, and there let me +be put in a barge, and but one man with me such as ye trust to +steer me thither, and that my barge be covered with black samite +over and over.” ... So when she was dead, the corpse and the bed +and all was led the next way unto to the Thames, and there a man +and the corpse and all were put in a barge on the Thames, and so +the man steered the barge to Westminster, and there he rowed a +great while to and fro, or any man espied.—Pt. iii. 123.</p></div> + +<p>King Arthur saw the body and had it<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_388" id="Page_388">[388]</a></span> buried, and Sir Lancelot made an +offering, etc. (ch. 124); much the same as Tennyson has reproduced it in +verse.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Shalott</i> (<i>The lady of</i>). “It is not generally known that the lady of +Shalott lived, last summer, in an attic at the east end of South +Street.” Thus begins a story of an incurable invalid, whose only +amusement is watching street scenes reflected in a small mirror hung +opposite the one window of her garret-room. A stone flung by a boy +shatters the mirror, and the fragile creature never recovers from the +shock.—Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, <i>The Lady of Shalott</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shamho´zai</b> (3 <i>syl.</i>), the angel who debauched himself with women, +repented, and hung himself up between earth and heaven.—Bereshit rabbi +(in <i>Gen.</i> vi. 2).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Harût and Marût were two angels sent to be judges on earth. +They judged righteously until Zohara appeared before them, when they +fell in love with her, and were imprisoned in a cave near Babylon, where +they are to abide till the day of judgment.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shandy</b> (<i>Tristram</i>), the nominal hero of Sterne’s novel called <i>The Life +and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman</i> (1759). He is the son of +Walter and Elizabeth Shandy.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Captain Shandy</i>, better known as “Uncle Toby,” the real hero of +Sterne’s novel. Captain Shandy was wounded at Namur, and retired on +half-pay. He was benevolent and generous, brave as a lion but simple as +a child, most gallant and most modest. Hazlitt says that “the character +of Uncle Toby is the finest compliment ever paid to human nature.” His +modest love-passages with Widow Wadman, his kindly sympathy for +Lieutenant Lefevre, and his military discussions, are wholly +unrivalled.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Aunt Dinah</i> [<i>Shandy</i>], Walter Shandy’s aunt. She bequeathed to him +£1000, which Walter fancied would enable him to carry out all the wild +schemes with which his head was crammed.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Mrs. Elizabeth Shandy</i>, mother of Tristram Shandy. The ideal of +nonentity, individual from its very absence of individuality.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Walter Shandy</i>, Tristram’s father, a metaphysical Don Quixote, who +believes in long noses and propitious names; but his son’s nose was +crushed, and his name, which should have been Trismegistus (“the most +propitious”), was changed in christening to Tristram (“the most +unlucky”). If much learning can make man mad, Walter Shandy was +certainly mad in all the affairs of ordinary life. His wife was a blank +sheet, and he himself a sheet so written on and crossed and rewritten +that no one could decipher the manuscript.—L. Sterne, <i>The Life and +Opinions of Tristram Shandy</i> (1759).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sharp</b>, the ordinary of Major Touchwood, who aids him in his +transformation, but is himself puzzled to know which is the real and +which the false colonel.—T. Dibdin, <i>What Next?</i></p> + +<p class="main"><i>Sharp</i> (<i>Rebecca</i>), the orphan daughter of an artist. “She was small +and slight in person, pale, sandy-haired, and with green eyes, +habitually cast down, but very large, odd, and attractive when they +looked up.” Becky had the “dismal precocity of poverty,” and, being +engaged as governess in the family of Sir Pitt Crawley, bart., contrived +to marry, clandestinely, his son, Captain Rawdon Crawley, and taught him +how to live in splendor “upon nothing a year.” Becky was an excellent +singer and dancer,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_389" id="Page_389">[389]</a></span> a capital talker and wheedler, and a most +attractive, but unprincipled, selfish, and unscrupulous woman. Lord +Steyne introduced her to court; but her conduct with this peer gave rise +to a terrible scandal, which caused a separation between her and Rawdon, +and made England too hot to hold her. She retired to the Continent, was +reduced to a Bohemian life, but ultimately attached herself to Joseph +Sedley, whom she contrived to strip of all his money, and who lived in +dire terror of her, dying in six months under very suspicious +circumstances.—Thackeray, <i>Vanity Fair</i> (1848).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Sharp</i> (<i>Timothy</i>), the “lying valet” of Charles Gayless. His object is +to make his master, who has not a sixpence in the world, pass for a man +of wealth in the eyes of Melissa, to whom he is engaged.—Garrick, <i>The +Lying Valet</i> (1741).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sharp-Beak</b>, the crow’s wife, in the beast-epic called <i>Reynard the Fox</i> +(1498).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sharpe</b> (<i>The Right Rev. James</i>), archbishop of St. Andrew’s, murdered by +John Balfour (a leader in the covenanters’ army) and his party.—Sir W. +Scott, <i>Old Mortality</i> (time, Charles II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sharper</b> (<i>Master</i>), the cutler in the Strand.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Peveril of +the Peak</i> (time, Charles II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sharpitlaw</b> (<i>Gideon</i>), a police officer.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Heart of +Midlothian</i> (time, George II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shawonda´see</b>, son of Mudjekeewis, and king of the south wind. Fat and +lazy, listless and easy. Shawondasee loved a prairie maiden (the +Dandelion), but was too indolent to woo her.—Longfellow, <i>Hiawatha</i> +(1855).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>She Stoops to Conquer</b>, a comedy by Oliver Goldsmith (1773). Miss +Hardcastle, knowing how bashful young Marlow is before ladies, <i>stoops</i> +to the manners and condition of a barmaid, with whom he feels quite at +his ease, and by this artifice wins the man of her choice.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> It is said that when Goldsmith was about 16 years old, he set +out for Edgworthstown, and finding night coming on when at Ardagh, asked +a man “which was the best house in town”—meaning the best inn. The man, +who was Cornelius O’Kelly, the great fencing-master, pointed to that of +Mr. Ralph Fetherstone, as being the best house in the vicinity. Oliver +entered the parlor, found the master of the mansion sitting over a good +fire, and said he intended to pass the night there, and should like to +have supper. Mr. Fetherstone happened to know Goldsmith’s father, and, +to humor the joke, pretended to be the landlord of “the public,” nor did +he reveal himself till next morning at breakfast, when Oliver called for +his bill. It was not Sir Ralph Fetherstone, as is generally said, but +Mr. Ralph Fetherstone, whose grandson was Sir Thomas.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sheba.</b> The queen of Sheba, or Saba (<i>i.e.</i> the Sabeans) came to visit +Solomon, and tested his wisdom by sundry questions, but affirmed that +his wisdom and wealth exceeded even her expectations.—1 <i>Kings</i> x.; 2 +<i>Chron.</i> ix.</p> + +<p class="poem">No, not to answer, madam, all those hard things<br /> +That Sheba came to ask of Solomon.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Tennyson, <i>The Princess</i>, ii.</span></p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> The Arabs call her name Balkis, or Belkis; the Abyssinians, +Macqueda; and others, Aazis.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Sheba</i> (<i>The queen of</i>), a name given to Mde. Montreville (the Begum +Mootee<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_390" id="Page_390">[390]</a></span> Mahul).—Sir W. Scott, <i>The Surgeon’s Daughter</i> (time, George +II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shebdiz</b>, the Persian Bucephalos, the favorite charger of Chosroës II., +or Khosrou Parvis, of Persia (590-628).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shedad</b>, king of Ad, who built a most magnificent palace, and laid out a +garden called “The Garden of Irem,” like “the bowers of Eden.” All men +admired this palace and garden, except the prophet Houd, who told the +king that the foundation of his palace was not secure. And so it was, +that God, to punish his pride, first sent a drought of three years’ +duration, and then the Sarsar, or icy wind, for seven days, in which the +garden was destroyed, the palace ruined, and Shedad, with all his +subjects, died.</p> + +<p>It is said that the palace of Shedad, or Shuddaud, took 500 years in +building, and when it was finished the angel of death would not allow +him even to enter his garden, but struck him dead, and the rose garden +of Irem was ever after invisible to the eye of man.—Southey, <i>Thalaba, +the Destroyer</i>, 1. (1797).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sheep-Dog</b> (<i>A</i>), a lady-companion, who occupies the back seat of the +barouche, carries wraps, etc., goes to church with the <a name="corr174" id="corr174"></a><ins class="correction" title="lady, and">lady,and</ins> +“guards her from the wolves,” as much as the lady wishes to be guarded, +but no more.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“Rawdon,” said Becky, ... “I must have a sheep-dog ... I mean a +<i>moral</i> shepherd’s dog ... to keep the wolves off me.” ... “A +sheep-dog, a companion! Becky Sharp with a sheep-dog! Isn’t that +good fun!”—Thackeray, <i>Vanity Fair</i>, xxxvii. (1848).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sheep of the Prisons</b>, a cant term in the French Revolution for a spy +under the jailers.—C. Dickens, <i>A Tale of Two Cities</i>, iii. 7 (1859).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sheep Tilted at.</b> Don Quixote saw the dust of two flocks of sheep coming +in opposite directions, and told Sancho they were two armies—one +commanded by the Emperor Alifanfaron, sovereign of the island of +Trap´oban, and the other by the king of the Garaman´teans, called +“Pentap´olin with the Naked Arm.” He said that Alifanfaron was in love +with Pentapolin’s daughter, but Pentapolin refused to sanction the +alliance, because Alifanfaron was a Mohammedan. The mad knight rushed on +the flock “led by Alifanfaron,” and killed seven of the sheep, but was +stunned by stones thrown at him by the shepherds. When Sancho told his +master that the two armies were only two flocks of sheep, the knight +replied that the enchanter Freston had “metamorphosed the two grand +armies” in order to show his malice.—Cervantes, <i>Don Quixote</i>, I. iii. +4 (1605).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> After the death of Achillês, Ajax and Ulysses both claimed +the armor of Hector. The dispute was settled by the sons of Atreus (2 +<i>syl.</i>), who awarded the prize to Ulysses. This so enraged Ajax that it +drove him mad, and he fell upon a flock of sheep driven at night into +the camp, supposing it to be an army led by Ulysses and the sons of +Atreus. When he found out his mistake, he stabbed himself. This is the +subject of a tragedy by Soph´oclês called <i>Ajax Mad</i>.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Orlando in his madness also fell foul of a flock of +sheep.—Ariosto, <i>Orlando Furioso</i> (1516).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sheffield</b> (<i>The Bard of</i>), James Montgomery, author of <i>The Wanderer of +Switzerland</i>, etc. (1771-1854).</p> + +<p class="poem">With broken lyre and cheek serenely pale,<br /> +Lo! Sad Alcæns wanders down the vale ...<br /> +O’er his lost works let classic Sheffield weep;<br /> +May no rude hand disturb their early sleep!<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Byron, <i>English Bards and Scotch Reviewers</i> (1809).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_391" id="Page_391">[391]</a></span><b>Sheila</b>, pretty, simple-hearted girl, whose father is a magnate among his +neighbors in the Orkney Islands. Sheila is won by a Londoner—Lavender +by name—who visits her island home. He transplants the Northern wild +flower into a London home, where she pines for a while, homesick and +heart-sick. In time, her sound sense enables her to adjust herself to +altered conditions, and her stronger nature raises and ennobles her +husband’s.—William Black, <i>A Princess of Thulè</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shelby</b> (<i>Mr.</i>), Uncle Tom’s first master. Being in commercial +difficulties, he was obliged to sell his faithful slave. His son +afterwards endeavored to buy Uncle Tom back again, but found that he had +been whipped to death by the villain Legree.