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+Project Gutenberg's A Field Book of the Stars, by William Tyler Olcott
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Field Book of the Stars
+
+Author: William Tyler Olcott
+
+Release Date: March 9, 2007 [EBook #20769]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A FIELD BOOK OF THE STARS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Audrey Longhurst, Christine D. and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  A FIELD BOOK
+  OF
+  THE STARS
+
+
+
+BY
+
+WILLIAM TYLER OLCOTT
+
+
+_Second Edition, revised and enlarged_
+
+
+WITH FIFTY DIAGRAMS
+
+
+
+  G.P. PUTNAM'S SONS
+  NEW YORK AND LONDON
+  The Knickerbocker Press
+
+  COPYRIGHT, 1907
+  BY
+  WILLIAM TYLER OLCOTT
+  COPYRIGHT, 1914
+  BY
+  WILLIAM TYLER OLCOTT
+  (For Second Edition)
+
+[Illustration: The Knickerbocker Press, New York]
+
+_Printed in the United States of America_
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+Considering the ease with which a knowledge of the constellations can
+be acquired, it seems a remarkable fact that so few are conversant
+with these time-honored configurations of the heavens. Aside from a
+knowledge of "the Dipper" and "the Pleiades," the constellations to
+the vast majority, are utterly unknown.
+
+To facilitate and popularize if possible this fascinating recreation
+of star-gazing the author has designed this field-book. It is limited
+in scope solely to that purpose, and all matter of a technical or
+theoretical nature has been omitted.
+
+The endeavor has been to include in these pages only such matter as
+the reader can observe with the naked eye, or an opera-glass.
+Simplicity and brevity have been aimed at, the main idea being that
+whatever is bulky or verbose is a hindrance rather than a help when
+actually engaged in the observation of the heavens.
+
+The constellations embraced in this manual are only those visible from
+the average latitude of the New England and Middle States, and owe
+their place in the particular season in which they are found to the
+fact that in that season they are favorably situated for observation.
+
+With this brief explanatory note of the purpose and design of the
+book, the author proceeds to outline the scheme of study.
+
+
+
+
+SCHEME OF STUDY.
+
+
+The table of contents shows the scheme of study to be pursued, and to
+facilitate the work it is desirable that the student follow the
+therein circumscribed order.
+
+A knowledge on the part of the reader of Ursa Major, or "the Dipper"
+as it is commonly called, and "the Pleiades," the well-known group in
+Taurus, is presupposed by the author.
+
+With this knowledge as a basis, the student is enabled in any season
+to take up the study of the constellations. By following out the order
+dictated, he will in a few nights of observation be enabled to
+identify the various configurations making up the several
+constellations that are set apart for study in that particular season.
+
+A large plate, showing the appearance of the heavens at a designated
+time on the first night of the quarter, is inserted before each
+season's work. This should be consulted by the student before he makes
+an observation, in order that he may obtain a comprehensive idea of
+the relative position of the constellations, and also know in what
+part of the heavens to locate the constellation which he wishes to
+identify.
+
+A knowledge of one constellation enables the student to determine the
+position of the next in order. In this work, the identification of
+each constellation depends on a knowledge of what precedes, always
+bearing in mind the fact that each season starts as a new and distinct
+part to be taken by itself, and has no bearing on that which comes
+before.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+                                                             PAGE
+
+  INTRODUCTION                                                iii
+
+  SCHEME OF STUDY                                               v
+
+
+  The Constellations of Spring.
+
+  MAP OF THE HEAVENS 9 P.M., APRIL FIRST                        3
+
+  1.  URSA MAJOR                                                4
+
+  2.  URSA MINOR                                                6
+      Located by the pointer stars in Ursa Major.
+
+  3.  GEMINI                                                    8
+      Located by a line drawn through designated stars
+      in Ursa Major.
+
+  4.  AURIGA                                                   10
+      Located in the same manner as Gemini.
+
+  5.  CANCER                                                   12
+      Located by a line drawn from Auriga to Gemini
+      and prolonged.
+
+  6.  HYDRA                                                    14
+      The head of Hydra is to be seen just below Cancer.
+
+  7.  LEO                                                      16
+      Located by a line drawn from Gemini to Cancer
+      and prolonged.
+
+  8.  COMA BERENICES                                           18
+      Position indicated by drawing a line through
+      designated stars in Leo.
+
+  9.  CANIS MINOR                                              20
+      Located by a line drawn from Auriga to Gemini
+      and prolonged.
+
+  10. CORVUS                                                   22
+      Located by a line drawn from Ursa Minor through
+      Ursa Major and prolonged.
+
+  11. CRATER                                                   24
+      Located south of Leo and just west of Corvus.
+
+  METEORIC SHOWERS, APRIL TO JULY                              26
+
+
+  The Constellations of Summer.
+
+  MAP OF THE HEAVENS 9 P.M., JULY FIRST                        31
+
+  12. DRACO                                                    32
+      Lies between Ursa Major and Ursa Minor, coiling
+      about the latter.
+
+  13. LYRA                                                     34
+      Vega, its brightest star, is 12° S.W. of the Dragon's
+      head.
+
+  14. CYGNUS                                                   36
+      Deneb, its brightest star, is about 20° east of Vega.
+
+  15. AQUILA                                                   38
+      Located by a line drawn from the Dragon's head
+      through Vega and prolonged.
+
+  16. DELPHINUS                                                40
+      Located about 10° northeast of Altair in Aquila.
+
+  17. SAGITTARIUS                                              42
+      Located by a line drawn from Cygnus to Aquila
+      and prolonged.
+
+  18. OPHIUCHUS AND SERPENS                                    44
+      Located by a line drawn from Delphinus to Aquila
+      and prolonged.
+
+  19. SCORPIUS                                                 46
+      Located just under Ophiuchus, and west of Sagittarius.
+
+  20. LIBRA                                                    48
+      Located about 15° west of the head of Scorpius.
+
+  21. CORONA BOREALIS                                          50
+      Located just above the head of Serpens.
+
+  22. HERCULES                                                 52
+      Located by lines drawn from either Vega or Altair
+      to Corona.
+
+  23. BOÖTES                                                   54
+      Located just west of the Crown. Arcturus, its
+      brightest star, is about 30° southeast of η Ursae
+      Majoris.
+
+  24. VIRGO                                                    56
+      Spica, its brightest star, is located by a line drawn
+      from Antares in Scorpius through α in Libra and
+      prolonged about 20°.
+
+  25. CANES VENATICI                                           58
+      Cor Caroli, its brightest star, is about 17° south
+      of Alioth in Ursa Major.
+
+  METEORIC SHOWERS, JULY TO OCTOBER                            60
+
+
+  The Constellations of Autumn.
+
+  MAP OF THE HEAVENS 9 P.M., OCTOBER FIRST                     65
+
+  26. CASSIOPEIA                                               66
+      Located by a line drawn from Ursa Major through
+      the Pole star, the position of which is indicated
+      by the pointer stars α and β Ursae Majoris.
+
+  27. CEPHEUS                                                  68
+      Located by pointer stars in Cassiopeia.
+
+  28. PEGASUS                                                  70
+      The great square of Pegasus is located by a line
+      drawn from Polaris to Cassiopeia and prolonged.
+
+  29. ANDROMEDA                                                72
+      The star Alpheratz in Andromeda is at the northeast
+      corner of the great square of Pegasus.
+
+  30. PERSEUS                                                  74
+      Lies 9° east of γ Andromedae.
+
+  31. PISCES                                                   76
+      The Circlet in Pisces is to be seen just below
+      Pegasus.
+
+  32. TRIANGULUM                                               78
+      A line drawn from Pegasus to Perseus passes through
+      β in Triangulum.
+
+  33. AQUARIUS                                                 80
+      The position of the water jar of Aquarius is determined
+      by pointer stars in Pegasus.
+
+  34. CAPRICORNUS                                              82
+      The head of the Sea Goat is located by a line drawn
+      from α Pegasi through ζ and θ Pegasi and prolonged
+      about 25°.
+
+  35. ARIES                                                    84
+      Lies just south of Triangulum. A line drawn
+      from γ Andromedae through β Trianguli points
+      out α Arietis.
+
+  36. CETUS                                                    86
+      The head of Cetus lies about 20° southeast of
+      Aries.
+
+  37. MUSCA                                                    88
+      Located between Triangulum and Aries.
+
+  METEORIC SHOWERS, OCTOBER TO JANUARY                         90
+
+
+  The Constellations of Winter.
+
+  MAP OF THE HEAVENS 9 P.M., JANUARY FIRST                     95
+
+  38. TAURUS                                                   96
+      Contains the celebrated and unmistakable group,
+      The Pleiades, to be seen almost overhead in
+      the early evening during the Winter months.
+
+  39. ORION                                                    98
+      The tips of the horns of the Bull are pointer stars
+      to Betelgeuze, in Orion.
+
+  40. LEPUS                                                   100
+      Located just below Orion.
+
+  41. COLUMBA                                                 102
+      Located south of Lepus, close to the horizon.
+
+  42. CANIS MAJOR                                             104
+      Located by a line drawn from the stars forming
+      Orion's girdle.
+
+  43. ARGO NAVIS                                              106
+      Located by a line drawn from Orion to Canis
+      Major and prolonged 18°.
+
+  44. MONOCEROS                                               108
+      Located just east of Orion.
+
+  45. ERIDANUS                                                110
+      Located just west of Rigel, in Orion.
+
+  METEORIC SHOWERS, JANUARY TO APRIL                          112
+
+  THE PLANETS                                                 115
+
+  THE MILKY WAY                                               124
+
+  THE MOTIONS OF THE STARS                                    126
+
+  METEORS, OR SHOOTING STARS                                  130
+
+  NAMES OF THE STARS AND THEIR MEANINGS                       133
+
+  INDEX                                                       159
+
+
+
+
+THE DIAGRAMS.
+
+
+The diagrams, it will be observed, are grouped under the seasons, and
+they indicate the positions of the constellations as they appear at 9
+o'clock P.M. in mid-season.
+
+To facilitate finding and observing the constellations, the student
+should face in the direction indicated in the text. This applies to
+all constellations excepting those near the zenith.
+
+The four large plates are so arranged that the observer is supposed to
+be looking at the southern skies. By turning the plate about from left
+to right, the eastern, northern, and western skies are shown
+successively.
+
+On many of the diagrams the position of nebulæ is indicated. These are
+designated by the initial letter of the astronomer who catalogued
+them, preceded by his catalogue number, as for instance 8 M. signifies
+nebula number 8 in Messier's catalogue.
+
+The magnitudes assigned to the stars in the diagrams are derived from
+the Harvard Photometry. When a star is midway between two magnitudes
+the numeral is underlined, thus _2_, indicates a star of magnitude 2.5.
+
+If a star's magnitude is between 1 and 1.5 it is regarded as a
+first-magnitude star. If it lies between 1.5 and 2 it is designated
+second magnitude.
+
+
+
+
+THE CONSTELLATIONS OF SPRING.
+
+[Illustration: Map showing the principal stars visible from Lat. 40°
+N. at 9 o'clock April 1st.]
+
+
+
+
+URSA MAJOR (er´sa mā´-jor)--THE GREAT BEAR. (Face North.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--Ursa Major is probably the best known of the
+constellations, and in this work I presuppose that the reader is
+familiar with its position in the heavens. It is one of the most noted
+and conspicuous constellations in the northern hemisphere, and is
+readily and unmistakably distinguished from all others by means of a
+remarkable cluster of seven bright stars in the northern heavens,
+forming what is familiarly termed "The Dipper."
+
+The stars α and β are called the pointers, because they always point
+toward the Pole Star, 28¾° distant from α.
+
+Alioth is very nearly opposite Shedir in Cassiopeia, and at an equal
+distance from the Pole. The same can be said of Megres, in Ursa Major,
+and Caph, in Cassiopeia.
+
+The star ο is at the tip of the Bear's nose. A clearly defined
+semicircle begins at ο and ends in the pair ι and κ at the extremity
+of the Bear's right fore paw. This group of stars resembles a sickle.
+Note little Alcor close to Mizar. This star was used by the Arabs as a
+test of good eyesight.
+
+Mizar and Alcor are known as the horse and his rider.
+
+This plate shows the Bear lying on his back, his feet projected up the
+sky; three conspicuous pairs of stars represent three of his four
+feet.
+
+The Chaldean shepherds and the Iroquois Indians gave to this
+constellation the same name. The Egyptians called it "The Thigh."
+
+α and η are moving through space in a contrary direction to the
+remaining five stars in "The Dipper."
+
+[Illustration: URSA MAJOR]
+
+
+
+
+URSA MINOR (er´-sa mi´-nor)--THE LITTLE BEAR. (Face North.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--The two pointer stars in Ursa Major indicate the position
+of Polaris, the North Star, which represents the tip of the tail of
+the Little Bear, and the end of the handle of the "Little Dipper." In
+all ages of the world, Ursa Minor has been more universally observed
+and more carefully noticed than any other constellation, on account of
+the importance of the North Star.
+
+Polaris is a little more than 1¼° from the true pole. Its light
+takes fifty years to reach us.
+
+A line joining β Cassiopeiæ, and Megres, in Ursa Major, will pass
+through Polaris.
+
+At the distance of the nearest fixed star our sun would shine as a
+star no brighter than Polaris which is presumably about the sun's
+size.
+
+Polaris revolves around the true pole once in twenty-four hours in a
+little circle 2½° in diameter. Within this circle two hundred stars
+have been photographed.
+
+The North Star is always elevated as many degrees above the horizon as
+the observer is north of the equator.
+
+Compare the light of the four stars forming the bowl of the "Little
+Dipper," as they are each of a different magnitude. A standard
+first-magnitude star is 2½ times brighter than a standard second
+magnitude star, etc.
+
+[Illustration: URSA MINOR]
+
+
+
+
+GEMINI (jem´-i-ni)--THE TWINS. (Face West.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--A line drawn from β to κ Ursæ Majoris and prolonged an
+equal distance ends near Castor, in Gemini. Gemini is characterized by
+two nearly parallel rows of stars. The northern row if extended would
+reach Taurus, the southern one Orion. Note the fine cluster 35 M.
+Herschel discovered Uranus in 1781 a short distance southwest of it.
+Two wonderful streams of little stars run parallel northwest on each
+side of the cluster. Where the ecliptic crosses the solstitial colure
+is the spot where the sun appears to be when it is farthest north of
+the equator, June 21st. Castor is a fine double for a telescope, and
+Pollux has three little attendant stars. An isoceles triangle is
+formed by Castor, Aldebaran in Taurus, and Capella in Auriga. There is
+a record of an occultation in Gemini noted about the middle of the
+fourth century B.C.
+
+The Arabs saw in this group of stars two peacocks, the Egyptians two
+sprouting plants, and the Hindus twin deities, while in the Buddhist
+zodiac they represented a woman holding a golden cord. Since classic
+times, however, the figure has always been that of human twins.
+
+At the point indicated near θ a new star was discovered by Enebo in
+March, 1912. It attained a maximum of about magnitude 3.5 and has at
+this writing waned to the eleventh magnitude.
+
+[Illustration: GEMINI]
+
+
+
+
+AURIGA (â-ri´-ga)--THE CHARIOTEER. (Face Northwest.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--A line drawn from δ to α Ursæ Majoris, and prolonged about
+45°, ends near the bright Capella, in Auriga, a star of the first
+magnitude, and one of the most brilliant in the heavens. It is
+unmistakable, having no rival in brightness near it. Auriga is a
+beautiful and conspicuous constellation. It is characterized by a
+clearly defined pentagon. Note the three fourth-magnitude stars near
+Capella known as "The Kids." The star β is common to Auriga and
+Taurus, being the former's right foot and the latter's northern horn.
+The field within the pentagon is particularly rich in clusters.
+Capella forms a rude square with Polaris, ε Cassiopeiæ, and ο Ursæ
+Majoris, and forms an equilateral triangle with Betelgeuze in Orion,
+and the Pleiades in Taurus.
+
+A line from θ to α Aurigæ prolonged about 20° ends near α Persei.
+
+Capella is visible at some hour of every clear night throughout the
+year. Of the first-magnitude stars it is nearest to the Pole, and it
+rises almost exactly in the northeast.
+
+To the Arabs Capella was "The Driver," because it seemed to rise
+earlier than the other stars and so apparently watched over them, or
+still more practically as "The Singer" who rode before the procession
+cheering on the camels, which last were represented by the Pleiades.
+
+[Illustration: AURIGA]
+
+
+
+
+CANCER (kan´-ser)--THE CRAB. (Face West.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--Cancer lies between Gemini and Leo. A line drawn from Nath
+in Auriga to Pollux in Gemini, and prolonged about 15°, ends in
+Præsepe, the Manger, the great star cluster in Cancer, which is also
+called "The Bee Hive." It contains 300 stars. The stars γ and δ are
+called the Aselli--the ass's colts feeding from the silver manger.
+
+The star β lies about 10° northeast of Procyon. Acubens, α lies on the
+same line the same distance beyond β. These two stars form the tips of
+the inverted "Y" which distinguishes Cancer.
+
+An imaginary line from Capella through Pollux will point out Acubens.
+Close to it are two faint stars. The Bee Hive lies within an irregular
+square formed by γ, δ, η, and θ, and looks like a nebula to the naked
+eye.
+
+In June, 1895, all the planets except Neptune were in this quarter of
+the heavens, and Halley's comet was in this constellation on its first
+appearance in 1531.
+
+The dimness of γ and δ is an infallible precursor of rain, and if the
+Bee Hive is not visible in a clear sky, it is a presage of a violent
+storm.
+
+[Illustration: CANCER]
+
+
+
+
+HYDRA (hi´-dra)--THE SEA-SERPENT. (Face South and Southwest.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--The head of Hydra, a striking and beautiful arrangement of
+stars, lies just below the Bee Hive, in Cancer, 6° south of Acubens in
+that constellation, and forms a rhomboidal figure of five stars.
+
+Hydra is about 100° in length and reaches almost from Canis Minor to
+Libra. Its stars are all faint except Alphard, or the Hydra's heart, a
+second-magnitude star remarkable for its lonely situation, southwest
+of Regulus, in Leo. A line drawn from γ Leonis through Regulus points
+it out. It is of a rich orange tint. Castor and Pollux, in Gemini,
+point southeast to it.
+
+The constellations Crater, the Cup, and Corvus, the Crow, both stand
+on the coils of Hydra, south of Denebola, the bright star in the tail
+of the Lion.
+
+Hydra is supposed to be the snake shown on a uranographic stone from
+the Euphrates, 1200 B.C.
+
+The little asterism Sextans, the Sextant, lies in the region between
+Regulus and Alphard. It contains no stars brighter than the fourth
+magnitude.
+
+[Illustration: HYDRA]
+
+
+
+
+LEO (le´o)--THE LION. (Face South.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--A line drawn from Pollux, in Gemini, to γ in Cancer, and
+prolonged about 12°, strikes Regulus, the brilliant star in the heart
+of the Lion. Regulus lies about 9° east of Acubens, in Cancer, and
+about 12° northeast of Alphard, in the heart of Hydra.
+
+Leo is one of the most beautiful constellations in the zodiac. It lies
+south of the Great Bear, and its principal stars are arranged in the
+form of a sickle which nearly outlines the Lion's head. This group is
+so striking as to be unmistakable. Regulus is in the handle of the
+sickle. It is one of the stars from which longitude is reckoned, lies
+almost exactly on the ecliptic, and is visible for eight months in the
+year.
+
+Denebola, the bright star in the Lion's tail, lies 25° east of
+Regulus, and about 35° west of Arcturus, in Boötes. It is the same
+distance northwest of Spica, in Virgo, and forms with Spica and
+Arcturus a large equilateral triangle.
+
+ζ is double, and has three faint companion stars.
+
+ε has two seventh-magnitude companion stars, forming a beautiful
+little triangle.
+
+Regulus is white in color, γ yellow, π red.
+
+γ is a beautiful colored telescopic double star and has a companion
+visible in an opera-glass.
+
+The figure of Leo very much as we now have it appears in all the
+Indian and Egyptian zodiacs.
+
+[Illustration: LEO
+
+THE SICKLE]
+
+
+
+
+COMA BERENICES (kō´-ma ber-e-ni´-sez)--BERENICE'S HAIR.
+
+
+LOCATION.--A line drawn from Regulus to Zosma, in Leo, and prolonged
+an equal distance, strikes this fine cluster, which is 18° northeast
+of Zosma, δ Leonis.
+
+The group lies well within a triangle formed by Denebola, Arcturus, in
+Boötes, and Cor Caroli, in Canes Venatici, which triangle is the upper
+half of the Diamond of Virgo.
+
+Twenty or thirty stars in this group can be counted with an opera-glass,
+and the group can be easily distinguished with the naked eye, when the
+moon is not visible.
+
+The first half of the month of April can be called the most brilliant
+sidereal period of the year. At this time eleven first-magnitude stars
+are visible in this latitude at 9 P.M. From east to west they are:
+Vega, Arcturus, Spica, Regulus, Pollux, Procyon, Sirius, Capella,
+Aldebaran, Betelgeuze, and Rigel, truly a glorious company, an
+incomparable sight.
+
+[Illustration: COMA BERENICES]
+
+
+
+
+CANIS MINOR (kā´-nis mi´-nor)--THE LESSER DOG. (Face West.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--Procyon, the Little Dog Star, lies about 23° south of
+Pollux, in Gemini. A line drawn from Nath, in Auriga, to Alhena, in
+Gemini, and prolonged about 18°, reaches Procyon.
+
+Procyon is equidistant from Betelgeuze in Orion, and Sirius in Canis
+Major, and forms with them an equilateral triangle. It forms a large
+right-angled triangle with Pollux and Betelgeuze.
+
+The light from Procyon is golden yellow. Four degrees northwest of it
+is the third-magnitude star Gomeisa. The glass shows two small stars
+forming a right-angled triangle with it.
+
+Procyon was distinctly mentioned by Ptolemy. It rises in this latitude
+a little north of east about half an hour before Sirius, the Dog Star,
+hence it was called Procyon from two Greek words which signify "before
+the dog."
+
+Procyon is one of our nearest neighbors in space, at a distance of ten
+light years, and is attended by a very faint companion which is only
+visible in the largest telescopes.
+
+[Illustration: CANIS MINOR]
+
+
+
+
+CORVUS (kôr´-vus)--THE CROW. (Face South.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--A line drawn from the Bee Hive, in Cancer, through Regulus,
+in Leo, and prolonged about 40°, ends near the conspicuous
+quadrilateral which distinguishes Corvus. The brightest star in this
+region of the sky is Spica, in Virgo. It lies about 10° northeast of
+Algorab.
+
+ζ is a double star for an opera-glass. A faint pair of stars lie close
+below and to the west of β. The Crow is represented as standing on,
+and pecking at, the coils of Hydra. The star Al Chiba is in the Crow's
+bill.
+
+Corvus was known as the Raven in Chaucer's time.
+
+δ is an interesting telescopic double.
+
+A line drawn from γ to β Corvi and prolonged twice its length locates
+the third-magnitude star ι Centauri in the right shoulder of the
+Centaur. The brightest stars in this constellation are not visible in
+this latitude.
+
+[Illustration: CORVUS]
+
+
+
+
+CRATER (krā´-ter)--THE CUP. (Face South.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--Crater is situated 15° west of Corvus, and due south of θ
+Leonis. It is easily distinguished by reason of a beautiful and very
+striking semicircle of six stars of the fourth magnitude, forming the
+bowl of the cup.
+
+The constellation resembles a goblet with its base resting on the
+coils of Hydra.
+
+The star Alkes is common to Hydra and Crater, and may be seen 24°
+southeast of Alphard in the heart of Hydra. It is distinguished by its
+forming an equilateral triangle with α and γ, stars of the same
+magnitude 6° south and east of it.
+
+Corvus and Crater are to be seen half-way up the southern sky during
+the early evenings in spring.
+
+δ is now the lucida.
+
+Crater is situated at about the centre of Hydra and is on the
+meridian, April 26th. Owing to its many faint stars it is best seen on
+a clear moonless night.
+
+The zodiacal light is well worth observing at this season of the year.
+It is to be seen in the western sky shortly after sundown, and is most
+intense during the evenings of March.
+
+[Illustration: CRATER]
+
+
+
+
+METEORIC SHOWERS.
+
+APRIL TO JULY.
+
+
+  +--------------------+---------+--------------------+---------------+-------------+--------+
+  |                    |         |                    |               | Other Dates |        |
+  | Name of Shower     | Date    |   Radiant Point    |Characteristics|      of     |Location|
+  |                    |         |                    |               | Observation |        |
+  +--------------------+---------+--------------------+---------------+-------------+--------+
+  |     Beta or Mu     |Apr. 9-16| The Dragon's head  |               |             |  N.E.  |
+  |     Draconids      | Apr. 18 |                    |    Sw. F.     |  Apr. 17-25 |        |
+  |  Beta Serpentids   |         | The Serpent's head |               |             |  S.E.  |
+  +--------------------+---------+--------------------+---------------+-------------+--------+
+  |      Lyrids,       |         |   About 10° from   |               |             |        |
+  |    rich shower     | Apr. 20 |    Vega toward     |    V. Sw.     |             |  N.E.  |
+  |                    |         |      Hercules      |               |             |        |
+  +--------------------+---------+--------------------+---------------+-------------+--------+
+  |   Eta Aquarids,    |  May 6  |   Near the Water   |    Sw. Sk.    | After 2 A.M.|   E.   |
+  | fine annual shower |         |        Jar         |               |             |        |
+  +--------------------+---------+--------------------+---------------+-------------+--------+
+  |   Alpha Coronids,  | May 11  |     Near Gemma     |    Sl. F.     |  May 7-18   |   N.   |
+  |well defined in 1885|         |   (α) Coronæ B.    |               |             |        |
+  +--------------------+---------+--------------------+---------------+-------------+--------+
+  |   Iota Pegasids,   |         |   Between Cygnus   |               |   May 29-   |        |
+  |well defined shower | May 30  |   and the Great    |    Sw. Sk.    |June 4 after |  N.E.  |
+  |                    |         |       Square       |               |   10 P.M.   |        |
+  +--------------------+---------+--------------------+---------------+-------------+--------+
+  |  Beta Herculids    | June 7  |  Near the Crown    |    Sl. B.     | A fire ball |  S.E.  |
+  |                    |         | About 8°S. of Ras  |               |   radiant   |        |
+  |  Beta Ophiuchids   | June 10 |      Alhague       |      Sl.      | June 10, 13 |  S.E.  |
+  +--------------------+---------+--------------------+---------------+-------------+--------+
+  |   Delta Cepheids   | June 20 |  About 13° from    |               | June 10-28, |        |
+  |                    |         |  (β) Cassiopeiæ    |      Sw.      |July 19, Aug.|   N.   |
+  |                    |         |                    |               |  25, etc.   |        |
+  +--------------------+---------+--------------------+---------------+-------------+--------+
+
+The Abbreviations under _Characteristics_ are as follows:
+
+ V.--very.
+ M.--moderately.
+ Sw.--swift.
+ Sl.--slow.
+ Sh.--short.
+ B.--bright.
+ F.--faint.
+ Sk.--streak-leaving meteors.
+ T.--train-leaving meteors.
+
+
+
+
+THE CONSTELLATIONS OF SUMMER.
+
+[Illustration: Maps showing the principal stars visible from Lat. 40°
+N. at 9 o'clock, July first.]
+
+
+
+
+DRACO (drā´-ko)--THE DRAGON. (Face North.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--About 10° from α Ursæ Majoris--from α to δ is 10°--slightly
+south of, that is above, the line from α to Polaris, is Giansar, λ in
+the tip of the Dragon's tail. Above λ, and almost in line with it, are
+two more stars in Draco, which form with two stars in Ursa Major a
+quadrilateral. (See diagram.) Draco now curves sharply eastward,
+coiling about the Little Bear as shown, then turns abruptly southerly,
+ending in a characteristic and clearly defined group of four stars,
+forming an irregular square, representing the Dragon's head. This
+group is almost overhead in the early evening in summer. The star in
+the heel of Hercules lies just south of the Dragon's head. The
+brilliant Vega will be seen about overhead, 12° southwest of the
+Dragon's head. Eltanin, one of the Dragon's eyes, is noted for its
+connection with the discovery of the law of aberration of light. It is
+of an orange hue, while the star β, near it, is white. Note Thuban,
+once the Pole Star, at one corner of a quadrilateral that Draco forms
+with Ursa Major.
+
+Thuban could be seen by day or night from the bottom of the central
+passage of several of the Pyramids in Egypt.
+
+The rising of Eltanin was visible about thirty-five hundred years B.C.
+through the central passages of the temples of Hathor at Denderah. The
+Egyptians called Draco "The Hippopotamus."
+
+Vega and the four stars in the Dragon's head offer an opportunity to
+compare the first five stellar magnitudes with which all should be
+familiar.
+
+[Illustration: DRACO]
+
+
+
+
+LYRA (lī´-ra)--THE LYRE.
+
+
+LOCATION.--Lyra may be easily distinguished because of the brilliant
+Vega, its brightest star, which is situated about 12° southwest of the
+Dragon's head. It is unmistakable, as it is the brightest star in this
+region of the heavens, and the third brightest in this latitude. In
+July and August Vega is close to the zenith in the early evening.
+
+The six bright stars in Lyra form an equilateral triangle on one
+corner of a rhomboid. A very characteristic figure.
+
+ε is a pretty double for an opera-glass, and a 3" glass reveals the
+duplicity of each star of this pair. ε is therefore a double double.
+
+ζ is a double for a good glass.
+
+β is a variable, changing from magnitude 3.4 to 4.4 in twelve days. At
+its brightest it is about equal to its near neighbor γ Lyræ.
+
+The noted ring nebula lies between β and γ. A 3" glass reveals it but
+a powerful telescope is required to render its details visible.
+
+If the distance from the earth to the sun equalled one inch, the
+distance from the earth to Vega would be 158 miles.
+
+Vega was the first star to be photographed, in 1850. It is visible at
+some hour every clear night, and has been called the arc-light of the
+sky. Its light has the bluish-white hue that suggests "a diamond in
+the sky."
+
+The spectroscope reveals that Vega is a star probably only in its
+infancy, as hydrogen is its predominating element.
+
+[Illustration: LYRA]
+
+
+
+
+CYGNUS (sig´-nus)--THE SWAN, OR THE NORTHERN CROSS.
+
+
+LOCATION.--Deneb, the brightest star in Cygnus, is at the top of the
+cross, and a little over 20° east of Vega. It forms a triangle with
+Vega and Altair in Aquila--Altair being at the apex, about 35° from
+Deneb and Vega.
+
+β Cygni is at the base of the cross, and a line drawn from Vega to
+Altair nearly touches it. It is a beautiful colored double for a small
+telescope.
+
+Note "61," one of the nearest stars to us. It was the first star whose
+distance was measured (by Bessel in 1838). It is a double star and
+10.4 light years distant.
+
+The cross is nearly perfect and easily traced out. It lies almost
+wholly in the Milky Way.
+
+Note "The Coal Sack," one of the dark gap in the Milky Way.
+
+Cygnus contains an unusual number of deeply colored stars and variable
+stars.
+
+ο Cygni has a sixth-magnitude companion, and γ is in the midst of a
+beautiful stream of faint stars.
+
+This region is perhaps richer than any similar extent in the heavens.
+An opera-glass will reveal many of its beauties.
+
+Herschel counted 331,000 stars in an area of only 5° in Cygnus.
+
+[Illustration: CYGNUS]
+
+
+
+
+AQUILA (ak´-wi-lä)--THE EAGLE, AND ANTINOÜS. (Face Southeast.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--Half-way up the sky in the Milky Way, you will see three
+stars in a line, the middle one much brighter than the other two. This
+bright star is Altair, in Aquila. It forms with Vega and Deneb an
+isosceles triangle. Altair is at the apex, about 35° from the other
+two. A triangle is formed by Vega, Altair, and Ras Alhague, in the
+Serpent Bearer, which is about 30° west of Altair.
+
+This is a double constellation composed of Aquila and Antinoüs. Altair
+is in the neck of the Eagle, Alschain in the head of Antinoüs.
+
+When the moon is absent, a rude arrowhead can be traced out, embracing
+almost all the stars in Aquila.
+
+η is an interesting variable star, changing from magnitude 3.5 to 4.7
+and back again within a period of 7 days 4 hours 12 minutes.
+
+Altair rises about 8° north of the exact eastern point on the horizon.
+
+In A.D. 389 a wonderful temporary star flashed out near Altair that
+equalled Venus in brightness and vanished within three weeks' time.
+
+[Illustration: AQUILA
+
+ANTINOÜS]
+
+
+
+
+DELPHINUS (del-fi´-nus)--THE DOLPHIN, OR JOB'S COFFIN. (Face
+Southeast.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--The little cluster of five stars forming Delphinus is to be
+seen about 10° northeast of Altair, and, though there are no bright
+stars in the group, it can hardly escape notice. A line drawn from
+Vega to Albireo, and prolonged about 20°, strikes the star ε in the
+tail of the Dolphin. The four other stars of prominence in the
+constellation are a little above ε, and form a diamond-shaped figure.
+
+The little asterisms Sagitta, the Arrow, and Vulpecula and Anser, the
+Fox and Goose, are shown just above Delphinus.
+
+Delphinus is also called Job's Coffin. The origin of this appellation
+is unknown.
+
+In Greece, Delphinus was the Sacred Fish, the sky emblem of
+philanthropy. The Arabs called it the "Riding Camel."
+
+The star γ Delphini is a fine double for a small telescope with a
+marked and beautiful contrast of colors.
+
+The names for α and β reversed spell "Nicolaus Venator," the Latinized
+name of the assistant to the astronomer Piazzi.
+
+[Illustration: DELPHINUS]
+
+
+
+
+SAGITTARIUS (saj-i-tā-ri-us)--THE ARCHER. (Face South.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--A line drawn from Deneb, in Cygnus, to Altair, in Aquila,
+and prolonged an equal distance, terminates in Sagittarius about 10°
+east of its distinguishing characteristic, the Milk Dipper.
+Sagittarius is one of the signs of the zodiac, and lies between
+Capricornus, on the east, and Scorpius, on the west.
+
+The bow is easily traced out. γ marks the arrow's tip.
+
+Note the star μ, which serves to point out the Winter Solstice, where
+the solstitial colure intersects the ecliptic.
+
+On a clear night, the pretty cluster known as Corona Australis, the
+Southern Crown, can be seen about 10° below the bowl of the Milk
+Dipper. Its lucida, the fourth-magnitude star Alfecca Meridiana
+culminates at 9 P.M., August 13th.
+
+Sagittarius is about due south, in a splendid position for
+observation, during the month of July, between the hours of
+nine-thirty and eleven o'clock P.M.
+
+Observe with an opera-glass the fine clusters 20 M. and 8 M., also an
+almost circular black void near the stars γ and δ, and to the east of
+this spot another of narrow crescent form.
+
+The stars φ and ζ in the Milk Dipper are moving in opposite
+directions. Future generations therefore will not have this
+time-honored figure to guide them in locating the Archer in their
+summer night skies.
+
+[Illustration: SAGITTARIUS]
+
+
+
+
+OPHIUCHUS (of-i-ū-kus)--THE SERPENT BEARER, AND SERPENS. (Face
+Southwest.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--A line drawn from ε Delphini to γ Aquilæ, prolonged about
+30°, strikes the star Ras Alhague, the brightest star in the
+constellation and the head of Ophiuchus. It is at one angle of an
+isosceles triangle, of which Altair is at the apex, and Vega the third
+angle.
+
+Two constellations are here combined. Ophiuchus is represented as an
+old man, holding in his hands a writhing serpent.
+
+Ras Algethi, marking the head of Hercules, lies just west of Ras
+Alhague.
+
+Equally distant southeast and southwest of Ras Alhague are to be seen
+two stars close together, representing the shoulders of Ophiuchus. His
+foot rests on the Scorpion just above Antares.
+
+The head of Serpens is the star group in the form of an "X" just below
+the Crown.
+
+1604 indicates the spot where in that year a famous temporary star
+appeared, called Kepler's star.
+
+Note the asterism the "Bull of Poniatowski" just east of γ. The star
+marked 70 is one of the most distant stars for which a parallax has
+been obtained. Its distance from the earth = 1,300,000 radii of the
+earth's orbit, or 120 quadrillion miles.
+
+There is something remarkable in the central position of this gigantic
+figure. It is situated almost exactly in the mid-heavens, being nearly
+equidistant from the poles, and midway between the vernal and autumnal
+equinoxes.
+
+[Illustration: OPHIUCHUS
+
+SERPENS]
+
+
+
+
+SCORPIUS (skôr´-pi-us)--THE SCORPION. (Face South.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--Scorpius, one of the signs of the zodiac, is a beautiful
+star group, and one that is easily traced out. It lies just under the
+Serpent Bearer, between Sagittarius and Libra.
+
+The resemblance to a Scorpion is not difficult to see, hence this
+constellation is perhaps the most aptly named of any.
+
+The ruddy star Antares, the brightest star in the constellation, is in
+the heart of the Scorpion. It lies about 40° southwest of Ras Alhague,
+in Ophiuchus, and a little over 20° west of the bow of Sagittarius.
+The fact that it is the most brilliant star in this region of the sky
+renders its identity unmistakable. It is one of the reddest stars in
+the firmament.
+
+There are several star clusters and double stars to be seen in this
+constellation. Their position is indicated in the diagram.
+
+The curved tail of the Scorpion is very conspicuous. λ and υ are a
+striking pair and the fine clusters above them can be seen with the
+naked eye.
+
+A record of a lunar occultation of β Scorpii in 295 B.C. is extant.
+
+Note a pair just below β. They are known as ω¹ and ω².
+
+In this region of the sky have appeared many of the brilliant
+temporary stars, the first one in astronomical annals being discovered
+in 134 B.C.
+
+Scorpius is mentioned by all the early writers on astronomy and is
+supposed to be so named because in Egypt it was a sickly time of the
+year when the sun entered this sign.
+
+[Illustration: SCORPIUS]
+
+
+
+
+LIBRA (lī´-bra)--THE SCALES. (Face Southwest.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--Libra is one of the signs of the zodiac, and lies between
+Virgo and Scorpius. Its two chief stars, α and β, may be recognized
+west of and above the head of the Scorpion.
+
+The star ι Libræ is about 20° northwest of Antares in the Scorpion.
+Spica in Virgo, a star of the first magnitude, is a little over 20°
+northwest of α Libræ.
+
+A quadrilateral is formed by the stars α, β, γ, ε, which characterizes
+the constellation.
+
+The star α Libræ looks elongated. An opera-glass shows that it has a
+fifth-magnitude companion.
+
+β is a pale green star. Its color is very unusual.
+
+Lyra, Corona, and Hercules are almost directly overhead in the early
+evening, during July and August, and can best be observed in a
+reclining position. Thus placed, with an opera-glass to assist the
+vision, you may study to the best advantage the wonderful sight spread
+out before you, and search depths only measured by the power of your
+glass.
+
+When the sun enters the sign Libra the days and nights are equal all
+over the world and seem to observe a certain equilibrium like a
+balance, hence the name of the constellation.
+
+[Illustration: LIBRA]
+
+
+
+
+CORONA BOREALIS (kō-rō´nä bō-rē-a´-lis)--THE NORTHERN CROWN.
+
+
+LOCATION.--A line drawn from α Cygni, to α Lyræ, and projected a
+little over 40°, terminates in the Crown, which lies between Hercules
+and Boötes, and just above the diamond-shaped group of stars in the
+head of the Serpent.
+
+The characteristic semicircle resembling a crown is easily traced out.
+The principal stars are of the fourth magnitude excepting Gemma, which
+is a second-magnitude star and known as the "Pearl of the Crown."
+
+Gemma, sometimes called Alphacca, forms with the stars Seginus and
+Arcturus, in Boötes, an isosceles triangle, the vertex of which is at
+Arcturus.
+
+Close to ε a famous temporary appeared suddenly May 12, 1866, as a
+second-magnitude star. It was known as the "Blaze Star" and was
+visible to the naked eye only eight days, fading at that time to a
+tenth-magnitude star, and then rising to an eighth-magnitude, where it
+still remains.
+
+The native Australians called this constellation "The Boomerang." To
+the Hebrews it was "Ataroth" and by this name it is known in the East
+to-day. No two of the seven stars composing the Crown are moving in
+the same direction or at the same rate.
+
+α Coronæ is seventy-eight light years distant and sixty times brighter
+than the sun.
+
+[Illustration: CORONA BOREALIS]
+
+
+
+
+HERCULES (her´-kū-lēz)--THE KNEELER.
+
+
+LOCATION.--A line drawn from either Vega, in Lyra, or Altair, in Aquila,
+to Gemma, in Corona Borealis, passes through this constellation. The
+left foot of Hercules rests on the head of Draco, on the north, and his
+head nearly touches the head of Ophiuchus on the south.
+
+The star in the head of Hercules, Ras Algethi, is about 25° southeast
+of Corona Borealis.
+
+α Ophiuchi and α Herculis are only about 5° apart.
+
+The cluster 13 M., the Halley Nebula, can be easily seen in an
+opera-glass. In a recent photograph of this cluster 50,000 stars are
+shown in an area of sky which would be entirely covered by the full
+moon.
+
+Hercules occupies the part of the heavens toward which the sun is
+bearing the earth and planets at the rate of twelve miles a second or
+373 million miles a year.
+
+On a clear night the asterism Cerberus, the three-headed dog, which
+Hercules holds in his hand, can be seen.
+
+This constellation is said to have been an object of worship in
+Phœnicia. There is a good deal of mystery about its origin. The
+ancient Greeks called it "The Phantom" and "The Man upon his Knees."
+
+The stars ε, ζ, η, and π form a keystone shaped figure that serves to
+identify the constellation.
+
+[Illustration: HERCULES]
+
+
+
+
+BOÖTES (bō-ō´tēz)--THE HERDSMAN, OR BEAR DRIVER. (Face West.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--Boötes lies just west of the Crown, and east of Cor Caroli.
+It may be easily distinguished by the position and splendor of its
+principal star, Arcturus, which shines with a golden yellow lustre. It
+is about 35° east of Denebola, in Leo, and nearly as far north of
+Spica, in Virgo, and forms with these two a large equilateral
+triangle. A line drawn from ζ to η Ursæ Majoris and prolonged about
+30° locates it, as does one from δ Herculis to γ Coronæ prolonged its
+length.
+
+The brightest stars in Boötes outline a characteristic kite-shaped
+figure. Arcturus is mentioned in the Book of Job and is often referred
+to as "The Star of Job."
+
+Three stars of the fourth magnitude are situated in the right hand.
+They are about 5° north of η Ursæ Majoris.
+
+Contrast the color of Arcturus with Spica, Antares, and Vega.
+
+The trapezium β, γ, δ, and μ, was called "The Female Wolves," by the
+Arabians; θ, ι, κ and λ, "The Whelps of the Hyenas." They knew the
+constellation as "The Vociferator."
+
+Arcturus is the fourth brightest star in the northern hemisphere. It
+is 1000 times the size of our sun and rushes through space toward
+Virgo at the astounding rate of ninety miles a second. It is forty
+light years distant.
+
+The ancient Greeks called this constellation "Lycaon," a name which
+signifies a Wolf. The Hebrew name for it was "The Barking Dog."
+
+[Illustration: BOÖTES]
+
+
+
+
+VIRGO (ver´-gō)--THE VIRGIN. (Face West.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--An imaginary line drawn from Antares in Scorpius through α
+Libræ and prolonged a little over 20° strikes Spica, the brightest
+star in Virgo, which star is about 30° southwest of Arcturus.
+
+Arcturus, Cor Caroli, Denebola, and Spica form a figure about 50° in
+length, called the Diamond of Virgo.
+
+The equator, ecliptic, and equinoctial colure intersect each other at
+a point close to the star η. This is called the autumnal equinox.
+
+The star ε is known as the "Grape Gatherer." It is observed to rise
+just before the sun at vintage time.
+
+Within the rude square formed by Denebola, and ε, γ, and β, Virginis,
+the telescope reveals many wonderful nebulæ; hence this region of the
+sky has been called "The Field of the Nebula."
+
+Spica is an extremely beautiful pure white star. It rises a very
+little south of the exact eastern point on the horizon.
+
+γ is a fine double star for a small telescope.
+
+Virgo is mentioned by the astronomers of all ages. By the Egyptians it
+was intended to represent the goddess Isis, and the Greeks knew it as
+Ceres. Spica represents the ear of corn held in the Virgin's left
+hand.
+
+[Illustration: VIRGO]
+
+
+
+
+CANES VENATICI (kā´-nēz ve-nat´-i-cī)--THE HUNTING DOGS. (Face
+Northwest.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--Cor Caroli, the bright star in this constellation, when on
+the meridian is about 17° south of ε Ursæ Majoris. A line drawn from η
+Ursæ Majoris, through Berenice's Hair, to Denebola, in Leo, passes
+through it.
+
+The dogs, Asterion and Chara, are represented as being held in leash
+by Boötes, the herdsman, in his pursuit of the Great Bear.
+
+Cor Caroli is in the southern hound, Chara, and represents the heart
+of Charles II of England. It is a beautiful double star in a small
+telescope.
+
+The so-called "Diamond of Virgo," is clearly shown on this plate. It
+is formed by connecting with lines the stars Cor Caroli, Denebola,
+Spica, and Arcturus.
+
+The fifth-magnitude star La Superba, about 7° north and 2½° west of
+Cor Caroli, is especially noteworthy because of the flashing
+brilliancy of its prismatic rays.
+
+[Illustration: CANES VENATICI]
+
+
+
+
+METEORIC SHOWERS.
+
+JULY TO OCTOBER.
+
+
+  +---------------+--------+----------------+---------------+----------------+--------+
+  |               |        |                |               |   Other Dates  |        |
+  |Name of Shower |  Date  | Radiant Point  |Characteristics|       of       |Location|
+  |               |        |                |               | of Observation |        |
+  +---------------+--------+----------------+---------------+----------------+--------+
+  |               |        |   Between      |               | June 13-July 7 |        |
+  |Vulpeculids or | July 4 |  Cygnus and    |     Sw.       |    Apr. 20,    |  E.    |
+  | Eta Sagittids |        |   Delphinus    |               |     May 30     |        |
+  +---------------+--------+----------------+---------------+----------------+--------+
+  |               |        |  Near Deneb    |               |  July 11-19,   |        |
+  |   Cygnids     |July 19 |   (α) Cygni    |  Sh. Sw. F.   |  Aug. 22, July |  E.    |
+  |               |        |                |               |  6-Aug. 16     |        |
+  +---------------+--------+----------------+---------------+----------------+--------+
+  |               |        |  Between (α)   |  Sw. B. Sk.   | July 23-Aug. 4 |        |
+  |(α)-(β)        |July 25 |      and       |    after      |    Sept. 15,   |  N.E.  |
+  |Perseids       |        |  (β) Persei    |    10 P.M.    |    Nov. 13     |        |
+  +---------------+--------+----------------+---------------+----------------+--------+
+  |Aquarids, a    |        |    Near the    |               |                |        |
+  |conspicuous    |July 28 |  water jar of  |   Sl. B.      |                |  E.    |
+  |shower         |        |    Aquarius    |               |                |        |
+  +---------------+--------+----------------+---------------+----------------+--------+
+  |Perseids, fine |Aug. 10 |   Near (α)     |  v. Sw. Sk.   |                |  N.E.  |
+  |shower         |        |    Persei      |               |                |        |
+  +---------------+--------+----------------+---------------+----------------+--------+
+  |Kappa Cygnids  |Aug. 17 |    Near the    | Sw. B.T. Sh.  |Jan. 17, Aug. 4,|  S.E.  |
+  |               |        |  Dragon's head |               |Aug. 21-25      |        |
+  +---------------+--------+----------------+---------------+----------------+--------+
+  |               |        | Near Capella   | After 9.30    |   Sept. 22,    |        |
+  |Alpha Aurigids |Aug. 21 |  (α) Aurigæ    |     P.M.      |    Oct. 2      |  N.E.  |
+  |               |        |                | v. Sw. Sk.    |                |        |
+  +---------------+--------+----------------+---------------+----------------+--------+
+  |   Omicron     |        |    Near the    |               |                |        |
+  |Draconids. Rich|Aug. 22 | Dragon's head  |    Sl. T.     |  Aug. 21-25    |   N    |
+  |shower in 1879 |        |                |               |                |        |
+  +---------------+--------+----------------+---------------+----------------+--------+
+  |               |        |Between Capella |  After 10     |  Aug. 21, 25,  |        |
+  |  Epsilon      |Sept. 7 |    and the     |     P.M.      | Sept. 6-8, 21, |  N.E.  |
+  | Perseids      |        |    Pleiades    | v. Sw. Sk.    |    Nov. 29.    |        |
+  +---------------+--------+----------------+---------------+----------------+--------+
+  |Alpha Arietids |Sept. 21|   Near Hamal   |   Sl. T.      | Aug. 12, Oct. 7|   E.   |
+  |               |        |  (α) Arietis   |               |                |        |
+  +---------------+--------+----------------+---------------+----------------+--------+
+  |Gamma Pegasids |Sept. 22| Near and S.E.  |    Sl.        | July 31, Aug.  |   E.   |
+  |               |        |  of Great Sq.  |               |   25, etc.     |        |
+  +---------------+--------+----------------+---------------+----------------+--------+
+
+The Perseids are of a yellowish color, and move with medium velocity.
+Their line of flight is from northeast to southwest. They are probably
+visible for more than a month, from the latter half of July to the
+last week in August.
+
+The August meteors are known as the "Tears of St. Lawrence."
+
+The Abbreviations under _Characteristics_ are as follows:
+
+ v.--very
+ Sl.--Slow
+ Sk.--Streak-leaving meteors.
+ M.--Moderately
+ B.--Bright
+ T.--Train-leaving meteors.
+ Sw.--Swift
+ F.--Faint
+ Sh.--Short meteors.
+
+
+
+
+THE CONSTELLATIONS OF AUTUMN.
+
+[Illustration: Map showing the principal stars visible from Lat. 40°
+N. at 9 o'clock, October first.]
+
+
+
+
+CASSIOPEIA (kas-i-ō-pē´-ya)--THE LADY IN THE CHAIR. (Face North.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--A line drawn from δ Ursæ Majoris, through Polaris, strikes
+α Cassiopeiæ. It is situated the same distance from Polaris as Ursa
+Major, and about midway between Polaris and the zenith in the Milky
+Way. Cassiopeia is characterized by a zigzag row of stars which form a
+rude "W," but in mid-autumn, to an observer facing north, the "W"
+appears more like an "M," and is almost overhead. Note the spot marked
+1572. This is where a very famous temporary star appeared in that
+year. It was bright enough at one time to be seen in full sunshine.
+The star η is sixteen light years distant.
+
+Caph is equidistant from the Pole, and exactly opposite the star
+Megres in Ursa Major; with α Andromedæ and γ Pegasi it marks the
+equinoctial colure. These stars are known as "The Three Guides."
+
+The chair can be readily traced out; β, α, and γ mark three of the
+four corners of the back, and δ and ε, one of the front legs. The word
+"Bagdei," made up of the letters for the principal stars, assists the
+memory.
+
+The stars γ and β are pointer stars to a fifth-magnitude star the
+lucida of the asterism Lacerta, the lizard about 15° from β.
+
+Cassiopeia makes an excellent illuminated clock. When β is above
+Polaris it is noon, when it is in the west at right angles to its
+first position it is 6 P.M. At midnight it is on the northern horizon,
+and at 6 P.M. it is due east.
+
+This is sidereal time which agrees with mean time on March 22d, and
+gains on the latter at the rate of two hours a month.
+
+[Illustration: CASSIOPEIA]
+
+
+
+
+CEPHEUS (sē´-fūs) (Face North.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--A line drawn from α to β Cassiopeiæ and prolonged about 18°
+strikes α Cephei. The nearest bright star west of Polaris is γ Cephei.
+Cepheus is an inconspicuous constellation, lying partly in the Milky
+Way. A view of this constellation through an opera-glass will repay
+the observer. Cepheus is characterized by a rude square, one side of
+which is the base of an isosceles triangle. Look for the so-called
+garnet star μ, probably the reddest star visible to the naked eye in
+the United States. The star ζ has a blue companion star.
+
+α forms an equilateral triangle with Polaris and ε Cassiopeiæ.
+
+It is claimed that Cepheus was known to the Chaldæans twenty-three
+centuries before our era.
+
+Surrounding δ, ε, ζ, and λ, which mark the king's head, is a vacant
+space in the Milky Way, similar to the Coal Sack of Cygnus.
+
+About 4° from γ, in the direction of κ is a pretty pair of
+sixth-magnitude stars.
+
+Owing to precession, γ, β, and α Cephei will be successively the Pole
+Star in 4500, 6000, and 7500 A.D. respectively.
+
+δ is a double whose components are yellow and blue. It is an
+interesting variable changing from magnitude 3.7 to 4.9 at intervals
+of 5 days 8 hours 47 minutes. As it is three times as bright at
+maximum as at minimum and can be observed with the naked eye its
+variations are well worth observing.
+
+[Illustration: CEPHEUS]
+
+
+
+
+PEGASUS (peg´-a-sus)--THE WINGED HORSE. (Face South.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--One corner of the Great Square is found by drawing a line
+from Polaris to Cassiopeia, and prolonging it an equal distance.
+
+The Great Square is a stellar landmark. Three of the corners of the
+square are marked by stars in Pegasus; the fourth, and northeastern,
+corner is marked by the star Alpheratz in Andromeda. Each side of the
+square is about 18° long.
+
+The horse is generally seen upside down, with his fore feet projected
+up into the sky. Only the head, neck, and fore feet are represented.
+The star Enif marks the nose.
+
+π is an interesting double, easily seen in an opera-glass. All the
+stars of the Square are approaching us at an inconceivable speed.
+
+The position of the asterism Equus or Equūleus, the Little Horse, or
+Horse's Head, is shown in the diagram.
+
+Delphinus, the water jar of Aquarius, and the circlet in the Western
+Fish, are all in the vicinity of Pegasus, and indicated in the
+diagram.
+
+The winged horse is found on coins of Corinth 500 to 430 B.C. The
+Greeks called this constellation ἱπποσ.
+
+Pegasus seems to have been regarded in Phœnicia and Egypt as the sky
+emblem of a ship.
+
+Within the area of the Square Argelander counted thirty naked-eye
+stars.
+
+Note a fine pair in Equūleus just west of the star Enif in Pegasus.
+
+The position of the equinoctial colure is defined by a line connecting
+Polaris, β Cassiopeiæ, α Andromedæ, and γ Pegasi.
+
+[Illustration: PEGASUS]
+
+
+
+
+ANDROMEDA (an-drom´-e-dä)--THE CHAINED LADY.
+
+
+LOCATION.--The star α Alpheratz is at the northeastern corner of the
+great square of Pegasus, one of the stellar landmarks.
+
+Running east from α, at almost equal distances, are four other stars,
+two of which are of the second magnitude. The most easterly one is β
+Persei, known as Algol, the famous variable. Lines connecting the
+stars γ Andromedæ, Algol, and α Persei form a right-angled triangle.
+The right angle is marked by Algol.
+
+The chief object of interest in this constellation is the great
+nebula, the first to be discovered. It can be seen by the naked eye
+and it is a fine sight in an opera-glass. Its location is indicated in
+the diagram.
+
+The star γ is the radiant point of the Bielid meteors, looked for in
+November. It is a colored double visible in a 3" glass.
+
+The great nebula has been called the "Queen of the Nebulæ." It is said
+to have been known as far back as A.D. 905, and it was described 986
+A.D. as the "Little Cloud."
+
+Andromeda is very favorable for observation in September, low in the
+eastern sky.
+
+Note the characteristic "Y" shaped asterism known as Gloria Frederika
+or Frederik's Glory. It lies about at the apex of a nearly isosceles
+triangle of which a line connecting Alpheratz and β Pegasi is the
+base. A line drawn from δ to α Cassiopeiæ and prolonged a little over
+twice its length points it out.
+
+[Illustration: ANDROMEDA]
+
+
+
+
+PERSEUS (per´-sūs)--THE CHAMPION. (Face Northeast.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--α Persei lies on a line drawn from β to γ Andromedæ, and is
+about 9° from the latter. The most striking feature in Perseus is the
+so-called "segment of Perseus," a curve of stars beginning about 12°
+below Cassiopeia, and curving toward Ursa Major. Note the famous
+variable Algol the Demon star. It represents the Medusa's head which
+Perseus holds in his hand. It varies from the second to the fourth
+magnitude in about three and one-half hours, and back again in the
+same time, after which it remains steadily brilliant for two and
+three-quarters days, when the same change recurs. Algenib and Algol
+form with γ Andromedæ, a right-angled triangle.
+
+Note a dull red star near Algol, and a pretty pair just above Algenib.
+
+An opera-glass reveals much that is worthy of observation in this
+region of the sky. It has been said of the clusters between Cassiopeia
+and Perseus that they form the most striking sidereal spectacle in the
+northern heavens. They are visible to the naked eye. Algenib never
+sets in the latitude of New York, just touching the horizon at its
+lower culmination. It is estimated that Algol is a little over a
+million miles in diameter, η has three faint stars on one side nearly
+in a line, and one on the other--a miniature representation of Jupiter
+and his satellites.
+
+Algol, when on the meridian of New York City, is only one tenth of a
+degree from the zenith point. This remarkable variable has a dark
+companion star revolving near it obscuring its light in part from us
+at stated intervals. By means of the spectroscope the speed diameter
+and mass of this invisible star has been reckoned.
+
+[Illustration: PERSEUS]
+
+
+
+
+PISCES (pis´ēz)--THE FISHES. (Face Southeast.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--This constellation is represented by two fishes each with a
+ribbon tied to its tail. One, the Northern Fish, lies just below β
+Andromedæ,--the other, represented by the circlet, is just below
+Pegasus. The ribbons, represented by streams of faint stars, from a
+"V" with elongated sides, and terminate in the star Al Rischa, The
+Knot.
+
+Below ω, and to the east of λ the spot marked (*) is the place which
+the sun occupies at the time of the equinox. It is one of the two
+crossing places of the equinoctial, or equator, of the heavens, and
+the ecliptic, or sun's path.
+
+Below Pisces is Cetus, the Whale.
+
+Pisces is thought to have taken its name from its coincidence with the
+sun during the rainy season.
+
+Three distinct conjunctions of Jupiter and Saturn took place in this
+constellation in the year 747 of Rome.
+
+Pisces was considered the national constellation of the Jews, as well
+as a tribal symbol.
+
+In 1881, Jupiter, Saturn, and Venus were grouped together in Pisces.
+
+The Circlet is a very striking group forming a pentagon. The glass
+reveals two faint stars in addition, making the figure seven-sided or
+elliptical in form.
+
+As to the number of the stars as classified according to their
+magnitude, that is their brightness, it may be mentioned that there
+are approximately 20 stars of the first magnitude, 65 of the second,
+300 of the third, and 450 of the fourth. We cannot see stars fainter
+than the sixth magnitude with the naked eye.
+
+[Illustration: PISCES]
+
+
+
+
+TRIANGULUM (trī-an´-gū-lum)--THE TRIANGLE. (Face East.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--A line drawn from the star γ Pegasi to Algol in Perseus
+passes through β Trianguli.
+
+The triangle is clearly defined and a beautiful figure. It lies just
+below Andromeda, and above Aries.
+
+Triangulum is a very ancient constellation, being formerly named
+Deltoton, from the Greek letter Delta Δ.
+
+It was in this locality that Piazzi discovered the asteroid Ceres,
+January 1, 1800.
+
+α Trianguli is sometimes called "Caput Trianguli."
+
+α and β Trianguli were known as "The Scale Beam." According to
+Argelander the constellation contains fifteen stars.
+
+The Triangle has been likened to the Trinity, and the Mitre of St.
+Peter.
+
+[Illustration: TRIANGULUM]
+
+
+
+
+AQUARIUS (a-kwā´ri-us)--THE WATER CARRIER. (Face Southwest.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--A line drawn from β Pegasi to α of the same constellation,
+and prolonged as far again, ends just east of the so-called water jar
+of Aquarius, which is formed by a group of four stars in the form of a
+"Y," as indicated in the diagram. The Arabians called these four stars
+a tent.
+
+The jar is represented as inverted, allowing a stream of water
+represented by dim stars in pairs and groups of three stars, to
+descend, ending in the bright star Fomalhaut, the mouth of the
+Southern Fish.
+
+A rough map of South America can be traced in the stars θ, λ, τ, δ,
+88, ι.
+
+A rude dipper can be made out in the western part of the
+constellation, formed of the stars α, β, ν, ε.
+
+The stars τ and ζ are doubles. Of the former pair, one is white, the
+other orange in color. Fomalhaut was the object of sunrise worship in
+the temple of Demeter at Eleusis in 500 B.C. The ancients called this
+region of the sky "the Sea."
+
+In the vicinity of δ, Mayer observed in 1756 what he termed a fixed
+star. Herschel thought it a comet. It proved to be the planet Uranus.
+
+ζ is almost exactly on the celestial equator.
+
+λ is a red star, the most prominent of the first stars in the stream.
+The stars in Piscis Australis can be traced out with an opera-glass.
+
+Fomalhaut and Capella, in Auriga, rise almost exactly at the same
+minute.
+
+Fomalhaut is one of the four "royal stars" of astrology. The others
+are Regulus, Antares, and Aldebaran.
+
+[Illustration: AQUARIUS]
+
+
+
+
+CAPRICORNUS (kap-ri-kôr´-nus)--THE SEA GOAT. (Face Southwest.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--A line drawn from α Pegasi through ζ and θ in the same
+constellation, and projected about 25°, strikes α and β in
+Capricornus.
+
+This constellation contains three principal stars--α and β mentioned
+above, and δ about 20° east of them.
+
+The water jar of Aquarius is about the same distance northeast of δ
+Capricorni that Fomalhaut, in the Southern Fish, is southeast of it.
+
+α has a companion which can be seen by the naked eye. It is a fine
+sight in an opera-glass. These two stars are gradually separating.
+
+β is a double star, one being blue, the other yellow.
+
+The constellation resembles a chapeau, or peaked hat, upside down.
+
+The stars in the head of the Sea Goat, α and β are only 2° apart, and
+can hardly be mistaken by an observer facing the southwestern sky
+during the early evening in autumn.
+
+Five degrees east of δ is the point announced by Le Verrier as the
+position of his predicted new planet, Neptune.
+
+Flammarion claims that the Chinese astronomers noted the five planets
+in conjunction in Capricornus, in the year 2449 B.C.
+
+The sign of the Goat was called by the ancient Orientalists "The
+Southern Gate of the Sun."
+
+[Illustration: CAPRICORNUS]
+
+
+
+
+ARIES (ā´-ri-ēz)--THE RAM. (Face Southeast.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--The star α in Aries, known as Hamal, and sometimes as
+Arietis, a star of the second magnitude, is about 7° south of α
+Trianguli. A line drawn from the Pole Star to γ Andromedæ, and
+prolonged about 20°, ends at Hamal.
+
+Aries contains three principal stars, forming a characteristic
+obtuse-angled triangle.
+
+The star γ Arietis was one of the first double stars discovered. A
+telescope is required to split it. Hamal lies near the path of the
+moon, and is one of the stars from which longitude is reckoned.
+
+Below Aries may be seen the characteristic pentagon in the head of
+Cetus, the Whale.
+
+More than two thousand years ago Aries was the leading constellation
+of the zodiac, and now stands first in the list of zodiacal signs.
+
+The Arabians knew this constellation as Al Hamal, the sheep.
+
+β and γ are one instance out of many where stars of more than ordinary
+brightness are seen together in pairs, the brightest star being
+generally on the east.
+
+[Illustration: ARIES]
+
+
+
+
+CETUS (sē´-tus)--THE WHALE. (Face Southeast.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--A line drawn from Polaris, to δ Cassiopeiæ, and prolonged
+two and one third times its original length, reaches the centre of
+this constellation.
+
+It lies just below Aries and the Triangle, and resembles the figure of
+the prehistoric icthyosaurus, while some see in the outline an easy
+chair. The head of the beast is characterized by a clearly traced
+pentagon, about 20° southeast of Aries. The brightest star in the
+constellation is α of the second magnitude. It is at one apex of the
+pentagon, about 15° east of Al Rischa in Pisces, and 37° directly
+south of Algol.
