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+Project Gutenberg's Chambers's Edinburgh Journal, No. 446, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Chambers's Edinburgh Journal, No. 446
+       Volume 18, New Series, July 17, 1852
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: William Chambers
+        Robert Chambers
+
+Release Date: March 13, 2007 [EBook #20806]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHAMBERS'S EDINBURGH ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Malcolm Farmer, Richard J. Shiffer and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                     CHAMBERS' EDINBURGH JOURNAL
+
+  CONDUCTED BY WILLIAM AND ROBERT CHAMBERS, EDITORS OF 'CHAMBERS'S
+  INFORMATION FOR THE PEOPLE,' 'CHAMBERS'S EDUCATIONAL COURSE,' &c.
+
+
+  No. 446. NEW SERIES.   SATURDAY, JULY 17, 1852.   PRICE 1-1/2_d._
+
+
+
+
+WOLF-CHILDREN.
+
+
+It is a pity that the present age is so completely absorbed in
+materialities, at a time when the facilities are so singularly great
+for a philosophy which would inquire into the constitution of our
+moral nature. In the North Pacific, we are in contact with tribes of
+savages ripening, sensibly to the eye, into civilised communities; and
+we are able to watch the change as dispassionately as if we were in
+our studies examining the wonders of the minute creation through a
+microscope. In America, we have before us a living model, blind, mute,
+deaf, and without the sense of smell; communicating with the external
+world by the sense of touch alone; yet endowed with a rare
+intelligence, which permits us to see, through the fourfold veil that
+shrouds her, the original germs of the human character.[1] Nearer
+home, we have been from time to time attracted and astonished by the
+spectacle of children, born of European parents, emerging from forests
+where they had been lost for a series of years, fallen back, not into
+the moral condition of savages, but of wild beasts, with the
+sentiments and even the instincts of their kind obliterated for ever.
+And now we have several cases before us, occurring in India, of the
+same lapses from humanity, involving circumstances curious in
+themselves, but more important than curious, as throwing a strange
+light upon what before was an impenetrable mystery. It is to these we
+mean to direct our attention on the present occasion; but before doing
+so, it will be well just to glance at the natural history of the wild
+children of Europe.[2]
+
+The most remarkable specimen, and the best type of the class, was
+found in the year 1725, in a wood in Hanover. With the appearance of a
+human being--of a boy about thirteen years of age--he was in every
+respect a wild animal, walking on all-fours, feeding on grass and
+moss, and lodging in trees. When captured, he exhibited a strong
+repugnance to clothing; he could not be induced to lie on a bed,
+frequently tearing the clothes to express his indignation; and in the
+absence of his customary lair among the boughs of a tree, he crouched
+in a corner of the room to sleep. Raw food he devoured with relish,
+more especially cabbage-leaves and other vegetables, but turned away
+from the sophistications of cookery. He had no articulate language,
+expressing his emotions only by the sounds emitted by various animals.
+Although only five feet three inches, he was remarkably strong; he
+never exhibited any interest in the female sex; and even in his old
+age--for he was supposed to be seventy-three when he died--it was only
+in external manners he had advanced from the character of a wild beast
+to that of a good-tempered savage, for he was still without
+consciousness of the Great Spirit.
+
+In other children that were caught subsequently to Peter, for that was
+the name they gave him, the same character was observable, although
+with considerable modifications. One of them, a young girl of twelve
+or thirteen, was not merely without sympathy for persons of the male
+sex, but she held them all her life in great abhorrence. Her temper
+was ungovernable; she was fond of blood, which she sucked from the
+living animal; and was something more than suspected of the cannibal
+propensity. On one occasion, she was seen to dive as naturally as an
+otter in a lake, catch a fish, and devour it on the spot. Yet this
+girl eventually acquired language; was even able to give some
+indistinct account of her early career in the woods; and towards the
+close of her life, when subdued by long illness, exhibited few traces
+of having once been a wild animal. Another, a boy of eleven or twelve,
+was caught in the woods of Canne, in France. He was impatient,
+capricious, violent; rushing even through crowded streets like an
+ill-trained dog; slovenly and disgusting in his manners; affected with
+spasmodic motions of the head and limbs; biting and scratching all who
+displeased him; and always, when at comparative rest, balancing his
+body like a wild animal in a menagerie. His senses were incapable of
+being affected by anything not appealing to his personal feelings: a
+pistol fired close to his head excited little or no emotion, yet he
+heard distinctly the cracking of a walnut, or the touch of a hand upon
+the key which kept him captive. The most delicious perfumes, or the
+most fetid exhalations, were the same thing to his sense of smell,
+because these did not affect, one way or other, his relish for his
+food, which was of a disgusting nature, and which he dragged about the
+floor like a dog, eating it when besmeared with filth. Like almost all
+the lower animals, he was affected by the changes of the weather; but
+on some of these occasions, his feelings approached to the human in
+their manifestations. When he saw the sun break suddenly from a cloud,
+he expressed his joy by bursting into convulsive peals of laughter;
+and one morning, when he awoke, on seeing the ground covered with
+snow, he leaped out of bed, rushed naked into the garden, rolled
+himself over and over in the snow, and stuffing handfuls of it into
+his mouth, devoured it eagerly. Sometimes he shewed signs of a true
+madness, wringing his hands, gnashing his teeth, and becoming
+formidable to those about him. But in other moods, the phenomena of
+nature seemed to tranquillise and sadden him. When the severity of the
+season, as we are informed by the French physician who had charge of
+him, had driven every other person out of the garden, he still
+delighted to walk there; and after taking many turns, would seat
+himself beside a pond of water. Here his convulsive motions, and the
+continual balancing of his whole body, diminished, and gave way to a
+more tranquil attitude; his face gradually assumed the character of
+sorrow or melancholy reverie, while his eyes were steadfastly fixed on
+the surface of the water, and he threw into it, from time to time,
+some withered leaves. In like manner, on a moonlight night, when the
+rays of the moon entered his room, he seldom failed to awake, and to
+place himself at the window. Here he would remain for a considerable
+time, motionless, with his neck extended, and his eyes fixed on the
+moonlight landscape, and wrapped in a kind of contemplative ecstasy,
+the silence of which was interrupted only by profound inspirations,
+accompanied by a slight plaintive noise.
+
+We have only to add, that by the anxious care of the physician, and a
+thousand ingenious contrivances, the senses of this human animal, with
+the exception of his hearing, which always remained dull and
+impassive, were gradually stimulated, and he was even able at length
+to pronounce two or three words. Here his history breaks off.
+
+The scene of these extraordinary narratives has hitherto been confined
+to Europe; but we have now to draw attention to the wild children of
+India. It happens, fortunately, that in this case the character of the
+testimony is unimpeachable; for although brought forward in a brief,
+rough pamphlet, published in a provincial town, and merely said to be
+'by an Indian Official,' we recognise both in the manner and matter
+the pen of Colonel Sleeman, the British Resident at the court of
+Lucknow, whose invaluable services in putting down thuggee and
+dacoitee in India we have already described to our readers.[3]
+
+The district of Sultanpoor, in the kingdom of Oude, a portion of the
+great plain of the Ganges, is watered by the Goomtee River, a
+navigable stream, about 140 yards broad, the banks of which are much
+infested by wolves. These animals are protected by the superstition of
+the Hindoos, and to such an extent, that a village community within
+whose boundaries a single drop of their blood has been shed, is
+believed to be doomed to destruction. The wolf is safe--but from a
+very different reason--even from those vagrant tribes who have no
+permanent abiding-place, but bivouac in the jungle, and feed upon
+jackals, reptiles--anything, and who make a trade of catching and
+selling such wild animals as they consider too valuable to eat. The
+reason why the vulpine ravager is spared by these wretches is--_that
+wolves devour children_! Not, however, that the wanderers have any
+dislike to children, but they are tempted by the jewels with which
+they are adorned; and knowing the dens of the animals, they make this
+fearful gold-seeking a part of their business. The adornment of their
+persons with jewellery is a passion with the Hindoos which nothing can
+overcome. Vast numbers of women--even those of the most infamous
+class--are murdered for the sake of their ornaments, yet the lesson is
+lost upon the survivors. Vast numbers of children, too, fall victims
+in the same way, and from the same cause, or are permitted, by those
+who shrink from murder, to be carried off and devoured by the wolves;
+yet no Indian mother can withstand the temptation to bedizen her
+child, whenever it is in her power, with bracelets, necklaces, and
+other ornaments of gold and silver. So much is necessary as an
+introduction to the incidents that follow.
+
+One day, a trooper, like Spenser's gentle knight,'was pricking on the
+plain,' near the banks of the Goomtee. He was within a short distance
+of Chandour, a village about ten miles from Sultanpoor, the capital of
+the district, when he halted to observe a large female wolf and her
+whelps come out of a wood near the roadside, and go down to the river
+to drink. There were four whelps. Four!--surely not more than three;
+for the fourth of the juvenile company was as little like a wolf as
+possible. The horseman stared; for in fact it was a boy, going on
+all-fours like his comrades, evidently on excellent terms with them
+all, and guarded, as well as the rest, by the dam with the same
+jealous care which that exemplary mother, but unpleasant neighbour,
+bestows upon her progeny. The trooper sat still in his saddle watching
+this curious company till they had satisfied their thirst; but as soon
+as they commenced their return, he put spurs to his horse, to
+intercept the boy. Off ran the wolves, and off ran the boy
+helter-skelter--the latter keeping close up with the dam; and the
+horseman, owing to the unevenness of the ground, found it impossible
+to overtake them before they had all entered their den. He was
+determined, nevertheless, to attain his object, and assembling some
+people from the neighbouring village with pickaxes, they began to dig
+in the usual way into the hole. Having made an excavation of six or
+eight feet, the garrison evacuated the place--the wolf, the three
+whelps, and the boy, leaping suddenly out and taking to flight. The
+trooper instantly threw himself upon his horse, and set off in
+pursuit, followed by the fleetest of the party; and the ground over
+which they had to fly being this time more even, he at length headed
+the chase, and turned the whole back upon the men on foot. These
+secured the boy, and, according to prescriptive rule, allowed the wolf
+and her three whelps to go on their way.
+
+'They took the boy to the village,' says Colonel Sleeman, 'but had to
+tie him, for he was very restive, and struggled hard to rush into
+every hole or den they came near. They tried to make him speak, but
+could get nothing from him but an angry growl or snarl. He was kept
+for several days at the village, and a large crowd assembled every day
+to see him. When a grown-up person came near him, he became alarmed,
+and tried to steal away; but when a child came near him, he rushed at
+it with a fierce snarl, like that of a dog, and tried to bite it. When
+any cooked meat was put near him, he rejected it in disgust; but when
+raw meat was offered, he seized it with avidity, put it upon the
+ground, under his hands, like a dog, and ate it with evident pleasure.
+He would not let any one come near while he was eating, but he made no
+objection to a dog's coming and sharing his food with him.'
+
+This wild boy was sent to Captain Nicholetts, the European officer
+commanding the 1st regiment of Oude Local Infantry, stationed at
+Sultanpoor. He lived only three years after his capture, and died in
+August 1850. According to Captain Nicholetts' account of him, he was
+very inoffensive except when teased, and would then growl and snarl.
+He came to eat anything that was thrown to him, although much
+preferring raw flesh. He was very fond of uncooked bones, masticating
+them apparently with as much ease as meat; and he had likewise a still
+more curious partiality for small stones and earth. So great was his
+appetite, that he has been known to eat half a lamb at one meal; and
+buttermilk he would drink by the pitcher full without seeming to draw
+breath. He would never submit to wear any article of dress even in the
+coldest weather; and when a quilt stuffed with cotton was given to
+him, 'he tore it to pieces, and ate a portion of it--cotton and
+all--with his bread every day.' The countenance of the boy was
+repulsive, and his habits filthy in the extreme. He was never known to
+smile; and although fond of dogs and jackals, formed no attachment
+for any human being. Even when a favourite pariah dog, which used to
+feed with him, was shot for having fallen under suspicion of taking
+the lion's share of the meal, he appeared to be quite indifferent. He
+sometimes walked erect; but generally ran on all-fours--more
+especially to his food when it was placed at a distance from him.
+
+Another of these wolf-children was carried off from his parents at
+Chupra (twenty miles from Sultanpoor), when he was three years of age.
+They were at work in the field, the man cutting his crop of wheat and
+pulse, and the woman gleaning after him, with the child sitting on the
+grass. Suddenly, there rushed into the family party, from behind a
+bush, a gaunt wolf, and seizing the boy by the loins, ran off with him
+to a neighbouring ravine. The mother followed with loud screams, which
+brought the whole village to her assistance; but they soon lost sight
+of the wolf and his prey, and the boy was heard no more of for six
+years. At the end of that time, he was found by two sipahis
+associating, as in the former case, with wolves, and caught by the leg
+when he had got half-way into the den. He was very ferocious when
+drawn out, biting at his deliverers, and seizing hold of the barrel of
+one of their guns with his teeth. They secured him, however, and
+carried him home, when they fed him on raw flesh, hares, and birds,
+till they found the charge too onerous, and gave him up to the public
+charity of the village till he should be recognised by his parents.
+This actually came to pass. His mother, by that time a widow, hearing
+a report of the strange boy at Koeleapoor, hastened to the place from
+her own village of Chupra, and by means of indubitable marks upon his
+person, recognised her child, transformed into a wild animal. She
+carried him home with her; but finding him destitute of natural
+affection, and in other respects wholly irreclaimable, at the end of
+two months she left him to the common charity of the village.
+
+When this boy drank, he dipped his face in the water, and sucked. The
+front of his elbows and knees had become hardened from going on
+all-fours with the wolves. The village boys amused themselves by
+throwing frogs to him, which he caught and devoured; and when a
+bullock died and was skinned, he resorted to the carcass like the dogs
+of the place, and fed upon the carrion. His body smelled offensively.
+He remained in the village during the day, for the sake of what he
+could get to eat, but always went off to the jungle at night. In other
+particulars, his habits resembled those already described. We have
+only to add respecting him, that, in November 1850, he was sent from
+Sultanpoor, under the charge of his mother, to Colonel Sleeman--then
+probably at Lucknow--but something alarming him on the way, he ran
+into a jungle, and had not been recovered at the date of the last
+dispatch.
+
+We pass over three other narratives of a similar kind, that present
+nothing peculiar, and shall conclude with one more specimen of the
+Indian wolf-boy. This human animal was captured, like the first we
+have described, by a trooper, with the assistance of another person on
+foot. When placed on the pommel of the saddle, he tore the horseman's
+clothes, and, although his hands were tied, contrived to bite him
+severely in several places. He was taken to Bondee, where the rajah
+took charge of him till he was carried off by Janoo, a lad who was
+khidmutgar (table-attendant) to a travelling Cashmere merchant. The
+boy was then apparently about twelve years of age, and went upon
+all-fours, although he could stand, and go awkwardly on his legs when
+threatened. Under Janoo's attention, however, in beating and rubbing
+his legs with oil, he learned to walk like other human beings. But the
+vulpine smell continued to be very offensive, although his body was
+rubbed for some months with mustard-seed soaked in water, and he was
+compelled during the discipline to live on rice, pulse, and bread. He
+slept under the mango-tree, where Janoo himself lodged, but was always
+tied to a tent-pin.
+
+One night, when the wild boy was lying asleep under his tree, Janoo
+saw two wolves come up stealthily, and smell at him. They touched him,
+and he awoke; and rising from his reclining posture, he put his hands
+upon the heads of his visitors, and they licked his face. They capered
+round him, and he threw straw and leaves at them. The khidmutgar gave
+up his protégé for lost; but presently he became convinced that they
+were only at play, and he kept quiet. He at length gained confidence
+enough to drive the wolves away; but they soon came back, and resumed
+their sport for a time. The next night, three playfellows made their
+appearance, and in a few nights after, four. They came four or five
+times, till Janoo lost all his fear of them. When the Cashmere
+merchant returned to Lucknow, where his establishment was, Janoo still
+carried his pet with him, tied by a string to his own arm; and, to
+make him useful according to his capacity, with a bundle on his head.
+At every jungle they passed, however, the boy would throw down the
+bundle, and attempt to dart into the thicket; repeating the
+insubordination, though repeatedly beaten for it, till he was fairly
+subdued, and became docile by degrees. The greatest difficulty was to
+get him to wear clothes, which to the last he often injured or
+destroyed, by rubbing them against posts like a beast, when some part
+of his body itched. Some months after their arrival at Lucknow, Janoo
+was sent away from the place for a day or two on some business, and on
+his return he found that the wild boy had escaped. He was never more
+seen.
+
+It is a curious circumstance, that the wild children, whether of
+Europe or Asia, have never been found above a certain age. They do not
+grow into adults in the woods. Colonel Sleeman thinks their lives may
+be cut short by their living exclusively on animal food; but to some
+of them, as we have seen, a vegetable diet has been habitual. The
+probability seems to be, that with increasing years, their added
+boldness and consciousness of strength may lead them into fatal
+adventures with their brethren of the forest. As for the protection of
+the animal by which they were originally nurtured becoming powerless
+from age, which is another hypothesis, that supposes too romantic a
+system of patronage and dependence. The head of the family must have
+several successive series of descendants to care for after the arrival
+of the stranger, and it is far more probable that the wild boy is
+obliged to turn out with his playmates, when they are ordered to shift
+for themselves, than that he alone remains a fixture at home. That
+protection of some kind at first is a necessary condition of his
+surviving at all, there can be no manner of doubt, although it does
+not follow that a wolf is always the patron. The different habits of
+some of the European children we have mentioned, shew a totally
+different course of education. If, for instance, they had been
+nurtured by wolves, they would no more have learned to climb trees
+than to fly in the air. As for the female specimen we have mentioned,
+hers was obviously an exceptional case. She was lost, as appeared from
+her own statement, when old enough to work at some employment, and a
+club she used as a weapon was one of her earliest recollections.
+
+The wild children of India, however, were obviously indebted to wolves
+for their miserable lives; and it is not so difficult as at first
+sight might be supposed, to imagine the possibility of such an
+occurrence. The parent wolves are so careful of their progeny, that
+they feed them for some time with half-digested food, disgorged by
+themselves; and after that--if we may believe Buffon, who seems as
+familiar with the interior of a den as if he had boarded and lodged in
+the family--they bring home to them live animals, such as hares and
+rabbits. These the young wolves play with, and when at length they
+are hungry, kill: the mother then for the first time interfering, to
+divide the prey in equal portions. But in the case of a child being
+brought to the den--a child accustomed, in all probability, to
+tyrannise over the whelps of pariah dogs and other young animals, they
+would find it far easier to play than to kill; and if we only suppose
+the whole family going to sleep together, and the parents bringing
+home fresh food in the morning--contingencies not highly
+improbable--the mystery is solved, although the marvel remains. It may
+be added, that such wolves as we have an opportunity of observing in
+menageries, are always gentle and playful when young, and it is only
+time that develops the latent ferocity of a character the most
+detestable, perhaps, in the whole animal kingdom. Cowardly and cruel
+in equal proportion, the wolf has no defenders. 'In short,' says
+Goldsmith--probably translating Buffon, for we have not the latter at
+hand to ascertain--'every way offensive, a savage aspect, a frightful
+howl, an insupportable odour, a perverse disposition, fierce habits,
+he is hateful while living, and useless when dead.'
+
+But what, then, is man, whom mere accidental association for a few
+years can strip of the faculties inherent in his race and convert into
+a wolf? The lower animals retain their instincts in all circumstances.
+The kitten, brought up from birth on its mistress's lap, imbibes none
+of her tastes in food or anything else. It rejects vegetables, sweets,
+fruits, all drinks but water or milk, and although content to satisfy
+its hunger with dressed meat, darts with an eager growl upon raw
+flesh. Man alone is the creature of imitation in good or in bad. His
+faculties and instincts, although containing the _germ_ of everything
+noble, are not independent and self-existing like those of the brutes.
+This fact accounts for the difference observable, in an almost
+stereotyped form, in the different classes of society; it affords a
+hint to legislators touching their obligation to use the power they
+possess in elevating, by means of education, the character of the more
+degraded portions of the community; and it brings home to us all the
+great lesson of sympathy for the bad as well as the afflicted--both
+victims alike of _circumstances_, over which they in many cases have
+nearly as little control as the wild children of the desert.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] See 'The Rudimental,' in No. 391.
+
+[2] A paper on this subject will be found in _Chambers's Miscellany of
+Useful and Entertaining Tracts_, vol. v. No. 48.
+
+[3] See 'Gang-Robbers of India,' in Nos. 360 and 361 of this Journal.
+The title of the pamphlet alluded to is, _An Account of Wolves
+nurturing Children in their Dens_. By an Indian Official. Plymouth:
+Jenkin Thomas, printer. 1852.
+
+
+
+
+THE LITERATURE OF PARLIAMENT.
+
+
+The Imperial Parliament of Great Britain and Ireland, in addition to
+its other varied and important functions, fulfils, through one of its
+branches, that of a great national book manufactory. Every session,
+the House of Commons issues a whole library of valuable works,
+containing information of the most ample and searching kind on
+subjects of a very miscellaneous character. These are the Blue-books,
+of which everybody has heard: many jokes are extant as to their
+imposing bulk and great weight, literally and figuratively; and a
+generation eminently addicted to light reading, may well look with
+horror on these thick and closely-printed folios. But, in truth, they
+are not for the mere _reader_: they are for the historian, and student
+of any given subject; they are storehouses of material, not digested
+treatises. True it is, that their great size sometimes defeats its
+object--the valuable portion of the material is sometimes buried under
+the comparatively worthless heap that surrounds it--the golden grains
+lost amid the chaff. But in a case of this kind, the error of
+redundancy is one on the safe side; let a subject in all its bearings
+be thoroughly and fully brought up, and it is the fault or failing of
+him who sets about the study of it, if he is appalled at the amount of
+information on which he has to work, or cannot discriminate and seize
+upon the salient points, or on those which are necessary for his own
+special purposes.
+
+Few persons, we believe, who have not had occasion to consult these
+parliamentary volumes in a systematic manner, are at all aware of the
+immense labour that is bestowed upon them, and the care and
+completeness with which they are compiled and arranged. Indeed, we
+daresay few readers have any accurate notions of the actual number of
+parliamentary papers annually issued, or of the nature of their
+contents. From even a very cursory examination of the literary result
+of a parliamentary session, the previously uninformed investigator
+could not fail to rise with a greatly augmented estimate of the
+functions of the great ruling body of the state--the guarding and
+directing power in the multitudinous affairs of the British Empire--an
+empire that extends over every possible variety of country and
+climate, and includes under its powerful, yet mild and beneficent
+sway, tribes of every colour of skin, and of every shade of religious
+belief. Such a survey, in fact, tends to impress one more fully and
+immediately than could well be fancied, with the magnitude of the
+business of the British legislature, and the consequent weighty
+responsibilities imposed upon its members. But, great as the burden
+is, it is distributed over so many shoulders, that it appears to press
+heavily, and really does so, only on a few who support it at the more
+trying points.
+
+The session 1851 is the latest of whose labours, as they appear in the
+form of parliamentary records, an account can be given. By the
+admirable system of arrangement we have referred to, each
+parliamentary 'paper,' whether it issues in the shape of a bulky
+Blue-book--that is to say, as a thick, stitched folio volume, in a
+dark-blue cover--or as a mere 'paper'--an uncovered folio of a single
+sheet of two or four pages, or several stitched together, but not
+attaining the dignity of the blue cover--is marked as belonging to a
+certain class; and when the issue of the session is complete, a full
+set of 'Titles, Contents, and Indexes' to the whole is supplied, so
+that they can all be classified and bound up in due order with the
+utmost ease and celerity. The _Titles, Contents, and Indexes to the
+Sessional Printed Papers of Session_ 1851 are at present before us, in
+the shape of a folio Blue-book about an inch and a half thick, from
+which we think we may pick some facts of interest.
+
+It must be premised, that the session 1851 was considered by
+politicians a peculiarly barren and unfruitful one, as the Great
+Exhibition, in conjunction with ministerial difficulties, and the
+monster debates on the Ecclesiastical Titles' Bill, tended greatly to
+impede the ordinary business of the Houses, and gave an air of tedium
+and languor to the whole proceedings. Nevertheless, the papers for the
+year amount to no less than sixty volumes! Of these, the first six
+contain Public Bills. A bill, as most of our readers must be aware, is
+a measure submitted to the consideration of parliament with the view
+of its being adopted into the legal code of the country, for which it
+must receive the sanction of both Houses and the assent of the crown.
+When a bill has 'passed' through the Lords and Commons, and received
+the royal assent, it becomes an 'act'--that is, a law. A bill, in
+passing through the Houses, is subjected to numerous amendments and
+alterations in form, and is often printed, for the use of members and
+other parties interested, three or four times after such alterations,
+before it comes forth in its final and permanent form as an act. Thus,
+the famous Ecclesiastical Titles' Bill is to be found in three several
+shapes among the bills before it reappears for the fourth time as an
+act. Again, the word 'public' prefixed to these six volumes of bills,
+reminds us of the vast amount of business that comes before parliament
+and its committees in the shape of 'private' bills, of which no record
+appears here. These are bills of special and individual application,
+such as when a public company seeks an act of incorporation, the
+possessor of an entailed estate desires to sell a portion of ground,
+a railway directory asks for powers of various kinds, and so on.
+
+An examination of the contents of these six volumes would shew how
+many and diverse are the subjects that turn up in parliament in the
+course of a single and brief session; but to enter on it
+satisfactorily would require a great amount of space, and might, after
+all, be more tedious than profitable. A glance at those actually
+passed may suffice. These were 106 in number: the first is, 'An Act to
+amend the Passengers' Act of 1849;' and the hundred and sixth, 'An Act
+to appoint Commissioners to inquire into the Existence of Bribery in
+St Albans.' Besides the acts of an ordinary or routine character, we
+find the following among the subjects legislated on:--The Marine
+Forces, Leases for Mills in Ireland, Protection of Original Designs,
+the Protection of Servants and Apprentices, the Sale of Arsenic,
+Highways in Wales, Sites for Schools, Herring-Fishery, Prisons in
+Scotland, Common Lodging-Houses, Window and House Duties, Marriages in
+India, Ecclesiastical Titles, Smithfield Market, Settlement of the
+Boundaries of Canada and New Brunswick, Highland Roads and Bridges,
+Gunpowder Magazine at Liverpool, Management of the Insane in India,
+Lands in New Zealand, Representative Peers of Scotland, Emigration,
+Law of Evidence, Criminal Justice, &c.
+
+Following the six volumes of bills, are fifteen volumes of _Reports
+from Committees_, which are again succeeded by nine volumes of
+_Reports from Commissioners_. These two sections of the literature of
+parliament form vast stores of material on an immense number of
+subjects, into which he who digs laboriously is sure to be rewarded in
+the end. They contain great masses of 'evidence,' extracted by the
+examinations of committees and commissioners from the parties believed
+to be best qualified to give correct and full information on the
+various subjects on which they are examined, and these opinions are
+supported by facts and authentic statements and statistics, invaluable
+to the investigator. The first volume of last year's Reports from
+Committees opens with that on the Edinburgh Annuity Tax, the fifteenth
+contains that on Steam Communications with India. There are four
+volumes on Customs, two on Ceylon, one on Church-rates, one on the
+Caffre Tribes, one on Newspaper Stamps, &c.; while other volumes
+contain Reports on the Property Tax, the Militia, the Ordnance Survey,
+Public Libraries, Law of Partnership, &c. From commissioners, we have
+Reports on Fisheries, Emigration, National Gallery, Public Records,
+Board of Health, Factories, Furnaces, Mines and Collieries, Education,
+Maynooth College, Prisons, Public Works, &c.
+
+The fourth section of these parliamentary papers for 1851 amounts to
+thirty volumes, and consists of _Accounts and Papers_. It is in these
+that the statist finds inexhaustible wealth of material, long columns
+of figures with large totals, tables of the most complicated yet the
+clearest construction, containing a multiplicity of details bearing on
+the riches and resources of the empire in its most general and most
+minute particulars. Thus the first volume relates to 'Finance,' and
+includes the accounts of the Public Income and Expenditure, Public and
+National Debt, Income Tax, Public Works, and a vast variety of other
+subjects. The second volume is made up of the 'Estimates' for the
+Army, Navy, Ordnance, and 'Civil Services,' which includes Public
+Works, Public Salaries, Law and Justice, Education, Colonial and
+Consular Services, &c. The third volume is filled with Army and Navy
+Accounts and Returns. The next six volumes refer to the colonies, and
+consist of Accounts, Dispatches, Correspondence. The tenth is occupied
+with the subject of Emigration; and the eleventh with the Government
+of our Eastern Empire in all its vast machinery and complicated
+relations. The remaining volumes--for space would fail us to enumerate
+them in detail--treat of such subjects as the Census, Education,
+Convict Discipline, Poor, Post-office, Railways, Shipping, Quarantine,
+Trade and Navigation Returns, Revenue, Population and Commerce,
+Piracy, the Slave Trade, and Treaties and Conventions with Foreign
+States. Last of all, as volume sixty of the set, we have the
+_Numerical List and General Index_, itself a goodly tome of nearly 200
+pages, compiled with immense care, and arranged so perspicuously as to
+afford the utmost facilities for reference.
+
+These papers, as we have said, differ greatly in size. Some consist of
+but a single page, others swell up to volumes two or three inches
+thick, and of perhaps 2000 pages. As to the contents, the majority
+display a mixture of letterpress with tabular matter; and while some
+are wholly letterpress, others present an alarming and endless array
+of figures--filing along, page after page, in irresistible battalions.
+In many, valuable maps and plans are incorporated, with occasional
+designs for public works, &c.
+
+Besides these returns and papers of permanent value, there are daily
+issued during the session programmes of the business of the day,
+entitled _Votes and Proceedings_, and containing a list of the
+subjects, the motions, petitions, bills, &c., that are to be brought
+before the House, according to 'the orders of the day.' These, and all
+the other papers issued by parliament, may be obtained regularly
+through 'all the booksellers,' by any person desiring to have them.
+Their prices are fixed; and in the case of the larger papers, the
+price is printed on the back of each. Copies of bills and returns may
+be had separately, on payment of these affixed prices; and indeed few
+parties require complete sets. Some public libraries take them, as do
+most of the London, and one or two provincial newspapers, by which the
+gentlemen of the press are enabled to compile the numerous articles
+and paragraphs with which all newspaper readers are familiar, and
+which usually begin: 'By a return just issued, we learn,' &c.; or:
+'From a parliamentary paper recently printed, it appears,' &c. The
+public is often considerably indebted to the labours of newspaper men
+in regard to these papers, for the exigence of space, and the
+necessity of beating everything into a readable shape, require them to
+condense the voluminous details of the returns; and their sum and
+substance is thus given without any encumbering extraneous matter.
+
+The cost of complete series of the papers varies from session to
+session, according to the number issued, ranging usually about L.12 or
+L.14.
+
+
+
+
+LIGHTS FOR THE NIGHT.
+
+
+Unquestionably, darkness is disagreeable. Whether to manhood
+hoary-headed in wisdom, or to childhood yet in soft-brained ignorance,
+darkness is an unpleasant fact, to be got over in the best way
+possible--to be got over at all events, and at any cost, and to be
+turned into luminosity by every expedient that can be used.
+Wax-tapers, to throw their soft, luxurious light on my lady's delicate
+face, as she lies like a beautiful piece of marble-work on her dreamy
+couch; shaded lamps for the grave merchant, the virtual king of the
+present, as he sits in his still office, ruling nations by bale and
+bond, and guiding the tide of events by invoices and ship's papers;
+Palmer's candles, under green pent-houses, for students and authors,
+whose eyes must withstand a double strain; the mild house-light, with
+a dash of economy in the selection, whether of oil, sperm, long-fours,
+or short-sixes, for the family group; the white camphene flame for the
+artist: strange mechanisms for the curious; the flaunting brilliancy
+of the coloured chandeliers and cut-glass shades for our English
+Bedouins in the gin-palace; the flaring jet of the open butchers'
+shops; the paper-lantern of the street-stalls; the consumptive dip of
+the slop-worker; the glimmering rush-light for the sick-room; the
+resin torch for the midnight funeral: these, and countless other
+inventions--not to mention the universal gas--assert man's
+disinclination to transact his life in the dark, or to bound his
+powers by the simple arrangements of nature. There are better lights,
+though, than any of these, and a worse than mere physical night, be it
+the blackest with which romancer ever stained his innocent paper, when
+describing those dark deeds on desolate moors which all romancers
+delight in, and which send young ladies pale to bed. The night of the
+mind is worse than the night of time; and lamps which can dispel this
+are more valuable than any which make up for the loss of the sun only,
+though these are grand undertakings too.
+
+Most people know what a Child's night-light is, and most people have
+heard of Belmont Wax, and Price's Patent Candles, though few would be
+able to explain exactly what the warrant guards. But who ever pretends
+to understand patents? The 'Belmont' every one knows; it is a mere
+ordinary wax-candle, which perhaps does not 'gutter' so much as
+others, and with wick more innocent of 'thieves' than most, but with
+nothing more wonderful in appearance than an ordinary candle. A
+Child's night-light, too, has nothing mysterious in its look. It
+greatly resembles the thick stumpy end of a magnificent mould, done up
+in a coloured card-jacket, and with a small thin wick, that gives just
+a point of flame, and no more, by which to light another candle, if
+necessary--of admirable service for this and all other purposes of a
+common-place bedroom. Eccentric sleepers, who write Greek hexameters,
+and fasten on poetic thoughts while the rest of the world are in
+rational slumber, might object to the feebleness of this point of
+light; but eccentricities need provisions of their own, and comets
+have orbits to which the laws of the stars do not apply. For all
+ordinary people, this thick candle-end is a delicious substitute for
+the ghastly rush-light in its chequered cage, which threw strange
+figures on wall and curtain, and gave nervous women the megrims. But
+nothing more is known of Belmonts or night-lights; their birthplace,
+and the manner of their making, are alike hidden from the outer world;
+the uninitiated accept the arcana of tallow only in the positive form.
+It is generally presumed that candles, in the abstract, come from some
+unknown place in 'the City;' but how they are made, or who is employed
+in their making, or how the workmen live in the grease-laden steam of
+the factory, not one in a thousand would know if he could certainly
+none would give himself any trouble to find out. Neither should we
+ourselves have known, had not a little pamphlet, bearing the heading,
+_Special Report by the Directors to the Proprietors of Price's Patent
+Candle Company_, fallen into our hands. Holding the Report open on the
+desk before us, we will now give to our readers the net result of the
+moral doings of the factory.
+
+In the winter of 1848, half-a-dozen of the boys employed in the candle
+manufactory used to hide themselves behind a bench two or three times
+a week, when work and tea were over, to practise writing on useless
+scraps of paper picked up anyhow, and with worn-out pens begged from
+the counting-house. Encouraged by the foreman of their department, who
+begged some rough, movable desks for them, and aided by timely but not
+oppressive prizes from the Messrs Wilson, and by the presence of Mr J.
+P. Wilson, the little self-constituted school progressed considerably,
+until it reached the number of thirty; then a large old building was
+cleared out, a rickety wooden staircase taken down, an iron one put up
+in its stead, and a lofty school-room, capable of holding about 100 or
+more, made in the place of two useless lumber-rooms. The making and
+furnishing that room amounted to L.172. The school for some time held
+to its first principles of self-government. All the instruction,
+discipline, and management were supplied by the boys themselves; and
+when a number of elder boys joined, a committee, appointed by
+themselves, regulated the affairs of the community. However, this did
+not last long. The hot young blood and immature young brain needed a
+stronger curb than self-appointed committees could supply; and by a
+general request, the school has since been worked by authority--this
+authority itself guided by a general vote in many matters of choice
+immediately concerning the scholars. In the following summer--we are
+still in '48--a day-school was held in the room, to which the younger
+boys who were wanted in the factory at uncertain times and for
+indefinite periods, were sent when not employed--drafted from school
+to work, and from work to school, as the necessities of the factory
+required. The annual cost of this day-school is L.130; the total cost
+from the commencement, L.327.
+
+Amusements must now be provided. The first and most obvious were
+tea-parties, the usual rewards to school-children, and often made very
+tedious affairs by the enormous quantity of talk inflicted on them.
+However, Mr Wilson managed better. To the first, many of the boys came
+dirty and untidy; the second shewed a great improvement; the third,
+one still greater; until now, most of the factory-boys assemble to
+chapel, and other places where they ought to be decent, in plain suits
+of black, which give them a neat and even gentlemanlike appearance:
+yes, though the word applied to a set of factory-boys, candlemakers,
+may make many of our readers smile. But for all that constitutes real
+gentlemanlike feeling for order, obedience to authority, courtesy of
+manner, the absence of rudeness, quarrelling, and other petty vices of
+school-boys--these factory lads, taken from the very heart of a low
+population, shine pre-eminently, or rather have shone, since Mr Wilson
+has taken their educational training so much to heart. The first
+tea-party was held on Easter-Monday, as a counterpoise to the
+attractions of Greenwich and Camberwell fairs; and it succeeded in
+that object, evidencing that vice is not that necessary ingredient in
+the pleasures of the people which some people think.
+
+In 1849, the cholera came, peculiarly severe about Lambeth and
+Battersea Fields, where many of the candlemakers lived. Mr Wilson's
+first thought was for the young people in the factory. He consulted
+with his brother, and they took additional counsel of first-rate
+medical men, and then added to the committee a Mr Symes, a gentleman
+holding a field that was waiting to be built on. The result of these
+consultations was, that Mr Symes giving them temporary possession of
+the field, the night-school was closed entirely, and all the boys set
+to work to learn cricket--cricket as the best antidote to cholera the
+directors of Price's Patent could devise. Wise men these directors,
+with some sterling common sense and rare old hearty benevolence mixed
+up with their generous Saxon blood! Mr Symes was not the only
+stranger--for stranger he was--eager to help the directors. A Mr
+Graham came forward, and many others joined in offering; and
+altogether, as Mr J. P. Wilson says, 'everybody's heart seemed to warm
+up to their object.' The plan was a success. Of the whole crowd of
+cricket-players, only one, an interesting lad of seventeen, was lost,
+though most of them had kinspeople dying and dead in their own homes.
+That cricket-ground was not, however, useful only for physical health;
+it presented a beautiful and striking scene, which must have carried
+home to every heart deep thoughts and holy purposes to strengthen the
+soul as well.
+
+'Always when the game was finished,' says Mr Wilson, 'they (the boys)
+collected in a corner of the field, and took off their caps for a very
+short prayer for the safety of themselves and their friends from
+cholera; and the tone in which they said their amen to this, has
+always made me think, that although the school was nominally given up
+for the time, they were really getting from their game, so concluded,
+more moral benefit than any ordinary schooling could have given them.'
+This belief we heartily endorse. That informal prayer, made while the
+blood was warm with happiness and high with health, spoken in the open
+field, by themselves, direct to Heaven, without other interpreter
+between them, must have made a deep impression on the boys. Its very
+informality must have added to its solemnity; making it appear, and
+indeed making it in reality, so much more the genuine, spontaneous,
+heart-spoken expression of each individual, than the mere customary
+attendance on a prescribed form can admit. A field of six and a half
+acres is now rented, at the annual gross cost of L.80, the middle of
+which is kept for the cricket-ground, while the edges are laid down in
+gardens, allotted out.
+
+During all the bright summer weather the boys worked eagerly at their
+gardens, and played perseveringly at cricket--making a happy and
+healthy use of time that otherwise must, if used well, have been spent
+in a dull school-room (not the most inviting of recreations, after a
+hard day's work at the candle-making), or idled away in the streets,
+amongst the unprofitable and unhealthy amusements provided for the
+people. Amongst other good results, Mr Wilson notices that of
+'softening to the boys one of the greatest evils now existing in the
+factory--the night-work, for which the men and boys come in at six in
+the evening, to leave at six in the morning.' These workers do not go
+to bed, it seems, so soon as they leave work: in former days, they
+generally dawdled about, took a walk, or strolled into a gin-palace,
+as it might happen, or did anything else to kill the time until their
+sleeping-hour arrived. Since the cricket-ground has been established,
+however, they rush off to the field on leaving work at six in the
+morning, thoroughly enjoy themselves at gardening and cricket until
+about a quarter past eight; and then, after collecting in a little
+shed, where a verse or two of the New Testament and the Lord's Prayer
+are read to them, they go home to sleep, refreshed by the exercise
+after their unnatural hours, happy, peaceful, and healthy. These are
+the birches and canes of the Messrs Wilson's moral and scholastic
+training!