—Harriet Beecher Stowe, +<i>Uncle Tom’s Cabin</i> (1852).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shell</b> (<i>A</i>). Amongst the ancient Gaels a shell was emblematic of peace. +Hence when Bosmi´na, Fingal’s daughter, was sent to propitiate King +Erragon, who had invaded Morven, she carried with her a “sparkling shell +as a symbol of peace, and a golden arrow as a symbol of war.”—Ossian, +<i>The Battle of Lora</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shells</b>, <i>i.e.</i>, hospitality. “Semo, king of shells” (“hospitality”). +When Cuthullin invites Swaran to a banquet, his messenger says, +“Cuthullin gives the joy of shells; come and partake the feast of Erin’s +blue-eyed chief.” The ancient Gaels drank from shells; and hence such +phrases as “chief of shells,” “hall of shells,” “king of shells,” etc. +(king of hospitality). “To rejoice in the shell” is to feast sumptuously +and drink freely.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shemus-an-Snachad</b>, or “James of the Needle,” M’Ivor’s tailor at +Edinburgh.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Waverley</i> (time, George II.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shepheardes Calendar</b> (<i>The</i>), twelve eclogues in various metres, by +Spenser, one for each month. <i>January</i>: Colin Clout (<i>Spenser</i>) bewails +that Rosalind does not return his love, and compares his forlorn +condition to the season itself. <i>February</i>: Cuddy, a lad, complains of +the cold, and Thenot laments the degeneracy of pastoral life. <i>March</i>: +Willie and Thomalin discourse of love (described as a person just +aroused from sleep). <i>April</i>: Hobbinol sings a song on Eliza, queen of +shepherds. <i>May</i>: Palinode (3 <i>syl.</i>) exhorts Piers to join the +festivities of May, but Piers replies that good shepherds who seek their +own indulgence expose their flocks to the wolves. He then relates the +fable of the kid and her dam. <i>June</i>: Hobbinol exhorts Colin to greater +cheerfulness, but Colin replies there is no cheer for him while Rosalind +remains unkind and loves Menalcas better than himself. <i>July</i>: Morrel, a +goat-herd, invites Thomalin to come with him to the uplands, but +Thomalin replies that humility better becomes a shepherd (<i>i.e.</i>, a +pastor or clergyman). <i>August</i>: Perigot and Willie contend in song, and +Cuddy is appointed arbiter. <i>September</i>: Diggon Davie complains to +Hobbinol of clerical abuses. <i>October</i>: On poetry, which Cuddy says has +no encouragement, and laments that Colin neglects it, being crossed in +love. <i>November</i><a name="corr175" id="corr175"></a><ins class="correction" title=":">;</ins> Colin, being asked by Thenot to sing, excuses +himself because of his grief for Dido, but finally he sings her elegy. +<i>December</i>: Colin again complains that his heart is desolate because +Rosalind loves him not (1579).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shepheards Hunting</b> (<i>The</i>), four “eglogues” by George Wither, while +confined<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_392" id="Page_392">[392]</a></span> in the Marshalsea (1615). The shepherd, Roget, is the poet +himself, and his “hunting” is a satire called <i>Abuses Stript and Whipt</i>, +for which he was imprisoned. The first three eglogues are upon the +subject of Roget’s imprisonment, and the fourth is on his love of +poetry. “Willy” is the poet’s friend, William Browne, of the Inner +Temple, author of <i>Britannia’s Pastorals</i>. He was two years the junior +of Wither.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shepherd</b> (<i>The</i>), Moses, who for forty years fed the flocks of Jethro, +his father-in-law.</p> + +<p class="poem">Sing, heavenly Muse, that on the secret top<br /> +Of Oreb or of Sinai, didst inspire<br /> +That shepherd who first taught the chosen seed,<br /> +“In the beginning,” how the heaven and earth<br /> +Rose out of chaos.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Milton, <i>Paradise Lost</i>, i. (1665).</span></p> + +<p class="main"><i>Shepherd</i> (<i>The Gentle</i>), George Grenville, the statesman. One day, in +addressing the House, George Grenville said, “Tell me where! tell me +where!...” Pitt hummed the line of a song then very popular, beginning, +“Gentle shepherd, tell me where!” and the whole House was convulsed with +laughter (1712-1770).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Allan Ramsay has a beautiful Scotch pastoral called <i>The +Gentle Shepherd</i> (1725).</p> + +<p class="main"><a name="Shepherd" id="Shepherd"></a><i>Shepherd</i> (<i>John Claridge</i>), the signature adopted by the author of +<i>The Shepherd of Banbury’s Rules to Judge of the Changes of Weather, +etc.</i> (1744). Supposed to be Dr. John Campbell, author of <i>A Political +Survey of Britain</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shepherd-Kings</b> (<i>The</i>), or <i>Hyksos</i>. These Hyksos were a tribe of +Cuthites driven from Assyria by Aralius and the Shemites. Their names +were: (1) <span class="smcap">Saītês</span> or Salātês, called by the Arabs El-Weleed, and said to +be a descendant of Esau (<span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 1870-1851); (2) <span class="smcap">Beon</span>, called by the Arabs +Er-Reiyan, son of El-Weleed (<span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 1851-1811); (3) <span class="smcap">Apachnas</span> (<span class="smcap">B.C.</span> +1811-1750); (4) <span class="smcap">Apōphis</span>, called by the Arabs Er-Reiyan II., in whose +reign Joseph was sold into Egypt and was made viceroy (<span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 1750-1700); +(5) <span class="smcap">Janias</span> (<span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 1700-1651); (6) <span class="smcap">Asseth</span> <a name="corr176" id="corr176"></a><ins class="correction" title="(B.C. 1651-1610).">(1651-1610).</ins> The Hyksos +were driven out of Egypt by Amŏsis or Thetmosis, the founder of the +eighteenth dynasty, and retired to Palestine, where they formed the +chiefs or lords of the Philistines. (Hyksos is compounded of <i>hyk</i>, +“king,” and <i>sos</i>, “shepherd.”)</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Apophis or Aphophis was not a shepherd-king, but a pharaoh or +native ruler, who made Apachnas tributary, and succeeded him, but on the +death of Aphophis the hyksos were restored.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shepherd Lord</b> (<i>The</i>), Lord Henry de Clifford, brought up by his mother +as a shepherd to save him from the vengeance of the Yorkists. Henry VII. +restored him to his birthright and estates (1455-1543).</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i6">The gracious fairy,</span><br /> +Who loved the shepherd lord to meet<br /> +In his wanderings solitary.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Wordsworth, <i>The White Doe of Rylstone</i> (1815).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shepherd of Banbury.</b> (See <a href="#Shepherd"><span class="smcap">Shepherd, John Claridge</span></a>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shepherd of Filida.</b></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“Preserve him, Mr. Nicholas, as thou wouldst a diamond. He is not a +shepherd, but an elegant courtier,” said the curé.—Cervantes, <i>Don +Quixote</i>, I. i. 6 (1605).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shepherd of Salisbury Plain</b> (<i>The</i>), the hero and title of a religious +tract by Hannah More. The shepherd is noted for his homely wisdom and +simple piety. The academy figure of this shepherd was David Saunders, +who, with his father, had kept sheep on the plain for a century.</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_393" id="Page_393">[393]</a></span><b>Shepherd of the Ocean.</b> So Colin Clout (<i>Spenser</i>) calls Sir Walter +Raleigh in his <i>Colin Clout’s Come Home Again</i> (1591).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shepherdess</b> (<i>The Faithful</i>), a pastoral drama by John Fletcher (1610). +The “faithful shepherdess” is Corin, who remains faithful to her lover +although dead. Milton has borrowed rather largely from this pastoral in +his <i>Comus</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sheppard</b> (<i>Jack</i>), immortalized for his burglaries and escapes from +Newgate. He was the son of a carpenter in Spitalfields, and was an +ardent, reckless and generous youth. Certainly the most popular criminal +ever led to Tyburn for execution (1701-1724).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Daniel Defoe made <i>Jack Sheppard</i> the hero of a romance in +1724, and W. H. Ainsworth, in 1839.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sherborne</b>, in Dorsetshire, always brings ill luck to the possessor. It +belonged at one time to the see of Canterbury, and Osmond pronounced a +curse on any laymen who wrested it from the Church.</p> + +<p>The first laymen who held these lands was the Protector Somerset, who +was beheaded by Edward VI.</p> + +<p>The next laymen was Sir Walter Raleigh, who was also beheaded.</p> + +<p>At the death of Raleigh, James I. seized on the lands, and conferred +them on Car, earl of Somerset, who died prematurely. His younger son, +Carew, was attainted, committed to the Tower, and lost his estates by +forfeiture.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> James I. was no exception. He lost his eldest son, the prince +of Wales, Charles I. was beheaded, James II. was forced to abdicate, and +the two Pretenders consummated the ill luck of the family.</p> + +<p>Sherborne is now in the possession of Digby, earl of Bristol.</p> + +<p>(For other possessions which carry with them ill luck, see <span class="smcap">Gold of +Tolosa</span>, <span class="smcap">Gold of Nibelungen</span>, <span class="smcap">Graysteel</span>, <span class="smcap">Harmonia’s Necklace</span>, etc.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sheridan’s Ride</b>, the story of the brilliant dash of Sheridan upon +Winchester, that turned the fortunes of the day in favor of the Federal +forces. Early, in command of the Confederates, had driven the United +States troops out of the town. When Sheridan met them, they were in full +retreat.</p> + +<p class="poemquote">“Hurrah! hurrah for horse and man,<br /> +And when their statues are placed on high,<br /> +Under the dome of the Union sky,<br /> +The American soldier’s Temple of Fame,<br /> +There, with the glorious General’s name<br /> +Be it said, in letters both bold and bright:—<br /> +Here is the steed that saved the day<br /> +By carrying Sheridan into the fight,<br /> +From Winchester—twenty miles away!’”<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Thomas Buchanan Read, <i>Sheridan’s Ride</i>.</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sheva</b>, the philanthropic Jew, most modest, but most benevolent. He +“stints his appetite to pamper his affections, and lives in poverty that +the poor may live in plenty.” Sheva is “the widows’ friend, the orphans’ +father, the poor man’s protector, and the universal dispenser of +charity, but he ever shrank to let his left hand know what his right +hand did.” Ratcliffe’s father rescued him at Cadiz, from an <i>auto da +fe</i>, and Ratcliffe himself rescued him from a howling London mob. This +noble heart settled £10,000 on Miss Ratcliffe at her marriage, and left +Charles the heir of all his property.—Cumberland, <i>The Jew</i> (1776).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> The Jews of England made up a very handsome purse, which they +presented to the dramatist for this championship of their race.</p> + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_394" id="Page_394">[394]</a></span><i>Sheva</i>, in the satire of <i>Absalom and Achitophel</i>, by Dryden and Tate, +is designed for Sir Roger Lestrange, censor of the press, in the reign +of Charles II. Sheva was one of David’s scribes (2 <i>Sam.</i> xx. 25), and +Sir Roger was editor of the <i>Observator</i>, in which he vindicated the +court measures, for which he was knighted.</p> + +<p class="poem">Than Sheva, none more loyal zeal have shown,<br /> +Wakeful as Judah’s lion for the crown.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Tate, <i>Absalom and Achitophel</i>, ii. (1682).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shib´boleth</b>, the test pass-word of a secret society. When the +Ephraimites tried to pass the Jordan, after their defeat by Jephthah, +the guard tested whether they were Ephraimites or not, by asking them to +say the word “Shibboleth,” which the Ephraimites pronounced “Sibboleth” +(<i>Judges</i> xii. 1-6).</p> + +<p>In the Sicilian Vespers, a word was given as a test of nationality. Some +dried peas (<i>ciceri</i>) were shown to a suspect: if he called them +<i>cheecharee</i>, he was a Sicilian, and allowed to pass; but if <i>siseri</i>, +he was a Frenchman, and was put to death.</p> + +<p>In the great Danish slaughter on St. Bryce’s Day (November 13, 1002), +according to tradition, a similar test was made with the words +“Chichester Church,” which, being pronounced hard or soft, decided +whether the speaker were Dane or Saxon.