+
+The noted variable Mira also known as ο Ceti is the chief object of
+interest in this constellation.
+
+It was discovered by Fabricius in 1596 and varies from the ninth
+magnitude to the third or fourth in a period of 334 days. It can be
+observed during its entire range with a 3" glass.
+
+In 1779 Mira is reported to have been as bright as the first-magnitude
+star Aldebaran. It lies almost exactly on a line joining γ and ζ Ceti
+a little nearer the former. Ten degrees south of it are four faint
+stars about 3° apart forming a square.
+
+τ Ceti is one of our nearest neighbors at a distance of nine light
+years.
+
+ζ is a naked-eye double star.
+
+[Illustration: CETUS]
+
+
+
+
+MUSCA (mus´-kä)--THE FLY. (Face Southeast.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--Musca lies between Triangulum and Aries, the diagram
+clearly defining its position.
+
+The four stars composing it form a group shaped like the letter "Y."
+
+There is nothing of particular interest to be noted in this asterism.
+It does not appear on modern star charts and is considered obsolete.
+
+So great is the distance that separates us from the stars that as for
+the great majority had they been blotted out of existence before the
+Christian era, we of to-day should still receive their light and seem
+to see them just as we do. When we scan the nocturnal skies we study
+ancient history. We do not see the stars as they are but as they were
+centuries on centuries ago.
+
+[Illustration: MUSCA]
+
+
+
+
+METEORIC SHOWERS.
+
+OCTOBER TO JANUARY.
+
+
+  +-----------------+-------+----------------+---------------+--------------+--------+
+  |                 |       |                |               | Other Dates  |        |
+  | Name of Shower  | Date  | Radiant Point  |Characteristics|       of     |Location|
+  |                 |       |                |               | Observation  |        |
+  +-----------------+-------+----------------+---------------+--------------+--------+
+  |                 |       | Between Great  |               |              |        |
+  |     Ursids      |Oct. 4 |Bear's head and |    Sw. Sk.    |  Aug. 20-24  |   N.   |
+  |                 |       |    Polaris     |               |              |        |
+  +-----------------+-------+----------------+---------------+--------------+--------+
+  |Epsilon Arietids |       | East of Hamal, |               | Oct. 11-24,  |        |
+  |   Rich shower   |Oct. 14|   near Musca   |    M. Sw.     |   Oct. 30-   |   E.   |
+  |      1877       |       |                |               |    Nov. 4    |        |
+  +-----------------+-------+----------------+---------------+--------------+--------+
+  |    Orionids     |Oct. 18| Near Alhena in | After 11 P.M. |  Oct. 16-22  |   E.   |
+  |   Fine shower   |       |     Gemini     |    Sw. Sk.    |              |        |
+  +-----------------+-------+----------------+---------------+--------------+--------+
+  |                 |       |Near Castor and | After 10 P.M. |   Nov. 7,    |        |
+  | Delta Geminids  |Oct. 29|     Pollux     |  v. Sw. Sk.   |   Dec. 4,    |  N.E.  |
+  |                 |       |                |               |  Oct. 16-22  |        |
+  +-----------------+-------+----------------+---------------+--------------+--------+
+  |(e) Taurids. Rich|Nov. 2 | About 13° S.E. |   Sl. B.T.    |   Nov. 2-3   |   E.   |
+  | shower in 1886  |       |  of Aldebaran  |               |              |        |
+  +-----------------+-------+----------------+---------------+--------------+--------+
+  |     Leonids     |       |Near (γ) Leonis |After midnight.|              |        |
+  |Brilliant shower |Nov. 13| In the Sickle  |    v. Sw.     |  Nov. 12-14  |  N.E.  |
+  |                 |       |                |      Sk.      |              |        |
+  +-----------------+-------+----------------+---------------+--------------+--------+
+  |                 |       | Near (μ) Ursæ  | After 10 P.M. |  Sept. 15,   |        |
+  |  Leo Minorids   |Nov. 16|Maj., the Great |  v. Sw. Sk.   |   Oct. 16    |   N.   |
+  |                 |       |Bear's hind feet|               |              |        |
+  +-----------------+-------+----------------+---------------+--------------+--------+
+  |  Andromedids.   |       |  Near (γ)      |               |  Nov. 17-23  |        |
+  |  The Bielids.   |Nov. 27|  Andromedæ     |    Sl. T.     |  Nov. 21-28  |Overhead|
+  |  Fine display   |       |                |               |              |        |
+  +-----------------+-------+----------------+---------------+--------------+--------+
+  |                 |Nov. 30|Between Capella |               |  Aug. 16     |        |
+  |    Taurids      |       |and (α) Persei  |    V. Sw.     |  Sept. 15,   |Overhead|
+  |                 |       |                |               |  Nov. 20     |        |
+  +-----------------+-------+----------------+---------------+--------------+--------+
+  |  Zeta Taurids.  |Dec. 6 | Near the horns |               |              |        |
+  |  Active shower  |       |  of the Bull   |   Sl. B.      |              |    E.  |
+  |     in 1876     |       |                |               |              |        |
+  +-----------------+-------+----------------+---------------+--------------+--------+
+  |    Geminids.    |Dec. 10| Near Castor    |     Sw.       |   Dec. 1-14  |    E.  |
+  |   Fine shower   |       |                |               |              |        |
+  +-----------------+-------+----------------+---------------+--------------+--------+
+  | Kappa Draconids |Dec. 22| Near Thuban    |               |  Nov. 14-23  |        |
+  |                 |       | (α) Draconis   |    Sw. Sk.    |  Dec. 18-29  |        |
+  +-----------------+-------+----------------+---------------+--------------+--------+
+  | Fire Ball Dates |       |                |               |   Nov. 29    |        |
+  |                 |       |                |               |Dec. 2, 19, 21|        |
+  +-----------------+-------+----------------+---------------+--------------+--------+
+
+The Andromedes are usually red, sluggish in their movements, and leave
+only a small train.
+
+Brilliant displays were seen in 1872 and 1885.
+
+The Leonids are characterized by their exceedingly swift flight. They
+are of a greenish or bluish tint and leave behind them a vivid and
+persistent train. In most years the display is not especially
+noteworthy. Once in thirty-three years they afford an exhibition grand
+beyond description as in 1833 and 1866.
+
+
+
+
+THE CONSTELLATIONS OF WINTER.
+
+[Illustration: Map showing the principal stars visible from Lat. 40°
+N. at 9 o'clock, January first.]
+
+
+
+
+TAURUS (tâ´-rus)--THE BULL. (Face Southwest.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--Taurus contains the well-known and unmistakable group the
+Pleiades, on the right shoulder of the Bull. A "V" shaped group known
+as the Hyades is just to the southeast of the Pleiades, in the face of
+the Bull, forming one of the most beautiful objects in the sky.
+
+The brightest star in Taurus is Aldebaran, a ruddy-hued star known as
+"The Follower." It is at the beginning of the "V" in the Hyades, and
+is at the apex of a triangle formed by Capella, in Auriga, and α
+Persei, and equally distant from them both.
+
+The star β called Nath, is peculiarly white, and is common to Taurus
+and Auriga. It represents the tip of one of the Bull's horns, and the
+right foot of the Charioteer. The Pleiades are mentioned in Chinese
+annals in 2357 B.C. On a photograph of the group over 2000 stars have
+been counted.
+
+The ecliptic passes a little south of a point midway between the two
+horns, where a scattered and broken stream of minute stars can be
+seen.
+
+Note two pretty pairs in the Hyades, one south of Aldebaran, the other
+northwest of it.
+
+There are rich clusters below the tip of the horn over Orion's head.
+
+Taurus was an important object of worship by the Druids.
+
+Aldebaran is near one eye of the Bull, and used to be called "The
+Bull's Eye." An occultation of it by the moon, which not infrequently
+occurs, is a striking phenomenon.
+
+The Eskimos regard the Pleiades as a team of dogs in pursuit of a
+bear. The group is receding from us at the rate of thirteen miles a
+second and has a common eastward motion of about ten seconds a
+century.
+
+[Illustration: TAURUS]
+
+
+
+
+ORION (ŏ-rī´-on)--THE GIANT HUNTER. (Face South.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--Orion is considered the finest constellation in the
+heavens. A line drawn from Nath to ζ Tauri (the tips of the Bull's
+horns), and extended 15°, strikes the brilliant Betelgeuze in Orion,
+known as the martial star. It forms the northeast corner of a
+conspicuous parallelogram. The splendid first-magnitude star Rigel is
+diagonally opposite Betelgeuze, and the girdle and sword of the Hunter
+lie within the parallelogram, a very striking group. The former is
+represented by three bright stars in a line 3° long known as the
+"Three Stars," because there are no other stars in the heavens that
+exactly resemble them in position and brightness.
+
+In the sword there is the most remarkable nebula in the heavens. It
+may be seen with an opera-glass and in a telescope it is a wonderful
+sight. Bellatrix is called the Amazon star. Note the contrasting
+colours of α and β.
+
+About 9° west of Bellatrix are eight stars in a curved line running
+north and south. These point out the Lion's skin held in the Hunter's
+left hand.
+
+Below λ there are two stars forming a triangle with it. Flammarion
+calls this region the California of the sky.
+
+The celestial equator passes nearly through δ.
+
+Orion was worshipped in China during the one thousand years before our
+era, and was known to the Chinese as the "White Tiger."
+
+The Eskimos see in the Belt stars the three steps cut by some
+celestial Eskimo in a steep snow bank to enable him to reach the top.
+
+[Illustration: ORION]
+
+
+
+
+LEPUS (lē´-pus)--THE HARE. (Face South.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--Lepus crouches under Orion's feet. Four stars in the
+constellation form an irregular and conspicuous quadrilateral.
+
+γ is a beautiful double of a greenish hue.
+
+Four or five degrees south of Rigel are four faint stars which are in
+the ear of the hare. They can be seen on a clear night with the naked
+eye.
+
+The curved line of three stars θ, η, and ζ, are in the back of the
+hare.
+
+Lepus is about 18° west of Canis Major, and, by reason of the earth's
+motion, the Great Dog seems to be pursuing the Hare around the
+heavens.
+
+The first-magnitude stars that are visible in the winter season in
+this latitude present a fine contrast in color. Even the untrained eye
+can see a decided difference between the bluish white color of the
+brilliant Sirius, the Dog star that the Belt stars point south to, and
+Rigel, and the ruddy Betelgeuze. Procyon has a yellowish tinge and
+resembles the condition of our sun, while Betelgeuze is surrounded by
+heavy metallic vapors and is thought to be approaching extinction.
+
+R marks the location of "Hind's crimson star," a famous variable.
+
+[Illustration: LEPUS]
+
+
+
+
+COLUMBA NOACHI (co-lum´-bä nō-ä´-ki)--NOAH'S DOVE. (Face South.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--Columba is situated just south of Lepus. A line drawn from
+Rigel, in Orion, to β Leporis, and prolonged as far again, ends near α
+and β, the two brightest stars in Columba.
+
+A line drawn from the easternmost star in the belt of Orion, 32°
+directly south, will point out Phaet, in Columba. It makes with
+Sirius, in Canis Major, and Naos, in the Ship, a large equilateral
+triangle.
+
+The star β Columbæ may be known by means of a smaller star just east
+of it, marked γ.
+
+The Chinese call α Chang Jin, the old Folks. Lockyer thinks it was of
+importance in Egyptian temple worship, and observed from Edfu and
+Philæ as far back as 6400 B.C.
+
+On a clear starlight night there are not more than a thousand stars
+visible to the naked eye at one time. The largest telescope reveals
+nearly a hundred million.
+
+[Illustration: COLUMBA]
+
+
+
+
+CANIS MAJOR (kā´-nis mā-jor)--THE GREATER DOG. (Face South.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--The three stars in Orion's girdle point southeast to
+Sirius, the dog star, in Canis Major, the most brilliant star in the
+heavens. It was connected in the minds of the Egyptians with the
+rising of the Nile, and is receding from the earth at the rate of
+twenty miles a second.
+
+The star ν is a triple. The cluster (41 M.) can be seen with an
+opera-glass, just below it.
+
+Between δ and ο¹ note a remarkable array of minute stars, also the
+very red star 22.
+
+δ and ζ are doubles for an opera-glass.
+
+Below η there is a fine group.
+
+Betelgeuze, in Orion, Procyon, in Canis Minor, and Sirius form a
+nearly equilateral triangle. These stars with Naos, in the Ship, and
+Phaet, in the Dove, form a huge figure known as the Egyptian "X."
+
+From earliest times Sirius has been known as the Dog of Orion. It is
+324 times brighter than the average sixth-magnitude star, and is the
+nearest to the earth of all the stars in this latitude, its distance
+being 8.7 light years. At this distance the Sun would appear as a star
+a little brighter than the Pole Star.
+
+[Illustration: CANIS MAJOR]
+
+
+
+
+ARGO NAVIS (är´-go nā´-vis)--THE SHIP ARGO. (Face South.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--Argo is situated southeast of Canis Major. If a line
+joining Betelgeuze and Sirius be prolonged 18° southeast, it will
+point out Naos, a star of the second magnitude in the rowlock of the
+Ship. This star is in the southeast corner of the Egyptian "X."
+
+The star π is of a deep yellow or orange hue. It has three little
+stars above it, two of which form a pretty pair.
+
+The star ζ has a companion, which is a test for an opera-glass.
+
+The star κ is a double for an opera-glass.
+
+Note the fine star cluster (46 M.).
+
+The star Markeb forms a small triangle with two other stars near it.
+
+The Egyptians believed that this was the ark that bore Osiris and Isis
+over the Deluge.
+
+The constellation contains two noted objects invisible in this
+latitude, Canopus, the second brightest star, and the remarkable
+variable star η.
+
+[Illustration: PUPPIS]
+
+
+
+
+MONOCEROS (mō-nos´-e-ros)--THE UNICORN. (Face South.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--Monoceros is to be found east of Orion between Canis Major
+and Canis Minor. Three of its stars of the fourth magnitude form a
+straight line northeast and southwest, about 9° east of Betelgeuze,
+and about the same distance south of Alhena, in Gemini.
+
+The region around the stars 8, 13, 17 is particularly rich when viewed
+with an opera-glass.
+
+Note also a beautiful field about the variable S, and a cluster about
+midway between α and β.
+
+Two stars about 7° apart in the tail of the Unicorn are pointer stars
+to Procyon. These stars are known as 30 and 31. The former is about
+16° east of Procyon, and is easily identified as it has a
+sixth-magnitude star on either side of it. About 4° southwest of this
+star a good field-glass will reveal a beautiful star cluster.
+
+[Illustration: MONOCEROS]
+
+
+
+
+ERIDANUS (ē-rid´-a-nus)--OR THE RIVER PO. (Face Southwest.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--Three degrees north and 2° west of Rigel, in Orion, lies β
+Eridani, the source of the River. Thence it flows west till it reaches
+π Ceti, then drops south 5°, thence east southeast, its total length
+being about 130°.
+
+The great curve the River takes, just east of the Whale, resembles a
+horseshoe.
+
+Acherna, the first-magnitude star in Eridanus, is too far south to be
+seen in this latitude.
+
+Note the pretty star group around β and a pair of stars of an orange
+hue below ν.
+
+The asterism known as "The Brandenburg Sceptre," consisting of four
+stars of the fourth and fifth magnitudes, can be seen arranged in a
+straight line north and south below the first bend in the River just
+west of Lepus.
+
+[Illustration: ERIDANUS]
+
+
+
+
+METEORIC SHOWERS.
+
+JANUARY TO APRIL.
+
+
+  +---------------+--------+------------------+---------------+-------------+----------+
+  |               |        |                  |               | Other Dates |          |
+  |Name of Shower | Date   |   Radiant Point  |Characteristics|     of      |Location  |
+  |               |        |                  |               | Observation |          |
+  +---------------+--------+------------------+---------------+-------------+----------+
+  | Quadrantids.  | Jan. 2 |   (44) Boötis,   |               |             |          |
+  |  Rich annual  |        |between Boötes and|   M. Sw. B.   |    Jan 3.   |   E.     |
+  |    shower     |        |  Dragon's head   |               |             |          |
+  +---------------+--------+------------------+---------------+-------------+----------+
+  | Zeta Cancrids |Jan. 2-4|   (ζ) Cancri,    |               |             |   E.     |
+  |               |        |  near Bee Hive   |               |             |          |
+  +---------------+--------+------------------+---------------+-------------+----------+
+  | Theta Ursids  | Jan. 5 | About 10° from β |     Small     |             |          |
+  |               |        |  away from γ     |  Sh. Sw. F.   |  Jan. 2-8   |   N.     |
+  |               |        |    Ursæ Maj.     |               |             |          |
+  +---------------+--------+------------------+---------------+-------------+----------+
+  |Alpha Draconids| Feb. 1 |   Near Thuban    |      Sl.      |   Jan. 9    |   N.     |
+  |               |        |   α Draconis     |               |   Dec. 8    |          |
+  +---------------+--------+------------------+---------------+-------------+----------+
+  |               |        |   Near Capella   |               |   Aug. 21   |High in   |
+  |Alpha Aurigids | Feb. 7 |     α Aurigæ     |      Sl.      | Sept. 12-22 |Southern  |
+  |               |        |                  |               |             |  Sky     |
+  +---------------+--------+------------------+---------------+-------------+----------+
+  | Tau Leonids   |Feb. 16 |   τ Leonis,      |               |   Nov. 27   |          |
+  |               |        |  between Leo     |    Sl. Sk.    |   Dec. 12   |   E.     |
+  |               |        |  and Crater      |               |   Mar. 1-4  |          |
+  +---------------+--------+------------------+---------------+-------------+----------+
+  |  Alpha Canum  |Feb. 20 | Near Cor Caroli  |               |             |          |
+  |   Ven. Well   |        |   and Coma       |   V. Sw. B.   |             |   E.     |
+  | defined 1877  |        |   Berenices      |               |             |          |
+  +---------------+--------+------------------+---------------+-------------+----------+
+  |     α-β       |Mar. 1  |   Between α      |     V. Sl.    |  July--Dec. |   N.W.   |
+  |   Perseids    |        |  and β Persei    |               |  Mar. 13-19 |          |
+  +---------------+--------+------------------+---------------+-------------+----------+
+  |Beta Leonids or|Mar. 14 |  Near Denebola   |     Sl. B.    |  Mar. 3, 4  |   S.E.   |
+  |Beta Virginids |        |    β Leonis      |               |  Dec. 12    |          |
+  +---------------+--------+------------------+---------------+-------------+----------+
+  |Kappa Cepheids |Mar. 18 |   Near Polaris   |     Sl. B.    |  Oct. 4-17  |   N.     |
+  |               |        |                  |               |  Mar. 13-19 |          |
+  +---------------+--------+------------------+---------------+-------------+----------+
+  |               |        |                  |               | Apr. 10-16  |          |
+  |  Beta Ursids  |Mar. 24 |     Near β       |       Sw.     |  Mar. 13-14 |   N.     |
+  |               |        |    Ursæ Maj.     |               |  Dec. 2-9   |          |
+  |               |        |                  |               |   Precise   |          |
+  +---------------+--------+------------------+---------------+-------------+----------+
+  |Zeta Draconids |Mar. 28 |    Near the      |       Sl.     |  July 29    |   N.     |
+  |               |        |  Dragon's Head   |               |Aug. 24, etc.|          |
+  +---------------+--------+------------------+---------------+-------------+----------+
+
+The Abbreviations under _Characteristics_ are as follows:
+
+ V.   Very
+ Sh.  Short
+ M.   Moderately
+ B.   Bright
+ Sw.  Swift
+ F.   Faint
+ Sl.  Slow
+ Sk.  Streak leaving meteors
+ T.   Train leaving meteors
+
+If you know the constellations, and memorize the following rhyme you
+will have ever at hand for reference at night, a reliable time-piece,
+a compass, and a perpetual calendar.
+
+The numbers above the star names indicate consecutively the months of
+the year in which these respective objects rise about the first
+instant in the eastern sky. In addition to first-magnitude stars the
+rhyme refers to the head of Capricornus, the Sea Goat, the Great
+Square of Pegasus, and Orion's Belt. All except Arcturus rise between
+9 and 9.30 P.M. Arcturus rises at 10 P.M., February 1st.
+
+           1
+  First Regulus gleams on the view,
+      2       3      4
+  Arcturus, Spica, Vega, blue,
+     5            6
+  Antares, and Altair,
+        7             8            9
+  The Goat's head, Square, and Fomalhaut,
+      10          11
+  Aldebaran, the Belt, a-glow,
+         12
+  Then Sirius most fair.
+
+Eight months of the year are identified by the position of the Dipper
+at 9 P.M. In April and May it is north of the zenith. During July and
+August it is west of north. In October and November it lies close to
+the northern horizon and in January and February it is east of north
+with the pointers highest.
+
+
+
+
+THE PLANETS.
+
+
+It is not within the scope of this work to dwell at length on a
+discussion of the planets. Certain explanatory matter regarding them
+is necessary, however, to prevent confusion; for the student must bear
+in mind the fact that from time to time the planets appear in the
+constellations, and unless identified would lead him to think that the
+diagrams were inaccurate.
+
+The reader is referred to any one of the four large plates that
+precede each season. He will observe that a portion of an ellipse has
+been traced on each of them, and that this line has been designated
+the Ecliptic, which simply means the sun's apparent pathway across the
+sky.
+
+This pathway is divided into twelve equal parts of thirty degrees
+each, and to these twelve divisions are given the names of the
+constellations of the Zodiac in the following order: Aries (♈), Taurus
+(♉), Gemini (♊), Cancer (♋), Leo (♌), Virgo (♍), Libra (♎), Scorpio
+(♏), Sagittarius (♐), Capricornus (♑), Aquarius (♒), Pisces (♓).
+
+The sun, starting from the first degree of Aries, the first day of
+spring, passes through one constellation a month. The planets follow
+the same pathway.
+
+Confusion, therefore, respecting their identity can only arise in
+connection with a study of one of the twelve constellations named
+above, so that whenever a star of any size is seen in one of these
+constellations, not accounted for in the diagram, the student may
+conclude that this is a planet; especially if the unknown star does
+not twinkle. It now remains to identify the planet.
+
+This can best be done by referring to an almanac, which states what
+planets are above the horizon, and which are morning and evening
+stars. By morning star is meant that the planet is east of the sun; by
+evening star, that it is west of the sun.
+
+If the planet is in the west, and very brilliant, it is safe to assume
+that it is the planet Venus.
+
+If it is brighter than any of the fixed stars, and is some distance
+from the sun, it is doubtless the colossal Jupiter.
+
+If it is very red, it will probably be Mars.
+
+Saturn is distinguished because of its pale, steady, yellow light.
+
+As for Mercury, Uranus, and Neptune, the former is very near the sun,
+and seldom seen; while Uranus and Neptune are so inconspicuous as to
+lead to no confusion on the part of the novice.
+
+A few notes of interest relative to the planets follow, taking them up
+in regular order passing outward from the sun: Mercury, Venus, Mars,
+Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.
+
+
+MERCURY.
+
+Mercury is the nearest to the sun of any of the planets. On this
+account, and because of its rapid changes, it is seldom seen.
+
+The most favorable time for observing it is just after sunset, or just
+before sunrise, during the months of March, April, August, and
+September, when it may be seen for a few successive days.
+
+The greatest distance it ever departs from the sun on either side
+varies approximately from sixteen to twenty-eight degrees. Its motion
+resembles a pendulum, swinging from one side of the sun to the other.
+
+
+VENUS.
+
+Venus approaches nearer to the earth and is more brilliant than any
+other planet. It is bright enough to cast a shadow at night, and is
+sometimes visible even at noonday. It is almost as large as the earth,
+and appears to oscillate, as Mercury does, on either side of the sun.
+
+It never appears more than three hours after sunset, and as long
+before the sunrise, and is never more than forty-eight degrees from
+the sun.
+
+
+MARS.
+
+Mars is most like the earth of any of the planets, and, although not
+as interesting an object to view as the more brilliant planets, Venus
+and Jupiter, it claims our attention chiefly because of the surmises
+respecting its habitability.
+
+Mars appears to the naked eye as a bright red star, and when at a
+favorable opposition to the earth (which occurs only once in every
+fifteen years) it rivals Jupiter in splendor.
+
+The planet may be mistaken for the first magnitude stars, Antares in
+Scorpius, and Aldebaran in Taurus, near which it frequently passes.
+
+The fixed stars, however, twinkle, while Mars glows steadily. If there
+is any doubt in the student's mind as to the identity of the planet, a
+few nights of observation, noting the changes in the planet's
+position, will decide the point. It takes Mars about fifty-seven days
+to pass through one constellation in the Zodiac.
+
+
+JUPITER.
+
+Jupiter is the largest of all the planets in the solar system, and it
+is easily distinguished from the fixed stars because of its brilliancy
+and splendor, exceeding in brightness all the planets excepting Venus,
+and casting a perceptible shadow.
+
+It moves slowly and majestically across the sky, advancing through the
+Zodiac at the rate of one constellation yearly. It is therefore a
+simple matter to forecast its position, for, in whatever constellation
+it is seen to-day, one year hence it will be seen equally advanced in
+the next constellation.
+
+Although Jupiter appears to move slowly, it really travels at the
+incomprehensible rate of five hundred miles a minute.
+
+The most interesting feature about Jupiter for the amateur astronomer
+consists in observing four of its moons, which are visible with a
+small telescope. They appear like mere dots of light, and their
+transit of or occultation with the planet (that is, their
+disappearance before or behind its disk) can be watched, and is a
+never failing source of pleasure. A large telescope alone reveals
+Jupiter's four other moons.
+
+
+SATURN.
+
+Saturn is farther removed from the earth than any of the planets in
+the solar system, visible to the naked eye. It is distinguished from
+the fixed stars by the steadiness of its light, which is dull and of a
+yellow hue, though to some it appears to be of a greenish tinge. It
+seems barely to move, so slow is its motion among the stars, for it
+takes two and one half years to pass through a single constellation of
+the Zodiac.
+
+Saturn has eight moons. Titan, its largest one, can be seen with a 3"
+glass. Its celebrated rings are telescopic objects but a small glass
+reveals them.
+
+
+URANUS.
+
+The student will hardly mistake Uranus for a fixed star, as it is only
+under the most favorable circumstances that it can be seen with the
+naked eye.
+
+At its nearest approach to the earth, it is as bright as a
+sixth-magnitude star. Uranus is accompanied by four moons, and takes
+seven years to pass through a constellation of the Zodiac.
+
+
+NEPTUNE.
+
+Neptune is the most distant of the planets in the solar system, and is
+never visible to the naked eye.
+
+The earth comes properly under a discussion of the planets, but a
+description of it is hardly within the scope of this work.
+
+Confusion in identifying the planets is really confined to Mars and
+Saturn, for Venus and Jupiter are much brighter than any of the fixed
+stars, and their position in the heavens identifies them, as we have
+seen before.
+
+The following table of first-magnitude stars in the Zodiacal
+constellations confines the question of identifying the planets to a
+comparison of the unknown star with the following-named stars:
+
+  Castor and Pollux in Gemini.
+  Spica             "  Virgo.
+  Regulus           "  Leo.
+  Aldebaran         "  Taurus.
+  Antares           "  Scorpius.
+
+The first four stars named above are white in color, so that either
+Mars or Saturn is readily distinguished from them.
+
+As for Aldebaran and Antares, which are both red stars, not unlike
+Mars and Saturn in color and magnitude, the fact that the latter do
+not twinkle, and that they do not appear in the diagrams, should
+satisfy the observer of their identity. Reference to an almanac, or a
+few nights of observation, will in any case set at rest any doubt in
+the matter.
+
+[Illustration: THE PLANETARY ORBITS]
+
+[Illustration: COMPARATIVE SIZE OF THE PLANETS.]
+
+
+
+
+THE MILKY WAY.
+
+
+The Milky Way, or Galaxy as it is sometimes called, is a great band of
+light that stretches across the heavens. Certain portions of it are
+worthy of being viewed with an opera-glass, which separates this
+seemingly confused and hazy stream into numberless points of light,
+emanating from myriads of suns.
+
+This wonderful feature of the heavens is seen to best advantage during
+the months of July, August, September, and October. Beginning near the
+head of Cepheus, about thirty degrees from the North Pole, it passes
+through Cassiopeia, Perseus, Auriga, part of Orion, and the feet of
+Gemini, where it crosses the Ecliptic, and thence continues into the
+southern hemisphere, beyond our ken in these latitudes.
+
+It reappears in two branches in the region of Ophiuchus, one running
+through the tail of Scorpius, the bow of Sagittarius, Aquila,
+Delphinus, and Cygnus; the other above and almost parallel to it,
+uniting with the first branch in Cygnus, and passing to Cepheus, the
+place of beginning.
+
+The student should note especially the strange gap between α, γ, and
+ε Cygni. This dark space has been called the "Coal Sack."
+
+The Milky Way in the vicinity of Cassiopeia is particularly rich, and
+well repays a search with an opera-glass.
+
+"The Galaxy covers more than one tenth of the visible heavens,
+contains nine-tenths of the visible stars, and seems a vast
+zone-shaped nebula, nearly a great circle of the sphere, the poles
+being at Coma and Cetus."
+
+
+
+
+THE MOTIONS OF THE STARS.
+
+
+It may be that the student desires to proceed in this conquest of the
+sky at a more rapid pace than the scheme of study permits. To assist
+such, it should be borne in mind that the circumpolar constellations,
+as Ursa Major, Ursa Minor, Draco, Cepheus, and Cassiopeia, are
+designated,--are visible in our latitude in the northern sky every
+night.
+
+A reference to their diagrams, and a glance at any of the large plates
+showing the entire group in their respective positions, will suffice
+for the student to identify them.
+
+The hours of darkness alone limit the speed with which a knowledge of
+the constellations can be acquired.
+
+Let us suppose that the student begins his search for the
+constellations on the night of April 1st, at nine P.M. He has for his
+guide the large plate, and the spring group of eleven constellations
+set forth in the diagrams. The remaining three constellations of the
+circumpolar group are, as we have seen before, visible in the north.
+
+If he faces the western sky, he will see Andromeda just setting, and
+Perseus, Taurus, Orion, Lepus, and Canis Major but a short distance
+above the horizon. If he is so fortunate as to be able to identify
+these, and the spring group, he may turn his attention wholly to the
+eastern sky, where new constellations await him.
+
+In the southeast he may see Virgo. In the east well up blazes
+Arcturus, the gem of Boötes, below which is the beautiful Northern
+Crown, with the diamond in the head of Serpens beneath it. Hercules is
+rising, and Vega in the Lyre should be seen just flashing on the view
+in the northeast.
+
+This completes the list of wonders visible at this precise time, but
+the stars apparently are never still, and doubtless, while the student
+has been passing from one constellation to another in the western and
+southern skies, others have been rising in the east and northeast.
+
+At ten P.M. the Lyre is well up, and Ophiuchus and Libra can be
+discerned. At midnight Scorpius and Cygnus are ready to claim the
+attention. By two o'clock A.M., Aquila, Delphinus, and Sagittarius
+have risen, and at break of day Andromeda, Pegasus, and Capricornus
+can be seen if the student has had the courage to remain awake this
+length of time.
+
+In no way can the seeming movement of the stars be better understood
+than by actual observation. The observer must bear in mind that the
+movement is an apparent one: that it is the earth that is moving and
+not the stars. He has only to think of the analogy of the moving train
+beside the one that is standing still, and the true state of affairs
+will at once be evident.
+
+To further appreciate this apparent change in the situation of the
+constellations, the student should refer to the large plates
+successively. In each successive one he will note the advancement
+westward of the constellations mentioned above, rising in the east
+late at night.
+
+The student can best get an idea of this westward apparent movement of
+the stars by noting the position of some bright first-magnitude star
+from night to night. He will soon be able to calculate the position of
+this star a month or more ahead, and this calculation applies to all
+the constellations and stars.
+
+It is not within the scope of this work to go into this matter in
+detail. The author merely desires to mention this fact of apparent
+change of position in the stars, a fact that will be noticeable to the
+observer in a short time, and a fact that it is hoped he will be able
+to explain to his own satisfaction with the aid of the foregoing
+remarks.
+
+It will be noticed that the stars on the diagrams are all numbered and
+lettered. The numbers refer to the magnitude of the star,--that is,
+the brightness of it, the first-magnitude stars being the brightest,
+the second-magnitude stars two-and-a-half times less bright, etc.
+
+The letters are those of the Greek alphabet, and the student if not
+familiar with it is advised to consult a Greek grammar.
+
+In the text, in referring to certain stars in the constellations, the
+genitive case of the Latin name of the constellation is given; for
+example, Vega is known as α Lyrae, meaning alpha of Lyra, Aldebaran as
+α Tauri, alpha of Taurus, etc.
+
+The twilight hour affords an excellent opportunity of fixing the
+relative positions of the first-magnitude stars in the mind, for at
+that time they alone, save the planets, are visible.
+
+
+
+
+METEORS, OR SHOOTING-STARS.
+
+
+As this work is designed primarily to cover what is observable in the
+starlit heavens with the naked eye, the subject of meteors, or
+shooting-stars, comes properly within its scope.
+
+There are few persons, if any, who have not witnessed the sight of a
+splendid meteor speeding across the sky, and such a sight always calls
+forth exclamations of wonder and delight.
+
+Apparently these evanescent wanderers in space are without distinctive
+features, and baffle classification; but, like all that nature reveals
+to us, they have been found, for the most part, to conform to certain
+laws, and to bear certain marks of resemblance that permit of their
+identification and classification.
+
+By careful observation for over fifty years the meteors, generally
+speaking, have been so arranged that they come under the head of one
+of the nearly three hundred distinct showers which are now recognized
+by astronomers.
+
+Many of these showers are too feeble and faint to be worthy of the
+attention of one not especially interested in the subject, but certain
+ones are well worth observing. There is always a pleasure in being
+able to recognize at a glance a certain definite manifestation of
+nature, be it a rare flower or a flashing meteor.
+
+The generally accepted theory respecting the meteors is that they were
+all originally parts of comets now disintegrated, and the four
+well-known showers of April 20th, August 10th and 14th, and November
+27th, bear testimony to this theory.
+
+The apparent velocity of the meteors is between ten and forty-five
+miles a second, and their average height is about seventy-six miles at
+first appearance, and fifty-one miles at disappearance. Occasionally a
+meteor is so large and compact as to escape total destruction, and
+falls to the earth. Specimens of these meteorites are to be found in
+our best museums.
+
+I have seen fit to divide the principal meteor showers into four
+groups, according to the seasons in which they appear, and have placed
+them respectively at the conclusion of each season's work on the
+constellations.
+
+By radiant point is meant the point from which the meteors start on
+their flight. This point is an apparent one, however, due to an
+illusion of perspective, for the meteors really approach the earth in
+parallel paths.
+
+The dates given for these showers are those of the maxima, and the
+meteors should be looked for several nights before and after the dates
+specified.
+
+The showers that are to be seen after midnight are, unless of special
+note, omitted.
+
+There are, besides the meteors that have been classified, certain
+shooting-stars that apparently have no determined radiant point. These
+are called sporadic meteors.
+
+In these lists of meteors, the radiant point is only approximately
+given; for scientific purposes a far more exact position is required
+in terms of right ascension and declination. There are several good
+lists of meteoric showers to be obtained, which afford this
+information for those who care to pursue the matter more in detail.
+See the Rev. T.W. Webb's book, entitled _Celestial Objects for Common
+Telescopes_. For purposes of identification, the radiant points here
+given will be found for the most part sufficient.
+
+
+NOTE.
+
+    Many readers of this book may be the fortunate possessors of
+    small telescopes. It may be that they have observed the
+    heavens from time to time in a desultory way and have no
+    notion that valuable and practical scientific research work
+    can be accomplished with a small glass. If those who are
+    willing to aid in the great work of astrophysical research
+    will communicate with the author he will be pleased to
+    outline for them a most practical and fascinating line of
+    observational work that will enable them to share in the
+    advance of our knowledge respecting the stars. It is work
+    that involves no mathematics, and its details are easily
+    mastered.
+
+
+
+
+THE NAMES OF THE STARS AND THEIR MEANINGS.
+
+
+  ACUBENS, α _Cancri_, "the claws."
+
+    Situated in one of the Crab's claws. It is white in color
+    and culminates[1] March 18th.
+
+  A-DAR´-A, ε _Canis Majoris_, "the virgins," a name for four
+    stars, of which Adara is brightest.
+
+    Situated in the Dog's right thigh. It is pale orange in
+    color, and culminates Feb. 11th.
+
+  ADHIL, ε _Andromedæ_, "the train of a garment."
+
+    Situated in the left shoulder of the chained lady.
+
+  ALADFAR (al-ad-fär), μ _Lyræ_, "the talons" (of the falling
+    eagle)
+
+  AL BALI, ε _Aquarii_, "the good fortune of the swallower."
+
+  AL-BI´-REO, or AL-BIR´Ë-O β _Cygni_, origin doubtful. Means
+    the beak of the hen.
+
+    Situated in the beak of the Swan and the base of the Cross.
+    Its color is topaz yellow, and it culminates Aug. 28th.
+
+  ALCAID, η _Ursæ Majoris_. _See_ Benetnasch.
+
+  ALCHIBA (al-kē-bä´), α _Corvi_, "the tent," the desert title
+    for the constellation.
+
+    Situated in the eye of the Crow. Orange in color.
+
+  ALCOR (al´-kôr), g _Ursæ Majoris_, "the cavalier" or "the
+    rider."
+
+    Situated close to Mizar in the handle of the "Dipper."
+    Silver white in color. The Arabs called this star "Saidak,"
+    meaning "the proof," because they used it to test a good
+    eye.
+
+  AL-CY´-O-NE, η _Tauri_.
+
+    Greenish yellow in color. The brightest of the Pleiades.
+    Situated in the neck of the Bull.
+
+  AL-DEB´-A-RAN, α _Tauri_, "the hindmost" or the "follower,"
+    _i.e._ of the Pleiades.
+
+    Situated in the eye of the Bull. Pale rose in color. It is
+    receding from the earth at the rate of thirty miles per
+    second, and culminates Jan. 10.
+
+    α Tauri is sometimes called Palilicium.
+
+  ALDERAMIN (Al-der-am´-in), α _Cephei_ "the right arm." It
+    now marks the shoulder of Cepheus.
+
+    White in color. It culminates Sept. 27th.
+
+  ALDHAFERA, ζ _Leonis_.
+
+    Situated in the "Sickle," and the neck of the Lion. It
+    culminates April 8th.
+
+  ALFIRK (al-ferk´), or ALPHIRK, "stars of the flock," β
+    _Cephei_.
+
+    The Arab name for the constellation. Situated in the girdle
+    of Cepheus. White in color. It culminates Oct. 2d.
+
+  ALGEIBA (al-jē´-bä), γ _Leonis_, "the mane."
+
+    Situated in the "Sickle," and the shoulder of the Lion. It
+    is approaching the earth at the rate of twenty-four miles
+    per second, and culminates April 9th.
+
+  AL´-GE-NIB, γ _Pegasi_, "the wing," possibly the "flank" or
+    "side."
+
+    Situated in the wing of the Horse. White in color, and
+    culminates Nov. 14th.
+
+  AL´-GE-NIB, α _Persei_, "the side," or Mirfak, "the elbow."
+
+    Situated in the right side of Perseus. Lilac in color and
+    approaching the earth at the rate of six miles per second.
+    It culminates Jan. 1st. This star is also called Alchemb.
+
+  ALGENUBI (al-je-nö´-bi), ε _Leonis_, "the head of the Lion."
+
+    A yellow star situated in the Lion's mouth.
+
+  AL´-GOL, β _Persei_, "the ghoul" or "demon."
+
+    Situated in the head of the Medusa held in the Hero's left
+    hand. White in color. It is approaching the earth at the
+    rate of one mile per second, and culminates Dec. 23d.
+
+  ALGORAB (al-go-räb´), or ALGORES, (δ) _Corvi_, "the raven."
+
+    Situated on the right wing of the Crow. Pale yellow in
+    color. It culminates May 14th.
+
+  ALHENA (al-hen´-a), γ _Geminorum_, "a brand on the right
+    side of the camel's neck," or a "ring" or "circlet."
+
+    Situated in the left foot of Pollux. White in color, and
+    culminates Feb. 8th. Alhena is sometimes called Almeisam.
+
+  AL-I-OTH, ε _Ursæ Majoris_, disputed derivation.
+
+    Situated in the tail of the Great Bear. It is approaching
+    the earth at the rate of nineteen miles per second. It
+    culminates May 20th. Alioth, the name sometimes given to α
+    and θ Serpentis.
+
+  AL-KAID (al-kād), _See_ ALCAID.
+
+  ALKALUROPS (al-ka-lū´-rops), μ _Boötis_, "a herdsman's club,
+    crook, or staff."
+
+    Situated near the right shoulder of the Herdsman. Its color
+    is flushed white.
+
+  ALKES (al´-kes), α _Crateris_, from Al Kas, "the cup," the
+    Arab name for the constellation.
+
+    Situated in the base of the Cup. Orange in color, and
+    culminates April 20th.
+
+  ALMAC, γ _Andromedæ_, "a badger," possibly "the boot."
+
+    Situated in the left foot of Andromeda. Orange in color, and
+    culminates Dec. 8th.
+
+  AL NAAIM, τ and ν Pegasi, "the cross bars over a well."
+
+  AL NASL (al-nas´l), or ELNASL (el-nas´-l), γ _Sagittarii_,
+    "the point head of the arrow."
+
+    Situated in the arrow's tip. It is yellow in color, and
+    culminates Aug. 4th. This star sometimes called Nushaba and
+    Warida.
+
+  AL NATH, or NATH γ _Aurigæ_, and β _Tauri_, "the heel of the
+    rein-holder," the "butter" _i.e._ the "horn."
+
+    Situated in the right foot of the Charioteer, and the
+    tip of the northern horn of the Bull. Brilliant white in
+    color, and culminates Dec. 11th.
+
+  ALNILAM (al-ni-lam´), ε _Orionis_, "a belt of spheres or
+    pearls."
+
+    Situated in Orion's belt. It is bright white in color, and
+    is receding from the earth at the rate of sixteen miles per
+    second. It culminates Jan. 25th.
+
+  ALNITAK (al-ni-tak´), ζ _Orionis_, "the girdle."
+
+    Situated in Orion's belt. Topaz yellow in color. It is
+    receding from the earth at the rate of nine miles per
+    second, and culminates Jan. 26th.
+
+  AL-NIYAT, σ _Scorpii_, "the outworks of the heart."
+
+    Situated near the Scorpion's heart. It is creamy white in
+    color.
+
+  AL´-PHARD, or (al-färd´), α _Hydræ_, "the solitary one in the
+    serpent."
+
+    Situated in the heart of Hydra. Orange in color, and
+    culminates Mar. 26th. The Chinese called this star "the Red
+    Bird."
+
+  AL-PHEC´-CA, α _Coronæ Borealis_, "the bright one of the
+    dish." _See_ Gemma. Century Dictionary gives meaning "the
+    cup or platter of a dervish."
+
+  AL´-PHE-RATZ or (al-fe-rats´), α _Andromedæ_, "the head of
+    the woman in chains." "The navel of the horse."
+
+    Situated in the head of Andromeda. White and purplish in
+    color. It culminates Nov. 10th. Alpheratz is some times
+    called Sirrah.
+
+  AL-PHIRK, β _Cephei_, from al-Firk, the flock.
+
+  AL RAKIS, μ _Draconis_, "the dancer."
+
+    Situated in the Dragon's nose. Brilliant white in color. The
+    Century Dictionary gives for this star Arrakis, "The
+    trotting camel."
+
+  AL RESCHA, α _Piscium_, "the cord or knot."
+
+    Situated in the knot joining the ribbons that hold the
+    Fishes together. Pale green in color, and culminates Dec.
+    7th.
+
+  ALSAFI σ _Draconis_.
+
+  ALSCHAIN (al-shān´), β _Aquilæ_, part of the Arab name for
+    the constellation.
+
+    Situated in the head of Antinoüs. Pale orange in color, and
+    culminates Sept. 3d.
+
+  AL SHAT, ν _Capricorni_, "the sheep."
+
+  AL´-TAIR, or ATAIR, α _Aquilæ_, "the flying eagle," part of
+    the Arab name for the constellation.
+
+    Situated in the neck of the Eagle. Yellow in color, and
+    culminates Sept. 1st.
+
+  ALTERF (al-terf´), λ _Leonis_, "the glance," _i.e._ the
+    Lion's eye.
+
+    Situated in the Lion's mouth, the point of the Sickle. Red
+    in color.
+
+  ALUDRA (al-ö´-dra), η _Canis Majoris_, "the virgins." The
+    four stars near each other in Canis Major.
+
+    Situated in the Great Dog's tail. Pale red in color, and
+    culminates Feb. 21st.
+
+  ALULA BOREALIS, ν _Ursæ Majoris_.
+
+  ALULA AUSTRALIS, ζ _Ursæ Majoris_ The "northern and southern
+    wing."
+
+    Situated in the Southern hind foot of the Great Bear. The
+    latter star is sometimes called El Acola.
+
+  AL´-YA, θ _Serpentis_.
+
+    Situated in the tip of the Serpent's tail. Pale yellow in
+    color. It culminates Aug. 18th.
+
+  ANCHA, θ _Aquarii_, "the hip."
+
+    Situated in the right hip of Aquarius.
+
+  ANT-ĀR-ES, or AN-TA´-REZ, α _Scorpii_, "the rival of Mars."
+
+    Situated in the heart of the Scorpion. Fiery red and emerald
+    green in color. It culminates July 11th.
+
+  ARC-TŪ-RUS, α _Boötis_, "the leg of the lance-bearer," or
+    "the bear-keeper."
+
+    Situated in the left knee of the Herdsman. Golden yellow in
+    color. It culminates June 8th.
+
+  ARIDED, _See_ DENEB.
+
+  ARNEB (är´-neb), α _Leporis_, "the hare," the Arab name for
+    the constellation.
+
+    Situated in the heart of the Hare. Pale yellow in color. It
+    culminates Jan. 24th. α _Leporis_ is sometimes called Arsh.
+
+  ARKAB (är´-kab), β _Sagittarii_, "the tendon uniting the
+    calf of the leg to the heel."
+
+    Situated in the Archer's left fore leg.
+
+  ASHFAR, μ and ε _Leonis_, "the eyebrows."
+
+    Situated close to the Lion's right eye. μ orange in color,
+    sometimes called Alshemali or Asmidiske.
+
+  ASPIDISKI (as-pi-dis´ke), or ASMIDISKE, ι _Argus_, "in the
+    gunwale."
+
+    Situated in the shield which ornaments the vessel's stern.
+    Pale yellow in color. The Century Dictionary gives "a little
+    shield" as the meaning for this star name.
+
+  ASCELLA, ζ _Sagittarii_, "the armpit."
+
+    Situated near the Archer's left armpit. It culminates Aug.
+    19th.
+
+  ASCELLUS, θ _Boötis_.
+
+    It marks the finger tips of the Herdsman's upraised hand.
+
+  ASCELLUS BOREALIS, ν _Cancri_, "northern ass."
+
+    Straw color.
+
+  ASCELLUS AUSTRALIS, δ _Cancri_, "the southern ass."
+
+    Situated on the back of the Crab. Straw color.
+
+  ATIK, ο _Persei_.
+
+    Situated in the wing on the right foot of Perseus.
+
+  AZELFAFAGE, π _Cygni_, "the horse's foot or track."
+
+  AZHA, η _Eridani_, "the ostrich's nest."
+
+    Pale yellow in color.
+
+
+  BAHAM, θ _Pegasi_, "the young of domestic animals."
+
+    Situated near the left eye of Pegasus.
+
+  BAT´EN KAITOS, ζ _Ceti_, "the whale's belly."
+
+    A topaz-yellow-colored star, which culminates Dec. 5th.
+
+  BEID (bā´-id), ο _Eridani_, "the egg."
+
+    A very white star.
+
+  BEL´-LA-TRIX, γ _Orionis_, "the female warrior." The Amazon
+    star.
+
+    Situated in the left shoulder of Orion. Pale yellow in
+    color. It is receding from the earth at the rate of six
+    miles per second, and culminates Jan. 22d. The Century
+    Dictionary gives the color as very white.
+
+  BE-NET´-NASCH, η _Ursæ Majoris_, "the chief or governor of
+    the mourners" (alluding to the fancied bier).
+
+    Situated in the tip of the Great Bear's tail. Brilliant
+    white in color. It is approaching the earth at the rate of
+    sixteen miles per second, and culminates June 2d. This star
+    is also called Alkaid, from al-kaid, "the Governor."
+
+  BETELGEUZE (BET-EL-GERZ´), α _Orionis_, "the giant's
+    shoulder," or "the armpit of the central one."
+
+    Situated in the right shoulder of Orion. Orange in color. It
+    is receding from the earth at the rate of ten miles per
+    second, and culminates Jan. 29th.
+
+    Sometimes called Mirzam, the roarer.
+
+  BOTEIN (bō-tē-in´), δ _Arietis_, "the little belly."
+
+
+  CA-PEL´-LA, α _Aurigæ_, "the she-goat."
+
+    Situated in the left shoulder of the Charioteer. It is a
+    white star, and is receding from the earth at the rate of
+    fifteen miles per second. It culminates Jan. 19th. The color
+    of Capella is nearly that of the sun.
+
+  CAPH (kaf), β _Cassiopeiæ_, "the camel's hump," or "the
+    hand."
+
+    It is white in color, and culminates Nov. 11th.
+
+  CAS´-TOR, α _Geminorum_, "the horseman of the twins."
+
+    Its color is bright white, and it culminates Feb. 23d.
+    Situated in the head of Castor. The Century Dictionary gives
+    the color as greenish.
+
+  CHELEB, β _Ophiuchi_, also CEB´ELRÁI from kelb, the
+    shepherd's dog.
+
+    Situated in the head of the Serpent. It is a yellow star,
+    and culminates Aug. 30th.
+
+  CHORT (chôrt), θ _Leonis_.
+
+    Situated in the hind quarters of the Lion. It culminates
+    April 24th. The Century Dictionary has θ _Centauri_ for this
+    star.
+
+  COR CAROLI (kôr kar´-ō-lī), α _Can. Ven._, "the heart of
+    Charles II."
+
+    It is flushed white in color, and culminates May 20th. A
+    yellowish star according to the Century Dictionary.
+
+  CUJAM, ω _Herculis_. Word used by Horace for the club of
+    Hercules.
+
+  CURSA (KER´ SA), β _Eridani_, "the footstool of the central
+    one," or "the chair or throne."
+
+    Situated about at the source of the river near Orion. Topaz
+    yellow in color, and culminates January 13th. This star is
+    also known as Dhalim (Tha´lim) ("the ostrich").
+
+
+  DABIH (dä´-be), β _Capricorni_, "the lucky one of the
+    slaughterers," or "the slayer's lucky star."
+
+    Situated in the head of the Sea-Goat. It is an
+    orange-colored star, and culminates Sept. 10th.
+
+  DĒ´-NEB, or ARIDED (ar´-i-ded), α _Cygni_, "the hen's tail,"
+    "the hindmost."
+
+    Situated in the tail of the Swan, and at the top of the
+    Cross. Brilliant white in color. It is approaching the earth
+    at the rate of thirty-six miles per second. It culminates
+    Sept. 16th.
+
+  DENEB AL OKAB (den´-eb al-ō-kâb), ε and ζ _Aquilæ_, "the
+    eagle's tail."
+
+  DENEB ALGEDI (den´-eb al´-jē-dē), δ _Capricorni_, "the tail
+    of the goat."
+
+    Situated in the tail of the Sea-Goat.
+
+  DENEB AL SHEMALI (den´-eb-al-she-mä-le), ι _Ceti_
+
+    A bright yellow star situated at the tip of the northern
+    fluke of the monster's tail.
+
+  DENEB KAITOS (den´-eb kī´-tos), β _Ceti_, "the tail of the
+    whale."
+
+    Situated in the tail of the Whale. It is a yellow star, and
+    culminates Nov. 21st. This star sometimes called Diphda.
+
+  DE-NEB´-O-LA, β _Leonis_, "the lion's tail."
+
+    It is a blue star which is approaching the earth at the rate
+    of twelve miles per second. It culminates May 3d. This star
+    also called Dafirah, and Serpha.
+
+  DSCHUBBA, δ _Scorpii_, "the front of the forehead."
+
+    Situated in the head of the Scorpion. It culminates July
+    4th.
+
+  DSIBAN, ψ _Draconis_.
+
+    Pearly white in color.
+
+  DUB´-HE (döb´-he), α _Ursæ Majoris_, "a bear."
+
+    The northern pointer star. It is a yellow star, and is
+    approaching the earth at the rate of twelve miles per
+    second. It culminates April 21st. The Arabs called the four
+    stars in the Dipper the "bier."
+
+
+  EL NATH β _Tauri_, the one who butts. This star is receding
+    at the rate of five miles a second.
+
+  ELTANIN, or ETANIN (et´-ā-nin), γ _Draconis_, "the dragon,"
+    "the dragon's head."
+
+    It is orange in color and culminates Aug. 4th. Rasaben is
+    another name for this star.
+
+  E´-NIF, or en´-if, ε _Pegasi_, "the nose."
+
+    Situated in the nose of Pegasus. It is a yellow star, which
+    is receding from the earth at the rate of five miles per
+    second, and culminates Oct. 4th. This star was also called
+    fum-al-far-as, "the mouth of the horse."
+
+  ER RAI (er-rā´-ē), γ _Cephei_, "the shepherd."
+
+    Situated in the left knee of Cepheus. It is yellow in color
+    and culminates Nov. 10th.
+
+
+  FOMALHAUT (Fō´-mal-ō), (disputed pronunciation), α _Piscis
+    Austri_, "the fish's mouth."
+
+    Situated in the head of the Southern Fish. It is reddish in
+    color, and culminates Oct. 25th. This star was also known as
+    the first frog, the second frog being β Ceti.
+
+  FURUD, or PHURUD (fu-rōd), ζ _Canis Majoris_, "the bright
+    single one."
+
+    Situated in the left hind paw of the Greater Dog. It is
+    light orange in color.
+
+
+  GEM´-MA, α _Coronæ Borealis_, "a bud."
+
+    The brightest star in the Northern Crown. It is brilliant
+    white in color, and is receding from the earth at the rate
+    of twenty miles per second. It culminates June 28th. This
+    star is also known as Alphecca and Alfeta.
+
+  GIANSAR λ _Draconis_, "the twins," "the poison place."
+
+    Situated in the tip of the Dragon's tail. An orange-colored
+    star. It culminates April 28th.
+
+  GIEDI, α _Capricorni_, also called Algied´-i, the goat.
+
+    Situated in the head of the Sea-Goat. It is a yellow star,
+    and culminates Sept. 9th.
+
+  GIENAH, γ _Corvi_, "the right wing of the raven."
+
+    Situated in the Crow's wing. It culminates May 10th.
+
+  GIENAH, ε _Cygni_, "the wing."
+
+    Situated in the Swan's wing. It is a yellow star, and
+    culminates Sept. 17th.
+
+  GOMEISA (gō-mī´-zä), GOMELZA, β _Canis Minoris_,
+    "Watery-eyed, weeping." A white star.
+
+    Situated in the neck of the Lesser Dog.
+
+  GRAFFIAS, β _Scorpii_, derivation unknown; the name may mean
+    "the crab." This star was also called Ak´rab, the Scorpion.
+
+    Situated in the head of the Scorpion. It is a pale white
+    star, and culminates July 5th.
+
+  GRUMIUM (grö´-mi-um), ξ _Draconis_, "the dragon's under
+    jaw."
+
+    A yellow star.
+
+
+  HAM´-AL or (ha-mäl´), α _Arietis_, "the head of the sheep."
+
+    Situated in the forehead of the Ram. It is yellow in color,
+    and is approaching the earth at the rate of nine miles per
+    second. It culminates Dec. 11th.
+
+  HOMAM (ho-mam´), ζ _Pegasi_, "the lucky star of the hero, or
+    the whisperer."
+
+    Situated in the neck of Pegasus. Light yellow in color. It
+    culminates Oct. 22d. The Century Dictionary gives this star
+    name to η _Pegasi_.
+
+  HYADUM I, γ _Tauri_.
+
+    Situated in the Hyades, the nose of the Bull. A yellow star.
+
+
+  IZAR (ē-zär), Mirach, or Mizar, ε _Boötis_, "the girdle."
+
+    Pale orange in color. It is approaching the earth at the
+    rate of ten miles per second, and culminates June 16th. A
+    beautiful colored double star.
+
+
+  JABBAH (Jab´-bä), ν _Scorpii_, "crown of the forehead."
+
+    A triple star.
+
+
+  KAUS (kâs), AUSTRALIS, ε _Sagittarii_, "the southern part of
+    the bow."
+
+    An orange-colored star. It culminates Aug. 8th.
+
+  KAUS (kâs), BOREALIS, λ _Sagittarii_, "the northern part of
+    the bow."
+
+    Orange color.
+
+  KITALPHA, α _Equulei_, the Arab name for the asterism. In
+    the head of the Little Horse. It culminates Sept. 24th.
+
+  KO´-CHAB (kō-käb´), β _Ursæ Minoris_, "the star of the
+    North."
+
+    Situated in the right shoulder of the Little Bear. One of
+    the two Guardians of the Pole. It is reddish in color, and
+    is receding from the earth at the rate of eight miles per
+    second. It culminates June 19th.
+
+  KORNEPHOROS, β _Herculis_, the Arab name for the
+    constellation.
+
+    Situated in the right arm-pit of Hercules. Pale yellow in
+    color. It is approaching the earth at the rate of twenty-two
+    miles per second. It culminates July 12th.
+
+
+  LESUTH, ν _Scorpii_, "the sting."
+
+    Situated in the tip of the Scorpion's tail. It culminates
+    July 27th.
+
+
+  MARFAK (mär´fak), θ _Cassiopeiæ_, "the elbow."
+
+    Situated in the left elbow of Cassiopeia. This star name is
+    also given to μ Cassiopeiæ.
+
+  MARFIC (mär´-fik), λ _Ophiuchi_, "the elbow."
+
+    Situated in the left elbow of the Serpent Bearer. Yellowish
+    white in color.
+
+  MARFIK (mär´ fik), or MARSIC, κ _Herculis_, "the elbow."
+
+    Situated in the right elbow of Hercules. Light yellow in
+    color.
+
+  MAR´-KAB (mär´kab), α _Pegasi_, Arab word for "saddle".
+    Century Dictionary gives "a wagon" or "chariot."
+
+    Situated in the base of the Horse's neck. It is a white star
+    which is receding from the earth at the rate of three
+    quarters of a mile a second. It culminates Nov. 3d.
+
+  MARKEB, κ _Argus_.
+
+    Situated in the stern of the Ship. It culminates Mar. 25th.
+
+  MARSYM, λ _Herculis_, "the wrist."
+
+    Situated in the left wrist of Hercules. Deep yellow in
+    color.
+
+  MATAR or SAD (Säd), "a lucky star," or more fully,
+    Sad-Mator, η _Pegasi_, "the fortunate rain."
+
+    Situated in the left fore leg of Pegasus.
+
+  MEBUSTA, MEBSUTA (Meb-sö´-ta), or MEBOULA, ε _Geminorum_,
+    "the outstretched."
+
+    A brilliant white star situated in the right knee of Castor.
+
+  MEDIA, or KAUS MEDIA, δ _Sagittarii_, "middle (of the) bow."
+
+    Orange yellow in color. It culminates Aug. 8th.
+
+  MĒ-GRES, or (Mē´-grez), δ _Ursæ Majoris_, "the root of the
+    bear's tail."
+
+    It is a pale yellow star, and culminates May 10th. This star
+    is the faintest of the seven which form the Dipper.
+
+  MEISSA, λ _Orionis_.
+
+    Situated in the face of the Giant Hunter. Pale white in
+    color.
+
+  MEKBUDA (mek-bū´-dā), ζ _Geminorum_, "the contracted (arm)."
+
+    Situated in the left knee of Pollux. Pale topaz in color.
+
+  MENKALINAN (men-ka-lē-nan´ or Men-kal´-i-nan), β _Aurigæ_,
+    "the shoulder of the rein-holder or driver."
+
+    Situated in the right arm of the Charioteer. A lucid yellow
+    star which is receding from the earth at the rate of
+    seventeen miles per second. It culminates Jan. 29th. This
+    star was one of the first discovered and most remarkable
+    "spectroscopic binaries."
+
+  MENKAR (men´kär), α _Oeti_, "the nose, or snout."
+
+    Situated in the nose of Cetus. Bright orange in color. It
+    culminates Dec. 21st. Sometimes written Menkab.
+
+  MENKIB, ξ _Persei_, "the shoulder."
+
+    Situated in the calf of the right leg of Perseus.
+
+  MERAK (mē´rak), β _Ursæ Majoris_, "the loin of the bear."
+
+    A greenish white star which is approaching the earth at the
+    rate of eighteen miles per second. It culminates Apr. 20th.
+    The southern of the two "pointers."
+
+  MESARTIM (mē-sär´tim), γ _Arietis_, the Hebrew word for
+    "minister."
+
+    Situated in the Ram's left horn. Bright white in color.
+
+  MINTAKA (min´ta-kä), δ _Orionis_, "the belt (of the
+    giant)."
+
+    One of the three stars in Orion's belt. A brilliant white
+    star with very little motion. It culminates Jan. 24th.
+
+  MĪ´-RA (mī´ra or mē´ra), ο _Ceti_.
+
+    Situated in the neck of Cetus. A famous variable, flushed
+    yellow in color. It culminates Dec. 15th.
+
+  MĪ´RACH, or MIRAK (mī´rak or mē´rak), β _Andromedæ_, "the
+    girdle," or "the loins."
+
+    A yellow star culminating Nov. 28th.
+
+  MĪZAR (mīzär or mē´zär), ζ _Ursæ Majoris_, "a girdle or
+    apron."
+
+    Situated in the tail of the Great Bear. Brilliant white in
+    color. It is approaching the earth at the rate of nineteen
+    miles per second. It culminates May 28th.
+
+  MULIPHEN, γ _Canis Majoris_.
+
+    Situated in the neck of the Greater Dog. It culminates Feb.
+    26th.
+
+  MUPHRID (mū´-frid), η _Boötis_, "the solitary star of the
+    lancer."
+
+    Situated in the calf of the left leg of the Herdsman. Pale
+    yellow in color. It culminates June 4th.
+
+  MURZIM or MIRZAM (mer-zäm´), β _Canis Majoris_, "the
+    announcer" or "the roarer."
+
+    Situated in the Greater Dog's left fore paw. A white star
+    culminating Feb. 5th.
+
+  MUSCIDA, ο _Ursæ Majoris_, "the muzzle."
+
+    Situated in the nose of the Great Bear.
+
+
+  NEKKAR, or NAKKAR (nak´-kär), β _Boötis_, "the herdsman,"
+    the Arab name for the whole constellation.
+
+    Situated in the head of Boötes. A golden yellow star which
+    culminates June 20th.
+
+  NAOS (nā´-os), ζ _Argus_, "the ship."
+
+    Situated in the stern of the Ship. It culminates Mar. 3d.
+
+  NASHIRA, γ _Capricorni_, "the fortunate one, or the bringer
+    of good tidings."
+
+    Situated in the tail of the Sea-Goat. It culminates Oct. 3d.
+
+  NIHAL, β _Leporis_.
+
+    Situated in the right foot of the Hare. Deep yellow in
+    color. It culminates Jan. 23d.
+
+  NODUS SECUNDUS, δ _Draconis_, "the second of the four knots
+    or convolutions."
+
+    Deep yellow in color. It culminates Aug. 24th.
+
+  NUNKI, σ _Sagittarii_, "the star of the proclamation of the
+    sea," or SADIRA (sad´-ē-ra), "the ostrich returning from the
+    water."
+
+    Situated in the upper part of the Archer's left arm. It
+    culminates Aug. 17th.