+
+Then came the summer-excursion. The first experiment was in June 1850,
+when 100 of them went down to Guildford early in the morning, and
+returned late in the evening. It was a beautiful day, bright and
+cloudless; and as those London boys wandered about the country lanes
+and meadows of Guildford, and heard the ceaseless hum of insect life,
+and the uncaged birds singing high in the blue sky, and saw the
+wild-flowers in the hedgerows, and the glancing waters in their way,
+we may be sure that more than mere enjoyment was stored up in their
+minds, and that thoughts which might not be brought out into set
+phrases, but which would be undying in their influence through life,
+were raised in each heart that drank in the glories and the holy
+teaching of nature, perhaps on that day for the first time. It was
+something for them to think of in the toil and heat of the factory; a
+beautiful picture, to fill their minds while their hands were busy at
+their work; and the rippling rivers and singing birds would sing and
+flow again and again in many a young head bending carefully over its
+task. The excursion of the next year was on a grander scale: 250
+started from Vauxhall Bridge, to go down the river to Herne Bay,
+which, though it may sound ludicrously Cockneyfied, was quite as much
+as the strength, and more than the stomachs of the little candlemakers
+could stand; yet very delightful, notwithstanding the qualmishness and
+face-playing of the majority. This year, they are all invited by the
+Bishop of Winchester to the brave old castle of Farnham--a treat to
+which they are looking forward with all the headlong eagerness of
+youth, and which, we trust, will have other and even better results
+than the pleasures we wish them. A bishop entertaining a set of
+factory children will be a welcome sight in these days of clerical
+pomp, when the episcopal purple so often hides the pastoral staff. It
+will be a rare occurrence, but a good practice begun--to be followed,
+we would fain hope, by its like in other districts.
+
+The expense of the day at Guildford was L.28; of that at Herne Bay,
+L.48; the estimated expense of the excursion for the present year is
+L.55. This seems a heavy item for a single day's amusement, but the
+Messrs Wilson have proved the immense advantage which their boys
+derive from these excursions: the hope, the stimulus to exertion--as
+only those who have worked hard at school, and behaved well generally,
+join the cricket-club and the excursionists--the health, the incentive
+to good conduct, and the preservation from evil habits; all these
+varied good effects have convinced the directors that it is money well
+spent--money that will bring in a richer percentage than government
+securities or Australian gold-fields could give, for it brings in the
+percentage of virtue. Not always in the power of money to gain that!
+And right thankful ought we to be, when we have found any investment
+whatever which will return us such rich usurious interest for what is
+in itself so intrinsically valueless.
+
+So much, then, for the Belmont Factory--for the light of that busy
+wax-candle making. Turn we now to the Night-Light Factory, though our
+notice of this must be brief; but brevity befits those thick, short
+candle-ends.
+
+In the autumn of 1849, the night-light trade came into the possession
+of Price's Patent Candle Company. Amongst the Child's Lights we have
+girls to deal with as well as boys--an element not to be provided for
+in the Belmont arrangements, and causing a little difficulty as to
+their proper disposition on first starting. But nothing seems to daunt
+Mr Wilson. Give him but a square inch for his foothold, and his moral
+lever will raise any given mass of ignorance, and remove any possible
+amount of obstruction. After a little time, and some expense, one of
+the railway arches near the night-factory was taken possession of,
+fitted up, made water-tight, and turned into a school-room for the
+boys and girls of the adopted concern. The expense of preparing and
+furnishing that arch was L.93. Still, the girls remained as a doubtful
+and untried version of the Belmont success; but by the energetic aid
+of a lady, much experienced in such matters, and by the untiring cares
+of a chaplain recently appointed to the factory, and who is in reality
+the moral and educational superintendent of the whole, something of
+the uncertainty hanging over the result has been removed, and all
+matters have greatly improved. Inasmuch as the character of women is
+of more delicate texture than that of men, so are the managers of the
+Night-Light School more careful to secure an unexceptionable set of
+girls in the school, that prudent parents may send their children
+there without alarm, and without more danger of contamination than
+must always arise where a number of human beings, adults or youths,
+are assembled together.
+
+Everything seems prospering. Church-organs in the school-rooms,
+chapel-services at various times as the different sets of workmen come
+and go, and flourishing schools for the mere child up to the actual
+young man, supply all the spiritual, intellectual, and devotional
+requirements of the work-people; games, gardening, excursions, and a
+general friendliness between masters and people, form their social
+happiness; and useful arts taught and about to be taught, help to make
+up the wellbeing of the community. Tailoring and shoemaking are to be
+learned, not as trades, but as domestic aids, many working-men having
+found the advantage, in various ways, of being able to do those little
+repairs at home which perishable garments are always requiring; and a
+shop full of young coopers employs another section of tradesmen in
+rather large numbers. For this last improvement, Mr J. Wilson was
+obliged to take up his freedom of the city, that he might apprentice
+the lads to himself, as it is a rule among the coopers that no one
+follows this trade, which is a close one, without having learned it by
+regular apprenticeship. However, a freeman can take apprentices in any
+trade, whether close or open, provided he does teach them a _bonâ
+fide_ business; and Mr Wilson availed himself of this privilege, and
+netted to himself a batch of young coopers, as we have said. So much
+can one earnest wish to be of real use to a cause or a generation
+enable a single individual to do! We may be sure that when we talk of
+our inability to do good, we mean our inattention to means, not our
+incapacity from want of them.
+
+The expenses we have quoted were all originally borne by Mr J. P.
+Wilson. In three years, he spent L.3289 in payments to teachers, in
+fitting up schools, in cricket-grounds, excursions, chaplain's salary,
+&c. His own salary is L.1000 per annum. And though the proprietors
+have refunded all moneys spent by him on these things, and have taken
+on themselves the future expenses of the institutions commenced by
+him, yet that does not diminish the worth of his magnificent
+intentions, or take from the largeness of his self-sacrifice and
+generosity. Add to this simple expenditure--for it was made in good
+faith, and in the belief that it was a virtual sacrifice of
+income--the labour, want of rest, the constant thought at all times
+and under all sorts of pressure--illness and business the most
+frequent--and we may form a slight estimate of what this glorious work
+of educating his young charge has cost a man whose name we must ever
+mention with respect.
+
+In Mr J. Wilson's Report, there are many points unattainable to
+moderate incomes and circumscribed resources, but many also that it is
+in the power of every man of education, and consequently of influence,
+to carry out in his neighbourhood. Amongst them is that simple item of
+the cricket-field and garden-ground. It has become so much the fashion
+among certain of us, renowned more for zeal than knowledge, to cry
+down all amusements for the people, as tending to the subversion and
+overthrow of morality, to shut them out from all but the church, the
+conventicle, and the gin-shop--that any recognition of this mistake in
+a more liberal arrangement, may be hailed as the inauguration of an
+era of common sense, and consequently of true morality. Amusements are
+absolutely necessary for mankind. The nation never existed on this
+earth which could dispense with them. Sects rise up every now and then
+which carry their abhorrence of all that is not fanaticism--after
+their own pattern--to the extreme, and which lay pleasure under the
+same curse with vice; but sects are cometic, and are not to be judged
+of after the generalisations of national character. Practically, we
+find that rigidness and vice, amusements and morality, go together,
+Siamese-like. In the year of the Crystal Palace, the London
+magistrates had fewer petty criminals brought before them than at any
+other period of the same duration; and what Mr Wilson proves in his
+cricket-ground, what London shewed in the time of the World's Fair,
+generations and countries would always exhibit in larger characters,
+more widely read--that the mind and body of man require
+amusement--simple pleasure--purposeless, aimless, unintellectual,
+physical pleasure--as much as his digestive organs require food and
+his hands work; not as the sole employment, but mixed in with, and
+forming the basis and the body of higher things--the strong practical
+woof through which the warp of golden stuff is woven into a glorious
+fabric--a glorious fabric of national progression. Yes, and into a
+wider garment still; one that will cover many an outlying Bedouin
+cowering in the darkness round--one that will join together the high
+and the low, the good and the bad, and so knead up the baser element
+into amalgamation with and absorption into the higher. This is no
+ideal theory. It is a possibility, a practical fact, proved in this
+place and in that--wherever men have taken the trouble to act on
+rational bases and on a true acceptation of the needs of human nature.
+For as the quality of light is to spread, and as the higher things
+will always absorb the lower, so will schools and kindly sympathy
+diffuse knowledge and virtue among the ignorant and brutalised; and
+Love to Humanity will once more read its mission in the salvation of a
+world.
+
+
+
+
+OUT-OF-DOORS LIFE IN CENTRAL EUROPE.
+
+
+The out-of-doors life enjoyed by the inhabitants of the continent,
+strikes a person, unacquainted with their habits and manners, more
+perhaps than anything which meets his eye in that part of the world.
+Rational, agreeable, and healthy as it is, it requires a long time
+before a thorough Englishman can accustom himself to it, or feel at
+all comfortable in eating his meals in the open air, surrounded by two
+or three hundred persons employed in the same manner, or crossing and
+recrossing, and circling round his table. He is apt to fancy himself
+the sole object of curiosity; while, in reality, the eyes which seem
+to mark him out, have in them perhaps as little speculation as if they
+were turned on vacancy. We have been amused, and sometimes ashamed, in
+witnessing the painful awkwardness of many of those numerous
+steam-boat voyagers who, subscribing in London for their passage to
+and from the Rhine in a given time, and for a trifling sum, find
+themselves in a few hours transported from the bustle of Oxford
+Street, Ludgate Hill, or the Strand, to the happy, idle, _fat_,
+laughing, easy enjoyment of a German _Thee-Garten_, in the midst of
+four or five hundred men, women, and children--all eating, drinking,
+and smoking as if time, cares, and business had no influence over
+them. It is a life so new to him, and so diametrically opposed to all
+his habits and notions, that, in general, it affords him anything but
+ease and enjoyment. To those, however, who know how to enjoy it, it
+affords both. There is in these popular reunions an ease and
+confidence, a _bonhomie_ and freedom, of which a Briton, with all his
+boasted liberty, has no idea. What is strangest of all to him, no
+distinction of rank, wealth, or profession is acknowledged. There are
+no reserved places. The rich and the poor, the prince and the artisan,
+sit down at the same kind of modest little green-painted tables, with
+rush-bottomed chairs, all kind, affable, and jovial--all respecting
+each other. The child of the citizen comes up without restraint, and
+plays with the sword-knot of the commander-in-chief; and the little
+princess will naďvely offer her bunch of grapes to the peasant who
+sits at the next table with his pipe and his tall glass of Bavarian
+beer. And yet the truest decorum is observed. There is no noise, no
+rioting, no intoxication; we have never witnessed a single example of
+any of these inconveniences. The education and habits of all the
+inhabitants of this part of the world, have been from infancy so
+regulated, and during many generations so completely formed to this
+sort of life, that not the smallest ungracious familiarity ever
+troubles these kindly popular reunions.
+
+But let us come to a definite description. We will take the
+Blum-Garten at Prague, for example--a city where the aristocracy are
+as exclusive, as it is called, as anywhere in the world. This garden,
+or rather park, is an imperial domain, having formed part of the
+hunting-park of the emperors of Germany in the beginning of the
+fourteenth century. It was planted by the great and good Charles IV.,
+king of Bohemia, and emperor of Germany, son of that blind king who
+was killed at the battle of Cressy by Edward the Black Prince. This
+park is situated without the fortifications of the Hradschin, at about
+half an hour's walk from them, in a valley formed by the river Moldau,
+and stretches away to the plateau which forms the eastern boundary of
+the valley. On the edge of this plateau, surrounded by gardens and
+plantations, is situated the Lust-Haus, or summer residence, in which
+the governor of Bohemia, or the members of the imperial family in
+Prague, pass some days at intervals during the summer months. The
+principal descent to the park is by a broad drive, which zig-zags till
+it gains the proper level. There are also several pleasant paths which
+descend in labyrinths under a profusion of lilacs and other flowering
+shrubs, overhung by birches and all kinds of forest-trees.
+
+At the foot of the drive is the house of general entertainment,
+consisting of several apartments, together with a spacious
+ball-room--an indispensable requisite, as on the continent all the
+world dances. From this house stretches a long wide gravel space,
+completely shaded from the noonday heat by four or five vast lime-tree
+alleys, beneath which are placed some fifty or a hundred tables. A
+military band is always to be found on fęte-days, and very good music
+of some kind is never wanting. Here the whole population of Prague
+circle with perfect freedom, and with no attempt at class separations.
+The first comer is first served, taking any vacant place most suited
+to his fancy, or to the convenience of his party. At one table may be
+seen the Countess Grünne, her governess, and children, taking their
+coffee with as much ease and simplicity as if she were in her own
+private garden; at another, a group of peasants, with their smiling
+faces and picturesque costumes; at a third table, a soldier and his
+old mother and sister, whom he is treating on his arrival in his
+native town. Then come the Archduke Stephen, with his imperial
+retinue, and one or two general-officers with their staffs; and at a
+little distance, with a merry party of laughing guests, the Prince and
+Princess Coloredo. In short, all the tables are by and by occupied by
+guests continually succeeding each other, of all classes and of all
+professions, from the imperial family, down to the most humble
+artisan; all gay, amiable, condescending on the one side; happy,
+respectful, and free from restraint on the other. Thus the season
+passes in that delicious climate, which is rendered a thousand times
+more delicious by the harmony and good-feeling reigning throughout all
+these mingled classes of society. In the evening, the same joyous
+reunions again take place, with this exception, that after dinner
+(which meal takes place generally from three to four, _very rarely_ so
+late as six, and that only within the last three or four years) the
+aristocracy drive round the broad shady alleys of the park till
+sunset, while the lawns and paths are crowded with innumerable groups
+of pedestrians, before or after taking their evening repast under the
+lime-trees.
+
+But what makes summer life so agreeable in these countries, is the
+simplicity and cheapness with which every variety of necessary
+refreshment and restoration is afforded, and the multiplicity of
+places where such are to be found. Walk in whatever direction you may,
+in the environs of any town--wherever there is shade, wherever there
+is a grove, or a clump of acacias, limes, or chestnuts, the favourite
+trees for such purposes, and consequently much cultivated--there you
+are sure to find rest and refreshment suited to the wants and purses
+of all classes--from the most simple brown bread, milk, and beer, to
+the most delicate sweetmeats and wines. In the article of wine,
+however, Bohemia is not so favoured; but this is a circumstance more
+felt by the stranger than by the natives, who like the wines of their
+own country, as they do the beer better than our ale and porter.
+Still, there are some passably good wines, such as Melnik, Czerniska,
+and one or two others, and all at a moderate price, varying from 8d.
+to 1s. a bottle. But in Hungary we have good wines and extraordinarily
+cheap, which adds much to these rural out-of-doors reunions. It is
+true, that some of the most fashionable restaurateurs, both in the
+town and country, have been much spoiled by the extravagance of the
+higher classes, who are here the most reckless; carrying this vice in
+Europe to an excess which has ruined, or greatly embarrassed, almost
+all the nobility of the kingdom. Notwithstanding this passion,
+however, for everything that is foreign, few countries can be at all
+compared with Hungary as to its wines, many of which are scarcely
+known to any but to the peasants who grow them, and the local
+consumers of the same class. These wines, with which every peasant's
+house, especially on the skirts of the mountain-districts, and every
+little bothy-like public-house, are abundantly furnished, are both red
+and white, and at a price within the reach of the poorest peasant.
+Even in and about the great towns--such as Presburg, near the frontier
+of Austria--where every article of food is double and treble the price
+of the interior--the wines cost no more than from 2d. to 3d. a quart.
+Most of the peasants grow their own, and make from 50 to 200, and even
+1500 eimers or casks, containing 63 bottles each; and this is not like
+many of the poor, thin, acid wines, known in so many parts of Germany,
+the north of France, and other countries; but strong, generous
+beverage, with a delicious flavour, perfectly devoid of acidity, and
+at the same time particularly wholesome. Many of the white wines we
+prefer to the generality of those from the Rhine, Moselle, &c.; the
+red has a kind of Burgundy flavour, with a sparkling dash of
+champagne, and is nearly as strong as port, without its heating
+qualities.
+
+For the sake of these agreeable and cheap enjoyments, the whole of the
+population of the towns pass a great part of the summer in the woods,
+orchards, and gardens in the neighbourhood, where every want of the
+table is supplied without the trouble of marketing, cooking, or
+firing; and, consequently, in the cool of a summer morning, the
+inhabitants of Presburg, for instance, may be seen strolling in
+different directions--either ascending the vine-covered hills to the
+fresh tops, or wending their way through the deep, shady woods, along
+the side of the Danube, to the Harbern or the Alt Mülau. There, after
+having sharpened their appetites with this charming walk, they find
+themselves seated at a neat little table, beneath the shade of an old
+chestnut or elm. The cloth is laid by the vigilant host as soon as the
+guest is seated, and often before, as the former knows his hour; for
+nothing in machinery can equal the regularity with which meal-hours
+are ordered, especially in Germany, where the habitual greeting on the
+road is: 'Ich wünsche guten appetit'--(I wish you a good appetite.)
+Coffee, wine, eggs, butter, sausages, Hungarian and Italian, the
+original dimensions of which are often two feet long, and four to five
+inches thick: these are to be found at the most humble houses of
+resort, among which are those frequented by the foresters and
+gamekeepers, not professed houses of entertainment, yet always
+provided with such materials for those who love the merry greenwood,
+and who extend their walks within their cool and solitary depths. And
+now we must speak of the expenses of these rural repasts. A party of
+five persons can breakfast in the above manner--that is to say, on
+coffee, eggs; sausages, rolls, butter, and a quart bottle of wine--for
+something less than 4-1/4d. a head. Those who breakfast more simply,
+take coffee and rolls--and the natives rarely, if ever, eat butter in
+the morning, though a profusion of this, as well as of oil and lard,
+enters into the preparation for dinner--and such guests pay only from
+3d. to 3-1/2d. But if wine, which is the most common native
+production, is taken instead of coffee, it is always cheaper. Among
+the middle and lower classes, the favourite refreshment is wine,
+household bread, and walnuts; and thus you will constantly find
+labourers, foresters, or wood-cutters, joyfully breakfasting together,
+with their large slices of brown bread and a bottle of wine, for 2d. a
+head. Many, again, of the lower classes of labourers bring their own
+home-baked bread in their pockets, and get their large tumbler of good
+wine to moisten it for a half-penny.
+
+The evening, however, is the great time for recreation and redoubled
+enjoyment, as the labours and occupations of the day have then ceased;
+and all without exception, rich and poor, flock from the town to the
+sweet, cool, flowery repose of the woods and vineyards, and there take
+their evening repast in the midst of the wild luxuriance of nature,
+'health in the gale, and fragrance on the breeze.' And when the sun is
+gone down, they return in the cool twilight to their homes, where they
+find that sweet sleep which movement in the open air alone can give,
+and which, with our more confined British habits, few but the peasant
+ever enjoy.
+
+A word more on Presburg, and we have done. In winter, this place, so
+little known to travellers, is frequented by the best society in
+Hungary; and it becomes a little metropolis, to which many of the
+nobility resort from the distance of 300 to 500 miles--from Tokay, and
+beyond the Theiss and Transylvania. In summer, perhaps, it offers
+still more enjoyment; for although the winter society is then
+scattered far and near, the town is always animated by the presence of
+those who are continually coming and going between Pesth and all parts
+of the south of Hungary and Vienna, conveyed either by the railway or
+by the numerous steam-boats which daily ply on the Danube. The
+neighbourhood, as We have already mentioned, is full of simple and
+healthy enjoyments, from the number of its delicious drives and walks,
+and places of rural entertainment, the quaint names of some of which
+cannot fail to amuse and attract the stranger. At about half an hour's
+drive from the town is the Chokolaten-Garten, much frequented for its
+excellent chocolate, which is manufactured on the spot. A little
+further on, and situated in the centre of one of the most beautiful
+little valleys of the Kleine Karpathen, is the Eisen-Brundel, a large
+house of entertainment, with a spacious dancing-room; and, without, a
+luxuriant grove of fine old trees, forming an impenetrable shelter,
+beneath which are arranged a number of tables and chairs. Here every
+species of entertainment is to be found, from the most simple brown
+bread, milk, and fruits, to the most sumptuous champagne dinners; and
+the prince and the peasant take their places without ceremony, as in
+the olden time of Robin Hood and Little John--'all merry under the
+greenwood tree.'
+
+Numerous other and still more simple places of refreshment and
+enjoyment present themselves at every turn of those delicious
+mountain-paths, which lead through the little valleys and hollows of
+the vineyards overlooking the town. One of the most agreeable is on
+the summit of the hill, near the little chapel of St Mary, called
+Marien Kirche, under the Kalvarienberg, and from which the eye looks
+over the whole town and the plain which stretches towards Pesth, and
+through which the Danube winds like a vast silver serpent, till it is
+lost in the far woods and dim distance. Lower down, and still nearer
+the town, in a little valley, is 'The Entrance to the New World!' The
+house is deliciously situated half-way up a wooded hill crowned with
+pines, and clothed with rich orchards and vineyards; not far off, in
+another little valley, are the Patzen-Häuser, with their orchards and
+gardens; and higher up we come to 'The Entrance to Paradise!' whence,
+as might be expected, there is a most superb view. This embraces the
+whole plain so far as the eye can reach towards the east and south; on
+the north it is bounded by the towering mountains of the Great
+Carpathians, the haunt of bears and wolves, wild boars and stags; and
+to the west, between the valleys which are formed by the hills of this
+smaller range of the same mountains, is seen the plain of Vienna, in
+the midst of which can be distinguished in a clear day the tall spire
+of St Stephen, rising as if from the bosom of the imperial park which
+conceals the capital. Beyond this towers the Neu-klosterberg, with its
+vast monastery; and further to the left, like white broken clouds in
+the blue horizon, are the snow-clad mountains of Steyer-mark (Styria.)
+
+
+
+
+MY FIRST BRIEF.
+
+
+I had been at Westminster, and was slowly returning to my 'parlour
+near the sky,' in Plowden Buildings, in no very enviable frame of
+mind. Another added to the long catalogue of unemployed days and
+sleepless nights. It was now four years since my call to the bar, and
+notwithstanding a constant attendance in the courts, I had hitherto
+failed in gaining business. God knows, it was not my fault! During my
+pupilage, I had read hard, and devoted every energy to the mastery of
+a difficult profession, and ever since that period I had pursued a
+rigid course of study. And this was the result, that at the age of
+thirty I was still wholly dependent for my livelihood on the somewhat
+slender means of a widowed mother. Ah! reader, if as you ramble
+through the pleasant Temple Gardens, on some fine summer evening,
+enjoying the cool river breeze, and looking up at those half-monastic
+retreats, in which life would seem to glide along so calmly, if you
+could prevail upon some good-natured Asmodeus to shew you the secrets
+of the place, how your mind would shudder at the long silent suffering
+endured within its precincts. What blighted hopes and crushed
+aspirations, what absolute privation and heart-rending sorrow, what
+genius killed and health utterly broken down! Could the private
+history of the Temple be written, it would prove one of the most
+interesting, but, at the same time, one of the most mournful books
+ever given to the public.
+
+I was returning, as I said, from Westminster, and wearily enough I
+paced along the busy streets, exhausted by the stifling heat of the
+Vice-Chancellor's court, in which I had been patiently sitting since
+ten o'clock, vainly waiting for that 'occasion sudden' of which our
+old law-writers are so full. Moodily, too, I was revolving in my mind
+our narrow circumstances, and the poor hopes I had of mending them; so
+that it was with no hearty relish I turned into the Cock Tavern, in
+order to partake of my usual frugal dinner. Having listlessly
+despatched it, I sauntered into the garden, glad to escape from the
+noise and confusion of the mighty town; and throwing myself on a seat
+in one of the summer-houses, watched, almost mechanically, the rapid
+river-boats puffing up and down the Thames, with their gay crowds of
+holiday-makers covering the decks, the merry children romping over the
+trim grass-plot, making the old place echo again with their joyous
+ringing laughter. I must have been in a very desponding humour that
+evening, for I continued sitting there unaffected by the mirth of the
+glad little creatures around me, and I scarcely remember another
+instance of my being proof against the infectious high spirits of
+children. Time wore on, and the promenaders, one after the other, left
+the garden, the steam-boats became less frequent, and gradually lights
+began to twinkle from the bridges and the opposite shore. Still I
+never once thought of removing from my seat, until I was requested to
+do so by the person in charge of the grounds, who was now going round
+to lock the gates for the night. Staring at the man for a moment half
+unconsciously, as if suddenly awaked out of a dream, I muttered a few
+words about having forgotten the lateness of the hour, and departed.
+To shake off the depression under which I was labouring, I turned into
+the brilliantly-lighted streets, thinking that the excitement would
+distract my thoughts from their gloomy objects; and after walking for
+some little time, I entered a coffee-house, at that period much
+frequented by young lawyers. Here I ordered a cup of tea, and took up
+a newspaper to read; but after vainly endeavouring to interest myself
+in its pages, and feeling painfully affected by the noisy hilarity of
+some gay young students in a neighbouring box, I drank off my sober
+beverage, and walked home to my solitary chambers. Oh, how dreary they
+appeared that night!--how desolate seemed the uncomfortable, dirty,
+cold staircase, and that remarkable want of all sorts of conveniences,
+for which the Temple has acquired so great a notoriety! In fine, I was
+fairly hipped; and being convinced of the fact, smoked a pipe or
+two--thought over old days and their vanished joys--and retired to
+rest. I soon fell into a profound sleep, from which I arose in the
+morning much refreshed; and sallying forth after breakfast with
+greater alacrity than usual, took my seat in court, and was beginning
+to grow interested in a somewhat intricate case which involved some
+curious legal principles, when my attention was directed to an old
+man, whom I had frequently seen there before, beckoning to me. I
+immediately followed him out of court, when he turned round and said:
+'I beg your pardon, Mr ----, for interrupting you, but I fancy you are
+not very profitably engaged just now?'
+
+I smiled, and told him he had stated a melancholy truth.
+
+'I thought so,' answered he with a twinkle of his bright gray eye.
+'Now'--and he subdued his voice to a whisper--'I can put a little
+business into your hands. No thanks, sir,' said he, hastily checking
+my expressions of gratitude--'no thanks; you owe me no thanks; and as
+I am a man of few words, I will at once state my meaning. For many
+years, I have been in the habit of employing Mr ----' (naming an
+eminent practitioner); 'and feeling no great love for the profession,
+intrusted all my business to him, and cared not to extend my
+acquaintance with the members of the bar. Well, sir, I have an
+important case coming on next week, and as bad luck will have it,
+T----'s clerk has just brought me back the brief, with the
+intelligence that his master is suddenly taken dangerously ill, and
+cannot possibly attend to any business. Here I was completely flung,
+not knowing whom to employ in this affair. I at length remembered
+having noticed a studious-looking young man, who generally sat taking
+notes of the various trials. I came to court in order to see whether
+this youth was still at his ungrateful task, when my eyes fell upon
+you. Yes, young man, I had intended once before rewarding you for your
+patient industry, and now I have an opportunity of fulfilling those
+intentions. Do you accept the proposal?'
+
+'With the greatest pleasure!' cried I, pressing his proffered hand
+with much emotion, quite unable to conceal my joy.
+
+'It is as I thought,' muttered he to himself, turning to depart. Then
+suddenly looking up, he requested my address, and wished me
+good-morning.
+
+How I watched the receding form of the stranger! how I scanned over
+his odd little figure! and how I loved him for his great goodness! I
+could remain no longer in court. The interesting property case had
+lost all its attractions; so I slipped off my wig and gown, and
+hastened home to set my house in order for the expected visit. After
+completing all the necessary arrangements, I took down a law-book and
+commenced reading, in order to beguile away the time. Two, three
+o'clock arrived, and still no tidings of my client; I began almost to
+despair of his coming, when some one knocked at the outer-door; and on
+opening it, I found the old man's clerk with a huge packet of papers
+in his hand, which he gave me, saying his master would call the
+following morning. I clutched the papers eagerly, and turned them
+admiringly over and over. I read my name on the back, Mr ----, six
+guineas. My eyes, I feel sure, must have sparkled at the golden
+vision. Six guineas! I could scarcely credit my good-fortune. After
+the first excitement had slightly calmed down, I drew a chair to the
+table, and looked at the labour before me. I found that it was a much
+entangled Chancery suit, and would require all the legal ability I
+could muster to conquer its details. I therefore set myself vigorously
+to work, and continued at my task until the first gray streak of dawn
+warned me to desist. Next day, I had an interview with the old
+solicitor, and rather pleased him by my industry in the matter. Well,
+the week slipped by, and everything was in readiness for the
+approaching trial. All had been satisfactorily arranged between myself
+and leader, a man of considerable acumen, and the eventful morning at
+length arrived. I had passed a restless night, and felt rather
+feverish, but was determined to exert myself to the utmost, as, in all
+probability, my future success hung on the way I should acquit myself
+that day of my duty. The approaching trial was an important one, and
+had already drawn some attention. I therefore found the court rather
+crowded, particularly by an unusual number of 'the unemployed bar,'
+who generally throng to hear a maiden-speech. Two or three ordinary
+cases stood on the cause-list before mine, and I was anxiously waiting
+their termination, when my client whispered in my ear: 'Mr S---- (the
+Queen's counsel in the case) has this instant sent down to say, he
+finds it will be impossible for him to attend to-day, as he is
+peremptorily engaged before the House of Lords. The common dodge of
+these gentry,' continued he in a disrespectful tone. 'They never find
+that it will be impossible to attend so long as the _honorarium_ is
+unpaid; afterwards---- Bah! Mere robbery, sir--taking the money, and
+shirking the work. However, as we cannot help ourselves, you must do
+the best you can alone; for I fear the judge will not postpone the
+trial any longer. Come, and have a dram of brandy, and keep your
+nerves steady, and all will go well.' I need not say it required all
+his persuasion to enable me to pluck up sufficient courage to fight
+the battle, deserted as I now found myself by my leader; still, I
+resolved to make the attempt. Presently the awful moment arrived, and
+I rose in a state of intense trepidation. The judge seeing a stranger
+about to conduct the case, put his glass up to his eye, in order the
+better to make himself acquainted with my features, and at the same
+time demanded my name. I shall never forget the agitation of that
+moment. I literally shook as I heard the sound of my own voice
+answering his question. I felt that a hundred eyes were upon me, ready
+to ridicule any blunder I might commit, and even now half enjoying my
+nervousness. For a minute, I was so dizzy and confused, that I found
+it utterly impossible to proceed; but, warned by the deep-toned voice
+of the magistrate that the court was waiting for me, I made a
+desperate effort at self-control, and commenced. A dead quiet
+prevailed as I opened the case, and for a few minutes I went on
+scarcely knowing what I was about, when I was suddenly interrupted by
+the vice-chancellor asking me a question. This timely little incident
+in some measure tended to restore my self-possession, and I found I
+got on afterwards much more comfortably; and, gradually warming with
+the subject, which I thoroughly understood, finally lost all
+trepidation, and brought my speech to a successful close. It occupied
+at least two hours; and when I sat down, the judge smiled, and paid a
+compliment to the ability with which he was pleased to say I had
+conducted the process, whilst at least a dozen hands were held out to
+congratulate on his success the poor lawyer whom they had passed by in
+silent contempt a hundred times before. So runs life. Had I failed
+through nervousness, or any other accident, derisive laughter would
+have greeted my misfortune. As it was, I began to have troops of
+friends. To be brief, I won the day, and from that lucky circumstance
+rose rapidly into practice.
+
+Years rolled on, and I gradually became a marked man in the
+profession, gaining in due time that summit of a junior's ambition--a
+silk gown. I now began to live in a style of considerable comfort, and
+was what the world calls a very rising lawyer, when I one day happened
+to be retained as counsel in a political case then creating much
+excitement. I chanced to be on the popular side; and, from the
+exertions I made, found myself suddenly brought into contact with the
+leading men of the party in the town where the dispute arose. They
+were so well satisfied with my endeavours to gain the cause, as to
+offer to propose me as a candidate for the representation of their
+borough at the next vacancy. This proposition, after some
+consideration, I accepted; and accordingly, when the general election
+took place, found myself journeying down to D----, canvassing the
+voters, flattering some, consoling others, using the orthodox
+electioneering tricks of platform-speaking, treating, &c. Politics ran
+very high just then, and the two parties were nearly balanced, so that
+every nerve was strained on each side to win the victory. All business
+was suspended. Bands of music paraded the streets, party flags waved
+from the house windows, whilst gay rosettes fastened to the
+button-hole attested their wearer's opinions. All was noise, and
+excitement, and confusion. At length the important hour drew near for
+closing the polling-booths. Early in the morning, we were still in a
+slight minority, and almost began to despair of the day. All now
+depended on a few voters living at some distance, whose views could
+not be clearly ascertained. Agents from either side had been
+despatched during the night to beat up these stragglers, and on their
+decision rested the final issue. Hour after hour anxiously passed
+without any intelligence. My opponents rubbed their hands, and looked
+pleasant, when, about half an hour before the close of the poll, a
+dusty coach drove rapidly into the town, and eight men, more or less
+inebriated, rolled out to record their votes. The following morning,
+amidst the stillness of deep suspense, the mayor read the result of
+the election, which gave me a majority of three. Such a shout of joy
+arose from the liberals as quite to drown the hisses of the contending
+faction; and at length I rose, flushed with excitement, to return
+thanks. This proved the signal for another burst of applause; and amid
+the shouting and groaning, screaming and waving of hats, I lost all
+presence of mind, and fell overcome into the arms of my nearest
+supporters.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+'Dear me, sir, you've been wandering strangely in your sleep. Here
+have I been a-knocking at the door this half-hour. The shaving-water
+is getting cold, and Mr Thomas is waiting yonder in the other room, to
+give you some papers he's got this morning.'
+
+I rose, rubbed my eyes, wondered what it all meant. Ah, yes; there was
+no mistaking the room and Mrs M'Donnell's good-natured Scotch voice.
+It was all a dream, and my imagination had magnified the thumping at
+the door into the 'sweet music of popular applause.' I fell back in
+bed, hid my face in the pillow, sighed over my short-lived glory, and
+felt very wretched when my young clerk came smiling into the room.
+'Here's some business at last, sir!' cried the boy with pleasure.
+
+To his astonishment, I looked carelessly at the papers, and found they
+consisted of 'a motion of course,' which some tender-hearted attorney
+had kindly sent me. Heigh-ho! it was all to be done over again! I
+flung the document on the ground in utter despair; but gradually
+recovering my temper, I at length took heart, and fell earnestly to
+work. At all events, this was a _real_ beginning; so I began to grow
+reconciled to the ruin of my stately castle of cards. It was a cruel
+blow, though; and now, reader, you have learned how I came by MY FIRST
+BRIEF.
+
+
+
+
+ELECTRO-BIOLOGY--(SO-CALLED.)
+
+
+That the phenomena now so commonly exhibited under the above title,
+demand a careful examination, and, if possible, a distinct
+explanation, will be readily admitted. It is clear that they ought not
+to be allowed to rest as materials for popular amusement, but should
+be submitted to strict scientific inquiry. The theory which so boldly
+ascribes them to electric influence, should be strictly examined. If
+this theory is found to be untenable, some important questions will
+remain to be considered; such as: May not the phenomena be explained
+on physiological principles? and, Is it not probable that the means
+employed may have an injurious tendency?
+
+The extent to which public attention has been excited by the
+phenomena, may be guessed by a glance at the advertising columns of
+the _Times_, and by placards meeting the eye in various parts of the
+country, announcing that, 'at the Mechanics' Institute,' or elsewhere,
+experiments will be performed in 'electro-biology,' when 'persons in a
+perfectly wakeful state' will be 'deprived of the powers of sight,
+hearing, and taste,' and subjected to various illusions. One
+advertiser professes to give 'the philosophy of the science;' another
+undertakes to 'reveal the secret,' so as to enable _any_ person to
+make the experiments; and another undertakes the cure of 'palsy,
+deafness, and rheumatism.' Lectures on the topic, in London and in the
+provincial towns, are now exciting great astonishment in the minds of
+many, and give rise to considerable controversy respecting the theory
+and the _modus operandi_.
+
+It is on this latter point--the means by which the effects are
+produced--that we would chiefly direct our inquiry, for we shall very
+briefly dismiss the attempt to explain them by a vague charge of
+collusion or imposture.
+
+If this charge could be reasonably maintained, it would, of course,
+make all further remarks unnecessary, as our topic would then no
+longer be one for scientific investigation, but could only be added to
+the catalogue of fraud. It is possible that there may have been _some_
+cases of feigning among the experiments, but these do not affect the
+general reality of the effects produced. So epilepsy and catalepsy
+have been feigned; but these diseases are still found real in too many
+instances. We need not dwell on this point; for it may be safely
+assumed, that all persons who have had a fair acquaintance with the
+experiments of electro-biology (so-called), are fully convinced that,
+in a great number of cases, the effects seen are real and sincere, not
+simulated. The question then remains: Are these effects fairly
+attributed to 'electric' influence, or may they not be truly explained
+by some other cause?
+
+Before we proceed to consider this question, it will be well to give
+some examples of the phenomena to which our remarks apply. We shall
+state only such cases as we have seen and carefully examined.
+
+A. is a young man well known by a great number of the
+spectators--unsuspected of falsehood--knows nothing of the
+experimenter or of electro-biology, not even the meaning of the words.
+After submitting to the process employed by the lecturer--sitting
+still, and gazing fixedly upon a small disk of metal for about a
+quarter of an hour--he is selected as a suitable subject. When told by
+the experimenter that he cannot open his eyes, he seems to make an
+effort, but does not open them until he is assured that he can do so.
+He places his hand upon a table--is told that he cannot take the hand
+off the table--seems to make a strong effort to remove it, but fails,
+until it is liberated by a word from the lecturer. A walking-stick is
+now placed in his right hand, and he is challenged to strike the
+extended hand of the lecturer. He throws back the stick over his
+shoulder, and seems to have a very good will to strike, but cannot
+bring the stick down upon the hand. He afterwards declares to all who
+question him, that he 'tried with all his might' to strike the hand.
+A. has certainly no theatrical talents; but his looks and gestures,
+when he is made to believe that he is exposed to a terrific storm,
+convey a very natural expression of terror. He regards the imaginary
+flashes of lightning with an aspect of dismay, which, if simulated,
+would be a very good specimen of acting. In many other experiments
+performed upon him, the effects seem to be such as are quite beyond
+the reach of any scepticism with regard to his sincerity. He cannot
+pronounce his own name--does not know, or at least cannot _tell_, the
+name of the town in which he lives--cannot recognise one face in the
+room where scores of people, who know him very well, are now laughing
+at him. On the other side, we must state, that when a glass of water
+is given to him, and he is told that it is vinegar, he persists in
+saying that he tastes water, and nothing else. This is almost the only
+experiment that fails upon him.
+
+B. is an intelligent man, upwards of thirty years of age, of nervous
+temperament. His honesty and veracity are quite beyond all rational
+doubt. The numerous spectators, who have known him well for many
+years, are quite sure that if he has any will in the matter, it is
+simply to defeat the lecturer's purpose. However, after he has
+submitted himself to the process, the experiments made upon him prove
+successful. He is naturally a fluent talker, but now cannot, without
+difficulty and stammering, pronounce his own name, an easy
+monosyllable--cannot strike the lecturer's hand--cannot rise from a
+chair, &c. We may add, that he cannot be made to mistake water for
+vinegar.
+
+One more case. C. is a tradesman, middle-aged, has no tendency to
+mysticism or imaginative reverie--knows nothing of 'mesmerism' or
+'electro-biology'--was never suspected of falsehood or imposition. He
+proves, however, the most pliable of all the patients--the experiments
+succeed with him to the fullest extent--his imagination and his senses
+seem to be placed entirely under the control of the experimenter.