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shield of Rome</b> (<i>The</i>), Fabius “Cunctātor.” Marcellus was called “The +Sword of Rome.” (See <span class="smcap">Fabius</span>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shift</b> (<i>Samuel</i>), a wonderful mimic, who, like Charles Mathews, the +elder, could turn his face to anything. He is employed by Sir William +Wealthy, to assist in saving his son, George, from ruin, and accordingly +helps the young man in his money difficulties by becoming his agent. +Ultimately, it is found that Sir George’s father is his creditor, the +young man is saved from ruin, marries, and becomes a reformed and +honorable member of society, who has “sown his wild oats.”—Foote, <i>The +Minor</i> (1760).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shilling</b> (<i>To cut one off with a</i>). A tale is told of Charles and John +Banister. John, having irritated his father, the old man said, “Jack, +I’ll cut you off with a shilling.” To which the son replied, “I wish, +dad, you would give it to me now.”</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> The same identical anecdote is told of Sheridan and his son +Tom.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shingle</b> (<i>Solon</i>), prominent personage in J. S. Jones’s farce, <i>The +People’s Lawyer</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Ship</b> (<i>The Intelligent</i>). <i>Ellīda</i> (Frithjof’s ship) understood what was +said to it; hence in the <i>Frithjof Saga</i> the son of Thornsten constantly +addresses it, and the ship always obeys what is said to it.—Tegner, +<i>Frithjof Saga</i>, x. (1825).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shipton</b> (<i>Mother</i>), the heroine of an ancient tale entitled <i>The Strange +and Wonderful History and Prophecies of Mother Shipton</i>, etc.—T. Evan +Preece.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shipwreck</b> (<i>The</i>), a poem in three cantos, by William Falconer (1762). +Supposed to occupy six days. The ship was the <i>Britannia</i>, under the +command of Albert, and bound for Venice. Being overtaken in a squall, +she is driven out of her course from Candia, and four seamen are lost +off the lee main-yardarm. A fearful storm greatly distresses the vessel +and the captain gives command “to bear away.” As she passes the island +of St. George, the helmsman is struck blind by lightning. Bowsprit, +foremast, and main-topmast be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_395" id="Page_395">[395]</a></span>ing carried away, the officers try to save +themselves on the wreck of the foremast. The ship splits on the +projecting verge of Cape Colonna. The captain and all his crew are lost +except Arion (<i>Falconer</i>), who is washed ashore, and being befriended by +the natives, returns to England to tell this mournful story.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shirley.</b> Bright, independent heiress of Yorkshire, beautiful and +courted, who chooses her own way and her own husband.—Charlotte Brontè, +<i>Shirley</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shoo-King</b> (<i>The</i>), the history of the Chinese monarchs, by Confucius. It +begins with Yoo, <span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 2205.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shoolbred</b> (<i>Dame</i>), the foster-mother of Henry Smith.—Sir W. Scott, +<i>Fair Maid of Perth</i> (time, Henry IV.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shore</b> (<i>Jane</i>), the heroine and title of a tragedy by N. Rowe (1312). +Jane Shore was the wife of a London merchant, but left her husband to +become the mistress of Edward IV. At the death of that monarch, Lord +Hastings wished to obtain her, but she rejected his advances. This drew +on her the jealous wrath of Alicia (Lord Hastings’s mistress), who +induced her to accuse Lord Hastings of want of allegiance to the lord +protector. The duke of Gloucester commanded the instant execution of +Hastings; and, accusing Jane Shore of having bewitched him, condemned +her to wander about in a sheet, holding a taper in her hand, and decreed +that any one who offered her food or shelter should be put to death. +Jane continued an outcast for three days, when her husband came to her +succor, but he was seized by Gloucester’s myrmidons, and Jane Shore +died.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shoreditch</b> (<i>Duke of</i>). Barlow, the favorite archer of Henry VIII., was +so entitled by the Merry Monarch, in royal sport. Barlow’s two skillful +companions were created at the same time, “marquis of Islington,” and +“earl of Pancras.”</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Good king, make not good lord of Lincoln “duke of +Shoreditche.”—<i>The Poore Man’s Petition to the Kinge</i> (art. xvi. +1603).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shorne</b> (<i>Sir John</i>) noted for his feat of conjuring the devil into a +boot.</p> + +<p class="poem">To Master John Shorne,<br /> +That blessêd man borne,<br /> +Which jugeleth with a bote;<br /> +I beschrewe his herte rote<br /> +That will trust him, and it be I.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib"><i>Fantassie of Idolatrie.</i></span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Short-Lived Administration</b> (<i>The</i>). <a name="corr177" id="corr177"></a><ins class="correction" title="The">the</ins> administration formed +February 12, 1746, by William Pulteney. It lasted only two days.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shortcake</b> (<i>Mrs.</i>), the baker’s wife, one of Mrs. Mailsetter’s +friends.—Sir W. Scott, <i>The Antiquary</i> (time, George III.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shortell</b> (<i>Master</i>), the mercer at Liverpool.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Peveril of +the Peak</i> (time, Charles II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Short´hose</b> (2 <i>syl.</i>), a clown, servant to Lady Hartwell, the +widow.—Beaumont and Fletcher, <i>Wit Without Money</i> (1539).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shorthouse</b> (<i>Tom</i>), epitaph of.</p> + +<p class="poem"><i>Hic Jacet</i> Tom Shorthouse, <i>sine</i> Tom, <i>sine</i> Sheets, <i>sine</i> Riches;<br /> +<i>Qui Vixit sine</i> Gown, <i>sine</i> Cloak, <i>sine</i> Shirt, <i>sine</i> Breeches.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib"><i>Old London</i> (taken from the <i>Magna Britannia</i>)</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shovel-Boards</b> or <i>Edward Shovel-Boards</i>, broad shillings of Edward III. +Taylor, the water-poet, tells us “they were used for the most part at +shoave-board.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_396" id="Page_396">[396]</a></span>”</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i4">... the unthrift every day,</span><br /> +With my face downwards do at shoave-board play.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Taylor, the water-poet (1580-1754).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shewsberry</b> (<i>Lord</i>), the earl marshall in the court of Queen +Elizabeth.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Kenilworth</i> (time, Elizabeth).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shufflebottom</b> (<i>Abel</i>), a name assumed by Robert Southey in some of his +amatory productions (1774-1843).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shuffles</b> (<i>Robert</i>). One of the “bad boys,” whose misdemeanors and +reformation are sketched in <i>Outward Bound</i>, by William T. Adams (Oliver +Optic).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shuffleton</b> (<i>The Hon. Tom</i>), a man of very slender estate, who borrows +of all who will lend, but always forgets to repay or return the loans. +When spoken to about it, he interrupts the speaker before he comes to +the point, and diverts the conversation to some other subject. He is one +of the new school, always emotionless, looks on money as the <i>summum +bonum</i>, and all as fair that puts money in his purse. The Hon. Tom +Shuffleton marries Lady Caroline Braymore, who has £4000 a year. (See +<span class="smcap">Dimanche</span>.)—G. Colman, Jr., <i>John Bull</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Shylock</b>, the Jew, who lends Antonio (a Venetian merchant) 3000 ducats +for three months, on these conditions: If repaid within the time, only +the principal would be required; if not, the Jew should be at liberty to +cut from Antonio’s body a pound of flesh. The ships of Antonio being +delayed by contrary winds, the merchant was unable to meet his bill, and +the Jew claimed the forfeiture. Portia, in the dress of a law doctor, +conducted the trial, and when the Jew was about to take his bond, +reminded him that he must shed no drop of blood, nor must he cut either +more or less than an exact pound. If these conditions were infringed his +life would be forfeit. The Jew, feeling it to be impossible to exact the +bond under such conditions, gave up the claim, but was heavily fined for +seeking the life of a Venetian citizen.—Shakespeare, <i>The Merchant of +Venice</i> (1598).</p> + +<p>Among modern actors, <i>Henry Irving</i>, as Shylock, stands unsurpassed.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>According to the kindred authority of Shylock, no man hates the +thing he would not kill.—Sir W. Scott.</p></div> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Paul Secchi tells us a similar tale: A merchant of Venice, +having been informed by private letter that Drake had taken and +plundered St. Domingo, sent word to Sampson Ceneda, a Jewish usurer. +Ceneda would not believe it, and bet a pound of flesh it was not true. +When the report was confirmed the pope told Secchi he might lawfully +claim his bet if he chose, only he must draw no blood, nor take either +more or less than an exact pound, on the penalty of being +hanged.—Gregorio Leti, <i>Life of Sextus V.</i> (1666).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sibbald</b>, an attendant on the earl of Menteith.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Legend of +Montrose</i> (time, Charles I.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sibylla</b>, the sibyl. (See <a href="#Sibyls"><span class="smcap">Sibyls</span></a>.)</p> + +<p class="poem">And thou, Alecto, feede me wyth thy foode ...<br /> +And thou, Sibilla, when thou seest me faynte,<br /> +Addres thyselfe the gyde of my complaynte.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Sackville, <i>Mirrour for Magistraytes</i> (“Complaynte,” etc., <a name="corr178" id="corr178"></a><ins class="correction" title="1557).">(1557).</ins></span></p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Sibyls" id="Sibyls"></a><b>Sibyls.</b> Plato speaks of only <i>one</i> sibyl; Martian Capella says there +were <i>two</i> (the <i>Erythræan</i> or <i>Cumæan</i> sibyl, and the <i>Phrygian</i>); +Pliny speaks of the <i>three</i> sibyls; Jackson maintains, on the authority +of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_397" id="Page_397">[397]</a></span> Ælian, that there were <i>four</i>; Shakespeare speaks of the <i>nine</i> +sibyls of old Rome (1 <i>Henry VI.</i> act i. sc. 2); Varro says they were +<i>ten</i> (the sibyls of Libya, Samos, Cumæ (in Italy), Cumæ (in Asia +Minor), Erythræ, Persia, Tiburtis, Delphi, Ancy´ra (in Phrygia), and +Marpessa), in reference to which Rabelais says, “she may be the +<i>eleventh</i> sibyl” (<i>Pantagruel</i>, iii. 16); the mediæval monks made the +number to be <i>twelve</i>, and gave to each a distinct prophecy respecting +Christ. But whatever the number, there was but <i>one</i> “sibyl of old Rome” +(the Cumæan), who offered to Tarquin the nine Sibylline books.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sibyl’s Books</b> (<i>The</i>). We are told that the sibyl of Cumæ (in Æŏlis) +offered Tarquin nine volumes of predictions for a certain sum of money, +but the king, deeming the price exorbitant, refused to purchase them; +whereupon she burnt three of the volumes, and next year offered Tarquin +the remaining six at the same price. Again he refused, and the sibyl +burnt three more. The following year she again returned, and asked the +original price for the three which remained. At the advice of the augurs +the king purchased the books, and they were preserved with great care +under guardians specially appointed for the purpose.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sicilian Bull</b> (<i>The</i>), the brazen bull invented by Perillos for the +tyrant Phalăris, as an engine of torture. Perillos himself was the first +victim enclosed in the bull.</p> + +<p class="poem">As the Sicilian bull that rightfully<br /> +His cries echoed who had shaped the mould,<br /> +Did so rebellow with the voice of him<br /> +Tormented, that the brazen monster seemed<br /> +Pierced through with pain.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Dantê, <i>Hell</i>, xxvii. (1300).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sicilian Vespers</b> (<i>The</i>), the massacre of the French in Sicily, which +began at Palermo, March 30, 1282, at the hour of vespers, on Easter +Monday. This wholesale slaughter was provoked by the brutal conduct of +Charles d’Anjou (the governor) and his soldiers towards the islanders.</p> + +<p>A similar massacre of the Danes was made in England, on St. Bryce’s Day +(November 13), 1002.</p> + +<p>Another similar slaughter took place at Bruges, March 24, 1302.