+
+
+  PHAD, PHEC´-DA, or PHAED (fā´-ed), γ _Ursæ Majoris_, "the
+    thigh" (of the bear).
+
+    Topaz yellow in color. It is approaching the earth at the
+    rate of sixteen miles per second. It culminates May 4th.
+
+  PHAET or PHACT, α _Columbæ_.
+
+    Situated in the heart of the Dove. It culminates Jan. 26th.
+
+  PHERKAD (fer´-kad), γ _Ursæ Minoris_, "the calf."
+
+    Situated in the right fore leg of the Little Bear.
+
+  PO-LÁ-RIS, α _Ursæ Minoris_, "the pole star."
+
+    Situated in the tip of the Little Bear's tail. Topaz yellow
+    in color. It is receding from the earth at the rate of
+    sixteen miles per second.
+
+  POL´-LUX, β _Geminorum_, Ovid's "Pugil," the pugilist of the
+    two brothers.
+
+    Situated in the head of Pollux. An orange-colored star which
+    is receding from the earth at the rate of one mile per
+    second. It culminates Feb. 26th. The Century Dictionary
+    gives the color of Pollux as very yellow.
+
+  PORRIMA (por´-i-mä), γ _Virginis_, Latin name for "a goddess
+    of prophecy."
+
+    Situated in the Virgin's left arm. It culminates May 17th.
+
+  PRO´-CY-ON, α _Canis Minoris_, "the foremost dog."
+
+    A yellowish-white star. It is approaching the earth at the
+    rate of six miles per second. It culminates Feb. 24th. It is
+    situated in the right side of the Lesser Dog. Dr. Elkin
+    gives its distance as 12.3 light years, and its proper
+    motion as 13.9 miles per second.
+
+  PROPUS (prō´-pus), η _Geminorum_, "the forward foot."
+
+    Situated in the northern foot of Castor.
+
+  RASALAS (ras´-a-las), μ _Leonis_, "the lion's head toward
+    the south."
+
+    Situated in the Sickle, close to the Lion's right eye. An
+    orange-colored star. It culminates Apr. 1st. Alshemali and
+    Borealis are other names for this star.
+
+  RAS ALGETHI (räs-al-ge´-thi), α _Herculis_, "the kneeler's
+    head."
+
+    Orange red in color. It culminates July 23d.
+
+  RAS´-AL-HĀG´-UE, α _Ophiuchi_, "the head of the serpent
+    charmer."
+
+    A sapphire-hued star. It is receding from the earth at the
+    rate of twelve miles per second. It culminates July 28th.
+
+  RASTABAN (räs-ta-bän´), β or γ _Draconis_ "the dragon's
+    head," or "the head of the basilisk."
+
+    A yellow star culminating Aug. 3d. This star also called
+    Alwaid (al-wīd´) "the sucking camel-colts." The three stars
+    near it are included in this appellation.
+
+  REG´-U-LUS, α _Leonis_, diminutive of the earlier Rex.
+
+    Situated in the handle of the Sickle, and the right fore paw
+    of the Lion. It is flushed white in color, and is
+    approaching the earth at the rate of five miles per second.
+    It culminates April 6th. According to Dr. Elkin it is 35.1
+    light years distant, and has a proper motion of 8.5 miles
+    per second.
+
+  RIGEL (ri´-jel), β _Orionis_, "the [left] leg of the Jabbah,
+    or giant."
+
+    A bluish-white star, which is receding from the earth at the
+    rate of ten miles per second. It culminates Jan. 20th. This
+    star is sometimes called Algebar (al´-je-bär).
+
+  ROTANEV (rot´-a-nev), β _Delphini_, from Venator, assistant
+    to Piazzi, his name reversed.
+
+    It culminates Sept. 15th.
+
+  RUCHBA, ω _Cygni_, "the hen's knee."
+
+    A pale red star.
+
+  RUCHBAH, or RUCBAH, δ _Cassiopeiæ_, "the knee."
+
+    Situated in the left knee of Cassiopeia. It culminates Dec.
+    2d.
+
+  RUKBAT, α _Sagittarii_, "the archer's knee."
+
+    Situated in the left fore foot of the Archer. It culminates
+    Aug. 24th.
+
+
+  SABIK, η _Ophiuchi_.
+
+    A pale yellow star in the left leg of the Serpent Bearer. It
+    culminates Aug. 21st.
+
+  SADACHBIA (sād-ak-bē´-yä), γ _Aquarii_, "the luck star of
+    hidden things."
+
+    Greenish in color and situated in the water jar of Aquarius.
+    It culminates Oct. 16th.
+
+  SAD AL BARI, λ and μ _Pegasi_, "the good luck of the
+    excelling one."
+
+    Situated close to the fore legs of Pegasus.
+
+  SADAL MELIK (säd-al-mel´-ik), or RUCBAH, α _Aquarii_, "the
+    lucky star of the king."
+
+    A red star situated in the right shoulder of Aquarius. It
+    culminates Oct. 9th.
+
+  SADALSUND, or SADALSUUD (säd-al-sö-öd), β _Aquarii_, "the
+    luckiest of the lucky."
+
+    Pale yellow in color. Situated in the left shoulder of
+    Aquarius. It culminates Sept. 29th.
+
+  SADATONI (sad-a-tō´-ni), ζ _Aurigæ_.
+
+    One of the three stars known as "the kids." Orange color.
+
+  SADR (sadr), or SADIR (sā´-dēr), γ _Cygni_, "the hen's
+    breast."
+
+    This star is approaching the earth at the rate of four miles
+    per second. It culminates Sept. 11th.
+
+  SAIPH (sā-if´), κ _Orionis_, "the sword of the giant."
+
+    Situated in Orion's right knee. It culminates Jan. 27th.
+
+  SARGAS, θ _Scorpii_.
+
+    A red star situated in the tail of the Scorpion. It
+    culminates July 27th.
+
+  SCHEAT (she´-at), or Menkib, β _Pegasi_, "the upper part of
+    the arm."
+
+    Situated in the left fore-leg of Pegasus. It is deep yellow
+    in color, and is receding from the earth at the rate of four
+    miles per second. It culminates Oct. 25th.
+
+  SCHEMALI, see Deneb al schemali, ι _Ceti_.
+
+  SEGINUS (se-jī´nus), γ _Boötis_, from Ceginus of the
+    constellation, possibly.
+
+    Situated in the left shoulder of Boötes. It culminates June
+    13th.
+
+  SHAULA (shâ´-lä), λ _Scorpii_, "the sting."
+
+    In the tip of the Scorpion's tail.
+
+  SHEDAR, SCHEDIR, or SHEDIR, α _Cassiopeiæ_, "the breast," or
+    from El Seder, "the sedar tree," a name given to this
+    constellation by Ulugh Beigh.
+
+    Pale rose in color. It culminates Nov. 18th.
+
+  SHELIAK, or SHELYAK (shel´-yak), "a tortoise," β _Lyræ_,
+    Arabian name for the constellation.
+
+    A very white star culminating Aug. 17th.
+
+  SHERATAN (sher-a-tan´), β _Arietis_, "a sign," or "the two
+    signs."
+
+    Situated in the Ram's horn. A pearly white star culminating
+    Dec. 7th.
+
+  SIR´-I-US, α _Canis Majoris_, "the sparkling star or
+    scorcher."
+
+    Situated in the mouth of the Great Dog. Brilliant white in
+    color. The brightest of the fixed stars. It culminates Feb.
+    11th.
+
+  SITULA (sit´-ū-lā), κ _Aquarii_, "the water jar or bucket."
+
+    Situated in the rim of the Water Jar.
+
+  SKAT, or SCHEAT, δ _Aquarii_, "a wish," or possibly it means
+    a "shin bone."
+
+    Situated in the right leg of Aquarius.
+
+  SPÏ´CA, α _Virginis_, "the ear of wheat or corn" (held in
+    the Virgin's left hand).
+
+    A brilliant flushed white star, which is approaching the
+    earth at the rate of nine miles a second. It culminates May
+    28th.
+
+  SUALOCIN, or SVALOCIN (sval´-ō-sin), Nicolaus reversed, α
+    _Delphini_.
+
+    A pale yellow star culminating Sept. 15th.
+
+  SULAFAT, or SULAPHAT (sö´-lä-fät), "the tortoise," γ
+    _Lyræ_.
+
+    Arabian title for the whole constellation. It is bright
+    yellow in color, and culminates Aug. 19th.
+
+  SYRMA, ι _Virginis_; this name used by Ptolemy to designate
+    this star in the train of the Virgin's robe.
+
+
+  TALITA (tä´-lē-tä), κ or ι _Ursæ Majoris_, "the third
+    vertebra."
+
+    Situated in the right fore paw of the Great Bear. Topaz
+    yellow in color.
+
+  TANIA BOREALIS, λ _Ursæ Majoris_.
+
+  TANIA AUSTRALIS, μ _Ursæ Majoris_, a red star.
+
+    These stars are situated in the right hind foot of the Great
+    Bear. The former star culminates Apr. 8th.
+
+  TARAZED (tar´-a-zed), γ _Aquilæ_, "the soaring falcon," part
+    of the Persian title for the constellation.
+
+    Situated in the body of the Eagle. A pale orange star,
+    culminating Aug. 31st.
+
+  TEGMENI, ζ _Cancri_, "in the covering."
+
+    A yellow-colored star.
+
+  TE´-JAT, μ _Geminorum_.
+
+  THU´-BAN or (thō-ban´), α _Draconis_, "the dragon," the Arab
+    title for the constellation.
+
+    Situated in one of the Dragon's coils. It is pale yellow in
+    color, and culminates June 7th.
+
+
+  UNUK AL HAY or UNUKALHAI (ū´-nuk-al-hä´-i), α _Serpentis_,
+    "the neck of the snake."
+
+    A pale yellow star which is receding from the earth at the
+    rate of fourteen miles a second. It culminates July 28th.
+
+
+  VË´GA, or WEGA, α _Lyræ_, "falling," _i.e._, the falling
+    bird, "the harp star."
+
+    A beautiful pale star sapphire in color. It is approaching
+    the earth at the rate of nine miles a second. It culminates
+    Aug. 12th.
+
+  VINDEMIATRIX, ε _Virginis_, "the vintager or grape
+    gatherer."
+
+    Situated in the Virgin's right arm. A bright yellow star
+    culminating May 22d.
+
+
+  WASAT (wä´-sat), δ _Geminorum_, "the middle."
+
+    Situated in the body of Pollux. Pale white in color. It
+    culminates Feb. 19th.
+
+  WESEN, δ _Canis Majoris_, "the weight."
+
+    A light yellow star in the right side of the Great Dog. It
+    culminates Feb. 17th.
+
+
+  YED PRIOR (yed), δ _Ophiuchi_, "the hand," "the star behind
+    or following."
+
+    Deep yellow in color. It culminates July 7th. It is in the
+    left hand of the Serpent Bearer.
+
+  YED POSTERIOR, ε _Ophiuchi_, "the hand."
+
+    A red star culminating July 8th.
+
+  YILDUM, δ _Ursæ Minoris_.
+
+    Situated in the tail of the Little Bear. A greenish-hued
+    star culminating Aug. 12th.
+
+
+  ZANIAH, η _Virginis_.
+
+    Situated in the Virgin's left shoulder.
+
+  ZAURAK (zâ´-rak), γ _Eridani_, "the bright star of the
+    boat."
+
+    A yellow star.
+
+  ZAVIJAVA (zav-ija´-va), β _Virginis_, "angle or corner,"
+    "the retreat or kennel of the barking dog."
+
+    Situated on the Virgin's left wing. A pale yellow star
+    culminating May 3d.
+
+  ZOSMA (zōs´-ma), δ _Leonis_, "a girdle."
+
+    Situated at the root of the Lion's tail. A pale yellow star
+    which is approaching the earth at the rate of nine miles a
+    second. It culminates Apr. 24th. This star is also called
+    Duhr, and sometimes Zubra.
+
+  ZUBENAKRAVI (zöben-ak´-ra-vi or -bi), γ _Scorpii_, "the claw
+    of the Scorpion." A red star.
+
+  ZUBEN ELGENUBI (zö-ben-el-jen-ū´-bi), α _Libræ_, "the
+    southern claw" (of the Scorpion).
+
+    A pale yellow star culminating June 17th. This star is also
+    called Kiffa Australis.
+
+  ZUBEN ESCHAMALI (zö-ben-es-she-ma´-li), β _Libræ_, "the
+    northern claw."
+
+    A pale emerald color, a very unusual color for a star. It is
+    approaching the earth at the rate of six miles a second and
+    culminates June 23d. This star is also known as "Kiffa
+    Borealis."
+
+In the compilation of the foregoing list, the author has been greatly
+assisted by Allen's "Star Names and their Meanings."
+
+[Footnote 1: It will be noted that the date of culmination is given in
+almost every case. By culmination is meant the highest point reached by
+a heavenly body in its path, at which point it is said to be on the
+meridian. In this hemisphere this is in each case the highest point
+north.
+
+For example:--the culmination of the sun occurs at noon.
+
+The time when the stars here mentioned culminate on the dates specified
+is in each case nine o'clock P.M.]
+
+
+
+
+TABLE SHOWING THE STARS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND MAGNITUDE RISING IN
+THE EASTERN SKY AT NINE O'CLOCK P.M. ON THE DATES SPECIFIED.
+
+  -------------+-----------------+---------------------------
+       DATE    | NAME OF STAR    |       CONSTELLATION
+  -------------+-----------------+---------------------------
+  January 1    |Regulus, 1st.    |Leo.
+     "    8    |Alphard, 2d.     |Hydra.
+     "    11   |Cor Caroli.      |Canes Venatici.
+  February 20  |Arcturus, 1st.   |Boötes.
+  March   1    |Spica, 1st.      |Virgo.
+     "    5    |Gemma, 2d.       |Corona Borealis.
+  April   1    |Vega, 1st.       |Lyra.
+     "    20   |Ras Alhague, 2d. |Ophiuchus.
+     "    22   |Deneb, 2d.       |Cygnus.
+  May   9      |Antares, 1st.    |Scorpius.
+     "    26   |Altair, 1st.     |Aquila.
+  June  5      |                 |Delphinus.
+  July  17     |Algenib, 2d.     |Perseus.
+  August 6     |Algol.           |Perseus.
+     "   21    |Capella, 1st.    |Auriga.
+     "    "    |Hamal, 2d.       |Aries.
+     "   27    |Fomalhaut, 1st.  |Piscis Australis.
+  September 13 |                 |The Pleiades in Taurus.
+  October 2    |Aldebaran, 1st.  |Taurus.
+     "    26   |Bellatrix, 2d.   |Orion.
+     "    30   |Castor, 2d.      |Gemini.
+     "     "   |Betelgeuze, 1st. |Orion.
+  November 4   |Pollux, 1st.     |Gemini.
+     "     "   |Rigel, 1st.      |Orion.
+     "     27  |Procyon, 1st.    |Canis Minor.
+  December 4   |Sirius, 1st.     |Canis Major.
+     "     8   |Phaet, 2d.       |Columba.
+     "     14  |                 |The Bee Hive in Cancer.
+     "     16  |                 |The head of Hydra.
+  -----------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+  NAME      PAGE
+
+  Andromeda,  73
+
+  Antinoüs,  39
+
+  Aquarius,  81
+
+  Aquila,  39
+
+  Argo Navis,  107
+
+  Aries,  85
+
+  Auriga,  11
+
+
+  Boötes,  55
+
+  Brandenburg Sceptre, The,  111
+
+  Bull of Poniatowskio,  45
+
+
+  Camelopardalis,  7
+
+  Cancer,  13
+
+  Canes Venatici,  59
+
+  Canis Major,  105
+
+  Canis Minor,  21
+
+  Capricornus,  83
+
+  Cassiopeia,  67
+
+  Cepheus,  69
+
+  Cerberus,  53
+
+  Cetus,  87
+
+  Columba,  103
+
+  Coma Berenices,  19
+
+  Corona Australis,  43
+
+  Corona Borealis,  51
+
+  Corvus,  23
+
+  Crater,  25
+
+  Cygnus,  37
+
+
+  Delphinus,  41
+
+  Draco,  33
+
+
+  Equüleus,  71
+
+  Eridanus,  111
+
+
+  Gemini,  9
+
+  Gloria Frederica,  73
+
+
+  Hercules,  53
+
+  Herschel's Telescope,  11
+
+  Hydra,  15
+
+
+  Leo,  17
+
+  Leo Minor,  95
+
+  Lepus,  101
+
+  Libra,  49
+
+  Lupus,  47
+
+  Lynx,  95
+
+  Lyra,  35
+
+
+  Monoceros,  109
+
+  Musca,  89
+
+
+  Ophiuchus,  45
+
+  Orion,  99
+
+
+  Pegasus,  71
+
+  Perseus,  75
+
+  Pisces,  77
+
+  Piscis Australis,  81
+
+
+  Sagitta,  37
+
+  Sagittarius,  43
+
+  Scorpius,  47
+
+  Serpens,  45
+
+  Sobieski's Shield,  39
+
+
+  Taurus,  97
+
+  Triangulum,  79
+
+
+  Ursa Major,  5
+
+  Ursa Minor,  7
+
+
+  Virgo,  57
+
+  Vulpecular and Anser,  41
+
+
+
+Popular Books on Astronomy
+
+By William Tyler Olcott
+
+
+_Excellently arranged, and copiously illustrated, these little
+manuals--real field-books--should prove valuable for all who want to
+become familiar with the stars_
+
+
+A Field Book of the Stars
+
+_16mo. With Fifty Diagrams._
+
+    To facilitate the fascinating recreation of star-gazing the
+    author has designed this field-book. All matters of a
+    technical or theoretical nature have been omitted. Only what
+    the reader can observe with the naked eye or with an
+    opera-glass have been included in it. Simplicity and brevity
+    have been aimed at, the main idea being that whatever is
+    bulky or verbose is a hindrance rather than a help when one
+    is engaged in the observation of the heavens.
+
+
+In Starland with a Three-Inch Telescope
+
+A Conveniently Arranged Guide for the Use of the Amateur Astronomer
+
+_16mo. With Forty Diagrams of the Constellations and Eight of the
+Moon._
+
+    The _raison d'etre_ therefore for the book is convenience
+    and arrangement. The author has found by experience that
+    what the student most needs when he is observing with a
+    telescope, is a page to glance at that will serve as a guide
+    to the object he desires to view, and which affords concise
+    data relative to that object. The diagrams therefore direct
+    the student's vision and the subject-matter affords the
+    necessary information in each case.
+
+
+Star Lore of All Ages
+
+A Collection of Myths, Legends, and Facts Concerning the
+Constellations of the Northern Hemisphere
+
+_8vo. Fully Illustrated._
+
+    Will appeal alike to those who are interested in folk-lore
+    and those who are attracted by astronomy. In it the author
+    has gathered together the curious myths and traditions that
+    have attached themselves from the earliest times to
+    different constellations and even to individual stars.
+
+  G.P. PUTNAM'S SONS
+  New York      London
+
+
+The Essence of Astronomy
+
+Things Every One Should Know About the Sun, Moon and Stars
+
+By Edward W. Price
+
+_12mo. Fully Illustrated._
+
+    Here is a volume quite different from the usual "popular
+    book on astronomy."
+
+    It answers in untechnical language the every-day questions
+    of every-day people, the material being so arranged that it
+    is readily available for quick reference use, as well as for
+    interesting consecutive reading.
+
+    An individual chapter is devoted to each member of the Solar
+    System. Special space is given to "Curiosities of the
+    Skies."
+
+    The illustrations are from photographs taken at the great
+    observatories. The drawings of Mars are the most recent
+    published, being made by Professor Lowell in January, 1914.
+
+    The chronological table and annotated bibliography are of
+    real value.
+
+
+Sun Lore of All Ages
+
+A Collection of Myths and Legends Concerning the Sun and its Worship
+
+By William Tyler Olcott
+
+Author of "Star Lore of All Ages," "A Field Book of the Stars," etc.
+
+_8vo. With 30 Illustrations._
+
+    A companion volume to _Star Lore of All Ages_ by the same
+    author. It comprises a compilation of the myths, legends,
+    and facts concerning the sun, of equal interest to the
+    lay-reader or to the student.
+
+    The literature of the subject is teeming with interest,
+    linked as it is with the life story of mankind from the
+    cradle of the race to the present day, for the solar myth
+    lies at the very foundation of all mythology, and as such
+    must forever claim pre-eminence.
+
+
+  G.P. Putnam's Sons
+  New York      London
+
+
+Astronomy in a Nutshell
+
+The Chief Facts and Principles Explained in Popular Language for
+General Readers and for Schools
+
+By Garrett P. Serviss
+
+_Cr. 8vo. With 47 Illustrations._
+
+    Presents the subject of astronomy in a succinct, popular
+    form. No mathematical knowledge beyond the simplest outlines
+    is assumed on the part of the reader. The great underlying
+    facts and principles of astronomy are presented in a shape
+    which any intelligent person can comprehend. The book may be
+    used either for self-instruction or for schools.
+
+
+History of Astronomy
+
+By George Forbes, M.A., F.R.S., M.Inst.C.E.
+
+Formerly Professor of Natural Philosophy, Anderson's College, Glasgow
+
+_16mo. Adequately Illustrated._
+
+_No. 1. A History of the Science Series_
+
+    The author traces the evolution of intellectual thought in
+    the progress of astronomical discovery, recognizing the
+    various points of view of the different ages, giving due
+    credit even to the ancients. It has been necessary to
+    curtail many parts of the history, to lay before the reader
+    in unlimited space enough about each age to illustrate its
+    tone and spirit, the ideals of the workers, the gradual
+    addition of new points of view and of new means of
+    investigation.
+
+
+An Easy Guide to the Constellations
+
+With a Miniature Atlas of the Stars
+
+By James Gall
+
+Author of "The People's Atlas of the Stars," etc.
+
+_New and Enlarged Edition, with 30 Maps 16mo._
+
+    This new edition of _An Easy Guide to the Constellations_
+    has been thoroughly revised: five additional plates have
+    been added, so as to include all the constellations of the
+    Zodiac, and render the book complete for Southern Europe and
+    the United States.
+
+  G.P. Putnam's Sons
+  New York      London
+
+
+The Destinies of the Stars
+
+By
+
+Svante Arrhenius
+
+Author of "Worlds in the Making," etc.
+
+_12mo. 26 Illustrations._
+
+    With keenness, brilliancy, and distinguished learning, Dr.
+    Arrhenius, a Nobel Prize winner, having had occasion
+    repeatedly to treat new questions of a cosmological nature,
+    questions largely arisen from new discoveries and
+    observations within the scope of astronomy, opens to the
+    reader vast new vistas, through the study of the relation of
+    the stars to the "Milky Way" and through observations of our
+    neighbor planets.
+
+  G.P. Putnam's Sons
+  New York      London
+
+
+  Transcriber's notes:
+    Corrections made:
+      Page 12 Au iga corrected to Auriga.
+      Page 118 preceptible corrected to perceptible.
+      Page 148 Oeti corrected to Ceti.
+      Page 163 cometimes corrected to sometimes.
+
+    Inconsistencies retained:
+      Alphecca and Alphacca.
+      Gloria Frederika and Gloria Frederica.
+      Bull of Poniatowskio and Bull of Poniatowski.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's A Field Book of the Stars, by William Tyler Olcott
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A FIELD BOOK OF THE STARS ***
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+Project Gutenberg's A Field Book of the Stars, by William Tyler Olcott
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Field Book of the Stars
+
+Author: William Tyler Olcott
+
+Release Date: March 9, 2007 [EBook #20769]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A FIELD BOOK OF THE STARS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Audrey Longhurst, Christine D. and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  Transcriber's note:
+
+  The transcription schemes for characters that could not be used in a
+  plain text version of this text have been listed at the end of this
+  file under the heading Transcriber's Notes.
+
+
+  A FIELD BOOK
+  OF
+  THE STARS
+
+
+
+BY
+
+WILLIAM TYLER OLCOTT
+
+
+_Second Edition, revised and enlarged_
+
+
+WITH FIFTY DIAGRAMS
+
+
+
+  G.P. PUTNAM'S SONS
+  NEW YORK AND LONDON
+  The Knickerbocker Press
+
+  COPYRIGHT, 1907
+  BY
+  WILLIAM TYLER OLCOTT
+  COPYRIGHT, 1914
+  BY
+  WILLIAM TYLER OLCOTT
+  (For Second Edition)
+
+[Illustration: The Knickerbocker Press, New York]
+
+_Printed in the United States of America_
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+Considering the ease with which a knowledge of the constellations can
+be acquired, it seems a remarkable fact that so few are conversant
+with these time-honored configurations of the heavens. Aside from a
+knowledge of "the Dipper" and "the Pleiades," the constellations to
+the vast majority, are utterly unknown.
+
+To facilitate and popularize if possible this fascinating recreation
+of star-gazing the author has designed this field-book. It is limited
+in scope solely to that purpose, and all matter of a technical or
+theoretical nature has been omitted.
+
+The endeavor has been to include in these pages only such matter as
+the reader can observe with the naked eye, or an opera-glass.
+Simplicity and brevity have been aimed at, the main idea being that
+whatever is bulky or verbose is a hindrance rather than a help when
+actually engaged in the observation of the heavens.
+
+The constellations embraced in this manual are only those visible from
+the average latitude of the New England and Middle States, and owe
+their place in the particular season in which they are found to the
+fact that in that season they are favorably situated for observation.
+
+With this brief explanatory note of the purpose and design of the
+book, the author proceeds to outline the scheme of study.
+
+
+
+
+SCHEME OF STUDY.
+
+
+The table of contents shows the scheme of study to be pursued, and to
+facilitate the work it is desirable that the student follow the
+therein circumscribed order.
+
+A knowledge on the part of the reader of Ursa Major, or "the Dipper"
+as it is commonly called, and "the Pleiades," the well-known group in
+Taurus, is presupposed by the author.
+
+With this knowledge as a basis, the student is enabled in any season
+to take up the study of the constellations. By following out the order
+dictated, he will in a few nights of observation be enabled to
+identify the various configurations making up the several
+constellations that are set apart for study in that particular season.
+
+A large plate, showing the appearance of the heavens at a designated
+time on the first night of the quarter, is inserted before each
+season's work. This should be consulted by the student before he makes
+an observation, in order that he may obtain a comprehensive idea of
+the relative position of the constellations, and also know in what
+part of the heavens to locate the constellation which he wishes to
+identify.
+
+A knowledge of one constellation enables the student to determine the
+position of the next in order. In this work, the identification of
+each constellation depends on a knowledge of what precedes, always
+bearing in mind the fact that each season starts as a new and distinct
+part to be taken by itself, and has no bearing on that which comes
+before.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+                                                                PAGE
+
+  INTRODUCTION                                                   iii
+
+  SCHEME OF STUDY                                                  v
+
+
+  The Constellations of Spring.
+
+  MAP OF THE HEAVENS 9 P.M., APRIL FIRST                           3
+
+  1.  URSA MAJOR                                                   4
+
+  2.  URSA MINOR                                                   6
+      Located by the pointer stars in Ursa Major.
+
+  3.  GEMINI                                                       8
+      Located by a line drawn through designated stars
+      in Ursa Major.
+
+  4.  AURIGA                                                      10
+      Located in the same manner as Gemini.
+
+  5.  CANCER                                                      12
+      Located by a line drawn from Auriga to Gemini
+      and prolonged.
+
+  6.  HYDRA                                                       14
+      The head of Hydra is to be seen just below Cancer.
+
+  7.  LEO                                                         16
+      Located by a line drawn from Gemini to Cancer
+      and prolonged.
+
+  8.  COMA BERENICES                                              18
+      Position indicated by drawing a line through
+      designated stars in Leo.
+
+  9.  CANIS MINOR                                                 20
+      Located by a line drawn from Auriga to Gemini
+      and prolonged.
+
+  10. CORVUS                                                      22
+      Located by a line drawn from Ursa Minor through
+      Ursa Major and prolonged.
+
+  11. CRATER                                                      24
+      Located south of Leo and just west of Corvus.
+
+  METEORIC SHOWERS, APRIL TO JULY                                 26
+
+
+  The Constellations of Summer.
+
+  MAP OF THE HEAVENS 9 P.M., JULY FIRST                           31
+
+  12. DRACO                                                       32
+      Lies between Ursa Major and Ursa Minor, coiling
+      about the latter.
+
+  13. LYRA                                                        34
+      Vega, its brightest star, is 12� S.W. of the Dragon's
+      head.
+
+  14. CYGNUS                                                      36
+      Deneb, its brightest star, is about 20� east of Vega.
+
+  15. AQUILA                                                      38
+      Located by a line drawn from the Dragon's head
+      through Vega and prolonged.
+
+  16. DELPHINUS                                                   40
+      Located about 10� northeast of Altair in Aquila.
+
+  17. SAGITTARIUS                                                 42
+      Located by a line drawn from Cygnus to Aquila
+      and prolonged.
+
+  18. OPHIUCHUS AND SERPENS                                       44
+      Located by a line drawn from Delphinus to Aquila
+      and prolonged.
+
+  19. SCORPIUS                                                    46
+      Located just under Ophiuchus, and west of Sagittarius.
+
+  20. LIBRA                                                       48
+      Located about 15� west of the head of Scorpius.
+
+  21. CORONA BOREALIS                                             50
+      Located just above the head of Serpens.
+
+  22. HERCULES                                                    52
+      Located by lines drawn from either Vega or Altair
+      to Corona.
+
+  23. BO�TES                                                      54
+      Located just west of the Crown. Arcturus, its
+      brightest star, is about 30� southeast of [�] Ursae
+      Majoris.
+
+  24. VIRGO                                                       56
+      Spica, its brightest star, is located by a line drawn
+      from Antares in Scorpius through [a] in Libra and
+      prolonged about 20�.
+
+  25. CANES VENATICI                                              58
+      Cor Caroli, its brightest star, is about 17� south
+      of Alioth in Ursa Major.
+
+  METEORIC SHOWERS, JULY TO OCTOBER                               60
+
+
+  The Constellations of Autumn.
+
+  MAP OF THE HEAVENS 9 P.M., OCTOBER FIRST                        65
+
+  26. CASSIOPEIA                                                  66
+      Located by a line drawn from Ursa Major through
+      the Pole star, the position of which is indicated
+      by the pointer stars [a] and [b] Ursae Majoris.
+
+  27. CEPHEUS                                                     68
+      Located by pointer stars in Cassiopeia.
+
+  28. PEGASUS                                                     70
+      The great square of Pegasus is located by a line
+      drawn from Polaris to Cassiopeia and prolonged.
+
+  29. ANDROMEDA                                                   72
+      The star Alpheratz in Andromeda is at the northeast
+      corner of the great square of Pegasus.
+
+  30. PERSEUS                                                     74
+      Lies 9� east of [g] Andromedae.
+
+  31. PISCES                                                      76
+      The Circlet in Pisces is to be seen just below
+      Pegasus.
+
+  32. TRIANGULUM                                                  78
+      A line drawn from Pegasus to Perseus passes through
+      [b] in Triangulum.
+
+  33. AQUARIUS                                                    80
+      The position of the water jar of Aquarius is determined
+      by pointer stars in Pegasus.
+
+  34. CAPRICORNUS                                                 82
+      The head of the Sea Goat is located by a line drawn
+      from [a] Pegasi through [z] and [th] Pegasi and prolonged
+      about 25�.
+
+  35. ARIES                                                       84
+      Lies just south of Triangulum. A line drawn
+      from [g] Andromedae through [b] Trianguli points
+      out [a] Arietis.
+
+  36. CETUS                                                       86
+      The head of Cetus lies about 20� southeast of
+      Aries.
+
+  37. MUSCA                                                       88
+      Located between Triangulum and Aries.
+
+  METEORIC SHOWERS, OCTOBER TO JANUARY                            90
+
+
+  The Constellations of Winter.
+
+  MAP OF THE HEAVENS 9 P.M., JANUARY FIRST                        95
+
+  38. TAURUS                                                      96
+      Contains the celebrated and unmistakable group,
+      The Pleiades, to be seen almost overhead in
+      the early evening during the Winter months.
+
+  39. ORION                                                       98
+      The tips of the horns of the Bull are pointer stars
+      to Betelgeuze, in Orion.
+
+  40. LEPUS                                                      100
+      Located just below Orion.
+
+  41. COLUMBA                                                    102
+      Located south of Lepus, close to the horizon.
+
+  42. CANIS MAJOR                                                104
+      Located by a line drawn from the stars forming
+      Orion's girdle.
+
+  43. ARGO NAVIS                                                 106
+      Located by a line drawn from Orion to Canis
+      Major and prolonged 18�.
+
+  44. MONOCEROS                                                  108
+      Located just east of Orion.
+
+  45. ERIDANUS                                                   110
+      Located just west of Rigel, in Orion.
+
+  METEORIC SHOWERS, JANUARY TO APRIL                             112
+
+  THE PLANETS                                                    115
+
+  THE MILKY WAY                                                  124
+
+  THE MOTIONS OF THE STARS                                       126
+
+  METEORS, OR SHOOTING STARS                                     130
+
+  NAMES OF THE STARS AND THEIR MEANINGS                          133
+
+  INDEX                                                          159
+
+
+
+
+THE DIAGRAMS.
+
+
+The diagrams, it will be observed, are grouped under the seasons, and
+they indicate the positions of the constellations as they appear at 9
+o'clock P.M. in mid-season.
+
+To facilitate finding and observing the constellations, the student
+should face in the direction indicated in the text. This applies to
+all constellations excepting those near the zenith.
+
+The four large plates are so arranged that the observer is supposed to
+be looking at the southern skies. By turning the plate about from left
+to right, the eastern, northern, and western skies are shown
+successively.
+
+On many of the diagrams the position of nebul� is indicated. These are
+designated by the initial letter of the astronomer who catalogued
+them, preceded by his catalogue number, as for instance 8 M. signifies
+nebula number 8 in Messier's catalogue.
+
+The magnitudes assigned to the stars in the diagrams are derived from
+the Harvard Photometry. When a star is midway between two magnitudes
+the numeral is underlined, thus _2_, indicates a star of magnitude
+2.5.
+
+If a star's magnitude is between 1 and 1.5 it is regarded as a
+first-magnitude star. If it lies between 1.5 and 2 it is designated
+second magnitude.
+
+
+
+
+THE CONSTELLATIONS OF SPRING.
+
+[Illustration: Map showing the principal stars visible from Lat. 40�
+N. at 9 o'clock April 1st.]
+
+
+
+
+URSA MAJOR (er�sa m[=a]�-jor)--THE GREAT BEAR. (Face North.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--Ursa Major is probably the best known of the constellations,
+and in this work I presuppose that the reader is familiar with its
+position in the heavens. It is one of the most noted and conspicuous
+constellations in the northern hemisphere, and is readily and
+unmistakably distinguished from all others by means of a remarkable
+cluster of seven bright stars in the northern heavens, forming what is
+familiarly termed "The Dipper."
+
+The stars [a] and [b] are called the pointers, because they always
+point toward the Pole Star, 28�� distant from [a].
+
+Alioth is very nearly opposite Shedir in Cassiopeia, and at an equal
+distance from the Pole. The same can be said of Megres, in Ursa Major,
+and Caph, in Cassiopeia.
+
+The star [o] is at the tip of the Bear's nose. A clearly defined
+semicircle begins at [o] and ends in the pair [i] and [k] at the
+extremity of the Bear's right fore paw. This group of stars resembles
+a sickle. Note little Alcor close to Mizar. This star was used by the
+Arabs as a test of good eyesight.
+
+Mizar and Alcor are known as the horse and his rider.
+
+This plate shows the Bear lying on his back, his feet projected up the
+sky; three conspicuous pairs of stars represent three of his four
+feet.
+
+The Chaldean shepherds and the Iroquois Indians gave to this
+constellation the same name. The Egyptians called it "The Thigh."
+
+[a] and [�] are moving through space in a contrary direction to the
+remaining five stars in "The Dipper."
+
+[Illustration: URSA MAJOR]
+
+
+
+
+URSA MINOR (er�-sa mi�-nor)--THE LITTLE BEAR. (Face North.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--The two pointer stars in Ursa Major indicate the position
+of Polaris, the North Star, which represents the tip of the tail of
+the Little Bear, and the end of the handle of the "Little Dipper." In
+all ages of the world, Ursa Minor has been more universally observed
+and more carefully noticed than any other constellation, on account of
+the importance of the North Star.
+
+Polaris is a little more than 1�� from the true pole. Its light
+takes fifty years to reach us.
+
+A line joining [b] Cassiopei�, and Megres, in Ursa Major, will pass
+through Polaris.
+
+At the distance of the nearest fixed star our sun would shine as a
+star no brighter than Polaris which is presumably about the sun's
+size.
+
+Polaris revolves around the true pole once in twenty-four hours in a
+little circle 2�� in diameter. Within this circle two hundred stars
+have been photographed.
+
+The North Star is always elevated as many degrees above the horizon as
+the observer is north of the equator.
+
+Compare the light of the four stars forming the bowl of the "Little
+Dipper," as they are each of a different magnitude. A standard
+first-magnitude star is 2� times brighter than a standard second
+magnitude star, etc.
+
+[Illustration: URSA MINOR]
+
+
+
+
+GEMINI (jem�-i-ni)--THE TWINS. (Face West.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--A line drawn from [b] to [k] Urs� Majoris and prolonged an
+equal distance ends near Castor, in Gemini. Gemini is characterized by
+two nearly parallel rows of stars. The northern row if extended would
+reach Taurus, the southern one Orion. Note the fine cluster 35 M.
+Herschel discovered Uranus in 1781 a short distance southwest of it.
+Two wonderful streams of little stars run parallel northwest on each
+side of the cluster. Where the ecliptic crosses the solstitial colure
+is the spot where the sun appears to be when it is farthest north of
+the equator, June 21st. Castor is a fine double for a telescope, and
+Pollux has three little attendant stars. An isoceles triangle is
+formed by Castor, Aldebaran in Taurus, and Capella in Auriga. There is
+a record of an occultation in Gemini noted about the middle of the
+fourth century B.C.
+
+The Arabs saw in this group of stars two peacocks, the Egyptians two
+sprouting plants, and the Hindus twin deities, while in the Buddhist
+zodiac they represented a woman holding a golden cord. Since classic
+times, however, the figure has always been that of human twins.
+
+At the point indicated near [th] a new star was discovered by Enebo in
+March, 1912. It attained a maximum of about magnitude 3.5 and has at
+this writing waned to the eleventh magnitude.
+
+[Illustration: GEMINI]
+
+
+
+
+AURIGA (�-ri�-ga)--THE CHARIOTEER. (Face Northwest.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--A line drawn from [d] to [a] Urs� Majoris, and prolonged
+about 45�, ends near the bright Capella, in Auriga, a star of the
+first magnitude, and one of the most brilliant in the heavens. It is
+unmistakable, having no rival in brightness near it. Auriga is a
+beautiful and conspicuous constellation. It is characterized by a
+clearly defined pentagon. Note the three fourth-magnitude stars near
+Capella known as "The Kids." The star [b] is common to Auriga and
+Taurus, being the former's right foot and the latter's northern horn.
+The field within the pentagon is particularly rich in clusters.
+Capella forms a rude square with Polaris, [e] Cassiopei�, and [o] Urs�
+Majoris, and forms an equilateral triangle with Betelgeuze in Orion,
+and the Pleiades in Taurus.
+
+A line from [th] to [a] Aurig� prolonged about 20� ends near [a]
+Persei.
+
+Capella is visible at some hour of every clear night throughout the
+year. Of the first-magnitude stars it is nearest to the Pole, and it
+rises almost exactly in the northeast.
+
+To the Arabs Capella was "The Driver," because it seemed to rise
+earlier than the other stars and so apparently watched over them, or
+still more practically as "The Singer" who rode before the procession
+cheering on the camels, which last were represented by the Pleiades.
+
+[Illustration: AURIGA]
+
+
+
+
+CANCER (kan�-ser)--THE CRAB. (Face West.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--Cancer lies between Gemini and Leo. A line drawn from Nath
+in Auriga to Pollux in Gemini, and prolonged about 15�, ends in
+Pr�sepe, the Manger, the great star cluster in Cancer, which is also
+called "The Bee Hive." It contains 300 stars. The stars [g] and [d]
+are called the Aselli--the ass's colts feeding from the silver manger.
+
+The star [b] lies about 10� northeast of Procyon. Acubens, [a] lies on
+the same line the same distance beyond [b]. These two stars form the
+tips of the inverted "Y" which distinguishes Cancer.
+
+An imaginary line from Capella through Pollux will point out Acubens.
+Close to it are two faint stars. The Bee Hive lies within an irregular
+square formed by [g], [d], [�], and [th], and looks like a nebula to
+the naked eye.
+
+In June, 1895, all the planets except Neptune were in this quarter of
+the heavens, and Halley's comet was in this constellation on its first
+appearance in 1531.
+
+The dimness of [g] and [d] is an infallible precursor of rain, and if
+the Bee Hive is not visible in a clear sky, it is a presage of a
+violent storm.
+
+[Illustration: CANCER]
+
+
+
+
+HYDRA (hi�-dra)--THE SEA-SERPENT. (Face South and Southwest.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--The head of Hydra, a striking and beautiful arrangement of
+stars, lies just below the Bee Hive, in Cancer, 6� south of Acubens in
+that constellation, and forms a rhomboidal figure of five stars.
+
+Hydra is about 100� in length and reaches almost from Canis Minor to
+Libra. Its stars are all faint except Alphard, or the Hydra's heart, a
+second-magnitude star remarkable for its lonely situation, southwest
+of Regulus, in Leo. A line drawn from [g] Leonis through Regulus
+points it out. It is of a rich orange tint. Castor and Pollux, in
+Gemini, point southeast to it.
+
+The constellations Crater, the Cup, and Corvus, the Crow, both stand
+on the coils of Hydra, south of Denebola, the bright star in the tail
+of the Lion.
+
+Hydra is supposed to be the snake shown on a uranographic stone from
+the Euphrates, 1200 B.C.
+
+The little asterism Sextans, the Sextant, lies in the region between
+Regulus and Alphard. It contains no stars brighter than the fourth
+magnitude.
+
+[Illustration: HYDRA]
+
+
+
+
+LEO (le�o)--THE LION. (Face South.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--A line drawn from Pollux, in Gemini, to [g] in Cancer, and
+prolonged about 12�, strikes Regulus, the brilliant star in the heart
+of the Lion. Regulus lies about 9� east of Acubens, in Cancer, and
+about 12� northeast of Alphard, in the heart of Hydra.
+
+Leo is one of the most beautiful constellations in the zodiac. It lies
+south of the Great Bear, and its principal stars are arranged in the
+form of a sickle which nearly outlines the Lion's head. This group is
+so striking as to be unmistakable. Regulus is in the handle of the
+sickle. It is one of the stars from which longitude is reckoned, lies
+almost exactly on the ecliptic, and is visible for eight months in the
+year.
+
+Denebola, the bright star in the Lion's tail, lies 25� east of
+Regulus, and about 35� west of Arcturus, in Bo�tes. It is the same
+distance northwest of Spica, in Virgo, and forms with Spica and
+Arcturus a large equilateral triangle.
+
+[z] is double, and has three faint companion stars.
+
+[e] has two seventh-magnitude companion stars, forming a beautiful
+little triangle.
+
+Regulus is white in color, [g] yellow, [p] red.
+
+[g] is a beautiful colored telescopic double star and has a companion
+visible in an opera-glass.
+
+The figure of Leo very much as we now have it appears in all the
+Indian and Egyptian zodiacs.
+
+[Illustration: LEO
+
+THE SICKLE]
+
+
+
+
+COMA BERENICES (k[=o]�-ma ber-e-ni�-sez)--BERENICE'S HAIR.
+
+
+LOCATION.--A line drawn from Regulus to Zosma, in Leo, and prolonged
+an equal distance, strikes this fine cluster, which is 18� northeast
+of Zosma, [d] Leonis.
+
+The group lies well within a triangle formed by Denebola, Arcturus, in
+Bo�tes, and Cor Caroli, in Canes Venatici, which triangle is the upper
+half of the Diamond of Virgo.
+
+Twenty or thirty stars in this group can be counted with an
+opera-glass, and the group can be easily distinguished with the naked
+eye, when the moon is not visible.
+
+The first half of the month of April can be called the most brilliant
+sidereal period of the year. At this time eleven first-magnitude stars
+are visible in this latitude at 9 P.M. From east to west they are:
+Vega, Arcturus, Spica, Regulus, Pollux, Procyon, Sirius, Capella,
+Aldebaran, Betelgeuze, and Rigel, truly a glorious company, an
+incomparable sight.
+
+[Illustration: COMA BERENICES]
+
+
+
+
+CANIS MINOR (k[=a]�-nis mi�-nor)--THE LESSER DOG. (Face West.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--Procyon, the Little Dog Star, lies about 23� south of
+Pollux, in Gemini. A line drawn from Nath, in Auriga, to Alhena, in
+Gemini, and prolonged about 18�, reaches Procyon.
+
+Procyon is equidistant from Betelgeuze in Orion, and Sirius in Canis
+Major, and forms with them an equilateral triangle. It forms a large
+right-angled triangle with Pollux and Betelgeuze.
+
+The light from Procyon is golden yellow. Four degrees northwest of it
+is the third-magnitude star Gomeisa. The glass shows two small stars
+forming a right-angled triangle with it.
+
+Procyon was distinctly mentioned by Ptolemy. It rises in this latitude
+a little north of east about half an hour before Sirius, the Dog Star,
+hence it was called Procyon from two Greek words which signify "before
+the dog."
+
+Procyon is one of our nearest neighbors in space, at a distance of ten
+light years, and is attended by a very faint companion which is only
+visible in the largest telescopes.
+
+[Illustration: CANIS MINOR]
+
+
+
+
+CORVUS (k�r�-vus)--THE CROW. (Face South.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--A line drawn from the Bee Hive, in Cancer, through Regulus,
+in Leo, and prolonged about 40�, ends near the conspicuous
+quadrilateral which distinguishes Corvus. The brightest star in this
+region of the sky is Spica, in Virgo. It lies about 10� northeast of
+Algorab.
+
+[z] is a double star for an opera-glass. A faint pair of stars lie
+close below and to the west of [b]. The Crow is represented as
+standing on, and pecking at, the coils of Hydra. The star Al Chiba is
+in the Crow's bill.
+
+Corvus was known as the Raven in Chaucer's time.
+
+[d] is an interesting telescopic double.
+
+A line drawn from [g] to [b] Corvi and prolonged twice its length
+locates the third-magnitude star [i] Centauri in the right shoulder of
+the Centaur. The brightest stars in this constellation are not visible
+in this latitude.
+
+[Illustration: CORVUS]
+
+
+
+
+CRATER (kr[=a]�-ter)--THE CUP. (Face South.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--Crater is situated 15� west of Corvus, and due south of
+[th] Leonis. It is easily distinguished by reason of a beautiful and
+very striking semicircle of six stars of the fourth magnitude, forming
+the bowl of the cup.
+
+The constellation resembles a goblet with its base resting on the
+coils of Hydra.
+
+The star Alkes is common to Hydra and Crater, and may be seen 24�
+southeast of Alphard in the heart of Hydra. It is distinguished by its
+forming an equilateral triangle with [a] and [g], stars of the same
+magnitude 6� south and east of it.
+
+Corvus and Crater are to be seen half-way up the southern sky during
+the early evenings in spring.
+
+[d] is now the lucida.
+
+Crater is situated at about the centre of Hydra and is on the
+meridian, April 26th. Owing to its many faint stars it is best seen on
+a clear moonless night.
+
+The zodiacal light is well worth observing at this season of the year.
+It is to be seen in the western sky shortly after sundown, and is most
+intense during the evenings of March.
+
+[Illustration: CRATER]
+
+
+
+
+METEORIC SHOWERS.
+
+APRIL TO JULY.
+
+
+  +--------------------+---------+--------------------+---------------+-------------+--------+
+  |                    |         |                    |               | Other Dates |        |
+  | Name of Shower     | Date    |   Radiant Point    |Characteristics|      of     |Location|
+  |                    |         |                    |               | Observation |        |
+  +--------------------+---------+--------------------+---------------+-------------+--------+
+  |     Beta or Mu     |Apr. 9-16| The Dragon's head  |               |             |  N.E.  |
+  |     Draconids      | Apr. 18 |                    |     Sw. F.    |  Apr. 17-25 |        |
+  |  Beta Serpentids   |         | The Serpent's head |               |             |  S.E.  |
+  +--------------------+---------+--------------------+---------------+-------------+--------+
+  |      Lyrids,       |         |   About 10� from   |               |             |        |
+  |    rich shower     | Apr. 20 |    Vega toward     |    V. Sw.     |             |  N.E.  |
+  |                    |         |      Hercules      |               |             |        |
+  +--------------------+---------+--------------------+---------------+-------------+--------+
+  |   Eta Aquarids,    |  May 6  |   Near the Water   |    Sw. Sk.    | After 2 A.M.|   E.   |
+  | fine annual shower |         |        Jar         |               |             |        |
+  +--------------------+---------+--------------------+---------------+-------------+--------+
+  |   Alpha Coronids,  | May 11  |     Near Gemma     |    Sl. F.     |  May 7-18   |   N.   |
+  |well defined in 1885|         |  ([a]) Coron� B.   |               |             |        |
+  +--------------------+---------+--------------------+---------------+-------------+--------+
+  |   Iota Pegasids,   |         |   Between Cygnus   |    Sw. Sk.    |   May 29-   |        |
+  |well defined shower | May 30  |   and the Great    |               |June 4 after |  N.E.  |
+  |                    |         |       Square       |               |   10 P.M.   |        |
+  +--------------------+---------+--------------------+---------------+-------------+--------+
+  |  Beta Herculids    | June 7  |  Near the Crown    |    Sl. B.     | A fire ball |  S.E.  |
+  |                    |         | About 8�S. of Ras  |               |   radiant   |        |
+  |  Beta Ophiuchids   | June 10 |      Alhague       |      Sl.      | June 10, 13 |  S.E.  |
+  +--------------------+---------+--------------------+---------------+-------------+--------+
+  |   Delta Cepheids   | June 20 |  About 13� from    |               | June 10-28, |        |
+  |                    |         | ([b]) Cassiopei�   |      Sw.      |July 19, Aug.|   N.   |
+  |                    |         |                    |               |  25, etc.   |        |
+  +--------------------+---------+--------------------+---------------+-------------+--------+
+
+The Abbreviations under _Characteristics_ are as follows:
+
+ V.--very.
+ M.--moderately.
+ Sw.--swift.
+ Sl.--slow.
+ Sh.--short.
+ B.--bright.
+ F.--faint.
+ Sk.--streak-leaving meteors.
+ T.--train-leaving meteors.
+
+
+
+
+THE CONSTELLATIONS OF SUMMER.
+
+[Illustration: Maps showing the principal stars visible from Lat. 40�
+N. at 9 o'clock, July first.]
+
+
+
+
+DRACO (dr[=a]�-ko)--THE DRAGON. (Face North.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--About 10� from [a] Urs� Majoris--from [a] to [d] is
+10�--slightly south of, that is above, the line from [a] to Polaris,
+is Giansar, [l] in the tip of the Dragon's tail. Above [l], and almost
+in line with it, are two more stars in Draco, which form with two
+stars in Ursa Major a quadrilateral. (See diagram.) Draco now curves
+sharply eastward, coiling about the Little Bear as shown, then turns
+abruptly southerly, ending in a characteristic and clearly defined
+group of four stars, forming an irregular square, representing the
+Dragon's head. This group is almost overhead in the early evening in
+summer. The star in the heel of Hercules lies just south of the
+Dragon's head. The brilliant Vega will be seen about overhead, 12�
+southwest of the Dragon's head. Eltanin, one of the Dragon's eyes, is
+noted for its connection with the discovery of the law of aberration
+of light. It is of an orange hue, while the star [b], near it, is
+white. Note Thuban, once the Pole Star, at one corner of a
+quadrilateral that Draco forms with Ursa Major.
+
+Thuban could be seen by day or night from the bottom of the central
+passage of several of the Pyramids in Egypt.
+
+The rising of Eltanin was visible about thirty-five hundred years B.C.
+through the central passages of the temples of Hathor at Denderah. The
+Egyptians called Draco "The Hippopotamus."
+
+Vega and the four stars in the Dragon's head offer an opportunity to
+compare the first five stellar magnitudes with which all should be
+familiar.
+
+[Illustration: DRACO]
+
+
+
+
+LYRA (l[=i]�-ra)--THE LYRE.
+
+
+LOCATION.--Lyra may be easily distinguished because of the brilliant
+Vega, its brightest star, which is situated about 12� southwest of the
+Dragon's head. It is unmistakable, as it is the brightest star in this
+region of the heavens, and the third brightest in this latitude. In
+July and August Vega is close to the zenith in the early evening.
+
+The six bright stars in Lyra form an equilateral triangle on one
+corner of a rhomboid. A very characteristic figure.
+
+[e] is a pretty double for an opera-glass, and a 3" glass reveals the
+duplicity of each star of this pair. [e] is therefore a double double.
+
+[z] is a double for a good glass.
+
+[b] is a variable, changing from magnitude 3.4 to 4.4 in twelve days.
+At its brightest it is about equal to its near neighbor [g] Lyr�.
+
+The noted ring nebula lies between [b] and [g]. A 3" glass reveals it
+but a powerful telescope is required to render its details visible.
+
+If the distance from the earth to the sun equalled one inch, the
+distance from the earth to Vega would be 158 miles.
+
+Vega was the first star to be photographed, in 1850. It is visible at
+some hour every clear night, and has been called the arc-light of the
+sky. Its light has the bluish-white hue that suggests "a diamond in
+the sky."
+
+The spectroscope reveals that Vega is a star probably only in its
+infancy, as hydrogen is its predominating element.
+
+[Illustration: LYRA]
+
+
+
+
+CYGNUS (sig�-nus)--THE SWAN, OR THE NORTHERN CROSS.
+
+
+LOCATION.--Deneb, the brightest star in Cygnus, is at the top of the
+cross, and a little over 20� east of Vega. It forms a triangle with
+Vega and Altair in Aquila--Altair being at the apex, about 35� from
+Deneb and Vega.
+
+[b] Cygni is at the base of the cross, and a line drawn from Vega to
+Altair nearly touches it. It is a beautiful colored double for a small
+telescope.
+
+Note "61," one of the nearest stars to us. It was the first star whose
+distance was measured (by Bessel in 1838). It is a double star and
+10.4 light years distant.
+
+The cross is nearly perfect and easily traced out. It lies almost
+wholly in the Milky Way.
+
+Note "The Coal Sack," one of the dark gap in the Milky Way.
+
+Cygnus contains an unusual number of deeply colored stars and variable
+stars.
+
+[o] Cygni has a sixth-magnitude companion, and [g] is in the midst of
+a beautiful stream of faint stars.
+
+This region is perhaps richer than any similar extent in the heavens.
+An opera-glass will reveal many of its beauties.
+
+Herschel counted 331,000 stars in an area of only 5� in Cygnus.
+
+[Illustration: CYGNUS]
+
+
+
+
+AQUILA (ak�-wi-l�)--THE EAGLE, AND ANTINO�S. (Face Southeast.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--Half-way up the sky in the Milky Way, you will see three
+stars in a line, the middle one much brighter than the other two. This
+bright star is Altair, in Aquila. It forms with Vega and Deneb an
+isosceles triangle. Altair is at the apex, about 35� from the other
+two. A triangle is formed by Vega, Altair, and Ras Alhague, in the
+Serpent Bearer, which is about 30� west of Altair.
+
+This is a double constellation composed of Aquila and Antino�s. Altair
+is in the neck of the Eagle, Alschain in the head of Antino�s.
+
+When the moon is absent, a rude arrowhead can be traced out, embracing
+almost all the stars in Aquila.
+
+[�] is an interesting variable star, changing from magnitude 3.5 to
+4.7 and back again within a period of 7 days 4 hours 12 minutes.
+
+Altair rises about 8� north of the exact eastern point on the horizon.
+
+In A.D. 389 a wonderful temporary star flashed out near Altair that
+equalled Venus in brightness and vanished within three weeks' time.
+
+[Illustration: AQUILA
+
+ANTINO�S]
+
+
+
+
+DELPHINUS (del-fi�-nus)--THE DOLPHIN, OR JOB'S COFFIN. (Face
+Southeast.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--The little cluster of five stars forming Delphinus is to be
+seen about 10� northeast of Altair, and, though there are no bright
+stars in the group, it can hardly escape notice. A line drawn from
+Vega to Albireo, and prolonged about 20�, strikes the star [e] in the
+tail of the Dolphin. The four other stars of prominence in the
+constellation are a little above [e], and form a diamond-shaped
+figure.
+
+The little asterisms Sagitta, the Arrow, and Vulpecula and Anser, the
+Fox and Goose, are shown just above Delphinus.
+
+Delphinus is also called Job's Coffin. The origin of this appellation
+is unknown.
+
+In Greece, Delphinus was the Sacred Fish, the sky emblem of
+philanthropy. The Arabs called it the "Riding Camel."
+
+The star [g] Delphini is a fine double for a small telescope with a
+marked and beautiful contrast of colors.
+
+The names for [a] and [b] reversed spell "Nicolaus Venator," the
+Latinized name of the assistant to the astronomer Piazzi.
+
+[Illustration: DELPHINUS]
+
+
+
+
+SAGITTARIUS (saj-i-t[=a]-ri-us)--THE ARCHER. (Face South.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--A line drawn from Deneb, in Cygnus, to Altair, in Aquila,
+and prolonged an equal distance, terminates in Sagittarius about 10�
+east of its distinguishing characteristic, the Milk Dipper.
+Sagittarius is one of the signs of the zodiac, and lies between
+Capricornus, on the east, and Scorpius, on the west.
+
+The bow is easily traced out. [g] marks the arrow's tip.
+
+Note the star [m], which serves to point out the Winter Solstice,
+where the solstitial colure intersects the ecliptic.
+
+On a clear night, the pretty cluster known as Corona Australis, the
+Southern Crown, can be seen about 10� below the bowl of the Milk
+Dipper. Its lucida, the fourth-magnitude star Alfecca Meridiana
+culminates at 9 P.M., August 13th.
+
+Sagittarius is about due south, in a splendid position for
+observation, during the month of July, between the hours of
+nine-thirty and eleven o'clock P.M.
+
+Observe with an opera-glass the fine clusters 20 M. and 8 M., also an
+almost circular black void near the stars [g] and [d], and to the east
+of this spot another of narrow crescent form.
+
+The stars [ph] and [z] in the Milk Dipper are moving in opposite
+directions. Future generations therefore will not have this
+time-honored figure to guide them in locating the Archer in their
+summer night skies.
+
+[Illustration: SAGITTARIUS]
+
+
+
+
+OPHIUCHUS (of-i-[=u]-kus)--THE SERPENT BEARER, AND SERPENS. (Face
+Southwest.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--A line drawn from [e] Delphini to [g] Aquil�, prolonged
+about 30�, strikes the star Ras Alhague, the brightest star in the
+constellation and the head of Ophiuchus. It is at one angle of an
+isosceles triangle, of which Altair is at the apex, and Vega the third
+angle.
+
+Two constellations are here combined. Ophiuchus is represented as an
+old man, holding in his hands a writhing serpent.
+
+Ras Algethi, marking the head of Hercules, lies just west of Ras
+Alhague.
+
+Equally distant southeast and southwest of Ras Alhague are to be seen
+two stars close together, representing the shoulders of Ophiuchus. His
+foot rests on the Scorpion just above Antares.
+
+The head of Serpens is the star group in the form of an "X" just below
+the Crown.
+
+1604 indicates the spot where in that year a famous temporary star
+appeared, called Kepler's star.
+
+Note the asterism the "Bull of Poniatowski" just east of [g]. The star
+marked 70 is one of the most distant stars for which a parallax has
+been obtained. Its distance from the earth = 1,300,000 radii of the
+earth's orbit, or 120 quadrillion miles.
+
+There is something remarkable in the central position of this gigantic
+figure. It is situated almost exactly in the mid-heavens, being nearly
+equidistant from the poles, and midway between the vernal and autumnal
+equinoxes.
+
+[Illustration: OPHIUCHUS
+
+SERPENS]
+
+
+
+
+SCORPIUS (sk�r�-pi-us)--THE SCORPION. (Face South.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--Scorpius, one of the signs of the zodiac, is a beautiful
+star group, and one that is easily traced out. It lies just under the
+Serpent Bearer, between Sagittarius and Libra.
+
+The resemblance to a Scorpion is not difficult to see, hence this
+constellation is perhaps the most aptly named of any.
+
+The ruddy star Antares, the brightest star in the constellation, is in
+the heart of the Scorpion. It lies about 40� southwest of Ras Alhague,
+in Ophiuchus, and a little over 20� west of the bow of Sagittarius.
+The fact that it is the most brilliant star in this region of the sky
+renders its identity unmistakable. It is one of the reddest stars in
+the firmament.
+
+There are several star clusters and double stars to be seen in this
+constellation. Their position is indicated in the diagram.
+
+The curved tail of the Scorpion is very conspicuous. [l] and [y] are a
+striking pair and the fine clusters above them can be seen with the
+naked eye.
+
+A record of a lunar occultation of [b] Scorpii in 295 B.C. is extant.
+
+Note a pair just below [b]. They are known as [�]^1 and [�]^2.
+
+In this region of the sky have appeared many of the brilliant
+temporary stars, the first one in astronomical annals being discovered
+in 134 B.C.
+
+Scorpius is mentioned by all the early writers on astronomy and is
+supposed to be so named because in Egypt it was a sickly time of the
+year when the sun entered this sign.
+
+[Illustration: SCORPIUS]
+
+
+
+
+LIBRA (l[=i]�-bra)--THE SCALES. (Face Southwest.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--Libra is one of the signs of the zodiac, and lies between
+Virgo and Scorpius. Its two chief stars, [a] and [b], may be
+recognized west of and above the head of the Scorpion.
+
+The star [i] Libr� is about 20� northwest of Antares in the Scorpion.
+Spica in Virgo, a star of the first magnitude, is a little over 20�
+northwest of [a] Libr�.
+
+A quadrilateral is formed by the stars [a], [b], [g], [e], which
+characterizes the constellation.
+
+The star [a] Libr� looks elongated. An opera-glass shows that it has a
+fifth-magnitude companion.
+
+[b] is a pale green star. Its color is very unusual.
+
+Lyra, Corona, and Hercules are almost directly overhead in the early
+evening, during July and August, and can best be observed in a
+reclining position. Thus placed, with an opera-glass to assist the
+vision, you may study to the best advantage the wonderful sight spread
+out before you, and search depths only measured by the power of your
+glass.
+
+When the sun enters the sign Libra the days and nights are equal all
+over the world and seem to observe a certain equilibrium like a
+balance, hence the name of the constellation.
+
+[Illustration: LIBRA]
+
+
+
+
+CORONA BOREALIS (k[=o]-r[=o]�n� b[=o]-r[=e]-a�-lis)--THE NORTHERN
+CROWN.
+
+
+LOCATION.--A line drawn from [a] Cygni, to [a] Lyr�, and projected a
+little over 40�, terminates in the Crown, which lies between Hercules
+and Bo�tes, and just above the diamond-shaped group of stars in the
+head of the Serpent.
+
+The characteristic semicircle resembling a crown is easily traced out.
+The principal stars are of the fourth magnitude excepting Gemma, which
+is a second-magnitude star and known as the "Pearl of the Crown."
+
+Gemma, sometimes called Alphacca, forms with the stars Seginus and
+Arcturus, in Bo�tes, an isosceles triangle, the vertex of which is at
+Arcturus.
+
+Close to [e] a famous temporary appeared suddenly May 12, 1866, as a
+second-magnitude star. It was known as the "Blaze Star" and was
+visible to the naked eye only eight days, fading at that time to a
+tenth-magnitude star, and then rising to an eighth-magnitude, where it
+still remains.
+
+The native Australians called this constellation "The Boomerang." To
+the Hebrews it was "Ataroth" and by this name it is known in the East
+to-day. No two of the seven stars composing the Crown are moving in
+the same direction or at the same rate.
+
+[a] Coron� is seventy-eight light years distant and sixty times
+brighter than the sun.