+Standing before a large audience, he is made to believe that he and
+the lecturer are alone in the room. He cannot recognise his own wife,
+who sits before him. He cannot step from the platform, which is about
+one foot higher than the floor. When informed that his limbs are too
+feeble to support him, he totters, and would fall if not held. Many of
+the experiments upon him, shewing an extreme state of mental and
+physical prostration, are rather painful to witness, others are
+ludicrous; for instance, he is made to believe that he is out amid the
+snow in the depth of winter--he shivers with cold, buttons up his
+coat, beats the floor with his feet, brushes away the imagined
+fast-falling flakes from his clothes, and almost imparts to the
+spectators a sympathetic feeling of cold by his wintry pantomime: then
+he is jocosely recommended not to stand thus shivering, but to make
+snow-balls, and pelt the lecturer. Heartily, and with apparent
+earnestness, he acts according to orders. Next, he is made to believe
+that the room has no roof.--'You see the sky and the stars,
+sir?'--'Yes.' 'And there, see, the moon is rising, very large and red,
+is it not?'--'Yes, sir.' 'Very well: now you see this cord in my hand;
+we will throw it over the moon, and pull her down.' He addresses
+himself to the task with perfect gravity, pulls heartily. 'Down she
+comes, sir! down she comes!' says the experimenter: 'mind your head,
+sir!'--and the deluded patient falls on the platform, as he imagines
+that the moon is coming down upon him.
+
+These instances will be sufficient for our purpose. We have given them
+as fair average examples of many others. If any reader still supposes
+that these effects have all been mere acting and falsehood, we must
+leave that reader to see and examine for himself as we have done.[4]
+For other readers who admit _the facts_ and want an explanation, we
+proceed to discuss the _modus operandi_.
+
+In the first place, then, we assert that _there is no proof whatever_
+that these effects depend upon any electric influence: there is
+absolutely no evidence that the metallic disk, as an '_electric_'
+agent, has any connection with the results. On this point, we invite
+the lecturers and experimenters who maintain that electricity is the
+agent in their process, to test the truth of our assertion, as they
+may very easily. _Coeteris paribus_--all the other usual conditions
+being observed, such as silence, the fixed gaze, monotony of
+attention--let the galvanic disk be put aside, and in its place let a
+sixpence or a fourpenny-piece be employed, or indeed any similar small
+object on which the eyes of the patient must remain fixed for the
+usual space of time, and we will promise that the experiments thus
+made shall be equally successful with those in which the so-called
+galvanic disk is employed. The phenomena are physiological and not
+electrical.
+
+Our conviction is, that the results proceed entirely from _imagination
+acting with a peculiar condition of the brain_, and that this
+peculiarly passive and impressible condition of the brain is induced
+by the _fixed gaze_ upon the disk. These are the only agencies which
+we believe to be necessary, in order to give us an explanation of the
+phenomena in question. In saying so, however, we are aware that such
+data will seem to some inquirers insufficient to account for the
+effects we have described. It may be said: 'We know that imagination
+sometimes produces singular results, but can hardly see how it
+explains the facts stated.' We have only to request that such
+inquirers, before they throw aside our explanation, will give
+attention to a few remarks on the power of imagination in certain
+conditions. We propose, _1st_, To give some suggestions on this point;
+_2d_, To notice the relations of imagination with reason; and, _3d_,
+To inquire how far the physical means employed--the fixed gaze on the
+disk--may be sufficient to affect the mental organ, the brain, so as
+to alter its normal condition.
+
+1. Our usual mode of speaking of imagination, is to treat it as the
+opposite of all reality. When we say, 'that was merely an
+imagination,' we dismiss the topic as not worthy of another thought.
+For all ordinary purposes, this mode of speaking is correct enough;
+but let us ask, Why is imagination so weak?--why are its suggestions
+so evanescent? Simply because it is under the control of reason. But
+if the action of reason could be suspended, we should then see how
+great, and even formidable, is the imaginative power. It is the most
+untiring of all our mental faculties, refusing to be put to rest even
+during sleep: it can alter the influence of all external agents--for
+example, can either assist or prevent the effects of medicine--can
+make the world a prison-house to one man, and a paradise to
+another--can turn dwarfs into giants, and make various other
+metamorphoses more wonderful than any described by Ovid; nay, these
+are all insufficient examples of its power when left without control;
+for it can produce either health, or disease, or death!
+
+To give a familiar instance of the control under which it is generally
+compelled to act: You are walking home in the night-time, and some
+withered and broken old tree assumes, for a moment, the appearance of
+a giant about to make an attack upon you with an enormous club. You
+walk forward to confront the monster with perfect coolness. Why? Not
+because you are a Mr Greatheart, accustomed to deal with giants, but
+because, in fact, the illusion does not keep possession of your mind
+even for a moment. Imagination merely suggests the false image; but
+memory and reason, with a rapidity of action which cannot be
+described, instantly correct the mistake, and tell you it is only the
+old elm-tree; so that here, and in a thousand similar instances, there
+is really no sufficient time allowed for any display of the power of
+imagination.
+
+A tale is told--we cannot say on what authority--which, whether it be
+a fact or a fiction, is natural, and may serve very well to shew what
+would be the effect of imagination if reason did not interfere. It is
+said that the companions of a young man, who was very 'wild,' had
+foolishly resolved to try to frighten him into better conduct. For
+this purpose, one of the party was arrayed in a white sheet, with a
+lighted lantern carried under it, and was to visit the young man a
+little after midnight, and address to him a solemn warning. The
+business, however, was rather dangerous, as the subject of this
+experiment generally slept with loaded pistols near him. Previously to
+the time fixed for the apparition, the bullets were abstracted from
+these weapons, leaving them charged only with gunpowder. When the
+spectre stalked into the chamber, the youth instantly suspected a
+trick, and, presenting one of the pistols, said: 'Take care of
+yourself: if you do not walk off, I shall fire!' Still stood the
+goblin, staring fixedly on the angry man. He fired; and when he saw
+the object still standing--when he believed that the bullet had
+innocuously passed through it--in other words, as soon as reason
+failed to explain it and imagination prevailed--he fell back upon his
+pillow in extreme terror.
+
+2. The point upon which we would insist is that, in the normal
+condition of the mind and the body, the power of imagination is so
+governed, that a display of the effects it produces while under the
+control of reason, can give us but a feeble notion of what its power
+might be in other circumstances. To make this plain, we add a few
+suggestions respecting the nature and extent of the control exercised
+by reason over imagination; and we shall next proceed to shew, that
+_the activity of reason is dependent upon certain physical
+conditions_.
+
+We shall say nothing of a metaphysical nature respecting reason, but
+shall simply point to two important facts connected with its exercise.
+The _first_--that it suspends or greatly modifies the action of other
+powers--has already been noticed in our remarks on imagination; but we
+must state it here in more distinct terms. We especially wish the
+reader to understand how wide and important is the meaning of the
+terms 'control' and 'overrule' as we use them when we say: 'reason
+controls, or overrules, imagination!' When we say that, in nature, the
+laws which regulate one stage of existence _overrule_ the laws of
+another and a lower stage, we do not intend to say that the latter are
+annulled, but that they are so controlled and modified in their course
+of action, that they can no longer produce the effects which would
+take place if they were left free from such control. A few examples
+will make our meaning plain. Let us contrast the operations of
+chemistry with those of mechanism. In the latter, substances act upon
+each other simply by pressure, motion, friction, &c.; but in
+chemistry, affinities and combinations come into play, producing
+results far beyond any that are seen in mechanics. On mechanical
+principles, the trituration of two substances about equal in hardness
+should simply reduce them to powder, but in chemistry, it may produce
+a gaseous explosion. Again--vegetable life overrules chemistry: the
+leaves, twigs, and branches of a tree, if left without life, would,
+when exposed to the agencies of air, light, heat, and moisture, be
+partly reduced to dust and partly diffused as gas in the atmosphere.
+It is the vegetative life of the tree which controls both the
+mechanical and the chemical powers of wind, rain, heat, and
+gravitation; and it is not until the life is extinct that these
+inferior powers come into full play upon the tree. So, again, the
+animal functions control chemical laws--take digestion, for example: a
+vegetable cut up by the root and exposed to the air, passes through a
+course of chemical decomposition, and _is_ finally converted into gas;
+but when an animal consumes a vegetable, it is not decomposed
+according to the chemical laws, but is digested, becomes chyle, and is
+assimilated to the body of the animal. It is obvious that animal life
+controls mechanical laws. Thus, the friction of two inert substances
+wears one of them away--the soft yields to the hard; but, on the
+contrary, the hand of the labourer who wields the spade or the pickaxe
+becomes thicker and harder by friction.
+
+The bearing of these remarks upon our present point will soon be
+obvious: we multiply examples, in order to shew in what an important
+sense we use the word _control_, with regard to the relation of reason
+with imagination. As we have seen, chemistry overrules the mechanical
+laws; vegetation suspends the laws of chemistry; a superior department
+of animal life controls influences which are laws in a lower
+department; again, mind controls the effects of physical influences;
+and, lastly, one power of the mind controls, and in a great measure
+suspends, the natural activity of another power--_reason controls
+imagination_. A second fact with regard to the action of reason must
+be noticed--that _it requires a wakeful condition of the brain_. Some
+may suppose that they have reasoned very well during sleep; but we
+suspect that, if they could recollect their syllogisms, they would
+find them not much better than Mickle's poetry composed during sleep.
+Mickle, the translator of the _Lusiad_, sometimes expressed his regret
+that he could not remember the poetry which he improvised in his
+dreams, for he had a vague impression that it was very beautiful.
+'Well,' said his wife, 'I can at least give you two lines, which I
+heard you muttering over during one of your poetic dreams. Here they
+are:
+
+    "By Heaven! I'll wreak my woes
+    Upon the cowslip and the pale primrose!"'
+
+If we required proof that the operation of reason demands a wakeful
+and active condition of the brain, we might find it in the fact, that
+all intellectual efforts which imply sound reasoning are prevented
+even by a partial sleepiness or dreaminess. A light novel may be read
+and enjoyed while the mind is in an indolent and dreamy state; music
+may be enjoyed, or even composed, in the same circumstances, because
+it is connected rather with the imaginative than with the logical
+faculty; but, not to mention any higher efforts, we cannot play a game
+of chess well unless we are 'wide awake.'
+
+Now we come to our point:--Supposing that, by any means, the brain can
+be deprived of that wakefulness and activity which is required for a
+free exercise of the reasoning powers, then what would be the effect
+on the imagination? For an answer to this query, we shall not refer to
+the phenomena of natural sleep and dreaming, because it is evident
+that the subjects of the experiments we have to explain are not in a
+state of natural sleep; we shall rather refer to the condition of the
+brain during what we may call 'doziness,' and also to the effects
+sometimes produced by disease on the imagination and the senses.
+
+We all know that in a state of 'doziness,' any accidental or
+ridiculous image which happens to suggest itself, will remain in the
+mind much longer than in a wakeful condition. A few slight, shapeless
+marks on the ceiling will assume the form of a face or a full-length
+figure; and strange physiognomies will be found among the flowers on
+the bed-curtains. In the impressible and passive state of the brain
+left by any illness which produces nervous exhaustion, such
+imaginations often become very troublesome. Impressions made on the
+brain some time ago will now reappear. Jean Paul Richter cautions us
+not to tell frightful stories to children, for this reason--that,
+though the 'horrible fancies' may all be soon forgotten by the
+healthful child, yet afterwards, when some disease--a fever, for
+instance--has affected the brain and the nerves, all the dismissed
+goblins may too vividly reproduce themselves. Our experience can
+confirm the observation. Some years ago, we went to a circus, where,
+during the equestrian performances, some trivial popular airs were
+played on brass instruments--cornets and trombones--dismally out of
+tune. Now, by long practice, we have acquired the art of utterly
+turning our attention away from, bad music, so that it annoys us no
+more than the rumble of wheels in Fleet Street. We exercised this
+voluntary deafness on the occasion. But not long afterwards, we were
+compelled, during an attack of disease which affected the nervous
+system, to hear the whole discordant performance repeated again and
+again, with a pertinacity which was really very distressing. Such a
+case prepares us to give credit to a far more remarkable story,
+related in one of the works of Macnish. A clergyman, we are told, who
+was a skilful violinist, and frequently played over some favourite
+_solo_ or _concerto_, was obliged to desist from practice on account
+of the dangerous illness of his servant-maid--if we remember truly,
+phrenitis was the disease. Of course, the violin was laid aside; but
+one day, the medical attendant, on going toward the chamber of his
+patient, was surprised to hear the violin-solo performed in rather
+subdued tones. On examination, it was found that the girl, under the
+excitement of disease, had imitated the brilliant divisions and rapid
+passages of the music which had impressed her imagination during
+health! We might multiply instances of the singular effects of
+peculiar conditions of the brain upon the imaginative faculty. For one
+case we can give our personal testimony. A young man, naturally
+imaginative, but by no means of weak mind, or credulous, or
+superstitious, saw, even in broad daylight, spectres or apparitions of
+persons far distant. After being accustomed to these visits, he
+regarded them without any fear, except on account of the derangement
+of health which they indicated. These visions were banished by a
+course of medical treatment. In men of great imaginative power, with
+whom reason is by no means deficient, phenomena sometimes occur almost
+as vivid as those of disease in other persons. Wordsworth, speaking of
+the impressions derived from certain external objects, says:
+
+       ------------ on the mind
+    They lay like images, _and seemed almost
+    To haunt the bodily sense_!
+
+Again, in his verses recording his impression of the beauty of a bed
+of daffodils, he says:
+
+    And oft, _when on my couch I lie_, [dozing?]
+    They _flash_ before that inward eye
+    Which is the bliss of solitude.
+
+These words are nothing more, we believe, than a simple and
+unexaggerated statement of a mental phenomenon.
+
+Enough has now been said to shew, that in a certain condition of the
+brain, when it is deprived of the wakefulness and activity necessary
+for the free use of reason, the effects of imagination may far exceed
+any that are displayed during a normal, waking state of the
+intellectual faculties. The question now remains: Are the means
+employed by the professors of electro-biology sufficient to produce
+that peculiar condition to which we refer? We believe that they are;
+and shall proceed to give reasons for such belief.
+
+3. What are these means? or rather let us ask, 'Amid the various means
+employed, which is the real agent?' We observe that, in the different
+processes by which--under the names of electro-biology or mesmerism--a
+peculiar cerebral condition is induced, such means as the following
+are employed:--Fixed attention on one object--it may be a metallic
+disk said to have galvanic power, or a sixpence, or a cork; silence,
+and a motionless state of the body are favourable to the intended
+result; monotonous movements by the experimenter, called 'passes,' may
+be used or not. The process may be interrupted by frequent winking, to
+relieve the eyes; by studying over some question or problem; or, if
+the patient is musical, by going through various pieces of music in
+his imagination; by anything, indeed, which tends to keep the mind
+wakeful. Now, when we find among the various means _one_ invariably
+present, in some form or another--_monotony of attention producing a
+partial exhaustion of the nervous energy_, we have reason to believe
+that _this_ is the real agent.
+
+But how can the 'fixed gaze upon the disk' affect reason? Certainly,
+it does not immediately affect reason; but through the nerves of the
+eye it very powerfully operates on the organ of reason, _the brain_,
+and induces an impressive, passive, and somnolent condition.
+
+Such a process as the 'fixed gaze on a small disk for about the space
+of a quarter of an hour,' must not be dismissed as a trifle. It is
+opposed to the natural wakeful action of the brain and the eye. Let it
+be observed that, in waking hours, the eye is continually in play,
+relieving itself, and guarding against weariness and exhaustion by
+unnumbered changes of direction. This is the case even during such an
+apparently monotonous use of the eye as we find in reading. As sleep
+approaches, the eye is turned upwards, as we find it also in some
+cases of disease--hysteria, for example; and it should be noticed,
+that this position of the eye is naturally connected with a somnolent
+and dreaming condition of the brain. In several of the subjects of the
+so-called electro-biological experiments, we observed that the eyes
+were partially turned upward. It is curious to notice that this mode
+of acting on the brain is of very ancient date, at least among the
+Hindoos. In their old poem, the _Bhagavad-Gita_, it is recommended as
+a religious exercise, superior to prayer, almsgiving, attendance at
+temples, &c.; for the god Crishna, admitting that these actions are
+good, so far as they go, says: '_but he who, sitting apart, gazes
+fixedly upon one object until he forgets home and kindred, himself,
+and all created things--he attains perfection_.' Not having at hand
+any version of the _Bhagavad-Gita_, we cannot now give an exact
+translation of the passage; but we are quite sure that it recommends a
+state of stupefaction of the brain, induced by a long-continued fixed
+gaze upon one object.
+
+We have now stated, _1st_, That such an act of long-fixed attention
+upon one object, has a very remarkable effect on the brain; _2d_, That
+in the cerebral condition thus induced, the mental powers are not free
+to maintain their normal relations to each other; especially, will,
+comparison, and judgment, appear to lose their requisite power and
+promptitude of action, and are thus made liable to be overruled by the
+suggestions of imagination or the commands of the experimenter.
+
+To this explanation we can only add, that all who doubt it may easily
+put it to an experimental test. If it is thought that the mere 'fixed
+gaze,' without electric or galvanic agency, is not sufficient to
+produce the phenomena in question, then the only way of determining
+our dispute must be by fair experiment. But here we would add a word
+of serious caution, as we regard the process as decidedly dangerous,
+especially if frequently repeated on one subject.
+
+To conclude: we regard the exhibitions now so common under the name of
+electro-biology as delusions, so far as they are understood to have
+any connection with the facts of electricity; so far as they are
+_real_, we regard them as very remarkable instances of a mode of
+acting on the brain which is, we believe, likely to prove injurious.
+As we have no motive in writing but simply to elicit the truth, we
+will briefly notice two difficulties which seem to attend our theory.
+These are--1. The _rapid transition_ from the state of illusion to an
+apparently wakeful and normal condition of mind. The patient who has
+been making snow-balls in a warm room, and has pulled the moon down,
+comes from the platform, recognises his friends, and can laugh at the
+visions which to him seemed realities but a few minutes since. 2. The
+_apparently slight effects_ left, in some cases, after the
+experiments. Among the subjects whom we have questioned on this point,
+one felt 'rather dizzy' all the next day after submitting to the
+process; another felt 'a pressure on the head;' but a third, who was
+one of the most successful cases, felt 'no effects whatever'
+afterwards; while a fourth thinks he derived 'some benefit' to his
+health from the operation. We leave these points for further inquiry.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[4] We can corroborate the view taken by the writer of this article as
+to the reality of the effects produced on the persons submitting to
+the process, having seen many who are intimately known to us
+experimented on with success. The incredulity which still prevails on
+this subject in London can only be attributed to the necessary rarity,
+in so large a town, of experiments performed on persons known to the
+observers.--ED.
+
+
+
+
+NEW MOTIVE-POWER.
+
+
+We copy the following from an American newspaper, without vouching for
+the accuracy of the statement:--'The _Cincinnati Atlas_ announces a
+wonderful invention in that city. Mr Solomon, a native of Prussia, is
+the inventor. He is a gentleman of education, and was professor of a
+college in his native land at the age of twenty-five. In Cincinnati,
+he prosecuted his scientific researches and experiments, which now
+promise to result in fame, wealth, and honour to himself, and
+incalculable benefit to the whole human family. The invention of a new
+locomotive and propelling power by Mr Solomon was mentioned some six
+months ago; and a few days ago, his new engine, in course of
+construction for many months, was tested, and the most sanguine
+expectations of the inventor more than realised. The _Atlas_ says: "On
+Monday last, the engine was kept in operation during the day, and
+hundreds of spectators witnessed and were astonished at its success.
+The motive-power is obtained by the generation and expansion, by heat,
+of carbonic acid gas. Common whiting, sulphuric acid, and water, are
+used in generating this gas, and the 'boiler' in which these component
+parts are held, is similar in shape and size to a common bomb-shell. A
+small furnace, with a handful of ignited charcoal, furnishes the
+requisite heat for propelling this engine of 25 horsepower. The
+relative power of steam and carbonic acid is thus stated:--Water at
+the boiling-point gives a pressure of 15 pounds to the square inch.
+With the addition of 30 degrees of heat, the power is double, giving
+30 pounds; and so on, doubling with every additional 30 degrees of
+heat, until we have 4840 pounds under a heat of 452 degrees--a heat
+which no engine can endure. But with the carbon, 20 degrees of heat
+above the boiling-point give 1080 pounds; 40 degrees give 2160 pounds;
+80 degrees, 4320 pounds; that is, 480 pounds greater power with this
+gas, than 451 degrees of heat give by converting water into steam! Not
+only does this invention multiply power indefinitely, but it reduces
+the expense to a mere nominal amount. The item of fuel for a
+first-class steamer, between Cincinnati and New Orleans, going and
+returning, is between 1000 and 1200 dollars, whereas 5 dollars will
+furnish the material for propelling the boat the same distance by
+carbon. Attached to the new engine is also an apparatus for condensing
+the gas after it has passed through the cylinders, and returning it
+again to the starting-place, thus using it over and over, and allowing
+none to escape. While the engine was in operation on Monday, it lifted
+a weight of 12,000 pounds up the distance of five feet perpendicular,
+five times every minute. This weight was put on by way of experiment,
+and does by no means indicate the full power of the engine."'
+
+
+
+
+GOOD-NIGHT.
+
+
+    Good-night! a word so often said,
+      The heedless mind forgets its meaning;
+    'Tis only when some heart lies dead
+      On which our own was leaning,
+    We hear in maddening music roll
+    That lost 'good-night' along the soul.
+
+    'Good-night'--in tones that never die
+      It peals along the quickening ear;
+    And tender gales of memory
+      For ever waft it near,
+    When stilled the voice--O crush of pain!--
+    That ne'er shall breathe 'good-night' again.
+
+    Good-night! it mocks us from the grave--
+      It overleaps that strange world's bound
+    From whence there flows no backward wave--
+      It calls from out the ground,
+    On every side, around, above,
+    'Good-night,' 'good-night,' to life and love!
+
+    Good-night! Oh, wherefore fades away
+      The light that lived in that dear word?
+    Why follows that good-night no day?
+      Why are our souls so stirred?
+    Oh, rather say, dull brain, once more,
+    'Good-night!'--thy time of toil is o'er!
+
+    Good-night!--Now cometh gentle sleep,
+      And tears that fall like welcome rain.
+    Good-night!--Oh, holy, blest, and deep,
+      The rest that follows pain.
+    How should we reach God's upper light
+    If life's long day had no 'good-night?'
+
+                                        O.
+
+
+
+
+ENGLISH INDEPENDENCE.
+
+
+Somebody--and we know not whom, for it is an old faded yellow
+manuscript scrap in our drawer--thus rebukes an Englishman's
+aspiration to be independent of foreigners: A French cook dresses his
+dinner for him, and a Swiss valet dresses him for his dinner. He hands
+down his lady, decked with pearls that never grew in the shell of a
+British oyster, and her waving plume of ostrich-feathers certainly
+never formed the tail of a barn-door fowl. The viands of his table are
+from all countries of the world; his wines are from the banks of the
+Rhine and the Rhone. In his conservatory, he regales his sight with
+the blossoms of South American flowers; in his smoking-room, he
+gratifies his scent with the weed of North America. His favourite
+horse is of Arabian blood, his pet dog of the St Bernard breed. His
+gallery is rich with pictures from the Flemish school and statues from
+Greece. For his amusement, he goes to hear Italian singers warble
+German music followed by a French ballet. The ermine that decorates
+his judges was never before on a British animal. His very mind is not
+English in its attainments--it is a mere picnic of foreign
+contributions. His poetry and philosophy are from ancient Greece and
+Rome, his geometry from Alexandria, his arithmetic from Arabia, and
+his religion from Palestine. In his cradle, in his infancy, he rubbed
+his gums with coral from Oriental oceans; and when he dies, he is
+buried in a coffin made from wood that grew on a foreign soil, and his
+monument will be sculptured in marble from the quarries of Carrara. A
+pretty sort of man this to talk of being independent of
+foreigners!--_Harper's Magazine._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Printed and Published by W. and R. CHAMBERS, High Street, Edinburgh.
+Also sold by W. S. ORR, Amen Corner, London; D. N. CHAMBERS, 55 West
+Nile Street, Glasgow; and J. M'GLASHAN, 50 Upper Sackville Street,
+Dublin.--Advertisements for Monthly Parts are requested to be sent to
+MAXWELL & CO., 31 Nicholas Lane, Lombard Street, London, to whom all
+applications respecting their insertion must be made.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Chambers's Edinburgh Journal, No. 446, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHAMBERS'S EDINBURGH ***
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+
+
+<pre>
+
+Project Gutenberg's Chambers's Edinburgh Journal, No. 446, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Chambers's Edinburgh Journal, No. 446
+       Volume 18, New Series, July 17, 1852
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: William Chambers
+        Robert Chambers
+
+Release Date: March 13, 2007 [EBook #20806]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHAMBERS'S EDINBURGH ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Malcolm Farmer, Richard J. Shiffer and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<h1>CHAMBERS' EDINBURGH JOURNAL</h1>
+
+<h2><a name="Contents" id="Contents">CONTENTS</a></h2>
+
+<div class="contents">
+
+<!-- Autogenerated TOC. Modify or delete as required. -->
+<p>
+<a href="#WOLF-CHILDREN"><b>WOLF-CHILDREN.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#THE_LITERATURE_OF_PARLIAMENT"><b>THE LITERATURE OF PARLIAMENT.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#LIGHTS_FOR_THE_NIGHT"><b>LIGHTS FOR THE NIGHT.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#OUT-OF-DOORS_LIFE_IN_CENTRAL_EUROPE"><b>OUT-OF-DOORS LIFE IN CENTRAL EUROPE.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#MY_FIRST_BRIEF"><b>MY FIRST BRIEF.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#ELECTRO-BIOLOGY_SO-CALLED"><b>ELECTRO-BIOLOGY&mdash;(SO-CALLED.)</b></a><br />
+<a href="#NEW_MOTIVE-POWER"><b>NEW MOTIVE-POWER.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#GOOD-NIGHT"><b>GOOD-NIGHT.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#ENGLISH_INDEPENDENCE"><b>ENGLISH INDEPENDENCE.</b></a><br />
+</p>
+<!-- End Autogenerated TOC. -->
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[pg 33]</a></span></p>
+
+<img src="images/banner.png"
+          width="100%"
+          alt="Banner: Chambers' Edinburgh Journal" />
+
+<h4>CONDUCTED BY WILLIAM AND ROBERT CHAMBERS, EDITORS OF 'CHAMBERS'S
+INFORMATION FOR THE PEOPLE,' 'CHAMBERS'S EDUCATIONAL COURSE,' &amp;c.</h4>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<table width="100%"
+        summary="Volume, Date and Price">
+<tr>
+<td align="left"><b><span class="sc">No.</span> 446.&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class="sc">New Series.</span></b></td>
+<td align="left"><b>SATURDAY, JULY 17, 1852.</b></td>
+<td align="right"><b><span class="sc">Price</span> 1&frac12;<i>d</i>.</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h2><a name="WOLF-CHILDREN" id="WOLF-CHILDREN"></a>WOLF-CHILDREN.</h2>
+
+<p class="returnTOC"><a href="#Contents">Return to Table of
+    Contents</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">It</span> is a pity that the present age is so completely absorbed in
+materialities, at a time when the facilities are so singularly great
+for a philosophy which would inquire into the constitution of our
+moral nature. In the North Pacific, we are in contact with tribes of
+savages ripening, sensibly to the eye, into civilised communities; and
+we are able to watch the change as dispassionately as if we were in
+our studies examining the wonders of the minute creation through a
+microscope. In America, we have before us a living model, blind, mute,
+deaf, and without the sense of smell; communicating with the external
+world by the sense of touch alone; yet endowed with a rare
+intelligence, which permits us to see, through the fourfold veil that
+shrouds her, the original germs of the human character.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> Nearer
+home, we have been from time to time attracted and astonished by the
+spectacle of children, born of European parents, emerging from forests
+where they had been lost for a series of years, fallen back, not into
+the moral condition of savages, but of wild beasts, with the
+sentiments and even the instincts of their kind obliterated for ever.
+And now we have several cases before us, occurring in India, of the
+same lapses from humanity, involving circumstances curious in
+themselves, but more important than curious, as throwing a strange
+light upon what before was an impenetrable mystery. It is to these we
+mean to direct our attention on the present occasion; but before doing
+so, it will be well just to glance at the natural history of the wild
+children of Europe.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p>
+
+<p>The most remarkable specimen, and the best type of the class, was
+found in the year 1725, in a wood in Hanover. With the appearance of a
+human being&mdash;of a boy about thirteen years of age&mdash;he was in every
+respect a wild animal, walking on all-fours, feeding on grass and
+moss, and lodging in trees. When captured, he exhibited a strong
+repugnance to clothing; he could not be induced to lie on a bed,
+frequently tearing the clothes to express his indignation; and in the
+absence of his customary lair among the boughs of a tree, he crouched
+in a corner of the room to sleep. Raw food he devoured with relish,
+more especially cabbage-leaves and other vegetables, but turned away
+from the sophistications of cookery. He had no articulate language,
+expressing his emotions only by the sounds emitted by various animals.
+Although only five feet three inches, he was remarkably strong; he
+never exhibited any interest in the female sex; and even in his old
+age&mdash;for he was supposed to be seventy-three when he died&mdash;it was only
+in external manners he had advanced from the character of a wild beast
+to that of a good-tempered savage, for he was still without
+consciousness of the Great Spirit.</p>
+
+<p>In other children that were caught subsequently to Peter, for that was
+the name they gave him, the same character was observable, although
+with considerable modifications. One of them, a young girl of twelve
+or thirteen, was not merely without sympathy for persons of the male
+sex, but she held them all her life in great abhorrence. Her temper
+was ungovernable; she was fond of blood, which she sucked from the
+living animal; and was something more than suspected of the cannibal
+propensity. On one occasion, she was seen to dive as naturally as an
+otter in a lake, catch a fish, and devour it on the spot. Yet this
+girl eventually acquired language; was even able to give some
+indistinct account of her early career in the woods; and towards the
+close of her life, when subdued by long illness, exhibited few traces
+of having once been a wild animal. Another, a boy of eleven or twelve,
+was caught in the woods of Canne, in France. He was impatient,
+capricious, violent; rushing even through crowded streets like an
+ill-trained dog; slovenly and disgusting in his manners; affected with
+spasmodic motions of the head and limbs; biting and scratching all who
+displeased him; and always, when at comparative rest, balancing his
+body like a wild animal in a menagerie. His senses were incapable of
+being affected by anything not appealing to his personal feelings: a
+pistol fired close to his head excited little or no emotion, yet he
+heard distinctly the cracking of a walnut, or the touch of a hand upon
+the key which kept him captive. The most delicious perfumes, or the
+most fetid exhalations, were the same thing to his sense of smell,
+because these did not affect, one way or other, his relish for his
+food, which was of a disgusting nature, and which he dragged about the
+floor like a dog, eating it when besmeared with filth. Like almost all
+the lower animals, he was affected by the changes of the weather; but
+on some of these occasions, his feelings approached to the human in
+their manifestations. When he saw the sun break suddenly from a cloud,
+he expressed his joy by bursting into convulsive peals of laughter;
+and one morning, when he awoke, on seeing the ground covered with
+snow, he leaped out of bed, rushed naked into the garden, rolled
+himself over and over in the snow, and stuffing handfuls of it into
+his mouth, devoured it eagerly. Sometimes he shewed signs of a true
+madness, wringing his hands, gnashing his teeth, and becoming
+formidable to those about him. But in other moods, the phenomena<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[pg 34]</a></span> of
+nature seemed to tranquillise and sadden him. When the severity of the
+season, as we are informed by the French physician who had charge of
+him, had driven every other person out of the garden, he still
+delighted to walk there; and after taking many turns, would seat
+himself beside a pond of water. Here his convulsive motions, and the
+continual balancing of his whole body, diminished, and gave way to a
+more tranquil attitude; his face gradually assumed the character of
+sorrow or melancholy reverie, while his eyes were steadfastly fixed on
+the surface of the water, and he threw into it, from time to time,
+some withered leaves. In like manner, on a moonlight night, when the
+rays of the moon entered his room, he seldom failed to awake, and to
+place himself at the window. Here he would remain for a considerable
+time, motionless, with his neck extended, and his eyes fixed on the
+moonlight landscape, and wrapped in a kind of contemplative ecstasy,
+the silence of which was interrupted only by profound inspirations,
+accompanied by a slight plaintive noise.</p>
+
+<p>We have only to add, that by the anxious care of the physician, and a
+thousand ingenious contrivances, the senses of this human animal, with
+the exception of his hearing, which always remained dull and
+impassive, were gradually stimulated, and he was even able at length
+to pronounce two or three words. Here his history breaks off.</p>
+
+<p>The scene of these extraordinary narratives has hitherto been confined
+to Europe; but we have now to draw attention to the wild children of
+India. It happens, fortunately, that in this case the character of the
+testimony is unimpeachable; for although brought forward in a brief,
+rough pamphlet, published in a provincial town, and merely said to be
+'by an Indian Official,' we recognise both in the manner and matter
+the pen of Colonel Sleeman, the British Resident at the court of
+Lucknow, whose invaluable services in putting down thuggee and
+dacoitee in India we have already described to our readers.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p>
+
+<p>The district of Sultanpoor, in the kingdom of Oude, a portion of the
+great plain of the Ganges, is watered by the Goomtee River, a
+navigable stream, about 140 yards broad, the banks of which are much
+infested by wolves. These animals are protected by the superstition of
+the Hindoos, and to such an extent, that a village community within
+whose boundaries a single drop of their blood has been shed, is
+believed to be doomed to destruction. The wolf is safe&mdash;but from a
+very different reason&mdash;even from those vagrant tribes who have no
+permanent abiding-place, but bivouac in the jungle, and feed upon
+jackals, reptiles&mdash;anything, and who make a trade of catching and
+selling such wild animals as they consider too valuable to eat. The
+reason why the vulpine ravager is spared by these wretches is&mdash;<i>that
+wolves devour children</i>! Not, however, that the wanderers have any
+dislike to children, but they are tempted by the jewels with which
+they are adorned; and knowing the dens of the animals, they make this
+fearful gold-seeking a part of their business. The adornment of their
+persons with jewellery is a passion with the Hindoos which nothing can
+overcome. Vast numbers of women&mdash;even those of the most infamous
+class&mdash;are murdered for the sake of their ornaments, yet the lesson is
+lost upon the survivors. Vast numbers of children, too, fall victims
+in the same way, and from the same cause, or are permitted, by those
+who shrink from murder, to be carried off and devoured by the wolves;
+yet no Indian mother can withstand the temptation to bedizen her
+child, whenever it is in her power, with bracelets, necklaces, and
+other ornaments of gold and silver. So much is necessary as an
+introduction to the incidents that follow.</p>
+
+<p>One day, a trooper, like Spenser's gentle knight,'was pricking on the
+plain,' near the banks of the Goomtee. He was within a short distance
+of Chandour, a village about ten miles from Sultanpoor, the capital of
+the district, when he halted to observe a large female wolf and her
+whelps come out of a wood near the roadside, and go down to the river
+to drink. There were four whelps. Four!&mdash;surely not more than three;
+for the fourth of the juvenile company was as little like a wolf as
+possible. The horseman stared; for in fact it was a boy, going on
+all-fours like his comrades, evidently on excellent terms with them
+all, and guarded, as well as the rest, by the dam with the same
+jealous care which that exemplary mother, but unpleasant neighbour,
+bestows upon her progeny. The trooper sat still in his saddle watching
+this curious company till they had satisfied their thirst; but as soon
+as they commenced their return, he put spurs to his horse, to
+intercept the boy. Off ran the wolves, and off ran the boy
+helter-skelter&mdash;the latter keeping close up with the dam; and the
+horseman, owing to the unevenness of the ground, found it impossible
+to overtake them before they had all entered their den. He was
+determined, nevertheless, to attain his object, and assembling some
+people from the neighbouring village with pickaxes, they began to dig
+in the usual way into the hole. Having made an excavation of six or
+eight feet, the garrison evacuated the place&mdash;the wolf, the three
+whelps, and the boy, leaping suddenly out and taking to flight. The
+trooper instantly threw himself upon his horse, and set off in
+pursuit, followed by the fleetest of the party; and the ground over
+which they had to fly being this time more even, he at length headed
+the chase, and turned the whole back upon the men on foot. These
+secured the boy, and, according to prescriptive rule, allowed the wolf
+and her three whelps to go on their way.</p>
+
+<p>'They took the boy to the village,' says Colonel Sleeman, 'but had to
+tie him, for he was very restive, and struggled hard to rush into
+every hole or den they came near. They tried to make him speak, but
+could get nothing from him but an angry growl or snarl. He was kept
+for several days at the village, and a large crowd assembled every day
+to see him. When a grown-up person came near him, he became alarmed,
+and tried to steal away; but when a child came near him, he rushed at
+it with a fierce snarl, like that of a dog, and tried to bite it. When
+any cooked meat was put near him, he rejected it in disgust; but when
+raw meat was offered, he seized it with avidity, put it upon the
+ground, under his hands, like a dog, and ate it with evident pleasure.
+He would not let any one come near while he was eating, but he made no
+objection to a dog's coming and sharing his food with him.'</p>
+
+<p>This wild boy was sent to Captain Nicholetts, the European officer
+commanding the 1st regiment of Oude Local Infantry, stationed at
+Sultanpoor. He lived only three years after his capture, and died in
+August 1850. According to Captain Nicholetts' account of him, he was
+very inoffensive except when teased, and would then growl and snarl.
+He came to eat anything that was thrown to him, although much
+preferring raw flesh. He was very fond of uncooked bones, masticating
+them apparently with as much ease as meat; and he had likewise a still
+more curious partiality for small stones and earth. So great was his
+appetite, that he has been known to eat half a lamb at one meal; and
+buttermilk he would drink by the pitcher full without seeming to draw
+breath. He would never submit to wear any article of dress even in the
+coldest weather; and when a quilt stuffed with cotton was given to
+him, 'he tore it to pieces, and ate a portion of it&mdash;cotton and
+all&mdash;with his bread every day.' The countenance of the boy was
+repulsive, and his habits filthy in the extreme. He was never known to
+smile; and although fond of dogs and jackals,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[pg 35]</a></span> formed no attachment
+for any human being. Even when a favourite pariah dog, which used to
+feed with him, was shot for having fallen under suspicion of taking
+the lion's share of the meal, he appeared to be quite indifferent. He
+sometimes walked erect; but generally ran on all-fours&mdash;more
+especially to his food when it was placed at a distance from him.</p>
+
+<p>Another of these wolf-children was carried off from his parents at
+Chupra (twenty miles from Sultanpoor), when he was three years of age.
+They were at work in the field, the man cutting his crop of wheat and
+pulse, and the woman gleaning after him, with the child sitting on the
+grass. Suddenly, there rushed into the family party, from behind a
+bush, a gaunt wolf, and seizing the boy by the loins, ran off with him
+to a neighbouring ravine. The mother followed with loud screams, which
+brought the whole village to her assistance; but they soon lost sight
+of the wolf and his prey, and the boy was heard no more of for six
+years. At the end of that time, he was found by two sipahis
+associating, as in the former case, with wolves, and caught by the leg
+when he had got half-way into the den. He was very ferocious when
+drawn out, biting at his deliverers, and seizing hold of the barrel of
+one of their guns with his teeth. They secured him, however, and
+carried him home, when they fed him on raw flesh, hares, and birds,
+till they found the charge too onerous, and gave him up to the public
+charity of the village till he should be recognised by his parents.
+This actually came to pass. His mother, by that time a widow, hearing
+a report of the strange boy at Koeleapoor, hastened to the place from
+her own village of Chupra, and by means of indubitable marks upon his
+person, recognised her child, transformed into a wild animal. She
+carried him home with her; but finding him destitute of natural
+affection, and in other respects wholly irreclaimable, at the end of
+two months she left him to the common charity of the village.</p>
+
+<p>When this boy drank, he dipped his face in the water, and sucked. The
+front of his elbows and knees had become hardened from going on
+all-fours with the wolves. The village boys amused themselves by
+throwing frogs to him, which he caught and devoured; and when a
+bullock died and was skinned, he resorted to the carcass like the dogs
+of the place, and fed upon the carrion. His body smelled offensively.