</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> The Bartholomew Massacre (Aug. 24, 1572) was a religious not +a political movement.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sicilien</b> (<i>Le</i>) or <span class="smcap">L’Amour Peintre</span>, a comedy by Molière (1667). The +Sicilian is Don Pèdre, who has a Greek slave named Is´idore. This slave +is loved by Adraste (2 <i>syl.</i>), a French gentleman, and the plot of the +comedy, turns on the way that the Frenchman allures the Greek slave away +from her master. Hearing that his friend Damon is going to make a +portrait of Isidore, he gets him to write to Don Pèdre a letter of +introduction, requesting that the bearer may be allowed to take the +likeness. By this ruse, Adraste reveals his love to Isidore, and +persuades her to elope. The next step is this: Zaïde (2 <i>syl.</i>), a young +slave, pretends to have been ill-treated by Adraste, and runs to Don +Pèdre to crave protection. The don bids her go in, while he intercedes +with Adraste on her behalf. The Frenchman seems to relent, and Pèdre +calls for Zaïde to come forth, but Isidore comes instead, wearing +Zaïde’s veil. Don Pèdre says to Adraste, “There, take her home, and use +her well!” “I will,” says Adraste, and leads off the Greek slave.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Siddartha</b>, born at Gaya, in India, and known in Indian history as Buddha +(<i>i.e.</i> “The Wise”).</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_398" id="Page_398">[398]</a></span><b>Sidney</b>, the tutor and friend of Charles Egerton McSycophant. He loves +Constantia, but conceals his passion for fear of paining Egerton, her +accepted lover.—C. Macklin, <i>The Man of the World</i> (1764).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Sidney</i> (<i>Sir Philip</i>). Sir Philip Sidney, though suffering extreme +thirst from the agony of wounds, received in the battle of Zutphen, gave +his own draught of water to a wounded private, lying at his side, +saying, “Poor fellow, thy necessity is greater than mine.”</p> + +<p>A similar instance is recorded of Alexander “the Great,” in the desert +of Gedrosia.</p> + +<p>David, fighting against the Philistines, became so parched with thirst, +that he cried out, “Oh, that one would give me drink of the water of the +well of Bethlehem, which is by the gate!” And the three mighty men broke +through the host of the Philistines, and brought him water; +nevertheless, he would not drink it, but poured it out unto the Lord.—2 +<i>Sam.</i> xxiii. 15-17.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sidney’s Sister, Pembroke’s Mother.</b> Mary Herbert (born Sidney), countess +of Pembroke, who died 1621.</p> + +<p class="poem">Underneath this sable hearse<br /> +Lies the subject of all verse—<br /> +Sidney’s sister, Pembroke’s mother.<br /> +Death, ere thou hast slain another<br /> +Fair, and good, and learned as she,<br /> +Time shall throw his dart at thee.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Ben Jonson (1574-1637).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sid´rophel</b>, William Lily, the astrologer.</p> + +<p class="poem">Quoth Ralph, “Not far from hence doth dwell<br /> +A cunning man, hight Sidrophel,<br /> +That deals in destiny’s dark counsels,<br /> +And sage opinions of the moon sells;<br /> +To whom all people, far and near,<br /> +On deep importances repair.”<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">S. Butler, <i>Hudibras</i>, ii. 3 (1664).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Siebel</b>, Margheri´ta’s rejected lover, in the opera of <i>Faust e +Margherita</i>, by Gounod (1859).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Siége.</b> <i>Mon siége est fait</i>, my opinion is fixed, and I cannot change +it. This proverb rose thus: The abbé de Vertot wrote the history of a +certain siege, and applied to a friend for some geographical +particulars. These particulars did not arrive till the matter had passed +the press; so the abbé remarked with a shrug, “Bah! mon siége est fait.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Siege Perilous</b> (<i>The</i>). The Round Table contained sieges for 150 +knights, but three of them were “reserved.” Of these, two were posts of +honor, but the third was reserved for him who was destined to achieve +the quest of the Holy Graal. This seat was called “perilous,” because if +any one sat therein, except he for whom it was reserved, it would be his +death. Every seat of the table bore the name of its rightful occupant, +in letters of gold, and the name on the “Siege Perilous” was Sir Galahad +(son of Sir Launcelot and Elaine).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Said Merlin, “There shall no man sit in the two void places but +they that shall be of most worship. But in the <i>Siege Perilous</i> +there shall no man sit but one, and if any other be so hardy as to +do it, he shall be destroyed.”—Pt. i. 48.</p> + +<p>Then the old man made Sir Galahad unarm; and he put on him a coat +of red sandel, with a mantel upon his shoulder furred with fine +ermines ... and he brought him unto the Siege Perilous, when he sat +beside Sir Launcelot. And the good old man lifted up the cloth, and +found there these words written: <span class="smcap">The Siege Of Sir Galahad</span>.—Sir T. +Malory, <i>History of Prince Arthur</i>, iii. 32 (1470).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Siege of Calais</b>, a novel by Mde. de Tencin (1681-1749). George Colman +has a drama with the same title.</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_399" id="Page_399">[399]</a></span><b>Siege of Damascus.</b> Damascus was besieged by the Arabs while Eu´menês was +governor. The general of the Syrians was Pho´cyas, and of the Arabs, +Caled. Phocyas asked Eumenês’s permission to marry his daughter, +Eudo´cia, but was sternly refused. After gaining several victories he +fell into the hands of the Arabs, and then joined them in their siege in +order to revenge himself on Eumenês. Eudocia fell into his power, but +she refused to marry a traitor. Caled requested Phocyas to point out to +him the governor’s tent; on being refused, they fought, and Caled fell. +Abudah, being now in chief command, made an honorable peace with the +Syrians, Phocyas died, and Eudocia retired to a convent.—J. Hughes, +<i>Siege of Damascus</i> (1720).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Siege of Rhodes</b>, by Sir W. Davenant (1656).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sieg´fried</b> [<i>Seeg.freed</i>], hero of pt. i. of the <i>Nibelungen Lied</i>, the +old German epic. Siegfried was a young warrior of peerless strength and +beauty, invulnerable except in one spot between his shoulders. He +vanquished the Nibelungs, and carried away their immense hoards of gold +and precious stones. He wooed and won Kriemhild, the sister of Günther, +king of Burgundy, but was treacherously killed by Hagan while stooping +for a draught of water after a hunting expedition.</p> + +<p>Siegfried had a cape, or cloak, which rendered him invisible, the gift +of the dwarf, Alberich; and his sword, called Balmung, was forged by +Wieland, blacksmith of the Teutonic gods.</p> + +<p>This epic consists of a number of different lays by the old +minnesingers, pieced together into a connected story as early as 1210. +It is of Scandinavian origin, and is in the <i>Younger Edda</i>, amongst the +“Völsunga Sagas” (compiled by Snorro, in the thirteenth century).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Siegfried’s Birthplace.</i> He was born in Phinecastle, then called +Xanton.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Siegfried’s Father and Mother.</i> Siegfried was the youngest son of +Siegmund and Sieglind, king and queen of the Netherlands.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Siegfried called Horny.</i> He was called horny because, when he slew the +dragon, he bathed in its blood, and became covered with a horny hide +which was invulnerable. A linden leaf happened to fall on his back +between his shoulder-blades, and, as the blood did not touch this spot, +it remained vulnerable.—The minnesingers, <i>The Nibelungen Lied</i> (1210).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sieg´fried von Lindenberg</b>, the hero of a comic German romance by Müller +(1779). Still popular and very amusing.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sieglind</b> [<i>Seeg.lind</i>], the mother of Siegfried, and wife of Siegmund, +king of the Netherlands.—The minnesingers, <i>The Nibelungen Lied</i> +(1210).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Siegmund</b> [<i>Seeg.mund</i>], king of the Netherlands. His wife was Sieglind, +and his son, Siegfried [<i>Seeg.freed</i>].—The minnesingers, <i>The +Nibelungen Lied</i> (1210).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sige´ro</b>, “the Good,” slain by Argantês. Argantês hurled his spear at +Godfrey, but it struck Sigēro, who “rejoiced to suffer in his +sovereign’s place.”—Tasso, <i>Jerusalem Delivered</i>, xi. (1575).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sightly</b> (<i>Captain</i>), a dashing young officer, who runs away with +Priscilla Tomboy, but subsequently obtains her guardian’s consent to +marry her.—<i>The Romp</i> (altered from Bickerstaff’s <i>Love in the City</i>).</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_400" id="Page_400">[400]</a></span><b>Sigismonda</b>, daughter of Tancred, king of Salerno. She fell in love with +Guiscardo, her father’s squire, revealed to him her love, and married +him in a cavern attached to the palace. Tancred discovered them in each +other’s embrace, and gave secret orders to waylay the bridegroom and +strangle him. He then went to Sigismonda, and reproved her for her +degrading choice, which she boldly justified. Next day, she received a +human heart in a gold casket, knew instinctively that it was +Guiscardo’s, and poisoned herself. Her father being sent for, she +survived just long enough to request that she might be buried in the +same grave as her young husband, and Tancred:</p> + +<p class="poem">Too late repenting of his cruel deed,<br /> +One common sepulchre for both decreed;<br /> +Intombed the wretched pair in royal state,<br /> +And on their monument inscribed their fate.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Dryden, <i>Sigismonda and Guiscardo</i> (from Boccaccio).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sigismund</b>, emperor of Austria.—Sir W. Scott, <i>Anne of Geierstein</i> +(time, Edward IV.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sigismunda</b>, daughter of Siffrēdi, lord high chancellor of Sicily, and +betrothed to Count Tancred. When King Roger died, he left the crown of +Sicily to Tancred, on condition that he married Constantia, by which +means the rival lines would be united, and the country saved from civil +war. Tancred gave a tacit consent, intending to obtain a dispensation; +but Sigismunda, in a moment of wounded pride, consented to marry Earl +Osmond. When King Tancred obtained an interview with Sigismunda, to +explain his conduct, Osmond challenged him, and they fought. Osmond +fell, and when his wife ran to him, he thrust his sword into her and +killed her.—J. Thomson, <i>Tancred and Sigismunda</i> (1745).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> This tragedy is based on “The Baneful Marriage,” an episode +in <i>Gil Blas</i>, founded on fact.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Sigismunda</i>, the heroine of Cervantes’s last work of fiction. This tale +is a tissue of episodes, full of most incredible adventures, astounding +prodigies, impossible characters, and extravagant sentiments. It is said +that Cervantes himself preferred it to his <i>Don Quixote</i>, just as +Corneille preferred <i>Nicomede</i> to his <i>Cid</i>, and Milton <i>Paradise +Regained</i> to his <i>Paradise Lost</i>.—<i>Encyc. Brit.</i>, Art. “Romance.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sigurd</b>, the hero of an old Scandinavian legend. Sigurd discovered +Brynhild, encased in a complete armor, lying in a death-like sleep, to +which she had been condemned by Odin. Sigurd woke her by opening her +corselet, fell in love with her, promised to marry her, but deserted her +for Gudrun. This ill-starred union was the cause of an <i>Iliad</i> of woes.</p> + +<p>An analysis of this romance was published by Weber in his <i>Illustrations +of Northern Antiquities</i> (1810).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sijil</b> (<i>Al</i>), the recording angel.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>On that day we will roll up the heavens as the angel Al Sijil +rolleth up the scroll wherein every man’s actions are +recorded.—<i>Al Korân</i>, xxi.</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sikes</b> (<i>Bill</i>), a burglar, and one of Fagin’s associates. Bill Sikes was +a hardened, irreclaimable <a name="corr179" id="corr179"></a><ins class="correction" title="villain,">villian,</ins> but had a conscience which +almost drove him mad after the murder of Nancy, who really loved him +(ch. xlviii.) Bill Sikes (1 <i>syl.</i>) had an ill-conditioned savage dog, +the beast-image of his master, which he kicked and loved, ill-treated +and fondled.—C. Dickens, <i>Oliver Twist</i> (1837).</p> + +<p>The French “Bill Sikes” is “Jean Hiroux,” a creation of Henry Monnier.