+
+[Illustration: CORONA BOREALIS]
+
+
+
+
+HERCULES (her�-k[=u]-l[=e]z)--THE KNEELER.
+
+
+LOCATION.--A line drawn from either Vega, in Lyra, or Altair, in
+Aquila, to Gemma, in Corona Borealis, passes through this
+constellation. The left foot of Hercules rests on the head of Draco,
+on the north, and his head nearly touches the head of Ophiuchus on the
+south.
+
+The star in the head of Hercules, Ras Algethi, is about 25� southeast
+of Corona Borealis.
+
+[a] Ophiuchi and [a] Herculis are only about 5� apart.
+
+The cluster 13 M., the Halley Nebula, can be easily seen in an
+opera-glass. In a recent photograph of this cluster 50,000 stars are
+shown in an area of sky which would be entirely covered by the full
+moon.
+
+Hercules occupies the part of the heavens toward which the sun is
+bearing the earth and planets at the rate of twelve miles a second or
+373 million miles a year.
+
+On a clear night the asterism Cerberus, the three-headed dog, which
+Hercules holds in his hand, can be seen.
+
+This constellation is said to have been an object of worship in
+Phoenicia. There is a good deal of mystery about its origin. The
+ancient Greeks called it "The Phantom" and "The Man upon his Knees."
+
+The stars [e], [z], [�], and [p] form a keystone shaped figure that
+serves to identify the constellation.
+
+[Illustration: HERCULES]
+
+
+
+
+BO�TES (b[=o]-[=o]�t[=e]z)--THE HERDSMAN, OR BEAR DRIVER. (Face West.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--Bo�tes lies just west of the Crown, and east of Cor Caroli.
+It may be easily distinguished by the position and splendor of its
+principal star, Arcturus, which shines with a golden yellow lustre. It
+is about 35� east of Denebola, in Leo, and nearly as far north of
+Spica, in Virgo, and forms with these two a large equilateral
+triangle. A line drawn from [z] to [�] Urs� Majoris and prolonged
+about 30� locates it, as does one from [d] Herculis to [g] Coron�
+prolonged its length.
+
+The brightest stars in Bo�tes outline a characteristic kite-shaped
+figure. Arcturus is mentioned in the Book of Job and is often referred
+to as "The Star of Job."
+
+Three stars of the fourth magnitude are situated in the right hand.
+They are about 5� north of [�] Urs� Majoris.
+
+Contrast the color of Arcturus with Spica, Antares, and Vega.
+
+The trapezium [b], [g], [d], and [m], was called "The Female Wolves,"
+by the Arabians; [th], [i], [k] and [l], "The Whelps of the Hyenas."
+They knew the constellation as "The Vociferator."
+
+Arcturus is the fourth brightest star in the northern hemisphere. It
+is 1000 times the size of our sun and rushes through space toward
+Virgo at the astounding rate of ninety miles a second. It is forty
+light years distant.
+
+The ancient Greeks called this constellation "Lycaon," a name which
+signifies a Wolf. The Hebrew name for it was "The Barking Dog."
+
+[Illustration: BO�TES]
+
+
+
+
+VIRGO (ver�-g[=o])--THE VIRGIN. (Face West.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--An imaginary line drawn from Antares in Scorpius through
+[a] Libr� and prolonged a little over 20� strikes Spica, the brightest
+star in Virgo, which star is about 30� southwest of Arcturus.
+
+Arcturus, Cor Caroli, Denebola, and Spica form a figure about 50� in
+length, called the Diamond of Virgo.
+
+The equator, ecliptic, and equinoctial colure intersect each other at
+a point close to the star [�]. This is called the autumnal equinox.
+
+The star [e] is known as the "Grape Gatherer." It is observed to rise
+just before the sun at vintage time.
+
+Within the rude square formed by Denebola, and [e], [g], and [b],
+Virginis, the telescope reveals many wonderful nebul�; hence this
+region of the sky has been called "The Field of the Nebula."
+
+Spica is an extremely beautiful pure white star. It rises a very
+little south of the exact eastern point on the horizon.
+
+[g] is a fine double star for a small telescope.
+
+Virgo is mentioned by the astronomers of all ages. By the Egyptians it
+was intended to represent the goddess Isis, and the Greeks knew it as
+Ceres. Spica represents the ear of corn held in the Virgin's left
+hand.
+
+[Illustration: VIRGO]
+
+
+
+
+CANES VENATICI (k[=a]�-n[=e]z ve-nat�-i-c[=i])--THE HUNTING DOGS.
+(Face Northwest.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--Cor Caroli, the bright star in this constellation, when on
+the meridian is about 17� south of [e] Urs� Majoris. A line drawn from
+[�] Urs� Majoris, through Berenice's Hair, to Denebola, in Leo, passes
+through it.
+
+The dogs, Asterion and Chara, are represented as being held in leash
+by Bo�tes, the herdsman, in his pursuit of the Great Bear.
+
+Cor Caroli is in the southern hound, Chara, and represents the heart
+of Charles II of England. It is a beautiful double star in a small
+telescope.
+
+The so-called "Diamond of Virgo," is clearly shown on this plate. It
+is formed by connecting with lines the stars Cor Caroli, Denebola,
+Spica, and Arcturus.
+
+The fifth-magnitude star La Superba, about 7� north and 2�� west of
+Cor Caroli, is especially noteworthy because of the flashing
+brilliancy of its prismatic rays.
+
+[Illustration: CANES VENATICI]
+
+
+
+
+METEORIC SHOWERS.
+
+JULY TO OCTOBER.
+
+
+  +---------------+--------+----------------+---------------+----------------+--------+
+  |               |        |                |               |   Other Dates  |        |
+  |Name of Shower |  Date  | Radiant Point  |Characteristics|       of       |Location|
+  |               |        |                |               | of Observation |        |
+  +---------------+--------+----------------+---------------+----------------+--------+
+  |               |        |   Between      |               | June 13-July 7 |        |
+  |Vulpeculids or | July 4 |  Cygnus and    |     Sw.       |    Apr. 20,    |  E.    |
+  | Eta Sagittids |        |   Delphinus    |               |     May 30     |        |
+  +---------------+--------+----------------+---------------+----------------+--------+
+  |               |        |  Near Deneb    |               |  July 11-19,   |        |
+  |   Cygnids     |July 19 |  ([a]) Cygni   |  Sh. Sw. F.   |  Aug. 22, July |  E.    |
+  |               |        |                |               |  6-Aug. 16     |        |
+  +---------------+--------+----------------+---------------+----------------+--------+
+  |               |        | Between ([a])  |  Sw. B. Sk.   | July 23-Aug. 4 |        |
+  |  ([a])-([b])  |July 25 |      and       |    after      |    Sept. 15,   |  N.E.  |
+  |   Perseids    |        | ([b]) Persei   |    10 P.M.    |     Nov. 13    |        |
+  +---------------+--------+----------------+---------------+----------------+--------+
+  |  Aquarids, a  |        |    Near the    |               |                |        |
+  |  conspicuous  |July 28 |  water jar of  |   Sl. B.      |                |  E.    |
+  |   shower      |        |    Aquarius    |               |                |        |
+  +---------------+--------+----------------+---------------+----------------+--------+
+  |Perseids, fine |Aug. 10 |  Near ([a])    |  v. Sw. Sk.   |                |  N.E.  |
+  |   shower      |        |    Persei      |               |                |        |
+  +---------------+--------+----------------+---------------+----------------+--------+
+  |Kappa Cygnids  |Aug. 17 |    Near the    | Sw. B.T. Sh.  |Jan. 17, Aug. 4,|  S.E.  |
+  |               |        |  Dragon's head |               |Aug. 21-25      |        |
+  +---------------+--------+----------------+---------------+----------------+--------+
+  |               |        | Near Capella   | After 9.30    |   Sept. 22,    |        |
+  |Alpha Aurigids |Aug. 21 | ([a]) Aurig�   |     P.M.      |    Oct. 2      |  N.E.  |
+  |               |        |                | v. Sw. Sk.    |                |        |
+  +---------------+--------+----------------+---------------+----------------+--------+
+  |   Omicron     |        |    Near the    |               |                |        |
+  |Draconids. Rich|Aug. 22 | Dragon's head  |    Sl. T.     |  Aug. 21-25    |   N    |
+  |shower in 1879 |        |                |               |                |        |
+  +---------------+--------+----------------+---------------+----------------+--------+
+  |               |        |Between Capella |  After 10     |  Aug. 21, 25,  |        |
+  |  Epsilon      |Sept. 7 |    and the     |    P.M.       | Sept. 6-8, 21, |  N.E.  |
+  | Perseids      |        |    Pleiades    | v. Sw. Sk.    |    Nov. 29.    |        |
+  +---------------+--------+----------------+---------------+----------------+--------+
+  |Alpha Arietids |Sept. 21|   Near Hamal   |   Sl. T.      | Aug. 12, Oct. 7|   E.   |
+  |               |        | ([a]) Arietis  |               |                |        |
+  +---------------+--------+----------------+---------------+----------------+--------+
+  |Gamma Pegasids |Sept. 22| Near and S.E.  |    Sl.        | July 31, Aug.  |   E.   |
+  |               |        |  of Great Sq.  |               |   25, etc.     |        |
+  +---------------+--------+----------------+---------------+----------------+--------+
+
+The Perseids are of a yellowish color, and move with medium velocity.
+Their line of flight is from northeast to southwest. They are probably
+visible for more than a month, from the latter half of July to the
+last week in August.
+
+The August meteors are known as the "Tears of St. Lawrence."
+
+The Abbreviations under _Characteristics_ are as follows:
+
+ v.--very
+ Sl.--Slow
+ Sk.--Streak-leaving meteors.
+ M.--Moderately
+ B.--Bright
+ T.--Train-leaving meteors.
+ Sw.--Swift
+ F.--Faint
+ Sh.--Short meteors.
+
+
+
+
+THE CONSTELLATIONS OF AUTUMN.
+
+[Illustration: Map showing the principal stars visible from Lat. 40�
+N. at 9 o'clock, October first.]
+
+
+
+
+CASSIOPEIA (kas-i-[=o]-p[=e]�-ya)--THE LADY IN THE CHAIR. (Face
+North.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--A line drawn from [d] Urs� Majoris, through Polaris,
+strikes [a] Cassiopei�. It is situated the same distance from Polaris
+as Ursa Major, and about midway between Polaris and the zenith in the
+Milky Way. Cassiopeia is characterized by a zigzag row of stars which
+form a rude "W," but in mid-autumn, to an observer facing north, the
+"W" appears more like an "M," and is almost overhead. Note the spot
+marked 1572. This is where a very famous temporary star appeared in
+that year. It was bright enough at one time to be seen in full
+sunshine. The star [�] is sixteen light years distant.
+
+Caph is equidistant from the Pole, and exactly opposite the star
+Megres in Ursa Major; with [a] Andromed� and [g] Pegasi it marks the
+equinoctial colure. These stars are known as "The Three Guides."
+
+The chair can be readily traced out; [b], [a], and [g] mark three of
+the four corners of the back, and [d] and [e], one of the front legs.
+The word "Bagdei," made up of the letters for the principal stars,
+assists the memory.
+
+The stars [g] and [b] are pointer stars to a fifth-magnitude star the
+lucida of the asterism Lacerta, the lizard about 15� from [b].
+
+Cassiopeia makes an excellent illuminated clock. When [b] is above
+Polaris it is noon, when it is in the west at right angles to its
+first position it is 6 P.M. At midnight it is on the northern horizon,
+and at 6 P.M. it is due east.
+
+This is sidereal time which agrees with mean time on March 22d, and
+gains on the latter at the rate of two hours a month.
+
+[Illustration: CASSIOPEIA]
+
+
+
+
+CEPHEUS (s[=e]�-f[=u]s) (Face North.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--A line drawn from [a] to [b] Cassiopei� and prolonged about
+18� strikes [a] Cephei. The nearest bright star west of Polaris is [g]
+Cephei. Cepheus is an inconspicuous constellation, lying partly in the
+Milky Way. A view of this constellation through an opera-glass will
+repay the observer. Cepheus is characterized by a rude square, one
+side of which is the base of an isosceles triangle. Look for the
+so-called garnet star [m], probably the reddest star visible to the
+naked eye in the United States. The star [z] has a blue companion
+star.
+
+[a] forms an equilateral triangle with Polaris and [e] Cassiopei�.
+
+It is claimed that Cepheus was known to the Chald�ans twenty-three
+centuries before our era.
+
+Surrounding [d], [e], [z], and [l], which mark the king's head, is a
+vacant space in the Milky Way, similar to the Coal Sack of Cygnus.
+
+About 4� from [g], in the direction of [k] is a pretty pair of
+sixth-magnitude stars.
+
+Owing to precession, [g], [b], and [a] Cephei will be successively the
+Pole Star in 4500, 6000, and 7500 A.D. respectively.
+
+[d] is a double whose components are yellow and blue. It is an
+interesting variable changing from magnitude 3.7 to 4.9 at intervals
+of 5 days 8 hours 47 minutes. As it is three times as bright at
+maximum as at minimum and can be observed with the naked eye its
+variations are well worth observing.
+
+[Illustration: CEPHEUS]
+
+
+
+
+PEGASUS (peg�-a-sus)--THE WINGED HORSE. (Face South.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--One corner of the Great Square is found by drawing a line
+from Polaris to Cassiopeia, and prolonging it an equal distance.
+
+The Great Square is a stellar landmark. Three of the corners of the
+square are marked by stars in Pegasus; the fourth, and northeastern,
+corner is marked by the star Alpheratz in Andromeda. Each side of the
+square is about 18� long.
+
+The horse is generally seen upside down, with his fore feet projected
+up into the sky. Only the head, neck, and fore feet are represented.
+The star Enif marks the nose.
+
+[p] is an interesting double, easily seen in an opera-glass. All the
+stars of the Square are approaching us at an inconceivable speed.
+
+The position of the asterism Equus or Equ[=u]leus, the Little Horse,
+or Horse's Head, is shown in the diagram.
+
+Delphinus, the water jar of Aquarius, and the circlet in the Western
+Fish, are all in the vicinity of Pegasus, and indicated in the
+diagram.
+
+The winged horse is found on coins of Corinth 500 to 430 B.C. The
+Greeks called this constellation [Greek: hippos].
+
+Pegasus seems to have been regarded in Phoenicia and Egypt as the sky
+emblem of a ship.
+
+Within the area of the Square Argelander counted thirty naked-eye
+stars.
+
+Note a fine pair in Equ[=u]leus just west of the star Enif in Pegasus.
+
+The position of the equinoctial colure is defined by a line connecting
+Polaris, [b] Cassiopei�, [a] Andromed�, and [g] Pegasi.
+
+[Illustration: PEGASUS]
+
+
+
+
+ANDROMEDA (an-drom�-e-d�)--THE CHAINED LADY.
+
+
+LOCATION.--The star [a] Alpheratz is at the northeastern corner of the
+great square of Pegasus, one of the stellar landmarks.
+
+Running east from [a], at almost equal distances, are four other
+stars, two of which are of the second magnitude. The most easterly one
+is [b] Persei, known as Algol, the famous variable. Lines connecting
+the stars [g] Andromed�, Algol, and [a] Persei form a right-angled
+triangle. The right angle is marked by Algol.
+
+The chief object of interest in this constellation is the great
+nebula, the first to be discovered. It can be seen by the naked eye
+and it is a fine sight in an opera-glass. Its location is indicated in
+the diagram.
+
+The star [g] is the radiant point of the Bielid meteors, looked for in
+November. It is a colored double visible in a 3" glass.
+
+The great nebula has been called the "Queen of the Nebul�." It is said
+to have been known as far back as A.D. 905, and it was described 986
+A.D. as the "Little Cloud."
+
+Andromeda is very favorable for observation in September, low in the
+eastern sky.
+
+Note the characteristic "Y" shaped asterism known as Gloria Frederika
+or Frederik's Glory. It lies about at the apex of a nearly isosceles
+triangle of which a line connecting Alpheratz and [b] Pegasi is the
+base. A line drawn from [d] to [a] Cassiopei� and prolonged a little
+over twice its length points it out.
+
+[Illustration: ANDROMEDA]
+
+
+
+
+PERSEUS (per�-s[=u]s)--THE CHAMPION. (Face Northeast.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--[a] Persei lies on a line drawn from [b] to [g] Andromed�,
+and is about 9� from the latter. The most striking feature in Perseus
+is the so-called "segment of Perseus," a curve of stars beginning
+about 12� below Cassiopeia, and curving toward Ursa Major. Note the
+famous variable Algol the Demon star. It represents the Medusa's head
+which Perseus holds in his hand. It varies from the second to the
+fourth magnitude in about three and one-half hours, and back again in
+the same time, after which it remains steadily brilliant for two and
+three-quarters days, when the same change recurs. Algenib and Algol
+form with [g] Andromed�, a right-angled triangle.
+
+Note a dull red star near Algol, and a pretty pair just above Algenib.
+
+An opera-glass reveals much that is worthy of observation in this
+region of the sky. It has been said of the clusters between Cassiopeia
+and Perseus that they form the most striking sidereal spectacle in the
+northern heavens. They are visible to the naked eye. Algenib never
+sets in the latitude of New York, just touching the horizon at its
+lower culmination. It is estimated that Algol is a little over a
+million miles in diameter, [�] has three faint stars on one side
+nearly in a line, and one on the other--a miniature representation of
+Jupiter and his satellites.
+
+Algol, when on the meridian of New York City, is only one tenth of a
+degree from the zenith point. This remarkable variable has a dark
+companion star revolving near it obscuring its light in part from us
+at stated intervals. By means of the spectroscope the speed diameter
+and mass of this invisible star has been reckoned.
+
+[Illustration: PERSEUS]
+
+
+
+
+PISCES (pis�[=e]z)--THE FISHES. (Face Southeast.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--This constellation is represented by two fishes each with a
+ribbon tied to its tail. One, the Northern Fish, lies just below [b]
+Andromed�,--the other, represented by the circlet, is just below
+Pegasus. The ribbons, represented by streams of faint stars, from a
+"V" with elongated sides, and terminate in the star Al Rischa, The
+Knot.
+
+Below [�], and to the east of [l] the spot marked (*) is the place
+which the sun occupies at the time of the equinox. It is one of the
+two crossing places of the equinoctial, or equator, of the heavens,
+and the ecliptic, or sun's path.
+
+Below Pisces is Cetus, the Whale.
+
+Pisces is thought to have taken its name from its coincidence with the
+sun during the rainy season.
+
+Three distinct conjunctions of Jupiter and Saturn took place in this
+constellation in the year 747 of Rome.
+
+Pisces was considered the national constellation of the Jews, as well
+as a tribal symbol.
+
+In 1881, Jupiter, Saturn, and Venus were grouped together in Pisces.
+
+The Circlet is a very striking group forming a pentagon. The glass
+reveals two faint stars in addition, making the figure seven-sided or
+elliptical in form.
+
+As to the number of the stars as classified according to their
+magnitude, that is their brightness, it may be mentioned that there
+are approximately 20 stars of the first magnitude, 65 of the second,
+300 of the third, and 450 of the fourth. We cannot see stars fainter
+than the sixth magnitude with the naked eye.
+
+[Illustration: PISCES]
+
+
+
+
+TRIANGULUM (tr[=i]-an�-g[=u]-lum)--THE TRIANGLE. (Face East.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--A line drawn from the star [g] Pegasi to Algol in Perseus
+passes through [b] Trianguli.
+
+The triangle is clearly defined and a beautiful figure. It lies just
+below Andromeda, and above Aries.
+
+Triangulum is a very ancient constellation, being formerly named
+Deltoton, from the Greek letter Delta [D].
+
+It was in this locality that Piazzi discovered the asteroid Ceres,
+January 1, 1800.
+
+[a] Trianguli is sometimes called "Caput Trianguli."
+
+[a] and [b] Trianguli were known as "The Scale Beam." According to
+Argelander the constellation contains fifteen stars.
+
+The Triangle has been likened to the Trinity, and the Mitre of St.
+Peter.
+
+[Illustration: TRIANGULUM]
+
+
+
+
+AQUARIUS (a-kw[=a]�ri-us)--THE WATER CARRIER. (Face Southwest.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--A line drawn from [b] Pegasi to [a] of the same
+constellation, and prolonged as far again, ends just east of the
+so-called water jar of Aquarius, which is formed by a group of four
+stars in the form of a "Y," as indicated in the diagram. The Arabians
+called these four stars a tent.
+
+The jar is represented as inverted, allowing a stream of water
+represented by dim stars in pairs and groups of three stars, to
+descend, ending in the bright star Fomalhaut, the mouth of the
+Southern Fish.
+
+A rough map of South America can be traced in the stars [th], [l],
+[t], [d], 88, [i].
+
+A rude dipper can be made out in the western part of the
+constellation, formed of the stars [a], [b], [n], [e].
+
+The stars [t] and [z] are doubles. Of the former pair, one is white,
+the other orange in color. Fomalhaut was the object of sunrise worship
+in the temple of Demeter at Eleusis in 500 B.C. The ancients called
+this region of the sky "the Sea."
+
+In the vicinity of [d], Mayer observed in 1756 what he termed a fixed
+star. Herschel thought it a comet. It proved to be the planet Uranus.
+
+[z] is almost exactly on the celestial equator.
+
+[l] is a red star, the most prominent of the first stars in the
+stream. The stars in Piscis Australis can be traced out with an
+opera-glass.
+
+Fomalhaut and Capella, in Auriga, rise almost exactly at the same
+minute.
+
+Fomalhaut is one of the four "royal stars" of astrology. The others
+are Regulus, Antares, and Aldebaran.
+
+[Illustration: AQUARIUS]
+
+
+
+
+CAPRICORNUS (kap-ri-k�r�-nus)--THE SEA GOAT. (Face Southwest.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--A line drawn from [a] Pegasi through [z] and [th] in the
+same constellation, and projected about 25�, strikes [a] and [b] in
+Capricornus.
+
+This constellation contains three principal stars--[a] and [b]
+mentioned above, and [d] about 20� east of them.
+
+The water jar of Aquarius is about the same distance northeast of [d]
+Capricorni that Fomalhaut, in the Southern Fish, is southeast of it.
+
+[a] has a companion which can be seen by the naked eye. It is a fine
+sight in an opera-glass. These two stars are gradually separating.
+
+[b] is a double star, one being blue, the other yellow.
+
+The constellation resembles a chapeau, or peaked hat, upside down.
+
+The stars in the head of the Sea Goat, [a] and [b] are only 2� apart,
+and can hardly be mistaken by an observer facing the southwestern sky
+during the early evening in autumn.
+
+Five degrees east of [d] is the point announced by Le Verrier as the
+position of his predicted new planet, Neptune.
+
+Flammarion claims that the Chinese astronomers noted the five planets
+in conjunction in Capricornus, in the year 2449 B.C.
+
+The sign of the Goat was called by the ancient Orientalists "The
+Southern Gate of the Sun."
+
+[Illustration: CAPRICORNUS]
+
+
+
+
+ARIES ([=a]�-ri-[=e]z)--THE RAM. (Face Southeast.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--The star [a] in Aries, known as Hamal, and sometimes as
+Arietis, a star of the second magnitude, is about 7� south of [a]
+Trianguli. A line drawn from the Pole Star to [g] Andromed�, and
+prolonged about 20�, ends at Hamal.
+
+Aries contains three principal stars, forming a characteristic
+obtuse-angled triangle.
+
+The star [g] Arietis was one of the first double stars discovered. A
+telescope is required to split it. Hamal lies near the path of the
+moon, and is one of the stars from which longitude is reckoned.
+
+Below Aries may be seen the characteristic pentagon in the head of
+Cetus, the Whale.
+
+More than two thousand years ago Aries was the leading constellation
+of the zodiac, and now stands first in the list of zodiacal signs.
+
+The Arabians knew this constellation as Al Hamal, the sheep.
+
+[b] and [g] are one instance out of many where stars of more than
+ordinary brightness are seen together in pairs, the brightest star
+being generally on the east.
+
+[Illustration: ARIES]
+
+
+
+
+CETUS (s[=e]�-tus)--THE WHALE. (Face Southeast.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--A line drawn from Polaris, to [d] Cassiopei�, and prolonged
+two and one third times its original length, reaches the centre of
+this constellation.
+
+It lies just below Aries and the Triangle, and resembles the figure of
+the prehistoric icthyosaurus, while some see in the outline an easy
+chair. The head of the beast is characterized by a clearly traced
+pentagon, about 20� southeast of Aries. The brightest star in the
+constellation is [a] of the second magnitude. It is at one apex of the
+pentagon, about 15� east of Al Rischa in Pisces, and 37� directly
+south of Algol.
+
+The noted variable Mira also known as [o] Ceti is the chief object of
+interest in this constellation.
+
+It was discovered by Fabricius in 1596 and varies from the ninth
+magnitude to the third or fourth in a period of 334 days. It can be
+observed during its entire range with a 3" glass.
+
+In 1779 Mira is reported to have been as bright as the first-magnitude
+star Aldebaran. It lies almost exactly on a line joining [g] and [z]
+Ceti a little nearer the former. Ten degrees south of it are four
+faint stars about 3� apart forming a square.
+
+[t] Ceti is one of our nearest neighbors at a distance of nine light
+years.
+
+[z] is a naked-eye double star.
+
+[Illustration: CETUS]
+
+
+
+
+MUSCA (mus�-k�)--THE FLY. (Face Southeast.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--Musca lies between Triangulum and Aries, the diagram
+clearly defining its position.
+
+The four stars composing it form a group shaped like the letter "Y."
+
+There is nothing of particular interest to be noted in this asterism.
+It does not appear on modern star charts and is considered obsolete.
+
+So great is the distance that separates us from the stars that as for
+the great majority had they been blotted out of existence before the
+Christian era, we of to-day should still receive their light and seem
+to see them just as we do. When we scan the nocturnal skies we study
+ancient history. We do not see the stars as they are but as they were
+centuries on centuries ago.
+
+[Illustration: MUSCA]
+
+
+
+
+METEORIC SHOWERS.
+
+OCTOBER TO JANUARY.
+
+
+  +-----------------+-------+-----------------+---------------+--------------+--------+
+  |                 |       |                 |               | Other Dates  |        |
+  | Name of Shower  | Date  |  Radiant Point  |Characteristics|       of     |Location|
+  |                 |       |                 |               | Observation  |        |
+  +-----------------+-------+-----------------+---------------+--------------+--------+
+  |                 |       |  Between Great  |               |              |        |
+  |     Ursids      |Oct. 4 | Bear's head and |    Sw. Sk.    |  Aug. 20-24  |   N.   |
+  |                 |       |     Polaris     |               |              |        |
+  +-----------------+-------+-----------------+---------------+--------------+--------+
+  |Epsilon Arietids |       |  East of Hamal, |               | Oct. 11-24,  |        |
+  |   Rich shower   |Oct. 14|    near Musca   |    M. Sw.     |   Oct. 30-   |   E.   |
+  |      1877       |       |                 |               |    Nov. 4    |        |
+  +-----------------+-------+-----------------+---------------+--------------+--------+
+  |    Orionids     |Oct. 18|  Near Alhena in | After 11 P.M. |  Oct. 16-22  |   E.   |
+  |   Fine shower   |       |      Gemini     |    Sw. Sk.    |              |        |
+  +-----------------+-------+-----------------+---------------+--------------+--------+
+  |                 |       | Near Castor and | After 10 P.M. |   Nov. 7,    |        |
+  | Delta Geminids  |Oct. 29|      Pollux     |  v. Sw. Sk.   |   Dec. 4,    |  N.E.  |
+  |                 |       |                 |               |  Oct. 16-22  |        |
+  +-----------------+-------+-----------------+---------------+--------------+--------+
+  |(e) Taurids. Rich|Nov. 2 |  About 13� S.E. |   Sl. B.T.    |   Nov. 2-3   |   E.   |
+  | shower in 1886  |       |   of Aldebaran  |               |              |        |
+  +-----------------+-------+-----------------+---------------+--------------+--------+
+  |     Leonids     |       |Near ([g]) Leonis|After midnight.|              |        |
+  |Brilliant shower |Nov. 13| In the Sickle   |    v. Sw.     |  Nov. 12-14  |  N.E.  |
+  |                 |       |                 |      Sk.      |              |        |
+  +-----------------+-------+-----------------+---------------+--------------+--------+
+  |                 |       | Near ([m]) Urs� | After 10 P.M. |  Sept. 15,   |        |
+  |  Leo Minorids   |Nov. 16| Maj., the Great |  v. Sw. Sk.   |   Oct. 16    |   N.   |
+  |                 |       | Bear's hind feet|               |              |        |
+  +-----------------+-------+-----------------+---------------+--------------+--------+
+  |  Andromedids.   |       |  Near ([g])     |               |  Nov. 17-23  |        |
+  |  The Bielids.   |Nov. 27|  Andromed�      |    Sl. T.     |  Nov. 21-28  |Overhead|
+  |  Fine display   |       |                 |               |              |        |
+  +-----------------+-------+-----------------+---------------+--------------+--------+
+  |                 |Nov. 30|Between Capella  |               |  Aug. 16     |        |
+  |    Taurids      |       |and ([a]) Persei |    V. Sw.     |  Sept. 15,   |Overhead|
+  |                 |       |                 |               |  Nov. 20     |        |
+  +-----------------+-------+-----------------+---------------+--------------+--------+
+  |  Zeta Taurids.  |Dec. 6 |  Near the horns |               |              |        |
+  |  Active shower  |       |   of the Bull   |   Sl. B.      |              |    E.  |
+  |     in 1876     |       |                 |               |              |        |
+  +-----------------+-------+-----------------+---------------+--------------+--------+
+  |    Geminids.    |Dec. 10|   Near Castor   |     Sw.       |   Dec. 1-14  |    E.  |
+  |   Fine shower   |       |                 |               |              |        |
+  +-----------------+-------+-----------------+---------------+--------------+--------+
+  | Kappa Draconids |Dec. 22|  Near Thuban    |    Sw. Sk.    |  Nov. 14-23  |        |
+  |                 |       | ([a]) Draconis  |               |  Dec. 18-29  |        |
+  +-----------------+-------+-----------------+---------------+--------------+--------+
+  | Fire Ball Dates |       |                 |               |   Nov. 29    |        |
+  |                 |       |                 |               |Dec. 2, 19, 21|        |
+  +-----------------+-------+-----------------+---------------+--------------+--------+
+
+The Andromedes are usually red, sluggish in their movements, and leave
+only a small train.
+
+Brilliant displays were seen in 1872 and 1885.
+
+The Leonids are characterized by their exceedingly swift flight. They
+are of a greenish or bluish tint and leave behind them a vivid and
+persistent train. In most years the display is not especially
+noteworthy. Once in thirty-three years they afford an exhibition grand
+beyond description as in 1833 and 1866.
+
+
+
+
+THE CONSTELLATIONS OF WINTER.
+
+[Illustration: Map showing the principal stars visible from Lat. 40�
+N. at 9 o'clock, January first.]
+
+
+
+
+TAURUS (t�-rus)--THE BULL. (Face Southwest.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--Taurus contains the well-known and unmistakable group the
+Pleiades, on the right shoulder of the Bull. A "V" shaped group known
+as the Hyades is just to the southeast of the Pleiades, in the face of
+the Bull, forming one of the most beautiful objects in the sky.
+
+The brightest star in Taurus is Aldebaran, a ruddy-hued star known as
+"The Follower." It is at the beginning of the "V" in the Hyades, and
+is at the apex of a triangle formed by Capella, in Auriga, and [a]
+Persei, and equally distant from them both.
+
+The star [b] called Nath, is peculiarly white, and is common to Taurus
+and Auriga. It represents the tip of one of the Bull's horns, and the
+right foot of the Charioteer. The Pleiades are mentioned in Chinese
+annals in 2357 B.C. On a photograph of the group over 2000 stars have
+been counted.
+
+The ecliptic passes a little south of a point midway between the two
+horns, where a scattered and broken stream of minute stars can be
+seen.
+
+Note two pretty pairs in the Hyades, one south of Aldebaran, the other
+northwest of it.
+
+There are rich clusters below the tip of the horn over Orion's head.
+
+Taurus was an important object of worship by the Druids.
+
+Aldebaran is near one eye of the Bull, and used to be called "The
+Bull's Eye." An occultation of it by the moon, which not infrequently
+occurs, is a striking phenomenon.
+
+The Eskimos regard the Pleiades as a team of dogs in pursuit of a
+bear. The group is receding from us at the rate of thirteen miles a
+second and has a common eastward motion of about ten seconds a
+century.
+
+[Illustration: TAURUS]
+
+
+
+
+ORION ([)o]-r[=i]�-on)--THE GIANT HUNTER. (Face South.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--Orion is considered the finest constellation in the
+heavens. A line drawn from Nath to [z] Tauri (the tips of the Bull's
+horns), and extended 15�, strikes the brilliant Betelgeuze in Orion,
+known as the martial star. It forms the northeast corner of a
+conspicuous parallelogram. The splendid first-magnitude star Rigel is
+diagonally opposite Betelgeuze, and the girdle and sword of the Hunter
+lie within the parallelogram, a very striking group. The former is
+represented by three bright stars in a line 3� long known as the
+"Three Stars," because there are no other stars in the heavens that
+exactly resemble them in position and brightness.
+
+In the sword there is the most remarkable nebula in the heavens. It
+may be seen with an opera-glass and in a telescope it is a wonderful
+sight. Bellatrix is called the Amazon star. Note the contrasting
+colours of [a] and [b].
+
+About 9� west of Bellatrix are eight stars in a curved line running
+north and south. These point out the Lion's skin held in the Hunter's
+left hand.
+
+Below [l] there are two stars forming a triangle with it. Flammarion
+calls this region the California of the sky.
+
+The celestial equator passes nearly through [d].
+
+Orion was worshipped in China during the one thousand years before our
+era, and was known to the Chinese as the "White Tiger."
+
+The Eskimos see in the Belt stars the three steps cut by some
+celestial Eskimo in a steep snow bank to enable him to reach the top.
+
+[Illustration: ORION]
+
+
+
+
+LEPUS (l[=e]�-pus)--THE HARE. (Face South.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--Lepus crouches under Orion's feet. Four stars in the
+constellation form an irregular and conspicuous quadrilateral.
+
+[g] is a beautiful double of a greenish hue.
+
+Four or five degrees south of Rigel are four faint stars which are in
+the ear of the hare. They can be seen on a clear night with the naked
+eye.
+
+The curved line of three stars [th], [�], and [z], are in the back of
+the hare.
+
+Lepus is about 18� west of Canis Major, and, by reason of the earth's
+motion, the Great Dog seems to be pursuing the Hare around the
+heavens.
+
+The first-magnitude stars that are visible in the winter season in
+this latitude present a fine contrast in color. Even the untrained eye
+can see a decided difference between the bluish white color of the
+brilliant Sirius, the Dog star that the Belt stars point south to, and
+Rigel, and the ruddy Betelgeuze. Procyon has a yellowish tinge and
+resembles the condition of our sun, while Betelgeuze is surrounded by
+heavy metallic vapors and is thought to be approaching extinction.
+
+R marks the location of "Hind's crimson star," a famous variable.
+
+[Illustration: LEPUS]
+
+
+
+
+COLUMBA NOACHI (co-lum�-b� n[=o]-�-ki)--NOAH'S DOVE. (Face South.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--Columba is situated just south of Lepus. A line drawn from
+Rigel, in Orion, to [b] Leporis, and prolonged as far again, ends near
+[a] and [b], the two brightest stars in Columba.
+
+A line drawn from the easternmost star in the belt of Orion, 32�
+directly south, will point out Phaet, in Columba. It makes with
+Sirius, in Canis Major, and Naos, in the Ship, a large equilateral
+triangle.
+
+The star [b] Columb� may be known by means of a smaller star just east
+of it, marked [g].
+
+The Chinese call [a] Chang Jin, the old Folks. Lockyer thinks it was
+of importance in Egyptian temple worship, and observed from Edfu and
+Phil� as far back as 6400 B.C.
+
+On a clear starlight night there are not more than a thousand stars
+visible to the naked eye at one time. The largest telescope reveals
+nearly a hundred million.
+
+[Illustration: COLUMBA]
+
+
+
+
+CANIS MAJOR (k[=a]�-nis m[=a]-jor)--THE GREATER DOG. (Face South.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--The three stars in Orion's girdle point southeast to
+Sirius, the dog star, in Canis Major, the most brilliant star in the
+heavens. It was connected in the minds of the Egyptians with the
+rising of the Nile, and is receding from the earth at the rate of
+twenty miles a second.
+
+The star [n] is a triple. The cluster (41 M.) can be seen with an
+opera-glass, just below it.
+
+Between [d] and [o]^1 note a remarkable array of minute stars, also the
+very red star 22.
+
+[d] and [z] are doubles for an opera-glass.
+
+Below [�] there is a fine group.
+
+Betelgeuze, in Orion, Procyon, in Canis Minor, and Sirius form a
+nearly equilateral triangle. These stars with Naos, in the Ship, and
+Phaet, in the Dove, form a huge figure known as the Egyptian "X."
+
+From earliest times Sirius has been known as the Dog of Orion. It is
+324 times brighter than the average sixth-magnitude star, and is the
+nearest to the earth of all the stars in this latitude, its distance
+being 8.7 light years. At this distance the Sun would appear as a star
+a little brighter than the Pole Star.
+
+[Illustration: CANIS MAJOR]
+
+
+
+
+ARGO NAVIS (�r�-go n[=a]�-vis)--THE SHIP ARGO. (Face South.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--Argo is situated southeast of Canis Major. If a line
+joining Betelgeuze and Sirius be prolonged 18� southeast, it will
+point out Naos, a star of the second magnitude in the rowlock of the
+Ship. This star is in the southeast corner of the Egyptian "X."
+
+The star [p] is of a deep yellow or orange hue. It has three little
+stars above it, two of which form a pretty pair.
+
+The star [z] has a companion, which is a test for an opera-glass.
+
+The star [k] is a double for an opera-glass.
+
+Note the fine star cluster (46 M.).
+
+The star Markeb forms a small triangle with two other stars near it.
+
+The Egyptians believed that this was the ark that bore Osiris and Isis
+over the Deluge.
+
+The constellation contains two noted objects invisible in this
+latitude, Canopus, the second brightest star, and the remarkable
+variable star [�].
+
+[Illustration: PUPPIS]
+
+
+
+
+MONOCEROS (m[=o]-nos�-e-ros)--THE UNICORN. (Face South.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--Monoceros is to be found east of Orion between Canis Major
+and Canis Minor. Three of its stars of the fourth magnitude form a
+straight line northeast and southwest, about 9� east of Betelgeuze,
+and about the same distance south of Alhena, in Gemini.
+
+The region around the stars 8, 13, 17 is particularly rich when viewed
+with an opera-glass.
+
+Note also a beautiful field about the variable S, and a cluster about
+midway between [a] and [b].
+
+Two stars about 7� apart in the tail of the Unicorn are pointer stars
+to Procyon. These stars are known as 30 and 31. The former is about
+16� east of Procyon, and is easily identified as it has a
+sixth-magnitude star on either side of it. About 4� southwest of this
+star a good field-glass will reveal a beautiful star cluster.
+
+[Illustration: MONOCEROS]
+
+
+
+
+ERIDANUS ([=e]-rid�-a-nus)--OR THE RIVER PO. (Face Southwest.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--Three degrees north and 2� west of Rigel, in Orion, lies
+[b] Eridani, the source of the River. Thence it flows west till it
+reaches [p] Ceti, then drops south 5�, thence east southeast, its
+total length being about 130�.
+
+The great curve the River takes, just east of the Whale, resembles a
+horseshoe.
+
+Acherna, the first-magnitude star in Eridanus, is too far south to be
+seen in this latitude.
+
+Note the pretty star group around [b] and a pair of stars of an orange
+hue below [n].
+
+The asterism known as "The Brandenburg Sceptre," consisting of four
+stars of the fourth and fifth magnitudes, can be seen arranged in a
+straight line north and south below the first bend in the River just
+west of Lepus.
+
+[Illustration: ERIDANUS]
+
+
+
+
+METEORIC SHOWERS.
+
+JANUARY TO APRIL.
+
+
+  +---------------+--------+------------------+---------------+-------------+----------+
+  |               |        |                  |               | Other Dates |          |
+  |Name of Shower | Date   |   Radiant Point  |Characteristics|     of      |Location  |
+  |               |        |                  |               | Observation |          |
+  +---------------+--------+------------------+---------------+-------------+----------+
+  | Quadrantids.  | Jan. 2 |   (44) Bo�tis,   |               |             |          |
+  |  Rich annual  |        |between Bo�tes and|   M. Sw. B.   |    Jan 3.   |   E.     |
+  |    shower     |        |  Dragon's head   |               |             |          |
+  +---------------+--------+------------------+---------------+-------------+----------+
+  | Zeta Cancrids |Jan. 2-4|  ([z]) Cancri,   |               |             |   E.     |
+  |               |        |  near Bee Hive   |               |             |          |
+  +---------------+--------+------------------+---------------+-------------+----------+
+  | Theta Ursids  | Jan. 5 |About 10� from [b]|     Small     |             |          |
+  |               |        | away from [g]    |  Sh. Sw. F.   |  Jan. 2-8   |   N.     |
+  |               |        |   Urs� Maj.      |               |             |          |
+  +---------------+--------+------------------+---------------+-------------+----------+
+  |Alpha Draconids| Feb. 1 |   Near Thuban    |      Sl.      |   Jan. 9    |   N.     |
+  |               |        |   [a] Draconis   |               |   Dec. 8    |          |
+  +---------------+--------+------------------+---------------+-------------+----------+
+  |               |        |   Near Capella   |               |   Aug. 21   |High in   |
+  |Alpha Aurigids | Feb. 7 |    [a] Aurig�    |      Sl.      | Sept. 12-22 |Southern  |
+  |               |        |                  |               |             |  Sky     |
+  +---------------+--------+------------------+---------------+-------------+----------+
+  | Tau Leonids   |Feb. 16 |  [t] Leonis,     |               |   Nov. 27   |          |
+  |               |        |  between Leo     |    Sl. Sk.    |   Dec. 12   |   E.     |
+  |               |        |  and Crater      |               |   Mar. 1-4  |          |
+  +---------------+--------+------------------+---------------+-------------+----------+
+  |  Alpha Canum  |Feb. 20 | Near Cor Caroli  |               |             |          |
+  |   Ven. Well   |        |   and Coma       |   V. Sw. B.   |             |   E.     |
+  | defined 1877  |        |   Berenices      |               |             |          |
+  +---------------+--------+------------------+---------------+-------------+----------+
+  |   [a]-[b]     |Mar. 1  |   Between [a]    |     V. Sl.    |  July--Dec. |   N.W.   |
+  |   Perseids    |        |  and [b] Persei  |               |  Mar. 13-19 |          |
+  +---------------+--------+------------------+---------------+-------------+----------+
+  |Beta Leonids or|Mar. 14 |  Near Denebola   |     Sl. B.    |  Mar. 3, 4  |   S.E.   |
+  |Beta Virginids |        |    [b] Leonis    |               |  Dec. 12    |          |
+  +---------------+--------+------------------+---------------+-------------+----------+
+  |Kappa Cepheids |Mar. 18 |   Near Polaris   |     Sl. B.    |  Oct. 4-17  |   N.     |
+  |               |        |                  |               |  Mar. 13-19 |          |
+  +---------------+--------+------------------+---------------+-------------+----------+
+  |               |        |                  |               | Apr. 10-16  |          |
+  |  Beta Ursids  |Mar. 24 |    Near [b]      |       Sw.     |  Mar. 13-14 |   N.     |
+  |               |        |    Urs� Maj.     |               |  Dec. 2-9   |          |
+  |               |        |                  |               |   Precise   |          |
+  +---------------+--------+------------------+---------------+-------------+----------+
+  |Zeta Draconids |Mar. 28 |    Near the      |       Sl.     |  July 29    |   N.     |
+  |               |        |  Dragon's Head   |               |Aug. 24, etc.|          |
+  +---------------+--------+------------------+---------------+-------------+----------+
+
+The Abbreviations under _Characteristics_ are as follows:
+
+ V.   Very
+ Sh.  Short
+ M.   Moderately
+ B.   Bright
+ Sw.  Swift
+ F.   Faint
+ Sl.  Slow
+ Sk.  Streak leaving meteors
+ T.   Train leaving meteors
+
+If you know the constellations, and memorize the following rhyme you
+will have ever at hand for reference at night, a reliable time-piece,
+a compass, and a perpetual calendar.
+
+The numbers above the star names indicate consecutively the months of
+the year in which these respective objects rise about the first
+instant in the eastern sky. In addition to first-magnitude stars the
+rhyme refers to the head of Capricornus, the Sea Goat, the Great
+Square of Pegasus, and Orion's Belt. All except Arcturus rise between
+9 and 9.30 P.M. Arcturus rises at 10 P.M., February 1st.
+
+           1
+  First Regulus gleams on the view,
+      2       3      4
+  Arcturus, Spica, Vega, blue,
+     5            6
+  Antares, and Altair,
+        7             8            9
+  The Goat's head, Square, and Fomalhaut,
+      10          11
+  Aldebaran, the Belt, a-glow,
+        12
+  Then Sirius most fair.
+
+Eight months of the year are identified by the position of the Dipper
+at 9 P.M. In April and May it is north of the zenith. During July and
+August it is west of north. In October and November it lies close to
+the northern horizon and in January and February it is east of north
+with the pointers highest.
+
+
+
+
+THE PLANETS.
+
+
+It is not within the scope of this work to dwell at length on a
+discussion of the planets. Certain explanatory matter regarding them
+is necessary, however, to prevent confusion; for the student must bear
+in mind the fact that from time to time the planets appear in the
+constellations, and unless identified would lead him to think that the
+diagrams were inaccurate.
+
+The reader is referred to any one of the four large plates that
+precede each season. He will observe that a portion of an ellipse has
+been traced on each of them, and that this line has been designated
+the Ecliptic, which simply means the sun's apparent pathway across the
+sky.
+
+This pathway is divided into twelve equal parts of thirty degrees
+each, and to these twelve divisions are given the names of the
+constellations of the Zodiac in the following order: Aries ([Symbol:
+Aries]), Taurus ([Symbol: Taurus]), Gemini ([Symbol: Gemini]), Cancer
+([Symbol: Cancer]), Leo ([Symbol: Leo]), Virgo ([Symbol: Virgo]),
+Libra ([Symbol: Libra]), Scorpio ([Symbol: Scorpio]), Sagittarius
+([Symbol: Sagittarius]), Capricornus ([Symbol: Capricornus]), Aquarius
+([Symbol: Aquarius]), Pisces ([Symbol: Pisces]).
+
+The sun, starting from the first degree of Aries, the first day of
+spring, passes through one constellation a month. The planets follow
+the same pathway.
+
+Confusion, therefore, respecting their identity can only arise in
+connection with a study of one of the twelve constellations named
+above, so that whenever a star of any size is seen in one of these
+constellations, not accounted for in the diagram, the student may
+conclude that this is a planet; especially if the unknown star does
+not twinkle. It now remains to identify the planet.
+
+This can best be done by referring to an almanac, which states what
+planets are above the horizon, and which are morning and evening
+stars. By morning star is meant that the planet is east of the sun; by
+evening star, that it is west of the sun.
+
+If the planet is in the west, and very brilliant, it is safe to assume
+that it is the planet Venus.
+
+If it is brighter than any of the fixed stars, and is some distance
+from the sun, it is doubtless the colossal Jupiter.
+
+If it is very red, it will probably be Mars.
+
+Saturn is distinguished because of its pale, steady, yellow light.
+
+As for Mercury, Uranus, and Neptune, the former is very near the sun,
+and seldom seen; while Uranus and Neptune are so inconspicuous as to
+lead to no confusion on the part of the novice.
+
+A few notes of interest relative to the planets follow, taking them up
+in regular order passing outward from the sun: Mercury, Venus, Mars,
+Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.
+
+
+MERCURY.
+
+Mercury is the nearest to the sun of any of the planets. On this
+account, and because of its rapid changes, it is seldom seen.
+
+The most favorable time for observing it is just after sunset, or just
+before sunrise, during the months of March, April, August, and
+September, when it may be seen for a few successive days.
+
+The greatest distance it ever departs from the sun on either side
+varies approximately from sixteen to twenty-eight degrees. Its motion
+resembles a pendulum, swinging from one side of the sun to the other.
+
+
+VENUS.
+
+Venus approaches nearer to the earth and is more brilliant than any
+other planet. It is bright enough to cast a shadow at night, and is
+sometimes visible even at noonday. It is almost as large as the earth,
+and appears to oscillate, as Mercury does, on either side of the sun.
+
+It never appears more than three hours after sunset, and as long
+before the sunrise, and is never more than forty-eight degrees from
+the sun.
+
+
+MARS.
+
+Mars is most like the earth of any of the planets, and, although not
+as interesting an object to view as the more brilliant planets, Venus
+and Jupiter, it claims our attention chiefly because of the surmises
+respecting its habitability.
+
+Mars appears to the naked eye as a bright red star, and when at a
+favorable opposition to the earth (which occurs only once in every
+fifteen years) it rivals Jupiter in splendor.
+
+The planet may be mistaken for the first magnitude stars, Antares in
+Scorpius, and Aldebaran in Taurus, near which it frequently passes.
+
+The fixed stars, however, twinkle, while Mars glows steadily. If there
+is any doubt in the student's mind as to the identity of the planet, a
+few nights of observation, noting the changes in the planet's
+position, will decide the point. It takes Mars about fifty-seven days
+to pass through one constellation in the Zodiac.
+
+
+JUPITER.
+
+Jupiter is the largest of all the planets in the solar system, and it
+is easily distinguished from the fixed stars because of its brilliancy
+and splendor, exceeding in brightness all the planets excepting Venus,
+and casting a perceptible shadow.
+
+It moves slowly and majestically across the sky, advancing through the
+Zodiac at the rate of one constellation yearly. It is therefore a
+simple matter to forecast its position, for, in whatever constellation
+it is seen to-day, one year hence it will be seen equally advanced in
+the next constellation.
+
+Although Jupiter appears to move slowly, it really travels at the
+incomprehensible rate of five hundred miles a minute.
+
+The most interesting feature about Jupiter for the amateur astronomer
+consists in observing four of its moons, which are visible with a
+small telescope. They appear like mere dots of light, and their
+transit of or occultation with the planet (that is, their
+disappearance before or behind its disk) can be watched, and is a
+never failing source of pleasure. A large telescope alone reveals
+Jupiter's four other moons.
+
+
+SATURN.
+
+Saturn is farther removed from the earth than any of the planets in
+the solar system, visible to the naked eye. It is distinguished from
+the fixed stars by the steadiness of its light, which is dull and of a
+yellow hue, though to some it appears to be of a greenish tinge. It
+seems barely to move, so slow is its motion among the stars, for it
+takes two and one half years to pass through a single constellation of
+the Zodiac.
+
+Saturn has eight moons. Titan, its largest one, can be seen with a 3"
+glass. Its celebrated rings are telescopic objects but a small glass
+reveals them.
+
+
+URANUS.
+
+The student will hardly mistake Uranus for a fixed star, as it is only
+under the most favorable circumstances that it can be seen with the
+naked eye.
+
+At its nearest approach to the earth, it is as bright as a
+sixth-magnitude star. Uranus is accompanied by four moons, and takes
+seven years to pass through a constellation of the Zodiac.
+
+
+NEPTUNE.
+
+Neptune is the most distant of the planets in the solar system, and is
+never visible to the naked eye.
+
+The earth comes properly under a discussion of the planets, but a
+description of it is hardly within the scope of this work.
+
+Confusion in identifying the planets is really confined to Mars and
+Saturn, for Venus and Jupiter are much brighter than any of the fixed
+stars, and their position in the heavens identifies them, as we have
+seen before.
+
+The following table of first-magnitude stars in the Zodiacal
+constellations confines the question of identifying the planets to a
+comparison of the unknown star with the following-named stars:
+
+  Castor and Pollux in Gemini.
+  Spica             "  Virgo.
+  Regulus           "  Leo.
+  Aldebaran         "  Taurus.
+  Antares           "  Scorpius.
+
+The first four stars named above are white in color, so that either
+Mars or Saturn is readily distinguished from them.
+
+As for Aldebaran and Antares, which are both red stars, not unlike
+Mars and Saturn in color and magnitude, the fact that the latter do
+not twinkle, and that they do not appear in the diagrams, should
+satisfy the observer of their identity. Reference to an almanac, or a
+few nights of observation, will in any case set at rest any doubt in
+the matter.
+
+[Illustration: THE PLANETARY ORBITS]
+
+[Illustration: COMPARATIVE SIZE OF THE PLANETS.]
+
+
+
+
+THE MILKY WAY.
+
+
+The Milky Way, or Galaxy as it is sometimes called, is a great band of
+light that stretches across the heavens. Certain portions of it are
+worthy of being viewed with an opera-glass, which separates this
+seemingly confused and hazy stream into numberless points of light,
+emanating from myriads of suns.
+
+This wonderful feature of the heavens is seen to best advantage during
+the months of July, August, September, and October. Beginning near the
+head of Cepheus, about thirty degrees from the North Pole, it passes
+through Cassiopeia, Perseus, Auriga, part of Orion, and the feet of
+Gemini, where it crosses the Ecliptic, and thence continues into the
+southern hemisphere, beyond our ken in these latitudes.
+
+It reappears in two branches in the region of Ophiuchus, one running
+through the tail of Scorpius, the bow of Sagittarius, Aquila,
+Delphinus, and Cygnus; the other above and almost parallel to it,
+uniting with the first branch in Cygnus, and passing to Cepheus, the
+place of beginning.
+
+The student should note especially the strange gap between [a], [g],
+and [e] Cygni. This dark space has been called the "Coal Sack."
+
+The Milky Way in the vicinity of Cassiopeia is particularly rich, and
+well repays a search with an opera-glass.
+
+"The Galaxy covers more than one tenth of the visible heavens,
+contains nine-tenths of the visible stars, and seems a vast
+zone-shaped nebula, nearly a great circle of the sphere, the poles
+being at Coma and Cetus."
+
+
+
+
+THE MOTIONS OF THE STARS.
+
+
+It may be that the student desires to proceed in this conquest of the
+sky at a more rapid pace than the scheme of study permits. To assist
+such, it should be borne in mind that the circumpolar constellations,
+as Ursa Major, Ursa Minor, Draco, Cepheus, and Cassiopeia, are
+designated,--are visible in our latitude in the northern sky every
+night.
+
+A reference to their diagrams, and a glance at any of the large plates
+showing the entire group in their respective positions, will suffice
+for the student to identify them.
+
+The hours of darkness alone limit the speed with which a knowledge of
+the constellations can be acquired.
+
+Let us suppose that the student begins his search for the constellations
+on the night of April 1st, at nine P.M. He has for his guide the large
+plate, and the spring group of eleven constellations set forth in the
+diagrams. The remaining three constellations of the circumpolar group
+are, as we have seen before, visible in the north.
+
+If he faces the western sky, he will see Andromeda just setting, and
+Perseus, Taurus, Orion, Lepus, and Canis Major but a short distance
+above the horizon. If he is so fortunate as to be able to identify
+these, and the spring group, he may turn his attention wholly to the
+eastern sky, where new constellations await him.
+
+In the southeast he may see Virgo. In the east well up blazes
+Arcturus, the gem of Bo�tes, below which is the beautiful Northern
+Crown, with the diamond in the head of Serpens beneath it. Hercules is
+rising, and Vega in the Lyre should be seen just flashing on the view
+in the northeast.
+
+This completes the list of wonders visible at this precise time, but
+the stars apparently are never still, and doubtless, while the student
+has been passing from one constellation to another in the western and
+southern skies, others have been rising in the east and northeast.
+
+At ten P.M. the Lyre is well up, and Ophiuchus and Libra can be
+discerned. At midnight Scorpius and Cygnus are ready to claim the
+attention. By two o'clock A.M., Aquila, Delphinus, and Sagittarius
+have risen, and at break of day Andromeda, Pegasus, and Capricornus
+can be seen if the student has had the courage to remain awake this
+length of time.
+
+In no way can the seeming movement of the stars be better understood
+than by actual observation. The observer must bear in mind that the
+movement is an apparent one: that it is the earth that is moving and
+not the stars. He has only to think of the analogy of the moving train
+beside the one that is standing still, and the true state of affairs
+will at once be evident.
+
+To further appreciate this apparent change in the situation of the
+constellations, the student should refer to the large plates
+successively. In each successive one he will note the advancement
+westward of the constellations mentioned above, rising in the east
+late at night.
+
+The student can best get an idea of this westward apparent movement of
+the stars by noting the position of some bright first-magnitude star
+from night to night. He will soon be able to calculate the position of
+this star a month or more ahead, and this calculation applies to all
+the constellations and stars.
+
+It is not within the scope of this work to go into this matter in
+detail. The author merely desires to mention this fact of apparent
+change of position in the stars, a fact that will be noticeable to the
+observer in a short time, and a fact that it is hoped he will be able
+to explain to his own satisfaction with the aid of the foregoing
+remarks.
+
+It will be noticed that the stars on the diagrams are all numbered and
+lettered. The numbers refer to the magnitude of the star,--that is,
+the brightness of it, the first-magnitude stars being the brightest,
+the second-magnitude stars two-and-a-half times less bright, etc.
+
+The letters are those of the Greek alphabet, and the student if not
+familiar with it is advised to consult a Greek grammar.
+
+In the text, in referring to certain stars in the constellations, the
+genitive case of the Latin name of the constellation is given; for
+example, Vega is known as [a] Lyrae, meaning alpha of Lyra, Aldebaran
+as [a] Tauri, alpha of Taurus, etc.
+
+The twilight hour affords an excellent opportunity of fixing the
+relative positions of the first-magnitude stars in the mind, for at
+that time they alone, save the planets, are visible.
+
+
+
+
+METEORS, OR SHOOTING-STARS.
+
+
+As this work is designed primarily to cover what is observable in the
+starlit heavens with the naked eye, the subject of meteors, or
+shooting-stars, comes properly within its scope.
+
+There are few persons, if any, who have not witnessed the sight of a
+splendid meteor speeding across the sky, and such a sight always calls
+forth exclamations of wonder and delight.
+
+Apparently these evanescent wanderers in space are without distinctive
+features, and baffle classification; but, like all that nature reveals
+to us, they have been found, for the most part, to conform to certain
+laws, and to bear certain marks of resemblance that permit of their
+identification and classification.
+
+By careful observation for over fifty years the meteors, generally
+speaking, have been so arranged that they come under the head of one
+of the nearly three hundred distinct showers which are now recognized
+by astronomers.
+
+Many of these showers are too feeble and faint to be worthy of the
+attention of one not especially interested in the subject, but certain
+ones are well worth observing. There is always a pleasure in being
+able to recognize at a glance a certain definite manifestation of
+nature, be it a rare flower or a flashing meteor.
+
+The generally accepted theory respecting the meteors is that they were
+all originally parts of comets now disintegrated, and the four
+well-known showers of April 20th, August 10th and 14th, and November
+27th, bear testimony to this theory.
+
+The apparent velocity of the meteors is between ten and forty-five
+miles a second, and their average height is about seventy-six miles at
+first appearance, and fifty-one miles at disappearance. Occasionally a
+meteor is so large and compact as to escape total destruction, and
+falls to the earth. Specimens of these meteorites are to be found in
+our best museums.
+
+I have seen fit to divide the principal meteor showers into four
+groups, according to the seasons in which they appear, and have placed
+them respectively at the conclusion of each season's work on the
+constellations.
+
+By radiant point is meant the point from which the meteors start on
+their flight. This point is an apparent one, however, due to an
+illusion of perspective, for the meteors really approach the earth in
+parallel paths.
+
+The dates given for these showers are those of the maxima, and the
+meteors should be looked for several nights before and after the dates
+specified.
+
+The showers that are to be seen after midnight are, unless of special
+note, omitted.
+
+There are, besides the meteors that have been classified, certain
+shooting-stars that apparently have no determined radiant point. These
+are called sporadic meteors.
+
+In these lists of meteors, the radiant point is only approximately
+given; for scientific purposes a far more exact position is required
+in terms of right ascension and declination. There are several good
+lists of meteoric showers to be obtained, which afford this
+information for those who care to pursue the matter more in detail.
+See the Rev. T.W. Webb's book, entitled _Celestial Objects for Common
+Telescopes_. For purposes of identification, the radiant points here
+given will be found for the most part sufficient.
+
+
+NOTE.
+
+    Many readers of this book may be the fortunate possessors of
+    small telescopes. It may be that they have observed the
+    heavens from time to time in a desultory way and have no
+    notion that valuable and practical scientific research work
+    can be accomplished with a small glass. If those who are
+    willing to aid in the great work of astrophysical research
+    will communicate with the author he will be pleased to
+    outline for them a most practical and fascinating line of
+    observational work that will enable them to share in the
+    advance of our knowledge respecting the stars. It is work
+    that involves no mathematics, and its details are easily
+    mastered.
+
+
+
+
+THE NAMES OF THE STARS AND THEIR MEANINGS.
+
+
+  ACUBENS, [a] _Cancri_, "the claws."
+
+    Situated in one of the Crab's claws. It is white in color
+    and culminates[1] March 18th.
+
+  A-DAR�-A, [e] _Canis Majoris_, "the virgins," a name for
+    four stars, of which Adara is brightest.
+
+    Situated in the Dog's right thigh. It is pale orange in
+    color, and culminates Feb. 11th.
+
+  ADHIL, [e] _Andromed�_, "the train of a garment."
+
+    Situated in the left shoulder of the chained lady.
+
+  ALADFAR (al-ad-f�r), [m] _Lyr�_, "the talons" (of the
+    falling eagle)
+
+  AL BALI, [e] _Aquarii_, "the good fortune of the swallower."
+
+  AL-BI�-REO, or AL-BIR��-O [b] _Cygni_, origin doubtful.
+    Means the beak of the hen.
+
+    Situated in the beak of the Swan and the base of the Cross.
+    Its color is topaz yellow, and it culminates Aug. 28th.
+
+  ALCAID, [�] _Urs� Majoris_. _See_ Benetnasch.
+
+  ALCHIBA (al-k[=e]-b�), [a] _Corvi_, "the tent," the desert
+    title for the constellation.
+
+    Situated in the eye of the Crow. Orange in color.
+
+  ALCOR (al�-k�r), g _Urs� Majoris_, "the cavalier" or "the
+    rider."
+
+    Situated close to Mizar in the handle of the "Dipper."
+    Silver white in color. The Arabs called this star "Saidak,"
+    meaning "the proof," because they used it to test a good
+    eye.
+
+  AL-CY�-O-NE, [�] _Tauri_.
+
+    Greenish yellow in color. The brightest of the Pleiades.
+    Situated in the neck of the Bull.
+
+  AL-DEB�-A-RAN, [a] _Tauri_, "the hindmost" or the
+    "follower," _i.e._ of the Pleiades.
+
+    Situated in the eye of the Bull. Pale rose in color. It is
+    receding from the earth at the rate of thirty miles per
+    second, and culminates Jan. 10.
+
+    [a] Tauri is sometimes called Palilicium.
+
+  ALDERAMIN (Al-der-am�-in), [a] _Cephei_ "the right arm." It
+    now marks the shoulder of Cepheus.
+
+    White in color. It culminates Sept. 27th.
+
+  ALDHAFERA, [z] _Leonis_.
+
+    Situated in the "Sickle," and the neck of the Lion. It
+    culminates April 8th.
+
+  ALFIRK (al-ferk�), or ALPHIRK, "stars of the flock," [b]
+    _Cephei_.
+
+    The Arab name for the constellation. Situated in the girdle
+    of Cepheus. White in color. It culminates Oct. 2d.
+
+  ALGEIBA (al-j[=e]�-b�), [g] _Leonis_, "the mane."
+
+    Situated in the "Sickle," and the shoulder of the Lion. It
+    is approaching the earth at the rate of twenty-four miles
+    per second, and culminates April 9th.
+
+  AL�-GE-NIB, [g] _Pegasi_, "the wing," possibly the "flank"
+    or "side."
+
+    Situated in the wing of the Horse. White in color, and
+    culminates Nov. 14th.