+He remained in the village during the day, for the sake of what he
+could get to eat, but always went off to the jungle at night. In other
+particulars, his habits resembled those already described. We have
+only to add respecting him, that, in November 1850, he was sent from
+Sultanpoor, under the charge of his mother, to Colonel Sleeman&mdash;then
+probably at Lucknow&mdash;but something alarming him on the way, he ran
+into a jungle, and had not been recovered at the date of the last
+dispatch.</p>
+
+<p>We pass over three other narratives of a similar kind, that present
+nothing peculiar, and shall conclude with one more specimen of the
+Indian wolf-boy. This human animal was captured, like the first we
+have described, by a trooper, with the assistance of another person on
+foot. When placed on the pommel of the saddle, he tore the horseman's
+clothes, and, although his hands were tied, contrived to bite him
+severely in several places. He was taken to Bondee, where the rajah
+took charge of him till he was carried off by Janoo, a lad who was
+khidmutgar (table-attendant) to a travelling Cashmere merchant. The
+boy was then apparently about twelve years of age, and went upon
+all-fours, although he could stand, and go awkwardly on his legs when
+threatened. Under Janoo's attention, however, in beating and rubbing
+his legs with oil, he learned to walk like other human beings. But the
+vulpine smell continued to be very offensive, although his body was
+rubbed for some months with mustard-seed soaked in water, and he was
+compelled during the discipline to live on rice, pulse, and bread. He
+slept under the mango-tree, where Janoo himself lodged, but was always
+tied to a tent-pin.</p>
+
+<p>One night, when the wild boy was lying asleep under his tree, Janoo
+saw two wolves come up stealthily, and smell at him. They touched him,
+and he awoke; and rising from his reclining posture, he put his hands
+upon the heads of his visitors, and they licked his face. They capered
+round him, and he threw straw and leaves at them. The khidmutgar gave
+up his prot&eacute;g&eacute; for lost; but presently he became convinced that they
+were only at play, and he kept quiet. He at length gained confidence
+enough to drive the wolves away; but they soon came back, and resumed
+their sport for a time. The next night, three playfellows made their
+appearance, and in a few nights after, four. They came four or five
+times, till Janoo lost all his fear of them. When the Cashmere
+merchant returned to Lucknow, where his establishment was, Janoo still
+carried his pet with him, tied by a string to his own arm; and, to
+make him useful according to his capacity, with a bundle on his head.
+At every jungle they passed, however, the boy would throw down the
+bundle, and attempt to dart into the thicket; repeating the
+insubordination, though repeatedly beaten for it, till he was fairly
+subdued, and became docile by degrees. The greatest difficulty was to
+get him to wear clothes, which to the last he often injured or
+destroyed, by rubbing them against posts like a beast, when some part
+of his body itched. Some months after their arrival at Lucknow, Janoo
+was sent away from the place for a day or two on some business, and on
+his return he found that the wild boy had escaped. He was never more
+seen.</p>
+
+<p>It is a curious circumstance, that the wild children, whether of
+Europe or Asia, have never been found above a certain age. They do not
+grow into adults in the woods. Colonel Sleeman thinks their lives may
+be cut short by their living exclusively on animal food; but to some
+of them, as we have seen, a vegetable diet has been habitual. The
+probability seems to be, that with increasing years, their added
+boldness and consciousness of strength may lead them into fatal
+adventures with their brethren of the forest. As for the protection of
+the animal by which they were originally nurtured becoming powerless
+from age, which is another hypothesis, that supposes too romantic a
+system of patronage and dependence. The head of the family must have
+several successive series of descendants to care for after the arrival
+of the stranger, and it is far more probable that the wild boy is
+obliged to turn out with his playmates, when they are ordered to shift
+for themselves, than that he alone remains a fixture at home. That
+protection of some kind at first is a necessary condition of his
+surviving at all, there can be no manner of doubt, although it does
+not follow that a wolf is always the patron. The different habits of
+some of the European children we have mentioned, shew a totally
+different course of education. If, for instance, they had been
+nurtured by wolves, they would no more have learned to climb trees
+than to fly in the air. As for the female specimen we have mentioned,
+hers was obviously an exceptional case. She was lost, as appeared from
+her own statement, when old enough to work at some employment, and a
+club she used as a weapon was one of her earliest recollections.</p>
+
+<p>The wild children of India, however, were obviously indebted to wolves
+for their miserable lives; and it is not so difficult as at first
+sight might be supposed, to imagine the possibility of such an
+occurrence. The parent wolves are so careful of their progeny, that
+they feed them for some time with half-digested food, disgorged by
+themselves; and after that&mdash;if we may believe Buffon, who seems as
+familiar with the interior of a den as if he had boarded and lodged in
+the family&mdash;they bring home to them live animals, such as hares and
+rabbits. These the young wolves play with, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[pg 36]</a></span> when at length they
+are hungry, kill: the mother then for the first time interfering, to
+divide the prey in equal portions. But in the case of a child being
+brought to the den&mdash;a child accustomed, in all probability, to
+tyrannise over the whelps of pariah dogs and other young animals, they
+would find it far easier to play than to kill; and if we only suppose
+the whole family going to sleep together, and the parents bringing
+home fresh food in the morning&mdash;contingencies not highly
+improbable&mdash;the mystery is solved, although the marvel remains. It may
+be added, that such wolves as we have an opportunity of observing in
+menageries, are always gentle and playful when young, and it is only
+time that develops the latent ferocity of a character the most
+detestable, perhaps, in the whole animal kingdom. Cowardly and cruel
+in equal proportion, the wolf has no defenders. 'In short,' says
+Goldsmith&mdash;probably translating Buffon, for we have not the latter at
+hand to ascertain&mdash;'every way offensive, a savage aspect, a frightful
+howl, an insupportable odour, a perverse disposition, fierce habits,
+he is hateful while living, and useless when dead.'</p>
+
+<p>But what, then, is man, whom mere accidental association for a few
+years can strip of the faculties inherent in his race and convert into
+a wolf? The lower animals retain their instincts in all circumstances.
+The kitten, brought up from birth on its mistress's lap, imbibes none
+of her tastes in food or anything else. It rejects vegetables, sweets,
+fruits, all drinks but water or milk, and although content to satisfy
+its hunger with dressed meat, darts with an eager growl upon raw
+flesh. Man alone is the creature of imitation in good or in bad. His
+faculties and instincts, although containing the <i>germ</i> of everything
+noble, are not independent and self-existing like those of the brutes.
+This fact accounts for the difference observable, in an almost
+stereotyped form, in the different classes of society; it affords a
+hint to legislators touching their obligation to use the power they
+possess in elevating, by means of education, the character of the more
+degraded portions of the community; and it brings home to us all the
+great lesson of sympathy for the bad as well as the afflicted&mdash;both
+victims alike of <i>circumstances</i>, over which they in many cases have
+nearly as little control as the wild children of the desert.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> See 'The Rudimental,' in No. 391.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> A paper on this subject will be found in <i>Chambers's
+Miscellany of Useful and Entertaining Tracts</i>, vol. v. No. 48.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> See 'Gang-Robbers of India,' in Nos. 360 and 361 of this
+Journal. The title of the pamphlet alluded to is, <i>An Account of
+Wolves nurturing Children in their Dens</i>. By an Indian Official.
+Plymouth: Jenkin Thomas, printer. 1852.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="THE_LITERATURE_OF_PARLIAMENT" id="THE_LITERATURE_OF_PARLIAMENT"></a>THE LITERATURE OF PARLIAMENT.</h2>
+
+<p class="returnTOC"><a href="#Contents">Return to Table of
+    Contents</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The</span> Imperial Parliament of Great Britain and Ireland, in addition to
+its other varied and important functions, fulfils, through one of its
+branches, that of a great national book manufactory. Every session,
+the House of Commons issues a whole library of valuable works,
+containing information of the most ample and searching kind on
+subjects of a very miscellaneous character. These are the Blue-books,
+of which everybody has heard: many jokes are extant as to their
+imposing bulk and great weight, literally and figuratively; and a
+generation eminently addicted to light reading, may well look with
+horror on these thick and closely-printed folios. But, in truth, they
+are not for the mere <i>reader</i>: they are for the historian, and student
+of any given subject; they are storehouses of material, not digested
+treatises. True it is, that their great size sometimes defeats its
+object&mdash;the valuable portion of the material is sometimes buried under
+the comparatively worthless heap that surrounds it&mdash;the golden grains
+lost amid the chaff. But in a case of this kind, the error of
+redundancy is one on the safe side; let a subject in all its bearings
+be thoroughly and fully brought up, and it is the fault or failing of
+him who sets about the study of it, if he is appalled at the amount of
+information on which he has to work, or cannot discriminate and seize
+upon the salient points, or on those which are necessary for his own
+special purposes.</p>
+
+<p>Few persons, we believe, who have not had occasion to consult these
+parliamentary volumes in a systematic manner, are at all aware of the
+immense labour that is bestowed upon them, and the care and
+completeness with which they are compiled and arranged. Indeed, we
+daresay few readers have any accurate notions of the actual number of
+parliamentary papers annually issued, or of the nature of their
+contents. From even a very cursory examination of the literary result
+of a parliamentary session, the previously uninformed investigator
+could not fail to rise with a greatly augmented estimate of the
+functions of the great ruling body of the state&mdash;the guarding and
+directing power in the multitudinous affairs of the British Empire&mdash;an
+empire that extends over every possible variety of country and
+climate, and includes under its powerful, yet mild and beneficent
+sway, tribes of every colour of skin, and of every shade of religious
+belief. Such a survey, in fact, tends to impress one more fully and
+immediately than could well be fancied, with the magnitude of the
+business of the British legislature, and the consequent weighty
+responsibilities imposed upon its members. But, great as the burden
+is, it is distributed over so many shoulders, that it appears to press
+heavily, and really does so, only on a few who support it at the more
+trying points.</p>
+
+<p>The session 1851 is the latest of whose labours, as they appear in the
+form of parliamentary records, an account can be given. By the
+admirable system of arrangement we have referred to, each
+parliamentary 'paper,' whether it issues in the shape of a bulky
+Blue-book&mdash;that is to say, as a thick, stitched folio volume, in a
+dark-blue cover&mdash;or as a mere 'paper'&mdash;an uncovered folio of a single
+sheet of two or four pages, or several stitched together, but not
+attaining the dignity of the blue cover&mdash;is marked as belonging to a
+certain class; and when the issue of the session is complete, a full
+set of 'Titles, Contents, and Indexes' to the whole is supplied, so
+that they can all be classified and bound up in due order with the
+utmost ease and celerity. The <i>Titles, Contents, and Indexes to the
+Sessional Printed Papers of Session</i> 1851 are at present before us, in
+the shape of a folio Blue-book about an inch and a half thick, from
+which we think we may pick some facts of interest.</p>
+
+<p>It must be premised, that the session 1851 was considered by
+politicians a peculiarly barren and unfruitful one, as the Great
+Exhibition, in conjunction with ministerial difficulties, and the
+monster debates on the Ecclesiastical Titles' Bill, tended greatly to
+impede the ordinary business of the Houses, and gave an air of tedium
+and languor to the whole proceedings. Nevertheless, the papers for the
+year amount to no less than sixty volumes! Of these, the first six
+contain Public Bills. A bill, as most of our readers must be aware, is
+a measure submitted to the consideration of parliament with the view
+of its being adopted into the legal code of the country, for which it
+must receive the sanction of both Houses and the assent of the crown.
+When a bill has 'passed' through the Lords and Commons, and received
+the royal assent, it becomes an 'act'&mdash;that is, a law. A bill, in
+passing through the Houses, is subjected to numerous amendments and
+alterations in form, and is often printed, for the use of members and
+other parties interested, three or four times after such alterations,
+before it comes forth in its final and permanent form as an act. Thus,
+the famous Ecclesiastical Titles' Bill is to be found in three several
+shapes among the bills before it reappears for the fourth time as an
+act. Again, the word 'public' prefixed to these six volumes of bills,
+reminds us of the vast amount of business that comes before parliament
+and its committees in the shape of 'private' bills, of which no record
+appears here. These are bills of special and individual application,
+such as when a public company seeks an act of incorporation, the
+possessor of an entailed estate<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[pg 37]</a></span> desires to sell a portion of ground,
+a railway directory asks for powers of various kinds, and so on.</p>
+
+<p>An examination of the contents of these six volumes would shew how
+many and diverse are the subjects that turn up in parliament in the
+course of a single and brief session; but to enter on it
+satisfactorily would require a great amount of space, and might, after
+all, be more tedious than profitable. A glance at those actually
+passed may suffice. These were 106 in number: the first is, 'An Act to
+amend the Passengers' Act of 1849;' and the hundred and sixth, 'An Act
+to appoint Commissioners to inquire into the Existence of Bribery in
+St Albans.' Besides the acts of an ordinary or routine character, we
+find the following among the subjects legislated on:&mdash;The Marine
+Forces, Leases for Mills in Ireland, Protection of Original Designs,
+the Protection of Servants and Apprentices, the Sale of Arsenic,
+Highways in Wales, Sites for Schools, Herring-Fishery, Prisons in
+Scotland, Common Lodging-Houses, Window and House Duties, Marriages in
+India, Ecclesiastical Titles, Smithfield Market, Settlement of the
+Boundaries of Canada and New Brunswick, Highland Roads and Bridges,
+Gunpowder Magazine at Liverpool, Management of the Insane in India,
+Lands in New Zealand, Representative Peers of Scotland, Emigration,
+Law of Evidence, Criminal Justice, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>Following the six volumes of bills, are fifteen volumes of <i>Reports
+from Committees</i>, which are again succeeded by nine volumes of
+<i>Reports from Commissioners</i>. These two sections of the literature of
+parliament form vast stores of material on an immense number of
+subjects, into which he who digs laboriously is sure to be rewarded in
+the end. They contain great masses of 'evidence,' extracted by the
+examinations of committees and commissioners from the parties believed
+to be best qualified to give correct and full information on the
+various subjects on which they are examined, and these opinions are
+supported by facts and authentic statements and statistics, invaluable
+to the investigator. The first volume of last year's Reports from
+Committees opens with that on the Edinburgh Annuity Tax, the fifteenth
+contains that on Steam Communications with India. There are four
+volumes on Customs, two on Ceylon, one on Church-rates, one on the
+Caffre Tribes, one on Newspaper Stamps, &amp;c.; while other volumes
+contain Reports on the Property Tax, the Militia, the Ordnance Survey,
+Public Libraries, Law of Partnership, &amp;c. From commissioners, we have
+Reports on Fisheries, Emigration, National Gallery, Public Records,
+Board of Health, Factories, Furnaces, Mines and Collieries, Education,
+Maynooth College, Prisons, Public Works, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>The fourth section of these parliamentary papers for 1851 amounts to
+thirty volumes, and consists of <i>Accounts and Papers</i>. It is in these
+that the statist finds inexhaustible wealth of material, long columns
+of figures with large totals, tables of the most complicated yet the
+clearest construction, containing a multiplicity of details bearing on
+the riches and resources of the empire in its most general and most
+minute particulars. Thus the first volume relates to 'Finance,' and
+includes the accounts of the Public Income and Expenditure, Public and
+National Debt, Income Tax, Public Works, and a vast variety of other
+subjects. The second volume is made up of the 'Estimates' for the
+Army, Navy, Ordnance, and 'Civil Services,' which includes Public
+Works, Public Salaries, Law and Justice, Education, Colonial and
+Consular Services, &amp;c. The third volume is filled with Army and Navy
+Accounts and Returns. The next six volumes refer to the colonies, and
+consist of Accounts, Dispatches, Correspondence. The tenth is occupied
+with the subject of Emigration; and the eleventh with the Government
+of our Eastern Empire in all its vast machinery and complicated
+relations. The remaining volumes&mdash;for space would fail us to enumerate
+them in detail&mdash;treat of such subjects as the Census, Education,
+Convict Discipline, Poor, Post-office, Railways, Shipping, Quarantine,
+Trade and Navigation Returns, Revenue, Population and Commerce,
+Piracy, the Slave Trade, and Treaties and Conventions with Foreign
+States. Last of all, as volume sixty of the set, we have the
+<i>Numerical List and General Index</i>, itself a goodly tome of nearly 200
+pages, compiled with immense care, and arranged so perspicuously as to
+afford the utmost facilities for reference.</p>
+
+<p>These papers, as we have said, differ greatly in size. Some consist of
+but a single page, others swell up to volumes two or three inches
+thick, and of perhaps 2000 pages. As to the contents, the majority
+display a mixture of letterpress with tabular matter; and while some
+are wholly letterpress, others present an alarming and endless array
+of figures&mdash;filing along, page after page, in irresistible battalions.
+In many, valuable maps and plans are incorporated, with occasional
+designs for public works, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>Besides these returns and papers of permanent value, there are daily
+issued during the session programmes of the business of the day,
+entitled <i>Votes and Proceedings</i>, and containing a list of the
+subjects, the motions, petitions, bills, &amp;c., that are to be brought
+before the House, according to 'the orders of the day.' These, and all
+the other papers issued by parliament, may be obtained regularly
+through 'all the booksellers,' by any person desiring to have them.
+Their prices are fixed; and in the case of the larger papers, the
+price is printed on the back of each. Copies of bills and returns may
+be had separately, on payment of these affixed prices; and indeed few
+parties require complete sets. Some public libraries take them, as do
+most of the London, and one or two provincial newspapers, by which the
+gentlemen of the press are enabled to compile the numerous articles
+and paragraphs with which all newspaper readers are familiar, and
+which usually begin: 'By a return just issued, we learn,' &amp;c.; or:
+'From a parliamentary paper recently printed, it appears,' &amp;c. The
+public is often considerably indebted to the labours of newspaper men
+in regard to these papers, for the exigence of space, and the
+necessity of beating everything into a readable shape, require them to
+condense the voluminous details of the returns; and their sum and
+substance is thus given without any encumbering extraneous matter.</p>
+
+<p>The cost of complete series of the papers varies from session to
+session, according to the number issued, ranging usually about L.12 or
+L.14.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="LIGHTS_FOR_THE_NIGHT" id="LIGHTS_FOR_THE_NIGHT"></a>LIGHTS FOR THE NIGHT.</h2>
+
+<p class="returnTOC"><a href="#Contents">Return to Table of
+    Contents</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Unquestionably</span>, darkness is disagreeable. Whether to manhood
+hoary-headed in wisdom, or to childhood yet in soft-brained ignorance,
+darkness is an unpleasant fact, to be got over in the best way
+possible&mdash;to be got over at all events, and at any cost, and to be
+turned into luminosity by every expedient that can be used.
+Wax-tapers, to throw their soft, luxurious light on my lady's delicate
+face, as she lies like a beautiful piece of marble-work on her dreamy
+couch; shaded lamps for the grave merchant, the virtual king of the
+present, as he sits in his still office, ruling nations by bale and
+bond, and guiding the tide of events by invoices and ship's papers;
+Palmer's candles, under green pent-houses, for students and authors,
+whose eyes must withstand a double strain; the mild house-light, with
+a dash of economy in the selection, whether of oil, sperm, long-fours,
+or short-sixes, for the family group; the white camphene flame for the
+artist: strange mechanisms for the curious; the flaunting brilliancy
+of the coloured chandeliers and cut-glass shades for our English
+Bedouins in the gin-palace; the flaring jet of the open butchers'
+shops; the paper-lantern of the street-stalls; the consumptive dip of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[pg 38]</a></span>
+the slop-worker; the glimmering rush-light for the sick-room; the
+resin torch for the midnight funeral: these, and countless other
+inventions&mdash;not to mention the universal gas&mdash;assert man's
+disinclination to transact his life in the dark, or to bound his
+powers by the simple arrangements of nature. There are better lights,
+though, than any of these, and a worse than mere physical night, be it
+the blackest with which romancer ever stained his innocent paper, when
+describing those dark deeds on desolate moors which all romancers
+delight in, and which send young ladies pale to bed. The night of the
+mind is worse than the night of time; and lamps which can dispel this
+are more valuable than any which make up for the loss of the sun only,
+though these are grand undertakings too.</p>
+
+<p>Most people know what a Child's night-light is, and most people have
+heard of Belmont Wax, and Price's Patent Candles, though few would be
+able to explain exactly what the warrant guards. But who ever pretends
+to understand patents? The 'Belmont' every one knows; it is a mere
+ordinary wax-candle, which perhaps does not 'gutter' so much as
+others, and with wick more innocent of 'thieves' than most, but with
+nothing more wonderful in appearance than an ordinary candle. A
+Child's night-light, too, has nothing mysterious in its look. It
+greatly resembles the thick stumpy end of a magnificent mould, done up
+in a coloured card-jacket, and with a small thin wick, that gives just
+a point of flame, and no more, by which to light another candle, if
+necessary&mdash;of admirable service for this and all other purposes of a
+common-place bedroom. Eccentric sleepers, who write Greek hexameters,
+and fasten on poetic thoughts while the rest of the world are in
+rational slumber, might object to the feebleness of this point of
+light; but eccentricities need provisions of their own, and comets
+have orbits to which the laws of the stars do not apply. For all
+ordinary people, this thick candle-end is a delicious substitute for
+the ghastly rush-light in its chequered cage, which threw strange
+figures on wall and curtain, and gave nervous women the megrims. But
+nothing more is known of Belmonts or night-lights; their birthplace,
+and the manner of their making, are alike hidden from the outer world;
+the uninitiated accept the arcana of tallow only in the positive form.
+It is generally presumed that candles, in the abstract, come from some
+unknown place in 'the City;' but how they are made, or who is employed
+in their making, or how the workmen live in the grease-laden steam of
+the factory, not one in a thousand would know if he could certainly
+none would give himself any trouble to find out. Neither should we
+ourselves have known, had not a little pamphlet, bearing the heading,
+<i>Special Report by the Directors to the Proprietors of Price's Patent
+Candle Company</i>, fallen into our hands. Holding the Report open on the
+desk before us, we will now give to our readers the net result of the
+moral doings of the factory.</p>
+
+<p>In the winter of 1848, half-a-dozen of the boys employed in the candle
+manufactory used to hide themselves behind a bench two or three times
+a week, when work and tea were over, to practise writing on useless
+scraps of paper picked up anyhow, and with worn-out pens begged from
+the counting-house. Encouraged by the foreman of their department, who
+begged some rough, movable desks for them, and aided by timely but not
+oppressive prizes from the Messrs Wilson, and by the presence of Mr J.
+P. Wilson, the little self-constituted school progressed considerably,
+until it reached the number of thirty; then a large old building was
+cleared out, a rickety wooden staircase taken down, an iron one put up
+in its stead, and a lofty school-room, capable of holding about 100 or
+more, made in the place of two useless lumber-rooms. The making and
+furnishing that room amounted to L.172. The school for some time held
+to its first principles of self-government. All the instruction,
+discipline, and management were supplied by the boys themselves; and
+when a number of elder boys joined, a committee, appointed by
+themselves, regulated the affairs of the community. However, this did
+not last long. The hot young blood and immature young brain needed a
+stronger curb than self-appointed committees could supply; and by a
+general request, the school has since been worked by authority&mdash;this
+authority itself guided by a general vote in many matters of choice
+immediately concerning the scholars. In the following summer&mdash;we are
+still in '48&mdash;a day-school was held in the room, to which the younger
+boys who were wanted in the factory at uncertain times and for
+indefinite periods, were sent when not employed&mdash;drafted from school
+to work, and from work to school, as the necessities of the factory
+required. The annual cost of this day-school is L.130; the total cost
+from the commencement, L.327.</p>
+
+<p>Amusements must now be provided. The first and most obvious were
+tea-parties, the usual rewards to school-children, and often made very
+tedious affairs by the enormous quantity of talk inflicted on them.
+However, Mr Wilson managed better. To the first, many of the boys came
+dirty and untidy; the second shewed a great improvement; the third,
+one still greater; until now, most of the factory-boys assemble to
+chapel, and other places where they ought to be decent, in plain suits
+of black, which give them a neat and even gentlemanlike appearance:
+yes, though the word applied to a set of factory-boys, candlemakers,
+may make many of our readers smile. But for all that constitutes real
+gentlemanlike feeling for order, obedience to authority, courtesy of
+manner, the absence of rudeness, quarrelling, and other petty vices of
+school-boys&mdash;these factory lads, taken from the very heart of a low
+population, shine pre-eminently, or rather have shone, since Mr Wilson
+has taken their educational training so much to heart. The first
+tea-party was held on Easter-Monday, as a counterpoise to the
+attractions of Greenwich and Camberwell fairs; and it succeeded in
+that object, evidencing that vice is not that necessary ingredient in
+the pleasures of the people which some people think.</p>
+
+<p>In 1849, the cholera came, peculiarly severe about Lambeth and
+Battersea Fields, where many of the candlemakers lived. Mr Wilson's
+first thought was for the young people in the factory. He consulted
+with his brother, and they took additional counsel of first-rate
+medical men, and then added to the committee a Mr Symes, a gentleman
+holding a field that was waiting to be built on. The result of these
+consultations was, that Mr Symes giving them temporary possession of
+the field, the night-school was closed entirely, and all the boys set
+to work to learn cricket&mdash;cricket as the best antidote to cholera the
+directors of Price's Patent could devise. Wise men these directors,
+with some sterling common sense and rare old hearty benevolence mixed
+up with their generous Saxon blood! Mr Symes was not the only
+stranger&mdash;for stranger he was&mdash;eager to help the directors. A Mr
+Graham came forward, and many others joined in offering; and
+altogether, as Mr J. P. Wilson says, 'everybody's heart seemed to warm
+up to their object.' The plan was a success. Of the whole crowd of
+cricket-players, only one, an interesting lad of seventeen, was lost,
+though most of them had kinspeople dying and dead in their own homes.
+That cricket-ground was not, however, useful only for physical health;
+it presented a beautiful and striking scene, which must have carried
+home to every heart deep thoughts and holy purposes to strengthen the
+soul as well.</p>
+
+<p>'Always when the game was finished,' says Mr Wilson, 'they (the boys)
+collected in a corner of the field, and took off their caps for a very
+short prayer for the safety of themselves and their friends from
+cholera; and the tone in which they said their amen<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[pg 39]</a></span> to this, has
+always made me think, that although the school was nominally given up
+for the time, they were really getting from their game, so concluded,
+more moral benefit than any ordinary schooling could have given them.'
+This belief we heartily endorse. That informal prayer, made while the
+blood was warm with happiness and high with health, spoken in the open
+field, by themselves, direct to Heaven, without other interpreter
+between them, must have made a deep impression on the boys. Its very
+informality must have added to its solemnity; making it appear, and
+indeed making it in reality, so much more the genuine, spontaneous,
+heart-spoken expression of each individual, than the mere customary
+attendance on a prescribed form can admit. A field of six and a half
+acres is now rented, at the annual gross cost of L.80, the middle of
+which is kept for the cricket-ground, while the edges are laid down in
+gardens, allotted out.</p>
+
+<p>During all the bright summer weather the boys worked eagerly at their
+gardens, and played perseveringly at cricket&mdash;making a happy and
+healthy use of time that otherwise must, if used well, have been spent
+in a dull school-room (not the most inviting of recreations, after a
+hard day's work at the candle-making), or idled away in the streets,
+amongst the unprofitable and unhealthy amusements provided for the
+people. Amongst other good results, Mr Wilson notices that of
+'softening to the boys one of the greatest evils now existing in the
+factory&mdash;the night-work, for which the men and boys come in at six in
+the evening, to leave at six in the morning.' These workers do not go
+to bed, it seems, so soon as they leave work: in former days, they
+generally dawdled about, took a walk, or strolled into a gin-palace,
+as it might happen, or did anything else to kill the time until their
+sleeping-hour arrived. Since the cricket-ground has been established,
+however, they rush off to the field on leaving work at six in the
+morning, thoroughly enjoy themselves at gardening and cricket until
+about a quarter past eight; and then, after collecting in a little
+shed, where a verse or two of the New Testament and the Lord's Prayer
+are read to them, they go home to sleep, refreshed by the exercise
+after their unnatural hours, happy, peaceful, and healthy. These are
+the birches and canes of the Messrs Wilson's moral and scholastic
+training!</p>
+
+<p>Then came the summer-excursion. The first experiment was in June 1850,
+when 100 of them went down to Guildford early in the morning, and
+returned late in the evening. It was a beautiful day, bright and
+cloudless; and as those London boys wandered about the country lanes
+and meadows of Guildford, and heard the ceaseless hum of insect life,
+and the uncaged birds singing high in the blue sky, and saw the
+wild-flowers in the hedgerows, and the glancing waters in their way,
+we may be sure that more than mere enjoyment was stored up in their
+minds, and that thoughts which might not be brought out into set
+phrases, but which would be undying in their influence through life,
+were raised in each heart that drank in the glories and the holy
+teaching of nature, perhaps on that day for the first time. It was
+something for them to think of in the toil and heat of the factory; a
+beautiful picture, to fill their minds while their hands were busy at
+their work; and the rippling rivers and singing birds would sing and
+flow again and again in many a young head bending carefully over its
+task. The excursion of the next year was on a grander scale: 250
+started from Vauxhall Bridge, to go down the river to Herne Bay,
+which, though it may sound ludicrously Cockneyfied, was quite as much
+as the strength, and more than the stomachs of the little candlemakers
+could stand; yet very delightful, notwithstanding the qualmishness and
+face-playing of the majority. This year, they are all invited by the
+Bishop of Winchester to the brave old castle of Farnham&mdash;a treat to
+which they are looking forward with all the headlong eagerness of
+youth, and which, we trust, will have other and even better results
+than the pleasures we wish them. A bishop entertaining a set of
+factory children will be a welcome sight in these days of clerical
+pomp, when the episcopal purple so often hides the pastoral staff. It
+will be a rare occurrence, but a good practice begun&mdash;to be followed,
+we would fain hope, by its like in other districts.</p>
+
+<p>The expense of the day at Guildford was L.28; of that at Herne Bay,
+L.48; the estimated expense of the excursion for the present year is
+L.55. This seems a heavy item for a single day's amusement, but the
+Messrs Wilson have proved the immense advantage which their boys
+derive from these excursions: the hope, the stimulus to exertion&mdash;as
+only those who have worked hard at school, and behaved well generally,
+join the cricket-club and the excursionists&mdash;the health, the incentive
+to good conduct, and the preservation from evil habits; all these
+varied good effects have convinced the directors that it is money well
+spent&mdash;money that will bring in a richer percentage than government
+securities or Australian gold-fields could give, for it brings in the
+percentage of virtue. Not always in the power of money to gain that!
+And right thankful ought we to be, when we have found any investment
+whatever which will return us such rich usurious interest for what is
+in itself so intrinsically valueless.</p>
+
+<p>So much, then, for the Belmont Factory&mdash;for the light of that busy
+wax-candle making. Turn we now to the Night-Light Factory, though our
+notice of this must be brief; but brevity befits those thick, short
+candle-ends.</p>
+
+<p>In the autumn of 1849, the night-light trade came into the possession
+of Price's Patent Candle Company. Amongst the Child's Lights we have
+girls to deal with as well as boys&mdash;an element not to be provided for
+in the Belmont arrangements, and causing a little difficulty as to
+their proper disposition on first starting. But nothing seems to daunt
+Mr Wilson. Give him but a square inch for his foothold, and his moral
+lever will raise any given mass of ignorance, and remove any possible
+amount of obstruction. After a little time, and some expense, one of
+the railway arches near the night-factory was taken possession of,
+fitted up, made water-tight, and turned into a school-room for the
+boys and girls of the adopted concern. The expense of preparing and
+furnishing that arch was L.93. Still, the girls remained as a doubtful
+and untried version of the Belmont success; but by the energetic aid
+of a lady, much experienced in such matters, and by the untiring cares
+of a chaplain recently appointed to the factory, and who is in reality
+the moral and educational superintendent of the whole, something of
+the uncertainty hanging over the result has been removed, and all
+matters have greatly improved. Inasmuch as the character of women is
+of more delicate texture than that of men, so are the managers of the
+Night-Light School more careful to secure an unexceptionable set of
+girls in the school, that prudent parents may send their children
+there without alarm, and without more danger of contamination than
+must always arise where a number of human beings, adults or youths,
+are assembled together.</p>
+
+<p>Everything seems prospering. Church-organs in the school-rooms,
+chapel-services at various times as the different sets of workmen come
+and go, and flourishing schools for the mere child up to the actual
+young man, supply all the spiritual, intellectual, and devotional
+requirements of the work-people; games, gardening, excursions, and a
+general friendliness between masters and people, form their social
+happiness; and useful arts taught and about to be taught, help to make
+up the wellbeing of the community. Tailoring and shoemaking are to be
+learned, not as trades, but<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[pg 40]</a></span> as domestic aids, many working-men having
+found the advantage, in various ways, of being able to do those little
+repairs at home which perishable garments are always requiring; and a
+shop full of young coopers employs another section of tradesmen in
+rather large numbers. For this last improvement, Mr J. Wilson was
+obliged to take up his freedom of the city, that he might apprentice
+the lads to himself, as it is a rule among the coopers that no one
+follows this trade, which is a close one, without having learned it by
+regular apprenticeship. However, a freeman can take apprentices in any
+trade, whether close or open, provided he does teach them a <i>bon&acirc;
+fide</i> business; and Mr Wilson availed himself of this privilege, and
+netted to himself a batch of young coopers, as we have said. So much
+can one earnest wish to be of real use to a cause or a generation
+enable a single individual to do! We may be sure that when we talk of
+our inability to do good, we mean our inattention to means, not our
+incapacity from want of them.</p>
+
+<p>The expenses we have quoted were all originally borne by Mr J. P.
+Wilson. In three years, he spent L.3289 in payments to teachers, in
+fitting up schools, in cricket-grounds, excursions, chaplain's salary,
+&amp;c. His own salary is L.1000 per annum. And though the proprietors
+have refunded all moneys spent by him on these things, and have taken
+on themselves the future expenses of the institutions commenced by
+him, yet that does not diminish the worth of his magnificent
+intentions, or take from the largeness of his self-sacrifice and
+generosity. Add to this simple expenditure&mdash;for it was made in good
+faith, and in the belief that it was a virtual sacrifice of
+income&mdash;the labour, want of rest, the constant thought at all times
+and under all sorts of pressure&mdash;illness and business the most
+frequent&mdash;and we may form a slight estimate of what this glorious work
+of educating his young charge has cost a man whose name we must ever
+mention with respect.</p>
+
+<p>In Mr J. Wilson's Report, there are many points unattainable to
+moderate incomes and circumscribed resources, but many also that it is
+in the power of every man of education, and consequently of influence,
+to carry out in his neighbourhood. Amongst them is that simple item of
+the cricket-field and garden-ground. It has become so much the fashion
+among certain of us, renowned more for zeal than knowledge, to cry
+down all amusements for the people, as tending to the subversion and
+overthrow of morality, to shut them out from all but the church, the
+conventicle, and the gin-shop&mdash;that any recognition of this mistake in
+a more liberal arrangement, may be hailed as the inauguration of an
+era of common sense, and consequently of true morality. Amusements are
+absolutely necessary for mankind. The nation never existed on this
+earth which could dispense with them. Sects rise up every now and then
+which carry their abhorrence of all that is not fanaticism&mdash;after
+their own pattern&mdash;to the extreme, and which lay pleasure under the
+same curse with vice; but sects are cometic, and are not to be judged
+of after the generalisations of national character. Practically, we
+find that rigidness and vice, amusements and morality, go together,
+Siamese-like. In the year of the Crystal Palace, the London
+magistrates had fewer petty criminals brought before them than at any
+other period of the same duration; and what Mr Wilson proves in his
+cricket-ground, what London shewed in the time of the World's Fair,
+generations and countries would always exhibit in larger characters,
+more widely read&mdash;that the mind and body of man require
+amusement&mdash;simple pleasure&mdash;purposeless, aimless, unintellectual,
+physical pleasure&mdash;as much as his digestive organs require food and
+his hands work; not as the sole employment, but mixed in with, and
+forming the basis and the body of higher things&mdash;the strong practical
+woof through which the warp of golden stuff is woven into a glorious
+fabric&mdash;a glorious fabric of national progression. Yes, and into a
+wider garment still; one that will cover many an outlying Bedouin
+cowering in the darkness round&mdash;one that will join together the high
+and the low, the good and the bad, and so knead up the baser element
+into amalgamation with and absorption into the higher. This is no
+ideal theory. It is a possibility, a practical fact, proved in this
+place and in that&mdash;wherever men have taken the trouble to act on
+rational bases and on a true acceptation of the needs of human nature.
+For as the quality of light is to spread, and as the higher things
+will always absorb the lower, so will schools and kindly sympathy
+diffuse knowledge and virtue among the ignorant and brutalised; and
+Love to Humanity will once more read its mission in the salvation of a
+world.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="OUT-OF-DOORS_LIFE_IN_CENTRAL_EUROPE" id="OUT-OF-DOORS_LIFE_IN_CENTRAL_EUROPE"></a>OUT-OF-DOORS LIFE IN CENTRAL EUROPE.</h2>
+
+<p class="returnTOC"><a href="#Contents">Return to Table of
+    Contents</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The</span> out-of-doors life enjoyed by the inhabitants of the continent,
+strikes a person, unacquainted with their habits and manners, more
+perhaps than anything which meets his eye in that part of the world.
+Rational, agreeable, and healthy as it is, it requires a long time
+before a thorough Englishman can accustom himself to it, or feel at
+all comfortable in eating his meals in the open air, surrounded by two
+or three hundred persons employed in the same manner, or crossing and
+recrossing, and circling round his table. He is apt to fancy himself
+the sole object of curiosity; while, in reality, the eyes which seem
+to mark him out, have in them perhaps as little speculation as if they
+were turned on vacancy. We have been amused, and sometimes ashamed, in
+witnessing the painful awkwardness of many of those numerous
+steam-boat voyagers who, subscribing in London for their passage to
+and from the Rhine in a given time, and for a trifling sum, find
+themselves in a few hours transported from the bustle of Oxford
+Street, Ludgate Hill, or the Strand, to the happy, idle, <i>fat</i>,
+laughing, easy enjoyment of a German <i>Thee-Garten</i>, in the midst of
+four or five hundred men, women, and children&mdash;all eating, drinking,
+and smoking as if time, cares, and business had no influence over
+them. It is a life so new to him, and so diametrically opposed to all
+his habits and notions, that, in general, it affords him anything but
+ease and enjoyment. To those, however, who know how to enjoy it, it
+affords both. There is in these popular reunions an ease and
+confidence, a <i>bonhomie</i> and freedom, of which a Briton, with all his
+boasted liberty, has no idea. What is strangest of all to him, no
+distinction of rank, wealth, or profession is acknowledged. There are
+no reserved places. The rich and the poor, the prince and the artisan,
+sit down at the same kind of modest little green-painted tables, with
+rush-bottomed chairs, all kind, affable, and jovial&mdash;all respecting
+each other. The child of the citizen comes up without restraint, and
+plays with the sword-knot of the commander-in-chief; and the little
+princess will na&iuml;vely offer her bunch of grapes to the peasant who
+sits at the next table with his pipe and his tall glass of Bavarian
+beer. And yet the truest decorum is observed. There is no noise, no
+rioting, no intoxication; we have never witnessed a single example of
+any of these inconveniences. The education and habits of all the
+inhabitants of this part of the world, have been from infancy so
+regulated, and during many generations so completely formed to this
+sort of life, that not the smallest ungracious familiarity ever
+troubles these kindly popular reunions.</p>
+
+<p>But let us come to a definite description. We will take the
+Blum-Garten at Prague, for example&mdash;a city where the aristocracy are
+as exclusive, as it is called, as anywhere in the world. This garden,
+or rather park, is an imperial domain, having formed part of the
+hunting-park of the emperors of Germany in the beginning of the
+fourteenth century. It was planted<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[pg 41]</a></span> by the great and good Charles IV.,
+king of Bohemia, and emperor of Germany, son of that blind king who
+was killed at the battle of Cressy by Edward the Black Prince. This
+park is situated without the fortifications of the Hradschin, at about
+half an hour's walk from them, in a valley formed by the river Moldau,
+and stretches away to the plateau which forms the eastern boundary of
+the valley. On the edge of this plateau, surrounded by gardens and
+plantations, is situated the Lust-Haus, or summer residence, in which
+the governor of Bohemia, or the members of the imperial family in
+Prague, pass some days at intervals during the summer months. The
+principal descent to the park is by a broad drive, which zig-zags till
+it gains the proper level. There are also several pleasant paths which
+descend in labyrinths under a profusion of lilacs and other flowering
+shrubs, overhung by birches and all kinds of forest-trees.</p>
+
+<p>At the foot of the drive is the house of general entertainment,
+consisting of several apartments, together with a spacious
+ball-room&mdash;an indispensable requisite, as on the continent all the
+world dances. From this house stretches a long wide gravel space,
+completely shaded from the noonday heat by four or five vast lime-tree
+alleys, beneath which are placed some fifty or a hundred tables. A
+military band is always to be found on f&ecirc;te-days, and very good music
+of some kind is never wanting. Here the whole population of Prague
+circle with perfect freedom, and with no attempt at class separations.