</p> + + +<p class="main"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_401" id="Page_401">[401]</a></span><b>Sikundra</b> (<i>The</i>), a mausoleum about six miles from Agra, raised by +Akhbah “the Great.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Silence</b>, a country justice of asinine dullness when sober, but when in +his cups of most uproarious mirth. He was in the commission of the peace +with his cousin Robert Shallow.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Falstaff.</i> I did not think Master Silence had been a man of this +mettle.</p> + +<p><i>Silence.</i> Who, I? I have been merry twice and once, ere +now.—Shakespeare, 2 <i>Henry IV.</i>, act vi. sc. 3 (1598).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sile´no</b>, husband of Mysis; a kind-hearted man, who takes pity on Apollo +when cast to earth by Jupiter, and gives him a home.—Kane O’Hara, +<i>Midas</i> (1764).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Silent</b> (<i>The</i>), William I., prince of Orange (1533-1584). It was the +principle of Napoleon III., emperor of the French, to “hear, see, and +say nothing.”</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Silent Man</b> (<i>The</i>), the barber of Bagdad, the greatest chatterbox that +ever lived. Being sent for to shave the head and beard of a young man +who was to visit the cadi’s daughter at noon, he kept him from daybreak +to midday, prating, to the unspeakable annoyance of the customer. Being +subsequently taken before the caliph, he ran on telling story after +story about his six brothers. He was called the “Silent Man,” because on +one occasion, being accidentally taken up with ten robbers, he never +said he was not one of the gang. His six brothers were Bacbouc, the +hunchback, Bakbarah, the toothless, Bakac, the one-eyed, Alcouz, the +blind, Alnaschar, the earless, and Schacabac, the hare-lipped.—<i>Arabian +Nights</i> (“The Barber,” and “The Barber’s Six Brothers”).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Silent Woman</b> (<i>The</i>), a comedy by Ben Jonson (1609). Morose, a miserly +old fellow, who hates to hear any voice but his own, has a young nephew, +Sir Dauphine, who wants to wring from him a third of his property; and +the way he gains his point is this: He induces a lad to pretend to be a +“silent woman.” Morose is so delighted with the phenomenon that he +consents to marry the prodigy; but the moment the ceremony is over, the +boy-wife assumes the character of a virago, whose tongue is a ceaseless +clack. Morose is in despair, and signs away a third of his property to +his nephew, on condition of being rid of this intolerable pest. The +trick is now revealed, Morose retires into private life, and Sir +Dauphine remains master of the situation.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sile´nus</b>, son of Pan, chief of the sile´ni or older satyrs. Silēnus was +the foster-father of Bacchus, the wine-god, and is described as a jovial +old toper, with bald head, pug nose, and pimply face.</p> + +<p class="poem">Old Silenus, bloated, drunken,<br /> +Led by his inebriate satyrs.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Longfellow, <i>Drinking Song.</i></span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Silky</b>, a Jew money-lender, swindler, and miser. (See <span class="smcap">Sulky</span>.)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Yon cheat all day, tremble at night, and act the hypocrite the +first thing in the morning.—T. Holcroft, <i>The Road to Ruin</i>, ii. 3 +(1792).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Silly Billy</b>, William IV. (1765, 1830-1837).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Silva</b> (<i>Don Ruy Gomez de</i>), an old Spanish grandee, to whom Elvīra was +betrothed; but she detested him, and loved Ernani, a bandit-captain. +Charles V. tried to seduce her, and Silva, in his wrath, joined Ernani +to depose the king. The plot being discovered, the conspira<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_402" id="Page_402">[402]</a></span>tors were +arrested, but, at the intercession of Elvira, were pardoned. The +marriage of Ernani and Elvira was just about to be consummated, when a +horn sounded. Ernani had bound himself, when Silva joined the bandit, to +put an end to his life whenever summoned so to do by Silva; and the +summons was to be given by the blast of a horn. Silva being relentless, +Ernani kept his vow, and stabbed himself.—Verdi, <i>Ernani</i> (1841).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Silver-Fork School</b> (<i>The</i>), a name given to a class of English novelists +who gave undue importance to etiquette and the externals of social +intercourse. The most distinguished are: Lady Blessington (1789-1849), +Theodore Hook (1716-1796), Lord Lytton (1804-1873), and Mrs. Trollope +(1790-1863).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Silver Pen.</b> Eliza Meteyard was so called by Douglas Jerold, and she +adopted the pseudonym (1816-1879).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Silver Star of Love</b> (<i>The</i>), the star which appeared to Vasco da Gama, +when his ships were tempest-tossed, through the malice of Bacchus. +Immediately the star appeared, the tempest ceased, and there was a great +calm.</p> + +<p class="poem">The sky and ocean blending, each on fire,<br /> +Seemed as all Nature struggled to expire;<br /> +When now the Silver Star of Love appeared,<br /> +Bright in the east her radiant front she reared.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Camoens, <i>Lusiad</i>, vi. (1572).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Silver Tongued</b> (<i>The</i>), Joshua Sylvester, translator of Du Bartas’s +<i>Divine Weeks and Works</i> (1563-1618).</p> + +<p>William Bates, a puritan divine (1625-1699).</p> + +<p>Henry Smith, preacher (1550-1600).</p> + +<p>Anthony Hammond, the poet, called “Silver Tongue” (1668-1738).</p> + +<p>Spranger Barry, the “Irish Roscius” (1719-1777).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Silverquill</b> (<i>Sam</i>), one of the prisoners at Portanferry.—Sir W. Scott, +<i>Guy Mannering</i> (time, George II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Silves de la Selva</b> (<i>The Exploits and Adventures of</i>), part of the +series called <i>Le Roman des Romans</i>, pertaining to “Am´adis of Gaul.” +This part was added by Feliciano de Silva.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Silvester</b> (<i>Anne</i>), woman betrayed under promise of marriage, by +<i>Geoffrey Delamayne</i>, a famous athlete. By a series of <i>contretemps</i>, +Anne is made out to be the wife (according to Scotch law) of her dearest +friend’s betrothed, who visits her as Delamayne’s emissary. She is +released from the embarrassing position, by the exhibition of a letter +from Delamayne, promising to marry her, written before <i>Arnold’s</i> visit. +Infuriated by the <i>exposé</i>, Delamayne tries to murder his wife, and is +prevented by a crazy woman. Her sudden attack brings on apoplexy. Anne, +as his widow, marries her old friend and defender, Sir Patrick +Lundie.—Wilkie Collins, <i>Man and Wife</i> (1874).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Silvestre</b> (2 <i>syl.</i>), valet of Octave (son of Argante, and brother of +Zerbinette).—Molière, <i>Les Fourberies de Scapin</i> (1671).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sil´via</b>, daughter of the duke of Milan, and the lady-love of Valentine, +one of the heroes of the play.—Shakespeare, <i>The Two Gentlemen of +Verona</i> (1594).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Simmons</b> (<i>Widow</i>), the seamstress; a neighbor of the Ramsays.—Sir W. +Scott, <i>Fortunes of Nigel</i> (time, James I.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Simon</b> (<i>Martin</i>), proprietor of the vil<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_403" id="Page_403">[403]</a></span>lage Bout du Monde, and miller of +Grenoble. He is called “The king of Pelvoux,” and in reality is the +Baron de Peyras, who has given up all his estates to his nephew, the +young chevalier, Marcellin de Peyras, and retired to Grenoble, where he +lived as a villager. Martin Simon is in secret possession of a +gold-mine, left him by his father, with the stipulation that he should +place it beyond the reach of any private man, on the day it becomes a +“source of woe and crime.” Rabisson, a travelling tinker, the only +person who knows about it, being murdered, Simon is suspected; but +Eusebe Noel confesses the crime. Simon then makes the mine over to the +king of France, as it had proved the source both “of woe and crime.”—E. +Stirling, <i>The Gold Mine</i>, or <i>Miller of Grenoble</i> (1854).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Simonides</b>, benevolent Jew, father of Esther, and friend of Ben Hur.—Lew +Wallace, <i>Ben Hur: a Tale of the Christ</i> (1880).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Simon Pure</b>, a young quaker from Pennsylvania, on a visit to Obadiah Prim +(a Bristol Quaker, and one of the guardians of Anne Lovely, the +heiress). Colonel Feignwell personated Simon Pure, and obtained +Obadiah’s consent to marry his ward. When the real Simon Pure presented +himself, the colonel denounced him as an impostor; but after he had +obtained the guardian’s signature, he confessed the trick, and showed +how he had obtained the consent of the other three guardians.—Mrs. +Centlivre, <i>A Bold Stroke for a Wife</i> (1717).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> This name has become a household word for “the real man,” the +<i>ipsissimus ego</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Si´monie</b> or <span class="smcap">Si´mony</span>, the friar, in the beast-epic of <i>Reynard the Fox</i> +(1498). So called from Simon Magus (<i>Acts.</i> viii. 9-24.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Simony</b> (<i>Dr.</i>), in Foote’s farce, called <i>The Cozeners</i>, was meant for +Dr. Dodd.</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Simorg" id="Simorg"></a><b>Sim´org</b>, a bird “which hath seen the world thrice destroyed.” It is +found in Kâf, but as Hafiz says, “searching for the simorg is like +searching for the philosopher’s stone.” This does not agree with +Beckford’s account. (See <a href="#Simurgh"><span class="smcap">Simurgh</span></a>.)</p> + +<p class="poem">In Kâf the simorg hath its dwelling-place,<br /> +The all-knowing bird of ages, who hath seen<br /> +The world with all its children thrice destroyed.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Southey, <i>Thalaba, the Destroyer</i>, viii. 19 (1797).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Simpcox</b> (<i>Saunder</i>), a lame man, who asserted he was born blind, and to +whom St. Alban said, “Come, offer at my shrine, and I will help thee.” +Being brought before Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, the lord protector, +he was asked how he became lame; and Simpcox replied he fell from a tree +which he had climbed to gather plums for his wife. The duke then asked +if his sight had been restored? “Yes,” said the man; and, being shown +divers colors, could readily distinguish between red, blue, brown, and +so on. The duke told the rascal that a <i>blind</i> man does not climb trees +to gather their fruits; and one born blind might, if his sight were +restored, know that one color differed from another, but could not +possibly know which was which. He then placed a stool before him and +ordered the constables to whip him till he jumped over it; whereupon the +lame man jumped over it, and ran off as fast as his legs could carry +him. Sir Thomas More tells this story, and Shakespeare introduces it in +2 <i>Henry VI</i>. act ii. sc. 1 (1591).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Simple</b>, the servant of Slender (cousin<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_404" id="Page_404">[404]</a></span> of Justice +Shallow).—Shakespeare, <i>The Merry Wives of Windsor</i> (1596).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Simple</i> (<i>The</i>), Charles III. of France (879, 893-929).</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Simple</i> (<i>Peter</i>), the hero and title of a novel by Captain Marryat +(1833).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Simple Simon</b>, a man more sinned against than sinning, whose misfortunes +arose from his wife Margery’s cruelty, which began the very morning of +their marriage.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>We do not know whether it is necessary to seek for a Teutonic or +Northern original for this once popular book.—<i>Quarterly Review.</i></p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Simpson</b> (<i>Tam</i>), the drunken barber.—Sir W. Scott, <i>St. Ronan’s Well</i> +(time, George III.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Simson</b> (<i>Jean</i>), an old woman at Middlemas village.—Sir W. Scott, <i>The +Surgeon’s Daughter</i> (time, George II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Simurgh" id="Simurgh"></a><b>Simurgh</b>, a fabulous Eastern bird, endowed with reason and knowing all +languages. It had seen the great cycle of 7000 years twelve times, and, +during that period, it declared it had seen the earth wholly without +inhabitant seven times.