+
+  AL�-GE-NIB, [a] _Persei_, "the side," or Mirfak, "the
+    elbow."
+
+    Situated in the right side of Perseus. Lilac in color and
+    approaching the earth at the rate of six miles per second.
+    It culminates Jan. 1st. This star is also called Alchemb.
+
+  ALGENUBI (al-je-n��-bi), [e] _Leonis_, "the head of the
+    Lion."
+
+    A yellow star situated in the Lion's mouth.
+
+  AL�-GOL, [b] _Persei_, "the ghoul" or "demon."
+
+    Situated in the head of the Medusa held in the Hero's left
+    hand. White in color. It is approaching the earth at the
+    rate of one mile per second, and culminates Dec. 23d.
+
+  ALGORAB (al-go-r�b�), or ALGORES, ([d]) _Corvi_, "the
+    raven."
+
+    Situated on the right wing of the Crow. Pale yellow in
+    color. It culminates May 14th.
+
+  ALHENA (al-hen�-a), [g] _Geminorum_, "a brand on the right
+    side of the camel's neck," or a "ring" or "circlet."
+
+    Situated in the left foot of Pollux. White in color, and
+    culminates Feb. 8th. Alhena is sometimes called Almeisam.
+
+  AL-I-OTH, [e] _Urs� Majoris_, disputed derivation.
+
+    Situated in the tail of the Great Bear. It is approaching
+    the earth at the rate of nineteen miles per second. It
+    culminates May 20th. Alioth, the name sometimes given to [a]
+    and [th] Serpentis.
+
+  AL-KAID (al-k[=a]d), _See_ ALCAID.
+
+  ALKALUROPS (al-ka-l[=u]�-rops), [m] _Bo�tis_, "a herdsman's
+    club, crook, or staff."
+
+    Situated near the right shoulder of the Herdsman. Its color
+    is flushed white.
+
+  ALKES (al�-kes), [a] _Crateris_, from Al Kas, "the cup," the
+    Arab name for the constellation.
+
+    Situated in the base of the Cup. Orange in color, and
+    culminates April 20th.
+
+  ALMAC, [g] _Andromed�_, "a badger," possibly "the boot."
+
+    Situated in the left foot of Andromeda. Orange in color, and
+    culminates Dec. 8th.
+
+  AL NAAIM, [t] and [n] Pegasi, "the cross bars over a well."
+
+  AL NASL (al-nas�l), or ELNASL (el-nas�-l), [g] _Sagittarii_,
+    "the point head of the arrow."
+
+    Situated in the arrow's tip. It is yellow in color, and
+    culminates Aug. 4th. This star sometimes called Nushaba and
+    Warida.
+
+  AL NATH, or NATH [g] _Aurig�_, and [b] _Tauri_, "the heel of
+    the rein-holder," the "butter" _i.e._ the "horn."
+
+    Situated in the right foot of the Charioteer, and the
+    tip of the northern horn of the Bull. Brilliant white in
+    color, and culminates Dec. 11th.
+
+  ALNILAM (al-ni-lam�), [e] _Orionis_, "a belt of spheres or
+    pearls."
+
+    Situated in Orion's belt. It is bright white in color, and
+    is receding from the earth at the rate of sixteen miles per
+    second. It culminates Jan. 25th.
+
+  ALNITAK (al-ni-tak�), [z] _Orionis_, "the girdle."
+
+    Situated in Orion's belt. Topaz yellow in color. It is
+    receding from the earth at the rate of nine miles per
+    second, and culminates Jan. 26th.
+
+  AL-NIYAT, [s] _Scorpii_, "the outworks of the heart."
+
+    Situated near the Scorpion's heart. It is creamy white in
+    color.
+
+  AL�-PHARD or (al-f�rd�), [a] _Hydr�_, "the solitary one in
+    the serpent."
+
+    Situated in the heart of Hydra. Orange in color, and
+    culminates Mar. 26th. The Chinese called this star "the Red
+    Bird."
+
+  AL-PHEC�-CA, [a] _Coron� Borealis_, "the bright one of the
+    dish." _See_ Gemma. Century Dictionary gives meaning "the
+    cup or platter of a dervish."
+
+  AL�-PHE-RATZ, or (al-fe-rats�), [a] _Andromed�_, "the head of
+    the woman in chains." "The navel of the horse."
+
+  Situated in the head of Andromeda. White and purplish in
+    color. It culminates Nov. 10th. Alpheratz is some times
+    called Sirrah.
+
+  AL-PHIRK, [b] _Cephei_, from al-Firk, the flock.
+
+  AL RAKIS, [m] _Draconis_, "the dancer."
+
+    Situated in the Dragon's nose. Brilliant white in color. The
+    Century Dictionary gives for this star Arrakis, "The
+    trotting camel."
+
+  AL RESCHA, [a] _Piscium_, "the cord or knot."
+
+    Situated in the knot joining the ribbons that hold the
+    Fishes together. Pale green in color, and culminates Dec.
+    7th.
+
+  ALSAFI [s] _Draconis_.
+
+  ALSCHAIN (al-sh[=a]n�), [b] _Aquil�_, part of the Arab name
+    for the constellation.
+
+    Situated in the head of Antino�s. Pale orange in color, and
+    culminates Sept. 3d.
+
+  AL SHAT, [n] _Capricorni_, "the sheep."
+
+  AL�-TAIR, or ATAIR, [a] _Aquil�_, "the flying eagle," part
+    of the Arab name for the constellation.
+
+    Situated in the neck of the Eagle. Yellow in color, and
+    culminates Sept. 1st.
+
+  ALTERF (al-terf�), [l] _Leonis_, "the glance," _i.e._ the
+    Lion's eye.
+
+    Situated in the Lion's mouth, the point of the Sickle. Red
+    in color.
+
+  ALUDRA (al-��-dra), [�] _Canis Majoris_, "the virgins." The
+    four stars near each other in Canis Major.
+
+    Situated in the Great Dog's tail. Pale red in color, and
+    culminates Feb. 21st.
+
+  ALULA BOREALIS, [n] _Urs� Majoris_.
+
+  ALULA AUSTRALIS, [z] _Urs� Majoris_ The "northern and
+    southern wing."
+
+    Situated in the Southern hind foot of the Great Bear. The
+    latter star is sometimes called El Acola.
+
+  AL�-YA, [th] _Serpentis_.
+
+    Situated in the tip of the Serpent's tail. Pale yellow in
+    color. It culminates Aug. 18th.
+
+  ANCHA, [th] _Aquarii_, "the hip."
+
+    Situated in the right hip of Aquarius.
+
+  ANT-[=A]R-ES, or AN-TA�-REZ, [a] _Scorpii_, "the rival of
+    Mars."
+
+    Situated in the heart of the Scorpion. Fiery red and emerald
+    green in color. It culminates July 11th.
+
+  ARC-T[=U]-RUS, [a] _Bo�tis_, "the leg of the lance-bearer,"
+    or "the bear-keeper."
+
+    Situated in the left knee of the Herdsman. Golden yellow in
+    color. It culminates June 8th.
+
+  ARIDED, _See_ DENEB.
+
+  ARNEB (�r�-neb), [a] _Leporis_, "the hare," the Arab name
+    for the constellation.
+
+    Situated in the heart of the Hare. Pale yellow in color. It
+    culminates Jan. 24th. [a] _Leporis_ is sometimes called
+    Arsh.
+
+  ARKAB (�r�-kab), [b] _Sagittarii_, "the tendon uniting the
+    calf of the leg to the heel."
+
+    Situated in the Archer's left fore leg.
+
+  ASHFAR, [m] and [e] _Leonis_, "the eyebrows."
+
+    Situated close to the Lion's right eye. [m] orange in color,
+    sometimes called Alshemali or Asmidiske.
+
+  ASPIDISKI (as-pi-dis�ke) or ASMIDISKE, [i] _Argus_, "in the
+    gunwale."
+
+    Situated in the shield which ornaments the vessel's stern.
+    Pale yellow in color. The Century Dictionary gives "a little
+    shield" as the meaning for this star name.
+
+  ASCELLA, [z] _Sagittarii_, "the armpit."
+
+    Situated near the Archer's left armpit. It culminates Aug.
+    19th.
+
+  ASCELLUS, [th] _Bo�tis_.
+
+    It marks the finger tips of the Herdsman's upraised hand.
+
+  ASCELLUS BOREALIS, [n] _Cancri_, "northern ass."
+
+    Straw color.
+
+  ASCELLUS AUSTRALIS, [d] _Cancri_, "the southern ass."
+
+    Situated on the back of the Crab. Straw color.
+
+  ATIK, [o] _Persei_.
+
+    Situated in the wing on the right foot of Perseus.
+
+  AZELFAFAGE, [p] _Cygni_, "the horse's foot or track."
+
+  AZHA, [�] _Eridani_, "the ostrich's nest."
+
+    Pale yellow in color.
+
+
+  BAHAM, [th] _Pegasi_, "the young of domestic animals."
+
+    Situated near the left eye of Pegasus.
+
+  BAT�EN KAITOS, [z] _Ceti_, "the whale's belly."
+
+    A topaz-yellow-colored star, which culminates Dec. 5th.
+
+  BEID (b[=a]�-id), [o] _Eridani_, "the egg."
+
+    A very white star.
+
+  BEL�-LA-TRIX, [g] _Orionis_, "the female warrior." The
+    Amazon star.
+
+    Situated in the left shoulder of Orion. Pale yellow in
+    color. It is receding from the earth at the rate of six
+    miles per second, and culminates Jan. 22d. The Century
+    Dictionary gives the color as very white.
+
+  BE-NET�-NASCH, [�] _Urs� Majoris_, "the chief or governor of
+    the mourners" (alluding to the fancied bier).
+
+    Situated in the tip of the Great Bear's tail. Brilliant
+    white in color. It is approaching the earth at the rate of
+    sixteen miles per second, and culminates June 2d. This star
+    is also called Alkaid, from al-kaid, "the Governor."
+
+  BETELGEUZE (BET-EL-GERZ�), [a] _Orionis_, "the giant's
+    shoulder," or "the armpit of the central one."
+
+    Situated in the right shoulder of Orion. Orange in color. It
+    is receding from the earth at the rate of ten miles per
+    second, and culminates Jan. 29th.
+
+    Sometimes called Mirzam, the roarer.
+
+  BOTEIN (b[=o]-t[=e]-in�), [d] _Arietis_, "the little belly."
+
+
+  CA-PEL�-LA, [a] _Aurig�_, "the she-goat."
+
+    Situated in the left shoulder of the Charioteer. It is a
+    white star, and is receding from the earth at the rate of
+    fifteen miles per second. It culminates Jan. 19th. The color
+    of Capella is nearly that of the sun.
+
+  CAPH (kaf), [b] _Cassiopei�_, "the camel's hump," or "the
+    hand."
+
+    It is white in color, and culminates Nov. 11th.
+
+  CAS�-TOR, [a] _Geminorum_, "the horseman of the twins."
+
+    Its color is bright white, and it culminates Feb. 23d.
+    Situated in the head of Castor. The Century Dictionary gives
+    the color as greenish.
+
+  CHELEB, [b] _Ophiuchi_, also CEB�ELR�I from kelb, the
+    shepherd's dog.
+
+    Situated in the head of the Serpent. It is a yellow star,
+    and culminates Aug. 30th.
+
+  CHORT (ch�rt), [th] _Leonis_.
+
+    Situated in the hind quarters of the Lion. It culminates
+    April 24th. The Century Dictionary has [th] _Centauri_ for
+    this star.
+
+  COR CAROLI (k�r kar�-[=o]-l[=i]), [a] _Can. Ven._, "the
+    heart of Charles II."
+
+    It is flushed white in color, and culminates May 20th. A
+    yellowish star according to the Century Dictionary.
+
+  CUJAM, [�] _Herculis_. Word used by Horace for the club of
+    Hercules.
+
+  CURSA (KER� SA), [b] _Eridani_, "the footstool of the
+    central one," or "the chair or throne."
+
+    Situated about at the source of the river near Orion. Topaz
+    yellow in color, and culminates January 13th. This star is
+    also known as Dhalim (Tha�lim) ("the ostrich").
+
+
+  DABIH (d�-be), [b] _Capricorni_, "the lucky one of the
+    slaughterers," or "the slayer's lucky star."
+
+    Situated in the head of the Sea-Goat. It is an
+    orange-colored star, and culminates Sept. 10th.
+
+  D[=E]�-NEB, or ARIDED (ar�-i-ded), [a] _Cygni_, "the hen's
+    tail," "the hindmost."
+
+    Situated in the tail of the Swan, and at the top of the
+    Cross. Brilliant white in color. It is approaching the earth
+    at the rate of thirty-six miles per second. It culminates
+    Sept. 16th.
+
+  DENEB AL OKAB (den�-eb al-[=o]-k�b), [e] and [z] _Aquil�_,
+    "the eagle's tail."
+
+  DENEB ALGEDI (den�-eb al�-j[=e]-d[=e]), [d] _Capricorni_,
+    "the tail of the goat."
+
+    Situated in the tail of the Sea-Goat.
+
+  DENEB AL SHEMALI (den�-eb-al-she-m�-le), [i] _Ceti_
+
+    A bright yellow star situated at the tip of the northern
+    fluke of the monster's tail.
+
+  DENEB KAITOS (den�-eb k[=i]�-tos), [b] _Ceti_, "the tail of
+    the whale."
+
+    Situated in the tail of the Whale. It is a yellow star, and
+    culminates Nov. 21st. This star sometimes called Diphda.
+
+  DE-NEB�-O-LA, [b] _Leonis_, "the lion's tail."
+
+    It is a blue star which is approaching the earth at the rate
+    of twelve miles per second. It culminates May 3d. This star
+    also called Dafirah, and Serpha.
+
+  DSCHUBBA, [d] _Scorpii_, "the front of the forehead."
+
+    Situated in the head of the Scorpion. It culminates July
+    4th.
+
+  DSIBAN, [ps] _Draconis_.
+
+    Pearly white in color.
+
+  DUB�-HE (d�b�-he), [a] _Urs� Majoris_, "a bear."
+
+    The northern pointer star. It is a yellow star, and is
+    approaching the earth at the rate of twelve miles per
+    second. It culminates April 21st. The Arabs called the four
+    stars in the Dipper the "bier."
+
+
+  EL NATH [b] _Tauri_, the one who butts. This star is
+    receding at the rate of five miles a second.
+
+  ELTANIN, or ETANIN (et�-[=a]-nin), [g] _Draconis_, "the
+    dragon," "the dragon's head."
+
+    It is orange in color and culminates Aug. 4th. Rasaben is
+    another name for this star.
+
+  E�-NIF, or en�-if, [e] _Pegasi_, "the nose."
+
+    Situated in the nose of Pegasus. It is a yellow star, which
+    is receding from the earth at the rate of five miles per
+    second, and culminates Oct. 4th. This star was also called
+    fum-al-far-as, "the mouth of the horse."
+
+  ER RAI (er-r[=a]�-[=e]), [g] _Cephei_, "the shepherd."
+
+    Situated in the left knee of Cepheus. It is yellow in color
+    and culminates Nov. 10th.
+
+
+  FOMALHAUT (F[=o]�-mal-[=o]), (disputed pronunciation), [a]
+    _Piscis Austri_, "the fish's mouth."
+
+    Situated in the head of the Southern Fish. It is reddish in
+    color, and culminates Oct. 25th. This star was also known as
+    the first frog, the second frog being [b] Ceti.
+
+  FURUD, or PHURUD (fu-r[=o]d), [z] _Canis Majoris_, "the
+    bright single one."
+
+    Situated in the left hind paw of the Greater Dog. It is
+    light orange in color.
+
+
+  GEM�-MA, [a] _Coron� Borealis_, "a bud."
+
+    The brightest star in the Northern Crown. It is brilliant
+    white in color, and is receding from the earth at the rate
+    of twenty miles per second. It culminates June 28th. This
+    star is also known as Alphecca and Alfeta.
+
+  GIANSAR [l] _Draconis_, "the twins," "the poison place."
+
+    Situated in the tip of the Dragon's tail. An orange-colored
+    star. It culminates April 28th.
+
+  GIEDI, [a] _Capricorni_, also called Algied�-i, the goat.
+
+    Situated in the head of the Sea-Goat. It is a yellow star,
+    and culminates Sept. 9th.
+
+  GIENAH, [g] _Corvi_, "the right wing of the raven."
+
+    Situated in the Crow's wing. It culminates May 10th.
+
+  GIENAH, [e] _Cygni_, "the wing."
+
+    Situated in the Swan's wing. It is a yellow star, and
+    culminates Sept. 17th.
+
+  GOMEISA (g[=o]-m[=i]�-z�), GOMELZA, [b] _Canis Minoris_,
+    "Watery-eyed, weeping." A white star.
+
+    Situated in the neck of the Lesser Dog.
+
+  GRAFFIAS, [b] _Scorpii_, derivation unknown; the name may
+    mean "the crab." This star was also called Ak�rab, the
+    Scorpion.
+
+    Situated in the head of the Scorpion. It is a pale white
+    star, and culminates July 5th.
+
+  GRUMIUM (gr��-mi-um), [x] _Draconis_, "the dragon's under
+    jaw."
+
+    A yellow star.
+
+
+  HAM�-AL or (ha-m�l�), [a] _Arietis_, "the head of the
+    sheep."
+
+    Situated in the forehead of the Ram. It is yellow in color,
+    and is approaching the earth at the rate of nine miles per
+    second. It culminates Dec. 11th.
+
+  HOMAM (ho-mam�), [z] _Pegasi_, "the lucky star of the hero,
+    or the whisperer."
+
+    Situated in the neck of Pegasus. Light yellow in color. It
+    culminates Oct. 22d. The Century Dictionary gives this star
+    name to [�] _Pegasi_.
+
+  HYADUM I, [g] _Tauri_.
+
+    Situated in the Hyades, the nose of the Bull. A yellow star.
+
+
+  IZAR ([=e]-z�r), Mirach, or Mizar, [e] _Bo�tis_, "the
+    girdle."
+
+    Pale orange in color. It is approaching the earth at the
+    rate of ten miles per second, and culminates June 16th. A
+    beautiful colored double star.
+
+
+  JABBAH (Jab�-b�), [n] _Scorpii_, "crown of the forehead."
+
+    A triple star.
+
+
+  KAUS (k�s), AUSTRALIS, [e] _Sagittarii_, "the southern part
+    of the bow."
+
+    An orange-colored star. It culminates Aug. 8th.
+
+  KAUS (k�s), BOREALIS, [l] _Sagittarii_, "the northern part of
+    the bow."
+
+    Orange color.
+
+  KITALPHA, [a] _Equulei_, the Arab name for the asterism. In
+    the head of the Little Horse. It culminates Sept. 24th.
+
+  KO�-CHAB (k[=o]-k�b�), [b] _Urs� Minoris_, "the star of the
+    North."
+
+    Situated in the right shoulder of the Little Bear. One of
+    the two Guardians of the Pole. It is reddish in color, and
+    is receding from the earth at the rate of eight miles per
+    second. It culminates June 19th.
+
+  KORNEPHOROS, [b] _Herculis_, the Arab name for the
+    constellation.
+
+    Situated in the right arm-pit of Hercules. Pale yellow in
+    color. It is approaching the earth at the rate of twenty-two
+    miles per second. It culminates July 12th.
+
+
+  LESUTH, [n] _Scorpii_, "the sting."
+
+    Situated in the tip of the Scorpion's tail. It culminates
+    July 27th.
+
+
+  MARFAK (m�r�fak), [th] _Cassiopei�_, "the elbow."
+
+    Situated in the left elbow of Cassiopeia. This star name is
+    also given to [m] Cassiopei�.
+
+  MARFIC (m�r�-fik), [l] _Ophiuchi_, "the elbow."
+
+    Situated in the left elbow of the Serpent Bearer. Yellowish
+    white in color.
+
+  MARFIK (m�r� fik), or MARSIC, [k] _Herculis_, "the elbow."
+
+    Situated in the right elbow of Hercules. Light yellow in
+    color.
+
+  MAR�-KAB (m�r�kab), [a] _Pegasi_, Arab word for "saddle".
+    Century Dictionary gives "a wagon" or "chariot."
+
+    Situated in the base of the Horse's neck. It is a white star
+    which is receding from the earth at the rate of three
+    quarters of a mile a second. It culminates Nov. 3d.
+
+  MARKEB, [k] _Argus_.
+
+    Situated in the stern of the Ship. It culminates Mar. 25th.
+
+  MARSYM, [l] _Herculis_, "the wrist."
+
+    Situated in the left wrist of Hercules. Deep yellow in
+    color.
+
+  MATAR or SAD (S�d), "a lucky star," or more fully,
+    Sad-Mator, [�] _Pegasi_, "the fortunate rain."
+
+    Situated in the left fore leg of Pegasus.
+
+  MEBUSTA, MEBSUTA (Meb-s��-ta), or MEBOULA, [e] _Geminorum_,
+    "the outstretched."
+
+    A brilliant white star situated in the right knee of Castor.
+
+  MEDIA, or KAUS MEDIA, [d] _Sagittarii_, "middle (of the)
+    bow."
+
+    Orange yellow in color. It culminates Aug. 8th.
+
+  M[=E]-GRES, or (M[=e]�-grez), [d] _Urs� Majoris_, "the root
+    of the bear's tail."
+
+    It is a pale yellow star, and culminates May 10th. This star
+    is the faintest of the seven which form the Dipper.
+
+  MEISSA, [l] _Orionis_.
+
+    Situated in the face of the Giant Hunter. Pale white in
+    color.
+
+  MEKBUDA (mek-b[=u]�-d[=a]), [z] _Geminorum_, "the contracted
+    (arm)."
+
+    Situated in the left knee of Pollux. Pale topaz in color.
+
+  MENKALINAN (men-ka-l[=e]-nan� or Men-kal�-i-nan), [b]
+    _Aurig�_, "the shoulder of the rein-holder or driver."
+
+    Situated in the right arm of the Charioteer. A lucid yellow
+    star which is receding from the earth at the rate of
+    seventeen miles per second. It culminates Jan. 29th. This
+    star was one of the first discovered and most remarkable
+    "spectroscopic binaries."
+
+  MENKAR (men�k�r), [a] _Ceti_, "the nose, or snout."
+
+    Situated in the nose of Cetus. Bright orange in color. It
+    culminates Dec. 21st. Sometimes written Menkab.
+
+  MENKIB, [x] _Persei_, "the shoulder."
+
+    Situated in the calf of the right leg of Perseus.
+
+  MERAK (m[=e]�rak), [b] _Urs� Majoris_, "the loin of the
+    bear."
+
+    A greenish white star which is approaching the earth at the
+    rate of eighteen miles per second. It culminates Apr. 20th.
+    The southern of the two "pointers."
+
+  MESARTIM (m[=e]-s�r�tim), [g] _Arietis_, the Hebrew word
+    for "minister."
+
+    Situated in the Ram's left horn. Bright white in color.
+
+  MINTAKA (min�ta-k�), [d] _Orionis_, "the belt (of the
+    giant)."
+
+    One of the three stars in Orion's belt. A brilliant white
+    star with very little motion. It culminates Jan. 24th.
+
+  M[=I]�-RA (m[=i]�ra or m[=e]�ra), [o] _Ceti_.
+
+    Situated in the neck of Cetus. A famous variable, flushed
+    yellow in color. It culminates Dec. 15th.
+
+  M[=I]�RACH, or MIRAK (m[=i]�rak or m[=e]�rak), [b]
+    _Andromed�_, "the girdle," or "the loins."
+
+    A yellow star culminating Nov. 28th.
+
+  M[=I]ZAR (m[=i]z�r or m[=e]�z�r), [z] _Urs� Majoris_, "a
+    girdle or apron."
+
+    Situated in the tail of the Great Bear. Brilliant white in
+    color. It is approaching the earth at the rate of nineteen
+    miles per second. It culminates May 28th.
+
+  MULIPHEN, [g] _Canis Majoris_.
+
+    Situated in the neck of the Greater Dog. It culminates Feb.
+    26th.
+
+  MUPHRID (m[=u]�-frid), [�] _Bo�tis_, "the solitary star of
+    the lancer."
+
+    Situated in the calf of the left leg of the Herdsman. Pale
+    yellow in color. It culminates June 4th.
+
+  MURZIM or MIRZAM (mer-z�m�), [b] _Canis Majoris_, "the
+    announcer" or "the roarer."
+
+    Situated in the Greater Dog's left fore paw. A white star
+    culminating Feb. 5th.
+
+  MUSCIDA, [o] _Urs� Majoris_, "the muzzle."
+
+    Situated in the nose of the Great Bear.
+
+
+  NEKKAR, or NAKKAR (nak�-k�r), [b] _Bo�tis_, "the herdsman,"
+    the Arab name for the whole constellation.
+
+    Situated in the head of Bo�tes. A golden yellow star which
+    culminates June 20th.
+
+  NAOS (n[=a]�-os), [z] _Argus_, "the ship."
+
+    Situated in the stern of the Ship. It culminates Mar. 3d.
+
+  NASHIRA, [g] _Capricorni_, "the fortunate one, or the
+    bringer of good tidings."
+
+    Situated in the tail of the Sea-Goat. It culminates Oct. 3d.
+
+  NIHAL, [b] _Leporis_.
+
+    Situated in the right foot of the Hare. Deep yellow in
+    color. It culminates Jan. 23d.
+
+  NODUS SECUNDUS, [d] _Draconis_, "the second of the four
+    knots or convolutions."
+
+    Deep yellow in color. It culminates Aug. 24th.
+
+  NUNKI, [s] _Sagittarii_, "the star of the proclamation of
+    the sea," or SADIRA (sad�-[=e]-ra), "the ostrich returning
+    from the water."
+
+    Situated in the upper part of the Archer's left arm. It
+    culminates Aug. 17th.
+
+
+  PHAD, PHEC�-DA, or PHAED (f[=a]�-ed), [g] _Urs� Majoris_,
+    "the thigh" (of the bear).
+
+    Topaz yellow in color. It is approaching the earth at the
+    rate of sixteen miles per second. It culminates May 4th.
+
+  PHAET or PHACT, [a] _Columb�_.
+
+    Situated in the heart of the Dove. It culminates Jan. 26th.
+
+  PHERKAD (fer�-kad), [g] _Urs� Minoris_, "the calf."
+
+    Situated in the right fore leg of the Little Bear.
+
+  PO-L�-RIS, [a] _Urs� Minoris_, "the pole star."
+
+    Situated in the tip of the Little Bear's tail. Topaz yellow
+    in color. It is receding from the earth at the rate of
+    sixteen miles per second.
+
+  POL�-LUX, [b] _Geminorum_, Ovid's "Pugil," the pugilist of
+    the two brothers.
+
+    Situated in the head of Pollux. An orange-colored star which
+    is receding from the earth at the rate of one mile per
+    second. It culminates Feb. 26th. The Century Dictionary
+    gives the color of Pollux as very yellow.
+
+  PORRIMA (por�-i-m�), [g] _Virginis_, Latin name for "a
+    goddess of prophecy."
+
+    Situated in the Virgin's left arm. It culminates May 17th.
+
+  PRO�-CY-ON, [a] _Canis Minoris_, "the foremost dog."
+
+    A yellowish-white star. It is approaching the earth at the
+    rate of six miles per second. It culminates Feb. 24th. It is
+    situated in the right side of the Lesser Dog. Dr. Elkin
+    gives its distance as 12.3 light years, and its proper
+    motion as 13.9 miles per second.
+
+  PROPUS (pr[=o]�-pus), [�] _Geminorum_, "the forward foot."
+
+    Situated in the northern foot of Castor.
+
+  RASALAS (ras�-a-las), [m] _Leonis_, "the lion's head toward
+    the south."
+
+    Situated in the Sickle, close to the Lion's right eye. An
+    orange-colored star. It culminates Apr. 1st. Alshemali and
+    Borealis are other names for this star.
+
+  RAS ALGETHI (r�s-al-ge�-thi), [a] _Herculis_, "the kneeler's
+    head."
+
+    Orange red in color. It culminates July 23d.
+
+  RAS�-AL-H[=A]G�-UE, [a] _Ophiuchi_, "the head of the serpent
+    charmer."
+
+    A sapphire-hued star. It is receding from the earth at the
+    rate of twelve miles per second. It culminates July 28th.
+
+  RASTABAN (r�s-ta-b�n�), [b] or [g] _Draconis_ "the dragon's
+    head," or "the head of the basilisk."
+
+    A yellow star culminating Aug. 3d. This star also called
+    Alwaid (al-w[=i]d�) "the sucking camel-colts." The three
+    stars near it are included in this appellation.
+
+  REG�-U-LUS, [a] _Leonis_, diminutive of the earlier Rex.
+
+    Situated in the handle of the Sickle, and the right fore paw
+    of the Lion. It is flushed white in color, and is
+    approaching the earth at the rate of five miles per second.
+    It culminates April 6th. According to Dr. Elkin it is 35.1
+    light years distant, and has a proper motion of 8.5 miles
+    per second.
+
+  RIGEL (ri�-jel), [b] _Orionis_, "the [left] leg of the
+    Jabbah, or giant."
+
+    A bluish-white star, which is receding from the earth at the
+    rate of ten miles per second. It culminates Jan. 20th. This
+    star is sometimes called Algebar (al�-je-b�r).
+
+  ROTANEV (rot�-a-nev), [b] _Delphini_, from Venator,
+    assistant to Piazzi, his name reversed.
+
+    It culminates Sept. 15th.
+
+  RUCHBA, [�] _Cygni_, "the hen's knee."
+
+    A pale red star.
+
+  RUCHBAH, or RUCBAH, [d] _Cassiopei�_, "the knee."
+
+    Situated in the left knee of Cassiopeia. It culminates Dec.
+    2d.
+
+  RUKBAT, [a] _Sagittarii_, "the archer's knee."
+
+    Situated in the left fore foot of the Archer. It culminates
+    Aug. 24th.
+
+
+  SABIK, [�] _Ophiuchi_.
+
+    A pale yellow star in the left leg of the Serpent Bearer. It
+    culminates Aug. 21st.
+
+  SADACHBIA (s[=a]d-ak-b[=e]�-y�), [g] _Aquarii_, "the luck
+    star of hidden things."
+
+    Greenish in color and situated in the water jar of Aquarius.
+    It culminates Oct. 16th.
+
+  SAD AL BARI, [l] and [m] _Pegasi_, "the good luck of the
+    excelling one."
+
+    Situated close to the fore legs of Pegasus.
+
+  SADAL MELIK (s�d-al-mel�-ik), or RUCBAH, [a] _Aquarii_, "the
+    lucky star of the king."
+
+    A red star situated in the right shoulder of Aquarius. It
+    culminates Oct. 9th.
+
+  SADALSUND, or SADALSUUD (s�d-al-s�-�d), [b] _Aquarii_, "the
+    luckiest of the lucky."
+
+    Pale yellow in color. Situated in the left shoulder of
+    Aquarius. It culminates Sept. 29th.
+
+  SADATONI (sad-a-t[=o]�-ni), [z] _Aurig�_.
+
+    One of the three stars known as "the kids." Orange color.
+
+  SADR (sadr), or SADIR (s[=a]�-d[=e]r), [g] _Cygni_, "the
+    hen's breast."
+
+    This star is approaching the earth at the rate of four miles
+    per second. It culminates Sept. 11th.
+
+  SAIPH (s[=a]-if�), [k] _Orionis_, "the sword of the giant."
+
+    Situated in Orion's right knee. It culminates Jan. 27th.
+
+  SARGAS, [th] _Scorpii_.
+
+    A red star situated in the tail of the Scorpion. It
+    culminates July 27th.
+
+  SCHEAT (she�-at), or Menkib, [b] _Pegasi_, "the upper part of
+    the arm."
+
+    Situated in the left fore-leg of Pegasus. It is deep yellow
+    in color, and is receding from the earth at the rate of four
+    miles per second. It culminates Oct. 25th.
+
+  SCHEMALI, see Deneb al schemali, [i] _Ceti_.
+
+  SEGINUS (se-j[=i]�nus), [g] _Bo�tis_, from Ceginus of the
+    constellation, possibly.
+
+    Situated in the left shoulder of Bo�tes. It culminates June
+    13th.
+
+  SHAULA (sh�-l�), [l] _Scorpii_, "the sting."
+
+    In the tip of the Scorpion's tail.
+
+  SHEDAR, SCHEDIR, or SHEDIR, [a] _Cassiopei�_, "the breast,"
+    or from El Seder, "the sedar tree," a name given to this
+    constellation by Ulugh Beigh.
+
+    Pale rose in color. It culminates Nov. 18th.
+
+  SHELIAK, or SHELYAK (shel�-yak), "a tortoise," [b] _Lyr�_,
+    Arabian name for the constellation.
+
+    A very white star culminating Aug. 17th.
+
+  SHERATAN (sher-a-tan�), [b] _Arietis_, "a sign," or "the two
+    signs."
+
+    Situated in the Ram's horn. A pearly white star culminating
+    Dec. 7th.
+
+  SIR�-I-US, [a] _Canis Majoris_, "the sparkling star or
+    scorcher."
+
+    Situated in the mouth of the Great Dog. Brilliant white in
+    color. The brightest of the fixed stars. It culminates Feb.
+    11th.
+
+  SITULA (sit�-[=u]-l[=a]), [k] _Aquarii_, "the water jar or
+    bucket."
+
+    Situated in the rim of the Water Jar.
+
+  SKAT, or SCHEAT, [d] _Aquarii_, "a wish," or possibly it
+    means a "shin bone."
+
+    Situated in the right leg of Aquarius.
+
+  SPI�CA, [a] _Virginis_, "the ear of wheat or corn" (held in
+    the Virgin's left hand).
+
+    A brilliant flushed white star, which is approaching the
+    earth at the rate of nine miles a second. It culminates May
+    28th.
+
+  SUALOCIN, or SVALOCIN (sval�-[=o]-sin), Nicolaus reversed,
+    [a] _Delphini_.
+
+    A pale yellow star culminating Sept. 15th.
+
+  SULAFAT, or SULAPHAT (s��-l�-f�t), "the tortoise," [g]
+    _Lyr�_.
+
+    Arabian title for the whole constellation. It is bright
+    yellow in color, and culminates Aug. 19th.
+
+  SYRMA, [i] _Virginis_; this name used by Ptolemy to
+    designate this star in the train of the Virgin's robe.
+
+
+  TALITA (t�-l[=e]-t�), [k] or [i] _Urs� Majoris_, "the third
+    vertebra."
+
+    Situated in the right fore paw of the Great Bear. Topaz
+    yellow in color.
+
+  TANIA BOREALIS, [l] _Urs� Majoris_.
+
+  TANIA AUSTRALIS, [m] _Urs� Majoris_, a red star.
+
+    These stars are situated in the right hind foot of the Great
+    Bear. The former star culminates Apr. 8th.
+
+  TARAZED (tar�-a-zed), [g] _Aquil�_, "the soaring falcon,"
+    part of the Persian title for the constellation.
+
+    Situated in the body of the Eagle. A pale orange star,
+    culminating Aug. 31st.
+
+  TEGMENI, [z] _Cancri_, "in the covering."
+
+    A yellow-colored star.
+
+  TE�-JAT, [m] _Geminorum_.
+
+  THU�-BAN or (th[=o]-ban�), [a] _Draconis_, "the dragon," the
+    Arab title for the constellation.
+
+    Situated in one of the Dragon's coils. It is pale yellow in
+    color, and culminates June 7th.
+
+
+  UNUK AL HAY or UNUKALHAI ([=u]�-nuk-al-h�-i), [a]
+    _Serpentis_, "the neck of the snake."
+
+    A pale yellow star which is receding from the earth at the
+    rate of fourteen miles a second. It culminates July 28th.
+
+
+  V˴GA, or WEGA, [a] _Lyr�_, "falling," _i.e._, the falling
+    bird, "the harp star."
+
+    A beautiful pale star sapphire in color. It is approaching
+    the earth at the rate of nine miles a second. It culminates
+    Aug. 12th.
+
+  VINDEMIATRIX, [e] _Virginis_, "the vintager or grape
+    gatherer."
+
+    Situated in the Virgin's right arm. A bright yellow star
+    culminating May 22d.
+
+
+  WASAT (w�-sat), [d] _Geminorum_, "the middle."
+
+    Situated in the body of Pollux. Pale white in color. It
+    culminates Feb. 19th.
+
+  WESEN, [d] _Canis Majoris_, "the weight."
+
+    A light yellow star in the right side of the Great Dog. It
+    culminates Feb. 17th.
+
+
+  YED PRIOR (yed), [d] _Ophiuchi_, "the hand," "the star
+    behind or following."
+
+    Deep yellow in color. It culminates July 7th. It is in the
+    left hand of the Serpent Bearer.
+
+  YED POSTERIOR, [e] _Ophiuchi_, "the hand."
+
+    A red star culminating July 8th.
+
+  YILDUM, [d] _Urs� Minoris_.
+
+    Situated in the tail of the Little Bear. A greenish-hued
+    star culminating Aug. 12th.
+
+
+  ZANIAH, [�] _Virginis_.
+
+    Situated in the Virgin's left shoulder.
+
+  ZAURAK (z�-rak), [g] _Eridani_, "the bright star of the
+    boat."
+
+    A yellow star.
+
+  ZAVIJAVA (zav-ija�-va), [b] _Virginis_, "angle or corner,"
+    "the retreat or kennel of the barking dog."
+
+    Situated on the Virgin's left wing. A pale yellow star
+    culminating May 3d.
+
+  ZOSMA (z[=o]s�-ma), [d] _Leonis_, "a girdle."
+
+    Situated at the root of the Lion's tail. A pale yellow star
+    which is approaching the earth at the rate of nine miles a
+    second. It culminates Apr. 24th. This star is also called
+    Duhr, and sometimes Zubra.
+
+  ZUBENAKRAVI (z�ben-ak�-ra-vi or -bi), [g] _Scorpii_, "the
+    claw of the Scorpion." A red star.
+
+  ZUBEN ELGENUBI (z�-ben-el-jen-[=u]�-bi), [a] _Libr�_, "the
+    southern claw" (of the Scorpion).
+
+    A pale yellow star culminating June 17th. This star is also
+    called Kiffa Australis.
+
+  ZUBEN ESCHAMALI (z�-ben-es-she-ma�-li), [b] _Libr�_, "the
+    northern claw."
+
+    A pale emerald color, a very unusual color for a star. It is
+    approaching the earth at the rate of six miles a second and
+    culminates June 23d. This star is also known as "Kiffa
+    Borealis."
+
+In the compilation of the foregoing list, the author has been greatly
+assisted by Allen's "Star Names and their Meanings."
+
+[Footnote 1: It will be noted that the date of culmination is given in
+almost every case. By culmination is meant the highest point reached by
+a heavenly body in its path, at which point it is said to be on the
+meridian. In this hemisphere this is in each case the highest point
+north.
+
+For example:--the culmination of the sun occurs at noon.
+
+The time when the stars here mentioned culminate on the dates specified
+is in each case nine o'clock P.M.]
+
+
+
+TABLE SHOWING THE STARS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND MAGNITUDE RISING IN
+THE EASTERN SKY AT NINE O'CLOCK P.M. ON THE DATES SPECIFIED.
+
+  -------------+-----------------+---------------------------
+       DATE    | NAME OF STAR    |    CONSTELLATION
+  -------------+-----------------+---------------------------
+  January 1    |Regulus, 1st.    |Leo.
+     "    8    |Alphard, 2d.     |Hydra.
+     "    11   |Cor Caroli.      |Canes Venatici.
+  February 20  |Arcturus, 1st.   |Bo�tes.
+  March   1    |Spica, 1st.      |Virgo.
+     "    5    |Gemma, 2d.       |Corona Borealis.
+  April   1    |Vega, 1st.       |Lyra.
+     "    20   |Ras Alhague, 2d. |Ophiuchus.
+     "    22   |Deneb, 2d.       |Cygnus.
+  May   9      |Antares, 1st.    |Scorpius.
+     "    26   |Altair, 1st.     |Aquila.
+  June  5      |                 |Delphinus.
+  July  17     |Algenib, 2d.     |Perseus.
+  August 6     |Algol.           |Perseus.
+     "   21    |Capella, 1st.    |Auriga.
+     "    "    |Hamal, 2d.       |Aries.
+     "   27    |Fomalhaut, 1st.  |Piscis Australis.
+  September 13 |                 |The Pleiades in Taurus.
+  October 2    |Aldebaran, 1st.  |Taurus.
+     "    26   |Bellatrix, 2d.   |Orion.
+     "    30   |Castor, 2d.      |Gemini.
+     "     "   |Betelgeuze, 1st. |Orion.
+  November 4   |Pollux, 1st.     |Gemini.
+     "     "   |Rigel, 1st.      |Orion.
+     "     27  |Procyon, 1st.    |Canis Minor.
+  December 4   |Sirius, 1st.     |Canis Major.
+     "     8   |Phaet, 2d.       |Columba.
+     "     14  |                 |The Bee Hive in Cancer.
+     "     16  |                 |The head of Hydra.
+  -----------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+  NAME     PAGE
+
+  Andromeda,  73
+
+  Antino�s,  39
+
+  Aquarius,  81
+
+  Aquila,  39
+
+  Argo Navis,  107
+
+  Aries,  85
+
+  Auriga,  11
+
+
+  Bo�tes,  55
+
+  Brandenburg Sceptre, The,  111
+
+  Bull of Poniatowskio,  45
+
+
+  Camelopardalis,  7
+
+  Cancer,  13
+
+  Canes Venatici,  59
+
+  Canis Major,  105
+
+  Canis Minor,  21
+
+  Capricornus,  83
+
+  Cassiopeia,  67
+
+  Cepheus,  69
+
+  Cerberus,  53
+
+  Cetus,  87
+
+  Columba,  103
+
+  Coma Berenices,  19
+
+  Corona Australis,  43
+
+  Corona Borealis,  51
+
+  Corvus,  23
+
+  Crater,  25
+
+  Cygnus,  37
+
+
+  Delphinus,  41
+
+  Draco,  33
+
+
+  Equ�leus,  71
+
+  Eridanus,  111
+
+
+  Gemini,  9
+
+  Gloria Frederica,  73
+
+
+  Hercules,  53
+
+  Herschel's Telescope,  11
+
+  Hydra,  15
+
+
+  Leo,  17
+
+  Leo Minor,  95
+
+  Lepus,  101
+
+  Libra,  49
+
+  Lupus,  47
+
+  Lynx,  95
+
+  Lyra,  35
+
+
+  Monoceros,  109
+
+  Musca,  89
+
+
+  Ophiuchus,  45
+
+  Orion,  99
+
+
+  Pegasus,  71
+
+  Perseus,  75
+
+  Pisces,  77
+
+  Piscis Australis,  81
+
+
+  Sagitta,  37
+
+  Sagittarius,  43
+
+  Scorpius,  47
+
+  Serpens,  45
+
+  Sobieski's Shield,  39
+
+
+  Taurus,  97
+
+  Triangulum,  79
+
+
+  Ursa Major,  5
+
+  Ursa Minor,  7
+
+
+  Virgo,  57
+
+  Vulpecular and Anser,  41
+
+
+
+Popular Books on Astronomy
+
+By William Tyler Olcott
+
+
+_Excellently arranged, and copiously illustrated, these little
+manuals--real field-books--should prove valuable for all who want to
+become familiar with the stars_
+
+
+A Field Book of the Stars
+
+_16mo. With Fifty Diagrams._
+
+    To facilitate the fascinating recreation of star-gazing the
+    author has designed this field-book. All matters of a
+    technical or theoretical nature have been omitted. Only what
+    the reader can observe with the naked eye or with an
+    opera-glass have been included in it. Simplicity and brevity
+    have been aimed at, the main idea being that whatever is
+    bulky or verbose is a hindrance rather than a help when one
+    is engaged in the observation of the heavens.
+
+
+In Starland with a Three-Inch Telescope
+
+A Conveniently Arranged Guide for the Use of the Amateur Astronomer
+
+_16mo. With Forty Diagrams of the Constellations and Eight of the
+Moon._
+
+    The _raison d'etre_ therefore for the book is convenience
+    and arrangement. The author has found by experience that
+    what the student most needs when he is observing with a
+    telescope, is a page to glance at that will serve as a guide
+    to the object he desires to view, and which affords concise
+    data relative to that object. The diagrams therefore direct
+    the student's vision and the subject-matter affords the
+    necessary information in each case.
+
+
+Star Lore of All Ages
+
+A Collection of Myths, Legends, and Facts Concerning the
+Constellations of the Northern Hemisphere
+
+_8vo. Fully Illustrated._
+
+    Will appeal alike to those who are interested in folk-lore
+    and those who are attracted by astronomy. In it the author
+    has gathered together the curious myths and traditions that
+    have attached themselves from the earliest times to
+    different constellations and even to individual stars.
+
+  G.P. PUTNAM'S SONS
+  New York      London
+
+
+The Essence of Astronomy
+
+Things Every One Should Know About the Sun, Moon and Stars
+
+By Edward W. Price
+
+_12mo. Fully Illustrated._
+
+    Here is a volume quite different from the usual "popular
+    book on astronomy."
+
+    It answers in untechnical language the every-day questions
+    of every-day people, the material being so arranged that it
+    is readily available for quick reference use, as well as for
+    interesting consecutive reading.
+
+    An individual chapter is devoted to each member of the Solar
+    System. Special space is given to "Curiosities of the
+    Skies."
+
+    The illustrations are from photographs taken at the great
+    observatories. The drawings of Mars are the most recent
+    published, being made by Professor Lowell in January, 1914.
+
+    The chronological table and annotated bibliography are of
+    real value.
+
+
+Sun Lore of All Ages
+
+A Collection of Myths and Legends Concerning the Sun and its Worship
+
+By William Tyler Olcott
+
+Author of "Star Lore of All Ages," "A Field Book of the Stars," etc.
+
+_8vo. With 30 Illustrations._
+
+    A companion volume to _Star Lore of All Ages_ by the same
+    author. It comprises a compilation of the myths, legends,
+    and facts concerning the sun, of equal interest to the
+    lay-reader or to the student.
+
+    The literature of the subject is teeming with interest,
+    linked as it is with the life story of mankind from the
+    cradle of the race to the present day, for the solar myth
+    lies at the very foundation of all mythology, and as such
+    must forever claim pre-eminence.
+
+
+  G.P. Putnam's Sons
+  New York      London
+
+
+Astronomy in a Nutshell
+
+The Chief Facts and Principles Explained in Popular Language for
+General Readers and for Schools
+
+By Garrett P. Serviss
+
+_Cr. 8vo. With 47 Illustrations._
+
+    Presents the subject of astronomy in a succinct, popular
+    form. No mathematical knowledge beyond the simplest outlines
+    is assumed on the part of the reader. The great underlying
+    facts and principles of astronomy are presented in a shape
+    which any intelligent person can comprehend. The book may be
+    used either for self-instruction or for schools.
+
+
+History of Astronomy
+
+By George Forbes, M.A., F.R.S., M.Inst.C.E.
+
+Formerly Professor of Natural Philosophy, Anderson's College, Glasgow
+
+_16mo. Adequately Illustrated._
+
+_No. 1. A History of the Science Series_
+
+    The author traces the evolution of intellectual thought in
+    the progress of astronomical discovery, recognizing the
+    various points of view of the different ages, giving due
+    credit even to the ancients. It has been necessary to
+    curtail many parts of the history, to lay before the reader
+    in unlimited space enough about each age to illustrate its
+    tone and spirit, the ideals of the workers, the gradual
+    addition of new points of view and of new means of
+    investigation.
+
+
+An Easy Guide to the Constellations
+
+With a Miniature Atlas of the Stars
+
+By James Gall
+
+Author of "The People's Atlas of the Stars," etc.
+
+_New and Enlarged Edition, with 30 Maps 16mo._
+
+    This new edition of _An Easy Guide to the Constellations_
+    has been thoroughly revised: five additional plates have
+    been added, so as to include all the constellations of the
+    Zodiac, and render the book complete for Southern Europe and
+    the United States.
+
+  G.P. Putnam's Sons
+  New York      London
+
+
+The Destinies of the Stars
+
+By
+
+Svante Arrhenius
+
+Author of "Worlds in the Making," etc.
+
+_12mo. 26 Illustrations._
+
+    With keenness, brilliancy, and distinguished learning, Dr.
+    Arrhenius, a Nobel Prize winner, having had occasion
+    repeatedly to treat new questions of a cosmological nature,
+    questions largely arisen from new discoveries and
+    observations within the scope of astronomy, opens to the
+    reader vast new vistas, through the study of the relation of
+    the stars to the "Milky Way" and through observations of our
+    neighbor planets.
+
+  G.P. Putnam's Sons
+  New York      London
+
+
+  Transcriber's Notes:
+
+    The original text contains many characters that cannot be
+    rendered properly in a Latin-1 character set version of the text.
+
+  Accented characters markup scheme:
+
+    Accented characters indicate pronunciation. The accented
+    character and the symbol representing the accent are surrounded
+    with square brackets. Symbols in this text have been placed in
+    front of the character as the accents all appear above the
+    character.
+
+    Accent      Symbol
+    macron        =
+    breve         )
+
+  Greek characters markup scheme:
+
+    Greek characters indicate specific stars within a given constellation.
+    The Greek character has been transcribed and surrounded with square
+    brackets. For example: [a] represents a lower case alpha.
+
+  Other symbols markup scheme:
+
+    Symbols that represent the various signs of the zodiac were rendered
+    according to the following example [Symbol: Gemini]
+    Superscripted characters are preceded by a ^
+
+   Corrections made:
+     Page 12 Au iga corrected to Auriga.
+     Page 118 preceptible corrected to perceptible.
+     Page 148 Oeti corrected to Ceti.
+     Page 163 cometimes corrected to sometimes.
+
+   Inconsistencies retained:
+     Alphecca and Alphacca.
+     Gloria Frederika and Gloria Frederica.
+     Bull of Poniatowskio and Bull of Poniatowski.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's A Field Book of the Stars, by William Tyler Olcott
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A FIELD BOOK OF THE STARS ***
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+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of A Field book of the Stars, by William Tyler Olcott.
+    </title>
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+
+Project Gutenberg's A Field Book of the Stars, by William Tyler Olcott
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Field Book of the Stars
+
+Author: William Tyler Olcott
+
+Release Date: March 9, 2007 [EBook #20769]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A FIELD BOOK OF THE STARS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Audrey Longhurst, Christine D. and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
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+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">[Pg&nbsp;i]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class='trnote'>Several symbols and characters are used throughout this e-text.
+Descriptions of characters that may not display correctly in all browsers have
+been provided, and can be accessed by hovering the mouse over the specific character.
+Larger images are available and can be accessed by clicking the thumbnail image.</p>
+
+<div class="padding">
+<h1>
+A FIELD BOOK<br />
+OF<br />
+THE STARS</h1></div>
+
+
+<h3>BY</h3>
+
+<h2>WILLIAM TYLER OLCOTT</h2>
+
+<div class="padding">
+<p class="center"><i>Second Edition, revised and enlarged</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class="padding">
+<p class="center">WITH FIFTY DIAGRAMS</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="padding">
+<p class="center">
+G.P. PUTNAM'S SONS<br />
+NEW YORK AND LONDON<br />
+The Knickerbocker Press</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ii" id="Page_ii">[Pg&nbsp;ii]</a></span></p>
+<div class="padding">
+<p class="center">
+<small>COPYRIGHT, 1907</small><br />
+<small>BY</small><br />
+WILLIAM TYLER OLCOTT</p>
+<p class="center">
+<small><span class="smcap">Copyright</span>, 1914</small><br />
+<small>BY</small><br />
+WILLIAM TYLER OLCOTT<br />
+(For Second Edition)</p></div>
+<div class="padding">
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 101px;">
+<img src="images/crest.png" width="101" height="150" alt="The Knickerbocker Press, New York" title="" />
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Printed in the United States of America</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[Pg&nbsp;iii]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="INTRODUCTION" id="INTRODUCTION"></a>INTRODUCTION.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Considering the ease with which a knowledge of the constellations can
+be acquired, it seems a remarkable fact that so few are conversant
+with these time-honored configurations of the heavens. Aside from a
+knowledge of "the Dipper" and "the Pleiades," the constellations to
+the vast majority, are utterly unknown.</p>
+
+<p>To facilitate and popularize if possible this fascinating recreation
+of star-gazing the author has designed this field-book. It is limited
+in scope solely to that purpose, and all matter of a technical or
+theoretical nature has been omitted.</p>
+
+<p>The endeavor has been to include in these pages only such matter as
+the reader can observe with the naked eye, or an opera-glass.
+Simplicity and brevity have been aimed at, the main idea being that
+whatever is bulky or verbose is a hindrance rather than a help when
+actually engaged in the observation of the heavens.</p>
+
+<p>The constellations embraced in this manual are only those visible from
+the average latitude of the New England and Middle States, and owe
+their place in the particular season in which they are found to the
+fact that in that season they are favorably situated for observation.</p>
+
+<p>With this brief explanatory note of the purpose and design of the
+book, the author proceeds to outline the scheme of study.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg&nbsp;v]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="SCHEME_OF_STUDY" id="SCHEME_OF_STUDY"></a>SCHEME OF STUDY.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The table of contents shows the scheme of study to be pursued, and to
+facilitate the work it is desirable that the student follow the
+therein circumscribed order.</p>
+
+<p>A knowledge on the part of the reader of Ursa Major, or "the Dipper"
+as it is commonly called, and "the Pleiades," the well-known group in
+Taurus, is presupposed by the author.</p>
+
+<p>With this knowledge as a basis, the student is enabled in any season
+to take up the study of the constellations. By following out the order
+dictated, he will in a few nights of observation be enabled to
+identify the various configurations making up the several
+constellations that are set apart for study in that particular season.</p>
+
+<p>A large plate, showing the appearance of the heavens at a designated
+time on the first night of the quarter, is inserted before each
+season's work. This should be consulted by the student before he makes
+an observation, in order that he may obtain a comprehensive idea of
+the relative position of the constellations, and also know in what
+part of the heavens to locate the constellation which he wishes to
+identify.</p>
+
+<p>A knowledge of one constellation enables the student<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[Pg&nbsp;vi]</a></span> to determine the
+position of the next in order. In this work, the identification of
+each constellation depends on a knowledge of what precedes, always
+bearing in mind the fact that each season starts as a new and distinct
+part to be taken by itself, and has no bearing on that which comes
+before.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg&nbsp;vii]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS</h2>
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'></td><td align='right'><span class="smcap">PAGE</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan='2'><span class="smcap">Introduction</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_iii">iii</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan='2'><span class="smcap">Scheme of Study</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_v">v</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan='3'>The Constellations of Spring.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan='2'><span class="smcap">Map of the Heavens 9 p.m., April First</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Ursa Major</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_4">4</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Ursa Minor</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Located by the pointer stars in Ursa Major.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Gemini</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Located by a line drawn through designated stars in Ursa Major.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Auriga</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Located in the same manner as Gemini.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Cancer</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_12">12</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Located by a line drawn from Auriga to Gemini and prolonged.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Hydra</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>The head of Hydra is to be seen just below Cancer.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>7.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Leo</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Located by a line drawn from Gemini to Cancer and prolonged.</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg&nbsp;viii]</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>8.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Coma Berenices</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Position indicated by drawing a line through designated stars in Leo.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>9.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Canis Minor</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Located by a line drawn from Auriga to Gemini and prolonged.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>10.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Corvus</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Located by a line drawn from Ursa Minor through Ursa Major and prolonged.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>11.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Crater</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Located south of Leo and just west of Corvus.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan='2'><span class="smcap">Meteoric Showers, April to July</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan='3'>The Constellations of Summer.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan='2'><span class="smcap">Map of the Heavens 9 p.m., July First</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>12.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Draco</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Lies between Ursa Major and Ursa Minor, coiling about the latter.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>13.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Lyra</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Vega, its brightest star, is 12&deg; S.W. of the Dragon's head.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>14.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Cygnus</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Deneb, its brightest star, is about 20&deg; east of Vega.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>15.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Aquila</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Located by a line drawn from the Dragon's head through Vega and prolonged.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>16.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Delphinus</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Located about 10&deg; northeast of Altair in Aquila.</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[Pg&nbsp;ix]</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>17.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Sagittarius</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Located by a line drawn from Cygnus to Aquila and prolonged.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>18.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Ophiuchus and Serpens</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Located by a line drawn from Delphinus to Aquila and prolonged.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>19.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Scorpius</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Located just under Ophiuchus, and west of Sagittarius.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>20.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Libra</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Located about 15&deg; west of the head of Scorpius.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>21.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Corona Borealis</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Located just above the head of Serpens.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>22.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Hercules</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Located by lines drawn from either Vega or Altair to Corona.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>23.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Bo&ouml;tes</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Located just west of the Crown. Arcturus, its brightest star, is about 30&deg; southeast of <ins class="character" title="Greek eta">&#951;</ins> Ursae Majoris.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>24.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Virgo</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Spica, its brightest star, is located by a line drawn from Antares in Scorpius through <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> in Libra and prolonged about 20&deg;.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>25.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Canes Venatici</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Cor Caroli, its brightest star, is about 17&deg; south of Alioth in Ursa Major.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan='2'><span class="smcap">Meteoric Showers, July to October</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[Pg&nbsp;x]</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan='3'>The Constellations of Autumn.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan='2'><span class="smcap">Map of the Heavens 9 p.m., October First</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>26.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Cassiopeia</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Located by a line drawn from Ursa Major through the Pole star, the position of which is indicated by the pointer stars <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> and <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> Ursae Majoris.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>27.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Cepheus</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Located by pointer stars in Cassiopeia.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>28.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Pegasus</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>The great square of Pegasus is located by a line drawn from Polaris to Cassiopeia and prolonged.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>29.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Andromeda</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>The star Alpheratz in Andromeda is at the northeast corner of the great square of Pegasus.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>30.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Perseus</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Lies 9&deg; east of <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> Andromedae.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>31.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Pisces</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>The Circlet in Pisces is to be seen just below Pegasus.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>32.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Triangulum</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>A line drawn from Pegasus to Perseus passes through <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> in Triangulum.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>33.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Aquarius</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>The position of the water jar of Aquarius is determined by pointer stars in Pegasus.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>34.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Capricornus</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>The head of the Sea Goat is located by a line drawn from <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> Pegasi through <ins class="character" title="Greek zeta">&#950;</ins> and <ins class="character" title="Greek theta">&#952;</ins> Pegasi and prolonged about 25&deg;.</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[Pg&nbsp;xi]</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>35.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Aries</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Lies just south of Triangulum. A line drawn from <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> Andromedae through <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> Trianguli points out <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> Arietis.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>36.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Cetus</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>The head of Cetus lies about 20&deg; southeast of Aries.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>37.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Musca</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_88">88</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Located between Triangulum and Aries.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan='2'><span class="smcap">Meteoric Showers, October to January</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan='3'>The Constellations of Winter.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan='2'><span class="smcap">Map of the Heavens 9 p.m., January First</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>38.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Taurus</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Contains the celebrated and unmistakable group, The Pleiades, to be seen almost overhead in the early evening during the Winter months.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>39.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Orion</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>The tips of the horns of the Bull are pointer stars to Betelgeuze, in Orion.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>40.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Lepus</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Located just below Orion.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>41.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Columba</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Located south of Lepus, close to the horizon.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>42.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Canis Major</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Located by a line drawn from the stars forming Orion's girdle.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>43.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Argo Navis</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Located by a line drawn from Orion to Canis Major and prolonged 18&deg;.</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[Pg&nbsp;xii]</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>44.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Monoceros</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Located just east of Orion.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>45.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Eridanus</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Located just west of Rigel, in Orion.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan='2'><span class="smcap">Meteoric Showers, January to April</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan='2'><span class="smcap">The Planets</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan='2'><span class="smcap">The Milky Way</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan='2'><span class="smcap">The Motions of the Stars</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan='2'><span class="smcap">Meteors, or Shooting Stars</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan='2'><span class="smcap">Names of the Stars and their Meanings</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan='2'><span class="smcap">Index</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_159">159</a></td></tr>
+</table></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">[Pg&nbsp;xiii]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="THE_DIAGRAMS" id="THE_DIAGRAMS"></a>THE DIAGRAMS.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The diagrams, it will be observed, are grouped under the seasons, and
+they indicate the positions of the constellations as they appear at 9
+o'clock <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> in mid-season.</p>
+
+<p>To facilitate finding and observing the constellations, the student
+should face in the direction indicated in the text. This applies to
+all constellations excepting those near the zenith.</p>
+
+<p>The four large plates are so arranged that the observer is supposed to
+be looking at the southern skies. By turning the plate about from left
+to right, the eastern, northern, and western skies are shown
+successively.</p>
+
+<p>On many of the diagrams the position of nebul&aelig; is indicated. These are
+designated by the initial letter of the astronomer who catalogued
+them, preceded by his catalogue number, as for instance 8 M. signifies
+nebula number 8 in Messier's catalogue.</p>
+
+<p>The magnitudes assigned to the stars in the diagrams are derived from
+the Harvard Photometry. When a star is midway between two magnitudes
+the numeral is underlined, thus <span class="u">2</span>, indicates a star of magnitude 2.5.</p>
+
+<p>If a star's magnitude is between 1 and 1.5 it is regarded as a
+first-magnitude star. If it lies between 1.5 and 2 it is designated
+second magnitude.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg&nbsp;1]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg&nbsp;2]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="THE_CONSTELLATIONS_OF_SPRING" id="THE_CONSTELLATIONS_OF_SPRING"></a>THE CONSTELLATIONS OF SPRING.</h2>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg&nbsp;3]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 592px;">
+<a href="images/img3.jpg"><img src="images/img3_th.jpg" width="592" height="600" alt="Map showing the principal stars visible from Lat. 40&deg; N. at 9 o&#39;clock April 1st." title="Map showing the principal stars visible from Lat. 40&deg; N. at 9 o&#39;clock April 1st." /></a>
+<span class="caption">Map showing the principal stars visible from Lat. 40&deg; N. at 9 o&#39;clock April 1st.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg&nbsp;4]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="URSA_MAJOR_er_sa_ma_-jor_THE_GREAT_BEAR_Face_North" id="URSA_MAJOR_er_sa_ma_-jor_THE_GREAT_BEAR_Face_North"></a>URSA MAJOR (er&acute;sa m<ins class="character" title="a with macron">&#257;</ins>&acute;-jor)&mdash;THE GREAT BEAR. (Face North.)</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Location.</span>&mdash;Ursa Major is probably the best known of the
+constellations, and in this work I presuppose that the reader is
+familiar with its position in the heavens. It is one of the most noted
+and conspicuous constellations in the northern hemisphere, and is
+readily and unmistakably distinguished from all others by means of a
+remarkable cluster of seven bright stars in the northern heavens,
+forming what is familiarly termed "The Dipper."</p>
+
+<p>The stars <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> and <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> are called the pointers, because they always point
+toward the Pole Star, 28&frac34;&deg; distant from <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins>.</p>
+
+<p>Alioth is very nearly opposite Shedir in Cassiopeia, and at an equal
+distance from the Pole. The same can be said of Megres, in Ursa Major,
+and Caph, in Cassiopeia.</p>
+
+<p>The star <ins class="character" title="Greek omicron">&#959;</ins> is at the tip of the Bear's nose. A clearly defined
+semicircle begins at <ins class="character" title="Greek omicron">&#959;</ins> and ends in the pair <ins class="character" title="Greek iota">&#953;</ins> and <ins class="character" title="Greek kappa">&#954;</ins> at the extremity
+of the Bear's right fore paw. This group of stars resembles a sickle.