+The first comer is first served, taking any vacant place most suited
+to his fancy, or to the convenience of his party. At one table may be
+seen the Countess Gr&uuml;nne, her governess, and children, taking their
+coffee with as much ease and simplicity as if she were in her own
+private garden; at another, a group of peasants, with their smiling
+faces and picturesque costumes; at a third table, a soldier and his
+old mother and sister, whom he is treating on his arrival in his
+native town. Then come the Archduke Stephen, with his imperial
+retinue, and one or two general-officers with their staffs; and at a
+little distance, with a merry party of laughing guests, the Prince and
+Princess Coloredo. In short, all the tables are by and by occupied by
+guests continually succeeding each other, of all classes and of all
+professions, from the imperial family, down to the most humble
+artisan; all gay, amiable, condescending on the one side; happy,
+respectful, and free from restraint on the other. Thus the season
+passes in that delicious climate, which is rendered a thousand times
+more delicious by the harmony and good-feeling reigning throughout all
+these mingled classes of society. In the evening, the same joyous
+reunions again take place, with this exception, that after dinner
+(which meal takes place generally from three to four, <i>very rarely</i> so
+late as six, and that only within the last three or four years) the
+aristocracy drive round the broad shady alleys of the park till
+sunset, while the lawns and paths are crowded with innumerable groups
+of pedestrians, before or after taking their evening repast under the
+lime-trees.</p>
+
+<p>But what makes summer life so agreeable in these countries, is the
+simplicity and cheapness with which every variety of necessary
+refreshment and restoration is afforded, and the multiplicity of
+places where such are to be found. Walk in whatever direction you may,
+in the environs of any town&mdash;wherever there is shade, wherever there
+is a grove, or a clump of acacias, limes, or chestnuts, the favourite
+trees for such purposes, and consequently much cultivated&mdash;there you
+are sure to find rest and refreshment suited to the wants and purses
+of all classes&mdash;from the most simple brown bread, milk, and beer, to
+the most delicate sweetmeats and wines. In the article of wine,
+however, Bohemia is not so favoured; but this is a circumstance more
+felt by the stranger than by the natives, who like the wines of their
+own country, as they do the beer better than our ale and porter.
+Still, there are some passably good wines, such as Melnik, Czerniska,
+and one or two others, and all at a moderate price, varying from 8d.
+to 1s. a bottle. But in Hungary we have good wines and extraordinarily
+cheap, which adds much to these rural out-of-doors reunions. It is
+true, that some of the most fashionable restaurateurs, both in the
+town and country, have been much spoiled by the extravagance of the
+higher classes, who are here the most reckless; carrying this vice in
+Europe to an excess which has ruined, or greatly embarrassed, almost
+all the nobility of the kingdom. Notwithstanding this passion,
+however, for everything that is foreign, few countries can be at all
+compared with Hungary as to its wines, many of which are scarcely
+known to any but to the peasants who grow them, and the local
+consumers of the same class. These wines, with which every peasant's
+house, especially on the skirts of the mountain-districts, and every
+little bothy-like public-house, are abundantly furnished, are both red
+and white, and at a price within the reach of the poorest peasant.
+Even in and about the great towns&mdash;such as Presburg, near the frontier
+of Austria&mdash;where every article of food is double and treble the price
+of the interior&mdash;the wines cost no more than from 2d. to 3d. a quart.
+Most of the peasants grow their own, and make from 50 to 200, and even
+1500 eimers or casks, containing 63 bottles each; and this is not like
+many of the poor, thin, acid wines, known in so many parts of Germany,
+the north of France, and other countries; but strong, generous
+beverage, with a delicious flavour, perfectly devoid of acidity, and
+at the same time particularly wholesome. Many of the white wines we
+prefer to the generality of those from the Rhine, Moselle, &amp;c.; the
+red has a kind of Burgundy flavour, with a sparkling dash of
+champagne, and is nearly as strong as port, without its heating
+qualities.</p>
+
+<p>For the sake of these agreeable and cheap enjoyments, the whole of the
+population of the towns pass a great part of the summer in the woods,
+orchards, and gardens in the neighbourhood, where every want of the
+table is supplied without the trouble of marketing, cooking, or
+firing; and, consequently, in the cool of a summer morning, the
+inhabitants of Presburg, for instance, may be seen strolling in
+different directions&mdash;either ascending the vine-covered hills to the
+fresh tops, or wending their way through the deep, shady woods, along
+the side of the Danube, to the Harbern or the Alt M&uuml;lau. There, after
+having sharpened their appetites with this charming walk, they find
+themselves seated at a neat little table, beneath the shade of an old
+chestnut or elm. The cloth is laid by the vigilant host as soon as the
+guest is seated, and often before, as the former knows his hour; for
+nothing in machinery can equal the regularity with which meal-hours
+are ordered, especially in Germany, where the habitual greeting on the
+road is: 'Ich w&uuml;nsche guten appetit'&mdash;(I wish you a good appetite.)
+Coffee, wine, eggs, butter, sausages, Hungarian and Italian, the
+original dimensions of which are often two feet long, and four to five
+inches thick: these are to be found at the most humble houses of
+resort, among which are those frequented by the foresters and
+gamekeepers, not professed houses of entertainment, yet always
+provided with such materials for those who love the merry greenwood,
+and who extend their walks within their cool and solitary depths. And
+now we must speak of the expenses of these rural repasts. A party of
+five persons can breakfast in the above manner&mdash;that is to say, on
+coffee, eggs; sausages, rolls, butter, and a quart bottle of wine&mdash;for
+something less than 4-1/4d. a head. Those who breakfast more simply,
+take coffee and rolls&mdash;and the natives rarely, if ever, eat butter in
+the morning, though a profusion of this, as well as of oil and lard,
+enters into the preparation for dinner&mdash;and such guests pay only from
+3d. to 3-1/2d. But if wine,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[pg 42]</a></span> which is the most common native
+production, is taken instead of coffee, it is always cheaper. Among
+the middle and lower classes, the favourite refreshment is wine,
+household bread, and walnuts; and thus you will constantly find
+labourers, foresters, or wood-cutters, joyfully breakfasting together,
+with their large slices of brown bread and a bottle of wine, for 2d. a
+head. Many, again, of the lower classes of labourers bring their own
+home-baked bread in their pockets, and get their large tumbler of good
+wine to moisten it for a half-penny.</p>
+
+<p>The evening, however, is the great time for recreation and redoubled
+enjoyment, as the labours and occupations of the day have then ceased;
+and all without exception, rich and poor, flock from the town to the
+sweet, cool, flowery repose of the woods and vineyards, and there take
+their evening repast in the midst of the wild luxuriance of nature,
+'health in the gale, and fragrance on the breeze.' And when the sun is
+gone down, they return in the cool twilight to their homes, where they
+find that sweet sleep which movement in the open air alone can give,
+and which, with our more confined British habits, few but the peasant
+ever enjoy.</p>
+
+<p>A word more on Presburg, and we have done. In winter, this place, so
+little known to travellers, is frequented by the best society in
+Hungary; and it becomes a little metropolis, to which many of the
+nobility resort from the distance of 300 to 500 miles&mdash;from Tokay, and
+beyond the Theiss and Transylvania. In summer, perhaps, it offers
+still more enjoyment; for although the winter society is then
+scattered far and near, the town is always animated by the presence of
+those who are continually coming and going between Pesth and all parts
+of the south of Hungary and Vienna, conveyed either by the railway or
+by the numerous steam-boats which daily ply on the Danube. The
+neighbourhood, as We have already mentioned, is full of simple and
+healthy enjoyments, from the number of its delicious drives and walks,
+and places of rural entertainment, the quaint names of some of which
+cannot fail to amuse and attract the stranger. At about half an hour's
+drive from the town is the Chokolaten-Garten, much frequented for its
+excellent chocolate, which is manufactured on the spot. A little
+further on, and situated in the centre of one of the most beautiful
+little valleys of the Kleine Karpathen, is the Eisen-Brundel, a large
+house of entertainment, with a spacious dancing-room; and, without, a
+luxuriant grove of fine old trees, forming an impenetrable shelter,
+beneath which are arranged a number of tables and chairs. Here every
+species of entertainment is to be found, from the most simple brown
+bread, milk, and fruits, to the most sumptuous champagne dinners; and
+the prince and the peasant take their places without ceremony, as in
+the olden time of Robin Hood and Little John&mdash;'all merry under the
+greenwood tree.'</p>
+
+<p>Numerous other and still more simple places of refreshment and
+enjoyment present themselves at every turn of those delicious
+mountain-paths, which lead through the little valleys and hollows of
+the vineyards overlooking the town. One of the most agreeable is on
+the summit of the hill, near the little chapel of St Mary, called
+Marien Kirche, under the Kalvarienberg, and from which the eye looks
+over the whole town and the plain which stretches towards Pesth, and
+through which the Danube winds like a vast silver serpent, till it is
+lost in the far woods and dim distance. Lower down, and still nearer
+the town, in a little valley, is 'The Entrance to the New World!' The
+house is deliciously situated half-way up a wooded hill crowned with
+pines, and clothed with rich orchards and vineyards; not far off, in
+another little valley, are the Patzen-H&auml;user, with their orchards and
+gardens; and higher up we come to 'The Entrance to Paradise!' whence,
+as might be expected, there is a most superb view. This embraces the
+whole plain so far as the eye can reach towards the east and south; on
+the north it is bounded by the towering mountains of the Great
+Carpathians, the haunt of bears and wolves, wild boars and stags; and
+to the west, between the valleys which are formed by the hills of this
+smaller range of the same mountains, is seen the plain of Vienna, in
+the midst of which can be distinguished in a clear day the tall spire
+of St Stephen, rising as if from the bosom of the imperial park which
+conceals the capital. Beyond this towers the Neu-klosterberg, with its
+vast monastery; and further to the left, like white broken clouds in
+the blue horizon, are the snow-clad mountains of Steyer-mark (Styria.)</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="MY_FIRST_BRIEF" id="MY_FIRST_BRIEF"></a>MY FIRST BRIEF.</h2>
+
+<p class="returnTOC"><a href="#Contents">Return to Table of
+    Contents</a></p>
+
+<p>I had been at Westminster, and was slowly returning to my 'parlour
+near the sky,' in Plowden Buildings, in no very enviable frame of
+mind. Another added to the long catalogue of unemployed days and
+sleepless nights. It was now four years since my call to the bar, and
+notwithstanding a constant attendance in the courts, I had hitherto
+failed in gaining business. God knows, it was not my fault! During my
+pupilage, I had read hard, and devoted every energy to the mastery of
+a difficult profession, and ever since that period I had pursued a
+rigid course of study. And this was the result, that at the age of
+thirty I was still wholly dependent for my livelihood on the somewhat
+slender means of a widowed mother. Ah! reader, if as you ramble
+through the pleasant Temple Gardens, on some fine summer evening,
+enjoying the cool river breeze, and looking up at those half-monastic
+retreats, in which life would seem to glide along so calmly, if you
+could prevail upon some good-natured Asmodeus to shew you the secrets
+of the place, how your mind would shudder at the long silent suffering
+endured within its precincts. What blighted hopes and crushed
+aspirations, what absolute privation and heart-rending sorrow, what
+genius killed and health utterly broken down! Could the private
+history of the Temple be written, it would prove one of the most
+interesting, but, at the same time, one of the most mournful books
+ever given to the public.</p>
+
+<p>I was returning, as I said, from Westminster, and wearily enough I
+paced along the busy streets, exhausted by the stifling heat of the
+Vice-Chancellor's court, in which I had been patiently sitting since
+ten o'clock, vainly waiting for that 'occasion sudden' of which our
+old law-writers are so full. Moodily, too, I was revolving in my mind
+our narrow circumstances, and the poor hopes I had of mending them; so
+that it was with no hearty relish I turned into the Cock Tavern, in
+order to partake of my usual frugal dinner. Having listlessly
+despatched it, I sauntered into the garden, glad to escape from the
+noise and confusion of the mighty town; and throwing myself on a seat
+in one of the summer-houses, watched, almost mechanically, the rapid
+river-boats puffing up and down the Thames, with their gay crowds of
+holiday-makers covering the decks, the merry children romping over the
+trim grass-plot, making the old place echo again with their joyous
+ringing laughter. I must have been in a very desponding humour that
+evening, for I continued sitting there unaffected by the mirth of the
+glad little creatures around me, and I scarcely remember another
+instance of my being proof against the infectious high spirits of
+children. Time wore on, and the promenaders, one after the other, left
+the garden, the steam-boats became less frequent, and gradually lights
+began to twinkle from the bridges and the opposite shore. Still I
+never once thought of removing from my seat, until I was requested to
+do so by the person in charge of the grounds, who was now going round
+to lock the gates for the night. Staring<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[pg 43]</a></span> at the man for a moment half
+unconsciously, as if suddenly awaked out of a dream, I muttered a few
+words about having forgotten the lateness of the hour, and departed.
+To shake off the depression under which I was labouring, I turned into
+the brilliantly-lighted streets, thinking that the excitement would
+distract my thoughts from their gloomy objects; and after walking for
+some little time, I entered a coffee-house, at that period much
+frequented by young lawyers. Here I ordered a cup of tea, and took up
+a newspaper to read; but after vainly endeavouring to interest myself
+in its pages, and feeling painfully affected by the noisy hilarity of
+some gay young students in a neighbouring box, I drank off my sober
+beverage, and walked home to my solitary chambers. Oh, how dreary they
+appeared that night!&mdash;how desolate seemed the uncomfortable, dirty,
+cold staircase, and that remarkable want of all sorts of conveniences,
+for which the Temple has acquired so great a notoriety! In fine, I was
+fairly hipped; and being convinced of the fact, smoked a pipe or
+two&mdash;thought over old days and their vanished joys&mdash;and retired to
+rest. I soon fell into a profound sleep, from which I arose in the
+morning much refreshed; and sallying forth after breakfast with
+greater alacrity than usual, took my seat in court, and was beginning
+to grow interested in a somewhat intricate case which involved some
+curious legal principles, when my attention was directed to an old
+man, whom I had frequently seen there before, beckoning to me. I
+immediately followed him out of court, when he turned round and said:
+'I beg your pardon, Mr &mdash;&mdash;, for interrupting you, but I fancy you are
+not very profitably engaged just now?'</p>
+
+<p>I smiled, and told him he had stated a melancholy truth.</p>
+
+<p>'I thought so,' answered he with a twinkle of his bright gray eye.
+'Now'&mdash;and he subdued his voice to a whisper&mdash;'I can put a little
+business into your hands. No thanks, sir,' said he, hastily checking
+my expressions of gratitude&mdash;'no thanks; you owe me no thanks; and as
+I am a man of few words, I will at once state my meaning. For many
+years, I have been in the habit of employing Mr &mdash;&mdash;' (naming an
+eminent practitioner); 'and feeling no great love for the profession,
+intrusted all my business to him, and cared not to extend my
+acquaintance with the members of the bar. Well, sir, I have an
+important case coming on next week, and as bad luck will have it,
+T&mdash;&mdash;'s clerk has just brought me back the brief, with the
+intelligence that his master is suddenly taken dangerously ill, and
+cannot possibly attend to any business. Here I was completely flung,
+not knowing whom to employ in this affair. I at length remembered
+having noticed a studious-looking young man, who generally sat taking
+notes of the various trials. I came to court in order to see whether
+this youth was still at his ungrateful task, when my eyes fell upon
+you. Yes, young man, I had intended once before rewarding you for your
+patient industry, and now I have an opportunity of fulfilling those
+intentions. Do you accept the proposal?'</p>
+
+<p>'With the greatest pleasure!' cried I, pressing his proffered hand
+with much emotion, quite unable to conceal my joy.</p>
+
+<p>'It is as I thought,' muttered he to himself, turning to depart. Then
+suddenly looking up, he requested my address, and wished me
+good-morning.</p>
+
+<p>How I watched the receding form of the stranger! how I scanned over
+his odd little figure! and how I loved him for his great goodness! I
+could remain no longer in court. The interesting property case had
+lost all its attractions; so I slipped off my wig and gown, and
+hastened home to set my house in order for the expected visit. After
+completing all the necessary arrangements, I took down a law-book and
+commenced reading, in order to beguile away the time. Two, three
+o'clock arrived, and still no tidings of my client; I began almost to
+despair of his coming, when some one knocked at the outer-door; and on
+opening it, I found the old man's clerk with a huge packet of papers
+in his hand, which he gave me, saying his master would call the
+following morning. I clutched the papers eagerly, and turned them
+admiringly over and over. I read my name on the back, Mr &mdash;&mdash;, six
+guineas. My eyes, I feel sure, must have sparkled at the golden
+vision. Six guineas! I could scarcely credit my good-fortune. After
+the first excitement had slightly calmed down, I drew a chair to the
+table, and looked at the labour before me. I found that it was a much
+entangled Chancery suit, and would require all the legal ability I
+could muster to conquer its details. I therefore set myself vigorously
+to work, and continued at my task until the first gray streak of dawn
+warned me to desist. Next day, I had an interview with the old
+solicitor, and rather pleased him by my industry in the matter. Well,
+the week slipped by, and everything was in readiness for the
+approaching trial. All had been satisfactorily arranged between myself
+and leader, a man of considerable acumen, and the eventful morning at
+length arrived. I had passed a restless night, and felt rather
+feverish, but was determined to exert myself to the utmost, as, in all
+probability, my future success hung on the way I should acquit myself
+that day of my duty. The approaching trial was an important one, and
+had already drawn some attention. I therefore found the court rather
+crowded, particularly by an unusual number of 'the unemployed bar,'
+who generally throng to hear a maiden-speech. Two or three ordinary
+cases stood on the cause-list before mine, and I was anxiously waiting
+their termination, when my client whispered in my ear: 'Mr S&mdash;&mdash; (the
+Queen's counsel in the case) has this instant sent down to say, he
+finds it will be impossible for him to attend to-day, as he is
+peremptorily engaged before the House of Lords. The common dodge of
+these gentry,' continued he in a disrespectful tone. 'They never find
+that it will be impossible to attend so long as the <i>honorarium</i> is
+unpaid; afterwards&mdash;&mdash; Bah! Mere robbery, sir&mdash;taking the money, and
+shirking the work. However, as we cannot help ourselves, you must do
+the best you can alone; for I fear the judge will not postpone the
+trial any longer. Come, and have a dram of brandy, and keep your
+nerves steady, and all will go well.' I need not say it required all
+his persuasion to enable me to pluck up sufficient courage to fight
+the battle, deserted as I now found myself by my leader; still, I
+resolved to make the attempt. Presently the awful moment arrived, and
+I rose in a state of intense trepidation. The judge seeing a stranger
+about to conduct the case, put his glass up to his eye, in order the
+better to make himself acquainted with my features, and at the same
+time demanded my name. I shall never forget the agitation of that
+moment. I literally shook as I heard the sound of my own voice
+answering his question. I felt that a hundred eyes were upon me, ready
+to ridicule any blunder I might commit, and even now half enjoying my
+nervousness. For a minute, I was so dizzy and confused, that I found
+it utterly impossible to proceed; but, warned by the deep-toned voice
+of the magistrate that the court was waiting for me, I made a
+desperate effort at self-control, and commenced. A dead quiet
+prevailed as I opened the case, and for a few minutes I went on
+scarcely knowing what I was about, when I was suddenly interrupted by
+the vice-chancellor asking me a question. This timely little incident
+in some measure tended to restore my self-possession, and I found I
+got on afterwards much more comfortably; and, gradually warming with
+the subject, which I thoroughly understood, finally lost all
+trepidation, and brought my speech to a successful close. It occupied
+at least two hours; and when I sat down, the judge smiled, and paid a
+compliment to the ability with which he was pleased to say I had
+conducted the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[pg 44]</a></span> process, whilst at least a dozen hands were held out to
+congratulate on his success the poor lawyer whom they had passed by in
+silent contempt a hundred times before. So runs life. Had I failed
+through nervousness, or any other accident, derisive laughter would
+have greeted my misfortune. As it was, I began to have troops of
+friends. To be brief, I won the day, and from that lucky circumstance
+rose rapidly into practice.</p>
+
+<p>Years rolled on, and I gradually became a marked man in the
+profession, gaining in due time that summit of a junior's ambition&mdash;a
+silk gown. I now began to live in a style of considerable comfort, and
+was what the world calls a very rising lawyer, when I one day happened
+to be retained as counsel in a political case then creating much
+excitement. I chanced to be on the popular side; and, from the
+exertions I made, found myself suddenly brought into contact with the
+leading men of the party in the town where the dispute arose. They
+were so well satisfied with my endeavours to gain the cause, as to
+offer to propose me as a candidate for the representation of their
+borough at the next vacancy. This proposition, after some
+consideration, I accepted; and accordingly, when the general election
+took place, found myself journeying down to D&mdash;&mdash;, canvassing the
+voters, flattering some, consoling others, using the orthodox
+electioneering tricks of platform-speaking, treating, &amp;c. Politics ran
+very high just then, and the two parties were nearly balanced, so that
+every nerve was strained on each side to win the victory. All business
+was suspended. Bands of music paraded the streets, party flags waved
+from the house windows, whilst gay rosettes fastened to the
+button-hole attested their wearer's opinions. All was noise, and
+excitement, and confusion. At length the important hour drew near for
+closing the polling-booths. Early in the morning, we were still in a
+slight minority, and almost began to despair of the day. All now
+depended on a few voters living at some distance, whose views could
+not be clearly ascertained. Agents from either side had been
+despatched during the night to beat up these stragglers, and on their
+decision rested the final issue. Hour after hour anxiously passed
+without any intelligence. My opponents rubbed their hands, and looked
+pleasant, when, about half an hour before the close of the poll, a
+dusty coach drove rapidly into the town, and eight men, more or less
+inebriated, rolled out to record their votes. The following morning,
+amidst the stillness of deep suspense, the mayor read the result of
+the election, which gave me a majority of three. Such a shout of joy
+arose from the liberals as quite to drown the hisses of the contending
+faction; and at length I rose, flushed with excitement, to return
+thanks. This proved the signal for another burst of applause; and amid
+the shouting and groaning, screaming and waving of hats, I lost all
+presence of mind, and fell overcome into the arms of my nearest
+supporters.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>'Dear me, sir, you've been wandering strangely in your sleep. Here
+have I been a-knocking at the door this half-hour. The shaving-water
+is getting cold, and Mr Thomas is waiting yonder in the other room, to
+give you some papers he's got this morning.'</p>
+
+<p>I rose, rubbed my eyes, wondered what it all meant. Ah, yes; there was
+no mistaking the room and Mrs M'Donnell's good-natured Scotch voice.
+It was all a dream, and my imagination had magnified the thumping at
+the door into the 'sweet music of popular applause.' I fell back in
+bed, hid my face in the pillow, sighed over my short-lived glory, and
+felt very wretched when my young clerk came smiling into the room.
+'Here's some business at last, sir!' cried the boy with pleasure.</p>
+
+<p>To his astonishment, I looked carelessly at the papers, and found they
+consisted of 'a motion of course,' which some tender-hearted attorney
+had kindly sent me. Heigh-ho! it was all to be done over again! I
+flung the document on the ground in utter despair; but gradually
+recovering my temper, I at length took heart, and fell earnestly to
+work. At all events, this was a <i>real</i> beginning; so I began to grow
+reconciled to the ruin of my stately castle of cards. It was a cruel
+blow, though; and now, reader, you have learned how I came by <span class="smcap">My First
+Brief</span>.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="ELECTRO-BIOLOGY_SO-CALLED" id="ELECTRO-BIOLOGY_SO-CALLED"></a>ELECTRO-BIOLOGY&mdash;(SO-CALLED.)</h2>
+
+<p class="returnTOC"><a href="#Contents">Return to Table of
+    Contents</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">That</span> the phenomena now so commonly exhibited under the above title,
+demand a careful examination, and, if possible, a distinct
+explanation, will be readily admitted. It is clear that they ought not
+to be allowed to rest as materials for popular amusement, but should
+be submitted to strict scientific inquiry. The theory which so boldly
+ascribes them to electric influence, should be strictly examined. If
+this theory is found to be untenable, some important questions will
+remain to be considered; such as: May not the phenomena be explained
+on physiological principles? and, Is it not probable that the means
+employed may have an injurious tendency?</p>
+
+<p>The extent to which public attention has been excited by the
+phenomena, may be guessed by a glance at the advertising columns of
+the <i>Times</i>, and by placards meeting the eye in various parts of the
+country, announcing that, 'at the Mechanics' Institute,' or elsewhere,
+experiments will be performed in 'electro-biology,' when 'persons in a
+perfectly wakeful state' will be 'deprived of the powers of sight,
+hearing, and taste,' and subjected to various illusions. One
+advertiser professes to give 'the philosophy of the science;' another
+undertakes to 'reveal the secret,' so as to enable <i>any</i> person to
+make the experiments; and another undertakes the cure of 'palsy,
+deafness, and rheumatism.' Lectures on the topic, in London and in the
+provincial towns, are now exciting great astonishment in the minds of
+many, and give rise to considerable controversy respecting the theory
+and the <i>modus operandi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>It is on this latter point&mdash;the means by which the effects are
+produced&mdash;that we would chiefly direct our inquiry, for we shall very
+briefly dismiss the attempt to explain them by a vague charge of
+collusion or imposture.</p>
+
+<p>If this charge could be reasonably maintained, it would, of course,
+make all further remarks unnecessary, as our topic would then no
+longer be one for scientific investigation, but could only be added to
+the catalogue of fraud. It is possible that there may have been <i>some</i>
+cases of feigning among the experiments, but these do not affect the
+general reality of the effects produced. So epilepsy and catalepsy
+have been feigned; but these diseases are still found real in too many
+instances. We need not dwell on this point; for it may be safely
+assumed, that all persons who have had a fair acquaintance with the
+experiments of electro-biology (so-called), are fully convinced that,
+in a great number of cases, the effects seen are real and sincere, not
+simulated. The question then remains: Are these effects fairly
+attributed to 'electric' influence, or may they not be truly explained
+by some other cause?</p>
+
+<p>Before we proceed to consider this question, it will be well to give
+some examples of the phenomena to which our remarks apply. We shall
+state only such cases as we have seen and carefully examined.</p>
+
+<p>A. is a young man well known by a great number of the
+spectators&mdash;unsuspected of falsehood&mdash;knows nothing of the
+experimenter or of electro-biology, not even the meaning of the words.
+After submitting to the process employed by the lecturer&mdash;sitting
+still, and gazing fixedly upon a small disk of metal for about a
+quarter of an hour&mdash;he is selected as a suitable subject. When told by
+the experimenter that he cannot open his eyes, he seems to make an
+effort, but does not open<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[pg 45]</a></span> them until he is assured that he can do so.
+He places his hand upon a table&mdash;is told that he cannot take the hand
+off the table&mdash;seems to make a strong effort to remove it, but fails,
+until it is liberated by a word from the lecturer. A walking-stick is
+now placed in his right hand, and he is challenged to strike the
+extended hand of the lecturer. He throws back the stick over his
+shoulder, and seems to have a very good will to strike, but cannot
+bring the stick down upon the hand. He afterwards declares to all who
+question him, that he 'tried with all his might' to strike the hand.
+A. has certainly no theatrical talents; but his looks and gestures,
+when he is made to believe that he is exposed to a terrific storm,
+convey a very natural expression of terror. He regards the imaginary
+flashes of lightning with an aspect of dismay, which, if simulated,
+would be a very good specimen of acting. In many other experiments
+performed upon him, the effects seem to be such as are quite beyond
+the reach of any scepticism with regard to his sincerity. He cannot
+pronounce his own name&mdash;does not know, or at least cannot <i>tell</i>, the
+name of the town in which he lives&mdash;cannot recognise one face in the
+room where scores of people, who know him very well, are now laughing
+at him. On the other side, we must state, that when a glass of water
+is given to him, and he is told that it is vinegar, he persists in
+saying that he tastes water, and nothing else. This is almost the only
+experiment that fails upon him.</p>
+
+<p>B. is an intelligent man, upwards of thirty years of age, of nervous
+temperament. His honesty and veracity are quite beyond all rational
+doubt. The numerous spectators, who have known him well for many
+years, are quite sure that if he has any will in the matter, it is
+simply to defeat the lecturer's purpose. However, after he has
+submitted himself to the process, the experiments made upon him prove
+successful. He is naturally a fluent talker, but now cannot, without
+difficulty and stammering, pronounce his own name, an easy
+monosyllable&mdash;cannot strike the lecturer's hand&mdash;cannot rise from a
+chair, &amp;c. We may add, that he cannot be made to mistake water for
+vinegar.</p>
+
+<p>One more case. C. is a tradesman, middle-aged, has no tendency to
+mysticism or imaginative reverie&mdash;knows nothing of 'mesmerism' or
+'electro-biology'&mdash;was never suspected of falsehood or imposition. He
+proves, however, the most pliable of all the patients&mdash;the experiments
+succeed with him to the fullest extent&mdash;his imagination and his senses
+seem to be placed entirely under the control of the experimenter.
+Standing before a large audience, he is made to believe that he and
+the lecturer are alone in the room. He cannot recognise his own wife,
+who sits before him. He cannot step from the platform, which is about
+one foot higher than the floor. When informed that his limbs are too
+feeble to support him, he totters, and would fall if not held. Many of
+the experiments upon him, shewing an extreme state of mental and
+physical prostration, are rather painful to witness, others are
+ludicrous; for instance, he is made to believe that he is out amid the
+snow in the depth of winter&mdash;he shivers with cold, buttons up his
+coat, beats the floor with his feet, brushes away the imagined
+fast-falling flakes from his clothes, and almost imparts to the
+spectators a sympathetic feeling of cold by his wintry pantomime: then
+he is jocosely recommended not to stand thus shivering, but to make
+snow-balls, and pelt the lecturer. Heartily, and with apparent
+earnestness, he acts according to orders. Next, he is made to believe
+that the room has no roof.&mdash;'You see the sky and the stars,
+sir?'&mdash;'Yes.' 'And there, see, the moon is rising, very large and red,
+is it not?'&mdash;'Yes, sir.' 'Very well: now you see this cord in my hand;
+we will throw it over the moon, and pull her down.' He addresses
+himself to the task with perfect gravity, pulls heartily. 'Down she
+comes, sir! down she comes!' says the experimenter: 'mind your head,
+sir!'&mdash;and the deluded patient falls on the platform, as he imagines
+that the moon is coming down upon him.</p>
+
+<p>These instances will be sufficient for our purpose. We have given them
+as fair average examples of many others. If any reader still supposes
+that these effects have all been mere acting and falsehood, we must
+leave that reader to see and examine for himself as we have done.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a>
+For other readers who admit <i>the facts</i> and want an explanation, we
+proceed to discuss the <i>modus operandi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In the first place, then, we assert that <i>there is no proof whatever</i>
+that these effects depend upon any electric influence: there is
+absolutely no evidence that the metallic disk, as an '<i>electric</i>'
+agent, has any connection with the results. On this point, we invite
+the lecturers and experimenters who maintain that electricity is the
+agent in their process, to test the truth of our assertion, as they
+may very easily. <i>C&oelig;teris paribus</i>&mdash;all the other usual conditions
+being observed, such as silence, the fixed gaze, monotony of
+attention&mdash;let the galvanic disk be put aside, and in its place let a
+sixpence or a fourpenny-piece be employed, or indeed any similar small
+object on which the eyes of the patient must remain fixed for the
+usual space of time, and we will promise that the experiments thus
+made shall be equally successful with those in which the so-called
+galvanic disk is employed. The phenomena are physiological and not
+electrical.</p>
+
+<p>Our conviction is, that the results proceed entirely from <i>imagination
+acting with a peculiar condition of the brain</i>, and that this
+peculiarly passive and impressible condition of the brain is induced
+by the <i>fixed gaze</i> upon the disk. These are the only agencies which
+we believe to be necessary, in order to give us an explanation of the
+phenomena in question. In saying so, however, we are aware that such
+data will seem to some inquirers insufficient to account for the
+effects we have described. It may be said: 'We know that imagination
+sometimes produces singular results, but can hardly see how it
+explains the facts stated.' We have only to request that such
+inquirers, before they throw aside our explanation, will give
+attention to a few remarks on the power of imagination in certain
+conditions. We propose, <i>1st</i>, To give some suggestions on this point;
+<i>2d</i>, To notice the relations of imagination with reason; and, <i>3d</i>,
+To inquire how far the physical means employed&mdash;the fixed gaze on the
+disk&mdash;may be sufficient to affect the mental organ, the brain, so as
+to alter its normal condition.</p>
+
+<p>1. Our usual mode of speaking of imagination, is to treat it as the
+opposite of all reality. When we say, 'that was merely an
+imagination,' we dismiss the topic as not worthy of another thought.
+For all ordinary purposes, this mode of speaking is correct enough;
+but let us ask, Why is imagination so weak?&mdash;why are its suggestions
+so evanescent? Simply because it is under the control of reason. But
+if the action of reason could be suspended, we should then see how
+great, and even formidable, is the imaginative power. It is the most
+untiring of all our mental faculties, refusing to be put to rest even
+during sleep: it can alter the influence of all external agents&mdash;for
+example, can either assist or prevent the effects of medicine&mdash;can
+make the world a prison-house to one man, and a paradise to
+another&mdash;can turn dwarfs into giants, and make various other
+metamorphoses more wonderful than any described by Ovid; nay, these
+are all insufficient examples of its power when left without control;
+for it can produce either health, or disease, or death!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[pg 46]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>To give a familiar instance of the control under which it is generally
+compelled to act: You are walking home in the night-time, and some
+withered and broken old tree assumes, for a moment, the appearance of
+a giant about to make an attack upon you with an enormous club. You
+walk forward to confront the monster with perfect coolness. Why? Not
+because you are a Mr Greatheart, accustomed to deal with giants, but
+because, in fact, the illusion does not keep possession of your mind
+even for a moment. Imagination merely suggests the false image; but
+memory and reason, with a rapidity of action which cannot be
+described, instantly correct the mistake, and tell you it is only the
+old elm-tree; so that here, and in a thousand similar instances, there
+is really no sufficient time allowed for any display of the power of
+imagination.</p>
+
+<p>A tale is told&mdash;we cannot say on what authority&mdash;which, whether it be
+a fact or a fiction, is natural, and may serve very well to shew what
+would be the effect of imagination if reason did not interfere. It is
+said that the companions of a young man, who was very 'wild,' had
+foolishly resolved to try to frighten him into better conduct. For
+this purpose, one of the party was arrayed in a white sheet, with a
+lighted lantern carried under it, and was to visit the young man a
+little after midnight, and address to him a solemn warning. The
+business, however, was rather dangerous, as the subject of this
+experiment generally slept with loaded pistols near him. Previously to
+the time fixed for the apparition, the bullets were abstracted from
+these weapons, leaving them charged only with gunpowder. When the
+spectre stalked into the chamber, the youth instantly suspected a
+trick, and, presenting one of the pistols, said: 'Take care of
+yourself: if you do not walk off, I shall fire!' Still stood the
+goblin, staring fixedly on the angry man. He fired; and when he saw
+the object still standing&mdash;when he believed that the bullet had
+innocuously passed through it&mdash;in other words, as soon as reason
+failed to explain it and imagination prevailed&mdash;he fell back upon his
+pillow in extreme terror.</p>
+
+<p>2. The point upon which we would insist is that, in the normal
+condition of the mind and the body, the power of imagination is so
+governed, that a display of the effects it produces while under the
+control of reason, can give us but a feeble notion of what its power
+might be in other circumstances. To make this plain, we add a few
+suggestions respecting the nature and extent of the control exercised
+by reason over imagination; and we shall next proceed to shew, that
+<i>the activity of reason is dependent upon certain physical
+conditions</i>.</p>
+
+<p>We shall say nothing of a metaphysical nature respecting reason, but
+shall simply point to two important facts connected with its exercise.
+The <i>first</i>&mdash;that it suspends or greatly modifies the action of other
+powers&mdash;has already been noticed in our remarks on imagination; but we
+must state it here in more distinct terms. We especially wish the
+reader to understand how wide and important is the meaning of the
+terms 'control' and 'overrule' as we use them when we say: 'reason
+controls, or overrules, imagination!' When we say that, in nature, the
+laws which regulate one stage of existence <i>overrule</i> the laws of
+another and a lower stage, we do not intend to say that the latter are
+annulled, but that they are so controlled and modified in their course
+of action, that they can no longer produce the effects which would
+take place if they were left free from such control. A few examples
+will make our meaning plain. Let us contrast the operations of
+chemistry with those of mechanism. In the latter, substances act upon
+each other simply by pressure, motion, friction, &amp;c.; but in
+chemistry, affinities and combinations come into play, producing
+results far beyond any that are seen in mechanics. On mechanical
+principles, the trituration of two substances about equal in hardness
+should simply reduce them to powder, but in chemistry, it may produce
+a gaseous explosion. Again&mdash;vegetable life overrules chemistry: the
+leaves, twigs, and branches of a tree, if left without life, would,
+when exposed to the agencies of air, light, heat, and moisture, be
+partly reduced to dust and partly diffused as gas in the atmosphere.
+It is the vegetative life of the tree which controls both the
+mechanical and the chemical powers of wind, rain, heat, and
+gravitation; and it is not until the life is extinct that these
+inferior powers come into full play upon the tree. So, again, the
+animal functions control chemical laws&mdash;take digestion, for example: a
+vegetable cut up by the root and exposed to the air, passes through a
+course of chemical decomposition, and <i>is</i> finally converted into gas;
+but when an animal consumes a vegetable, it is not decomposed
+according to the chemical laws, but is digested, becomes chyle, and is
+assimilated to the body of the animal. It is obvious that animal life
+controls mechanical laws. Thus, the friction of two inert substances
+wears one of them away&mdash;the soft yields to the hard; but, on the
+contrary, the hand of the labourer who wields the spade or the pickaxe
+becomes thicker and harder by friction.</p>
+
+<p>The bearing of these remarks upon our present point will soon be
+obvious: we multiply examples, in order to shew in what an important
+sense we use the word <i>control</i>, with regard to the relation of reason
+with imagination. As we have seen, chemistry overrules the mechanical
+laws; vegetation suspends the laws of chemistry; a superior department
+of animal life controls influences which are laws in a lower
+department; again, mind controls the effects of physical influences;
+and, lastly, one power of the mind controls, and in a great measure
+suspends, the natural activity of another power&mdash;<i>reason controls
+imagination</i>. A second fact with regard to the action of reason must
+be noticed&mdash;that <i>it requires a wakeful condition of the brain</i>. Some
+may suppose that they have reasoned very well during sleep; but we
+suspect that, if they could recollect their syllogisms, they would
+find them not much better than Mickle's poetry composed during sleep.
+Mickle, the translator of the <i>Lusiad</i>, sometimes expressed his regret
+that he could not remember the poetry which he improvised in his
+dreams, for he had a vague impression that it was very beautiful.