—W. Beckford, <i>Vathek</i> (notes, 1784). This does +not agree with Southey’s account. (See <a href="#Simorg"><span class="smcap">Simorg</span></a>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sin</b>, twin-keeper, with Death, of Hellgate. She sprang, full-grown, from +the head of Satan.</p> + +<p class="poem">Woman to the waist, and fair,<br /> +But ending foul in many a scaly fold<br /> +Voluminous and vast, a serpent armed<br /> +With mortal sting.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Milton, <i>Paradise Lost</i>, ii. (1665).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sin´adone</b> (<i>The lady of</i>), metamorphosed by enchantment into a serpent. +Sir Lybius (one of Arthur’s knights) slew the enchantress, and the +serpent, coiling about his neck, kissed him; whereupon the spell was +broken, the serpent became a lovely princess, and Sir Lybius made her +his wife.—<i>Libeaux</i> (a romance).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sindbad</b>, a merchant of Bagdad, who acquired great wealth by merchandise. +He went seven voyages, which he related to a poor, discontented porter +named Hindbad, to show him that wealth must be obtained by enterprise +and personal exertion.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>First Voyage.</i> Being becalmed in the Indian Ocean, he and some others +of the crew visited what they supposed to be an island, but which was in +reality a huge whale asleep. They lighted a fire on the whale, and the +heat woke the creature, which instantly dived under water. Sindbad was +picked up by some merchants, and in due time returned home.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Second Voyage.</i> Sindbad was left, during sleep, on a desert island, and +discovered a roc’s egg, “fifty paces in circumference.” He fastened +himself to the claw of the bird, and was deposited in the valley of +diamonds. Next day some merchants came to the top of the crags, and +threw into the valley huge joints of raw meat, to which the diamonds +stuck, and when the eagles picked up the meat, the merchants scared them +from their nests, and carried off the diamonds. Sindbad fastened himself +to a piece of meat, was carried by an eagle to its nest, and, being +rescued by the merchants, returned home laden with diamonds.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Third Voyage</i> is the encounter with the Cyclops. (See <span class="smcap">Ulysses and +Polyphemos</span>, where the account is given in detail.)</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Fourth Voyage.</i> Sindbad married a lady of rank in a strange island on +which he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_405" id="Page_405">[405]</a></span> was cast; and when his wife died he was buried alive with the +dead body, according to the custom of the land. He made his way out of +the catacomb, and returned to Bagdad greatly enriched by valuables +rifled from the dead bodies.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Fifth Voyage.</i> The ship in which he sailed was dashed to pieces by huge +stones let down from the talons of two angry rocs. Sindbad swam to a +desert <a name="corr180" id="corr180"></a><ins class="correction" title="island,">inland,</ins> where he threw stones at the monkeys, and the +monkeys threw back cocoa-nuts. On this island Sindbad encountered and +killed the Old Man of the Sea.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Sixth Voyage.</i> Sindbad visited the island of Serendib (or Ceylon), and +climbed to the top of the mountain “where Adam was placed on his +expulsion from paradise.”</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Seventh Voyage.</i> He was attacked by corsairs, sold to slavery, and +employed in shooting elephants from a tree. He discovered a tract of +hill country completely covered with elephants’ tusks, communicated his +discovery to his master, obtained his liberty, and returned +home.—<i>Arabian Nights</i> (“Sindbad the Sailor”).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sindbad, Ulysses, and the Cyclops.</b> (See <span class="smcap">Ulysses and Polyphemos</span>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sin´el</b>, thane of Glamis, and father of Macbeth. He married the younger +daughter of Malcolm II. of Scotland.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sinfire</b>, brilliant, seductive, and wicked heroine of Julian Hawthorne’s +novel of the same name.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sing</b> (<i>Sadha</i>), the mourner of the desert.—Sir W. Scott, <i>The Surgeon’s +Daughter</i> (time, George II.).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sing de Racine</b> (<i>Le</i>), Campistron, the French dramatic poet (1656-1723).</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Singing_Apple" id="Singing_Apple"></a><b>Singing Apple</b> (<i>The</i>), in the deserts of Libya. This apple resembled a +ruby crowned with a huge diamond, and had the gift of imparting wit to +those who only smelt of it. Prince Cherry obtained it for Fairstar. (See +<a href="#Singing_Tree"><span class="smcap">Singing Tree</span></a>.)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The singing apple is as great an embellisher of wit as the dancing +water is of beauty. Would you appear in public as a poet or prose +writer, a wit or a philosopher, you only need smell it, and you are +possessed at once of these rare gifts of genius.—Comtesse D’Aunoy, +<i>Fairy Tales</i> (“Princess Fairstar,” 1682).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Singing_Tree" id="Singing_Tree"></a><b>Singing Tree</b> (<i>The</i>), a tree, every leaf of which was a mouth, and all +the leaves sang together in harmonious concert.—<i>Arabian Nights</i> (“The +Two Sisters,” the last story).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> In the tale of <i>Cherry and Fairstar</i>, “the singing tree” is +called “<a href="#Singing_Apple">the singing apple</a>” (<i>q.v.</i>).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Single-Speech Hamilton</b>, William Gerard Hamilton, statesman (1729-1796). +His first speech was delivered November 13, 1775, and his eloquence +threw into the shade every orator except Pitt himself.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>It was supposed that he had exhausted himself in that one speech, +and had become physically incapable of making a second; so that +afterwards, when he really did make a second, everybody was +naturally disgusted, and most people dropped his acquaintance.—De +Quincey (1786-1859).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Singleton</b> (<i>Captain</i>), the hero of a novel by D. Defoe, called <i>The +Adventures of Captain Singleton</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Singular Doctor</b> (<i>The</i>), William Occam, <i>Doctor Singularis et +Invincibilis</i> (1276-1347).</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> The “Occam razor” was <i>entia non<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_406" id="Page_406">[406]</a></span> sunt multiplicanda</i>, +“entities are not to be unnecessarily multiplied.” In other words, +elements, genera, and first principles are very few in number.</p> + + +<p class="main"><a name="Sinner_Saved" id="Sinner_Saved"></a><b>Sinner Saved</b> (<i>A</i>). Cyra, daughter of Proterĭus of Cappadōcia, was on +the point of taking the veil among Emmelia’s sisterhood, and just before +the day of renunciation, Elĕēmon, her father’s freed slave, who loved +her, sold himself to the devil, on condition of obtaining her for his +wife. He signed the bond with a drop of his heart’s blood, and carried +about with him a little red spot on his <a name="corr181" id="corr181"></a><ins class="correction" title="breast,">bresst,</ins> as a perpetual +reminder of the compact. The devil now sent a dream to Cyra, and another +to her father, which caused them to change their plans; and on the very +day that Cyra was to have taken the veil, she was given by St. Basil in +marriage to Eleemon, with whom she lived happily for many years, and had +a large family. One night, while her husband was asleep, Cyra saw the +blood-red spot; she knew what it meant, and next day Eleemon told her +the whole story. Cyra now bestirred herself to annul the compact, and +went with her husband to St. Basil, to whom a free and full confession +was made. Eleemon was shut up for a night in a cell, and Satan would +have carried him off, but he clung to the foot of a crucifix. Next day +Satan met St. Basil in the cathedral, and demanded his bond. St. Basil +assured him the bond was illegal and invalid. The devil was foiled, the +red mark vanished from the skin of Eleemon, a sinner was saved, and St. +Basil came off victorious.—Amphilochius, <i>Life of St. Basil</i>. (See +Rosweyde, <i>Vitæ Patrum</i>, 156-8.)</p> + +<p><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> Southey has converted this legend into a ballad of nine lays +(1829).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sinon</b>, the crafty Greek, who persuaded the Trojans to drag the Wooden +Horse into their city.—Virgil, <i>Æneid</i>, ii.</p> + +<p>Dantê, in his <i>Inferno</i>, places Sinon, with Potiphar’s wife, Nimrod, and +the rebellious giants, in the tenth pit of Malêbolgê.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sin Saxon.</b> Sprightly, sparkling personage, who appears, first as a saucy +girl, then, as a vivacious young matron, in several of A. D. T. +Whitney’s books. She marries Frank Sherman.—A. D. T. Whitney, <i>Leslie +Goldthwaite</i> and <i>The Other Girls</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sintram</b>, the Greek hero of the German romance, <i>Sintram and His +Companions</i>, by Baron Lamotte Fouqué.</p> + +<p class="main"><i>Sintram’s Sword</i>, Welsung.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sio´na</b>, a seraph, to whom was committed the charge of Bartholomew, the +apostle.—Klopstock, <i>The Messiah</i>, iii. (1748).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Siph´a</b>, the guardian angel of Andrew, the brother of Simon +Peter.—Klopstock, <i>The Messiah</i>, iii. (1748).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Si´phax</b>, a soldier, in love with Princess Calis, sister of Astorax, king +of Paphos. The princess is in love with Polydore, the brother of General +Memnon, (“the mad brother”).—Beaumont and Fletcher, <i>The Mad Lover</i> +(1617).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sir Oracle</b>, a dictatorial prig; a dogmatic pedant.</p> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i5">I am Sir Oracle,</span><br /> +And when I ope my lips, let no dog bark.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Shakespeare, <i>Merchant of Venice</i>, act i. sc. 1 (1598).</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sirens</b>, three sea-nymphs, whose usual abode was a small island near Cape +Pelōrus, in Sicily. They enticed sailors ashore by their melodious +singing, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_407" id="Page_407">[407]</a></span> then killed them. Their names are Parthenŏpê, Ligeia, and +Leucothĕa.—<i>Greek Fable.</i></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sirloin of Beef.</b> James I., on his return from a hunting excursion, so +much enjoyed his dinner, consisting of a loin of roast beef, that he +laid his sword across it, and dubbed it Sir Loin. At Chingford, in +Essex, is a place called “Friday Hill House,” in one of the rooms of +which is an oak table with a brass plate let into it, inscribed with the +following words:—“<span class="smcap">All Lovers of Roast Beef will like to know that on +this Table a Loin was knighted by King James the First on his Return +from Hunting in Epping Forest.</span>”</p> + +<p>Knighting the loin of beef is also ascribed to Charles II.</p> + +<p class="poem">Our second Charles, of fame facete,<br /> +<span class="i1">On loin of beef did dine;</span><br /> +He held his sword, pleased, o’er the meat.<br /> +<span class="i1">“Arise, thou famed Sir Loin.”</span><br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib"><i>Ballad of the New Sir John Barleycorn.</i></span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sister Anne</b>, sister of Fatĭma (the seventh and last wife of Bluebeard). +Fatima, being condemned to death by her tyrannical husband, requested +sister Anne to ascend to the highest tower of the castle to watch for +her brothers, who were momentarily expected. Bluebeard kept roaring +below stairs for Fatima to be quick; Fatima was constantly calling out +from her chamber, “Sister Anne, do you see them coming?” and sister Anne +was on the watch-tower, mistaking every cloud of dust for the mounted +brothers. They arrived at last, rescued Fatima, and put Bluebeard to +death.—Charles Perrault, <i>Contes</i> (“La Barbe Bleue,” 1697).</p> + +<p>This is a Scandinavian tale taken from the <i>Folks Sagas</i>.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sis´yphos</b>, in Latin <b>Sisyphus</b>, a king of Corinth, noted for his avarice +and fraud. He was punished in the infernal regions by having to roll +uphill a huge stone, which always rolled down again as soon as it +reached the top. Sisyphos is a type of avarice, never satisfied. The +avaricious man reaches the summit of his ambition, and no sooner does he +so than he finds the object of his desire as far off as ever.