+Note little Alcor close to Mizar. This star was used by the Arabs as a
+test of good eyesight.</p>
+
+<p>Mizar and Alcor are known as the horse and his rider.</p>
+
+<p>This plate shows the Bear lying on his back, his feet projected up the
+sky; three conspicuous pairs of stars represent three of his four
+feet.</p>
+
+<p>The Chaldean shepherds and the Iroquois Indians gave to this
+constellation the same name. The Egyptians called it "The Thigh."</p>
+
+<p><ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> and <ins class="character" title="Greek eta">&#951;</ins> are moving through space in a contrary direction to the
+remaining five stars in "The Dipper."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg&nbsp;5]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 581px;">
+<a href="images/img5.jpg"><img src="images/img5_th.jpg" width="581" height="600" alt="Ursa Major" title="Ursa Major" /></a>
+<span class="caption">URSA MAJOR</span>
+</div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg&nbsp;6]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="URSA_MINOR_er_-sa_mi_-nor_THE_LITTLE_BEAR_Face_North" id="URSA_MINOR_er_-sa_mi_-nor_THE_LITTLE_BEAR_Face_North"></a>URSA MINOR (er&acute;-sa mi&acute;-nor)&mdash;THE LITTLE BEAR. (Face North.)</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Location</span>.&mdash;The two pointer stars in Ursa Major indicate the position
+of Polaris, the North Star, which represents the tip of the tail of
+the Little Bear, and the end of the handle of the "Little Dipper." In
+all ages of the world, Ursa Minor has been more universally observed
+and more carefully noticed than any other constellation, on account of
+the importance of the North Star.</p>
+
+<p>Polaris is a little more than 1&frac14;&deg; from the true pole. Its light
+takes fifty years to reach us.</p>
+
+<p>A line joining <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> Cassiopei&aelig;, and Megres, in Ursa Major, will pass
+through Polaris.</p>
+
+<p>At the distance of the nearest fixed star our sun would shine as a
+star no brighter than Polaris which is presumably about the sun's
+size.</p>
+
+<p>Polaris revolves around the true pole once in twenty-four hours in a
+little circle 2&frac12;&deg; in diameter. Within this circle two hundred stars
+have been photographed.</p>
+
+<p>The North Star is always elevated as many degrees above the horizon as
+the observer is north of the equator.</p>
+
+<p>Compare the light of the four stars forming the bowl of the "Little
+Dipper," as they are each of a different magnitude. A standard
+first-magnitude star is 2&frac12; times brighter than a standard second
+magnitude star, etc.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg&nbsp;7]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 578px;">
+<a href="images/img7.jpg"><img src="images/img7_th.jpg" width="578" height="600" alt="URSA MINOR" title="URSA MINOR" /></a>
+<span class="caption">URSA MINOR</span>
+</div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg&nbsp;8]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="GEMINI_jem_-i-ni_THE_TWINS_Face_West" id="GEMINI_jem_-i-ni_THE_TWINS_Face_West"></a>GEMINI (jem&acute;-i-ni)&mdash;THE TWINS. (Face West.)</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Location</span>.&mdash;A line drawn from <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> to <ins class="character" title="Greek kappa">&#954;</ins> Urs&aelig; Majoris and prolonged an
+equal distance ends near Castor, in Gemini. Gemini is characterized by
+two nearly parallel rows of stars. The northern row if extended would
+reach Taurus, the southern one Orion. Note the fine cluster 35 M.
+Herschel discovered Uranus in 1781 a short distance southwest of it.
+Two wonderful streams of little stars run parallel northwest on each
+side of the cluster. Where the ecliptic crosses the solstitial colure
+is the spot where the sun appears to be when it is farthest north of
+the equator, June 21st. Castor is a fine double for a telescope, and
+Pollux has three little attendant stars. An isoceles triangle is
+formed by Castor, Aldebaran in Taurus, and Capella in Auriga. There is
+a record of an occultation in Gemini noted about the middle of the
+fourth century <span class="smcap">b.c.</span></p>
+
+<p>The Arabs saw in this group of stars two peacocks, the Egyptians two
+sprouting plants, and the Hindus twin deities, while in the Buddhist
+zodiac they represented a woman holding a golden cord. Since classic
+times, however, the figure has always been that of human twins.</p>
+
+<p>At the point indicated near <ins class="character" title="Greek theta">&#952;</ins> a new star was discovered by Enebo in
+March, 1912. It attained a maximum of about magnitude 3.5 and has at
+this writing waned to the eleventh magnitude.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg&nbsp;9]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 564px;">
+<a href="images/img9.jpg"><img src="images/img9_th.jpg" width="564" height="600" alt="GEMINI" title="GEMINI" /></a>
+<span class="caption">GEMINI</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg&nbsp;10]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="AURIGA_a-ri_-ga_THE_CHARIOTEER_Face_Northwest" id="AURIGA_a-ri_-ga_THE_CHARIOTEER_Face_Northwest"></a>AURIGA (&acirc;-ri&acute;-ga)&mdash;THE CHARIOTEER. (Face Northwest.)</h2>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Location</span>.&mdash;A line drawn from <ins class="character" title="Greek delta">&#948;</ins> to <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> Urs&aelig; Majoris, and prolonged about
+45&deg;, ends near the bright Capella, in Auriga, a star of the first
+magnitude, and one of the most brilliant in the heavens. It is
+unmistakable, having no rival in brightness near it. Auriga is a
+beautiful and conspicuous constellation. It is characterized by a
+clearly defined pentagon. Note the three fourth-magnitude stars near
+Capella known as "The Kids." The star <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> is common to Auriga and
+Taurus, being the former's right foot and the latter's northern horn.
+The field within the pentagon is particularly rich in clusters.
+Capella forms a rude square with Polaris, <ins class="character" title="Greek epsilon">&#949;</ins> Cassiopei&aelig;, and <ins class="character" title="Greek omicron">&#959;</ins> Urs&aelig;
+Majoris, and forms an equilateral triangle with Betelgeuze in Orion,
+and the Pleiades in Taurus.</p>
+
+<p>A line from <ins class="character" title="Greek theta">&#952;</ins> to <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> Aurig&aelig; prolonged about 20&deg; ends near <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> Persei.</p>
+
+<p>Capella is visible at some hour of every clear night throughout the
+year. Of the first-magnitude stars it is nearest to the Pole, and it
+rises almost exactly in the northeast.</p>
+
+<p>To the Arabs Capella was "The Driver," because it seemed to rise
+earlier than the other stars and so apparently watched over them, or
+still more practically as "The Singer" who rode before the procession
+cheering on the camels, which last were represented by the Pleiades.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg&nbsp;11]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 568px;">
+<a href="images/img11.jpg"><img src="images/img11_th.jpg" width="568" height="600" alt="AURIGA" title="AURIGA" /></a>
+<span class="caption">AURIGA</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg&nbsp;12]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CANCER_kan_-ser_THE_CRAB_Face_West" id="CANCER_kan_-ser_THE_CRAB_Face_West"></a>CANCER (kan&acute;-ser)&mdash;THE CRAB. (Face West.)</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Location</span>.&mdash;Cancer lies between Gemini and Leo. A line drawn from Nath
+in Auriga to Pollux in Gemini, and prolonged about 15&deg;, ends in
+Pr&aelig;sepe, the Manger, the great star cluster in Cancer, which is also
+called "The Bee Hive." It contains 300 stars. The stars <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> and <ins class="character" title="Greek delta">&#948;</ins> are
+called the Aselli&mdash;the ass's colts feeding from the silver manger.</p>
+
+<p>The star <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> lies about 10&deg; northeast of Procyon. Acubens, <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> lies on the
+same line the same distance beyond <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins>. These two stars form the tips of
+the inverted "Y" which distinguishes Cancer.</p>
+
+<p>An imaginary line from Capella through Pollux will point out Acubens.
+Close to it are two faint stars. The Bee Hive lies within an irregular
+square formed by <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins>, <ins class="character" title="Greek delta">&#948;</ins>, <ins class="character" title="Greek eta">&#951;</ins>, and <ins class="character" title="Greek theta">&#952;</ins>, and looks like a nebula to the naked
+eye.</p>
+
+<p>In June, 1895, all the planets except Neptune were in this quarter of
+the heavens, and Halley's comet was in this constellation on its first
+appearance in 1531.</p>
+
+<p>The dimness of <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> and <ins class="character" title="Greek delta">&#948;</ins> is an infallible precursor of rain, and if the
+Bee Hive is not visible in a clear sky, it is a presage of a violent
+storm.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg&nbsp;13]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 583px;">
+<a href="images/img13.jpg"><img src="images/img13_th.jpg" width="583" height="600" alt="CANCER" title="CANCER" /></a>
+<span class="caption">CANCER</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg&nbsp;14]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="HYDRA_hi_-dra_THE_SEA-SERPENT_Face_South_and_Southwest" id="HYDRA_hi_-dra_THE_SEA-SERPENT_Face_South_and_Southwest"></a>HYDRA (hi&acute;-dra)&mdash;THE SEA-SERPENT. (Face South and Southwest.)</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Location</span>.&mdash;The head of Hydra, a striking and beautiful arrangement of
+stars, lies just below the Bee Hive, in Cancer, 6&deg; south of Acubens in
+that constellation, and forms a rhomboidal figure of five stars.</p>
+
+<p>Hydra is about 100&deg; in length and reaches almost from Canis Minor to
+Libra. Its stars are all faint except Alphard, or the Hydra's heart, a
+second-magnitude star remarkable for its lonely situation, southwest
+of Regulus, in Leo. A line drawn from <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> Leonis through Regulus points
+it out. It is of a rich orange tint. Castor and Pollux, in Gemini,
+point southeast to it.</p>
+
+<p>The constellations Crater, the Cup, and Corvus, the Crow, both stand
+on the coils of Hydra, south of Denebola, the bright star in the tail
+of the Lion.</p>
+
+<p>Hydra is supposed to be the snake shown on a uranographic stone from
+the Euphrates, 1200 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span></p>
+
+<p>The little asterism Sextans, the Sextant, lies in the region between
+Regulus and Alphard. It contains no stars brighter than the fourth
+magnitude.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg&nbsp;15]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<a href="images/img15.jpg"><img src="images/img15_th.jpg" width="600" height="593" alt="HYDRA" title="HYDRA" /></a>
+<span class="caption">HYDRA</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg&nbsp;16]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="LEO_le_o_THE_LION_Face_South" id="LEO_le_o_THE_LION_Face_South"></a>LEO (le&acute;o)&mdash;THE LION. (Face South.)</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Location</span>.&mdash;A line drawn from Pollux, in Gemini, to <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> in Cancer, and
+prolonged about 12&deg;, strikes Regulus, the brilliant star in the heart
+of the Lion. Regulus lies about 9&deg; east of Acubens, in Cancer, and
+about 12&deg; northeast of Alphard, in the heart of Hydra.</p>
+
+<p>Leo is one of the most beautiful constellations in the zodiac. It lies
+south of the Great Bear, and its principal stars are arranged in the
+form of a sickle which nearly outlines the Lion's head. This group is
+so striking as to be unmistakable. Regulus is in the handle of the
+sickle. It is one of the stars from which longitude is reckoned, lies
+almost exactly on the ecliptic, and is visible for eight months in the
+year.</p>
+
+<p>Denebola, the bright star in the Lion's tail, lies 25&deg; east of
+Regulus, and about 35&deg; west of Arcturus, in Bo&ouml;tes. It is the same
+distance northwest of Spica, in Virgo, and forms with Spica and
+Arcturus a large equilateral triangle.</p>
+
+<p><ins class="character" title="Greek zeta">&#950;</ins> is double, and has three faint companion stars.</p>
+
+<p><ins class="character" title="Greek epsilon">&#949;</ins> has two seventh-magnitude companion stars, forming a beautiful
+little triangle.</p>
+
+<p>Regulus is white in color, <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> yellow, <ins class="character" title="Greek pi">&#960;</ins> red.</p>
+
+<p><ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> is a beautiful colored telescopic double star and has a companion
+visible in an opera-glass.</p>
+
+<p>The figure of Leo very much as we now have it appears in all the
+Indian and Egyptian zodiacs.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg&nbsp;17]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 576px;">
+<a href="images/img17.jpg"><img src="images/img17_th.jpg" width="576" height="600" alt="LEO THE SICKLE" title="LEO THE SICKLE" /></a>
+<span class="caption">LEO &amp; THE SICKLE</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg&nbsp;18]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="COMA_BERENICES_ko_-ma_ber-e-ni_-sez_BERENICES_HAIR" id="COMA_BERENICES_ko_-ma_ber-e-ni_-sez_BERENICES_HAIR"></a>COMA BERENICES (k<ins class="character" title="o with macron">&#333;</ins>&acute;-ma ber-e-ni&acute;-sez)&mdash;BERENICE'S HAIR.</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Location</span>.&mdash;A line drawn from Regulus to Zosma, in Leo, and prolonged
+an equal distance, strikes this fine cluster, which is 18&deg; northeast
+of Zosma, <ins class="character" title="Greek delta">&#948;</ins> Leonis.</p>
+
+<p>The group lies well within a triangle formed by Denebola, Arcturus, in
+Bo&ouml;tes, and Cor Caroli, in Canes Venatici, which triangle is the upper
+half of the Diamond of Virgo.</p>
+
+<p>Twenty or thirty stars in this group can be counted with an
+opera-glass, and the group can be easily distinguished with the naked
+eye, when the moon is not visible.</p>
+
+<p>The first half of the month of April can be called the most brilliant
+sidereal period of the year. At this time eleven first-magnitude stars
+are visible in this latitude at 9 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> From east to west they are:
+Vega, Arcturus, Spica, Regulus, Pollux, Procyon, Sirius, Capella,
+Aldebaran, Betelgeuze, and Rigel, truly a glorious company, an
+incomparable sight.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg&nbsp;19]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 564px;">
+<a href="images/img19.jpg"><img src="images/img19_th.jpg" width="564" height="600" alt="COMA BERENICES" title="COMA BERENICES" /></a>
+<span class="caption">COMA BERENICES</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg&nbsp;20]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CANIS_MINOR_ka_-nis_mi_-nor_THE_LESSER_DOG_Face_West" id="CANIS_MINOR_ka_-nis_mi_-nor_THE_LESSER_DOG_Face_West"></a>CANIS MINOR (k<ins class="character" title="a with macron">&#257;</ins>&acute;-nis m<ins class="character" title="i with macron">&#299;</ins>&acute;-nor)&mdash;THE LESSER DOG. (Face West.)</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Location</span>.&mdash;Procyon, the Little Dog Star, lies about 23&deg; south of
+Pollux, in Gemini. A line drawn from Nath, in Auriga, to Alhena, in
+Gemini, and prolonged about 18&deg;, reaches Procyon.</p>
+
+<p>Procyon is equidistant from Betelgeuze in Orion, and Sirius in Canis
+Major, and forms with them an equilateral triangle. It forms a large
+right-angled triangle with Pollux and Betelgeuze.</p>
+
+<p>The light from Procyon is golden yellow. Four degrees northwest of it
+is the third-magnitude star Gomeisa. The glass shows two small stars
+forming a right-angled triangle with it.</p>
+
+<p>Procyon was distinctly mentioned by Ptolemy. It rises in this latitude
+a little north of east about half an hour before Sirius, the Dog Star,
+hence it was called Procyon from two Greek words which signify "before
+the dog."</p>
+
+<p>Procyon is one of our nearest neighbors in space, at a distance of ten
+light years, and is attended by a very faint companion which is only
+visible in the largest telescopes.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg&nbsp;21]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 530px;">
+<a href="images/img21.jpg"><img src="images/img21_th.jpg" width="530" height="600" alt="CANIS MINOR" title="CANIS MINOR" /></a>
+<span class="caption">CANIS MINOR</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg&nbsp;22]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CORVUS_kor_-vus_THE_CROW_Face_South" id="CORVUS_kor_-vus_THE_CROW_Face_South"></a>CORVUS (k&ocirc;r&acute;-vus)&mdash;THE CROW. (Face South.)</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Location</span>.&mdash;A line drawn from the Bee Hive, in Cancer, through Regulus,
+in Leo, and prolonged about 40&deg;, ends near the conspicuous
+quadrilateral which distinguishes Corvus. The brightest star in this
+region of the sky is Spica, in Virgo. It lies about 10&deg; northeast of
+Algorab.</p>
+
+<p><ins class="character" title="Greek zeta">&#950;</ins> is a double star for an opera-glass. A faint pair of stars lie close
+below and to the west of <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins>. The Crow is represented as standing on,
+and pecking at, the coils of Hydra. The star Al Chiba is in the Crow's
+bill.</p>
+
+<p>Corvus was known as the Raven in Chaucer's time.</p>
+
+<p><ins class="character" title="Greek delta">&#948;</ins> is an interesting telescopic double.</p>
+
+<p>A line drawn from <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> to <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> Corvi and prolonged twice its length locates
+the third-magnitude star <ins class="character" title="Greek iota">&#953;</ins> Centauri in the right shoulder of the
+Centaur. The brightest stars in this constellation are not visible in
+this latitude.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg&nbsp;23]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 583px;">
+<a href="images/img23.jpg"><img src="images/img23_th.jpg" width="583" height="600" alt="CORVUS" title="CORVUS" /></a>
+<span class="caption">CORVUS</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg&nbsp;24]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CRATER_kra_-ter_THE_CUP_Face_South" id="CRATER_kra_-ter_THE_CUP_Face_South"></a>CRATER (kr<ins class="character" title="a with macron">&#257;</ins>&acute;-ter)&mdash;THE CUP. (Face South.)</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Location</span>.&mdash;Crater is situated 15&deg; west of Corvus, and due south of <ins class="character" title="Greek theta">&#952;</ins>
+Leonis. It is easily distinguished by reason of a beautiful and very
+striking semicircle of six stars of the fourth magnitude, forming the
+bowl of the cup.</p>
+
+<p>The constellation resembles a goblet with its base resting on the
+coils of Hydra.</p>
+
+<p>The star Alkes is common to Hydra and Crater, and may be seen 24&deg;
+southeast of Alphard in the heart of Hydra. It is distinguished by its
+forming an equilateral triangle with <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> and <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins>, stars of the same
+magnitude 6&deg; south and east of it.</p>
+
+<p>Corvus and Crater are to be seen half-way up the southern sky during
+the early evenings in spring.</p>
+
+<p><ins class="character" title="Greek delta">&#948;</ins> is now the lucida.</p>
+
+<p>Crater is situated at about the centre of Hydra and is on the
+meridian, April 26th. Owing to its many faint stars it is best seen on
+a clear moonless night.</p>
+
+<p>The zodiacal light is well worth observing at this season of the year.
+It is to be seen in the western sky shortly after sundown, and is most
+intense during the evenings of March.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg&nbsp;25]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 581px;">
+<a href="images/img25.jpg"><img src="images/img25_th.jpg" width="581" height="600" alt="CRATER" title="CRATER" /></a>
+<span class="caption">CRATER</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg&nbsp;26]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="METEORIC_SHOWERS" id="METEORIC_SHOWERS"></a>METEORIC SHOWERS.</h2>
+
+<p class="center">APRIL TO JULY.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg&nbsp;27]</a></span></p><div class='center'>
+<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='center'><i>Name of Shower</i></td><td align='center'><i>Date</i></td><td align='center'><i>Radiant Point</i></td><td align='center'><i>Characteristics</i></td><td align='center'><i>Other Dates<br /> of<br /> Observation</i></td><td align='center'><i>Location</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Beta or Mu<br /> Draconids<br /> Beta Serpentids</td><td align='center'>Apr. 9-16<br /> Apr. 18</td><td align='center'>The Dragon's head<br /> The Serpent's head</td><td align='center'>Sw. F.</td><td align='center'>Apr. 17-25</td><td align='center'>N.E.<br /> S.E.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Lyrids,<br /> rich shower</td><td align='center'>Apr. 20</td><td align='center'>About 10&deg; from<br /> Vega toward<br /> Hercules</td><td align='center'>V. Sw.</td><td align='center'>&nbsp;</td><td align='center'>N.E.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Eta Aquarids,<br /> fine annual shower</td><td align='center'>May 6</td><td align='center'>Near the Water<br /> Jar</td><td align='center'>Sw. Sk.</td><td align='center'>After 2 <span class="smcap">a.m.</span></td><td align='center'>E.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Alpha Coronids,<br /> well defined in 1885</td><td align='center'>May 11</td><td align='center'>Near Gemma<br /> (<ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins>) Coron&aelig; B.</td><td align='center'>Sl. F.</td><td align='center'>May 7-18</td><td align='center'>N.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Iota Pegasids,<br /> well defined shower</td><td align='center'>May 30</td><td align='center'>Between Cygnus<br /> and the Great<br /> Square</td><td align='center'>Sw. Sk.</td><td align='center'>May 29-<br /> June 4 after<br /> 10 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span></td><td align='center'>N.E.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Beta Herculids<br /> Beta Ophiuchids</td><td align='center'>June 7<br /> June 10</td><td align='center'>Near the Crown<br /> About 8&deg;S. of Ras<br /> Alhague</td><td align='center'>Sl. B.<br /> Sl.</td><td align='center'>A fire ball<br /> radiant<br /> June 10, 13</td><td align='center'>S.E.<br /> S.E.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Delta Cepheids</td><td align='center'>June 20</td><td align='center'>About 13&deg; from<br /> (<ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins>) Cassiopei&aelig;</td><td align='center'>Sw.</td><td align='center'>June 10-28,<br /> July 19, Aug.<br /> 25, etc.</td><td align='center'>N.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg&nbsp;28]</a></span></p>
+<p>The Abbreviations under <i>Characteristics</i> are as follows:</p>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>V.&mdash;very.</td><td align='left'>M.&mdash;moderately.</td><td align='left'>Sw.&mdash;swift.</td><td align='left'>Sl.&mdash;slow.</td><td align='left'>Sh.&mdash;short.</td><td align='left'>B.&mdash;bright.</td><td align='left'>F.&mdash;faint.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan='2'>Sk.&mdash;streak-leaving meteors.</td><td align='left' colspan='2'>T.&mdash;train-leaving meteors.</td></tr>
+</table></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg&nbsp;29]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg&nbsp;30]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="THE_CONSTELLATIONS_OF_SUMMER" id="THE_CONSTELLATIONS_OF_SUMMER"></a>THE CONSTELLATIONS OF SUMMER.</h2>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg&nbsp;31]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 583px;">
+<a href="images/img31.jpg"><img src="images/img31_th.jpg" width="583" height="600" alt="Maps showing the principal stars visible from Lat. 40&deg; N. at 9 o&#39;clock, July first." title="Maps showing the principal stars visible from Lat. 40&deg; N. at 9 o&#39;clock, July first." /></a>
+<span class="caption">Maps showing the principal stars visible from Lat. 40&deg; N. at 9 o&#39;clock, July first.</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg&nbsp;32]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="DRACO_dra_-ko_THE_DRAGON_Face_North" id="DRACO_dra_-ko_THE_DRAGON_Face_North"></a>DRACO (dr<ins class="character" title="a with macron">&#257;</ins>&acute;-ko)&mdash;THE DRAGON. (Face North.)</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Location</span>.&mdash;About 10&deg; from <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> Urs&aelig; Majoris&mdash;from <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> to <ins class="character" title="Greek delta">&#948;</ins> is 10&deg;&mdash;slightly
+south of, that is above, the line from <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> to Polaris, is Giansar, <ins class="character" title="Greek lamda">&#955;</ins> in
+the tip of the Dragon's tail. Above <ins class="character" title="Greek lamda">&#955;</ins>, and almost in line with it, are
+two more stars in Draco, which form with two stars in Ursa Major a
+quadrilateral. (See diagram.) Draco now curves sharply eastward,
+coiling about the Little Bear as shown, then turns abruptly southerly,
+ending in a characteristic and clearly defined group of four stars,
+forming an irregular square, representing the Dragon's head. This
+group is almost overhead in the early evening in summer. The star in
+the heel of Hercules lies just south of the Dragon's head. The
+brilliant Vega will be seen about overhead, 12&deg; southwest of the
+Dragon's head. Eltanin, one of the Dragon's eyes, is noted for its
+connection with the discovery of the law of aberration of light. It is
+of an orange hue, while the star <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins>, near it, is white. Note Thuban,
+once the Pole Star, at one corner of a quadrilateral that Draco forms
+with Ursa Major.</p>
+
+<p>Thuban could be seen by day or night from the bottom of the central
+passage of several of the Pyramids in Egypt.</p>
+
+<p>The rising of Eltanin was visible about thirty-five hundred years <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>
+through the central passages of the temples of Hathor at Denderah. The
+Egyptians called Draco "The Hippopotamus."</p>
+
+<p>Vega and the four stars in the Dragon's head offer an opportunity to
+compare the first five stellar magnitudes with which all should be
+familiar.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg&nbsp;33]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 551px;">
+<a href="images/img33.jpg"><img src="images/img33_th.jpg" width="551" height="600" alt="DRACO" title="DRACO" /></a>
+<span class="caption">DRACO</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg&nbsp;34]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="LYRA_li_-ra_THE_LYRE" id="LYRA_li_-ra_THE_LYRE"></a>LYRA (l<ins class="character" title="i with macron">&#299;</ins>&acute;-ra)&mdash;THE LYRE.</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Location</span>.&mdash;Lyra may be easily distinguished because of the brilliant
+Vega, its brightest star, which is situated about 12&deg; southwest of the
+Dragon's head. It is unmistakable, as it is the brightest star in this
+region of the heavens, and the third brightest in this latitude. In
+July and August Vega is close to the zenith in the early evening.</p>
+
+<p>The six bright stars in Lyra form an equilateral triangle on one
+corner of a rhomboid. A very characteristic figure.</p>
+
+<p><ins class="character" title="Greek epsilon">&#949;</ins> is a pretty double for an opera-glass, and a 3" glass reveals the
+duplicity of each star of this pair. <ins class="character" title="Greek epsilon">&#949;</ins> is therefore a double double.</p>
+
+<p><ins class="character" title="Greek zeta">&#950;</ins> is a double for a good glass.</p>
+
+<p><ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> is a variable, changing from magnitude 3.4 to 4.4 in twelve days. At
+its brightest it is about equal to its near neighbor <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> Lyr&aelig;.</p>
+
+<p>The noted ring nebula lies between <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> and <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins>. A 3" glass reveals it but
+a powerful telescope is required to render its details visible.</p>
+
+<p>If the distance from the earth to the sun equalled one inch, the
+distance from the earth to Vega would be 158 miles.</p>
+
+<p>Vega was the first star to be photographed, in 1850. It is visible at
+some hour every clear night, and has been called the arc-light of the
+sky. Its light has the bluish-white hue that suggests "a diamond in
+the sky."</p>
+
+<p>The spectroscope reveals that Vega is a star probably only in its
+infancy, as hydrogen is its predominating element.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg&nbsp;35]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 560px;">
+<a href="images/img35.jpg"><img src="images/img35_th.jpg" width="560" height="600" alt="LYRA" title="LYRA" /></a>
+<span class="caption">LYRA</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg&nbsp;36]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CYGNUS_sig_-nus_THE_SWAN_OR_THE_NORTHERN_CROSS" id="CYGNUS_sig_-nus_THE_SWAN_OR_THE_NORTHERN_CROSS"></a>CYGNUS (sig&acute;-nus)&mdash;THE SWAN, OR THE NORTHERN CROSS.</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Location</span>.&mdash;Deneb, the brightest star in Cygnus, is at the top of the
+cross, and a little over 20&deg; east of Vega. It forms a triangle with
+Vega and Altair in Aquila&mdash;Altair being at the apex, about 35&deg; from
+Deneb and Vega.</p>
+
+<p><ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> Cygni is at the base of the cross, and a line drawn from Vega to
+Altair nearly touches it. It is a beautiful colored double for a small
+telescope.</p>
+
+<p>Note "61," one of the nearest stars to us. It was the first star whose
+distance was measured (by Bessel in 1838). It is a double star and
+10.4 light years distant.</p>
+
+<p>The cross is nearly perfect and easily traced out. It lies almost
+wholly in the Milky Way.</p>
+
+<p>Note "The Coal Sack," one of the dark gap in the Milky Way.</p>
+
+<p>Cygnus contains an unusual number of deeply colored stars and variable
+stars.</p>
+
+<p><ins class="character" title="Greek omicron">&#959;</ins> Cygni has a sixth-magnitude companion, and <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> is in the midst of a
+beautiful stream of faint stars.</p>
+
+<p>This region is perhaps richer than any similar extent in the heavens.
+An opera-glass will reveal many of its beauties.</p>
+
+<p>Herschel counted 331,000 stars in an area of only 5&deg; in Cygnus.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg&nbsp;37]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 559px;">
+<a href="images/img37.jpg"><img src="images/img37_th.jpg" width="559" height="600" alt="CYGNUS" title="CYGNUS" /></a>
+<span class="caption">CYGNUS</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg&nbsp;38]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="AQUILA_ak_-wi-la_THE_EAGLE_AND_ANTINOUS_Face_Southeast" id="AQUILA_ak_-wi-la_THE_EAGLE_AND_ANTINOUS_Face_Southeast"></a>AQUILA (ak&acute;-wi-l&auml;)&mdash;THE EAGLE, AND ANTINO&Uuml;S. (Face Southeast.)</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Location</span>.&mdash;Half-way up the sky in the Milky Way, you will see three
+stars in a line, the middle one much brighter than the other two. This
+bright star is Altair, in Aquila. It forms with Vega and Deneb an
+isosceles triangle. Altair is at the apex, about 35&deg; from the other
+two. A triangle is formed by Vega, Altair, and Ras Alhague, in the
+Serpent Bearer, which is about 30&deg; west of Altair.</p>
+
+<p>This is a double constellation composed of Aquila and Antino&uuml;s. Altair
+is in the neck of the Eagle, Alschain in the head of Antino&uuml;s.</p>
+
+<p>When the moon is absent, a rude arrowhead can be traced out, embracing
+almost all the stars in Aquila.</p>
+
+<p><ins class="character" title="Greek eta">&#951;</ins> is an interesting variable star, changing from magnitude 3.5 to 4.7
+and back again within a period of 7 days 4 hours 12 minutes.</p>
+
+<p>Altair rises about 8&deg; north of the exact eastern point on the horizon.</p>
+
+<p>In <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 389 a wonderful temporary star flashed out near Altair that
+equalled Venus in brightness and vanished within three weeks' time.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg&nbsp;39]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 571px;">
+<a href="images/img39.jpg"><img src="images/img39_th.jpg" width="571" height="600" alt="AQUILA &amp; ANTINO&Uuml;S" title="AQUILA &amp; ANTINO&Uuml;S" /></a>
+<span class="caption">AQUILA &amp; ANTINO&Uuml;S</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg&nbsp;40]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="DELPHINUS_del-fi_-nus_THE_DOLPHIN_OR_JOBS_COFFIN_Face" id="DELPHINUS_del-fi_-nus_THE_DOLPHIN_OR_JOBS_COFFIN_Face"></a>DELPHINUS (del-fi&acute;-nus)&mdash;THE DOLPHIN, OR JOB'S COFFIN. (Face Southeast.)</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Location</span>.&mdash;The little cluster of five stars forming Delphinus is to be
+seen about 10&deg; northeast of Altair, and, though there are no bright
+stars in the group, it can hardly escape notice. A line drawn from
+Vega to Albireo, and prolonged about 20&deg;, strikes the star <ins class="character" title="Greek epsilon">&#949;</ins> in the
+tail of the Dolphin. The four other stars of prominence in the
+constellation are a little above <ins class="character" title="Greek epsilon">&#949;</ins>, and form a diamond-shaped figure.</p>
+
+<p>The little asterisms Sagitta, the Arrow, and Vulpecula and Anser, the
+Fox and Goose, are shown just above Delphinus.</p>
+
+<p>Delphinus is also called Job's Coffin. The origin of this appellation
+is unknown.</p>
+
+<p>In Greece, Delphinus was the Sacred Fish, the sky emblem of
+philanthropy. The Arabs called it the "Riding Camel."</p>
+
+<p>The star <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> Delphini is a fine double for a small telescope with a
+marked and beautiful contrast of colors.</p>
+
+<p>The names for <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> and <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> reversed spell "Nicolaus Venator," the Latinized
+name of the assistant to the astronomer Piazzi.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg&nbsp;41]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 570px;">
+<a href="images/img41.jpg"><img src="images/img41_th.jpg" width="570" height="600" alt="DELPHINUS" title="DELPHINUS" /></a>
+<span class="caption">DELPHINUS</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg&nbsp;42]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="SAGITTARIUS_saj-i-ta-ri-us_THE_ARCHER_Face_South" id="SAGITTARIUS_saj-i-ta-ri-us_THE_ARCHER_Face_South"></a>SAGITTARIUS (saj-i-t<ins class="character" title="a with macron">&#257;</ins>-ri-us)&mdash;THE ARCHER. (Face South.)</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Location</span>.&mdash;A line drawn from Deneb, in Cygnus, to Altair, in Aquila,
+and prolonged an equal distance, terminates in Sagittarius about 10&deg;
+east of its distinguishing characteristic, the Milk Dipper.
+Sagittarius is one of the signs of the zodiac, and lies between
+Capricornus, on the east, and Scorpius, on the west.</p>
+
+<p>The bow is easily traced out. <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> marks the arrow's tip.</p>
+
+<p>Note the star <ins class="character" title="Greek mu">&#956;</ins>, which serves to point out the Winter Solstice, where
+the solstitial colure intersects the ecliptic.</p>
+
+<p>On a clear night, the pretty cluster known as Corona Australis, the
+Southern Crown, can be seen about 10&deg; below the bowl of the Milk
+Dipper. Its lucida, the fourth-magnitude star Alfecca Meridiana
+culminates at 9 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span>, August 13th.</p>
+
+<p>Sagittarius is about due south, in a splendid position for
+observation, during the month of July, between the hours of
+nine-thirty and eleven o'clock <span class="smcap">p.m.</span></p>
+
+<p>Observe with an opera-glass the fine clusters 20 M. and 8 M., also an
+almost circular black void near the stars <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> and <ins class="character" title="Greek delta">&#948;</ins>, and to the east of
+this spot another of narrow crescent form.</p>
+
+<p>The stars <ins class="character" title="Greek phi">&#966;</ins> and <ins class="character" title="Greek zeta">&#950;</ins> in the Milk Dipper are moving in opposite
+directions. Future generations therefore will not have this
+time-honored figure to guide them in locating the Archer in their
+summer night skies.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg&nbsp;43]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 575px;">
+<a href="images/img43.jpg"><img src="images/img43_th.jpg" width="575" height="600" alt="SAGITTARIUS" title="SAGITTARIUS" /></a>
+<span class="caption">SAGITTARIUS</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg&nbsp;44]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="OPHIUCHUS_of-i-u-kus_THE_SERPENT_BEARER_AND_SERPENS_Face" id="OPHIUCHUS_of-i-u-kus_THE_SERPENT_BEARER_AND_SERPENS_Face"></a>OPHIUCHUS (of-i-<ins class="character" title="u with macron">&#363;</ins>-kus)&mdash;THE SERPENT BEARER, AND SERPENS. (Face Southwest.)</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Location.</span>&mdash;A line drawn from <ins class="character" title="Greek epsilon">&#949;</ins> Delphini to <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> Aquil&aelig;, prolonged about
+30&deg;, strikes the star Ras Alhague, the brightest star in the
+constellation and the head of Ophiuchus. It is at one angle of an
+isosceles triangle, of which Altair is at the apex, and Vega the third
+angle.</p>
+
+<p>Two constellations are here combined. Ophiuchus is represented as an
+old man, holding in his hands a writhing serpent.</p>
+
+<p>Ras Algethi, marking the head of Hercules, lies just west of Ras
+Alhague.</p>
+
+<p>Equally distant southeast and southwest of Ras Alhague are to be seen
+two stars close together, representing the shoulders of Ophiuchus. His
+foot rests on the Scorpion just above Antares.</p>
+
+<p>The head of Serpens is the star group in the form of an "X" just below
+the Crown.</p>
+
+<p>1604 indicates the spot where in that year a famous temporary star
+appeared, called Kepler's star.</p>
+
+<p>Note the asterism the "Bull of Poniatowski" just east of <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins>. The star
+marked 70 is one of the most distant stars for which a parallax has
+been obtained. Its distance from the earth = 1,300,000 radii of the
+earth's orbit, or 120 quadrillion miles.</p>
+
+<p>There is something remarkable in the central position of this gigantic
+figure. It is situated almost exactly in the mid-heavens, being nearly
+equidistant from the poles, and midway between the vernal and autumnal
+equinoxes.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg&nbsp;45]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 576px;">
+<a href="images/img45.jpg"><img src="images/img45_th.jpg" width="576" height="600" alt="OPHIUCHUS &amp; SERPENS" title="OPHIUCHUS &amp; SERPENS" /></a>
+<span class="caption">OPHIUCHUS &amp; SERPENS</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg&nbsp;46]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="SCORPIUS_skor_-pi-us_THE_SCORPION_Face_South" id="SCORPIUS_skor_-pi-us_THE_SCORPION_Face_South"></a>SCORPIUS (sk&ocirc;r&acute;-pi-us)&mdash;THE SCORPION. (Face South.)</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Location</span>.&mdash;Scorpius, one of the signs of the zodiac, is a beautiful
+star group, and one that is easily traced out. It lies just under the
+Serpent Bearer, between Sagittarius and Libra.</p>
+
+<p>The resemblance to a Scorpion is not difficult to see, hence this
+constellation is perhaps the most aptly named of any.</p>
+
+<p>The ruddy star Antares, the brightest star in the constellation, is in
+the heart of the Scorpion. It lies about 40&deg; southwest of Ras Alhague,
+in Ophiuchus, and a little over 20&deg; west of the bow of Sagittarius.
+The fact that it is the most brilliant star in this region of the sky
+renders its identity unmistakable. It is one of the reddest stars in
+the firmament.</p>
+
+<p>There are several star clusters and double stars to be seen in this
+constellation. Their position is indicated in the diagram.</p>
+
+<p>The curved tail of the Scorpion is very conspicuous. <ins class="character" title="Greek lamda">&#955;</ins> and <ins class="character" title="Greek upsilon">&#965;</ins> are a
+striking pair and the fine clusters above them can be seen with the
+naked eye.</p>
+
+<p>A record of a lunar occultation of <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> Scorpii in 295 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> is extant.</p>
+
+<p>Note a pair just below <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins>. They are known as <ins class="character" title="Greek omega">&#969;</ins><sup>1</sup> and <ins class="character" title="Greek omega">&#969;</ins><sup>2</sup>.</p>
+
+<p>In this region of the sky have appeared many of the brilliant
+temporary stars, the first one in astronomical annals being discovered
+in 134 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span></p>
+
+<p>Scorpius is mentioned by all the early writers on astronomy and is
+supposed to be so named because in Egypt it was a sickly time of the
+year when the sun entered this sign.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg&nbsp;47]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 563px;">
+<a href="images/img47.jpg"><img src="images/img47_th.jpg" width="563" height="600" alt="SCORPIUS" title="SCORPIUS" /></a>
+<span class="caption">SCORPIUS</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg&nbsp;48]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="LIBRA_li_-bra_THE_SCALES_Face_Southwest" id="LIBRA_li_-bra_THE_SCALES_Face_Southwest"></a>LIBRA (l<ins class="character" title="i with macron">&#299;</ins>&acute;-bra)&mdash;THE SCALES. (Face Southwest.)</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Location</span>.&mdash;Libra is one of the signs of the zodiac, and lies between
+Virgo and Scorpius. Its two chief stars, <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> and <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins>, may be recognized
+west of and above the head of the Scorpion.</p>
+
+<p>The star <ins class="character" title="Greek iota">&#953;</ins> Libr&aelig; is about 20&deg; northwest of Antares in the Scorpion.
+Spica in Virgo, a star of the first magnitude, is a little over 20&deg;
+northwest of <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> Libr&aelig;.</p>
+
+<p>A quadrilateral is formed by the stars <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins>, <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins>, <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins>, <ins class="character" title="Greek epsilon">&#949;</ins>, which characterizes
+the constellation.</p>
+
+<p>The star <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> Libr&aelig; looks elongated. An opera-glass shows that it has a
+fifth-magnitude companion.</p>
+
+<p><ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> is a pale green star. Its color is very unusual.</p>
+
+<p>Lyra, Corona, and Hercules are almost directly overhead in the early
+evening, during July and August, and can best be observed in a
+reclining position. Thus placed, with an opera-glass to assist the
+vision, you may study to the best advantage the wonderful sight spread
+out before you, and search depths only measured by the power of your
+glass.</p>
+
+<p>When the sun enters the sign Libra the days and nights are equal all
+over the world and seem to observe a certain equilibrium like a
+balance, hence the name of the constellation.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg&nbsp;49]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 517px;">
+<a href="images/img49.jpg"><img src="images/img49_th.jpg" width="517" height="600" alt="LIBRA" title="LIBRA" /></a>
+<span class="caption">LIBRA</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg&nbsp;50]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CORONA_BOREALIS_ko-ro_na_bo-re-a_-lis_THE_NORTHERN_CROWN" id="CORONA_BOREALIS_ko-ro_na_bo-re-a_-lis_THE_NORTHERN_CROWN"></a>CORONA BOREALIS (k<ins class="character" title="o with macron">&#333;</ins>-r<ins class="character" title="o with macron">&#333;</ins>&acute;n&auml; b<ins class="character" title="o with macron">&#333;</ins>-r<ins class="character" title="e with macron">&#275;</ins>-a&acute;-lis)&mdash;THE NORTHERN CROWN.</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Location</span>.&mdash;A line drawn from <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> Cygni, to <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> Lyr&aelig;, and projected a
+little over 40&deg;, terminates in the Crown, which lies between Hercules
+and Bo&ouml;tes, and just above the diamond-shaped group of stars in the
+head of the Serpent.</p>
+
+<p>The characteristic semicircle resembling a crown is easily traced out.
+The principal stars are of the fourth magnitude excepting Gemma, which
+is a second-magnitude star and known as the "Pearl of the Crown."</p>
+
+<p>Gemma, sometimes called Alphacca, forms with the stars Seginus and
+Arcturus, in Bo&ouml;tes, an isosceles triangle, the vertex of which is at
+Arcturus.</p>
+
+<p>Close to <ins class="character" title="Greek epsilon">&#949;</ins> a famous temporary appeared suddenly May 12, 1866, as a
+second-magnitude star. It was known as the "Blaze Star" and was
+visible to the naked eye only eight days, fading at that time to a
+tenth-magnitude star, and then rising to an eighth-magnitude, where it
+still remains.</p>
+
+<p>The native Australians called this constellation "The Boomerang." To
+the Hebrews it was "Ataroth" and by this name it is known in the East
+to-day. No two of the seven stars composing the Crown are moving in
+the same direction or at the same rate.</p>
+
+<p><ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> Coron&aelig; is seventy-eight light years distant and sixty times brighter
+than the sun.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg&nbsp;51]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 553px;">
+<a href="images/img51.jpg"><img src="images/img51_th.jpg" width="553" height="600" alt="CORONA BOREALIS" title="CORONA BOREALIS" /></a>
+<span class="caption">CORONA BOREALIS</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg&nbsp;52]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="HERCULES_her_-ku-lez_THE_KNEELER" id="HERCULES_her_-ku-lez_THE_KNEELER"></a>HERCULES (her&acute;-k<ins class="character" title="u with macron">&#363;</ins>-l<ins class="character" title="e with macron">&#275;</ins>z)&mdash;THE KNEELER.</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Location</span>.&mdash;A line drawn from either Vega, in Lyra, or Altair, in
+Aquila, to Gemma, in Corona Borealis, passes through this
+constellation. The left foot of Hercules rests on the head of Draco,
+on the north, and his head nearly touches the head of Ophiuchus on the
+south.</p>
+
+<p>The star in the head of Hercules, Ras Algethi, is about 25&deg; southeast
+of Corona Borealis.</p>
+
+<p><ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> Ophiuchi and <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> Herculis are only about 5&deg; apart.</p>
+
+<p>The cluster 13 M., the Halley Nebula, can be easily seen in an
+opera-glass. In a recent photograph of this cluster 50,000 stars are
+shown in an area of sky which would be entirely covered by the full
+moon.</p>
+
+<p>Hercules occupies the part of the heavens toward which the sun is
+bearing the earth and planets at the rate of twelve miles a second or
+373 million miles a year.</p>
+
+<p>On a clear night the asterism Cerberus, the three-headed dog, which
+Hercules holds in his hand, can be seen.</p>
+
+<p>This constellation is said to have been an object of worship in
+Ph&#339;nicia. There is a good deal of mystery about its origin. The
+ancient Greeks called it "The Phantom" and "The Man upon his Knees."</p>
+
+<p>The stars <ins class="character" title="Greek epsilon">&#949;</ins>, <ins class="character" title="Greek zeta">&#950;</ins>, <ins class="character" title="Greek eta">&#951;</ins>, and <ins class="character" title="Greek pi">&#960;</ins> form a keystone shaped figure that serves to
+identify the constellation.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg&nbsp;53]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 564px;">
+<a href="images/img53.jpg"><img src="images/img53_th.jpg" width="564" height="600" alt="HERCULES" title="HERCULES" /></a>
+<span class="caption">HERCULES</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg&nbsp;54]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="BOOTES_bo-o_tez_THE_HERDSMAN_OR_BEAR_DRIVER_Face_West" id="BOOTES_bo-o_tez_THE_HERDSMAN_OR_BEAR_DRIVER_Face_West"></a>BO&Ouml;TES (b<ins class="character" title="o with macron">&#333;</ins>-<ins class="character" title="o with macron">&#333;</ins>&acute;t<ins class="character" title="e with macron">&#275;</ins>z)&mdash;THE HERDSMAN, OR BEAR DRIVER. (Face West.)</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Location</span>.&mdash;Bo&ouml;tes lies just west of the Crown, and east of Cor Caroli.
+It may be easily distinguished by the position and splendor of its
+principal star, Arcturus, which shines with a golden yellow lustre. It
+is about 35&deg; east of Denebola, in Leo, and nearly as far north of
+Spica, in Virgo, and forms with these two a large equilateral
+triangle. A line drawn from <ins class="character" title="Greek zeta">&#950;</ins> to <ins class="character" title="Greek eta">&#951;</ins> Urs&aelig; Majoris and prolonged about
+30&deg; locates it, as does one from <ins class="character" title="Greek delta">&#948;</ins> Herculis to <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> Coron&aelig; prolonged its
+length.</p>
+
+<p>The brightest stars in Bo&ouml;tes outline a characteristic kite-shaped
+figure. Arcturus is mentioned in the Book of Job and is often referred
+to as "The Star of Job."</p>
+
+<p>Three stars of the fourth magnitude are situated in the right hand.
+They are about 5&deg; north of <ins class="character" title="Greek eta">&#951;</ins> Urs&aelig; Majoris.</p>
+
+<p>Contrast the color of Arcturus with Spica, Antares, and Vega.</p>
+
+<p>The trapezium <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins>, <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins>, <ins class="character" title="Greek delta">&#948;</ins>, and <ins class="character" title="Greek mu">&#956;</ins>, was called "The Female Wolves," by the
+Arabians; <ins class="character" title="Greek theta">&#952;</ins>, <ins class="character" title="Greek iota">&#953;</ins>, <ins class="character" title="Greek kappa">&#954;</ins> and <ins class="character" title="Greek lamda">&#955;</ins>, "The Whelps of the Hyenas." They knew the
+constellation as "The Vociferator."</p>
+
+<p>Arcturus is the fourth brightest star in the northern hemisphere. It
+is 1000 times the size of our sun and rushes through space toward
+Virgo at the astounding rate of ninety miles a second. It is forty
+light years distant.</p>
+
+<p>The ancient Greeks called this constellation "Lycaon," a name which
+signifies a Wolf. The Hebrew name for it was "The Barking Dog."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg&nbsp;55]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 567px;">
+<a href="images/img55.jpg"><img src="images/img55_th.jpg" width="567" height="600" alt="BO&Ouml;TES" title="BO&Ouml;TES" /></a>
+<span class="caption">BO&Ouml;TES</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg&nbsp;56]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="VIRGO_ver_-go_THE_VIRGIN_Face_West" id="VIRGO_ver_-go_THE_VIRGIN_Face_West"></a>VIRGO (ver&acute;-g<ins class="character" title="o with macron">&#333;</ins>)&mdash;THE VIRGIN. (Face West.)</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Location</span>.&mdash;An imaginary line drawn from Antares in Scorpius through <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins>
+Libr&aelig; and prolonged a little over 20&deg; strikes Spica, the brightest
+star in Virgo, which star is about 30&deg; southwest of Arcturus.</p>
+
+<p>Arcturus, Cor Caroli, Denebola, and Spica form a figure about 50&deg; in
+length, called the Diamond of Virgo.</p>
+
+<p>The equator, ecliptic, and equinoctial colure intersect each other at
+a point close to the star <ins class="character" title="Greek eta">&#951;</ins>. This is called the autumnal equinox.</p>
+
+<p>The star <ins class="character" title="Greek epsilon">&#949;</ins> is known as the "Grape Gatherer." It is observed to rise
+just before the sun at vintage time.</p>
+
+<p>Within the rude square formed by Denebola, and <ins class="character" title="Greek epsilon">&#949;</ins>, <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins>, and <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins>, Virginis,
+the telescope reveals many wonderful nebul&aelig;; hence this region of the
+sky has been called "The Field of the Nebula."</p>
+
+<p>Spica is an extremely beautiful pure white star. It rises a very
+little south of the exact eastern point on the horizon.</p>
+
+<p><ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> is a fine double star for a small telescope.</p>
+
+<p>Virgo is mentioned by the astronomers of all ages. By the Egyptians it
+was intended to represent the goddess Isis, and the Greeks knew it as
+Ceres. Spica represents the ear of corn held in the Virgin's left
+hand.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg&nbsp;57]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 582px;">
+<a href="images/img57.jpg"><img src="images/img57_th.jpg" width="582" height="600" alt="VIRGO" title="VIRGO" /></a>
+<span class="caption">VIRGO</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg&nbsp;58]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CANES_VENATICI_ka_-nez_ve-nat_-i-ci_THE_HUNTING_DOGS_Face" id="CANES_VENATICI_ka_-nez_ve-nat_-i-ci_THE_HUNTING_DOGS_Face"></a>CANES VENATICI (k<ins class="character" title="a with macron">&#257;</ins>&acute;-n<ins class="character" title="e with macron">&#275;</ins>z ve-nat&acute;-i-c<ins class="character" title="i with macron">&#299;</ins>)&mdash;THE HUNTING DOGS. (Face Northwest.)</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Location</span>.&mdash;Cor Caroli, the bright star in this constellation, when on
+the meridian is about 17&deg; south of <ins class="character" title="Greek epsilon">&#949;</ins> Urs&aelig; Majoris. A line drawn from <ins class="character" title="Greek eta">&#951;</ins>
+Urs&aelig; Majoris, through Berenice's Hair, to Denebola, in Leo, passes
+through it.</p>
+
+<p>The dogs, Asterion and Chara, are represented as being held in leash
+by Bo&ouml;tes, the herdsman, in his pursuit of the Great Bear.</p>
+
+<p>Cor Caroli is in the southern hound, Chara, and represents the heart
+of Charles II of England. It is a beautiful double star in a small
+telescope.</p>
+
+<p>The so-called "Diamond of Virgo," is clearly shown on this plate. It
+is formed by connecting with lines the stars Cor Caroli, Denebola,
+Spica, and Arcturus.</p>
+
+<p>The fifth-magnitude star La Superba, about 7&deg; north and 2&frac12;&deg; west of
+Cor Caroli, is especially noteworthy because of the flashing
+brilliancy of its prismatic rays.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg&nbsp;59]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 569px;">
+<a href="images/img59.jpg"><img src="images/img59_th.jpg" width="569" height="600" alt="CANES VENATICI" title="CANES VENATICI" /></a>
+<span class="caption">CANES VENATICI</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg&nbsp;60]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="METEORIC_SHOWERSJ2O" id="METEORIC_SHOWERSJ2O"></a>METEORIC SHOWERS.</h2>
+
+<p class="center">JULY TO OCTOBER.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg&nbsp;61]</a></span></p>
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='center'><i>Name of Shower</i></td><td align='center'><i>Date</i></td><td align='center'><i>Radiant Point</i></td><td align='center'><i>Characteristics</i></td><td align='center'><i>Other Dates<br /> of<br /> Observation</i></td><td align='center'><i>Location</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Vulpeculids or Eta<br /> Sagittids</td><td align='center'>July 4</td><td align='center'>Between<br /> Cygnus and<br /> Delphinus</td><td align='center'>Sw.</td><td align='center'>June 13-July 7<br /> Apr. 20,<br />May 30</td><td align='center'>E.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Cygnids</td><td align='center'>July 19</td><td align='center'>Near Deneb<br /> (<ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins>) Cygni</td><td align='center'>Sh. Sw. F.</td><td align='center'>July 11-19,<br /> Aug. 22, July<br /> 6-Aug. 16</td><td align='center'>E.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>(<ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins>)-(<ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins>) Perseids</td><td align='center'>July 25</td><td align='center'>Between (<ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins>) and<br /> (<ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins>) Persei</td><td align='center'>Sw. B. Sk.<br /> after<br /> 10 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span></td><td align='center'>July 23-Aug. 4<br /> Sept. 15,<br /> Nov. 13</td><td align='center'>N.E.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Aquarids, a<br /> conspicuous<br /> shower</td><td align='center'>July 28</td><td align='center'>Near the<br /> water jar of<br /> Aquarius</td><td align='center'>Sl. B.</td><td align='center'>&nbsp;</td><td align='center'>E.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Perseids, fine<br /> shower</td><td align='center'>Aug. 10</td><td align='center'>Near (<ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins>)<br /> Persei</td><td align='center'>v. Sw. Sk.</td><td align='center'>&nbsp;</td><td align='center'>N.E.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Kappa Cygnids</td><td align='center'>Aug. 17</td><td align='center'>Near the<br /> Dragon's head</td><td align='center'>Sw. B.T. Sh.</td><td align='center'>Jan. 17, Aug. 4,<br /> Aug. 21-25</td><td align='center'>S.E.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Alpha Aurigids</td><td align='center'>Aug. 21</td><td align='center'>Near Capella<br /> (<ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins>) Aurig&aelig;</td><td align='center'>After 9.30<br /> <span class="smcap">p.m.</span><br /> v. Sw. Sk.</td><td align='center'>Sept. 22,<br /> Oct. 2</td><td align='center'>N.E.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Omicron<br /> Draconids. Rich<br /> shower in 1879</td><td align='center'>Aug. 22</td><td align='center'>Near the<br /> Dragon's head</td><td align='center'>Sl. T.</td><td align='center'>Aug. 21-25</td><td align='center'>N</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Epsilon<br /> Perseids</td><td align='center'>Sept. 7</td><td align='center'>Between Capella<br /> and the<br /> Pleiades</td><td align='center'>After 10<br /> <span class="smcap">p.m.</span><br /> v. Sw. Sk.</td><td align='center'>Aug. 21, 25,<br /> Sept. 6-8, 21,<br /> Nov. 29.</td><td align='center'>N.E.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Alpha Arietids</td><td align='center'>Sept. 21</td><td align='center'>Near Hamal<br /> (<ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins>) Arietis</td><td align='center'>Sl. T.</td><td align='center'>Aug. 12, Oct. 7</td><td align='center'>E.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Gamma Pegasids</td><td align='center'>Sept. 22</td><td align='center'>Near and S.E.<br /> of Great Sq.</td><td align='center'>Sl.</td><td align='center'>July 31, Aug.<br /> 25, etc.</td><td align='center'>E.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg&nbsp;62]</a></span></p>
+<p>The Perseids are of a yellowish color, and move with medium velocity.
+Their line of flight is from northeast to southwest. They are probably
+visible for more than a month, from the latter half of July to the
+last week in August.</p>
+
+<p>The August meteors are known as the "Tears of St. Lawrence."</p>
+
+<p>The Abbreviations under <i>Characteristics</i> are as follows:</p>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>v.&mdash;very</td><td align='left'>Sl.&mdash;Slow</td><td align='left'>Sk.&mdash;Streak-leaving meteors.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>M.&mdash;Moderately</td><td align='left'>B.&mdash;Bright</td><td align='left'>T.&mdash;Train-leaving meteors.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sw.&mdash;Swift</td><td align='left'>F.&mdash;Faint</td><td align='left'>Sh.&mdash;Short meteors.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg&nbsp;63]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg&nbsp;64]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="THE_CONSTELLATIONS_OF_AUTUMN" id="THE_CONSTELLATIONS_OF_AUTUMN"></a>THE CONSTELLATIONS OF AUTUMN.</h2>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg&nbsp;65]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 578px;">
+<a href="images/img65.jpg"><img src="images/img65_th.jpg" width="578" height="600" alt="Map showing the principal stars visible from Lat. 40&deg; N. at 9 o&#39;clock, October first." title="Map showing the principal stars visible from Lat. 40&deg; N. at 9 o&#39;clock, October first." /></a>
+<span class="caption">Map showing the principal stars visible from Lat. 40&deg; N. at 9 o&#39;clock, October first.</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg&nbsp;66]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CASSIOPEIA_kas-i-o-pe_-ya_THE_LADY_IN_THE_CHAIR_Face_North" id="CASSIOPEIA_kas-i-o-pe_-ya_THE_LADY_IN_THE_CHAIR_Face_North"></a>CASSIOPEIA (kas-i-<ins class="character" title="o with macron">&#333;</ins>-p<ins class="character" title="e with macron">&#275;</ins>&acute;-ya)&mdash;THE LADY IN THE CHAIR. (Face North.)</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Location</span>.&mdash;A line drawn from <ins class="character" title="Greek delta">&#948;</ins> Urs&aelig; Majoris, through Polaris, strikes
+<ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> Cassiopei&aelig;. It is situated the same distance from Polaris as Ursa
+Major, and about midway between Polaris and the zenith in the Milky
+Way. Cassiopeia is characterized by a zigzag row of stars which form a
+rude "W," but in mid-autumn, to an observer facing north, the "W"
+appears more like an "M," and is almost overhead. Note the spot marked
+1572. This is where a very famous temporary star appeared in that
+year. It was bright enough at one time to be seen in full sunshine.
+The star <ins class="character" title="Greek eta">&#951;</ins> is sixteen light years distant.</p>
+
+<p>Caph is equidistant from the Pole, and exactly opposite the star
+Megres in Ursa Major; with <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> Andromed&aelig; and <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> Pegasi it marks the
+equinoctial colure. These stars are known as "The Three Guides."</p>
+
+<p>The chair can be readily traced out; <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins>, <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins>, and <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> mark three of the
+four corners of the back, and <ins class="character" title="Greek delta">&#948;</ins> and <ins class="character" title="Greek epsilon">&#949;</ins>, one of the front legs. The word
+"Bagdei," made up of the letters for the principal stars, assists the
+memory.</p>
+
+<p>The stars <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> and <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> are pointer stars to a fifth-magnitude star the
+lucida of the asterism Lacerta, the lizard about 15&deg; from <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins>.</p>
+
+<p>Cassiopeia makes an excellent illuminated clock. When <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> is above
+Polaris it is noon, when it is in the west at right angles to its
+first position it is 6 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> At midnight it is on the northern horizon,
+and at 6 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> it is due east.</p>
+
+<p>This is sidereal time which agrees with mean time on March 22d, and
+gains on the latter at the rate of two hours a month.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg&nbsp;67]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 577px;">
+<a href="images/img67.jpg"><img src="images/img67_th.jpg" width="577" height="600" alt="CASSIOPEIA" title="CASSIOPEIA" /></a>
+<span class="caption">CASSIOPEIA</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg&nbsp;68]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CEPHEUS_se_-fus_Face_North" id="CEPHEUS_se_-fus_Face_North"></a>CEPHEUS (s<ins class="character" title="e with macron">&#275;</ins>&acute;-f<ins class="character" title="u with macron">&#363;</ins>s) (Face North.)</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Location</span>.&mdash;A line drawn from <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> to <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> Cassiopei&aelig; and prolonged about 18&deg;
+strikes <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> Cephei. The nearest bright star west of Polaris is <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> Cephei.
+Cepheus is an inconspicuous constellation, lying partly in the Milky
+Way. A view of this constellation through an opera-glass will repay
+the observer. Cepheus is characterized by a rude square, one side of
+which is the base of an isosceles triangle. Look for the so-called
+garnet star <ins class="character" title="Greek mu">&#956;</ins>, probably the reddest star visible to the naked eye in
+the United States. The star <ins class="character" title="Greek zeta">&#950;</ins> has a blue companion star.</p>
+
+<p><ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> forms an equilateral triangle with Polaris and <ins class="character" title="Greek epsilon">&#949;</ins> Cassiopei&aelig;.</p>
+
+<p>It is claimed that Cepheus was known to the Chald&aelig;ans twenty-three
+centuries before our era.</p>
+
+<p>Surrounding <ins class="character" title="Greek delta">&#948;</ins>, <ins class="character" title="Greek epsilon">&#949;</ins>, <ins class="character" title="Greek zeta">&#950;</ins>, and <ins class="character" title="Greek lamda">&#955;</ins>, which mark the king's head, is a vacant
+space in the Milky Way, similar to the Coal Sack of Cygnus.</p>
+
+<p>About 4&deg; from <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins>, in the direction of <ins class="character" title="Greek kappa">&#954;</ins> is a pretty pair of
+sixth-magnitude stars.</p>
+
+<p>Owing to precession, <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins>, <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins>, and <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> Cephei will be successively the Pole
+Star in 4500, 6000, and 7500 <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> respectively.</p>
+
+<p><ins class="character" title="Greek delta">&#948;</ins> is a double whose components are yellow and blue. It is an
+interesting variable changing from magnitude 3.7 to 4.9 at intervals
+of 5 days 8 hours 47 minutes. As it is three times as bright at
+maximum as at minimum and can be observed with the naked eye its
+variations are well worth observing.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg&nbsp;69]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 574px;">
+<a href="images/img69.jpg"><img src="images/img69_th.jpg" width="574" height="600" alt="CEPHEUS" title="CEPHEUS" /></a>
+<span class="caption">CEPHEUS</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg&nbsp;70]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="PEGASUS_peg_-a-sus_THE_WINGED_HORSE_Face_South" id="PEGASUS_peg_-a-sus_THE_WINGED_HORSE_Face_South"></a>PEGASUS (peg&acute;-a-sus)&mdash;THE WINGED HORSE. (Face South.)</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Location</span>.&mdash;One corner of the Great Square is found by drawing a line
+from Polaris to Cassiopeia, and prolonging it an equal distance.</p>
+
+<p>The Great Square is a stellar landmark. Three of the corners of the
+square are marked by stars in Pegasus; the fourth, and northeastern,
+corner is marked by the star Alpheratz in Andromeda. Each side of the
+square is about 18&deg; long.</p>
+
+<p>The horse is generally seen upside down, with his fore feet projected
+up into the sky. Only the head, neck, and fore feet are represented.
+The star Enif marks the nose.</p>
+
+<p><ins class="character" title="Greek pi">&#960;</ins> is an interesting double, easily seen in an opera-glass. All the
+stars of the Square are approaching us at an inconceivable speed.</p>
+
+<p>The position of the asterism Equus or Equ<ins class="character" title="u with macron">&#363;</ins>leus, the Little Horse, or
+Horse's Head, is shown in the diagram.</p>
+
+<p>Delphinus, the water jar of Aquarius, and the circlet in the Western
+Fish, are all in the vicinity of Pegasus, and indicated in the
+diagram.</p>
+
+<p>The winged horse is found on coins of Corinth 500 to 430 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> The
+Greeks called this constellation <ins class="character" title="Greek hippos">&#7985;&#960;&#960;&#959;&#963;</ins>.</p>
+
+<p>Pegasus seems to have been regarded in Ph&#339;nicia and Egypt as the sky
+emblem of a ship.</p>
+
+<p>Within the area of the Square Argelander counted thirty naked-eye
+stars.</p>
+
+<p>Note a fine pair in Equ<ins class="character" title="u with macron">&#363;</ins>leus just west of the star Enif in Pegasus.</p>
+
+<p>The position of the equinoctial colure is defined by a line connecting
+Polaris, <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> Cassiopei&aelig;, <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> Andromed&aelig;, and <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> Pegasi.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg&nbsp;71]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 583px;">
+<a href="images/img71.jpg"><img src="images/img71_th.jpg" width="583" height="600" alt="PEGASUS" title="PEGASUS" /></a>
+<span class="caption">PEGASUS</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg&nbsp;72]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="ANDROMEDA_an-drom_-e-da_THE_CHAINED_LADY" id="ANDROMEDA_an-drom_-e-da_THE_CHAINED_LADY"></a>ANDROMEDA (an-drom&acute;-e-d&auml;)&mdash;THE CHAINED LADY.</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Location</span>.&mdash;The star <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> Alpheratz is at the northeastern corner of the
+great square of Pegasus, one of the stellar landmarks.</p>
+
+<p>Running east from <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins>, at almost equal distances, are four other stars,
+two of which are of the second magnitude. The most easterly one is <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins>
+Persei, known as Algol, the famous variable. Lines connecting the
+stars <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> Andromed&aelig;, Algol, and <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> Persei form a right-angled triangle.