+'Well,' said his wife, 'I can at least give you two lines, which I
+heard you muttering over during one of your poetic dreams. Here they
+are:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"By Heaven! I'll wreak my woes<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Upon the cowslip and the pale primrose!"'<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>If we required proof that the operation of reason demands a wakeful
+and active condition of the brain, we might find it in the fact, that
+all intellectual efforts which imply sound reasoning are prevented
+even by a partial sleepiness or dreaminess. A light novel may be read
+and enjoyed while the mind is in an indolent and dreamy state; music
+may be enjoyed, or even composed, in the same circumstances, because
+it is connected rather with the imaginative than with the logical
+faculty; but, not to mention any higher efforts, we cannot play a game
+of chess well unless we are 'wide awake.'</p>
+
+<p>Now we come to our point:&mdash;Supposing that, by any means, the brain can
+be deprived of that wakefulness and activity which is required for a
+free exercise of the reasoning powers, then what would be the effect
+on the imagination? For an answer to this query, we shall not refer to
+the phenomena of natural sleep and dreaming, because it is evident
+that the subjects of the experiments we have to explain are not in a
+state of natural sleep; we shall rather refer to the condition of the
+brain during what we may call 'doziness,' and also to the effects
+sometimes produced by disease on the imagination and the senses.</p>
+
+<p>We all know that in a state of 'doziness,' any<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[pg 47]</a></span> accidental or
+ridiculous image which happens to suggest itself, will remain in the
+mind much longer than in a wakeful condition. A few slight, shapeless
+marks on the ceiling will assume the form of a face or a full-length
+figure; and strange physiognomies will be found among the flowers on
+the bed-curtains. In the impressible and passive state of the brain
+left by any illness which produces nervous exhaustion, such
+imaginations often become very troublesome. Impressions made on the
+brain some time ago will now reappear. Jean Paul Richter cautions us
+not to tell frightful stories to children, for this reason&mdash;that,
+though the 'horrible fancies' may all be soon forgotten by the
+healthful child, yet afterwards, when some disease&mdash;a fever, for
+instance&mdash;has affected the brain and the nerves, all the dismissed
+goblins may too vividly reproduce themselves. Our experience can
+confirm the observation. Some years ago, we went to a circus, where,
+during the equestrian performances, some trivial popular airs were
+played on brass instruments&mdash;cornets and trombones&mdash;dismally out of
+tune. Now, by long practice, we have acquired the art of utterly
+turning our attention away from, bad music, so that it annoys us no
+more than the rumble of wheels in Fleet Street. We exercised this
+voluntary deafness on the occasion. But not long afterwards, we were
+compelled, during an attack of disease which affected the nervous
+system, to hear the whole discordant performance repeated again and
+again, with a pertinacity which was really very distressing. Such a
+case prepares us to give credit to a far more remarkable story,
+related in one of the works of Macnish. A clergyman, we are told, who
+was a skilful violinist, and frequently played over some favourite
+<i>solo</i> or <i>concerto</i>, was obliged to desist from practice on account
+of the dangerous illness of his servant-maid&mdash;if we remember truly,
+phrenitis was the disease. Of course, the violin was laid aside; but
+one day, the medical attendant, on going toward the chamber of his
+patient, was surprised to hear the violin-solo performed in rather
+subdued tones. On examination, it was found that the girl, under the
+excitement of disease, had imitated the brilliant divisions and rapid
+passages of the music which had impressed her imagination during
+health! We might multiply instances of the singular effects of
+peculiar conditions of the brain upon the imaginative faculty. For one
+case we can give our personal testimony. A young man, naturally
+imaginative, but by no means of weak mind, or credulous, or
+superstitious, saw, even in broad daylight, spectres or apparitions of
+persons far distant. After being accustomed to these visits, he
+regarded them without any fear, except on account of the derangement
+of health which they indicated. These visions were banished by a
+course of medical treatment. In men of great imaginative power, with
+whom reason is by no means deficient, phenomena sometimes occur almost
+as vivid as those of disease in other persons. Wordsworth, speaking of
+the impressions derived from certain external objects, says:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash; on the mind<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">They lay like images, <i>and seemed almost</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>To haunt the bodily sense</i>!<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Again, in his verses recording his impression of the beauty of a bed
+of daffodils, he says:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">And oft, <i>when on my couch I lie</i>, [dozing?]<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">They <i>flash</i> before that inward eye<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Which is the bliss of solitude.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>These words are nothing more, we believe, than a simple and
+unexaggerated statement of a mental phenomenon.</p>
+
+<p>Enough has now been said to shew, that in a certain condition of the
+brain, when it is deprived of the wakefulness and activity necessary
+for the free use of reason, the effects of imagination may far exceed
+any that are displayed during a normal, waking state of the
+intellectual faculties. The question now remains: Are the means
+employed by the professors of electro-biology sufficient to produce
+that peculiar condition to which we refer? We believe that they are;
+and shall proceed to give reasons for such belief.</p>
+
+<p>3. What are these means? or rather let us ask, 'Amid the various means
+employed, which is the real agent?' We observe that, in the different
+processes by which&mdash;under the names of electro-biology or mesmerism&mdash;a
+peculiar cerebral condition is induced, such means as the following
+are employed:&mdash;Fixed attention on one object&mdash;it may be a metallic
+disk said to have galvanic power, or a sixpence, or a cork; silence,
+and a motionless state of the body are favourable to the intended
+result; monotonous movements by the experimenter, called 'passes,' may
+be used or not. The process may be interrupted by frequent winking, to
+relieve the eyes; by studying over some question or problem; or, if
+the patient is musical, by going through various pieces of music in
+his imagination; by anything, indeed, which tends to keep the mind
+wakeful. Now, when we find among the various means <i>one</i> invariably
+present, in some form or another&mdash;<i>monotony of attention producing a
+partial exhaustion of the nervous energy</i>, we have reason to believe
+that <i>this</i> is the real agent.</p>
+
+<p>But how can the 'fixed gaze upon the disk' affect reason? Certainly,
+it does not immediately affect reason; but through the nerves of the
+eye it very powerfully operates on the organ of reason, <i>the brain</i>,
+and induces an impressive, passive, and somnolent condition.</p>
+
+<p>Such a process as the 'fixed gaze on a small disk for about the space
+of a quarter of an hour,' must not be dismissed as a trifle. It is
+opposed to the natural wakeful action of the brain and the eye. Let it
+be observed that, in waking hours, the eye is continually in play,
+relieving itself, and guarding against weariness and exhaustion by
+unnumbered changes of direction. This is the case even during such an
+apparently monotonous use of the eye as we find in reading. As sleep
+approaches, the eye is turned upwards, as we find it also in some
+cases of disease&mdash;hysteria, for example; and it should be noticed,
+that this position of the eye is naturally connected with a somnolent
+and dreaming condition of the brain. In several of the subjects of the
+so-called electro-biological experiments, we observed that the eyes
+were partially turned upward. It is curious to notice that this mode
+of acting on the brain is of very ancient date, at least among the
+Hindoos. In their old poem, the <i>Bhagavad-Gita</i>, it is recommended as
+a religious exercise, superior to prayer, almsgiving, attendance at
+temples, &amp;c.; for the god Crishna, admitting that these actions are
+good, so far as they go, says: '<i>but he who, sitting apart, gazes
+fixedly upon one object until he forgets home and kindred, himself,
+and all created things&mdash;he attains perfection</i>.' Not having at hand
+any version of the <i>Bhagavad-Gita</i>, we cannot now give an exact
+translation of the passage; but we are quite sure that it recommends a
+state of stupefaction of the brain, induced by a long-continued fixed
+gaze upon one object.</p>
+
+<p>We have now stated, <i>1st</i>, That such an act of long-fixed attention
+upon one object, has a very remarkable effect on the brain; <i>2d</i>, That
+in the cerebral condition thus induced, the mental powers are not free
+to maintain their normal relations to each other; especially, will,
+comparison, and judgment, appear to lose their requisite power and
+promptitude of action, and are thus made liable to be overruled by the
+suggestions of imagination or the commands of the experimenter.</p>
+
+<p>To this explanation we can only add, that all who doubt it may easily
+put it to an experimental test. If it is thought that the mere 'fixed
+gaze,' without electric or galvanic agency, is not sufficient to
+produce the phenomena in question, then the only way of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[pg 48]</a></span> determining
+our dispute must be by fair experiment. But here we would add a word
+of serious caution, as we regard the process as decidedly dangerous,
+especially if frequently repeated on one subject.</p>
+
+<p>To conclude: we regard the exhibitions now so common under the name of
+electro-biology as delusions, so far as they are understood to have
+any connection with the facts of electricity; so far as they are
+<i>real</i>, we regard them as very remarkable instances of a mode of
+acting on the brain which is, we believe, likely to prove injurious.
+As we have no motive in writing but simply to elicit the truth, we
+will briefly notice two difficulties which seem to attend our theory.
+These are&mdash;1. The <i>rapid transition</i> from the state of illusion to an
+apparently wakeful and normal condition of mind. The patient who has
+been making snow-balls in a warm room, and has pulled the moon down,
+comes from the platform, recognises his friends, and can laugh at the
+visions which to him seemed realities but a few minutes since. 2. The
+<i>apparently slight effects</i> left, in some cases, after the
+experiments. Among the subjects whom we have questioned on this point,
+one felt 'rather dizzy' all the next day after submitting to the
+process; another felt 'a pressure on the head;' but a third, who was
+one of the most successful cases, felt 'no effects whatever'
+afterwards; while a fourth thinks he derived 'some benefit' to his
+health from the operation. We leave these points for further inquiry.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> We can corroborate the view taken by the writer of this
+article as to the reality of the effects produced on the persons
+submitting to the process, having seen many who are intimately known
+to us experimented on with success. The incredulity which still
+prevails on this subject in London can only be attributed to the
+necessary rarity, in so large a town, of experiments performed on
+persons known to the observers.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Ed.</span></p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="NEW_MOTIVE-POWER" id="NEW_MOTIVE-POWER"></a>NEW MOTIVE-POWER.</h2>
+
+<p class="returnTOC"><a href="#Contents">Return to Table of
+    Contents</a></p>
+
+<p>We copy the following from an American newspaper, without vouching for
+the accuracy of the statement:&mdash;'The <i>Cincinnati Atlas</i> announces a
+wonderful invention in that city. Mr Solomon, a native of Prussia, is
+the inventor. He is a gentleman of education, and was professor of a
+college in his native land at the age of twenty-five. In Cincinnati,
+he prosecuted his scientific researches and experiments, which now
+promise to result in fame, wealth, and honour to himself, and
+incalculable benefit to the whole human family. The invention of a new
+locomotive and propelling power by Mr Solomon was mentioned some six
+months ago; and a few days ago, his new engine, in course of
+construction for many months, was tested, and the most sanguine
+expectations of the inventor more than realised. The <i>Atlas</i> says: "On
+Monday last, the engine was kept in operation during the day, and
+hundreds of spectators witnessed and were astonished at its success.
+The motive-power is obtained by the generation and expansion, by heat,
+of carbonic acid gas. Common whiting, sulphuric acid, and water, are
+used in generating this gas, and the 'boiler' in which these component
+parts are held, is similar in shape and size to a common bomb-shell. A
+small furnace, with a handful of ignited charcoal, furnishes the
+requisite heat for propelling this engine of 25 horsepower. The
+relative power of steam and carbonic acid is thus stated:&mdash;Water at
+the boiling-point gives a pressure of 15 pounds to the square inch.
+With the addition of 30 degrees of heat, the power is double, giving
+30 pounds; and so on, doubling with every additional 30 degrees of
+heat, until we have 4840 pounds under a heat of 452 degrees&mdash;a heat
+which no engine can endure. But with the carbon, 20 degrees of heat
+above the boiling-point give 1080 pounds; 40 degrees give 2160 pounds;
+80 degrees, 4320 pounds; that is, 480 pounds greater power with this
+gas, than 451 degrees of heat give by converting water into steam! Not
+only does this invention multiply power indefinitely, but it reduces
+the expense to a mere nominal amount. The item of fuel for a
+first-class steamer, between Cincinnati and New Orleans, going and
+returning, is between 1000 and 1200 dollars, whereas 5 dollars will
+furnish the material for propelling the boat the same distance by
+carbon. Attached to the new engine is also an apparatus for condensing
+the gas after it has passed through the cylinders, and returning it
+again to the starting-place, thus using it over and over, and allowing
+none to escape. While the engine was in operation on Monday, it lifted
+a weight of 12,000 pounds up the distance of five feet perpendicular,
+five times every minute. This weight was put on by way of experiment,
+and does by no means indicate the full power of the engine."'</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="GOOD-NIGHT" id="GOOD-NIGHT"></a>GOOD-NIGHT.</h2>
+
+<p class="returnTOC"><a href="#Contents">Return to Table of
+    Contents</a></p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><span class="smcap">Good-night</span>! a word so often said,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">The heedless mind forgets its meaning;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">'Tis only when some heart lies dead<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">On which our own was leaning,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">We hear in maddening music roll<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That lost 'good-night' along the soul.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">'Good-night'&mdash;in tones that never die<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">It peals along the quickening ear;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And tender gales of memory<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">For ever waft it near,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When stilled the voice&mdash;O crush of pain!&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That ne'er shall breathe 'good-night' again.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Good-night! it mocks us from the grave&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">It overleaps that strange world's bound<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From whence there flows no backward wave&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">It calls from out the ground,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">On every side, around, above,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">'Good-night,' 'good-night,' to life and love!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Good-night! Oh, wherefore fades away<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">The light that lived in that dear word?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Why follows that good-night no day?<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Why are our souls so stirred?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Oh, rather say, dull brain, once more,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">'Good-night!'&mdash;thy time of toil is o'er!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Good-night!&mdash;Now cometh gentle sleep,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">And tears that fall like welcome rain.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Good-night!&mdash;Oh, holy, blest, and deep,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">The rest that follows pain.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">How should we reach God's upper light<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">If life's long day had no 'good-night?'<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="author">O.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="ENGLISH_INDEPENDENCE" id="ENGLISH_INDEPENDENCE"></a>ENGLISH INDEPENDENCE.</h2>
+
+<p class="returnTOC"><a href="#Contents">Return to Table of
+    Contents</a></p>
+
+<p>Somebody&mdash;and we know not whom, for it is an old faded yellow
+manuscript scrap in our drawer&mdash;thus rebukes an Englishman's
+aspiration to be independent of foreigners: A French cook dresses his
+dinner for him, and a Swiss valet dresses him for his dinner. He hands
+down his lady, decked with pearls that never grew in the shell of a
+British oyster, and her waving plume of ostrich-feathers certainly
+never formed the tail of a barn-door fowl. The viands of his table are
+from all countries of the world; his wines are from the banks of the
+Rhine and the Rhone. In his conservatory, he regales his sight with
+the blossoms of South American flowers; in his smoking-room, he
+gratifies his scent with the weed of North America. His favourite
+horse is of Arabian blood, his pet dog of the St Bernard breed. His
+gallery is rich with pictures from the Flemish school and statues from
+Greece. For his amusement, he goes to hear Italian singers warble
+German music followed by a French ballet. The ermine that decorates
+his judges was never before on a British animal. His very mind is not
+English in its attainments&mdash;it is a mere picnic of foreign
+contributions. His poetry and philosophy are from ancient Greece and
+Rome, his geometry from Alexandria, his arithmetic from Arabia, and
+his religion from Palestine. In his cradle, in his infancy, he rubbed
+his gums with coral from Oriental oceans; and when he dies, he is
+buried in a coffin made from wood that grew on a foreign soil, and his
+monument will be sculptured in marble from the quarries of Carrara. A
+pretty sort of man this to talk of being independent of
+foreigners!&mdash;<i>Harper's Magazine.</i></p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<p>Printed and Published by W. and R. <span class="smcap">Chambers</span>, High Street, Edinburgh.
+Also sold by W. S. <span class="smcap">Orr</span>, Amen Corner, London; D. N. <span class="smcap">Chambers</span>, 55 West
+Nile Street, Glasgow; and J. <span class="smcap">M'Glashan</span>, 50 Upper Sackville Street,
+Dublin.&mdash;Advertisements for Monthly Parts are requested to be sent to
+<span class="smcap">Maxwell &amp; Co.</span>, 31 Nicholas Lane, Lombard Street, London, to whom all
+applications respecting their insertion must be made.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Chambers's Edinburgh Journal, No. 446, by Various
+
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+Project Gutenberg's Chambers's Edinburgh Journal, No. 446, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Chambers's Edinburgh Journal, No. 446
+       Volume 18, New Series, July 17, 1852
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: William Chambers
+        Robert Chambers
+
+Release Date: March 13, 2007 [EBook #20806]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHAMBERS'S EDINBURGH ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Malcolm Farmer, Richard J. Shiffer and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
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+
+
+
+
+                     CHAMBERS' EDINBURGH JOURNAL
+
+  CONDUCTED BY WILLIAM AND ROBERT CHAMBERS, EDITORS OF 'CHAMBERS'S
+  INFORMATION FOR THE PEOPLE,' 'CHAMBERS'S EDUCATIONAL COURSE,' &c.
+
+
+  No. 446. NEW SERIES.   SATURDAY, JULY 17, 1852.   PRICE 1-1/2_d._
+
+
+
+
+WOLF-CHILDREN.
+
+
+It is a pity that the present age is so completely absorbed in
+materialities, at a time when the facilities are so singularly great
+for a philosophy which would inquire into the constitution of our
+moral nature. In the North Pacific, we are in contact with tribes of
+savages ripening, sensibly to the eye, into civilised communities; and
+we are able to watch the change as dispassionately as if we were in
+our studies examining the wonders of the minute creation through a
+microscope. In America, we have before us a living model, blind, mute,
+deaf, and without the sense of smell; communicating with the external
+world by the sense of touch alone; yet endowed with a rare
+intelligence, which permits us to see, through the fourfold veil that
+shrouds her, the original germs of the human character.[1] Nearer
+home, we have been from time to time attracted and astonished by the
+spectacle of children, born of European parents, emerging from forests
+where they had been lost for a series of years, fallen back, not into
+the moral condition of savages, but of wild beasts, with the
+sentiments and even the instincts of their kind obliterated for ever.
+And now we have several cases before us, occurring in India, of the
+same lapses from humanity, involving circumstances curious in
+themselves, but more important than curious, as throwing a strange
+light upon what before was an impenetrable mystery. It is to these we
+mean to direct our attention on the present occasion; but before doing
+so, it will be well just to glance at the natural history of the wild
+children of Europe.[2]
+
+The most remarkable specimen, and the best type of the class, was
+found in the year 1725, in a wood in Hanover. With the appearance of a
+human being--of a boy about thirteen years of age--he was in every
+respect a wild animal, walking on all-fours, feeding on grass and
+moss, and lodging in trees. When captured, he exhibited a strong
+repugnance to clothing; he could not be induced to lie on a bed,
+frequently tearing the clothes to express his indignation; and in the
+absence of his customary lair among the boughs of a tree, he crouched
+in a corner of the room to sleep. Raw food he devoured with relish,
+more especially cabbage-leaves and other vegetables, but turned away
+from the sophistications of cookery. He had no articulate language,
+expressing his emotions only by the sounds emitted by various animals.
+Although only five feet three inches, he was remarkably strong; he
+never exhibited any interest in the female sex; and even in his old
+age--for he was supposed to be seventy-three when he died--it was only
+in external manners he had advanced from the character of a wild beast
+to that of a good-tempered savage, for he was still without
+consciousness of the Great Spirit.
+
+In other children that were caught subsequently to Peter, for that was
+the name they gave him, the same character was observable, although
+with considerable modifications. One of them, a young girl of twelve
+or thirteen, was not merely without sympathy for persons of the male
+sex, but she held them all her life in great abhorrence. Her temper
+was ungovernable; she was fond of blood, which she sucked from the
+living animal; and was something more than suspected of the cannibal
+propensity. On one occasion, she was seen to dive as naturally as an
+otter in a lake, catch a fish, and devour it on the spot. Yet this
+girl eventually acquired language; was even able to give some
+indistinct account of her early career in the woods; and towards the
+close of her life, when subdued by long illness, exhibited few traces
+of having once been a wild animal. Another, a boy of eleven or twelve,
+was caught in the woods of Canne, in France. He was impatient,
+capricious, violent; rushing even through crowded streets like an
+ill-trained dog; slovenly and disgusting in his manners; affected with
+spasmodic motions of the head and limbs; biting and scratching all who
+displeased him; and always, when at comparative rest, balancing his
+body like a wild animal in a menagerie. His senses were incapable of
+being affected by anything not appealing to his personal feelings: a
+pistol fired close to his head excited little or no emotion, yet he
+heard distinctly the cracking of a walnut, or the touch of a hand upon
+the key which kept him captive. The most delicious perfumes, or the
+most fetid exhalations, were the same thing to his sense of smell,
+because these did not affect, one way or other, his relish for his
+food, which was of a disgusting nature, and which he dragged about the
+floor like a dog, eating it when besmeared with filth. Like almost all
+the lower animals, he was affected by the changes of the weather; but
+on some of these occasions, his feelings approached to the human in
+their manifestations. When he saw the sun break suddenly from a cloud,
+he expressed his joy by bursting into convulsive peals of laughter;
+and one morning, when he awoke, on seeing the ground covered with
+snow, he leaped out of bed, rushed naked into the garden, rolled
+himself over and over in the snow, and stuffing handfuls of it into
+his mouth, devoured it eagerly. Sometimes he shewed signs of a true
+madness, wringing his hands, gnashing his teeth, and becoming
+formidable to those about him. But in other moods, the phenomena of
+nature seemed to tranquillise and sadden him. When the severity of the
+season, as we are informed by the French physician who had charge of
+him, had driven every other person out of the garden, he still
+delighted to walk there; and after taking many turns, would seat
+himself beside a pond of water. Here his convulsive motions, and the
+continual balancing of his whole body, diminished, and gave way to a
+more tranquil attitude; his face gradually assumed the character of
+sorrow or melancholy reverie, while his eyes were steadfastly fixed on
+the surface of the water, and he threw into it, from time to time,
+some withered leaves. In like manner, on a moonlight night, when the
+rays of the moon entered his room, he seldom failed to awake, and to
+place himself at the window. Here he would remain for a considerable
+time, motionless, with his neck extended, and his eyes fixed on the
+moonlight landscape, and wrapped in a kind of contemplative ecstasy,
+the silence of which was interrupted only by profound inspirations,
+accompanied by a slight plaintive noise.
+
+We have only to add, that by the anxious care of the physician, and a
+thousand ingenious contrivances, the senses of this human animal, with
+the exception of his hearing, which always remained dull and
+impassive, were gradually stimulated, and he was even able at length
+to pronounce two or three words. Here his history breaks off.
+
+The scene of these extraordinary narratives has hitherto been confined
+to Europe; but we have now to draw attention to the wild children of
+India. It happens, fortunately, that in this case the character of the
+testimony is unimpeachable; for although brought forward in a brief,
+rough pamphlet, published in a provincial town, and merely said to be
+'by an Indian Official,' we recognise both in the manner and matter
+the pen of Colonel Sleeman, the British Resident at the court of
+Lucknow, whose invaluable services in putting down thuggee and
+dacoitee in India we have already described to our readers.[3]
+
+The district of Sultanpoor, in the kingdom of Oude, a portion of the
+great plain of the Ganges, is watered by the Goomtee River, a
+navigable stream, about 140 yards broad, the banks of which are much
+infested by wolves. These animals are protected by the superstition of
+the Hindoos, and to such an extent, that a village community within
+whose boundaries a single drop of their blood has been shed, is
+believed to be doomed to destruction. The wolf is safe--but from a
+very different reason--even from those vagrant tribes who have no
+permanent abiding-place, but bivouac in the jungle, and feed upon
+jackals, reptiles--anything, and who make a trade of catching and
+selling such wild animals as they consider too valuable to eat. The
+reason why the vulpine ravager is spared by these wretches is--_that
+wolves devour children_! Not, however, that the wanderers have any
+dislike to children, but they are tempted by the jewels with which
+they are adorned; and knowing the dens of the animals, they make this
+fearful gold-seeking a part of their business. The adornment of their
+persons with jewellery is a passion with the Hindoos which nothing can
+overcome. Vast numbers of women--even those of the most infamous
+class--are murdered for the sake of their ornaments, yet the lesson is
+lost upon the survivors. Vast numbers of children, too, fall victims
+in the same way, and from the same cause, or are permitted, by those
+who shrink from murder, to be carried off and devoured by the wolves;
+yet no Indian mother can withstand the temptation to bedizen her
+child, whenever it is in her power, with bracelets, necklaces, and
+other ornaments of gold and silver. So much is necessary as an
+introduction to the incidents that follow.
+
+One day, a trooper, like Spenser's gentle knight,'was pricking on the
+plain,' near the banks of the Goomtee. He was within a short distance
+of Chandour, a village about ten miles from Sultanpoor, the capital of
+the district, when he halted to observe a large female wolf and her
+whelps come out of a wood near the roadside, and go down to the river
+to drink. There were four whelps. Four!--surely not more than three;
+for the fourth of the juvenile company was as little like a wolf as
+possible. The horseman stared; for in fact it was a boy, going on
+all-fours like his comrades, evidently on excellent terms with them
+all, and guarded, as well as the rest, by the dam with the same
+jealous care which that exemplary mother, but unpleasant neighbour,
+bestows upon her progeny. The trooper sat still in his saddle watching
+this curious company till they had satisfied their thirst; but as soon
+as they commenced their return, he put spurs to his horse, to
+intercept the boy. Off ran the wolves, and off ran the boy
+helter-skelter--the latter keeping close up with the dam; and the
+horseman, owing to the unevenness of the ground, found it impossible
+to overtake them before they had all entered their den. He was
+determined, nevertheless, to attain his object, and assembling some
+people from the neighbouring village with pickaxes, they began to dig
+in the usual way into the hole. Having made an excavation of six or
+eight feet, the garrison evacuated the place--the wolf, the three
+whelps, and the boy, leaping suddenly out and taking to flight. The
+trooper instantly threw himself upon his horse, and set off in
+pursuit, followed by the fleetest of the party; and the ground over
+which they had to fly being this time more even, he at length headed
+the chase, and turned the whole back upon the men on foot. These
+secured the boy, and, according to prescriptive rule, allowed the wolf
+and her three whelps to go on their way.
+
+'They took the boy to the village,' says Colonel Sleeman, 'but had to
+tie him, for he was very restive, and struggled hard to rush into
+every hole or den they came near. They tried to make him speak, but
+could get nothing from him but an angry growl or snarl. He was kept
+for several days at the village, and a large crowd assembled every day
+to see him. When a grown-up person came near him, he became alarmed,
+and tried to steal away; but when a child came near him, he rushed at
+it with a fierce snarl, like that of a dog, and tried to bite it. When
+any cooked meat was put near him, he rejected it in disgust; but when
+raw meat was offered, he seized it with avidity, put it upon the
+ground, under his hands, like a dog, and ate it with evident pleasure.
+He would not let any one come near while he was eating, but he made no
+objection to a dog's coming and sharing his food with him.'
+
+This wild boy was sent to Captain Nicholetts, the European officer
+commanding the 1st regiment of Oude Local Infantry, stationed at
+Sultanpoor. He lived only three years after his capture, and died in
+August 1850. According to Captain Nicholetts' account of him, he was
+very inoffensive except when teased, and would then growl and snarl.
+He came to eat anything that was thrown to him, although much
+preferring raw flesh. He was very fond of uncooked bones, masticating
+them apparently with as much ease as meat; and he had likewise a still
+more curious partiality for small stones and earth. So great was his
+appetite, that he has been known to eat half a lamb at one meal; and
+buttermilk he would drink by the pitcher full without seeming to draw
+breath. He would never submit to wear any article of dress even in the
+coldest weather; and when a quilt stuffed with cotton was given to
+him, 'he tore it to pieces, and ate a portion of it--cotton and
+all--with his bread every day.' The countenance of the boy was
+repulsive, and his habits filthy in the extreme. He was never known to
+smile; and although fond of dogs and jackals, formed no attachment
+for any human being. Even when a favourite pariah dog, which used to
+feed with him, was shot for having fallen under suspicion of taking
+the lion's share of the meal, he appeared to be quite indifferent. He
+sometimes walked erect; but generally ran on all-fours--more
+especially to his food when it was placed at a distance from him.
+
+Another of these wolf-children was carried off from his parents at
+Chupra (twenty miles from Sultanpoor), when he was three years of age.
+They were at work in the field, the man cutting his crop of wheat and
+pulse, and the woman gleaning after him, with the child sitting on the
+grass. Suddenly, there rushed into the family party, from behind a
+bush, a gaunt wolf, and seizing the boy by the loins, ran off with him
+to a neighbouring ravine. The mother followed with loud screams, which
+brought the whole village to her assistance; but they soon lost sight
+of the wolf and his prey, and the boy was heard no more of for six
+years. At the end of that time, he was found by two sipahis
+associating, as in the former case, with wolves, and caught by the leg
+when he had got half-way into the den. He was very ferocious when
+drawn out, biting at his deliverers, and seizing hold of the barrel of
+one of their guns with his teeth. They secured him, however, and
+carried him home, when they fed him on raw flesh, hares, and birds,
+till they found the charge too onerous, and gave him up to the public
+charity of the village till he should be recognised by his parents.
+This actually came to pass. His mother, by that time a widow, hearing
+a report of the strange boy at Koeleapoor, hastened to the place from
+her own village of Chupra, and by means of indubitable marks upon his
+person, recognised her child, transformed into a wild animal. She
+carried him home with her; but finding him destitute of natural
+affection, and in other respects wholly irreclaimable, at the end of
+two months she left him to the common charity of the village.
+
+When this boy drank, he dipped his face in the water, and sucked. The
+front of his elbows and knees had become hardened from going on
+all-fours with the wolves. The village boys amused themselves by
+throwing frogs to him, which he caught and devoured; and when a
+bullock died and was skinned, he resorted to the carcass like the dogs
+of the place, and fed upon the carrion. His body smelled offensively.
+He remained in the village during the day, for the sake of what he
+could get to eat, but always went off to the jungle at night. In other
+particulars, his habits resembled those already described. We have
+only to add respecting him, that, in November 1850, he was sent from
+Sultanpoor, under the charge of his mother, to Colonel Sleeman--then
+probably at Lucknow--but something alarming him on the way, he ran
+into a jungle, and had not been recovered at the date of the last
+dispatch.
+
+We pass over three other narratives of a similar kind, that present
+nothing peculiar, and shall conclude with one more specimen of the
+Indian wolf-boy. This human animal was captured, like the first we
+have described, by a trooper, with the assistance of another person on
+foot. When placed on the pommel of the saddle, he tore the horseman's
+clothes, and, although his hands were tied, contrived to bite him
+severely in several places. He was taken to Bondee, where the rajah
+took charge of him till he was carried off by Janoo, a lad who was
+khidmutgar (table-attendant) to a travelling Cashmere merchant. The
+boy was then apparently about twelve years of age, and went upon
+all-fours, although he could stand, and go awkwardly on his legs when
+threatened. Under Janoo's attention, however, in beating and rubbing
+his legs with oil, he learned to walk like other human beings. But the
+vulpine smell continued to be very offensive, although his body was
+rubbed for some months with mustard-seed soaked in water, and he was
+compelled during the discipline to live on rice, pulse, and bread. He
+slept under the mango-tree, where Janoo himself lodged, but was always
+tied to a tent-pin.
+
+One night, when the wild boy was lying asleep under his tree, Janoo
+saw two wolves come up stealthily, and smell at him. They touched him,
+and he awoke; and rising from his reclining posture, he put his hands
+upon the heads of his visitors, and they licked his face. They capered
+round him, and he threw straw and leaves at them. The khidmutgar gave
+up his protege for lost; but presently he became convinced that they
+were only at play, and he kept quiet. He at length gained confidence
+enough to drive the wolves away; but they soon came back, and resumed
+their sport for a time. The next night, three playfellows made their
+appearance, and in a few nights after, four. They came four or five
+times, till Janoo lost all his fear of them. When the Cashmere
+merchant returned to Lucknow, where his establishment was, Janoo still
+carried his pet with him, tied by a string to his own arm; and, to
+make him useful according to his capacity, with a bundle on his head.
+At every jungle they passed, however, the boy would throw down the
+bundle, and attempt to dart into the thicket; repeating the
+insubordination, though repeatedly beaten for it, till he was fairly
+subdued, and became docile by degrees. The greatest difficulty was to
+get him to wear clothes, which to the last he often injured or
+destroyed, by rubbing them against posts like a beast, when some part
+of his body itched. Some months after their arrival at Lucknow, Janoo
+was sent away from the place for a day or two on some business, and on
+his return he found that the wild boy had escaped. He was never more
+seen.
+
+It is a curious circumstance, that the wild children, whether of
+Europe or Asia, have never been found above a certain age. They do not
+grow into adults in the woods. Colonel Sleeman thinks their lives may
+be cut short by their living exclusively on animal food; but to some
+of them, as we have seen, a vegetable diet has been habitual. The
+probability seems to be, that with increasing years, their added
+boldness and consciousness of strength may lead them into fatal
+adventures with their brethren of the forest. As for the protection of
+the animal by which they were originally nurtured becoming powerless
+from age, which is another hypothesis, that supposes too romantic a
+system of patronage and dependence. The head of the family must have
+several successive series of descendants to care for after the arrival
+of the stranger, and it is far more probable that the wild boy is
+obliged to turn out with his playmates, when they are ordered to shift
+for themselves, than that he alone remains a fixture at home. That
+protection of some kind at first is a necessary condition of his
+surviving at all, there can be no manner of doubt, although it does
+not follow that a wolf is always the patron. The different habits of
+some of the European children we have mentioned, shew a totally
+different course of education. If, for instance, they had been
+nurtured by wolves, they would no more have learned to climb trees
+than to fly in the air. As for the female specimen we have mentioned,
+hers was obviously an exceptional case. She was lost, as appeared from
+her own statement, when old enough to work at some employment, and a
+club she used as a weapon was one of her earliest recollections.
+
+The wild children of India, however, were obviously indebted to wolves
+for their miserable lives; and it is not so difficult as at first
+sight might be supposed, to imagine the possibility of such an
+occurrence. The parent wolves are so careful of their progeny, that
+they feed them for some time with half-digested food, disgorged by
+themselves; and after that--if we may believe Buffon, who seems as
+familiar with the interior of a den as if he had boarded and lodged in
+the family--they bring home to them live animals, such as hares and
+rabbits. These the young wolves play with, and when at length they
+are hungry, kill: the mother then for the first time interfering, to
+divide the prey in equal portions. But in the case of a child being
+brought to the den--a child accustomed, in all probability, to
+tyrannise over the whelps of pariah dogs and other young animals, they
+would find it far easier to play than to kill; and if we only suppose
+the whole family going to sleep together, and the parents bringing
+home fresh food in the morning--contingencies not highly
+improbable--the mystery is solved, although the marvel remains. It may
+be added, that such wolves as we have an opportunity of observing in
+menageries, are always gentle and playful when young, and it is only
+time that develops the latent ferocity of a character the most
+detestable, perhaps, in the whole animal kingdom. Cowardly and cruel
+in equal proportion, the wolf has no defenders. 'In short,' says
+Goldsmith--probably translating Buffon, for we have not the latter at
+hand to ascertain--'every way offensive, a savage aspect, a frightful
+howl, an insupportable odour, a perverse disposition, fierce habits,
+he is hateful while living, and useless when dead.'
+
+But what, then, is man, whom mere accidental association for a few
+years can strip of the faculties inherent in his race and convert into
+a wolf? The lower animals retain their instincts in all circumstances.
+The kitten, brought up from birth on its mistress's lap, imbibes none
+of her tastes in food or anything else. It rejects vegetables, sweets,
+fruits, all drinks but water or milk, and although content to satisfy
+its hunger with dressed meat, darts with an eager growl upon raw
+flesh. Man alone is the creature of imitation in good or in bad. His
+faculties and instincts, although containing the _germ_ of everything
+noble, are not independent and self-existing like those of the brutes.
+This fact accounts for the difference observable, in an almost
+stereotyped form, in the different classes of society; it affords a
+hint to legislators touching their obligation to use the power they
+possess in elevating, by means of education, the character of the more
+degraded portions of the community; and it brings home to us all the
+great lesson of sympathy for the bad as well as the afflicted--both
+victims alike of _circumstances_, over which they in many cases have
+nearly as little control as the wild children of the desert.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] See 'The Rudimental,' in No. 391.
+
+[2] A paper on this subject will be found in _Chambers's Miscellany of
+Useful and Entertaining Tracts_, vol. v. No. 48.
+
+[3] See 'Gang-Robbers of India,' in Nos. 360 and 361 of this Journal.
+The title of the pamphlet alluded to is, _An Account of Wolves
+nurturing Children in their Dens_. By an Indian Official. Plymouth:
+Jenkin Thomas, printer. 1852.
+
+
+
+
+THE LITERATURE OF PARLIAMENT.
+
+
+The Imperial Parliament of Great Britain and Ireland, in addition to
+its other varied and important functions, fulfils, through one of its
+branches, that of a great national book manufactory. Every session,
+the House of Commons issues a whole library of valuable works,
+containing information of the most ample and searching kind on
+subjects of a very miscellaneous character. These are the Blue-books,
+of which everybody has heard: many jokes are extant as to their
+imposing bulk and great weight, literally and figuratively; and a
+generation eminently addicted to light reading, may well look with
+horror on these thick and closely-printed folios. But, in truth, they
+are not for the mere _reader_: they are for the historian, and student
+of any given subject; they are storehouses of material, not digested
+treatises. True it is, that their great size sometimes defeats its
+object--the valuable portion of the material is sometimes buried under
+the comparatively worthless heap that surrounds it--the golden grains
+lost amid the chaff. But in a case of this kind, the error of
+redundancy is one on the safe side; let a subject in all its bearings
+be thoroughly and fully brought up, and it is the fault or failing of
+him who sets about the study of it, if he is appalled at the amount of
+information on which he has to work, or cannot discriminate and seize
+upon the salient points, or on those which are necessary for his own
+special purposes.
+
+Few persons, we believe, who have not had occasion to consult these
+parliamentary volumes in a systematic manner, are at all aware of the
+immense labour that is bestowed upon them, and the care and
+completeness with which they are compiled and arranged. Indeed, we
+daresay few readers have any accurate notions of the actual number of
+parliamentary papers annually issued, or of the nature of their
+contents. From even a very cursory examination of the literary result
+of a parliamentary session, the previously uninformed investigator
+could not fail to rise with a greatly augmented estimate of the
+functions of the great ruling body of the state--the guarding and
+directing power in the multitudinous affairs of the British Empire--an
+empire that extends over every possible variety of country and
+climate, and includes under its powerful, yet mild and beneficent
+sway, tribes of every colour of skin, and of every shade of religious
+belief. Such a survey, in fact, tends to impress one more fully and
+immediately than could well be fancied, with the magnitude of the
+business of the British legislature, and the consequent weighty
+responsibilities imposed upon its members. But, great as the burden
+is, it is distributed over so many shoulders, that it appears to press
+heavily, and really does so, only on a few who support it at the more
+trying points.
+
+The session 1851 is the latest of whose labours, as they appear in the
+form of parliamentary records, an account can be given. By the
+admirable system of arrangement we have referred to, each
+parliamentary 'paper,' whether it issues in the shape of a bulky
+Blue-book--that is to say, as a thick, stitched folio volume, in a
+dark-blue cover--or as a mere 'paper'--an uncovered folio of a single
+sheet of two or four pages, or several stitched together, but not
+attaining the dignity of the blue cover--is marked as belonging to a
+certain class; and when the issue of the session is complete, a full
+set of 'Titles, Contents, and Indexes' to the whole is supplied, so
+that they can all be classified and bound up in due order with the
+utmost ease and celerity. The _Titles, Contents, and Indexes to the
+Sessional Printed Papers of Session_ 1851 are at present before us, in
+the shape of a folio Blue-book about an inch and a half thick, from
+which we think we may pick some facts of interest.
+
+It must be premised, that the session 1851 was considered by
+politicians a peculiarly barren and unfruitful one, as the Great
+Exhibition, in conjunction with ministerial difficulties, and the
+monster debates on the Ecclesiastical Titles' Bill, tended greatly to
+impede the ordinary business of the Houses, and gave an air of tedium
+and languor to the whole proceedings. Nevertheless, the papers for the
+year amount to no less than sixty volumes! Of these, the first six
+contain Public Bills. A bill, as most of our readers must be aware, is
+a measure submitted to the consideration of parliament with the view
+of its being adopted into the legal code of the country, for which it
+must receive the sanction of both Houses and the assent of the crown.