</p> + +<p class="poem">With many a weary step, and many a groan,<br /> +Up the high hill he heaves a huge round stone;<br /> +The huge round stone, returning with a bound,<br /> +Thunders impetuous down, and smokes along the ground.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Homer, <i>Odyssey</i>, xi. [Pope’s trans.].</span></p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sisyphus</b>, in the Milesian tales, was doomed to die, but when Death came +to him, the wily fellow contrived to fasten the unwelcome messenger in a +chair, and then feasted him till old Spare-ribs grew as fat as a prize +pig. In time, Pluto released Death, and Sisyphus was caught, but prayed +that he might speak to his wife before he went to Hadês. The prayer was +granted, and Sisyphus told his wife not to bury him, for though she +might think him dead, he would not be really so. When he got to the +infernal regions, he made the ghosts so merry with his jokes, that Pluto +reproved him, and Sisyphus pleaded that, as he had not been buried, +Pluto had no jurisdiction over him, nor could he even be ferried across +the Styx. He then obtained leave to return to earth, that he might +persuade his wife to bury him. Now, the wily old king had previously +bribed Hermês, when he took him to Hadês, to induce Zeus to grant him +life, provided he returned to earth again in the body; when, therefore, +he did return, he demanded of Hermês the fulfillment of his promise, and +Hermês induced Zeus to bestow on him life. Sisyphus was now allowed to +return to earth, with a promise that he should never die again, till he +him<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_408" id="Page_408">[408]</a></span>self implored for death. So he lived, and lived till he was weary of +living, and when he went to Hadês the second time, he was allotted, by +way of punishment, the task of rolling a huge stone to the top of a +mountain. Orpheus (2 <i>syl.</i>), asked him how he could endure so ceaseless +and vain an employment, and Sisyphus replied that he hoped ultimately to +accomplish the task. “Never,” exclaimed Orpheus; “it can never be done!” +“Well, then,” said Sisyphus, “mine is at worst but everlasting +hope.”—Lord Lytton, <i>Tales of Miletus</i>, ii.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sitoph´agus</b> (“<i>the wheat-eater</i>”), one of the mouse princes, who being +wounded in the battle, crept into a ditch to avoid further injury or +danger.</p> + +<p class="poem">The lame Sitophagus, oppressed with pain,<br /> +Creeps from the desperate dangers of the plain;<br /> +And where the ditches rising weeds supply ...<br /> +There lurks the silent mouse relieved of heat,<br /> +And, safe embowered, avoids the chance of fate.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Parnell, <i>Battle of the Frogs and Mice</i>. iii. (about 1712).</span></p> + +<p>The last two lines might be amended thus:</p> + +<p class="poem">There lurks the trembling mouse with bated breath,<br /> +And, hid from sight, avoids his instant death.</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Siward</b> [<i>Se.´ward</i>], the earl of Northumberland, and general of the +English forces, acting against Macbeth.—Shakespeare, <i>Macbeth</i> (1606).</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Six Chronicles</b> (<i>The</i>). Dr. Giles compiled and edited six Old English +Chronicles for Bohn’s series in 1848. They are: Ethelwerd’s <i>Chronicle</i>, +Asser’s <i>Life of Alfred</i>, Geoffrey of Monmouth’s <i>British History, +Gildas the Wise</i>, Nennius’s <i>History of the Britons</i>, and Richard of +Cirencester <i>On the Ancient State of Britain</i>. The last three were +edited in 1757, by Professor Bertram, in his <i>Scriptores Tres</i>, but +great doubt exists as to the genuineness of the chronicles contained in +Dr. Bertram’s compilation. (See <span class="smcap">Three Writers</span>.)</p> + + +<p class="main"><b>Sixteen-String-Jack</b>, John Rann, a highwayman. He was a great fop, and +wore sixteen tags to his breeches, eight at each knee (hanged 1774).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Dr. Johnson said that Gray’s poetry towered above the ordinary run +of verse, as Sixteen-String-Jack above the ordinary +foot-pad.—Boswell, <i>Life of Johnson</i> (1791).</p></div> + + +<p class="main"><b>Skeffington</b>, author of <i>Sleeping Beauty</i>, <i>Maids and Bachelors</i>, etc.</p> + +<p class="poem">And sure <i>great</i> Skeffington must claim our praise<br /> +For skirtless coats, and skeletons of plays.<br /> +<span class="hide"><br /></span> +<span class="attrib">Byron, <i>English Bards and Scotch Reviewers</i> (1809).</span></p> + + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/image05.png" width="400" height="162" alt="Decorative image" title="Decorative image" /> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div style="background-color: #EEE; padding: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 1em;"> +<p class="center noindent"><a name="trans_note" id="trans_note"></a><b>Transcriber’s Note</b></p> + +<p class="noindent">The following errors and inconsistencies have been maintained.</p> + +<p class="noindent">Misspelled words and typographical errors:</p> + +<table style="margin-left: 0%;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="typos"> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn">Page</td> + <td>Error</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr1">1</a></td> + <td>Perrose should read Penrose</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr2">4</a></td> + <td>tranlation should read translation</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr3">4</a></td> + <td>A. D. should read A.D.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr4">5</a></td> + <td>sword.’” should read sword.’</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr5">9</a></td> + <td>France. See should read France. (See</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr6">13</a></td> + <td>outstretehed should read outstretched</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr7">14</a></td> + <td>the the sword should read the sword</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr8">17</a></td> + <td>incalcuable should read incalculable</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr9">19</a></td> + <td>waistcoat—Mrs. should read waistcoat.—Mrs.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr10">34</a></td> + <td>The vail should read The veil</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr11">38</a></td> + <td>“about the Mikado’s” should read “about by the Mikado’s”</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr12">42</a></td> + <td>mutiplied should read multiplied</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr13">46</a></td> + <td>Merlin’s magic mirror (<i>q.v.</i>). This entry does not exist.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr14">47</a></td> + <td>“He should read He</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr15">52</a></td> + <td>succeeeded should read succeeded</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr16">53</a></td> + <td>also; should read also,</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr17">54</a></td> + <td>rent is paid. should read rent is paid).</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr18">56</a></td> + <td>shows.” should read shows.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr19">56</a></td> + <td>preformed should read performed</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr20">57</a></td> + <td>(time, Commonwealth. should read (time, Commonwealth).</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr21">57</a></td> + <td>Passe-Tyme should read Passe-tyme</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr22">63</a></td> + <td>Love à-la-Mode- should read Love à-la-Mode.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr23">66</a></td> + <td>Polyolboin should read Polyolbion</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr24">69</a></td> + <td>gray should read grey</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr25">71</a></td> + <td>(1508) should read (1598)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr26">71</a></td> + <td>Rev. Mr.) should have a comma following</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr27">87</a></td> + <td>act. i. should read act i.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr28">88</a></td> + <td>Chauvvin should read Chauvin</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr29">92</a></td> + <td>Bibliothèque Oriental should read Bibliothèque Orientale</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr30">94</a></td> + <td>(1698) should read (1598)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr31">94</a></td> + <td>Pylos, was has an extra, following Pylos</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr32">96</a></td> + <td>Charles II.). should read Charles II.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr33">100</a></td> + <td>Gentlehomme should read Gentilehomme</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr34">100</a></td> + <td>“The Chase, The Road, The Turf” should read “The Chase, the Turf, and the Road”</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr35">101</a></td> + <td>Ninive should read Nineve</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr36">101</a></td> + <td>Nino-Thoma should read Nina-Thoma</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr37">101</a></td> + <td>magificence should read magnificence</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr38">101</a></td> + <td>Nine. Worthies should read Nine Worthies</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr39">102</a></td> + <td>Uffizii should read Uffizi</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr40">102</a></td> + <td>He Says should read He says</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr41">104</a></td> + <td>cadavarous should read cadaverous</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr42">105</a></td> + <td>Charles II) should read Charles II.)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr43">106</a></td> + <td>J Home should read J. Home</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr44">112</a></td> + <td>Atticœ should read Atticæ</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr45">116</a></td> + <td>Sopho´oclês should read Soph´oclês</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr46">121</a></td> + <td>imagintion should read imagination</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr47">125</a></td> + <td>v.), should read v.).</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr48">126</a></td> + <td>Alhague) has extra )</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr49">127</a></td> + <td>dog bark!” should read dog bark!</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr50">135</a></td> + <td>Furlough should read Turlough</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr51">135</a></td> + <td>Coimba should read Coimbra</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr52">135</a></td> + <td>eightteenth should read eighteenth</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr53">136</a></td> + <td>horse-jockey:” should read horse-jockey;”</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr54">139</a></td> + <td>Grondibert should read Gondibert</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr55">140</a></td> + <td>was slain should read were slain</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr56">142</a></td> + <td>le Grand. is missing )</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr57">142</a></td> + <td>howover should read however</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr58">144</a></td> + <td>fifteenth century) should read (fifteenth century)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr59">145</a></td> + <td><i>Paine</i> should be <b>Paine</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr60">146</a></td> + <td>(1772) should have a following.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr61">151</a></td> + <td>Mosart should read Mozart</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr62">152</a></td> + <td>ignorantifiè should read ignorantifié</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr63">161</a></td> + <td>Darton and Co, should read Darton and Co.,</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr64">162</a></td> + <td>villifies should read vilifies</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr65">162</a></td> + <td>Polinices. This entry does note exist.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr66">165</a></td> + <td>Hawes (1506) should end with a.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr67">166</a></td> + <td>“The Deerslayer” should read “The Deerslayer,”</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr68">167</a></td> + <td>Rocky Mountains. has an extra . at the end</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr69">167</a></td> + <td>of Dorchester, should read of Dorchester.