+The right angle is marked by Algol.</p>
+
+<p>The chief object of interest in this constellation is the great
+nebula, the first to be discovered. It can be seen by the naked eye
+and it is a fine sight in an opera-glass. Its location is indicated in
+the diagram.</p>
+
+<p>The star <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> is the radiant point of the Bielid meteors, looked for in
+November. It is a colored double visible in a 3" glass.</p>
+
+<p>The great nebula has been called the "Queen of the Nebul&aelig;." It is said
+to have been known as far back as <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 905, and it was described 986
+<span class="smcap">a.d.</span> as the "Little Cloud."</p>
+
+<p>Andromeda is very favorable for observation in September, low in the
+eastern sky.</p>
+
+<p>Note the characteristic "Y" shaped asterism known as Gloria Frederika
+or Frederik's Glory. It lies about at the apex of a nearly isosceles
+triangle of which a line connecting Alpheratz and <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> Pegasi is the
+base. A line drawn from <ins class="character" title="Greek delta">&#948;</ins> to <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> Cassiopei&aelig; and prolonged a little over
+twice its length points it out.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg&nbsp;73]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 574px;">
+<a href="images/img73.jpg"><img src="images/img73_th.jpg" width="574" height="600" alt="ANDROMEDA" title="ANDROMEDA" /></a>
+<span class="caption">ANDROMEDA</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg&nbsp;74]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="PERSEUS_per_-sus_THE_CHAMPION_Face_Northeast" id="PERSEUS_per_-sus_THE_CHAMPION_Face_Northeast"></a>PERSEUS (per&acute;-s<ins class="character" title="u with macron">&#363;</ins>s)&mdash;THE CHAMPION. (Face Northeast.)</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Location</span>.&mdash;<ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> Persei lies on a line drawn from <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> to <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> Andromed&aelig;, and is
+about 9&deg; from the latter. The most striking feature in Perseus is the
+so-called "segment of Perseus," a curve of stars beginning about 12&deg;
+below Cassiopeia, and curving toward Ursa Major. Note the famous
+variable Algol the Demon star. It represents the Medusa's head which
+Perseus holds in his hand. It varies from the second to the fourth
+magnitude in about three and one-half hours, and back again in the
+same time, after which it remains steadily brilliant for two and
+three-quarters days, when the same change recurs. Algenib and Algol
+form with <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> Andromed&aelig;, a right-angled triangle.</p>
+
+<p>Note a dull red star near Algol, and a pretty pair just above Algenib.</p>
+
+<p>An opera-glass reveals much that is worthy of observation in this
+region of the sky. It has been said of the clusters between Cassiopeia
+and Perseus that they form the most striking sidereal spectacle in the
+northern heavens. They are visible to the naked eye. Algenib never
+sets in the latitude of New York, just touching the horizon at its
+lower culmination. It is estimated that Algol is a little over a
+million miles in diameter, <ins class="character" title="Greek eta">&#951;</ins> has three faint stars on one side nearly
+in a line, and one on the other&mdash;a miniature representation of Jupiter
+and his satellites.</p>
+
+<p>Algol, when on the meridian of New York City, is only one tenth of a
+degree from the zenith point. This remarkable variable has a dark
+companion star revolving near it obscuring its light in part from us
+at stated intervals. By means of the spectroscope the speed diameter
+and mass of this invisible star has been reckoned.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg&nbsp;75]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 578px;">
+<a href="images/img75.jpg"><img src="images/img75_th.jpg" width="578" height="600" alt="PERSEUS" title="PERSEUS" /></a>
+<span class="caption">PERSEUS</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg&nbsp;76]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="PISCES_pis_ez_THE_FISHES_Face_Southeast" id="PISCES_pis_ez_THE_FISHES_Face_Southeast"></a>PISCES (pis&acute;<ins class="character" title="e with macron">&#275;</ins>z)&mdash;THE FISHES. (Face Southeast.)</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Location</span>.&mdash;This constellation is represented by two fishes each with a
+ribbon tied to its tail. One, the Northern Fish, lies just below <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins>
+Andromed&aelig;,&mdash;the other, represented by the circlet, is just below
+Pegasus. The ribbons, represented by streams of faint stars, from a
+"V" with elongated sides, and terminate in the star Al Rischa, The
+Knot.</p>
+
+<p>Below <ins class="character" title="Greek omega">&#969;</ins>, and to the east of <ins class="character" title="Greek lamda">&#955;</ins> the spot marked (*) is the place which
+the sun occupies at the time of the equinox. It is one of the two
+crossing places of the equinoctial, or equator, of the heavens, and
+the ecliptic, or sun's path.</p>
+
+<p>Below Pisces is Cetus, the Whale.</p>
+
+<p>Pisces is thought to have taken its name from its coincidence with the
+sun during the rainy season.</p>
+
+<p>Three distinct conjunctions of Jupiter and Saturn took place in this
+constellation in the year 747 of Rome.</p>
+
+<p>Pisces was considered the national constellation of the Jews, as well
+as a tribal symbol.</p>
+
+<p>In 1881, Jupiter, Saturn, and Venus were grouped together in Pisces.</p>
+
+<p>The Circlet is a very striking group forming a pentagon. The glass
+reveals two faint stars in addition, making the figure seven-sided or
+elliptical in form.</p>
+
+<p>As to the number of the stars as classified according to their
+magnitude, that is their brightness, it may be mentioned that there
+are approximately 20 stars of the first magnitude, 65 of the second,
+300 of the third, and 450 of the fourth. We cannot see stars fainter
+than the sixth magnitude with the naked eye.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg&nbsp;77]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 573px;">
+<a href="images/img77.jpg"><img src="images/img77_th.jpg" width="573" height="600" alt="PISCES" title="PISCES" /></a>
+<span class="caption">PISCES</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg&nbsp;78]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="TRIANGULUM_tri-an_-gu-lum_THE_TRIANGLE_Face_East" id="TRIANGULUM_tri-an_-gu-lum_THE_TRIANGLE_Face_East"></a>TRIANGULUM (tr<ins class="character" title="i with macron">&#299;</ins>-an&acute;-g<ins class="character" title="u with macron">&#363;</ins>-lum)&mdash;THE TRIANGLE. (Face East.)</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Location</span>.&mdash;A line drawn from the star <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> Pegasi to Algol in Perseus
+passes through <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> Trianguli.</p>
+
+<p>The triangle is clearly defined and a beautiful figure. It lies just
+below Andromeda, and above Aries.</p>
+
+<p>Triangulum is a very ancient constellation, being formerly named
+Deltoton, from the Greek letter Delta <ins class="character" title="Greek uppercase Delta">&#916;</ins>.</p>
+
+<p>It was in this locality that Piazzi discovered the asteroid Ceres,
+January 1, 1800.</p>
+
+<p><ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> Trianguli is sometimes called "Caput Trianguli."</p>
+
+<p><ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> and <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> Trianguli were known as "The Scale Beam." According to
+Argelander the constellation contains fifteen stars.</p>
+
+<p>The Triangle has been likened to the Trinity, and the Mitre of St.
+Peter.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg&nbsp;79]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 558px;">
+<a href="images/img79.jpg"><img src="images/img79_th.jpg" width="558" height="600" alt="TRIANGULUM" title="TRIANGULUM" /></a>
+<span class="caption">TRIANGULUM</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg&nbsp;80]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="AQUARIUS_a-kwa_ri-us_THE_WATER_CARRIER_Face_Southwest" id="AQUARIUS_a-kwa_ri-us_THE_WATER_CARRIER_Face_Southwest"></a>AQUARIUS (a-kw<ins class="character" title="a with macron">&#257;</ins>&acute;ri-us)&mdash;THE WATER CARRIER. (Face Southwest.)</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Location</span>.&mdash;A line drawn from <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> Pegasi to <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> of the same constellation,
+and prolonged as far again, ends just east of the so-called water jar
+of Aquarius, which is formed by a group of four stars in the form of a
+"Y," as indicated in the diagram. The Arabians called these four stars
+a tent.</p>
+
+<p>The jar is represented as inverted, allowing a stream of water
+represented by dim stars in pairs and groups of three stars, to
+descend, ending in the bright star Fomalhaut, the mouth of the
+Southern Fish.</p>
+
+<p>A rough map of South America can be traced in the stars <ins class="character" title="Greek theta">&#952;</ins>, <ins class="character" title="Greek lamda">&#955;</ins>, <ins class="character" title="Greek tau">&#964;</ins>, <ins class="character" title="Greek delta">&#948;</ins>,
+88, <ins class="character" title="Greek iota">&#953;</ins>.</p>
+
+<p>A rude dipper can be made out in the western part of the
+constellation, formed of the stars <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins>, <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins>, <ins class="character" title="Greek nu">&#957;</ins>, <ins class="character" title="Greek epsilon">&#949;</ins>.</p>
+
+<p>The stars <ins class="character" title="Greek tau">&#964;</ins> and <ins class="character" title="Greek zeta">&#950;</ins> are doubles. Of the former pair, one is white, the
+other orange in color. Fomalhaut was the object of sunrise worship in
+the temple of Demeter at Eleusis in 500 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> The ancients called this
+region of the sky "the Sea."</p>
+
+<p>In the vicinity of <ins class="character" title="Greek delta">&#948;</ins>, Mayer observed in 1756 what he termed a fixed
+star. Herschel thought it a comet. It proved to be the planet Uranus.</p>
+
+<p><ins class="character" title="Greek zeta">&#950;</ins> is almost exactly on the celestial equator.</p>
+
+<p><ins class="character" title="Greek lamda">&#955;</ins> is a red star, the most prominent of the first stars in the stream.
+The stars in Piscis Australis can be traced out with an opera-glass.</p>
+
+<p>Fomalhaut and Capella, in Auriga, rise almost exactly at the same
+minute.</p>
+
+<p>Fomalhaut is one of the four "royal stars" of astrology. The others
+are Regulus, Antares, and Aldebaran.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg&nbsp;81]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 560px;">
+<a href="images/img81.jpg"><img src="images/img81_th.jpg" width="560" height="600" alt="AQUARIUS" title="AQUARIUS" /></a>
+<span class="caption">AQUARIUS</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg&nbsp;82]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CAPRICORNUS_kap-ri-kor_-nus_THE_SEA_GOAT_Face_Southwest" id="CAPRICORNUS_kap-ri-kor_-nus_THE_SEA_GOAT_Face_Southwest"></a>CAPRICORNUS (kap-ri-k&ocirc;r&acute;-nus)&mdash;THE SEA GOAT. (Face Southwest.)</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Location</span>.&mdash;A line drawn from <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> Pegasi through <ins class="character" title="Greek zeta">&#950;</ins> and <ins class="character" title="Greek theta">&#952;</ins> in the same
+constellation, and projected about 25&deg;, strikes <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> and <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> in
+Capricornus.</p>
+
+<p>This constellation contains three principal stars&mdash;<ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> and <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> mentioned
+above, and <ins class="character" title="Greek delta">&#948;</ins> about 20&deg; east of them.</p>
+
+<p>The water jar of Aquarius is about the same distance northeast of <ins class="character" title="Greek delta">&#948;</ins>
+Capricorni that Fomalhaut, in the Southern Fish, is southeast of it.</p>
+
+<p><ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> has a companion which can be seen by the naked eye. It is a fine
+sight in an opera-glass. These two stars are gradually separating.</p>
+
+<p><ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> is a double star, one being blue, the other yellow.</p>
+
+<p>The constellation resembles a chapeau, or peaked hat, upside down.</p>
+
+<p>The stars in the head of the Sea Goat, <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> and <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> are only 2&deg; apart, and
+can hardly be mistaken by an observer facing the southwestern sky
+during the early evening in autumn.</p>
+
+<p>Five degrees east of <ins class="character" title="Greek delta">&#948;</ins> is the point announced by Le Verrier as the
+position of his predicted new planet, Neptune.</p>
+
+<p>Flammarion claims that the Chinese astronomers noted the five planets
+in conjunction in Capricornus, in the year 2449 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span></p>
+
+<p>The sign of the Goat was called by the ancient Orientalists "The
+Southern Gate of the Sun."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg&nbsp;83]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 573px;">
+<a href="images/img83.jpg"><img src="images/img83_th.jpg" width="573" height="600" alt="CAPRICORNUS" title="CAPRICORNUS" /></a>
+<span class="caption">CAPRICORNUS</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg&nbsp;84]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="ARIES_a_-ri-ez_THE_RAM_Face_Southeast" id="ARIES_a_-ri-ez_THE_RAM_Face_Southeast"></a>ARIES (<ins class="character" title="a with macron">&#257;</ins>&acute;-ri-<ins class="character" title="e with macron">&#275;</ins>z)&mdash;THE RAM. (Face Southeast.)</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Location</span>.&mdash;The star <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> in Aries, known as Hamal, and sometimes as
+Arietis, a star of the second magnitude, is about 7&deg; south of <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins>
+Trianguli. A line drawn from the Pole Star to <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> Andromed&aelig;, and
+prolonged about 20&deg;, ends at Hamal.</p>
+
+<p>Aries contains three principal stars, forming a characteristic
+obtuse-angled triangle.</p>
+
+<p>The star <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> Arietis was one of the first double stars discovered. A
+telescope is required to split it. Hamal lies near the path of the
+moon, and is one of the stars from which longitude is reckoned.</p>
+
+<p>Below Aries may be seen the characteristic pentagon in the head of
+Cetus, the Whale.</p>
+
+<p>More than two thousand years ago Aries was the leading constellation
+of the zodiac, and now stands first in the list of zodiacal signs.</p>
+
+<p>The Arabians knew this constellation as Al Hamal, the sheep.</p>
+
+<p><ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> and <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> are one instance out of many where stars of more than ordinary
+brightness are seen together in pairs, the brightest star being
+generally on the east.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg&nbsp;85]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 553px;">
+<a href="images/img85.jpg"><img src="images/img85_th.jpg" width="553" height="600" alt="ARIES" title="ARIES" /></a>
+<span class="caption">ARIES</span>
+</div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg&nbsp;86]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CETUS_se_-tus_THE_WHALE_Face_Southeast" id="CETUS_se_-tus_THE_WHALE_Face_Southeast"></a>CETUS (s<ins class="character" title="e with macron">&#275;</ins>&acute;-tus)&mdash;THE WHALE. (Face Southeast.)</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Location</span>.&mdash;A line drawn from Polaris, to <ins class="character" title="Greek delta">&#948;</ins> Cassiopei&aelig;, and prolonged
+two and one third times its original length, reaches the centre of
+this constellation.</p>
+
+<p>It lies just below Aries and the Triangle, and resembles the figure of
+the prehistoric icthyosaurus, while some see in the outline an easy
+chair. The head of the beast is characterized by a clearly traced
+pentagon, about 20&deg; southeast of Aries. The brightest star in the
+constellation is <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> of the second magnitude. It is at one apex of the
+pentagon, about 15&deg; east of Al Rischa in Pisces, and 37&deg; directly
+south of Algol.</p>
+
+<p>The noted variable Mira also known as <ins class="character" title="Greek omicron">&#959;</ins> Ceti is the chief object of
+interest in this constellation.</p>
+
+<p>It was discovered by Fabricius in 1596 and varies from the ninth
+magnitude to the third or fourth in a period of 334 days. It can be
+observed during its entire range with a 3" glass.</p>
+
+<p>In 1779 Mira is reported to have been as bright as the first-magnitude
+star Aldebaran. It lies almost exactly on a line joining <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> and <ins class="character" title="Greek zeta">&#950;</ins> Ceti
+a little nearer the former. Ten degrees south of it are four faint
+stars about 3&deg; apart forming a square.</p>
+
+<p><ins class="character" title="Greek tau">&#964;</ins> Ceti is one of our nearest neighbors at a distance of nine light
+years.</p>
+
+<p><ins class="character" title="Greek zeta">&#950;</ins> is a naked-eye double star.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg&nbsp;87]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 558px;">
+<a href="images/img87.jpg"><img src="images/img87_th.jpg" width="558" height="600" alt="CETUS" title="CETUS" /></a>
+<span class="caption">CETUS</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg&nbsp;88]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="MUSCA_mus_-ka_THE_FLY_Face_Southeast" id="MUSCA_mus_-ka_THE_FLY_Face_Southeast"></a>MUSCA (mus&acute;-k&auml;)&mdash;THE FLY. (Face Southeast.)</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Location</span>.&mdash;Musca lies between Triangulum and Aries, the diagram
+clearly defining its position.</p>
+
+<p>The four stars composing it form a group shaped like the letter "Y."</p>
+
+<p>There is nothing of particular interest to be noted in this asterism.
+It does not appear on modern star charts and is considered obsolete.</p>
+
+<p>So great is the distance that separates us from the stars that as for
+the great majority had they been blotted out of existence before the
+Christian era, we of to-day should still receive their light and seem
+to see them just as we do. When we scan the nocturnal skies we study
+ancient history. We do not see the stars as they are but as they were
+centuries on centuries ago.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg&nbsp;89]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 559px;">
+<a href="images/img89.jpg"><img src="images/img89_th.jpg" width="559" height="600" alt="MUSCA" title="MUSCA" /></a>
+<span class="caption">MUSCA</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg&nbsp;90]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="METEORIC_SHOWERS_O2J" id="METEORIC_SHOWERS_O2J"></a>METEORIC SHOWERS.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'>OCTOBER TO JANUARY.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg&nbsp;91]</a></span></p><div class='center'>
+<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='center'><i>Name of Shower</i></td><td align='center'><i>Date</i></td><td align='center'><i>Radiant Point</i></td><td align='center'><i>Characteristics</i></td><td align='center'><i>Other Dates<br /> of<br /> Observation</i></td><td align='center'><i>Location</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Ursids</td><td align='center'>Oct. 4</td><td align='center'>Between Great<br /> Bear's head and<br /> Polaris</td><td align='center'>Sw. Sk.</td><td align='center'>Aug. 20-24</td><td align='center'>N.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Epsilon Arietids<br /> Rich shower<br /> 1877</td><td align='center'>Oct. 14</td><td align='center'>East of Hamal,<br /> near Musca</td><td align='center'>M. Sw.</td><td align='center'>Oct. 11-24,<br /> Oct. 30-<br /> Nov. 4</td><td align='center'>E.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Orionids<br /> Fine shower</td><td align='center'>Oct. 18</td><td align='center'>Near Alhena in<br /> Gemini</td><td align='center'>After 11 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span><br /> Sw. Sk.</td><td align='center'>Oct. 16-22</td><td align='center'>E.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Delta Geminids</td><td align='center'>Oct. 29</td><td align='center'>Near Castor and<br /> Pollux</td><td align='center'>After 10 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span><br /> v. Sw. Sk.</td><td align='center'>Nov. 7,<br /> Dec. 4,<br /> Oct. 16-22</td><td align='center'>N.E.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>(e) Taurids. Rich<br /> shower in 1886</td><td align='center'>Nov. 2</td><td align='center'>About 13&deg; S.E.<br /> of Aldebaran</td><td align='center'>Sl. B.T.</td><td align='center'>Nov. 2-3</td><td align='center'>E.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Leonids<br /> Brilliant shower</td><td align='center'>Nov. 13</td><td align='center'>Near (<ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins>) Leonis<br /> In the Sickle</td><td align='center'>After midnight.<br /> v. Sw.<br /> Sk.</td><td align='center'>Nov. 12-14</td><td align='center'>N.E.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Leo Minorids</td><td align='center'>Nov. 16</td><td align='center'>Near (<ins class="character" title="Greek mu">&#956;</ins>) Urs&aelig;<br /> Maj., the Great<br /> Bear's hind feet</td><td align='center'>After 10 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span><br /> v. Sw. Sk.</td><td align='center'>Sept. 15,<br /> Oct. 16</td><td align='center'>N.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Andromedids.<br /> The Bielids.<br /> Fine display</td><td align='center'>Nov. 27</td><td align='center'>Near (<ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins>)<br /> Andromed&aelig;</td><td align='center'>Sl. T.</td><td align='center'>Nov. 17-23<br /> Nov. 21-28</td><td align='center'>Overhead</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Taurids</td><td align='center'>Nov. 30</td><td align='center'>Between Capella<br /> and (<ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins>) Persei</td><td align='center'>V. Sw.</td><td align='center'>Aug. 16<br /> Sept. 15,<br /> Nov. 20</td><td align='center'>Overhead</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Zeta Taurids.<br /> Active shower<br /> in 1876</td><td align='center'>Dec. 6</td><td align='center'>Near the horns<br /> of the Bull</td><td align='center'>Sl. B.</td><td align='center'>&nbsp;</td><td align='center'>E.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Geminids.<br /> Fine shower</td><td align='center'>Dec. 10</td><td align='center'>Near Castor</td><td align='center'>Sw.</td><td align='center'>Dec. 1-14</td><td align='center'>E.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Kappa Draconids</td><td align='center'>Dec. 22</td><td align='center'>Near Thuban<br /> (<ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins>) Draconis</td><td align='center'>Sw. Sk.</td><td align='center'>Nov. 14-23<br /> Dec. 18-29</td><td align='center'>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan='2'>Fire Ball Dates</td><td align='center'>&nbsp;</td><td align='center'>&nbsp;</td><td align='center'>Nov. 29<br /> Dec. 2, 19, 21</td><td align='center'>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg&nbsp;92]</a></span></p>
+<p>The Andromedes are usually red, sluggish in their movements, and leave
+only a small train.</p>
+
+<p>Brilliant displays were seen in 1872 and 1885.</p>
+
+<p>The Leonids are characterized by their exceedingly swift flight. They
+are of a greenish or bluish tint and leave behind them a vivid and
+persistent train. In most years the display is not especially
+noteworthy. Once in thirty-three years they afford an exhibition grand
+beyond description as in 1833 and 1866.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg&nbsp;93]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg&nbsp;94]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="THE_CONSTELLATIONS_OF_WINTER" id="THE_CONSTELLATIONS_OF_WINTER"></a>THE CONSTELLATIONS OF WINTER.</h2>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg&nbsp;95]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 587px;">
+<a href="images/img95.jpg"><img src="images/img95_th.jpg" width="587" height="600" alt="Map showing the principal stars visible from Lat. 40&deg; N. at 9 o&#39;clock, January first." title="Map showing the principal stars visible from Lat. 40&deg; N. at 9 o&#39;clock, January first." /></a>
+<span class="caption">Map showing the principal stars visible from Lat. 40&deg; N. at 9 o&#39;clock, January first.</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg&nbsp;96]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="TAURUS_ta_-rus_THE_BULL_Face_Southwest" id="TAURUS_ta_-rus_THE_BULL_Face_Southwest"></a>TAURUS (t&acirc;&acute;-rus)&mdash;THE BULL. (Face Southwest.)</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Location</span>.&mdash;Taurus contains the well-known and unmistakable group the
+Pleiades, on the right shoulder of the Bull. A "V" shaped group known
+as the Hyades is just to the southeast of the Pleiades, in the face of
+the Bull, forming one of the most beautiful objects in the sky.</p>
+
+<p>The brightest star in Taurus is Aldebaran, a ruddy-hued star known as
+"The Follower." It is at the beginning of the "V" in the Hyades, and
+is at the apex of a triangle formed by Capella, in Auriga, and <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins>
+Persei, and equally distant from them both.</p>
+
+<p>The star <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> called Nath, is peculiarly white, and is common to Taurus
+and Auriga. It represents the tip of one of the Bull's horns, and the
+right foot of the Charioteer. The Pleiades are mentioned in Chinese
+annals in 2357 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> On a photograph of the group over 2000 stars have
+been counted.</p>
+
+<p>The ecliptic passes a little south of a point midway between the two
+horns, where a scattered and broken stream of minute stars can be
+seen.</p>
+
+<p>Note two pretty pairs in the Hyades, one south of Aldebaran, the other
+northwest of it.</p>
+
+<p>There are rich clusters below the tip of the horn over Orion's head.</p>
+
+<p>Taurus was an important object of worship by the Druids.</p>
+
+<p>Aldebaran is near one eye of the Bull, and used to be called "The
+Bull's Eye." An occultation of it by the moon, which not infrequently
+occurs, is a striking phenomenon.</p>
+
+<p>The Eskimos regard the Pleiades as a team of dogs in pursuit of a
+bear. The group is receding from us at the rate of thirteen miles a
+second and has a common eastward motion of about ten seconds a
+century.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg&nbsp;97]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 559px;">
+<a href="images/img97.jpg"><img src="images/img97_th.jpg" width="559" height="600" alt="TAURUS" title="TAURUS" /></a>
+<span class="caption">TAURUS</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg&nbsp;98]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="ORION_o-ri_-on_THE_GIANT_HUNTER_Face_South" id="ORION_o-ri_-on_THE_GIANT_HUNTER_Face_South"></a>ORION (<ins class="character" title="o with breve">&#335;</ins>-r<ins class="character" title="i with macron">&#299;</ins>&acute;-on)&mdash;THE GIANT HUNTER. (Face South.)</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Location</span>.&mdash;Orion is considered the finest constellation in the
+heavens. A line drawn from Nath to <ins class="character" title="Greek zeta">&#950;</ins> Tauri (the tips of the Bull's
+horns), and extended 15&deg;, strikes the brilliant Betelgeuze in Orion,
+known as the martial star. It forms the northeast corner of a
+conspicuous parallelogram. The splendid first-magnitude star Rigel is
+diagonally opposite Betelgeuze, and the girdle and sword of the Hunter
+lie within the parallelogram, a very striking group. The former is
+represented by three bright stars in a line 3&deg; long known as the
+"Three Stars," because there are no other stars in the heavens that
+exactly resemble them in position and brightness.</p>
+
+<p>In the sword there is the most remarkable nebula in the heavens. It
+may be seen with an opera-glass and in a telescope it is a wonderful
+sight. Bellatrix is called the Amazon star. Note the contrasting
+colours of <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> and <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins>.</p>
+
+<p>About 9&deg; west of Bellatrix are eight stars in a curved line running
+north and south. These point out the Lion's skin held in the Hunter's
+left hand.</p>
+
+<p>Below <ins class="character" title="Greek lamda">&#955;</ins> there are two stars forming a triangle with it. Flammarion
+calls this region the California of the sky.</p>
+
+<p>The celestial equator passes nearly through <ins class="character" title="Greek delta">&#948;</ins>.</p>
+
+<p>Orion was worshipped in China during the one thousand years before our
+era, and was known to the Chinese as the "White Tiger."</p>
+
+<p>The Eskimos see in the Belt stars the three steps cut by some
+celestial Eskimo in a steep snow bank to enable him to reach the top.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg&nbsp;99]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 552px;">
+<a href="images/img99.jpg"><img src="images/img99_th.jpg" width="552" height="600" alt="ORION" title="ORION" /></a>
+<span class="caption">ORION</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg&nbsp;100]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="LEPUS_le_-pus_THE_HARE_Face_South" id="LEPUS_le_-pus_THE_HARE_Face_South"></a>LEPUS (l<ins class="character" title="e with macron">&#275;</ins>&acute;-pus)&mdash;THE HARE. (Face South.)</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Location</span>.&mdash;Lepus crouches under Orion's feet. Four stars in the
+constellation form an irregular and conspicuous quadrilateral.</p>
+
+<p><ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> is a beautiful double of a greenish hue.</p>
+
+<p>Four or five degrees south of Rigel are four faint stars which are in
+the ear of the hare. They can be seen on a clear night with the naked
+eye.</p>
+
+<p>The curved line of three stars <ins class="character" title="Greek theta">&#952;</ins>, <ins class="character" title="Greek eta">&#951;</ins>, and <ins class="character" title="Greek zeta">&#950;</ins>, are in the back of the
+hare.</p>
+
+<p>Lepus is about 18&deg; west of Canis Major, and, by reason of the earth's
+motion, the Great Dog seems to be pursuing the Hare around the
+heavens.</p>
+
+<p>The first-magnitude stars that are visible in the winter season in
+this latitude present a fine contrast in color. Even the untrained eye
+can see a decided difference between the bluish white color of the
+brilliant Sirius, the Dog star that the Belt stars point south to, and
+Rigel, and the ruddy Betelgeuze. Procyon has a yellowish tinge and
+resembles the condition of our sun, while Betelgeuze is surrounded by
+heavy metallic vapors and is thought to be approaching extinction.</p>
+
+<p>R marks the location of "Hind's crimson star," a famous variable.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg&nbsp;101]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 559px;">
+<a href="images/img101.jpg"><img src="images/img101_th.jpg" width="559" height="600" alt="LEPUS" title="LEPUS" /></a>
+<span class="caption">LEPUS</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg&nbsp;102]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="COLUMBA_NOACHI_co-lum_-ba_no-a_-ki_NOAHS_DOVE_Face_South" id="COLUMBA_NOACHI_co-lum_-ba_no-a_-ki_NOAHS_DOVE_Face_South"></a>COLUMBA NOACHI (co-lum&acute;-b&auml; n<ins class="character" title="o with macron">&#333;</ins>-&auml;&acute;-ki)&mdash;NOAH'S DOVE. (Face South.)</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Location</span>.&mdash;Columba is situated just south of Lepus. A line drawn from
+Rigel, in Orion, to <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> Leporis, and prolonged as far again, ends near <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins>
+and <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins>, the two brightest stars in Columba.</p>
+
+<p>A line drawn from the easternmost star in the belt of Orion, 32&deg;
+directly south, will point out Phaet, in Columba. It makes with
+Sirius, in Canis Major, and Naos, in the Ship, a large equilateral
+triangle.</p>
+
+<p>The star <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> Columb&aelig; may be known by means of a smaller star just east
+of it, marked <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins>.</p>
+
+<p>The Chinese call <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> Chang Jin, the old Folks. Lockyer thinks it was of
+importance in Egyptian temple worship, and observed from Edfu and
+Phil&aelig; as far back as 6400 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span></p>
+
+<p>On a clear starlight night there are not more than a thousand stars
+visible to the naked eye at one time. The largest telescope reveals
+nearly a hundred million.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg&nbsp;103]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 560px;">
+<a href="images/img103.jpg"><img src="images/img103_th.jpg" width="560" height="600" alt="COLUMBA" title="COLUMBA" /></a>
+<span class="caption">COLUMBA</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg&nbsp;104]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CANIS_MAJOR_ka_-nis_ma-jor_THE_GREATER_DOG_Face_South" id="CANIS_MAJOR_ka_-nis_ma-jor_THE_GREATER_DOG_Face_South"></a>CANIS MAJOR (k<ins class="character" title="a with macron">&#257;</ins>&acute;-nis m<ins class="character" title="a with macron">&#257;</ins>-jor)&mdash;THE GREATER DOG. (Face South.)</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Location</span>.&mdash;The three stars in Orion's girdle point southeast to
+Sirius, the dog star, in Canis Major, the most brilliant star in the
+heavens. It was connected in the minds of the Egyptians with the
+rising of the Nile, and is receding from the earth at the rate of
+twenty miles a second.</p>
+
+<p>The star <ins class="character" title="Greek nu">&#957;</ins> is a triple. The cluster (41 M.) can be seen with an
+opera-glass, just below it.</p>
+
+<p>Between <ins class="character" title="Greek delta">&#948;</ins> and <ins class="character" title="Greek omicron">&#959;</ins><sup>1</sup> note a remarkable array of minute stars, also the
+very red star 22.</p>
+
+<p><ins class="character" title="Greek delta">&#948;</ins> and <ins class="character" title="Greek zeta">&#950;</ins> are doubles for an opera-glass.</p>
+
+<p>Below <ins class="character" title="Greek eta">&#951;</ins> there is a fine group.</p>
+
+<p>Betelgeuze, in Orion, Procyon, in Canis Minor, and Sirius form a
+nearly equilateral triangle. These stars with Naos, in the Ship, and
+Phaet, in the Dove, form a huge figure known as the Egyptian "X."</p>
+
+<p>From earliest times Sirius has been known as the Dog of Orion. It is
+324 times brighter than the average sixth-magnitude star, and is the
+nearest to the earth of all the stars in this latitude, its distance
+being 8.7 light years. At this distance the Sun would appear as a star
+a little brighter than the Pole Star.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg&nbsp;105]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 556px;">
+<a href="images/img105.jpg"><img src="images/img105_th.jpg" width="556" height="600" alt="CANIS MAJOR" title="CANIS MAJOR" /></a>
+<span class="caption">CANIS MAJOR</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg&nbsp;106]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="ARGO_NAVIS_ar_-go_na_-vis_THE_SHIP_ARGO_Face_South" id="ARGO_NAVIS_ar_-go_na_-vis_THE_SHIP_ARGO_Face_South"></a>ARGO NAVIS (&auml;r&acute;-go n<ins class="character" title="a with macron">&#257;</ins>&acute;-vis)&mdash;THE SHIP ARGO. (Face South.)</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Location</span>.&mdash;Argo is situated southeast of Canis Major. If a line
+joining Betelgeuze and Sirius be prolonged 18&deg; southeast, it will
+point out Naos, a star of the second magnitude in the rowlock of the
+Ship. This star is in the southeast corner of the Egyptian "X."</p>
+
+<p>The star <ins class="character" title="Greek pi">&#960;</ins> is of a deep yellow or orange hue. It has three little
+stars above it, two of which form a pretty pair.</p>
+
+<p>The star <ins class="character" title="Greek zeta">&#950;</ins> has a companion, which is a test for an opera-glass.</p>
+
+<p>The star <ins class="character" title="Greek kappa">&#954;</ins> is a double for an opera-glass.</p>
+
+<p>Note the fine star cluster (46 M.).</p>
+
+<p>The star Markeb forms a small triangle with two other stars near it.</p>
+
+<p>The Egyptians believed that this was the ark that bore Osiris and Isis
+over the Deluge.</p>
+
+<p>The constellation contains two noted objects invisible in this
+latitude, Canopus, the second brightest star, and the remarkable
+variable star <ins class="character" title="Greek eta">&#951;</ins>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg&nbsp;107]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 558px;">
+<a href="images/img107.jpg"><img src="images/img107_th.jpg" width="558" height="600" alt="PUPPIS" title="PUPPIS" /></a>
+<span class="caption">PUPPIS</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg&nbsp;108]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="MONOCEROS_mo-nos_-e-ros_THE_UNICORN_Face_South" id="MONOCEROS_mo-nos_-e-ros_THE_UNICORN_Face_South"></a>MONOCEROS (m<ins class="character" title="o with macron">&#333;</ins>-nos&acute;-e-ros)&mdash;THE UNICORN. (Face South.)</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Location.</span>&mdash;Monoceros is to be found east of Orion between Canis Major
+and Canis Minor. Three of its stars of the fourth magnitude form a
+straight line northeast and southwest, about 9&deg; east of Betelgeuze,
+and about the same distance south of Alhena, in Gemini.</p>
+
+<p>The region around the stars 8, 13, 17 is particularly rich when viewed
+with an opera-glass.</p>
+
+<p>Note also a beautiful field about the variable S, and a cluster about
+midway between <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> and <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins>.</p>
+
+<p>Two stars about 7&deg; apart in the tail of the Unicorn are pointer stars
+to Procyon. These stars are known as 30 and 31. The former is about
+16&deg; east of Procyon, and is easily identified as it has a
+sixth-magnitude star on either side of it. About 4&deg; southwest of this
+star a good field-glass will reveal a beautiful star cluster.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg&nbsp;109]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 563px;">
+<a href="images/img109.jpg"><img src="images/img109_th.jpg" width="563" height="600" alt="MONOCEROS" title="MONOCEROS" /></a>
+<span class="caption">MONOCEROS</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg&nbsp;110]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="ERIDANUS_e-rid_-a-nus_OR_THE_RIVER_PO_Face_Southwest" id="ERIDANUS_e-rid_-a-nus_OR_THE_RIVER_PO_Face_Southwest"></a>ERIDANUS (<ins class="character" title="e with macron">&#275;</ins>-rid&acute;-a-nus)&mdash;OR THE RIVER PO. (Face Southwest.)</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Location</span>.&mdash;Three degrees north and 2&deg; west of Rigel, in Orion, lies <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins>
+Eridani, the source of the River. Thence it flows west till it reaches
+<ins class="character" title="Greek pi">&#960;</ins> Ceti, then drops south 5&deg;, thence east southeast, its total length
+being about 130&deg;.</p>
+
+<p>The great curve the River takes, just east of the Whale, resembles a
+horseshoe.</p>
+
+<p>Acherna, the first-magnitude star in Eridanus, is too far south to be
+seen in this latitude.</p>
+
+<p>Note the pretty star group around <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> and a pair of stars of an orange
+hue below <ins class="character" title="Greek nu">&#957;</ins>.</p>
+
+<p>The asterism known as "The Brandenburg Sceptre," consisting of four
+stars of the fourth and fifth magnitudes, can be seen arranged in a
+straight line north and south below the first bend in the River just
+west of Lepus.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg&nbsp;111]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 568px;">
+<a href="images/img111.jpg"><img src="images/img111_th.jpg" width="568" height="600" alt="ERIDANUS" title="ERIDANUS" /></a>
+<span class="caption">ERIDANUS</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg&nbsp;112]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="METEORIC_SHOWERS_J2A" id="METEORIC_SHOWERS_J2A"></a>METEORIC SHOWERS.</h2>
+
+<p class="center">JANUARY TO APRIL.</p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='center'><i>Name of Shower</i></td><td align='center'><i>Date</i></td><td align='center'><i>Radiant Point</i></td><td align='center'><i>Characteristics</i></td><td align='center'><i>Other Dates<br /> of<br /> Observation</i></td><td align='center'><i>Location</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Quadrantids.<br /> Rich annual<br /> shower</td><td align='center'>Jan. 2</td><td align='center'>(44) Bo&ouml;tis,<br /> between Bo&ouml;tes and<br /> Dragon's head</td><td align='center'>M. Sw. B.</td><td align='center'>Jan 3.</td><td align='center'>E.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Zeta Cancrids</td><td align='center'>Jan. 2-4</td><td align='center'>(<ins class="character" title="Greek zeta">&#950;</ins>) Cancri,<br /> near Bee Hive</td><td align='center'>&nbsp;</td><td align='center'>&nbsp;</td><td align='center'>E.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Theta Ursids</td><td align='center'>Jan. 5</td><td align='center'>About 10&deg; from <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins><br /> away from <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins><br /> Urs&aelig; Maj.</td><td align='center'>Small<br /> Sh. Sw. F.</td><td align='center'>Jan. 2-8</td><td align='center'>N.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Alpha Draconids</td><td align='center'>Feb. 1</td><td align='center'>Near Thuban<br /> <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> Draconis</td><td align='center'>Sl.</td><td align='center'>Jan. 9<br /> Dec. 8</td><td align='center'>N.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Alpha Aurigids</td><td align='center'>Feb. 7</td><td align='center'>Near Capella<br /> <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> Aurig&aelig;</td><td align='center'>Sl.</td><td align='center'>Aug. 21<br /> Sept. 12-22</td><td align='center'>High in<br /> Southern<br /> Sky</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Tau Leonids</td><td align='center'>Feb. 16</td><td align='center'><ins class="character" title="Greek tau">&#964;</ins> Leonis,<br /> between Leo<br /> and Crater</td><td align='center'>Sl. Sk.</td><td align='center'>Nov. 27<br /> Dec. 12<br /> Mar. 1-4</td><td align='center'>E.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Alpha Canum<br /> Ven. Well<br /> defined 1877</td><td align='center'>Feb. 20</td><td align='center'>Near Cor Caroli<br /> and Coma<br /> Berenices</td><td align='center'>V. Sw. B.</td><td align='center'>&nbsp;</td><td align='center'>E.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'><ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins>-<ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> Perseids</td><td align='center'>Mar. 1</td><td align='center'>Between <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins><br /> and <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> Persei</td><td align='center'>V. Sl.</td><td align='center'>July&mdash;Dec.<br /> Mar. 13-19</td><td align='center'>N.W.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Beta Leonids or<br /> Beta Virginids</td><td align='center'>Mar. 14</td><td align='center'>Near Denebola<br /> <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> Leonis</td><td align='center'>Sl. B.</td><td align='center'>Mar. 3, 4<br /> Dec. 12</td><td align='center'>S.E.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Kappa Cepheids</td><td align='center'>Mar. 18</td><td align='center'>Near Polaris</td><td align='center'>Sl. B.</td><td align='center'>Oct. 4-17<br /> Mar. 13-19</td><td align='center'>N.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Beta Ursids</td><td align='center'>Mar. 24</td><td align='center'>Near <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins><br /> Urs&aelig; Maj.</td><td align='center'>Sw.</td><td align='center'>Apr. 10-16<br /> Mar. 13-14<br /> Dec. 2-9<br /> Precise</td><td align='center'>N.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Zeta Draconids</td><td align='center'>Mar. 28</td><td align='center'>Near the<br /> Dragon's Head</td><td align='center'>Sl.</td><td align='center'>July 29<br /> Aug. 24, etc.</td><td align='center'>N.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg&nbsp;113]</a></span></p>
+<p>The Abbreviations under <i>Characteristics</i> are as follows:</p>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>V.</td><td align='left'>Very</td><td align='left'>Sh.</td><td align='left'>Short</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>M.</td><td align='left'>Moderately</td><td align='left'>B.</td><td align='left'>Bright</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sw.</td><td align='left'>Swift</td><td align='left'>F.</td><td align='left'>Faint</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sl.</td><td align='left'>Slow</td><td align='left'>Sk.</td><td align='left'>Streak leaving meteors</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>T.</td><td align='left'>Train leaving meteors</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg&nbsp;114]</a></span></p>
+<p>If you know the constellations, and memorize the following rhyme you
+will have ever at hand for reference at night, a reliable time-piece,
+a compass, and a perpetual calendar.</p>
+
+<p>The numbers above the star names indicate consecutively the months of
+the year in which these respective objects rise about the first
+instant in the eastern sky. In addition to first-magnitude stars the
+rhyme refers to the head of Capricornus, the Sea Goat, the Great
+Square of Pegasus, and Orion's Belt. All except Arcturus rise between
+9 and 9.30 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> Arcturus rises at 10 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span>, February 1st.</p>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>First</td><td align='center'>Regulus</td><td align='center'>gleams</td><td align='center'>on</td><td align='center'>the</td><td align='center'>view,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>2</td><td align='center'>3</td><td align='center'>4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Arcturus,</td><td align='center'>Spica,</td><td align='center'>Vega,</td><td align='center'>blue,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>5</td><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Antares,</td><td align='center'>and</td><td align='center'>Altair,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>7</td><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>8</td><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>9</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>The</td><td align='center'>Goat's</td><td align='center'>head,</td><td align='center'>Square,</td><td align='center'>and</td><td align='center'>Fomalhaut,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>10</td><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>11</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Aldebaran,</td><td align='center'>the</td><td align='center'>Belt,</td><td align='center'>a-glow,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>12</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Then</td><td align='center'>Sirius</td><td align='center'>most</td><td align='center'>fair.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Eight months of the year are identified by the position of the Dipper
+at 9 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> In April and May it is north of the zenith. During July and
+August it is west of north. In October and November it lies close to
+the northern horizon and in January and February it is east of north
+with the pointers highest.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg&nbsp;115]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="THE_PLANETS" id="THE_PLANETS"></a>THE PLANETS.</h2>
+
+
+<p>It is not within the scope of this work to dwell at length on a
+discussion of the planets. Certain explanatory matter regarding them
+is necessary, however, to prevent confusion; for the student must bear
+in mind the fact that from time to time the planets appear in the
+constellations, and unless identified would lead him to think that the
+diagrams were inaccurate.</p>
+
+<p>The reader is referred to any one of the four large plates that
+precede each season. He will observe that a portion of an ellipse has
+been traced on each of them, and that this line has been designated
+the Ecliptic, which simply means the sun's apparent pathway across the
+sky.</p>
+
+<p>This pathway is divided into twelve equal parts of thirty degrees
+each, and to these twelve divisions are given the names of the
+constellations of the Zodiac in the following order: Aries (<ins class="character" title=" Symbol: Aries">&#9800;</ins>), Taurus
+(<ins class="character" title="Symbol: Taurus">&#9801;</ins>), Gemini (<ins class="character" title="Symbol: Gemini">&#9802;</ins>), Cancer (<ins class="character" title="Symbol: Cancer">&#9803;</ins>), Leo (<ins class="character" title="Symbol: Leo">&#9804;</ins>), Virgo (<ins class="character" title="Symbol: Virgo">&#9805;</ins>), Libra (<ins class="character" title="Symbol: Libra">&#9806;</ins>), Scorpio
+(<ins class="character" title="Symbol: Scorpio">&#9807;</ins>), Sagittarius (<ins class="character" title="Symbol: Sagittarius">&#9808;</ins>), Capricornus (<ins class="character" title="Symbol: Capricornus">&#9809;</ins>), Aquarius (<ins class="character" title="Symbol: Aquarius">&#9810;</ins>), Pisces (<ins class="character" title="Symbol: Pisces">&#9811;</ins>).</p>
+
+<p>The sun, starting from the first degree of Aries, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg&nbsp;116]</a></span> first day of
+spring, passes through one constellation a month. The planets follow
+the same pathway.</p>
+
+<p>Confusion, therefore, respecting their identity can only arise in
+connection with a study of one of the twelve constellations named
+above, so that whenever a star of any size is seen in one of these
+constellations, not accounted for in the diagram, the student may
+conclude that this is a planet; especially if the unknown star does
+not twinkle. It now remains to identify the planet.</p>
+
+<p>This can best be done by referring to an almanac, which states what
+planets are above the horizon, and which are morning and evening
+stars. By morning star is meant that the planet is east of the sun; by
+evening star, that it is west of the sun.</p>
+
+<p>If the planet is in the west, and very brilliant, it is safe to assume
+that it is the planet Venus.</p>
+
+<p>If it is brighter than any of the fixed stars, and is some distance
+from the sun, it is doubtless the colossal Jupiter.</p>
+
+<p>If it is very red, it will probably be Mars.</p>
+
+<p>Saturn is distinguished because of its pale, steady, yellow light.</p>
+
+<p>As for Mercury, Uranus, and Neptune, the former is very near the sun,
+and seldom seen; while Uranus and Neptune are so inconspicuous as to
+lead to no confusion on the part of the novice.</p>
+
+<p>A few notes of interest relative to the planets follow, taking them up
+in regular order passing outward from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg&nbsp;117]</a></span> the sun: Mercury, Venus, Mars,
+Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Mercury</span>.</h3>
+
+<p>Mercury is the nearest to the sun of any of the planets. On this
+account, and because of its rapid changes, it is seldom seen.</p>
+
+<p>The most favorable time for observing it is just after sunset, or just
+before sunrise, during the months of March, April, August, and
+September, when it may be seen for a few successive days.</p>
+
+<p>The greatest distance it ever departs from the sun on either side
+varies approximately from sixteen to twenty-eight degrees. Its motion
+resembles a pendulum, swinging from one side of the sun to the other.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Venus</span>.</h3>
+
+<p>Venus approaches nearer to the earth and is more brilliant than any
+other planet. It is bright enough to cast a shadow at night, and is
+sometimes visible even at noonday. It is almost as large as the earth,
+and appears to oscillate, as Mercury does, on either side of the sun.</p>
+
+<p>It never appears more than three hours after sunset, and as long
+before the sunrise, and is never more than forty-eight degrees from
+the sun.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Mars</span>.</h3>
+
+<p>Mars is most like the earth of any of the planets, and, although not
+as interesting an object to view as the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg&nbsp;118]</a></span> more brilliant planets, Venus
+and Jupiter, it claims our attention chiefly because of the surmises
+respecting its habitability.</p>
+
+<p>Mars appears to the naked eye as a bright red star, and when at a
+favorable opposition to the earth (which occurs only once in every
+fifteen years) it rivals Jupiter in splendor.</p>
+
+<p>The planet may be mistaken for the first magnitude stars, Antares in
+Scorpius, and Aldebaran in Taurus, near which it frequently passes.</p>
+
+<p>The fixed stars, however, twinkle, while Mars glows steadily. If there
+is any doubt in the student's mind as to the identity of the planet, a
+few nights of observation, noting the changes in the planet's
+position, will decide the point. It takes Mars about fifty-seven days
+to pass through one constellation in the Zodiac.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Jupiter</span>.</h3>
+
+<p>Jupiter is the largest of all the planets in the solar system, and it
+is easily distinguished from the fixed stars because of its brilliancy
+and splendor, exceeding in brightness all the planets excepting Venus,
+and casting a perceptible shadow.</p>
+
+<p>It moves slowly and majestically across the sky, advancing through the
+Zodiac at the rate of one constellation yearly. It is therefore a
+simple matter to forecast its position, for, in whatever constellation
+it is seen to-day, one year hence it will be seen equally advanced in
+the next constellation.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg&nbsp;119]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Although Jupiter appears to move slowly, it really travels at the
+incomprehensible rate of five hundred miles a minute.</p>
+
+<p>The most interesting feature about Jupiter for the amateur astronomer
+consists in observing four of its moons, which are visible with a
+small telescope. They appear like mere dots of light, and their
+transit of or occultation with the planet (that is, their
+disappearance before or behind its disk) can be watched, and is a
+never failing source of pleasure. A large telescope alone reveals
+Jupiter's four other moons.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Saturn</span>.</h3>
+
+<p>Saturn is farther removed from the earth than any of the planets in
+the solar system, visible to the naked eye. It is distinguished from
+the fixed stars by the steadiness of its light, which is dull and of a
+yellow hue, though to some it appears to be of a greenish tinge. It
+seems barely to move, so slow is its motion among the stars, for it
+takes two and one half years to pass through a single constellation of
+the Zodiac.</p>
+
+<p>Saturn has eight moons. Titan, its largest one, can be seen with a 3"
+glass. Its celebrated rings are telescopic objects but a small glass
+reveals them.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Uranus</span>.</h3>
+
+<p>The student will hardly mistake Uranus for a fixed star, as it is only
+under the most favorable circumstances that it can be seen with the
+naked eye.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg&nbsp;120]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>At its nearest approach to the earth, it is as bright as a
+sixth-magnitude star. Uranus is accompanied by four moons, and takes
+seven years to pass through a constellation of the Zodiac.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Neptune</span>.</h3>
+
+<p>Neptune is the most distant of the planets in the solar system, and is
+never visible to the naked eye.</p>
+
+<p>The earth comes properly under a discussion of the planets, but a
+description of it is hardly within the scope of this work.</p>
+
+<p>Confusion in identifying the planets is really confined to Mars and
+Saturn, for Venus and Jupiter are much brighter than any of the fixed
+stars, and their position in the heavens identifies them, as we have
+seen before.</p>
+
+<p>The following table of first-magnitude stars in the Zodiacal
+constellations confines the question of identifying the planets to a
+comparison of the unknown star with the following-named stars:</p>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Castor and Pollux</td><td align='left'>in</td><td align='left'>Gemini.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Spica</td><td align='left'>"</td><td align='left'>Virgo.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Regulus</td><td align='left'>"</td><td align='left'>Leo.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Aldebaran</td><td align='left'>"</td><td align='left'>Taurus.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Antares</td><td align='left'>"</td><td align='left'>Scorpius.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>The first four stars named above are white in color, so that either
+Mars or Saturn is readily distinguished from them.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg&nbsp;121]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>As for Aldebaran and Antares, which are both red stars, not unlike
+Mars and Saturn in color and magnitude, the fact that the latter do
+not twinkle, and that they do not appear in the diagrams, should
+satisfy the observer of their identity. Reference to an almanac, or a
+few nights of observation, will in any case set at rest any doubt in
+the matter.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg&nbsp;122]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 585px;">
+<a href="images/img122.jpg"><img src="images/img122_th.jpg" width="585" height="600" alt="THE PLANETARY ORBITS" title="THE PLANETARY ORBITS" /></a>
+<span class="caption">THE PLANETARY ORBITS</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg&nbsp;123]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 390px;">
+<a href="images/img123.jpg"><img src="images/img123_th.jpg" width="390" height="600" alt="COMPARATIVE SIZE OF THE PLANETS." title="COMPARATIVE SIZE OF THE PLANETS." /></a>
+<span class="caption">COMPARATIVE SIZE OF THE PLANETS.</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg&nbsp;124]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="THE_MILKY_WAY" id="THE_MILKY_WAY"></a>THE MILKY WAY.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The Milky Way, or Galaxy as it is sometimes called, is a great band of
+light that stretches across the heavens. Certain portions of it are
+worthy of being viewed with an opera-glass, which separates this
+seemingly confused and hazy stream into numberless points of light,
+emanating from myriads of suns.</p>
+
+<p>This wonderful feature of the heavens is seen to best advantage during
+the months of July, August, September, and October. Beginning near the
+head of Cepheus, about thirty degrees from the North Pole, it passes
+through Cassiopeia, Perseus, Auriga, part of Orion, and the feet of
+Gemini, where it crosses the Ecliptic, and thence continues into the
+southern hemisphere, beyond our ken in these latitudes.</p>
+
+<p>It reappears in two branches in the region of Ophiuchus, one running
+through the tail of Scorpius, the bow of Sagittarius, Aquila,
+Delphinus, and Cygnus; the other above and almost parallel to it,
+uniting with the first branch in Cygnus, and passing to Cepheus, the
+place of beginning.</p>
+
+<p>The student should note especially the strange gap<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg&nbsp;125]</a></span> between <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins>, <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins>, and
+<ins class="character" title="Greek epsilon">&#949;</ins> Cygni. This dark space has been called the "Coal Sack."</p>
+
+<p>The Milky Way in the vicinity of Cassiopeia is particularly rich, and
+well repays a search with an opera-glass.</p>
+
+<p>"The Galaxy covers more than one tenth of the visible heavens,
+contains nine-tenths of the visible stars, and seems a vast
+zone-shaped nebula, nearly a great circle of the sphere, the poles
+being at Coma and Cetus."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg&nbsp;126]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="THE_MOTIONS_OF_THE_STARS" id="THE_MOTIONS_OF_THE_STARS"></a>THE MOTIONS OF THE STARS.</h2>
+
+
+<p>It may be that the student desires to proceed in this conquest of the
+sky at a more rapid pace than the scheme of study permits. To assist
+such, it should be borne in mind that the circumpolar constellations,
+as Ursa Major, Ursa Minor, Draco, Cepheus, and Cassiopeia, are
+designated,&mdash;are visible in our latitude in the northern sky every
+night.</p>
+
+<p>A reference to their diagrams, and a glance at any of the large plates
+showing the entire group in their respective positions, will suffice
+for the student to identify them.</p>
+
+<p>The hours of darkness alone limit the speed with which a knowledge of
+the constellations can be acquired.</p>
+
+<p>Let us suppose that the student begins his search for the
+constellations on the night of April 1st, at nine <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> He has for his
+guide the large plate, and the spring group of eleven constellations
+set forth in the diagrams. The remaining three constellations of the
+circumpolar group are, as we have seen before, visible in the north.</p>
+
+<p>If he faces the western sky, he will see Andromeda just setting, and
+Perseus, Taurus, Orion, Lepus, and Canis Major but a short distance
+above the horizon. If<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg&nbsp;127]</a></span> he is so fortunate as to be able to identify
+these, and the spring group, he may turn his attention wholly to the
+eastern sky, where new constellations await him.</p>
+
+<p>In the southeast he may see Virgo. In the east well up blazes
+Arcturus, the gem of Bo&ouml;tes, below which is the beautiful Northern
+Crown, with the diamond in the head of Serpens beneath it. Hercules is
+rising, and Vega in the Lyre should be seen just flashing on the view
+in the northeast.</p>
+
+<p>This completes the list of wonders visible at this precise time, but
+the stars apparently are never still, and doubtless, while the student
+has been passing from one constellation to another in the western and
+southern skies, others have been rising in the east and northeast.</p>
+
+<p>At ten <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> the Lyre is well up, and Ophiuchus and Libra can be
+discerned. At midnight Scorpius and Cygnus are ready to claim the
+attention. By two o'clock <span class="smcap">a.m.</span>, Aquila, Delphinus, and Sagittarius
+have risen, and at break of day Andromeda, Pegasus, and Capricornus
+can be seen if the student has had the courage to remain awake this
+length of time.</p>
+
+<p>In no way can the seeming movement of the stars be better understood
+than by actual observation. The observer must bear in mind that the
+movement is an apparent one: that it is the earth that is moving and
+not the stars. He has only to think of the analogy of the moving train
+beside the one that is standing still, and the true state of affairs
+will at once be evident.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg&nbsp;128]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>To further appreciate this apparent change in the situation of the
+constellations, the student should refer to the large plates
+successively. In each successive one he will note the advancement
+westward of the constellations mentioned above, rising in the east
+late at night.</p>
+
+<p>The student can best get an idea of this westward apparent movement of
+the stars by noting the position of some bright first-magnitude star
+from night to night. He will soon be able to calculate the position of
+this star a month or more ahead, and this calculation applies to all
+the constellations and stars.</p>
+
+<p>It is not within the scope of this work to go into this matter in
+detail. The author merely desires to mention this fact of apparent
+change of position in the stars, a fact that will be noticeable to the
+observer in a short time, and a fact that it is hoped he will be able
+to explain to his own satisfaction with the aid of the foregoing
+remarks.</p>
+
+<p>It will be noticed that the stars on the diagrams are all numbered and
+lettered. The numbers refer to the magnitude of the star,&mdash;that is,
+the brightness of it, the first-magnitude stars being the brightest,
+the second-magnitude stars two-and-a-half times less bright, etc.</p>
+
+<p>The letters are those of the Greek alphabet, and the student if not
+familiar with it is advised to consult a Greek grammar.</p>
+
+<p>In the text, in referring to certain stars in the constellations,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg&nbsp;129]</a></span> the
+genitive case of the Latin name of the constellation is given; for
+example, Vega is known as <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> Lyrae, meaning alpha of Lyra, Aldebaran as
+<ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> Tauri, alpha of Taurus, etc.</p>
+
+<p>The twilight hour affords an excellent opportunity of fixing the
+relative positions of the first-magnitude stars in the mind, for at
+that time they alone, save the planets, are visible.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg&nbsp;130]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="METEORS_OR_SHOOTING-STARS" id="METEORS_OR_SHOOTING-STARS"></a>METEORS, OR SHOOTING-STARS.</h2>
+
+
+<p>As this work is designed primarily to cover what is observable in the
+starlit heavens with the naked eye, the subject of meteors, or
+shooting-stars, comes properly within its scope.</p>
+
+<p>There are few persons, if any, who have not witnessed the sight of a
+splendid meteor speeding across the sky, and such a sight always calls
+forth exclamations of wonder and delight.</p>
+
+<p>Apparently these evanescent wanderers in space are without distinctive
+features, and baffle classification; but, like all that nature reveals
+to us, they have been found, for the most part, to conform to certain
+laws, and to bear certain marks of resemblance that permit of their
+identification and classification.</p>
+
+<p>By careful observation for over fifty years the meteors, generally
+speaking, have been so arranged that they come under the head of one
+of the nearly three hundred distinct showers which are now recognized
+by astronomers.</p>
+
+<p>Many of these showers are too feeble and faint to be worthy of the
+attention of one not especially interested in the subject, but certain
+ones are well worth observing.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg&nbsp;131]</a></span> There is always a pleasure in being
+able to recognize at a glance a certain definite manifestation of
+nature, be it a rare flower or a flashing meteor.</p>
+
+<p>The generally accepted theory respecting the meteors is that they were
+all originally parts of comets now disintegrated, and the four
+well-known showers of April 20th, August 10th and 14th, and November
+27th, bear testimony to this theory.</p>
+
+<p>The apparent velocity of the meteors is between ten and forty-five
+miles a second, and their average height is about seventy-six miles at
+first appearance, and fifty-one miles at disappearance. Occasionally a
+meteor is so large and compact as to escape total destruction, and
+falls to the earth. Specimens of these meteorites are to be found in
+our best museums.</p>
+
+<p>I have seen fit to divide the principal meteor showers into four
+groups, according to the seasons in which they appear, and have placed
+them respectively at the conclusion of each season's work on the
+constellations.</p>
+
+<p>By radiant point is meant the point from which the meteors start on
+their flight. This point is an apparent one, however, due to an
+illusion of perspective, for the meteors really approach the earth in
+parallel paths.</p>
+
+<p>The dates given for these showers are those of the maxima, and the
+meteors should be looked for several nights before and after the dates
+specified.</p>
+
+<p>The showers that are to be seen after midnight are, unless of special
+note, omitted.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg&nbsp;132]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>There are, besides the meteors that have been classified, certain
+shooting-stars that apparently have no determined radiant point. These
+are called sporadic meteors.</p>
+
+<p>In these lists of meteors, the radiant point is only approximately
+given; for scientific purposes a far more exact position is required
+in terms of right ascension and declination. There are several good
+lists of meteoric showers to be obtained, which afford this
+information for those who care to pursue the matter more in detail.
+See the Rev. T.W. Webb's book, entitled <i>Celestial Objects for Common
+Telescopes</i>. For purposes of identification, the radiant points here
+given will be found for the most part sufficient.</p>
+
+
+<p>NOTE.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Many readers of this book may be the fortunate possessors of
+small telescopes. It may be that they have observed the
+heavens from time to time in a desultory way and have no
+notion that valuable and practical scientific research work
+can be accomplished with a small glass. If those who are
+willing to aid in the great work of astrophysical research
+will communicate with the author he will be pleased to
+outline for them a most practical and fascinating line of
+observational work that will enable them to share in the
+advance of our knowledge respecting the stars. It is work
+that involves no mathematics, and its details are easily
+mastered.</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg&nbsp;133]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="THE_NAMES_OF_THE_STARS_AND_THEIR_MEANINGS" id="THE_NAMES_OF_THE_STARS_AND_THEIR_MEANINGS"></a>THE NAMES OF THE STARS AND THEIR MEANINGS.</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Acubens</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> <i>Cancri</i>, "the claws."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in one of the Crab's claws. It is white in color
+and culminates<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> March 18th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A-dar&acute;-a</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek epsilon">&#949;</ins> <i>Canis Majoris</i>, "the virgins," a name for four
+stars, of which Adara is brightest.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the Dog's right thigh. It is pale orange in
+color, and culminates Feb. 11th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Adhil</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek epsilon">&#949;</ins> <i>Andromed&aelig;</i>, "the train of a garment."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the left shoulder of the chained lady.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Aladfar</span> (al-ad-f&auml;r), <ins class="character" title="Greek mu">&#956;</ins> <i>Lyr&aelig;</i>, "the talons" (of the falling
+eagle)</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Al Bali</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek epsilon">&#949;</ins> <i>Aquarii</i>, "the good fortune of the swallower."</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Al-bi&acute;-reo</span>, or <span class="smcap">Al-bir&acute;&euml;-o</span> <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> <i>Cygni</i>, origin doubtful. Means
+the beak of the hen.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the beak of the Swan and the base of the Cross.
+Its color is topaz yellow, and it culminates Aug. 28th.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg&nbsp;134]</a></span></p></blockquote>
+
+<p><a name="Alcaid" id="Alcaid"></a><span class="smcap">Alcaid</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek eta">&#951;</ins> <i>Urs&aelig; Majoris</i>. <i>See</i> <a href="#Benetnasch">Benetnasch</a>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Alchiba</span> (al-k<ins class="character" title="e with macron">&#275;</ins>-b&auml;&acute;), <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> <i>Corvi</i>, "the tent," the desert title
+for the constellation.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the eye of the Crow. Orange in color.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Alcor</span> (al&acute;-k&ocirc;r), g <i>Urs&aelig; Majoris</i>, "the cavalier" or "the
+rider."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated close to Mizar in the handle of the "Dipper."
+Silver white in color. The Arabs called this star "Saidak,"
+meaning "the proof," because they used it to test a good
+eye.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Al-cy&acute;-o-ne</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek eta">&#951;</ins> <i>Tauri</i>.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Greenish yellow in color. The brightest of the Pleiades.