+When a bill has 'passed' through the Lords and Commons, and received
+the royal assent, it becomes an 'act'--that is, a law. A bill, in
+passing through the Houses, is subjected to numerous amendments and
+alterations in form, and is often printed, for the use of members and
+other parties interested, three or four times after such alterations,
+before it comes forth in its final and permanent form as an act. Thus,
+the famous Ecclesiastical Titles' Bill is to be found in three several
+shapes among the bills before it reappears for the fourth time as an
+act. Again, the word 'public' prefixed to these six volumes of bills,
+reminds us of the vast amount of business that comes before parliament
+and its committees in the shape of 'private' bills, of which no record
+appears here. These are bills of special and individual application,
+such as when a public company seeks an act of incorporation, the
+possessor of an entailed estate desires to sell a portion of ground,
+a railway directory asks for powers of various kinds, and so on.
+
+An examination of the contents of these six volumes would shew how
+many and diverse are the subjects that turn up in parliament in the
+course of a single and brief session; but to enter on it
+satisfactorily would require a great amount of space, and might, after
+all, be more tedious than profitable. A glance at those actually
+passed may suffice. These were 106 in number: the first is, 'An Act to
+amend the Passengers' Act of 1849;' and the hundred and sixth, 'An Act
+to appoint Commissioners to inquire into the Existence of Bribery in
+St Albans.' Besides the acts of an ordinary or routine character, we
+find the following among the subjects legislated on:--The Marine
+Forces, Leases for Mills in Ireland, Protection of Original Designs,
+the Protection of Servants and Apprentices, the Sale of Arsenic,
+Highways in Wales, Sites for Schools, Herring-Fishery, Prisons in
+Scotland, Common Lodging-Houses, Window and House Duties, Marriages in
+India, Ecclesiastical Titles, Smithfield Market, Settlement of the
+Boundaries of Canada and New Brunswick, Highland Roads and Bridges,
+Gunpowder Magazine at Liverpool, Management of the Insane in India,
+Lands in New Zealand, Representative Peers of Scotland, Emigration,
+Law of Evidence, Criminal Justice, &c.
+
+Following the six volumes of bills, are fifteen volumes of _Reports
+from Committees_, which are again succeeded by nine volumes of
+_Reports from Commissioners_. These two sections of the literature of
+parliament form vast stores of material on an immense number of
+subjects, into which he who digs laboriously is sure to be rewarded in
+the end. They contain great masses of 'evidence,' extracted by the
+examinations of committees and commissioners from the parties believed
+to be best qualified to give correct and full information on the
+various subjects on which they are examined, and these opinions are
+supported by facts and authentic statements and statistics, invaluable
+to the investigator. The first volume of last year's Reports from
+Committees opens with that on the Edinburgh Annuity Tax, the fifteenth
+contains that on Steam Communications with India. There are four
+volumes on Customs, two on Ceylon, one on Church-rates, one on the
+Caffre Tribes, one on Newspaper Stamps, &c.; while other volumes
+contain Reports on the Property Tax, the Militia, the Ordnance Survey,
+Public Libraries, Law of Partnership, &c. From commissioners, we have
+Reports on Fisheries, Emigration, National Gallery, Public Records,
+Board of Health, Factories, Furnaces, Mines and Collieries, Education,
+Maynooth College, Prisons, Public Works, &c.
+
+The fourth section of these parliamentary papers for 1851 amounts to
+thirty volumes, and consists of _Accounts and Papers_. It is in these
+that the statist finds inexhaustible wealth of material, long columns
+of figures with large totals, tables of the most complicated yet the
+clearest construction, containing a multiplicity of details bearing on
+the riches and resources of the empire in its most general and most
+minute particulars. Thus the first volume relates to 'Finance,' and
+includes the accounts of the Public Income and Expenditure, Public and
+National Debt, Income Tax, Public Works, and a vast variety of other
+subjects. The second volume is made up of the 'Estimates' for the
+Army, Navy, Ordnance, and 'Civil Services,' which includes Public
+Works, Public Salaries, Law and Justice, Education, Colonial and
+Consular Services, &c. The third volume is filled with Army and Navy
+Accounts and Returns. The next six volumes refer to the colonies, and
+consist of Accounts, Dispatches, Correspondence. The tenth is occupied
+with the subject of Emigration; and the eleventh with the Government
+of our Eastern Empire in all its vast machinery and complicated
+relations. The remaining volumes--for space would fail us to enumerate
+them in detail--treat of such subjects as the Census, Education,
+Convict Discipline, Poor, Post-office, Railways, Shipping, Quarantine,
+Trade and Navigation Returns, Revenue, Population and Commerce,
+Piracy, the Slave Trade, and Treaties and Conventions with Foreign
+States. Last of all, as volume sixty of the set, we have the
+_Numerical List and General Index_, itself a goodly tome of nearly 200
+pages, compiled with immense care, and arranged so perspicuously as to
+afford the utmost facilities for reference.
+
+These papers, as we have said, differ greatly in size. Some consist of
+but a single page, others swell up to volumes two or three inches
+thick, and of perhaps 2000 pages. As to the contents, the majority
+display a mixture of letterpress with tabular matter; and while some
+are wholly letterpress, others present an alarming and endless array
+of figures--filing along, page after page, in irresistible battalions.
+In many, valuable maps and plans are incorporated, with occasional
+designs for public works, &c.
+
+Besides these returns and papers of permanent value, there are daily
+issued during the session programmes of the business of the day,
+entitled _Votes and Proceedings_, and containing a list of the
+subjects, the motions, petitions, bills, &c., that are to be brought
+before the House, according to 'the orders of the day.' These, and all
+the other papers issued by parliament, may be obtained regularly
+through 'all the booksellers,' by any person desiring to have them.
+Their prices are fixed; and in the case of the larger papers, the
+price is printed on the back of each. Copies of bills and returns may
+be had separately, on payment of these affixed prices; and indeed few
+parties require complete sets. Some public libraries take them, as do
+most of the London, and one or two provincial newspapers, by which the
+gentlemen of the press are enabled to compile the numerous articles
+and paragraphs with which all newspaper readers are familiar, and
+which usually begin: 'By a return just issued, we learn,' &c.; or:
+'From a parliamentary paper recently printed, it appears,' &c. The
+public is often considerably indebted to the labours of newspaper men
+in regard to these papers, for the exigence of space, and the
+necessity of beating everything into a readable shape, require them to
+condense the voluminous details of the returns; and their sum and
+substance is thus given without any encumbering extraneous matter.
+
+The cost of complete series of the papers varies from session to
+session, according to the number issued, ranging usually about L.12 or
+L.14.
+
+
+
+
+LIGHTS FOR THE NIGHT.
+
+
+Unquestionably, darkness is disagreeable. Whether to manhood
+hoary-headed in wisdom, or to childhood yet in soft-brained ignorance,
+darkness is an unpleasant fact, to be got over in the best way
+possible--to be got over at all events, and at any cost, and to be
+turned into luminosity by every expedient that can be used.
+Wax-tapers, to throw their soft, luxurious light on my lady's delicate
+face, as she lies like a beautiful piece of marble-work on her dreamy
+couch; shaded lamps for the grave merchant, the virtual king of the
+present, as he sits in his still office, ruling nations by bale and
+bond, and guiding the tide of events by invoices and ship's papers;
+Palmer's candles, under green pent-houses, for students and authors,
+whose eyes must withstand a double strain; the mild house-light, with
+a dash of economy in the selection, whether of oil, sperm, long-fours,
+or short-sixes, for the family group; the white camphene flame for the
+artist: strange mechanisms for the curious; the flaunting brilliancy
+of the coloured chandeliers and cut-glass shades for our English
+Bedouins in the gin-palace; the flaring jet of the open butchers'
+shops; the paper-lantern of the street-stalls; the consumptive dip of
+the slop-worker; the glimmering rush-light for the sick-room; the
+resin torch for the midnight funeral: these, and countless other
+inventions--not to mention the universal gas--assert man's
+disinclination to transact his life in the dark, or to bound his
+powers by the simple arrangements of nature. There are better lights,
+though, than any of these, and a worse than mere physical night, be it
+the blackest with which romancer ever stained his innocent paper, when
+describing those dark deeds on desolate moors which all romancers
+delight in, and which send young ladies pale to bed. The night of the
+mind is worse than the night of time; and lamps which can dispel this
+are more valuable than any which make up for the loss of the sun only,
+though these are grand undertakings too.
+
+Most people know what a Child's night-light is, and most people have
+heard of Belmont Wax, and Price's Patent Candles, though few would be
+able to explain exactly what the warrant guards. But who ever pretends
+to understand patents? The 'Belmont' every one knows; it is a mere
+ordinary wax-candle, which perhaps does not 'gutter' so much as
+others, and with wick more innocent of 'thieves' than most, but with
+nothing more wonderful in appearance than an ordinary candle. A
+Child's night-light, too, has nothing mysterious in its look. It
+greatly resembles the thick stumpy end of a magnificent mould, done up
+in a coloured card-jacket, and with a small thin wick, that gives just
+a point of flame, and no more, by which to light another candle, if
+necessary--of admirable service for this and all other purposes of a
+common-place bedroom. Eccentric sleepers, who write Greek hexameters,
+and fasten on poetic thoughts while the rest of the world are in
+rational slumber, might object to the feebleness of this point of
+light; but eccentricities need provisions of their own, and comets
+have orbits to which the laws of the stars do not apply. For all
+ordinary people, this thick candle-end is a delicious substitute for
+the ghastly rush-light in its chequered cage, which threw strange
+figures on wall and curtain, and gave nervous women the megrims. But
+nothing more is known of Belmonts or night-lights; their birthplace,
+and the manner of their making, are alike hidden from the outer world;
+the uninitiated accept the arcana of tallow only in the positive form.
+It is generally presumed that candles, in the abstract, come from some
+unknown place in 'the City;' but how they are made, or who is employed
+in their making, or how the workmen live in the grease-laden steam of
+the factory, not one in a thousand would know if he could certainly
+none would give himself any trouble to find out. Neither should we
+ourselves have known, had not a little pamphlet, bearing the heading,
+_Special Report by the Directors to the Proprietors of Price's Patent
+Candle Company_, fallen into our hands. Holding the Report open on the
+desk before us, we will now give to our readers the net result of the
+moral doings of the factory.
+
+In the winter of 1848, half-a-dozen of the boys employed in the candle
+manufactory used to hide themselves behind a bench two or three times
+a week, when work and tea were over, to practise writing on useless
+scraps of paper picked up anyhow, and with worn-out pens begged from
+the counting-house. Encouraged by the foreman of their department, who
+begged some rough, movable desks for them, and aided by timely but not
+oppressive prizes from the Messrs Wilson, and by the presence of Mr J.
+P. Wilson, the little self-constituted school progressed considerably,
+until it reached the number of thirty; then a large old building was
+cleared out, a rickety wooden staircase taken down, an iron one put up
+in its stead, and a lofty school-room, capable of holding about 100 or
+more, made in the place of two useless lumber-rooms. The making and
+furnishing that room amounted to L.172. The school for some time held
+to its first principles of self-government. All the instruction,
+discipline, and management were supplied by the boys themselves; and
+when a number of elder boys joined, a committee, appointed by
+themselves, regulated the affairs of the community. However, this did
+not last long. The hot young blood and immature young brain needed a
+stronger curb than self-appointed committees could supply; and by a
+general request, the school has since been worked by authority--this
+authority itself guided by a general vote in many matters of choice
+immediately concerning the scholars. In the following summer--we are
+still in '48--a day-school was held in the room, to which the younger
+boys who were wanted in the factory at uncertain times and for
+indefinite periods, were sent when not employed--drafted from school
+to work, and from work to school, as the necessities of the factory
+required. The annual cost of this day-school is L.130; the total cost
+from the commencement, L.327.
+
+Amusements must now be provided. The first and most obvious were
+tea-parties, the usual rewards to school-children, and often made very
+tedious affairs by the enormous quantity of talk inflicted on them.
+However, Mr Wilson managed better. To the first, many of the boys came
+dirty and untidy; the second shewed a great improvement; the third,
+one still greater; until now, most of the factory-boys assemble to
+chapel, and other places where they ought to be decent, in plain suits
+of black, which give them a neat and even gentlemanlike appearance:
+yes, though the word applied to a set of factory-boys, candlemakers,
+may make many of our readers smile. But for all that constitutes real
+gentlemanlike feeling for order, obedience to authority, courtesy of
+manner, the absence of rudeness, quarrelling, and other petty vices of
+school-boys--these factory lads, taken from the very heart of a low
+population, shine pre-eminently, or rather have shone, since Mr Wilson
+has taken their educational training so much to heart. The first
+tea-party was held on Easter-Monday, as a counterpoise to the
+attractions of Greenwich and Camberwell fairs; and it succeeded in
+that object, evidencing that vice is not that necessary ingredient in
+the pleasures of the people which some people think.
+
+In 1849, the cholera came, peculiarly severe about Lambeth and
+Battersea Fields, where many of the candlemakers lived. Mr Wilson's
+first thought was for the young people in the factory. He consulted
+with his brother, and they took additional counsel of first-rate
+medical men, and then added to the committee a Mr Symes, a gentleman
+holding a field that was waiting to be built on. The result of these
+consultations was, that Mr Symes giving them temporary possession of
+the field, the night-school was closed entirely, and all the boys set
+to work to learn cricket--cricket as the best antidote to cholera the
+directors of Price's Patent could devise. Wise men these directors,
+with some sterling common sense and rare old hearty benevolence mixed
+up with their generous Saxon blood! Mr Symes was not the only
+stranger--for stranger he was--eager to help the directors. A Mr
+Graham came forward, and many others joined in offering; and
+altogether, as Mr J. P. Wilson says, 'everybody's heart seemed to warm
+up to their object.' The plan was a success. Of the whole crowd of
+cricket-players, only one, an interesting lad of seventeen, was lost,
+though most of them had kinspeople dying and dead in their own homes.
+That cricket-ground was not, however, useful only for physical health;
+it presented a beautiful and striking scene, which must have carried
+home to every heart deep thoughts and holy purposes to strengthen the
+soul as well.
+
+'Always when the game was finished,' says Mr Wilson, 'they (the boys)
+collected in a corner of the field, and took off their caps for a very
+short prayer for the safety of themselves and their friends from
+cholera; and the tone in which they said their amen to this, has
+always made me think, that although the school was nominally given up
+for the time, they were really getting from their game, so concluded,
+more moral benefit than any ordinary schooling could have given them.'
+This belief we heartily endorse. That informal prayer, made while the
+blood was warm with happiness and high with health, spoken in the open
+field, by themselves, direct to Heaven, without other interpreter
+between them, must have made a deep impression on the boys. Its very
+informality must have added to its solemnity; making it appear, and
+indeed making it in reality, so much more the genuine, spontaneous,
+heart-spoken expression of each individual, than the mere customary
+attendance on a prescribed form can admit. A field of six and a half
+acres is now rented, at the annual gross cost of L.80, the middle of
+which is kept for the cricket-ground, while the edges are laid down in
+gardens, allotted out.
+
+During all the bright summer weather the boys worked eagerly at their
+gardens, and played perseveringly at cricket--making a happy and
+healthy use of time that otherwise must, if used well, have been spent
+in a dull school-room (not the most inviting of recreations, after a
+hard day's work at the candle-making), or idled away in the streets,
+amongst the unprofitable and unhealthy amusements provided for the
+people. Amongst other good results, Mr Wilson notices that of
+'softening to the boys one of the greatest evils now existing in the
+factory--the night-work, for which the men and boys come in at six in
+the evening, to leave at six in the morning.' These workers do not go
+to bed, it seems, so soon as they leave work: in former days, they
+generally dawdled about, took a walk, or strolled into a gin-palace,
+as it might happen, or did anything else to kill the time until their
+sleeping-hour arrived. Since the cricket-ground has been established,
+however, they rush off to the field on leaving work at six in the
+morning, thoroughly enjoy themselves at gardening and cricket until
+about a quarter past eight; and then, after collecting in a little
+shed, where a verse or two of the New Testament and the Lord's Prayer
+are read to them, they go home to sleep, refreshed by the exercise
+after their unnatural hours, happy, peaceful, and healthy. These are
+the birches and canes of the Messrs Wilson's moral and scholastic
+training!
+
+Then came the summer-excursion. The first experiment was in June 1850,
+when 100 of them went down to Guildford early in the morning, and
+returned late in the evening. It was a beautiful day, bright and
+cloudless; and as those London boys wandered about the country lanes
+and meadows of Guildford, and heard the ceaseless hum of insect life,
+and the uncaged birds singing high in the blue sky, and saw the
+wild-flowers in the hedgerows, and the glancing waters in their way,
+we may be sure that more than mere enjoyment was stored up in their
+minds, and that thoughts which might not be brought out into set
+phrases, but which would be undying in their influence through life,
+were raised in each heart that drank in the glories and the holy
+teaching of nature, perhaps on that day for the first time. It was
+something for them to think of in the toil and heat of the factory; a
+beautiful picture, to fill their minds while their hands were busy at
+their work; and the rippling rivers and singing birds would sing and
+flow again and again in many a young head bending carefully over its
+task. The excursion of the next year was on a grander scale: 250
+started from Vauxhall Bridge, to go down the river to Herne Bay,
+which, though it may sound ludicrously Cockneyfied, was quite as much
+as the strength, and more than the stomachs of the little candlemakers
+could stand; yet very delightful, notwithstanding the qualmishness and
+face-playing of the majority. This year, they are all invited by the
+Bishop of Winchester to the brave old castle of Farnham--a treat to
+which they are looking forward with all the headlong eagerness of
+youth, and which, we trust, will have other and even better results
+than the pleasures we wish them. A bishop entertaining a set of
+factory children will be a welcome sight in these days of clerical
+pomp, when the episcopal purple so often hides the pastoral staff. It
+will be a rare occurrence, but a good practice begun--to be followed,
+we would fain hope, by its like in other districts.
+
+The expense of the day at Guildford was L.28; of that at Herne Bay,
+L.48; the estimated expense of the excursion for the present year is
+L.55. This seems a heavy item for a single day's amusement, but the
+Messrs Wilson have proved the immense advantage which their boys
+derive from these excursions: the hope, the stimulus to exertion--as
+only those who have worked hard at school, and behaved well generally,
+join the cricket-club and the excursionists--the health, the incentive
+to good conduct, and the preservation from evil habits; all these
+varied good effects have convinced the directors that it is money well
+spent--money that will bring in a richer percentage than government
+securities or Australian gold-fields could give, for it brings in the
+percentage of virtue. Not always in the power of money to gain that!
+And right thankful ought we to be, when we have found any investment
+whatever which will return us such rich usurious interest for what is
+in itself so intrinsically valueless.
+
+So much, then, for the Belmont Factory--for the light of that busy
+wax-candle making. Turn we now to the Night-Light Factory, though our
+notice of this must be brief; but brevity befits those thick, short
+candle-ends.
+
+In the autumn of 1849, the night-light trade came into the possession
+of Price's Patent Candle Company. Amongst the Child's Lights we have
+girls to deal with as well as boys--an element not to be provided for
+in the Belmont arrangements, and causing a little difficulty as to
+their proper disposition on first starting. But nothing seems to daunt
+Mr Wilson. Give him but a square inch for his foothold, and his moral
+lever will raise any given mass of ignorance, and remove any possible
+amount of obstruction. After a little time, and some expense, one of
+the railway arches near the night-factory was taken possession of,
+fitted up, made water-tight, and turned into a school-room for the
+boys and girls of the adopted concern. The expense of preparing and
+furnishing that arch was L.93. Still, the girls remained as a doubtful
+and untried version of the Belmont success; but by the energetic aid
+of a lady, much experienced in such matters, and by the untiring cares
+of a chaplain recently appointed to the factory, and who is in reality
+the moral and educational superintendent of the whole, something of
+the uncertainty hanging over the result has been removed, and all
+matters have greatly improved. Inasmuch as the character of women is
+of more delicate texture than that of men, so are the managers of the
+Night-Light School more careful to secure an unexceptionable set of
+girls in the school, that prudent parents may send their children
+there without alarm, and without more danger of contamination than
+must always arise where a number of human beings, adults or youths,
+are assembled together.
+
+Everything seems prospering. Church-organs in the school-rooms,
+chapel-services at various times as the different sets of workmen come
+and go, and flourishing schools for the mere child up to the actual
+young man, supply all the spiritual, intellectual, and devotional
+requirements of the work-people; games, gardening, excursions, and a
+general friendliness between masters and people, form their social
+happiness; and useful arts taught and about to be taught, help to make
+up the wellbeing of the community. Tailoring and shoemaking are to be
+learned, not as trades, but as domestic aids, many working-men having
+found the advantage, in various ways, of being able to do those little
+repairs at home which perishable garments are always requiring; and a
+shop full of young coopers employs another section of tradesmen in
+rather large numbers. For this last improvement, Mr J. Wilson was
+obliged to take up his freedom of the city, that he might apprentice
+the lads to himself, as it is a rule among the coopers that no one
+follows this trade, which is a close one, without having learned it by
+regular apprenticeship. However, a freeman can take apprentices in any
+trade, whether close or open, provided he does teach them a _bona
+fide_ business; and Mr Wilson availed himself of this privilege, and
+netted to himself a batch of young coopers, as we have said. So much
+can one earnest wish to be of real use to a cause or a generation
+enable a single individual to do! We may be sure that when we talk of
+our inability to do good, we mean our inattention to means, not our
+incapacity from want of them.
+
+The expenses we have quoted were all originally borne by Mr J. P.
+Wilson. In three years, he spent L.3289 in payments to teachers, in
+fitting up schools, in cricket-grounds, excursions, chaplain's salary,
+&c. His own salary is L.1000 per annum. And though the proprietors
+have refunded all moneys spent by him on these things, and have taken
+on themselves the future expenses of the institutions commenced by
+him, yet that does not diminish the worth of his magnificent
+intentions, or take from the largeness of his self-sacrifice and
+generosity. Add to this simple expenditure--for it was made in good
+faith, and in the belief that it was a virtual sacrifice of
+income--the labour, want of rest, the constant thought at all times
+and under all sorts of pressure--illness and business the most
+frequent--and we may form a slight estimate of what this glorious work
+of educating his young charge has cost a man whose name we must ever
+mention with respect.
+
+In Mr J. Wilson's Report, there are many points unattainable to
+moderate incomes and circumscribed resources, but many also that it is
+in the power of every man of education, and consequently of influence,
+to carry out in his neighbourhood. Amongst them is that simple item of
+the cricket-field and garden-ground. It has become so much the fashion
+among certain of us, renowned more for zeal than knowledge, to cry
+down all amusements for the people, as tending to the subversion and
+overthrow of morality, to shut them out from all but the church, the
+conventicle, and the gin-shop--that any recognition of this mistake in
+a more liberal arrangement, may be hailed as the inauguration of an
+era of common sense, and consequently of true morality. Amusements are
+absolutely necessary for mankind. The nation never existed on this
+earth which could dispense with them. Sects rise up every now and then
+which carry their abhorrence of all that is not fanaticism--after
+their own pattern--to the extreme, and which lay pleasure under the
+same curse with vice; but sects are cometic, and are not to be judged
+of after the generalisations of national character. Practically, we
+find that rigidness and vice, amusements and morality, go together,
+Siamese-like. In the year of the Crystal Palace, the London
+magistrates had fewer petty criminals brought before them than at any
+other period of the same duration; and what Mr Wilson proves in his
+cricket-ground, what London shewed in the time of the World's Fair,
+generations and countries would always exhibit in larger characters,
+more widely read--that the mind and body of man require
+amusement--simple pleasure--purposeless, aimless, unintellectual,
+physical pleasure--as much as his digestive organs require food and
+his hands work; not as the sole employment, but mixed in with, and
+forming the basis and the body of higher things--the strong practical
+woof through which the warp of golden stuff is woven into a glorious
+fabric--a glorious fabric of national progression. Yes, and into a
+wider garment still; one that will cover many an outlying Bedouin
+cowering in the darkness round--one that will join together the high
+and the low, the good and the bad, and so knead up the baser element
+into amalgamation with and absorption into the higher. This is no
+ideal theory. It is a possibility, a practical fact, proved in this
+place and in that--wherever men have taken the trouble to act on
+rational bases and on a true acceptation of the needs of human nature.
+For as the quality of light is to spread, and as the higher things
+will always absorb the lower, so will schools and kindly sympathy
+diffuse knowledge and virtue among the ignorant and brutalised; and
+Love to Humanity will once more read its mission in the salvation of a
+world.
+
+
+
+
+OUT-OF-DOORS LIFE IN CENTRAL EUROPE.
+
+
+The out-of-doors life enjoyed by the inhabitants of the continent,
+strikes a person, unacquainted with their habits and manners, more
+perhaps than anything which meets his eye in that part of the world.
+Rational, agreeable, and healthy as it is, it requires a long time
+before a thorough Englishman can accustom himself to it, or feel at
+all comfortable in eating his meals in the open air, surrounded by two
+or three hundred persons employed in the same manner, or crossing and
+recrossing, and circling round his table. He is apt to fancy himself
+the sole object of curiosity; while, in reality, the eyes which seem
+to mark him out, have in them perhaps as little speculation as if they
+were turned on vacancy. We have been amused, and sometimes ashamed, in
+witnessing the painful awkwardness of many of those numerous
+steam-boat voyagers who, subscribing in London for their passage to
+and from the Rhine in a given time, and for a trifling sum, find
+themselves in a few hours transported from the bustle of Oxford
+Street, Ludgate Hill, or the Strand, to the happy, idle, _fat_,
+laughing, easy enjoyment of a German _Thee-Garten_, in the midst of
+four or five hundred men, women, and children--all eating, drinking,
+and smoking as if time, cares, and business had no influence over
+them. It is a life so new to him, and so diametrically opposed to all
+his habits and notions, that, in general, it affords him anything but
+ease and enjoyment. To those, however, who know how to enjoy it, it
+affords both. There is in these popular reunions an ease and
+confidence, a _bonhomie_ and freedom, of which a Briton, with all his
+boasted liberty, has no idea. What is strangest of all to him, no
+distinction of rank, wealth, or profession is acknowledged. There are
+no reserved places. The rich and the poor, the prince and the artisan,
+sit down at the same kind of modest little green-painted tables, with
+rush-bottomed chairs, all kind, affable, and jovial--all respecting
+each other. The child of the citizen comes up without restraint, and
+plays with the sword-knot of the commander-in-chief; and the little
+princess will naively offer her bunch of grapes to the peasant who
+sits at the next table with his pipe and his tall glass of Bavarian
+beer. And yet the truest decorum is observed. There is no noise, no
+rioting, no intoxication; we have never witnessed a single example of
+any of these inconveniences. The education and habits of all the
+inhabitants of this part of the world, have been from infancy so
+regulated, and during many generations so completely formed to this
+sort of life, that not the smallest ungracious familiarity ever
+troubles these kindly popular reunions.
+
+But let us come to a definite description. We will take the
+Blum-Garten at Prague, for example--a city where the aristocracy are
+as exclusive, as it is called, as anywhere in the world. This garden,
+or rather park, is an imperial domain, having formed part of the
+hunting-park of the emperors of Germany in the beginning of the
+fourteenth century. It was planted by the great and good Charles IV.,
+king of Bohemia, and emperor of Germany, son of that blind king who
+was killed at the battle of Cressy by Edward the Black Prince. This
+park is situated without the fortifications of the Hradschin, at about
+half an hour's walk from them, in a valley formed by the river Moldau,
+and stretches away to the plateau which forms the eastern boundary of
+the valley. On the edge of this plateau, surrounded by gardens and
+plantations, is situated the Lust-Haus, or summer residence, in which
+the governor of Bohemia, or the members of the imperial family in
+Prague, pass some days at intervals during the summer months. The
+principal descent to the park is by a broad drive, which zig-zags till
+it gains the proper level. There are also several pleasant paths which
+descend in labyrinths under a profusion of lilacs and other flowering
+shrubs, overhung by birches and all kinds of forest-trees.
+
+At the foot of the drive is the house of general entertainment,
+consisting of several apartments, together with a spacious
+ball-room--an indispensable requisite, as on the continent all the
+world dances. From this house stretches a long wide gravel space,
+completely shaded from the noonday heat by four or five vast lime-tree
+alleys, beneath which are placed some fifty or a hundred tables. A
+military band is always to be found on fete-days, and very good music
+of some kind is never wanting. Here the whole population of Prague
+circle with perfect freedom, and with no attempt at class separations.
+The first comer is first served, taking any vacant place most suited
+to his fancy, or to the convenience of his party. At one table may be
+seen the Countess Gruenne, her governess, and children, taking their
+coffee with as much ease and simplicity as if she were in her own
+private garden; at another, a group of peasants, with their smiling
+faces and picturesque costumes; at a third table, a soldier and his
+old mother and sister, whom he is treating on his arrival in his
+native town. Then come the Archduke Stephen, with his imperial
+retinue, and one or two general-officers with their staffs; and at a
+little distance, with a merry party of laughing guests, the Prince and
+Princess Coloredo. In short, all the tables are by and by occupied by
+guests continually succeeding each other, of all classes and of all
+professions, from the imperial family, down to the most humble
+artisan; all gay, amiable, condescending on the one side; happy,
+respectful, and free from restraint on the other. Thus the season
+passes in that delicious climate, which is rendered a thousand times
+more delicious by the harmony and good-feeling reigning throughout all
+these mingled classes of society. In the evening, the same joyous
+reunions again take place, with this exception, that after dinner
+(which meal takes place generally from three to four, _very rarely_ so
+late as six, and that only within the last three or four years) the
+aristocracy drive round the broad shady alleys of the park till
+sunset, while the lawns and paths are crowded with innumerable groups
+of pedestrians, before or after taking their evening repast under the
+lime-trees.
+
+But what makes summer life so agreeable in these countries, is the
+simplicity and cheapness with which every variety of necessary
+refreshment and restoration is afforded, and the multiplicity of
+places where such are to be found. Walk in whatever direction you may,
+in the environs of any town--wherever there is shade, wherever there
+is a grove, or a clump of acacias, limes, or chestnuts, the favourite
+trees for such purposes, and consequently much cultivated--there you
+are sure to find rest and refreshment suited to the wants and purses
+of all classes--from the most simple brown bread, milk, and beer, to
+the most delicate sweetmeats and wines. In the article of wine,
+however, Bohemia is not so favoured; but this is a circumstance more
+felt by the stranger than by the natives, who like the wines of their
+own country, as they do the beer better than our ale and porter.
+Still, there are some passably good wines, such as Melnik, Czerniska,
+and one or two others, and all at a moderate price, varying from 8d.
+to 1s. a bottle. But in Hungary we have good wines and extraordinarily
+cheap, which adds much to these rural out-of-doors reunions. It is
+true, that some of the most fashionable restaurateurs, both in the
+town and country, have been much spoiled by the extravagance of the
+higher classes, who are here the most reckless; carrying this vice in
+Europe to an excess which has ruined, or greatly embarrassed, almost
+all the nobility of the kingdom. Notwithstanding this passion,
+however, for everything that is foreign, few countries can be at all
+compared with Hungary as to its wines, many of which are scarcely
+known to any but to the peasants who grow them, and the local
+consumers of the same class. These wines, with which every peasant's
+house, especially on the skirts of the mountain-districts, and every
+little bothy-like public-house, are abundantly furnished, are both red
+and white, and at a price within the reach of the poorest peasant.
+Even in and about the great towns--such as Presburg, near the frontier
+of Austria--where every article of food is double and treble the price
+of the interior--the wines cost no more than from 2d. to 3d. a quart.
+Most of the peasants grow their own, and make from 50 to 200, and even
+1500 eimers or casks, containing 63 bottles each; and this is not like
+many of the poor, thin, acid wines, known in so many parts of Germany,
+the north of France, and other countries; but strong, generous
+beverage, with a delicious flavour, perfectly devoid of acidity, and
+at the same time particularly wholesome. Many of the white wines we
+prefer to the generality of those from the Rhine, Moselle, &c.; the
+red has a kind of Burgundy flavour, with a sparkling dash of
+champagne, and is nearly as strong as port, without its heating
+qualities.
+
+For the sake of these agreeable and cheap enjoyments, the whole of the
+population of the towns pass a great part of the summer in the woods,
+orchards, and gardens in the neighbourhood, where every want of the
+table is supplied without the trouble of marketing, cooking, or
+firing; and, consequently, in the cool of a summer morning, the
+inhabitants of Presburg, for instance, may be seen strolling in
+different directions--either ascending the vine-covered hills to the
+fresh tops, or wending their way through the deep, shady woods, along
+the side of the Danube, to the Harbern or the Alt Muelau. There, after
+having sharpened their appetites with this charming walk, they find
+themselves seated at a neat little table, beneath the shade of an old
+chestnut or elm. The cloth is laid by the vigilant host as soon as the
+guest is seated, and often before, as the former knows his hour; for
+nothing in machinery can equal the regularity with which meal-hours
+are ordered, especially in Germany, where the habitual greeting on the
+road is: 'Ich wuensche guten appetit'--(I wish you a good appetite.)
+Coffee, wine, eggs, butter, sausages, Hungarian and Italian, the
+original dimensions of which are often two feet long, and four to five
+inches thick: these are to be found at the most humble houses of
+resort, among which are those frequented by the foresters and
+gamekeepers, not professed houses of entertainment, yet always
+provided with such materials for those who love the merry greenwood,
+and who extend their walks within their cool and solitary depths. And
+now we must speak of the expenses of these rural repasts. A party of
+five persons can breakfast in the above manner--that is to say, on
+coffee, eggs; sausages, rolls, butter, and a quart bottle of wine--for
+something less than 4-1/4d. a head. Those who breakfast more simply,
+take coffee and rolls--and the natives rarely, if ever, eat butter in
+the morning, though a profusion of this, as well as of oil and lard,
+enters into the preparation for dinner--and such guests pay only from
+3d. to 3-1/2d. But if wine, which is the most common native
+production, is taken instead of coffee, it is always cheaper. Among
+the middle and lower classes, the favourite refreshment is wine,
+household bread, and walnuts; and thus you will constantly find
+labourers, foresters, or wood-cutters, joyfully breakfasting together,
+with their large slices of brown bread and a bottle of wine, for 2d. a
+head. Many, again, of the lower classes of labourers bring their own
+home-baked bread in their pockets, and get their large tumbler of good
+wine to moisten it for a half-penny.
+
+The evening, however, is the great time for recreation and redoubled
+enjoyment, as the labours and occupations of the day have then ceased;
+and all without exception, rich and poor, flock from the town to the
+sweet, cool, flowery repose of the woods and vineyards, and there take
+their evening repast in the midst of the wild luxuriance of nature,
+'health in the gale, and fragrance on the breeze.' And when the sun is
+gone down, they return in the cool twilight to their homes, where they
+find that sweet sleep which movement in the open air alone can give,
+and which, with our more confined British habits, few but the peasant
+ever enjoy.
+
+A word more on Presburg, and we have done. In winter, this place, so
+little known to travellers, is frequented by the best society in
+Hungary; and it becomes a little metropolis, to which many of the
+nobility resort from the distance of 300 to 500 miles--from Tokay, and
+beyond the Theiss and Transylvania. In summer, perhaps, it offers
+still more enjoyment; for although the winter society is then
+scattered far and near, the town is always animated by the presence of
+those who are continually coming and going between Pesth and all parts
+of the south of Hungary and Vienna, conveyed either by the railway or
+by the numerous steam-boats which daily ply on the Danube. The
+neighbourhood, as We have already mentioned, is full of simple and
+healthy enjoyments, from the number of its delicious drives and walks,
+and places of rural entertainment, the quaint names of some of which
+cannot fail to amuse and attract the stranger. At about half an hour's
+drive from the town is the Chokolaten-Garten, much frequented for its
+excellent chocolate, which is manufactured on the spot. A little
+further on, and situated in the centre of one of the most beautiful
+little valleys of the Kleine Karpathen, is the Eisen-Brundel, a large
+house of entertainment, with a spacious dancing-room; and, without, a
+luxuriant grove of fine old trees, forming an impenetrable shelter,
+beneath which are arranged a number of tables and chairs. Here every
+species of entertainment is to be found, from the most simple brown
+bread, milk, and fruits, to the most sumptuous champagne dinners; and
+the prince and the peasant take their places without ceremony, as in
+the olden time of Robin Hood and Little John--'all merry under the
+greenwood tree.'
+
+Numerous other and still more simple places of refreshment and
+enjoyment present themselves at every turn of those delicious
+mountain-paths, which lead through the little valleys and hollows of
+the vineyards overlooking the town. One of the most agreeable is on
+the summit of the hill, near the little chapel of St Mary, called
+Marien Kirche, under the Kalvarienberg, and from which the eye looks
+over the whole town and the plain which stretches towards Pesth, and
+through which the Danube winds like a vast silver serpent, till it is
+lost in the far woods and dim distance. Lower down, and still nearer
+the town, in a little valley, is 'The Entrance to the New World!' The
+house is deliciously situated half-way up a wooded hill crowned with
+pines, and clothed with rich orchards and vineyards; not far off, in
+another little valley, are the Patzen-Haeuser, with their orchards and
+gardens; and higher up we come to 'The Entrance to Paradise!' whence,
+as might be expected, there is a most superb view. This embraces the
+whole plain so far as the eye can reach towards the east and south; on
+the north it is bounded by the towering mountains of the Great
+Carpathians, the haunt of bears and wolves, wild boars and stags; and
+to the west, between the valleys which are formed by the hills of this
+smaller range of the same mountains, is seen the plain of Vienna, in
+the midst of which can be distinguished in a clear day the tall spire
+of St Stephen, rising as if from the bosom of the imperial park which
+conceals the capital. Beyond this towers the Neu-klosterberg, with its
+vast monastery; and further to the left, like white broken clouds in
+the blue horizon, are the snow-clad mountains of Steyer-mark (Styria.)
+
+
+
+
+MY FIRST BRIEF.
+
+
+I had been at Westminster, and was slowly returning to my 'parlour
+near the sky,' in Plowden Buildings, in no very enviable frame of
+mind. Another added to the long catalogue of unemployed days and
+sleepless nights. It was now four years since my call to the bar, and
+notwithstanding a constant attendance in the courts, I had hitherto
+failed in gaining business. God knows, it was not my fault! During my
+pupilage, I had read hard, and devoted every energy to the mastery of
+a difficult profession, and ever since that period I had pursued a
+rigid course of study. And this was the result, that at the age of
+thirty I was still wholly dependent for my livelihood on the somewhat
+slender means of a widowed mother. Ah! reader, if as you ramble
+through the pleasant Temple Gardens, on some fine summer evening,
+enjoying the cool river breeze, and looking up at those half-monastic
+retreats, in which life would seem to glide along so calmly, if you
+could prevail upon some good-natured Asmodeus to shew you the secrets
+of the place, how your mind would shudder at the long silent suffering
+endured within its precincts. What blighted hopes and crushed
+aspirations, what absolute privation and heart-rending sorrow, what
+genius killed and health utterly broken down! Could the private
+history of the Temple be written, it would prove one of the most
+interesting, but, at the same time, one of the most mournful books
+ever given to the public.
+
+I was returning, as I said, from Westminster, and wearily enough I
+paced along the busy streets, exhausted by the stifling heat of the
+Vice-Chancellor's court, in which I had been patiently sitting since
+ten o'clock, vainly waiting for that 'occasion sudden' of which our
+old law-writers are so full. Moodily, too, I was revolving in my mind
+our narrow circumstances, and the poor hopes I had of mending them; so
+that it was with no hearty relish I turned into the Cock Tavern, in
+order to partake of my usual frugal dinner. Having listlessly
+despatched it, I sauntered into the garden, glad to escape from the
+noise and confusion of the mighty town; and throwing myself on a seat
+in one of the summer-houses, watched, almost mechanically, the rapid
+river-boats puffing up and down the Thames, with their gay crowds of
+holiday-makers covering the decks, the merry children romping over the
+trim grass-plot, making the old place echo again with their joyous
+ringing laughter. I must have been in a very desponding humour that
+evening, for I continued sitting there unaffected by the mirth of the
+glad little creatures around me, and I scarcely remember another
+instance of my being proof against the infectious high spirits of
+children. Time wore on, and the promenaders, one after the other, left
+the garden, the steam-boats became less frequent, and gradually lights
+began to twinkle from the bridges and the opposite shore. Still I
+never once thought of removing from my seat, until I was requested to
+do so by the person in charge of the grounds, who was now going round
+to lock the gates for the night. Staring at the man for a moment half
+unconsciously, as if suddenly awaked out of a dream, I muttered a few
+words about having forgotten the lateness of the hour, and departed.