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr70">168</a></td> + <td>St Patrick should read St. Patrick</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr71">168</a></td> + <td>etc.. should read etc.,</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr72">169</a></td> + <td>Bonarparte should read Bonaparte</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr73">171</a></td> + <td>St Remi should read St. Remi (2 times)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr74">174</a></td> + <td>d’ane should read d’âne</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr75">175</a></td> + <td>Zaïda should read Zaïde</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr76">175</a></td> + <td>Pedrè should read Pèdre (3 times)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr77">178</a></td> + <td>[<b>Thrift</b>) should read (<i>Thrift</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr78">178</a></td> + <td>Boundderby should read Bounderby</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr79">181</a></td> + <td>pcn should read pen</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr80">181</a></td> + <td>sc. 2 (1589) should read sc. 2 (1589).</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr81">184</a></td> + <td>Dr Parker should read Dr. Parker</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr82">185</a></td> + <td>101, 102. should read 101, 102).</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr83">186</a></td> + <td>—See Notes should read (See Notes</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr84">189</a></td> + <td>“excess.”). should read “excess.”)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr85">190</a></td> + <td>Po tau should read Pot au</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr86">192</a></td> + <td>(1768-1848. should read (1768-1848).</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr87">195</a></td> + <td>Fennimore should read Fenimore</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr88">199</a></td> + <td><i>syl.</i>) should read <i>syl.</i>).</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr89">201</a></td> + <td>him thirty should read him “thirty</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr90">202</a></td> + <td>(1214-1292; should read (1214-1292);</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr91">202</a></td> + <td>(1627-1691; should read (1627-1691);</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr92">202</a></td> + <td>(<span class="smcap">B.C.</span>) 106 should read (<span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 106</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr93">207</a></td> + <td>breathe-therein. should read breathe-therein.”</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr94">209</a></td> + <td>Elfenseigen. should read Elfenseigen.)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr95">214</a></td> + <td>“(The incident of” either should not have a ( or a ) is missing at the end of the sentence.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr96">214</a></td> + <td>notas, should read notas.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr97">227</a></td> + <td>garralous should read garrulous</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr98">228</a></td> + <td>“Antinöus, should read “Antinöus,”</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr99">229</a></td> + <td>“songs,” should read “songs.”</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr100">229</a></td> + <td>Enggland should read England</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr101">232</a></td> + <td>Friesingen should read Freisingen</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr102">232</a></td> + <td>conscrated should read consecrated</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr103">232</a></td> + <td>Lequien should read Le Quien</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr104">234</a></td> + <td>who stabbed should read who “stabbed</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr105">240</a></td> + <td>Quarakhata. should read Quarakhata.”</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr106">246</a></td> + <td>Docter should read Doctor</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr107">248</a></td> + <td>reions should read regions</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr108">250</a></td> + <td>protegé should read protégé</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr109">250</a></td> + <td>forgiven should read forgiven.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr110">251</a></td> + <td>caligraphist should read calligraphist</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr111">254</a></td> + <td>i.e, should read i.e.,</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr112">257</a></td> + <td>(Pwyll should read (“Pwyll</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr113">265</a></td> + <td>Monnema should read Monema</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr114">267</a></td> + <td>act. i. should read act i.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr115">268</a></td> + <td>Pyrnne should read Prynne</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr116">275</a></td> + <td>rantipolish, should read rantipolish.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr117">277</a></td> + <td>met should read meet</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr118">278</a></td> + <td>refered should read referred</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr119">282</a></td> + <td>king- should read kingdom</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr120">282</a></td> + <td>Cathaginians should read Carthaginians</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr121">286</a></td> + <td>VerborumSignificatione should read Verborum Significatione</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr122">286</a></td> + <td>entititled should read entitled</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr123">287</a></td> + <td>Resolute Doctor should read Resolute Doctor”</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr124">287</a></td> + <td>“The “saint” should read The “saint”</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr125">289</a></td> + <td>thierepos should read Thierepos</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr126">295</a></td> + <td>(bk. vii.) should read (bk. vii.).</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr127">296</a></td> + <td>Perveril should read Peveril</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr128">298</a></td> + <td>See <span class="smcap">Ormandine</span>. This entry does not exist</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr129">299</a></td> + <td>Mortham, was should read Mortham was</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr130">301</a></td> + <td>Henry IV.) should read Henry IV.).</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr131">305</a></td> + <td>(<i>q.v.</i>) should read (<i>q.v.</i>).</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr132">307</a></td> + <td>The marquis should read “The marquis</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr133">310</a></td> + <td>npon should read upon</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr134">311</a></td> + <td>R.C. should read B.C.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr135">313</a></td> + <td>(St) should read (St.)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr136">318</a></td> + <td>Shakepeare should read Shakespeare</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr137">322</a></td> + <td>Edward II. and Edward I. should read <span class="smcap">Edward II.</span> and <span class="smcap">Edward I.</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr138">325</a></td> + <td>Innamarato should read Innamorato</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr139">326</a></td> + <td>Inis-Thorna should read Inis-Thona</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr140">326</a></td> + <td>to part!” should read to part!’</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr141">326</a></td> + <td>a friar should read “a friar</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr142">330</a></td> + <td>exqusite should read exquisite</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr143">330</a></td> + <td>into a river. should end with )</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr144">332</a></td> + <td>and and should read and</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr145">336</a></td> + <td>heirarchy should read hierarchy</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr146">338</a></td> + <td>(1474-1566): should read (1474-1566);</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr147">339</a></td> + <td>(died 251. should read (died 251).</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr148">339</a></td> + <td>inkeeper should read innkeeper</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr149">340</a></td> + <td><span class="smcap">Arnold</span> should read Arnold</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr150">340</a></td> + <td>martydom should read martyrdom</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr151">341</a></td> + <td>satire (1704) should read satire (1704).</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr152">342</a></td> + <td>Bibliothèques Orientale should read Bibliothèque Orientale</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr153">342</a></td> + <td>folly should read folly.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr154">343</a></td> + <td>English) should read English),</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr155">343</a></td> + <td>for Uncle should read for “Uncle</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr156">343</a></td> + <td>(1741-1779 should end with a )</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr157">344</a></td> + <td>serpant should read serpent</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr158">344</a></td> + <td>(<i>The</i>) Pythagoras should read (<i>The</i>), Pythagoras</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr159">346</a></td> + <td>(1605-15) should read (1605-15).</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr160">356</a></td> + <td>father of “Lucia.” should end with )</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr161">360</a></td> + <td>plasir should read plaisir</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr162">365</a></td> + <td>instalment should read installment</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr163">367</a></td> + <td>hemlet should read helmet</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr164">368</a></td> + <td>corse should read corpse</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr165">368</a></td> + <td>accidently should read accidentally</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr166">369</a></td> + <td>reconcilation should read reconciliation</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr167">379</a></td> + <td>πλέιους should read πλείους</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr168">380</a></td> + <td>fron should read from</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr169">384</a></td> + <td>Cumberland) has extra )</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr170">386</a></td> + <td>Whitehall 1607 should read Whitehall, 1607</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr171">386</a></td> + <td>Whitehall 1604 should read Whitehall, 1604</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr172">386</a></td> + <td>Meres 1598 should read Meres, 1598</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr173">387</a></td> + <td>n’etait should read n’était</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr174">390</a></td> + <td>lady,and should read lady, and</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr175">391</a></td> + <td>November; should read November:</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr176">392</a></td> + <td>(1651-1610) should read (<span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 1651-1610)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr177">395</a></td> + <td>the administration should read The administration</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr178">396</a></td> + <td>etc., (1557) has extra (</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr179">400</a></td> + <td>villian should read villain</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr180">405</a></td> + <td>inland should read island</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdtn"><a href="#corr181">406</a></td> + <td>bresst should read breast</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="noindent">The following words had inconsistent spelling:</p> + +<p class="noindent">Aboulhassan / Aboulhassen<br /> +François / Francois<br /> +Khrosrou-schah / Khrosru-schar<br /> +Pullicenella / Pullicinella<br /> +Sulla / Sylla</p> + +<p class="noindent">The following words had inconsistent hyphenation:</p> + +<p class="noindent">brick-dust / brickdust<br /> +day-break / daybreak<br /> +East-cheap / Eastcheap<br /> +grand-son / grandson<br /> +Hawk-eye / Hawkeye<br /> +heart-sick / heartsick<br /> +May-pole / Maypole<br /> +moon-light / moonlight<br /> +Nôman-al-Aôuar / Nômanal-Aôuar<br /> +out-witted /outwitted<br /> +Puss-in-Boots / Puss in Boots<br /> +re-united / reunited<br /> +Ros-crana / Roscrana<br /> +step-mother / stepmother<br /> +Un-born / Unborn</p> + +<p class="noindent">Other inconsistencies:</p> + +<p class="noindent">i.e. / i. e<br /> +The inclusion of the "or" in the italics for two-part titles connected +by ", or"</p> +</div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Character Sketches of Romance, Fiction +and the Drama, by E. 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