+To shake off the depression under which I was labouring, I turned into
+the brilliantly-lighted streets, thinking that the excitement would
+distract my thoughts from their gloomy objects; and after walking for
+some little time, I entered a coffee-house, at that period much
+frequented by young lawyers. Here I ordered a cup of tea, and took up
+a newspaper to read; but after vainly endeavouring to interest myself
+in its pages, and feeling painfully affected by the noisy hilarity of
+some gay young students in a neighbouring box, I drank off my sober
+beverage, and walked home to my solitary chambers. Oh, how dreary they
+appeared that night!--how desolate seemed the uncomfortable, dirty,
+cold staircase, and that remarkable want of all sorts of conveniences,
+for which the Temple has acquired so great a notoriety! In fine, I was
+fairly hipped; and being convinced of the fact, smoked a pipe or
+two--thought over old days and their vanished joys--and retired to
+rest. I soon fell into a profound sleep, from which I arose in the
+morning much refreshed; and sallying forth after breakfast with
+greater alacrity than usual, took my seat in court, and was beginning
+to grow interested in a somewhat intricate case which involved some
+curious legal principles, when my attention was directed to an old
+man, whom I had frequently seen there before, beckoning to me. I
+immediately followed him out of court, when he turned round and said:
+'I beg your pardon, Mr ----, for interrupting you, but I fancy you are
+not very profitably engaged just now?'
+
+I smiled, and told him he had stated a melancholy truth.
+
+'I thought so,' answered he with a twinkle of his bright gray eye.
+'Now'--and he subdued his voice to a whisper--'I can put a little
+business into your hands. No thanks, sir,' said he, hastily checking
+my expressions of gratitude--'no thanks; you owe me no thanks; and as
+I am a man of few words, I will at once state my meaning. For many
+years, I have been in the habit of employing Mr ----' (naming an
+eminent practitioner); 'and feeling no great love for the profession,
+intrusted all my business to him, and cared not to extend my
+acquaintance with the members of the bar. Well, sir, I have an
+important case coming on next week, and as bad luck will have it,
+T----'s clerk has just brought me back the brief, with the
+intelligence that his master is suddenly taken dangerously ill, and
+cannot possibly attend to any business. Here I was completely flung,
+not knowing whom to employ in this affair. I at length remembered
+having noticed a studious-looking young man, who generally sat taking
+notes of the various trials. I came to court in order to see whether
+this youth was still at his ungrateful task, when my eyes fell upon
+you. Yes, young man, I had intended once before rewarding you for your
+patient industry, and now I have an opportunity of fulfilling those
+intentions. Do you accept the proposal?'
+
+'With the greatest pleasure!' cried I, pressing his proffered hand
+with much emotion, quite unable to conceal my joy.
+
+'It is as I thought,' muttered he to himself, turning to depart. Then
+suddenly looking up, he requested my address, and wished me
+good-morning.
+
+How I watched the receding form of the stranger! how I scanned over
+his odd little figure! and how I loved him for his great goodness! I
+could remain no longer in court. The interesting property case had
+lost all its attractions; so I slipped off my wig and gown, and
+hastened home to set my house in order for the expected visit. After
+completing all the necessary arrangements, I took down a law-book and
+commenced reading, in order to beguile away the time. Two, three
+o'clock arrived, and still no tidings of my client; I began almost to
+despair of his coming, when some one knocked at the outer-door; and on
+opening it, I found the old man's clerk with a huge packet of papers
+in his hand, which he gave me, saying his master would call the
+following morning. I clutched the papers eagerly, and turned them
+admiringly over and over. I read my name on the back, Mr ----, six
+guineas. My eyes, I feel sure, must have sparkled at the golden
+vision. Six guineas! I could scarcely credit my good-fortune. After
+the first excitement had slightly calmed down, I drew a chair to the
+table, and looked at the labour before me. I found that it was a much
+entangled Chancery suit, and would require all the legal ability I
+could muster to conquer its details. I therefore set myself vigorously
+to work, and continued at my task until the first gray streak of dawn
+warned me to desist. Next day, I had an interview with the old
+solicitor, and rather pleased him by my industry in the matter. Well,
+the week slipped by, and everything was in readiness for the
+approaching trial. All had been satisfactorily arranged between myself
+and leader, a man of considerable acumen, and the eventful morning at
+length arrived. I had passed a restless night, and felt rather
+feverish, but was determined to exert myself to the utmost, as, in all
+probability, my future success hung on the way I should acquit myself
+that day of my duty. The approaching trial was an important one, and
+had already drawn some attention. I therefore found the court rather
+crowded, particularly by an unusual number of 'the unemployed bar,'
+who generally throng to hear a maiden-speech. Two or three ordinary
+cases stood on the cause-list before mine, and I was anxiously waiting
+their termination, when my client whispered in my ear: 'Mr S---- (the
+Queen's counsel in the case) has this instant sent down to say, he
+finds it will be impossible for him to attend to-day, as he is
+peremptorily engaged before the House of Lords. The common dodge of
+these gentry,' continued he in a disrespectful tone. 'They never find
+that it will be impossible to attend so long as the _honorarium_ is
+unpaid; afterwards---- Bah! Mere robbery, sir--taking the money, and
+shirking the work. However, as we cannot help ourselves, you must do
+the best you can alone; for I fear the judge will not postpone the
+trial any longer. Come, and have a dram of brandy, and keep your
+nerves steady, and all will go well.' I need not say it required all
+his persuasion to enable me to pluck up sufficient courage to fight
+the battle, deserted as I now found myself by my leader; still, I
+resolved to make the attempt. Presently the awful moment arrived, and
+I rose in a state of intense trepidation. The judge seeing a stranger
+about to conduct the case, put his glass up to his eye, in order the
+better to make himself acquainted with my features, and at the same
+time demanded my name. I shall never forget the agitation of that
+moment. I literally shook as I heard the sound of my own voice
+answering his question. I felt that a hundred eyes were upon me, ready
+to ridicule any blunder I might commit, and even now half enjoying my
+nervousness. For a minute, I was so dizzy and confused, that I found
+it utterly impossible to proceed; but, warned by the deep-toned voice
+of the magistrate that the court was waiting for me, I made a
+desperate effort at self-control, and commenced. A dead quiet
+prevailed as I opened the case, and for a few minutes I went on
+scarcely knowing what I was about, when I was suddenly interrupted by
+the vice-chancellor asking me a question. This timely little incident
+in some measure tended to restore my self-possession, and I found I
+got on afterwards much more comfortably; and, gradually warming with
+the subject, which I thoroughly understood, finally lost all
+trepidation, and brought my speech to a successful close. It occupied
+at least two hours; and when I sat down, the judge smiled, and paid a
+compliment to the ability with which he was pleased to say I had
+conducted the process, whilst at least a dozen hands were held out to
+congratulate on his success the poor lawyer whom they had passed by in
+silent contempt a hundred times before. So runs life. Had I failed
+through nervousness, or any other accident, derisive laughter would
+have greeted my misfortune. As it was, I began to have troops of
+friends. To be brief, I won the day, and from that lucky circumstance
+rose rapidly into practice.
+
+Years rolled on, and I gradually became a marked man in the
+profession, gaining in due time that summit of a junior's ambition--a
+silk gown. I now began to live in a style of considerable comfort, and
+was what the world calls a very rising lawyer, when I one day happened
+to be retained as counsel in a political case then creating much
+excitement. I chanced to be on the popular side; and, from the
+exertions I made, found myself suddenly brought into contact with the
+leading men of the party in the town where the dispute arose. They
+were so well satisfied with my endeavours to gain the cause, as to
+offer to propose me as a candidate for the representation of their
+borough at the next vacancy. This proposition, after some
+consideration, I accepted; and accordingly, when the general election
+took place, found myself journeying down to D----, canvassing the
+voters, flattering some, consoling others, using the orthodox
+electioneering tricks of platform-speaking, treating, &c. Politics ran
+very high just then, and the two parties were nearly balanced, so that
+every nerve was strained on each side to win the victory. All business
+was suspended. Bands of music paraded the streets, party flags waved
+from the house windows, whilst gay rosettes fastened to the
+button-hole attested their wearer's opinions. All was noise, and
+excitement, and confusion. At length the important hour drew near for
+closing the polling-booths. Early in the morning, we were still in a
+slight minority, and almost began to despair of the day. All now
+depended on a few voters living at some distance, whose views could
+not be clearly ascertained. Agents from either side had been
+despatched during the night to beat up these stragglers, and on their
+decision rested the final issue. Hour after hour anxiously passed
+without any intelligence. My opponents rubbed their hands, and looked
+pleasant, when, about half an hour before the close of the poll, a
+dusty coach drove rapidly into the town, and eight men, more or less
+inebriated, rolled out to record their votes. The following morning,
+amidst the stillness of deep suspense, the mayor read the result of
+the election, which gave me a majority of three. Such a shout of joy
+arose from the liberals as quite to drown the hisses of the contending
+faction; and at length I rose, flushed with excitement, to return
+thanks. This proved the signal for another burst of applause; and amid
+the shouting and groaning, screaming and waving of hats, I lost all
+presence of mind, and fell overcome into the arms of my nearest
+supporters.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+'Dear me, sir, you've been wandering strangely in your sleep. Here
+have I been a-knocking at the door this half-hour. The shaving-water
+is getting cold, and Mr Thomas is waiting yonder in the other room, to
+give you some papers he's got this morning.'
+
+I rose, rubbed my eyes, wondered what it all meant. Ah, yes; there was
+no mistaking the room and Mrs M'Donnell's good-natured Scotch voice.
+It was all a dream, and my imagination had magnified the thumping at
+the door into the 'sweet music of popular applause.' I fell back in
+bed, hid my face in the pillow, sighed over my short-lived glory, and
+felt very wretched when my young clerk came smiling into the room.
+'Here's some business at last, sir!' cried the boy with pleasure.
+
+To his astonishment, I looked carelessly at the papers, and found they
+consisted of 'a motion of course,' which some tender-hearted attorney
+had kindly sent me. Heigh-ho! it was all to be done over again! I
+flung the document on the ground in utter despair; but gradually
+recovering my temper, I at length took heart, and fell earnestly to
+work. At all events, this was a _real_ beginning; so I began to grow
+reconciled to the ruin of my stately castle of cards. It was a cruel
+blow, though; and now, reader, you have learned how I came by MY FIRST
+BRIEF.
+
+
+
+
+ELECTRO-BIOLOGY--(SO-CALLED.)
+
+
+That the phenomena now so commonly exhibited under the above title,
+demand a careful examination, and, if possible, a distinct
+explanation, will be readily admitted. It is clear that they ought not
+to be allowed to rest as materials for popular amusement, but should
+be submitted to strict scientific inquiry. The theory which so boldly
+ascribes them to electric influence, should be strictly examined. If
+this theory is found to be untenable, some important questions will
+remain to be considered; such as: May not the phenomena be explained
+on physiological principles? and, Is it not probable that the means
+employed may have an injurious tendency?
+
+The extent to which public attention has been excited by the
+phenomena, may be guessed by a glance at the advertising columns of
+the _Times_, and by placards meeting the eye in various parts of the
+country, announcing that, 'at the Mechanics' Institute,' or elsewhere,
+experiments will be performed in 'electro-biology,' when 'persons in a
+perfectly wakeful state' will be 'deprived of the powers of sight,
+hearing, and taste,' and subjected to various illusions. One
+advertiser professes to give 'the philosophy of the science;' another
+undertakes to 'reveal the secret,' so as to enable _any_ person to
+make the experiments; and another undertakes the cure of 'palsy,
+deafness, and rheumatism.' Lectures on the topic, in London and in the
+provincial towns, are now exciting great astonishment in the minds of
+many, and give rise to considerable controversy respecting the theory
+and the _modus operandi_.
+
+It is on this latter point--the means by which the effects are
+produced--that we would chiefly direct our inquiry, for we shall very
+briefly dismiss the attempt to explain them by a vague charge of
+collusion or imposture.
+
+If this charge could be reasonably maintained, it would, of course,
+make all further remarks unnecessary, as our topic would then no
+longer be one for scientific investigation, but could only be added to
+the catalogue of fraud. It is possible that there may have been _some_
+cases of feigning among the experiments, but these do not affect the
+general reality of the effects produced. So epilepsy and catalepsy
+have been feigned; but these diseases are still found real in too many
+instances. We need not dwell on this point; for it may be safely
+assumed, that all persons who have had a fair acquaintance with the
+experiments of electro-biology (so-called), are fully convinced that,
+in a great number of cases, the effects seen are real and sincere, not
+simulated. The question then remains: Are these effects fairly
+attributed to 'electric' influence, or may they not be truly explained
+by some other cause?
+
+Before we proceed to consider this question, it will be well to give
+some examples of the phenomena to which our remarks apply. We shall
+state only such cases as we have seen and carefully examined.
+
+A. is a young man well known by a great number of the
+spectators--unsuspected of falsehood--knows nothing of the
+experimenter or of electro-biology, not even the meaning of the words.
+After submitting to the process employed by the lecturer--sitting
+still, and gazing fixedly upon a small disk of metal for about a
+quarter of an hour--he is selected as a suitable subject. When told by
+the experimenter that he cannot open his eyes, he seems to make an
+effort, but does not open them until he is assured that he can do so.
+He places his hand upon a table--is told that he cannot take the hand
+off the table--seems to make a strong effort to remove it, but fails,
+until it is liberated by a word from the lecturer. A walking-stick is
+now placed in his right hand, and he is challenged to strike the
+extended hand of the lecturer. He throws back the stick over his
+shoulder, and seems to have a very good will to strike, but cannot
+bring the stick down upon the hand. He afterwards declares to all who
+question him, that he 'tried with all his might' to strike the hand.
+A. has certainly no theatrical talents; but his looks and gestures,
+when he is made to believe that he is exposed to a terrific storm,
+convey a very natural expression of terror. He regards the imaginary
+flashes of lightning with an aspect of dismay, which, if simulated,
+would be a very good specimen of acting. In many other experiments
+performed upon him, the effects seem to be such as are quite beyond
+the reach of any scepticism with regard to his sincerity. He cannot
+pronounce his own name--does not know, or at least cannot _tell_, the
+name of the town in which he lives--cannot recognise one face in the
+room where scores of people, who know him very well, are now laughing
+at him. On the other side, we must state, that when a glass of water
+is given to him, and he is told that it is vinegar, he persists in
+saying that he tastes water, and nothing else. This is almost the only
+experiment that fails upon him.
+
+B. is an intelligent man, upwards of thirty years of age, of nervous
+temperament. His honesty and veracity are quite beyond all rational
+doubt. The numerous spectators, who have known him well for many
+years, are quite sure that if he has any will in the matter, it is
+simply to defeat the lecturer's purpose. However, after he has
+submitted himself to the process, the experiments made upon him prove
+successful. He is naturally a fluent talker, but now cannot, without
+difficulty and stammering, pronounce his own name, an easy
+monosyllable--cannot strike the lecturer's hand--cannot rise from a
+chair, &c. We may add, that he cannot be made to mistake water for
+vinegar.
+
+One more case. C. is a tradesman, middle-aged, has no tendency to
+mysticism or imaginative reverie--knows nothing of 'mesmerism' or
+'electro-biology'--was never suspected of falsehood or imposition. He
+proves, however, the most pliable of all the patients--the experiments
+succeed with him to the fullest extent--his imagination and his senses
+seem to be placed entirely under the control of the experimenter.
+Standing before a large audience, he is made to believe that he and
+the lecturer are alone in the room. He cannot recognise his own wife,
+who sits before him. He cannot step from the platform, which is about
+one foot higher than the floor. When informed that his limbs are too
+feeble to support him, he totters, and would fall if not held. Many of
+the experiments upon him, shewing an extreme state of mental and
+physical prostration, are rather painful to witness, others are
+ludicrous; for instance, he is made to believe that he is out amid the
+snow in the depth of winter--he shivers with cold, buttons up his
+coat, beats the floor with his feet, brushes away the imagined
+fast-falling flakes from his clothes, and almost imparts to the
+spectators a sympathetic feeling of cold by his wintry pantomime: then
+he is jocosely recommended not to stand thus shivering, but to make
+snow-balls, and pelt the lecturer. Heartily, and with apparent
+earnestness, he acts according to orders. Next, he is made to believe
+that the room has no roof.--'You see the sky and the stars,
+sir?'--'Yes.' 'And there, see, the moon is rising, very large and red,
+is it not?'--'Yes, sir.' 'Very well: now you see this cord in my hand;
+we will throw it over the moon, and pull her down.' He addresses
+himself to the task with perfect gravity, pulls heartily. 'Down she
+comes, sir! down she comes!' says the experimenter: 'mind your head,
+sir!'--and the deluded patient falls on the platform, as he imagines
+that the moon is coming down upon him.
+
+These instances will be sufficient for our purpose. We have given them
+as fair average examples of many others. If any reader still supposes
+that these effects have all been mere acting and falsehood, we must
+leave that reader to see and examine for himself as we have done.[4]
+For other readers who admit _the facts_ and want an explanation, we
+proceed to discuss the _modus operandi_.
+
+In the first place, then, we assert that _there is no proof whatever_
+that these effects depend upon any electric influence: there is
+absolutely no evidence that the metallic disk, as an '_electric_'
+agent, has any connection with the results. On this point, we invite
+the lecturers and experimenters who maintain that electricity is the
+agent in their process, to test the truth of our assertion, as they
+may very easily. _Coeteris paribus_--all the other usual conditions
+being observed, such as silence, the fixed gaze, monotony of
+attention--let the galvanic disk be put aside, and in its place let a
+sixpence or a fourpenny-piece be employed, or indeed any similar small
+object on which the eyes of the patient must remain fixed for the
+usual space of time, and we will promise that the experiments thus
+made shall be equally successful with those in which the so-called
+galvanic disk is employed. The phenomena are physiological and not
+electrical.
+
+Our conviction is, that the results proceed entirely from _imagination
+acting with a peculiar condition of the brain_, and that this
+peculiarly passive and impressible condition of the brain is induced
+by the _fixed gaze_ upon the disk. These are the only agencies which
+we believe to be necessary, in order to give us an explanation of the
+phenomena in question. In saying so, however, we are aware that such
+data will seem to some inquirers insufficient to account for the
+effects we have described. It may be said: 'We know that imagination
+sometimes produces singular results, but can hardly see how it
+explains the facts stated.' We have only to request that such
+inquirers, before they throw aside our explanation, will give
+attention to a few remarks on the power of imagination in certain
+conditions. We propose, _1st_, To give some suggestions on this point;
+_2d_, To notice the relations of imagination with reason; and, _3d_,
+To inquire how far the physical means employed--the fixed gaze on the
+disk--may be sufficient to affect the mental organ, the brain, so as
+to alter its normal condition.
+
+1. Our usual mode of speaking of imagination, is to treat it as the
+opposite of all reality. When we say, 'that was merely an
+imagination,' we dismiss the topic as not worthy of another thought.
+For all ordinary purposes, this mode of speaking is correct enough;
+but let us ask, Why is imagination so weak?--why are its suggestions
+so evanescent? Simply because it is under the control of reason. But
+if the action of reason could be suspended, we should then see how
+great, and even formidable, is the imaginative power. It is the most
+untiring of all our mental faculties, refusing to be put to rest even
+during sleep: it can alter the influence of all external agents--for
+example, can either assist or prevent the effects of medicine--can
+make the world a prison-house to one man, and a paradise to
+another--can turn dwarfs into giants, and make various other
+metamorphoses more wonderful than any described by Ovid; nay, these
+are all insufficient examples of its power when left without control;
+for it can produce either health, or disease, or death!
+
+To give a familiar instance of the control under which it is generally
+compelled to act: You are walking home in the night-time, and some
+withered and broken old tree assumes, for a moment, the appearance of
+a giant about to make an attack upon you with an enormous club. You
+walk forward to confront the monster with perfect coolness. Why? Not
+because you are a Mr Greatheart, accustomed to deal with giants, but
+because, in fact, the illusion does not keep possession of your mind
+even for a moment. Imagination merely suggests the false image; but
+memory and reason, with a rapidity of action which cannot be
+described, instantly correct the mistake, and tell you it is only the
+old elm-tree; so that here, and in a thousand similar instances, there
+is really no sufficient time allowed for any display of the power of
+imagination.
+
+A tale is told--we cannot say on what authority--which, whether it be
+a fact or a fiction, is natural, and may serve very well to shew what
+would be the effect of imagination if reason did not interfere. It is
+said that the companions of a young man, who was very 'wild,' had
+foolishly resolved to try to frighten him into better conduct. For
+this purpose, one of the party was arrayed in a white sheet, with a
+lighted lantern carried under it, and was to visit the young man a
+little after midnight, and address to him a solemn warning. The
+business, however, was rather dangerous, as the subject of this
+experiment generally slept with loaded pistols near him. Previously to
+the time fixed for the apparition, the bullets were abstracted from
+these weapons, leaving them charged only with gunpowder. When the
+spectre stalked into the chamber, the youth instantly suspected a
+trick, and, presenting one of the pistols, said: 'Take care of
+yourself: if you do not walk off, I shall fire!' Still stood the
+goblin, staring fixedly on the angry man. He fired; and when he saw
+the object still standing--when he believed that the bullet had
+innocuously passed through it--in other words, as soon as reason
+failed to explain it and imagination prevailed--he fell back upon his
+pillow in extreme terror.
+
+2. The point upon which we would insist is that, in the normal
+condition of the mind and the body, the power of imagination is so
+governed, that a display of the effects it produces while under the
+control of reason, can give us but a feeble notion of what its power
+might be in other circumstances. To make this plain, we add a few
+suggestions respecting the nature and extent of the control exercised
+by reason over imagination; and we shall next proceed to shew, that
+_the activity of reason is dependent upon certain physical
+conditions_.
+
+We shall say nothing of a metaphysical nature respecting reason, but
+shall simply point to two important facts connected with its exercise.
+The _first_--that it suspends or greatly modifies the action of other
+powers--has already been noticed in our remarks on imagination; but we
+must state it here in more distinct terms. We especially wish the
+reader to understand how wide and important is the meaning of the
+terms 'control' and 'overrule' as we use them when we say: 'reason
+controls, or overrules, imagination!' When we say that, in nature, the
+laws which regulate one stage of existence _overrule_ the laws of
+another and a lower stage, we do not intend to say that the latter are
+annulled, but that they are so controlled and modified in their course
+of action, that they can no longer produce the effects which would
+take place if they were left free from such control. A few examples
+will make our meaning plain. Let us contrast the operations of
+chemistry with those of mechanism. In the latter, substances act upon
+each other simply by pressure, motion, friction, &c.; but in
+chemistry, affinities and combinations come into play, producing
+results far beyond any that are seen in mechanics. On mechanical
+principles, the trituration of two substances about equal in hardness
+should simply reduce them to powder, but in chemistry, it may produce
+a gaseous explosion. Again--vegetable life overrules chemistry: the
+leaves, twigs, and branches of a tree, if left without life, would,
+when exposed to the agencies of air, light, heat, and moisture, be
+partly reduced to dust and partly diffused as gas in the atmosphere.
+It is the vegetative life of the tree which controls both the
+mechanical and the chemical powers of wind, rain, heat, and
+gravitation; and it is not until the life is extinct that these
+inferior powers come into full play upon the tree. So, again, the
+animal functions control chemical laws--take digestion, for example: a
+vegetable cut up by the root and exposed to the air, passes through a
+course of chemical decomposition, and _is_ finally converted into gas;
+but when an animal consumes a vegetable, it is not decomposed
+according to the chemical laws, but is digested, becomes chyle, and is
+assimilated to the body of the animal. It is obvious that animal life
+controls mechanical laws. Thus, the friction of two inert substances
+wears one of them away--the soft yields to the hard; but, on the
+contrary, the hand of the labourer who wields the spade or the pickaxe
+becomes thicker and harder by friction.
+
+The bearing of these remarks upon our present point will soon be
+obvious: we multiply examples, in order to shew in what an important
+sense we use the word _control_, with regard to the relation of reason
+with imagination. As we have seen, chemistry overrules the mechanical
+laws; vegetation suspends the laws of chemistry; a superior department
+of animal life controls influences which are laws in a lower
+department; again, mind controls the effects of physical influences;
+and, lastly, one power of the mind controls, and in a great measure
+suspends, the natural activity of another power--_reason controls
+imagination_. A second fact with regard to the action of reason must
+be noticed--that _it requires a wakeful condition of the brain_. Some
+may suppose that they have reasoned very well during sleep; but we
+suspect that, if they could recollect their syllogisms, they would
+find them not much better than Mickle's poetry composed during sleep.
+Mickle, the translator of the _Lusiad_, sometimes expressed his regret
+that he could not remember the poetry which he improvised in his
+dreams, for he had a vague impression that it was very beautiful.
+'Well,' said his wife, 'I can at least give you two lines, which I
+heard you muttering over during one of your poetic dreams. Here they
+are:
+
+    "By Heaven! I'll wreak my woes
+    Upon the cowslip and the pale primrose!"'
+
+If we required proof that the operation of reason demands a wakeful
+and active condition of the brain, we might find it in the fact, that
+all intellectual efforts which imply sound reasoning are prevented
+even by a partial sleepiness or dreaminess. A light novel may be read
+and enjoyed while the mind is in an indolent and dreamy state; music
+may be enjoyed, or even composed, in the same circumstances, because
+it is connected rather with the imaginative than with the logical
+faculty; but, not to mention any higher efforts, we cannot play a game
+of chess well unless we are 'wide awake.'
+
+Now we come to our point:--Supposing that, by any means, the brain can
+be deprived of that wakefulness and activity which is required for a
+free exercise of the reasoning powers, then what would be the effect
+on the imagination? For an answer to this query, we shall not refer to
+the phenomena of natural sleep and dreaming, because it is evident
+that the subjects of the experiments we have to explain are not in a
+state of natural sleep; we shall rather refer to the condition of the
+brain during what we may call 'doziness,' and also to the effects
+sometimes produced by disease on the imagination and the senses.
+
+We all know that in a state of 'doziness,' any accidental or
+ridiculous image which happens to suggest itself, will remain in the
+mind much longer than in a wakeful condition. A few slight, shapeless
+marks on the ceiling will assume the form of a face or a full-length
+figure; and strange physiognomies will be found among the flowers on
+the bed-curtains. In the impressible and passive state of the brain
+left by any illness which produces nervous exhaustion, such
+imaginations often become very troublesome. Impressions made on the
+brain some time ago will now reappear. Jean Paul Richter cautions us
+not to tell frightful stories to children, for this reason--that,
+though the 'horrible fancies' may all be soon forgotten by the
+healthful child, yet afterwards, when some disease--a fever, for
+instance--has affected the brain and the nerves, all the dismissed
+goblins may too vividly reproduce themselves. Our experience can
+confirm the observation. Some years ago, we went to a circus, where,
+during the equestrian performances, some trivial popular airs were
+played on brass instruments--cornets and trombones--dismally out of
+tune. Now, by long practice, we have acquired the art of utterly
+turning our attention away from, bad music, so that it annoys us no
+more than the rumble of wheels in Fleet Street. We exercised this
+voluntary deafness on the occasion. But not long afterwards, we were
+compelled, during an attack of disease which affected the nervous
+system, to hear the whole discordant performance repeated again and
+again, with a pertinacity which was really very distressing. Such a
+case prepares us to give credit to a far more remarkable story,
+related in one of the works of Macnish. A clergyman, we are told, who
+was a skilful violinist, and frequently played over some favourite
+_solo_ or _concerto_, was obliged to desist from practice on account
+of the dangerous illness of his servant-maid--if we remember truly,
+phrenitis was the disease. Of course, the violin was laid aside; but
+one day, the medical attendant, on going toward the chamber of his
+patient, was surprised to hear the violin-solo performed in rather
+subdued tones. On examination, it was found that the girl, under the
+excitement of disease, had imitated the brilliant divisions and rapid
+passages of the music which had impressed her imagination during
+health! We might multiply instances of the singular effects of
+peculiar conditions of the brain upon the imaginative faculty. For one
+case we can give our personal testimony. A young man, naturally
+imaginative, but by no means of weak mind, or credulous, or
+superstitious, saw, even in broad daylight, spectres or apparitions of
+persons far distant. After being accustomed to these visits, he
+regarded them without any fear, except on account of the derangement
+of health which they indicated. These visions were banished by a
+course of medical treatment. In men of great imaginative power, with
+whom reason is by no means deficient, phenomena sometimes occur almost
+as vivid as those of disease in other persons. Wordsworth, speaking of
+the impressions derived from certain external objects, says:
+
+       ------------ on the mind
+    They lay like images, _and seemed almost
+    To haunt the bodily sense_!
+
+Again, in his verses recording his impression of the beauty of a bed
+of daffodils, he says:
+
+    And oft, _when on my couch I lie_, [dozing?]
+    They _flash_ before that inward eye
+    Which is the bliss of solitude.
+
+These words are nothing more, we believe, than a simple and
+unexaggerated statement of a mental phenomenon.
+
+Enough has now been said to shew, that in a certain condition of the
+brain, when it is deprived of the wakefulness and activity necessary
+for the free use of reason, the effects of imagination may far exceed
+any that are displayed during a normal, waking state of the
+intellectual faculties. The question now remains: Are the means
+employed by the professors of electro-biology sufficient to produce
+that peculiar condition to which we refer? We believe that they are;
+and shall proceed to give reasons for such belief.
+
+3. What are these means? or rather let us ask, 'Amid the various means
+employed, which is the real agent?' We observe that, in the different
+processes by which--under the names of electro-biology or mesmerism--a
+peculiar cerebral condition is induced, such means as the following
+are employed:--Fixed attention on one object--it may be a metallic
+disk said to have galvanic power, or a sixpence, or a cork; silence,
+and a motionless state of the body are favourable to the intended
+result; monotonous movements by the experimenter, called 'passes,' may
+be used or not. The process may be interrupted by frequent winking, to
+relieve the eyes; by studying over some question or problem; or, if
+the patient is musical, by going through various pieces of music in
+his imagination; by anything, indeed, which tends to keep the mind
+wakeful. Now, when we find among the various means _one_ invariably
+present, in some form or another--_monotony of attention producing a
+partial exhaustion of the nervous energy_, we have reason to believe
+that _this_ is the real agent.
+
+But how can the 'fixed gaze upon the disk' affect reason? Certainly,
+it does not immediately affect reason; but through the nerves of the
+eye it very powerfully operates on the organ of reason, _the brain_,
+and induces an impressive, passive, and somnolent condition.
+
+Such a process as the 'fixed gaze on a small disk for about the space
+of a quarter of an hour,' must not be dismissed as a trifle. It is
+opposed to the natural wakeful action of the brain and the eye. Let it
+be observed that, in waking hours, the eye is continually in play,
+relieving itself, and guarding against weariness and exhaustion by
+unnumbered changes of direction. This is the case even during such an
+apparently monotonous use of the eye as we find in reading. As sleep
+approaches, the eye is turned upwards, as we find it also in some
+cases of disease--hysteria, for example; and it should be noticed,
+that this position of the eye is naturally connected with a somnolent
+and dreaming condition of the brain. In several of the subjects of the
+so-called electro-biological experiments, we observed that the eyes
+were partially turned upward. It is curious to notice that this mode
+of acting on the brain is of very ancient date, at least among the
+Hindoos. In their old poem, the _Bhagavad-Gita_, it is recommended as
+a religious exercise, superior to prayer, almsgiving, attendance at
+temples, &c.; for the god Crishna, admitting that these actions are
+good, so far as they go, says: '_but he who, sitting apart, gazes
+fixedly upon one object until he forgets home and kindred, himself,
+and all created things--he attains perfection_.' Not having at hand
+any version of the _Bhagavad-Gita_, we cannot now give an exact
+translation of the passage; but we are quite sure that it recommends a
+state of stupefaction of the brain, induced by a long-continued fixed
+gaze upon one object.
+
+We have now stated, _1st_, That such an act of long-fixed attention
+upon one object, has a very remarkable effect on the brain; _2d_, That
+in the cerebral condition thus induced, the mental powers are not free
+to maintain their normal relations to each other; especially, will,
+comparison, and judgment, appear to lose their requisite power and
+promptitude of action, and are thus made liable to be overruled by the
+suggestions of imagination or the commands of the experimenter.
+
+To this explanation we can only add, that all who doubt it may easily
+put it to an experimental test. If it is thought that the mere 'fixed
+gaze,' without electric or galvanic agency, is not sufficient to
+produce the phenomena in question, then the only way of determining
+our dispute must be by fair experiment. But here we would add a word
+of serious caution, as we regard the process as decidedly dangerous,
+especially if frequently repeated on one subject.
+
+To conclude: we regard the exhibitions now so common under the name of
+electro-biology as delusions, so far as they are understood to have
+any connection with the facts of electricity; so far as they are
+_real_, we regard them as very remarkable instances of a mode of
+acting on the brain which is, we believe, likely to prove injurious.
+As we have no motive in writing but simply to elicit the truth, we
+will briefly notice two difficulties which seem to attend our theory.
+These are--1. The _rapid transition_ from the state of illusion to an
+apparently wakeful and normal condition of mind. The patient who has
+been making snow-balls in a warm room, and has pulled the moon down,
+comes from the platform, recognises his friends, and can laugh at the
+visions which to him seemed realities but a few minutes since. 2. The
+_apparently slight effects_ left, in some cases, after the
+experiments. Among the subjects whom we have questioned on this point,
+one felt 'rather dizzy' all the next day after submitting to the
+process; another felt 'a pressure on the head;' but a third, who was
+one of the most successful cases, felt 'no effects whatever'
+afterwards; while a fourth thinks he derived 'some benefit' to his
+health from the operation. We leave these points for further inquiry.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[4] We can corroborate the view taken by the writer of this article as
+to the reality of the effects produced on the persons submitting to
+the process, having seen many who are intimately known to us
+experimented on with success. The incredulity which still prevails on
+this subject in London can only be attributed to the necessary rarity,
+in so large a town, of experiments performed on persons known to the
+observers.--ED.
+
+
+
+
+NEW MOTIVE-POWER.
+
+
+We copy the following from an American newspaper, without vouching for
+the accuracy of the statement:--'The _Cincinnati Atlas_ announces a
+wonderful invention in that city. Mr Solomon, a native of Prussia, is
+the inventor. He is a gentleman of education, and was professor of a
+college in his native land at the age of twenty-five. In Cincinnati,
+he prosecuted his scientific researches and experiments, which now
+promise to result in fame, wealth, and honour to himself, and
+incalculable benefit to the whole human family. The invention of a new
+locomotive and propelling power by Mr Solomon was mentioned some six
+months ago; and a few days ago, his new engine, in course of
+construction for many months, was tested, and the most sanguine
+expectations of the inventor more than realised. The _Atlas_ says: "On
+Monday last, the engine was kept in operation during the day, and
+hundreds of spectators witnessed and were astonished at its success.
+The motive-power is obtained by the generation and expansion, by heat,
+of carbonic acid gas. Common whiting, sulphuric acid, and water, are
+used in generating this gas, and the 'boiler' in which these component
+parts are held, is similar in shape and size to a common bomb-shell. A
+small furnace, with a handful of ignited charcoal, furnishes the
+requisite heat for propelling this engine of 25 horsepower. The
+relative power of steam and carbonic acid is thus stated:--Water at
+the boiling-point gives a pressure of 15 pounds to the square inch.
+With the addition of 30 degrees of heat, the power is double, giving
+30 pounds; and so on, doubling with every additional 30 degrees of
+heat, until we have 4840 pounds under a heat of 452 degrees--a heat
+which no engine can endure. But with the carbon, 20 degrees of heat
+above the boiling-point give 1080 pounds; 40 degrees give 2160 pounds;
+80 degrees, 4320 pounds; that is, 480 pounds greater power with this
+gas, than 451 degrees of heat give by converting water into steam! Not
+only does this invention multiply power indefinitely, but it reduces
+the expense to a mere nominal amount. The item of fuel for a
+first-class steamer, between Cincinnati and New Orleans, going and
+returning, is between 1000 and 1200 dollars, whereas 5 dollars will
+furnish the material for propelling the boat the same distance by
+carbon. Attached to the new engine is also an apparatus for condensing
+the gas after it has passed through the cylinders, and returning it
+again to the starting-place, thus using it over and over, and allowing
+none to escape. While the engine was in operation on Monday, it lifted
+a weight of 12,000 pounds up the distance of five feet perpendicular,
+five times every minute. This weight was put on by way of experiment,
+and does by no means indicate the full power of the engine."'
+
+
+
+
+GOOD-NIGHT.
+
+
+    Good-night! a word so often said,
+      The heedless mind forgets its meaning;
+    'Tis only when some heart lies dead
+      On which our own was leaning,
+    We hear in maddening music roll
+    That lost 'good-night' along the soul.
+
+    'Good-night'--in tones that never die
+      It peals along the quickening ear;
+    And tender gales of memory
+      For ever waft it near,
+    When stilled the voice--O crush of pain!--
+    That ne'er shall breathe 'good-night' again.
+
+    Good-night! it mocks us from the grave--
+      It overleaps that strange world's bound
+    From whence there flows no backward wave--
+      It calls from out the ground,
+    On every side, around, above,
+    'Good-night,' 'good-night,' to life and love!
+
+    Good-night! Oh, wherefore fades away
+      The light that lived in that dear word?
+    Why follows that good-night no day?
+      Why are our souls so stirred?
+    Oh, rather say, dull brain, once more,
+    'Good-night!'--thy time of toil is o'er!
+
+    Good-night!--Now cometh gentle sleep,
+      And tears that fall like welcome rain.
+    Good-night!--Oh, holy, blest, and deep,
+      The rest that follows pain.
+    How should we reach God's upper light
+    If life's long day had no 'good-night?'
+
+                                        O.
+
+
+
+
+ENGLISH INDEPENDENCE.
+
+
+Somebody--and we know not whom, for it is an old faded yellow
+manuscript scrap in our drawer--thus rebukes an Englishman's
+aspiration to be independent of foreigners: A French cook dresses his
+dinner for him, and a Swiss valet dresses him for his dinner. He hands
+down his lady, decked with pearls that never grew in the shell of a
+British oyster, and her waving plume of ostrich-feathers certainly
+never formed the tail of a barn-door fowl. The viands of his table are
+from all countries of the world; his wines are from the banks of the
+Rhine and the Rhone. In his conservatory, he regales his sight with
+the blossoms of South American flowers; in his smoking-room, he
+gratifies his scent with the weed of North America. His favourite
+horse is of Arabian blood, his pet dog of the St Bernard breed. His
+gallery is rich with pictures from the Flemish school and statues from
+Greece. For his amusement, he goes to hear Italian singers warble
+German music followed by a French ballet. The ermine that decorates
+his judges was never before on a British animal. His very mind is not
+English in its attainments--it is a mere picnic of foreign
+contributions. His poetry and philosophy are from ancient Greece and
+Rome, his geometry from Alexandria, his arithmetic from Arabia, and
+his religion from Palestine. In his cradle, in his infancy, he rubbed
+his gums with coral from Oriental oceans; and when he dies, he is
+buried in a coffin made from wood that grew on a foreign soil, and his
+monument will be sculptured in marble from the quarries of Carrara. A
+pretty sort of man this to talk of being independent of
+foreigners!--_Harper's Magazine._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Printed and Published by W. and R. CHAMBERS, High Street, Edinburgh.
+Also sold by W. S. ORR, Amen Corner, London; D. N. CHAMBERS, 55 West
+Nile Street, Glasgow; and J. M'GLASHAN, 50 Upper Sackville Street,
+Dublin.--Advertisements for Monthly Parts are requested to be sent to
+MAXWELL & CO., 31 Nicholas Lane, Lombard Street, London, to whom all
+applications respecting their insertion must be made.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Chambers's Edinburgh Journal, No. 446, by Various
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