+Situated in the neck of the Bull.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Al-deb&acute;-a-ran</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> <i>Tauri</i>, "the hindmost" or the "follower,"
+<i>i.e.</i> of the Pleiades.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the eye of the Bull. Pale rose in color. It is
+receding from the earth at the rate of thirty miles per
+second, and culminates Jan. 10.</p></blockquote>
+
+<blockquote><p><ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> Tauri is sometimes called Palilicium.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Alderamin</span> (Al-der-am&acute;-in), <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> <i>Cephei</i> "the right arm." It
+now marks the shoulder of Cepheus.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>White in color. It culminates Sept. 27th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Aldhafera</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek zeta">&#950;</ins> <i>Leonis</i>.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the "Sickle," and the neck of the Lion. It
+culminates April 8th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Alfirk</span> (al-ferk&acute;), or <span class="smcap">Alphirk</span>, "stars of the flock," <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins>
+<i>Cephei</i>.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>The Arab name for the constellation. Situated in the girdle
+of Cepheus. White in color. It culminates Oct. 2d.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg&nbsp;135]</a></span></p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Algeiba</span> (al-j<ins class="character" title="e with macron">&#275;</ins>&acute;-b&auml;), <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> <i>Leonis</i>, "the mane."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the "Sickle," and the shoulder of the Lion. It
+is approaching the earth at the rate of twenty-four miles
+per second, and culminates April 9th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Al&acute;-ge-nib</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> <i>Pegasi</i>, "the wing," possibly the "flank" or
+"side."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the wing of the Horse. White in color, and
+culminates Nov. 14th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Al&acute;-ge-nib</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> <i>Persei</i>, "the side," or Mirfak, "the elbow."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the right side of Perseus. Lilac in color and
+approaching the earth at the rate of six miles per second.
+It culminates Jan. 1st. This star is also called Alchemb.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Algenubi</span> (al-je-n&ouml;&acute;-bi), <ins class="character" title="Greek epsilon">&#949;</ins> <i>Leonis</i>, "the head of the Lion."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>A yellow star situated in the Lion's mouth.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Al&acute;-gol</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> <i>Persei</i>, "the ghoul" or "demon."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the head of the Medusa held in the Hero's left
+hand. White in color. It is approaching the earth at the
+rate of one mile per second, and culminates Dec. 23d.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Algorab</span> (al-go-r&auml;b&acute;), or <span class="smcap">Algores</span>, (<ins class="character" title="Greek delta">&#948;</ins>) <i>Corvi</i>, "the raven."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated on the right wing of the Crow. Pale yellow in
+color. It culminates May 14th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Alhena</span> (al-hen&acute;-a), <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> <i>Geminorum</i>, "a brand on the right
+side of the camel's neck," or a "ring" or "circlet."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the left foot of Pollux. White in color, and
+culminates Feb. 8th. Alhena is sometimes called Almeisam.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg&nbsp;136]</a></span></p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Al-i-oth</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek epsilon">&#949;</ins> <i>Urs&aelig; Majoris</i>, disputed derivation.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the tail of the Great Bear. It is approaching
+the earth at the rate of nineteen miles per second. It
+culminates May 20th. Alioth, the name sometimes given to <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins>
+and <ins class="character" title="Greek theta">&#952;</ins> Serpentis.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Al-kaid</span> (al-k<ins class="character" title="a with macron">&#257;</ins>d), <i>See</i> <span class="smcap"><a href="#Alcaid">Alcaid</a></span>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Alkalurops</span> (al-ka-l<ins class="character" title="u with macron">&#363;</ins>&acute;-rops), <ins class="character" title="Greek mu">&#956;</ins> <i>Bo&ouml;tis</i>, "a herdsman's club,
+crook, or staff."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated near the right shoulder of the Herdsman. Its color
+is flushed white.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Alkes</span> (al&acute;-kes), <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> <i>Crateris</i>, from Al Kas, "the cup," the
+Arab name for the constellation.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the base of the Cup. Orange in color, and
+culminates April 20th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Almac</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> <i>Andromed&aelig;</i>, "a badger," possibly "the boot."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the left foot of Andromeda. Orange in color, and
+culminates Dec. 8th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Al Naaim</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek tau">&#964;</ins> and <ins class="character" title="Greek nu">&#957;</ins> Pegasi, "the cross bars over a well."</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Al Nasl</span> (al-nas&acute;l), or <span class="smcap">Elnasl</span> (el-nas&acute;-l), <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> <i>Sagittarii</i>,
+"the point head of the arrow."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the arrow's tip. It is yellow in color, and
+culminates Aug. 4th. This star sometimes called Nushaba and
+Warida.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Al Nath</span>, or <span class="smcap">Nath</span> <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> <i>Aurig&aelig;</i>, and <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> <i>Tauri</i>, "the heel of the rein-holder,"
+the "butter" <i>i.e.</i> the "horn."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the right foot of the Charioteer, and the
+tip of the northern horn of the Bull. Brilliant white in
+color, and culminates Dec. 11th.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg&nbsp;137]</a></span></p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Alnilam</span> (al-ni-lam&acute;), <ins class="character" title="Greek epsilon">&#949;</ins> <i>Orionis</i>, "a belt of spheres or
+pearls."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in Orion's belt. It is bright white in color, and
+is receding from the earth at the rate of sixteen miles per
+second. It culminates Jan. 25th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Alnitak</span> (al-ni-tak&acute;), <ins class="character" title="Greek zeta">&#950;</ins> <i>Orionis</i>, "the girdle."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in Orion's belt. Topaz yellow in color. It is
+receding from the earth at the rate of nine miles per
+second, and culminates Jan. 26th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Al-Niyat</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek sigma">&#963;</ins> <i>Scorpii</i>, "the outworks of the heart."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated near the Scorpion's heart. It is creamy white in
+color.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Al&acute;-phard</span> or (al-f&auml;rd&acute;), <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> <i>Hydr&aelig;</i>, "the solitary one in the
+serpent."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the heart of Hydra. Orange in color, and
+culminates Mar. 26th. The Chinese called this star "the Red
+Bird."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Al-phec&acute;-ca</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> <i>Coron&aelig; Borealis</i>, "the bright one of the
+dish." <i>See</i> <a href="#Gemma">Gemma</a>. Century Dictionary gives meaning "the
+cup or platter of a dervish."</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Al&acute;-phe-ratz</span> or (al-fe-rats&acute;), <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> <i>Andromed&aelig;</i>, "the head of
+the woman in chains." "The navel of the horse."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the head of Andromeda. White and purplish in
+color. It culminates Nov. 10th. Alpheratz is some times
+called Sirrah.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Al-phirk</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> <i>Cephei</i>, from al-Firk, the flock.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Al Rakis</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek mu">&#956;</ins> <i>Draconis</i>, "the dancer."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the Dragon's nose. Brilliant white in color. The
+Century Dictionary gives for this star Arrakis, "The
+trotting camel."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg&nbsp;138]</a></span></p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Al Rescha</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> <i>Piscium</i>, "the cord or knot."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the knot joining the ribbons that hold the
+Fishes together. Pale green in color, and culminates Dec.
+7th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Alsafi</span> <ins class="character" title="Greek sigma">&#963;</ins> <i>Draconis</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Alschain</span> (al-sh<ins class="character" title="a with macron">&#257;</ins>n&acute;), <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> <i>Aquil&aelig;</i>, part of the Arab name for
+the constellation.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the head of Antino&uuml;s. Pale orange in color, and
+culminates Sept. 3d.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Al Shat</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek nu">&#957;</ins> <i>Capricorni</i>, "the sheep."</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Al&acute;-tair</span>, or <span class="smcap">Atair</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> <i>Aquil&aelig;</i>, "the flying eagle," part of
+the Arab name for the constellation.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the neck of the Eagle. Yellow in color, and
+culminates Sept. 1st.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Alterf</span> (al-terf&acute;), <ins class="character" title="Greek lamda">&#955;</ins> <i>Leonis</i>, "the glance," <i>i.e.</i> the
+Lion's eye.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the Lion's mouth, the point of the Sickle. Red
+in color.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Aludra</span> (al-&ouml;&acute;-dra), <ins class="character" title="Greek eta">&#951;</ins> <i>Canis Majoris</i>, "the virgins." The
+four stars near each other in Canis Major.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the Great Dog's tail. Pale red in color, and
+culminates Feb. 21st.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Alula Borealis,</span> <ins class="character" title="Greek nu">&#957;</ins> <i>Urs&aelig; Majoris</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Alula Australis</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek zeta">&#950;</ins> <i>Urs&aelig; Majoris</i> The "northern and southern
+wing."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the Southern hind foot of the Great Bear. The
+latter star is sometimes called El Acola.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Al&acute;-ya</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek theta">&#952;</ins> <i>Serpentis</i>.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the tip of the Serpent's tail. Pale yellow in
+color. It culminates Aug. 18th.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg&nbsp;139]</a></span></p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ancha</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek theta">&#952;</ins> <i>Aquarii</i>, "the hip."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the right hip of Aquarius.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ant-<ins class="character" title="a with macron">&#257;</ins>r-es</span>, or <span class="smcap">An-ta&acute;-rez</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> <i>Scorpii</i>, "the rival of Mars."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the heart of the Scorpion. Fiery red and emerald
+green in color. It culminates July 11th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Arc-t<ins class="character" title="u with macron">&#363;</ins>-rus</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> <i>Bo&ouml;tis</i>, "the leg of the lance-bearer," or
+"the bear-keeper."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the left knee of the Herdsman. Golden yellow in
+color. It culminates June 8th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Arided</span>, <i>See</i> <span class="smcap"><a href="#Deneb">Deneb</a></span>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Arneb</span> (&auml;r&acute;-neb), <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> <i>Leporis</i>, "the hare," the Arab name for
+the constellation.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the heart of the Hare. Pale yellow in color. It
+culminates Jan. 24th. <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> <i>Leporis</i> is sometimes called Arsh.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Arkab</span> (&auml;r&acute;-kab), <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> <i>Sagittarii</i>, "the tendon uniting the
+calf of the leg to the heel."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the Archer's left fore leg.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ashfar</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek mu">&#956;</ins> and <ins class="character" title="Greek epsilon">&#949;</ins> <i>Leonis</i>, "the eyebrows."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated close to the Lion's right eye. <ins class="character" title="Greek mu">&#956;</ins> orange in color,
+sometimes called Alshemali or Asmidiske.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Aspidiski</span> (as-pi-dis&acute;ke), or <span class="smcap">Asmidiske</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek iota">&#953;</ins> <i>Argus</i>, "in the
+gunwale."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the shield which ornaments the vessel's stern.
+Pale yellow in color. The Century Dictionary gives "a little
+shield" as the meaning for this star name.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ascella</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek zeta">&#950;</ins> <i>Sagittarii</i>, "the armpit."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated near the Archer's left armpit. It culminates Aug.
+19th.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg&nbsp;140]</a></span></p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ascellus</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek theta">&#952;</ins> <i>Bo&ouml;tis</i>.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>It marks the finger tips of the Herdsman's upraised hand.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ascellus Borealis</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek nu">&#957;</ins> <i>Cancri</i>, "northern ass."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Straw color.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ascellus Australis</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek delta">&#948;</ins> <i>Cancri</i>, "the southern ass."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated on the back of the Crab. Straw color.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Atik</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek omicron">&#959;</ins> <i>Persei</i>.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the wing on the right foot of Perseus.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Azelfafage</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek pi">&#960;</ins> <i>Cygni</i>, "the horse's foot or track."</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Azha</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek eta">&#951;</ins> <i>Eridani</i>, "the ostrich's nest."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Pale yellow in color.</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Baham</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek theta">&#952;</ins> <i>Pegasi</i>, "the young of domestic animals."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated near the left eye of Pegasus.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Bat&acute;en Kaitos</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek zeta">&#950;</ins> <i>Ceti</i>, "the whale's belly."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>A topaz-yellow-colored star, which culminates Dec. 5th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Beid</span> (b<ins class="character" title="a with macron">&#257;</ins>&acute;-id), <ins class="character" title="Greek omicron">&#959;</ins> <i>Eridani</i>, "the egg."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>A very white star.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Bel&acute;-la-trix</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> <i>Orionis</i>, "the female warrior." The Amazon
+star.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the left shoulder of Orion. Pale yellow in
+color. It is receding from the earth at the rate of six
+miles per second, and culminates Jan. 22d. The Century
+Dictionary gives the color as very white.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><a name="Benetnasch" id="Benetnasch"></a><span class="smcap">Be-net&acute;-nasch</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek eta">&#951;</ins> <i>Urs&aelig; Majoris</i>, "the chief or governor of
+the mourners" (alluding to the fancied bier).</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the tip of the Great Bear's tail. Brilliant
+white in color. It is approaching the earth at the rate of
+sixteen miles per second, and culminates June 2d. This star
+is also called Alkaid, from al-kaid, "the Governor."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg&nbsp;141]</a></span></p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Betelgeuze</span> (<span class="smcap">Bet-el-gerz</span>&acute;), <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> <i>Orionis</i>, "the giant's
+shoulder," or "the armpit of the central one."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the right shoulder of Orion. Orange in color. It
+is receding from the earth at the rate of ten miles per
+second, and culminates Jan. 29th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<blockquote><p>Sometimes called Mirzam, the roarer.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Botein</span> (b<ins class="character" title="o with macron">&#333;</ins>-t<ins class="character" title="e with macron">&#275;</ins>-in&acute;), <ins class="character" title="Greek delta">&#948;</ins> <i>Arietis</i>, "the little belly."</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ca-pel&acute;-la</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> <i>Aurig&aelig;</i>, "the she-goat."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the left shoulder of the Charioteer. It is a
+white star, and is receding from the earth at the rate of
+fifteen miles per second. It culminates Jan. 19th. The color
+of Capella is nearly that of the sun.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Caph</span> (kaf), <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> <i>Cassiopei&aelig;</i>, "the camel's hump," or "the
+hand."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>It is white in color, and culminates Nov. 11th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cas&acute;-tor</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> <i>Geminorum</i>, "the horseman of the twins."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Its color is bright white, and it culminates Feb. 23d.
+Situated in the head of Castor. The Century Dictionary gives
+the color as greenish.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cheleb</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> <i>Ophiuchi</i>, also <span class="smcap">Ceb&acute;elr&aacute;i</span> from kelb, the
+shepherd's dog.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the head of the Serpent. It is a yellow star,
+and culminates Aug. 30th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Chort</span> (ch&ocirc;rt), <ins class="character" title="Greek theta">&#952;</ins> <i>Leonis</i>.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the hind quarters of the Lion. It culminates
+April 24th. The Century Dictionary has <ins class="character" title="Greek theta">&#952;</ins> <i>Centauri</i> for this
+star.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cor Caroli</span> (k&ocirc;r kar&acute;-<ins class="character" title="o with macron">&#333;</ins>-l<ins class="character" title="i with macron">&#299;</ins>), <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> <i>Can. Ven.</i>, "the heart of
+Charles II."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>It is flushed white in color, and culminates May 20th. A
+yellowish star according to the Century Dictionary.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg&nbsp;142]</a></span></p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cujam</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek omega">&#969;</ins> <i>Herculis</i>. Word used by Horace for the club of
+Hercules.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cursa</span> (<span class="smcap">Ker&acute; sa</span>), <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> <i>Eridani</i>, "the footstool of the central
+one," or "the chair or throne."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated about at the source of the river near Orion. Topaz
+yellow in color, and culminates January 13th. This star is
+also known as Dhalim (Tha&acute;lim) ("the ostrich").</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dabih</span> (d&auml;&acute;-be), <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> <i>Capricorni</i>, "the lucky one of the
+slaughterers," or "the slayer's lucky star."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the head of the Sea-Goat. It is an
+orange-colored star, and culminates Sept. 10th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><a name="Deneb" id="Deneb"></a><span class="smcap">D<ins class="character" title="e with macron">&#275;</ins>&acute;-neb</span>, or <span class="smcap">Arided</span> (ar&acute;-i-ded), <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> <i>Cygni</i>, "the hen's tail,"
+"the hindmost."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the tail of the Swan, and at the top of the
+Cross. Brilliant white in color. It is approaching the earth
+at the rate of thirty-six miles per second. It culminates
+Sept. 16th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Deneb al okab</span> (den&acute;-eb al-<ins class="character" title="o with macron">&#333;</ins>-k&acirc;b), <ins class="character" title="Greek epsilon">&#949;</ins> and <ins class="character" title="Greek zeta">&#950;</ins> <i>Aquil&aelig;</i>, "the
+eagle's tail."</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Deneb algedi</span> (den&acute;-eb al&acute;-j<ins class="character" title="e with macron">&#275;</ins>-d<ins class="character" title="e with macron">&#275;</ins>), <ins class="character" title="Greek delta">&#948;</ins> <i>Capricorni</i>, "the tail
+of the goat."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the tail of the Sea-Goat.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Deneb al shemali</span> (den&acute;-eb-al-she-m&auml;-le), <ins class="character" title="Greek iota">&#953;</ins> <i>Ceti</i></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>A bright yellow star situated at the tip of the northern
+fluke of the monster's tail.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Deneb Kaitos</span> (den&acute;-eb k<ins class="character" title="i with macron">&#299;</ins>&acute;-tos), <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> <i>Ceti</i>, "the tail of the
+whale."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the tail of the Whale. It is a yellow star, and
+culminates Nov. 21st. This star sometimes called Diphda.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg&nbsp;143]</a></span></p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">De-neb&acute;-o-la</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> <i>Leonis</i>, "the lion's tail."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>It is a blue star which is approaching the earth at the rate
+of twelve miles per second. It culminates May 3d. This star
+also called Dafirah, and Serpha.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dschubba</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek delta">&#948;</ins> <i>Scorpii</i>, "the front of the forehead."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the head of the Scorpion. It culminates July
+4th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dsiban</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek psi">&#968;</ins> <i>Draconis</i>.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Pearly white in color.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dub&acute;-he</span> (d&ouml;b&acute;-he), <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> <i>Urs&aelig; Majoris</i>, "a bear."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>The northern pointer star. It is a yellow star, and is
+approaching the earth at the rate of twelve miles per
+second. It culminates April 21st. The Arabs called the four
+stars in the Dipper the "bier."</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">El nath</span> <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> <i>Tauri</i>, the one who butts. This star is receding
+at the rate of five miles a second.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Eltanin</span>, or <span class="smcap">Etanin</span> (et&acute;-<ins class="character" title="a with macron">&#257;</ins>-nin), <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> <i>Draconis</i>, "the dragon,"
+"the dragon's head."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>It is orange in color and culminates Aug. 4th. Rasaben is
+another name for this star.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">E&acute;-nif</span>, or en&acute;-if, <ins class="character" title="Greek epsilon">&#949;</ins> <i>Pegasi</i>, "the nose."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the nose of Pegasus. It is a yellow star, which
+is receding from the earth at the rate of five miles per
+second, and culminates Oct. 4th. This star was also called
+fum-al-far-as, "the mouth of the horse."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Er rai</span> (er-r<ins class="character" title="a with macron">&#257;</ins>&acute;-<ins class="character" title="e with macron">&#275;</ins>), <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> <i>Cephei</i>, "the shepherd."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the left knee of Cepheus. It is yellow in color
+and culminates Nov. 10th.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg&nbsp;144]</a></span></p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Fomalhaut</span> (F<ins class="character" title="o with macron">&#333;</ins>&acute;-mal-<ins class="character" title="o with macron">&#333;</ins>), (disputed pronunciation), <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> <i>Piscis
+Austri</i>, "the fish's mouth."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the head of the Southern Fish. It is reddish in
+color, and culminates Oct. 25th. This star was also known as
+the first frog, the second frog being <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> Ceti.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Furud</span>, or <span class="smcap">Phurud</span> (fu-r<ins class="character" title="o with macron">&#333;</ins>d), <ins class="character" title="Greek zeta">&#950;</ins> <i>Canis Majoris</i>, "the bright
+single one."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the left hind paw of the Greater Dog. It is
+light orange in color.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><a name="Gemma" id="Gemma"></a><span class="smcap">Gem&acute;-ma</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> <i>Coron&aelig; Borealis</i>, "a bud."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>The brightest star in the Northern Crown. It is brilliant
+white in color, and is receding from the earth at the rate
+of twenty miles per second. It culminates June 28th. This
+star is also known as Alphecca and Alfeta.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Giansar</span> <ins class="character" title="Greek lamda">&#955;</ins> <i>Draconis</i>, "the twins," "the poison place."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the tip of the Dragon's tail. An orange-colored
+star. It culminates April 28th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Giedi</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> <i>Capricorni</i>, also called Algied&acute;-i, the goat.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the head of the Sea-Goat. It is a yellow star,
+and culminates Sept. 9th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gienah</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> <i>Corvi</i>, "the right wing of the raven."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the Crow's wing. It culminates May 10th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gienah</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek epsilon">&#949;</ins> <i>Cygni</i>, "the wing."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the Swan's wing. It is a yellow star, and
+culminates Sept. 17th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gomeisa</span> (g<ins class="character" title="o with macron">&#333;</ins>-m<ins class="character" title="i with macron">&#299;</ins>&acute;-z&auml;), <span class="smcap">Gomelza</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> <i>Canis Minoris</i>,
+"Watery-eyed, weeping." A white star.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the neck of the Lesser Dog.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg&nbsp;145]</a></span></p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Graffias</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> <i>Scorpii</i>, derivation unknown; the name may mean
+"the crab." This star was also called Ak&acute;rab, the Scorpion.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the head of the Scorpion. It is a pale white
+star, and culminates July 5th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Grumium</span> (gr&ouml;&acute;-mi-um), <ins class="character" title="Greek xi">&#958;</ins> <i>Draconis</i>, "the dragon's under
+jaw."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>A yellow star.</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ham&acute;-al</span> or (ha-m&auml;l&acute;), <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> <i>Arietis</i>, "the head of the sheep."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the forehead of the Ram. It is yellow in color,
+and is approaching the earth at the rate of nine miles per
+second. It culminates Dec. 11th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Homam</span> (ho-mam&acute;), <ins class="character" title="Greek zeta">&#950;</ins> <i>Pegasi</i>, "the lucky star of the hero, or
+the whisperer."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the neck of Pegasus. Light yellow in color. It
+culminates Oct. 22d. The Century Dictionary gives this star
+name to <ins class="character" title="Greek eta">&#951;</ins> <i>Pegasi</i>.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hyadum I</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> <i>Tauri</i>.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the Hyades, the nose of the Bull. A yellow star.</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Izar</span> (<ins class="character" title="e with macron">&#275;</ins>-z&auml;r), Mirach, or Mizar, <ins class="character" title="Greek epsilon">&#949;</ins> <i>Bo&ouml;tis</i>, "the girdle."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Pale orange in color. It is approaching the earth at the
+rate of ten miles per second, and culminates June 16th. A
+beautiful colored double star.</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jabbah</span> (Jab&acute;-b&auml;), <ins class="character" title="Greek nu">&#957;</ins> <i>Scorpii</i>, "crown of the forehead."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>A triple star.</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Kaus</span> (k&acirc;s), <span class="smcap">Australis</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek epsilon">&#949;</ins> <i>Sagittarii</i>, "the southern part of
+the bow."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>An orange-colored star. It culminates Aug. 8th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Kaus</span> (k&acirc;s), <span class="smcap">Borealis</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek lamda">&#955;</ins> <i>Sagittarii</i>, "the northern part of
+the bow."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Orange color.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg&nbsp;146]</a></span></p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Kitalpha</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> <i>Equulei</i>, the Arab name for the asterism. In
+the head of the Little Horse. It culminates Sept. 24th.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ko&acute;-chab</span> (k<ins class="character" title="o with macron">&#333;</ins>-k&auml;b&acute;), <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> <i>Urs&aelig; Minoris</i>, "the star of the
+North."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the right shoulder of the Little Bear. One of
+the two Guardians of the Pole. It is reddish in color, and
+is receding from the earth at the rate of eight miles per
+second. It culminates June 19th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Kornephoros</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> <i>Herculis</i>, the Arab name for the
+constellation.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the right arm-pit of Hercules. Pale yellow in
+color. It is approaching the earth at the rate of twenty-two
+miles per second. It culminates July 12th.</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lesuth</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek nu">&#957;</ins> <i>Scorpii</i>, "the sting."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the tip of the Scorpion's tail. It culminates
+July 27th.</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Marfak</span> (m&auml;r&acute;fak), <ins class="character" title="Greek theta">&#952;</ins> <i>Cassiopei&aelig;</i>, "the elbow."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the left elbow of Cassiopeia. This star name is
+also given to <ins class="character" title="Greek mu">&#956;</ins> Cassiopei&aelig;.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Marfic</span> (m&auml;r&acute;-fik), <ins class="character" title="Greek lamda">&#955;</ins> <i>Ophiuchi</i>, "the elbow."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the left elbow of the Serpent Bearer. Yellowish
+white in color.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Marfik</span> (m&auml;r&acute; fik), or <span class="smcap">Marsic</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek kappa">&#954;</ins> <i>Herculis</i>, "the elbow."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the right elbow of Hercules. Light yellow in
+color.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mar&acute;-kab</span> (m&auml;r&acute;kab), <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> <i>Pegasi</i>, Arab word for "saddle".
+Century Dictionary gives "a wagon" or "chariot."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the base of the Horse's neck. It is a white star
+which is receding from the earth at the rate of three
+quarters of a mile a second. It culminates Nov. 3d.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg&nbsp;147]</a></span></p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Markeb</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek kappa">&#954;</ins> <i>Argus</i>.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the stern of the Ship. It culminates Mar. 25th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Marsym</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek lamda">&#955;</ins> <i>Herculis</i>, "the wrist."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the left wrist of Hercules. Deep yellow in
+color.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Matar</span> or <span class="smcap">Sad</span> (S&auml;d), "a lucky star," or more fully,
+Sad-Mator, <ins class="character" title="Greek eta">&#951;</ins> <i>Pegasi</i>, "the fortunate rain."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the left fore leg of Pegasus.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mebusta</span>, <span class="smcap">Mebsuta</span> (Meb-s&ouml;&acute;-ta), or <span class="smcap">Meboula</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek epsilon">&#949;</ins> <i>Geminorum</i>,
+"the outstretched."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>A brilliant white star situated in the right knee of Castor.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Media</span>, or <span class="smcap">Kaus Media</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek delta">&#948;</ins> <i>Sagittarii</i>, "middle (of the) bow."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Orange yellow in color. It culminates Aug. 8th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">M<ins class="character" title="e with macron">&#275;</ins>-gres</span>, or (M<ins class="character" title="e with macron">&#275;</ins>&acute;-grez), <ins class="character" title="Greek delta">&#948;</ins> <i>Urs&aelig; Majoris</i>, "the root of the
+bear's tail."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>It is a pale yellow star, and culminates May 10th. This star
+is the faintest of the seven which form the Dipper.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Meissa</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek lamda">&#955;</ins> <i>Orionis</i>.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the face of the Giant Hunter. Pale white in
+color.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mekbuda</span> (mek-b<ins class="character" title="u with macron">&#363;</ins>&acute;-d<ins class="character" title="a with macron">&#257;</ins>), <ins class="character" title="Greek zeta">&#950;</ins> <i>Geminorum</i>, "the contracted (arm)."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the left knee of Pollux. Pale topaz in color.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Menkalinan</span> (men-ka-l<ins class="character" title="e with macron">&#275;</ins>-nan&acute; or Men-kal&acute;-i-nan), <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> <i>Aurig&aelig;</i>,
+"the shoulder of the rein-holder or driver."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the right arm of the Charioteer. A lucid yellow
+star which is receding from the earth at the rate of
+seventeen miles per second. It culminates Jan. 29th. This
+star was one of the first discovered and most remarkable
+"spectroscopic binaries."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg&nbsp;148]</a></span></p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Menkar</span> (men&acute;k&auml;r), <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> <i>Oeti</i>, "the nose, or snout."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the nose of Cetus. Bright orange in color. It
+culminates Dec. 21st. Sometimes written Menkab.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Menkib</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek xi">&#958;</ins> <i>Persei</i>, "the shoulder."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the calf of the right leg of Perseus.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Merak</span> (m<ins class="character" title="e with macron">&#275;</ins>&acute;rak), <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> <i>Urs&aelig; Majoris</i>, "the loin of the bear."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>A greenish white star which is approaching the earth at the
+rate of eighteen miles per second. It culminates Apr. 20th.
+The southern of the two "pointers."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mesartim</span> (m<ins class="character" title="e with macron">&#275;</ins>-s&auml;r&acute;tim), <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> <i>Arietis</i>, the Hebrew word for
+"minister."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the Ram's left horn. Bright white in color.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mintaka</span> (min&acute;ta-k&auml;), <ins class="character" title="Greek delta">&#948;</ins> <i>Orionis</i>, "the belt (of the
+giant)."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>One of the three stars in Orion's belt. A brilliant white
+star with very little motion. It culminates Jan. 24th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">M<ins class="character" title="i with macron">&#299;</ins>&acute;-ra</span> (m<ins class="character" title="i with macron">&#299;</ins>&acute;ra or m<ins class="character" title="e with macron">&#275;</ins>&acute;ra), <ins class="character" title="Greek omicron">&#959;</ins> <i>Ceti</i>.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the neck of Cetus. A famous variable, flushed
+yellow in color. It culminates Dec. 15th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">M<ins class="character" title="i with macron">&#299;</ins>&acute;rach</span>, or <span class="smcap">Mirak</span> (m<ins class="character" title="i with macron">&#299;</ins>&acute;rak or m<ins class="character" title="e with macron">&#275;</ins>&acute;rak), <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> <i>Andromed&aelig;</i>, "the
+girdle," or "the loins."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>A yellow star culminating Nov. 28th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">M<ins class="character" title="i with macron">&#299;</ins>zar</span> (m<ins class="character" title="i with macron">&#299;</ins>z&auml;r or m<ins class="character" title="e with macron">&#275;</ins>&acute;z&auml;r), <ins class="character" title="Greek zeta">&#950;</ins> <i>Urs&aelig; Majoris</i>, "a girdle or
+apron."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the tail of the Great Bear. Brilliant white in
+color. It is approaching the earth at the rate of nineteen
+miles per second. It culminates May 28th.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg&nbsp;149]</a></span></p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Muliphen</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> <i>Canis Majoris</i>.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the neck of the Greater Dog. It culminates Feb.
+26th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Muphrid</span> (m<ins class="character" title="u with macron">&#363;</ins>&acute;-frid), <ins class="character" title="Greek eta">&#951;</ins> <i>Bo&ouml;tis</i>, "the solitary star of the
+lancer."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the calf of the left leg of the Herdsman. Pale
+yellow in color. It culminates June 4th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Murzim</span> or <span class="smcap">Mirzam</span> (mer-z&auml;m&acute;), <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> <i>Canis Majoris</i>, "the
+announcer" or "the roarer."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the Greater Dog's left fore paw. A white star
+culminating Feb. 5th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Muscida</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek omicron">&#959;</ins> <i>Urs&aelig; Majoris</i>, "the muzzle."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the nose of the Great Bear.</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nekkar</span>, or <span class="smcap">Nakkar</span> (nak&acute;-k&auml;r), <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> <i>Bo&ouml;tis</i>, "the herdsman,"
+the Arab name for the whole constellation.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the head of Bo&ouml;tes. A golden yellow star which
+culminates June 20th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Naos</span> (n<ins class="character" title="a with macron">&#257;</ins>&acute;-os), <ins class="character" title="Greek zeta">&#950;</ins> <i>Argus</i>, "the ship."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the stern of the Ship. It culminates Mar. 3d.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nashira</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> <i>Capricorni</i>, "the fortunate one, or the bringer
+of good tidings."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the tail of the Sea-Goat. It culminates Oct. 3d.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nihal</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> <i>Leporis</i>.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the right foot of the Hare. Deep yellow in
+color. It culminates Jan. 23d.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nodus Secundus</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek delta">&#948;</ins> <i>Draconis</i>, "the second of the four knots
+or convolutions."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Deep yellow in color. It culminates Aug. 24th.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg&nbsp;150]</a></span></p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nunki</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek sigma">&#963;</ins> <i>Sagittarii</i>, "the star of the proclamation of the
+sea," or <span class="smcap">Sadira</span> (sad&acute;-<ins class="character" title="e with macron">&#275;</ins>-ra), "the ostrich returning from the
+water."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the upper part of the Archer's left arm. It
+culminates Aug. 17th.</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Phad</span>, <span class="smcap">Phec&acute;-da</span>, or <span class="smcap">Phaed</span> (f<ins class="character" title="a with macron">&#257;</ins>&acute;-ed), <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> <i>Urs&aelig; Majoris</i>, "the
+thigh" (of the bear).</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Topaz yellow in color. It is approaching the earth at the
+rate of sixteen miles per second. It culminates May 4th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Phaet</span> or <span class="smcap">Phact</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> <i>Columb&aelig;</i>.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the heart of the Dove. It culminates Jan. 26th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pherkad</span> (fer&acute;-kad), <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> <i>Urs&aelig; Minoris</i>, "the calf."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the right fore leg of the Little Bear.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Po-l&aacute;-ris</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> <i>Urs&aelig; Minoris</i>, "the pole star."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the tip of the Little Bear's tail. Topaz yellow
+in color. It is receding from the earth at the rate of
+sixteen miles per second.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pol&acute;-lux</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> <i>Geminorum</i>, Ovid's "Pugil," the pugilist of the
+two brothers.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the head of Pollux. An orange-colored star which
+is receding from the earth at the rate of one mile per
+second. It culminates Feb. 26th. The Century Dictionary
+gives the color of Pollux as very yellow.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Porrima</span> (por&acute;-i-m&auml;), <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> <i>Virginis</i>, Latin name for "a goddess
+of prophecy."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the Virgin's left arm. It culminates May 17th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pro&acute;-cy-on</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg&nbsp;151]</a></span><i>Canis Minoris</i>, "the foremost dog."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>A yellowish-white star. It is approaching the earth at the
+rate of six miles per second. It culminates Feb. 24th. It is
+situated in the right side of the Lesser Dog. Dr. Elkin
+gives its distance as 12.3 light years, and its proper
+motion as 13.9 miles per second.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Propus</span> (pr<ins class="character" title="o with macron">&#333;</ins>&acute;-pus), <ins class="character" title="Greek eta">&#951;</ins> <i>Geminorum</i>, "the forward foot."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the northern foot of Castor.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rasalas</span> (ras&acute;-a-las), <ins class="character" title="Greek mu">&#956;</ins> <i>Leonis</i>, "the lion's head toward
+the south."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the Sickle, close to the Lion's right eye. An
+orange-colored star. It culminates Apr. 1st. Alshemali and
+Borealis are other names for this star.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ras Algethi</span> (r&auml;s-al-ge&acute;-thi), <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> <i>Herculis</i>, "the kneeler's
+head."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Orange red in color. It culminates July 23d.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ras&acute;-al-h<ins class="character" title="a with macron">&#257;</ins>g&acute;-ue</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> <i>Ophiuchi</i>, "the head of the serpent
+charmer."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>A sapphire-hued star. It is receding from the earth at the
+rate of twelve miles per second. It culminates July 28th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rastaban</span> (r&auml;s-ta-b&auml;n&acute;), <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> or <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> <i>Draconis</i> "the dragon's
+head," or "the head of the basilisk."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>A yellow star culminating Aug. 3d. This star also called
+Alwaid (al-w<ins class="character" title="i with macron">&#299;</ins>d&acute;) "the sucking camel-colts." The three stars
+near it are included in this appellation.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Reg&acute;-u-lus</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> <i>Leonis</i>, diminutive of the earlier Rex.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the handle of the Sickle, and the right fore paw
+of the Lion. It is flushed white in color, and is
+approaching the earth at the rate of five miles per second.
+It culminates April 6th. According to Dr. Elkin it is 35.1<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg&nbsp;152]</a></span>
+light years distant, and has a proper motion of 8.5 miles
+per second.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rigel</span> (ri&acute;-jel), <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> <i>Orionis</i>, "the [left] leg of the Jabbah,
+or giant."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>A bluish-white star, which is receding from the earth at the
+rate of ten miles per second. It culminates Jan. 20th. This
+star is sometimes called Algebar (al&acute;-je-b&auml;r).</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rotanev</span> (rot&acute;-a-nev), <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> <i>Delphini</i>, from Venator, assistant
+to Piazzi, his name reversed.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>It culminates Sept. 15th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ruchba</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek omega">&#969;</ins> <i>Cygni</i>, "the hen's knee."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>A pale red star.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ruchbah</span>, or <span class="smcap">Rucbah</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek delta">&#948;</ins> <i>Cassiopei&aelig;</i>, "the knee."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the left knee of Cassiopeia. It culminates Dec.
+2d.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rukbat</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> <i>Sagittarii</i>, "the archer's knee."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the left fore foot of the Archer. It culminates
+Aug. 24th.</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sabik</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek eta">&#951;</ins> <i>Ophiuchi</i>.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>A pale yellow star in the left leg of the Serpent Bearer. It
+culminates Aug. 21st.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sadachbia</span> (s<ins class="character" title="a with macron">&#257;</ins>d-ak-b<ins class="character" title="e with macron">&#275;</ins>&acute;-y&auml;), <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> <i>Aquarii</i>, "the luck star of
+hidden things."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Greenish in color and situated in the water jar of Aquarius.
+It culminates Oct. 16th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sad al Bari</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek lamda">&#955;</ins> and <ins class="character" title="Greek mu">&#956;</ins> <i>Pegasi</i>, "the good luck of the
+excelling one."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated close to the fore legs of Pegasus.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sadal Melik</span> (s&auml;d-al-mel&acute;-ik), or <span class="smcap">Rucbah</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> <i>Aquarii</i>, "the
+lucky star of the king."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg&nbsp;153]</a></span></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>A red star situated in the right shoulder of Aquarius. It
+culminates Oct. 9th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sadalsund</span>, or <span class="smcap">Sadalsuud</span> (s&auml;d-al-s&ouml;-&ouml;d), <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> <i>Aquarii</i>, "the
+luckiest of the lucky."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Pale yellow in color. Situated in the left shoulder of
+Aquarius. It culminates Sept. 29th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sadatoni</span> (sad-a-t<ins class="character" title="o with macron">&#333;</ins>&acute;-ni), <ins class="character" title="Greek zeta">&#950;</ins> <i>Aurig&aelig;</i>.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>One of the three stars known as "the kids." Orange color.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sadr</span> (sadr), or <span class="smcap">Sadir</span> (s<ins class="character" title="a with macron">&#257;</ins>&acute;-d<ins class="character" title="e with macron">&#275;</ins>r), <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> <i>Cygni</i>, "the hen's
+breast."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>This star is approaching the earth at the rate of four miles
+per second. It culminates Sept. 11th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Saiph</span> (s<ins class="character" title="a with macron">&#257;</ins>-if&acute;), <ins class="character" title="Greek kappa">&#954;</ins> <i>Orionis</i>, "the sword of the giant."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in Orion's right knee. It culminates Jan. 27th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sargas</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek theta">&#952;</ins> <i>Scorpii</i>.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>A red star situated in the tail of the Scorpion. It
+culminates July 27th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Scheat</span> (she&acute;-at), or Menkib, <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> <i>Pegasi</i>, "the upper part of
+the arm."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the left fore-leg of Pegasus. It is deep yellow
+in color, and is receding from the earth at the rate of four
+miles per second. It culminates Oct. 25th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Schemali</span>, see Deneb al schemali, <ins class="character" title="Greek iota">&#953;</ins> <i>Ceti</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Seginus</span> (se-j<ins class="character" title="i with macron">&#299;</ins>&acute;nus), <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> <i>Bo&ouml;tis</i>, from Ceginus of the
+constellation, possibly.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the left shoulder of Bo&ouml;tes. It culminates June
+13th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Shaula</span> (sh&acirc;&acute;-l&auml;), <ins class="character" title="Greek lamda">&#955;</ins> <i>Scorpii</i>, "the sting."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>In the tip of the Scorpion's tail.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg&nbsp;154]</a></span></p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Shedar</span>, <span class="smcap">Schedir</span>, or <span class="smcap">Shedir</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> <i>Cassiopei&aelig;</i>, "the breast," or
+from El Seder, "the sedar tree," a name given to this
+constellation by Ulugh Beigh.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Pale rose in color. It culminates Nov. 18th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sheliak</span>, or <span class="smcap">Shelyak</span> (shel&acute;-yak), "a tortoise," <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> <i>Lyr&aelig;</i>,
+Arabian name for the constellation.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>A very white star culminating Aug. 17th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sheratan</span> (sher-a-tan&acute;), <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> <i>Arietis</i>, "a sign," or "the two
+signs."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the Ram's horn. A pearly white star culminating
+Dec. 7th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir&acute;-i-us</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> <i>Canis Majoris</i>, "the sparkling star or
+scorcher."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the mouth of the Great Dog. Brilliant white in
+color. The brightest of the fixed stars. It culminates Feb.
+11th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Situla</span> (sit&acute;-<ins class="character" title="u with macron">&#363;</ins>-l<ins class="character" title="a with macron">&#257;</ins>), <ins class="character" title="Greek kappa">&#954;</ins> <i>Aquarii</i>, "the water jar or bucket."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the rim of the Water Jar.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Skat</span>, or <span class="smcap">Scheat</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek delta">&#948;</ins> <i>Aquarii</i>, "a wish," or possibly it means
+a "shin bone."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the right leg of Aquarius.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sp&iuml;&acute;ca</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> <i>Virginis</i>, "the ear of wheat or corn" (held in
+the Virgin's left hand).</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>A brilliant flushed white star, which is approaching the
+earth at the rate of nine miles a second. It culminates May
+28th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sualocin</span>, or <span class="smcap">Svalocin</span> (sval&acute;-<ins class="character" title="o with macron">&#333;</ins>-sin), Nicolaus reversed, <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins>
+<i>Delphini</i>.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>A pale yellow star culminating Sept. 15th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sulafat</span>, or <span class="smcap">Sulaphat</span> (s&ouml;&acute;-l&auml;-f&auml;t), "the tortoise," <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins>
+<i>Lyr&aelig;</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg&nbsp;155]</a></span></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Arabian title for the whole constellation. It is bright
+yellow in color, and culminates Aug. 19th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Syrma</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek iota">&#953;</ins> <i>Virginis</i>; this name used by Ptolemy to designate
+this star in the train of the Virgin's robe.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Talita</span> (t&auml;&acute;-l<ins class="character" title="e with macron">&#275;</ins>-t&auml;), <ins class="character" title="Greek kappa">&#954;</ins> or <ins class="character" title="Greek iota">&#953;</ins> <i>Urs&aelig; Majoris</i>, "the third
+vertebra."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the right fore paw of the Great Bear. Topaz yellow in color.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Tania Borealis</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek lamda">&#955;</ins> <i>Urs&aelig; Majoris</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Tania Australis</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek mu">&#956;</ins> <i>Urs&aelig; Majoris</i>, a red star.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>These stars are situated in the right hind foot of the Great
+Bear. The former star culminates Apr. 8th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Tarazed</span> (tar&acute;-a-zed), <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> <i>Aquil&aelig;</i>, "the soaring falcon," part
+of the Persian title for the constellation.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the body of the Eagle. A pale orange star,
+culminating Aug. 31st.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Tegmeni</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek zeta">&#950;</ins> <i>Cancri</i>, "in the covering."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>A yellow-colored star.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Te&acute;-jat</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek mu">&#956;</ins> <i>Geminorum</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Thu&acute;-ban</span> or (th<ins class="character" title="o with macron">&#333;</ins>-ban&acute;), <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> <i>Draconis</i>, "the dragon," the Arab
+title for the constellation.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in one of the Dragon's coils. It is pale yellow in
+color, and culminates June 7th.</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Unuk al Hay</span> or <span class="smcap">Unukalhai</span> (<ins class="character" title="u with macron">&#363;</ins>&acute;-nuk-al-h&auml;&acute;-i), <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> <i>Serpentis</i>,
+"the neck of the snake."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>A pale yellow star which is receding from the earth at the
+rate of fourteen miles a second. It culminates July 28th.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg&nbsp;156]</a></span></p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">V&euml;&acute;ga</span>, or <span class="smcap">Wega</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> <i>Lyr&aelig;</i>, "falling," <i>i.e.</i>, the falling
+bird, "the harp star."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>A beautiful pale star sapphire in color. It is approaching
+the earth at the rate of nine miles a second. It culminates
+Aug. 12th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Vindemiatrix</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek epsilon">&#949;</ins> <i>Virginis</i>, "the vintager or grape
+gatherer."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the Virgin's right arm. A bright yellow star
+culminating May 22d.</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wasat</span> (w&auml;&acute;-sat), <ins class="character" title="Greek delta">&#948;</ins> <i>Geminorum</i>, "the middle."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the body of Pollux. Pale white in color. It
+culminates Feb. 19th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wesen</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek delta">&#948;</ins> <i>Canis Majoris</i>, "the weight."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>A light yellow star in the right side of the Great Dog. It
+culminates Feb. 17th.</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Yed Prior</span> (yed), <ins class="character" title="Greek delta">&#948;</ins> <i>Ophiuchi</i>, "the hand," "the star behind
+or following."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Deep yellow in color. It culminates July 7th. It is in the
+left hand of the Serpent Bearer.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Yed Posterior</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek epsilon">&#949;</ins> <i>Ophiuchi</i>, "the hand."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>A red star culminating July 8th.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Yildum</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek delta">&#948;</ins> <i>Urs&aelig; Minoris</i>.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the tail of the Little Bear. A greenish-hued
+star culminating Aug. 12th.</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Zaniah</span>, <ins class="character" title="Greek eta">&#951;</ins> <i>Virginis</i>.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated in the Virgin's left shoulder.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Zaurak</span> (z&acirc;&acute;-rak), <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> <i>Eridani</i>, "the bright star of the
+boat."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>A yellow star.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg&nbsp;157]</a></span></p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Zavijava</span> (zav-ija&acute;-va), <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> <i>Virginis</i>, "angle or corner,"
+"the retreat or kennel of the barking dog."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated on the Virgin's left wing. A pale yellow star
+culminating May 3d.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Zosma</span> (z<ins class="character" title="o with macron">&#333;</ins>s&acute;-ma), <ins class="character" title="Greek delta">&#948;</ins> <i>Leonis</i>, "a girdle."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Situated at the root of the Lion's tail. A pale yellow star
+which is approaching the earth at the rate of nine miles a
+second. It culminates Apr. 24th. This star is also called
+Duhr, and sometimes Zubra.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Zubenakravi</span> (z&ouml;ben-ak&acute;-ra-vi or -bi), <ins class="character" title="Greek gamma">&#947;</ins> <i>Scorpii</i>, "the claw
+of the Scorpion." A red star.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Zuben Elgenubi</span> (z&ouml;-ben-el-jen-<ins class="character" title="u with macron">&#363;</ins>&acute;-bi), <ins class="character" title="Greek alpha">&#945;</ins> <i>Libr&aelig;</i>, "the
+southern claw" (of the Scorpion).</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>A pale yellow star culminating June 17th. This star is also
+called Kiffa Australis.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Zuben Eschamali</span> (z&ouml;-ben-es-she-ma&acute;-li), <ins class="character" title="Greek beta">&#946;</ins> <i>Libr&aelig;</i>, "the
+northern claw."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>A pale emerald color, a very unusual color for a star. It is
+approaching the earth at the rate of six miles a second and
+culminates June 23d. This star is also known as "Kiffa
+Borealis."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In the compilation of the foregoing list, the author has been greatly
+assisted by Allen's "Star Names and their Meanings."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg&nbsp;158]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><span class="label"><a href="#FNanchor_1_1">[1]</a></span> It will be noted that the date of culmination
+is given in almost every case. By culmination is meant the
+highest point reached by a heavenly body in its path, at
+which point it is said to be on the meridian. In this
+hemisphere this is in each case the highest point north.
+</p><p>
+For example:&mdash;the culmination of the sun occurs at noon.
+</p><p>
+The time when the stars here mentioned culminate on the
+dates specified is in each case nine o'clock <span class="smcap">p.m.</span></p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3>TABLE SHOWING THE STARS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND MAGNITUDE RISING IN THE EASTERN SKY AT NINE O'CLOCK P.M. ON THE DATES SPECIFIED.</h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='center'>DATE</td><td align='center'>NAME OF STAR</td><td align='center'>CONSTELLATION</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>January 1</td><td align='left'>Regulus, 1st.</td><td align='left'>Leo.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>January 8</td><td align='left'>Alphard, 2d.</td><td align='left'>Hydra.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>January 11</td><td align='left'>Cor Caroli.</td><td align='left'>Canes Venatici.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>February 20</td><td align='left'>Arcturus, 1st.</td><td align='left'>Bo&ouml;tes.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>March 1</td><td align='left'>Spica, 1st.</td><td align='left'>Virgo.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>March 5</td><td align='left'>Gemma, 2d.</td><td align='left'>Corona Borealis.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>April 1</td><td align='left'>Vega, 1st.</td><td align='left'>Lyra.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>April 20</td><td align='left'>Ras Alhague, 2d.</td><td align='left'>Ophiuchus.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>April 22</td><td align='left'>Deneb, 2d.</td><td align='left'>Cygnus.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>May 9</td><td align='left'>Antares, 1st.</td><td align='left'>Scorpius.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>May 26</td><td align='left'>Altair, 1st.</td><td align='left'>Aquila.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>June 5</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align='left'>Delphinus.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>July 17</td><td align='left'>Algenib, 2d.</td><td align='left'>Perseus.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>August 6</td><td align='left'>Algol.</td><td align='left'>Perseus.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>August 21</td><td align='left'>Capella, 1st.</td><td align='left'>Auriga.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>August 21</td><td align='left'>Hamal, 2d.</td><td align='left'>Aries.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>August 27</td><td align='left'>Fomalhaut, 1st.</td><td align='left'>Piscis Australis.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>September 13</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align='left'>The Pleiades in Taurus.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>October 2</td><td align='left'>Aldebaran, 1st.</td><td align='left'>Taurus.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>October 26</td><td align='left'>Bellatrix, 2d.</td><td align='left'>Orion.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>October 30</td><td align='left'>Castor, 2d.</td><td align='left'>Gemini.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>October 30</td><td align='left'>Betelgeuze, 1st.</td><td align='left'>Orion.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>November 4</td><td align='left'>Pollux, 1st.</td><td align='left'>Gemini.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>November 4</td><td align='left'>Rigel, 1st.</td><td align='left'>Orion.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>November 27</td><td align='left'>Procyon, 1st.</td><td align='left'>Canis Minor.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>December 4</td><td align='left'>Sirius, 1st.</td><td align='left'>Canis Major.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>December 8</td><td align='left'>Phaet, 2d.</td><td align='left'>Columba.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>December 14</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align='left'>The Bee Hive in Cancer.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>December 16</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align='left'>The head of Hydra.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg&nbsp;159]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg&nbsp;160]</a></span></p><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg&nbsp;161]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX</h2>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Andromeda,  <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li>
+
+<li>Antino&uuml;s,  <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li>
+
+<li>Aquarius,  <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li>
+
+<li>Aquila,  <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li>
+
+<li>Argo Navis,  <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li>
+
+<li>Aries,  <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li>Auriga,  <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Bo&ouml;tes,  <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
+
+<li>Brandenburg Sceptre, The,  <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li>
+
+<li>Bull of Poniatowskio,  <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Camelopardalis,  <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li>
+
+<li>Cancer,  <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li>
+
+<li>Canes Venatici,  <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li>
+
+<li>Canis Major,  <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li>
+
+<li>Canis Minor,  <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li>
+
+<li>Capricornus,  <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li>Cassiopeia,  <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
+
+<li>Cepheus,  <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li>
+
+<li>Cerberus,  <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
+
+<li>Cetus,  <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Columba,  <a href="#Page_103">103</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg&nbsp;162]</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Coma Berenices,  <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li>
+
+<li>Corona Australis,  <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
+
+<li>Corona Borealis,  <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
+
+<li>Corvus,  <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li>
+
+<li>Crater,  <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li>
+
+<li>Cygnus,  <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Delphinus,  <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li>
+
+<li>Draco,  <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Equ&uuml;leus,  <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li>
+
+<li>Eridanus,  <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Gemini,  <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li>
+
+<li>Gloria Frederica,  <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Hercules,  <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
+
+<li>Herschel's Telescope,  <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li>
+
+<li>Hydra,  <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Leo,  <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li>
+
+<li>Leo Minor,  <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li>
+
+<li>Lepus,  <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
+
+<li>Libra,  <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+
+<li>Lupus,  <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
+
+<li>Lynx,  <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li>
+
+<li>Lyra,  <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Monoceros,  <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li>
+
+<li>Musca,  <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Ophiuchus,  <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
+
+<li>Orion,  <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Pegasus,  <a href="#Page_71">71</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg&nbsp;163]</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Perseus,  <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li>
+
+<li>Pisces,  <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li>
+
+<li>Piscis Australis,  <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Sagitta,  <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li>
+
+<li>Sagittarius,  <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
+
+<li>Scorpius,  <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
+
+<li>Serpens,  <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
+
+<li>Sobieski's Shield,  <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Taurus,  <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
+
+<li>Triangulum,  <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Ursa Major,  <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li>
+
+<li>Ursa Minor,  <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Virgo,  <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
+
+<li>Vulpecular and Anser,  <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<div class="padding">
+<div class="bbox">
+<h2>Popular Books on Astronomy</h2>
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+<h3>By William Tyler Olcott</h3>
+
+
+<p><i>Excellently arranged, and copiously illustrated, these little
+manuals&mdash;real field-books&mdash;should prove valuable for all who want to
+become familiar with the stars</i></p>
+
+
+<h1>A Field Book of the Stars</h1>
+
+<p><i>16mo. With Fifty Diagrams.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>To facilitate the fascinating recreation of star-gazing the
+author has designed this field-book. All matters of a
+technical or theoretical nature have been omitted. Only what
+the reader can observe with the naked eye or with an
+opera-glass have been included in it. Simplicity and brevity
+have been aimed at, the main idea being that whatever is
+bulky or verbose is a hindrance rather than a help when one
+is engaged in the observation of the heavens.</p></div>
+
+
+<h1>In Starland with a Three-Inch Telescope</h1>
+
+<p>A Conveniently Arranged Guide for the Use of the Amateur Astronomer</p>
+
+<p><i>16mo. With Forty Diagrams of the Constellations and Eight of the
+Moon.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The <i>raison d'etre</i> therefore for the book is convenience
+and arrangement. The author has found by experience that
+what the student most needs when he is observing with a
+telescope, is a page to glance at that will serve as a guide
+to the object he desires to view, and which affords concise
+data relative to that object. The diagrams therefore direct
+the student's vision and the subject-matter affords the
+necessary information in each case.</p></div>
+
+
+<h1>Star Lore of All Ages</h1>
+
+<p>A Collection of Myths, Legends, and Facts Concerning the
+Constellations of the Northern Hemisphere</p>
+
+<p><i>8vo. Fully Illustrated.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Will appeal alike to those who are interested in folk-lore
+and those who are attracted by astronomy. In it the author
+has gathered together the curious myths and traditions that
+have attached themselves from the earliest times to
+different constellations and even to individual stars.</p></div>
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+<p class='center'>
+G.P. PUTNAM'S SONS<br />
+New York
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+London
+</p></div></div>
+
+<div class="padding">
+<h1>The Essence of Astronomy</h1>
+
+<h3>Things Every One Should Know About the Sun, Moon and Stars</h3>
+
+<h2>By Edward W. Price</h2>
+
+<p><i>12mo. Fully Illustrated.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Here is a volume quite different from the usual "popular
+book on astronomy."</p>
+
+<p>It answers in untechnical language the every-day questions
+of every-day people, the material being so arranged that it
+is readily available for quick reference use, as well as for
+interesting consecutive reading.</p>
+
+<p>An individual chapter is devoted to each member of the Solar
+System. Special space is given to "Curiosities of the
+Skies."</p>
+
+<p>The illustrations are from photographs taken at the great
+observatories. The drawings of Mars are the most recent
+published, being made by Professor Lowell in January, 1914.</p>
+
+<p>The chronological table and annotated bibliography are of
+real value.</p></div>
+
+
+<h1>Sun Lore of All Ages</h1>
+
+<h3>A Collection of Myths and Legends Concerning the Sun and its Worship</h3>
+
+<h2>By William Tyler Olcott</h2>
+
+<p class='center'>Author of "Star Lore of All Ages," "A Field Book of the Stars," etc.</p>
+
+<p><i>8vo. With 30 Illustrations.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>A companion volume to <i>Star Lore of All Ages</i> by the same
+author. It comprises a compilation of the myths, legends,
+and facts concerning the sun, of equal interest to the
+lay-reader or to the student.</p>
+
+<p>The literature of the subject is teeming with interest,
+linked as it is with the life story of mankind from the
+cradle of the race to the present day, for the solar myth
+lies at the very foundation of all mythology, and as such
+must forever claim pre-eminence.</p></div>
+
+
+<p class='center'>
+G.P. PUTNAM'S SONS<br />
+New York
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+London
+</p></div>
+
+<div class="padding">
+<h1>Astronomy in a Nutshell</h1>
+
+<h3>The Chief Facts and Principles Explained in Popular Language for
+General Readers and for Schools</h3>
+
+<h2>By Garrett P. Serviss</h2>
+
+<p><i>Cr. 8vo. With 47 Illustrations.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Presents the subject of astronomy in a succinct, popular
+form. No mathematical knowledge beyond the simplest outlines
+is assumed on the part of the reader. The great underlying
+facts and principles of astronomy are presented in a shape
+which any intelligent person can comprehend. The book may be
+used either for self-instruction or for schools.</p></div>
+
+
+<h1>History of Astronomy</h1>
+
+<h2>By George Forbes, M.A., F.R.S., M.Inst.C.E.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'>Formerly Professor of Natural Philosophy, Anderson's College, Glasgow</p>
+
+<p class='center'><i>16mo. Adequately Illustrated.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>No. 1. A History of the Science Series</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The author traces the evolution of intellectual thought in
+the progress of astronomical discovery, recognizing the
+various points of view of the different ages, giving due
+credit even to the ancients. It has been necessary to
+curtail many parts of the history, to lay before the reader
+in unlimited space enough about each age to illustrate its
+tone and spirit, the ideals of the workers, the gradual
+addition of new points of view and of new means of
+investigation.</p></div>
+
+
+<h1>An Easy Guide to the Constellations</h1>
+
+<h3>With a Miniature Atlas of the Stars</h3>
+
+<h2>By James Gall</h2>
+
+<p class='center'>Author of "The People's Atlas of the Stars," etc.</p>
+
+<p class='center'><i>New and Enlarged Edition, with 30 Maps 16mo.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>This new edition of <i>An Easy Guide to the Constellations</i>
+has been thoroughly revised: five additional plates have
+been added, so as to include all the constellations of the
+Zodiac, and render the book complete for Southern Europe and
+the United States.</p></div>
+
+<p class='center'>
+G.P. PUTNAM'S SONS<br />
+New York
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+London
+</p></div>
+
+<div class='padding'><div class='bbox'>
+<h1>The Destinies of the Stars</h1>
+
+<h3>By</h3>
+
+<h2>Svante Arrhenius</h2>
+
+<p class='center'>Author of "Worlds in the Making," etc.</p>
+
+<p><i>12mo. 26 Illustrations.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>With keenness, brilliancy, and distinguished learning, Dr.
+Arrhenius, a Nobel Prize winner, having had occasion
+repeatedly to treat new questions of a cosmological nature,
+questions largely arisen from new discoveries and
+observations within the scope of astronomy, opens to the
+reader vast new vistas, through the study of the relation of
+the stars to the "Milky Way" and through observations of our
+neighbor planets.</p></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+<p class='center'>
+G.P. PUTNAM'S SONS<br />
+New York
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+London
+</p></div></div>
+<div class='trnote'>
+<p>Corrections made:<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;Page <a href="#Page_12">12</a> Au iga corrected to Auriga.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;Page <a href="#Page_118">118</a> preceptible corrected to perceptible.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;Page <a href="#Page_148">148</a> Oeti corrected to Ceti.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;Page <a href="#Page_163">163</a> cometimes corrected to sometimes.</p>
+
+<p>Inconsistencies retained:<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;Alphecca and Alphacca.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;Gloria Frederika and Gloria Frederica.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;Bull of Poniatowskio and Bull of Poniatowski.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's A Field Book of the Stars, by William Tyler Olcott
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A FIELD BOOK OF THE STARS ***
+
+***** This file should be named 20769-h.htm or 20769-h.zip *****
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+</body>
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+Project Gutenberg's A Field Book of the Stars, by William Tyler Olcott
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Field Book of the Stars
+
+Author: William Tyler Olcott
+
+Release Date: March 9, 2007 [EBook #20769]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A FIELD BOOK OF THE STARS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Audrey Longhurst, Christine D. and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  Transcriber's note:
+
+  The transcription schemes for characters that could not be used in a
+  plain text version of this text have been listed at the end of this
+  file under the heading Transcriber's Notes.
+
+
+
+  A FIELD BOOK
+  OF
+  THE STARS
+
+
+
+BY
+
+WILLIAM TYLER OLCOTT
+
+
+_Second Edition, revised and enlarged_
+
+
+WITH FIFTY DIAGRAMS
+
+
+
+  G.P. PUTNAM'S SONS
+  NEW YORK AND LONDON
+  The Knickerbocker Press
+
+  COPYRIGHT, 1907
+  BY
+  WILLIAM TYLER OLCOTT
+  COPYRIGHT, 1914
+  BY
+  WILLIAM TYLER OLCOTT
+  (For Second Edition)
+
+[Illustration: The Knickerbocker Press, New York]
+
+_Printed in the United States of America_
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+Considering the ease with which a knowledge of the constellations can
+be acquired, it seems a remarkable fact that so few are conversant
+with these time-honored configurations of the heavens. Aside from a
+knowledge of "the Dipper" and "the Pleiades," the constellations to
+the vast majority, are utterly unknown.
+
+To facilitate and popularize if possible this fascinating recreation
+of star-gazing the author has designed this field-book. It is limited
+in scope solely to that purpose, and all matter of a technical or
+theoretical nature has been omitted.
+
+The endeavor has been to include in these pages only such matter as
+the reader can observe with the naked eye, or an opera-glass.
+Simplicity and brevity have been aimed at, the main idea being that
+whatever is bulky or verbose is a hindrance rather than a help when
+actually engaged in the observation of the heavens.
+
+The constellations embraced in this manual are only those visible from
+the average latitude of the New England and Middle States, and owe
+their place in the particular season in which they are found to the
+fact that in that season they are favorably situated for observation.
+
+With this brief explanatory note of the purpose and design of the
+book, the author proceeds to outline the scheme of study.
+
+
+
+
+SCHEME OF STUDY.
+
+
+The table of contents shows the scheme of study to be pursued, and to
+facilitate the work it is desirable that the student follow the
+therein circumscribed order.
+
+A knowledge on the part of the reader of Ursa Major, or "the Dipper"
+as it is commonly called, and "the Pleiades," the well-known group in
+Taurus, is presupposed by the author.
+
+With this knowledge as a basis, the student is enabled in any season
+to take up the study of the constellations. By following out the order
+dictated, he will in a few nights of observation be enabled to
+identify the various configurations making up the several
+constellations that are set apart for study in that particular season.
+
+A large plate, showing the appearance of the heavens at a designated
+time on the first night of the quarter, is inserted before each
+season's work. This should be consulted by the student before he makes
+an observation, in order that he may obtain a comprehensive idea of
+the relative position of the constellations, and also know in what
+part of the heavens to locate the constellation which he wishes to
+identify.
+
+A knowledge of one constellation enables the student to determine the
+position of the next in order. In this work, the identification of
+each constellation depends on a knowledge of what precedes, always
+bearing in mind the fact that each season starts as a new and distinct
+part to be taken by itself, and has no bearing on that which comes
+before.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+                                                                PAGE
+
+  INTRODUCTION                                                   iii
+
+  SCHEME OF STUDY                                                  v
+
+
+  The Constellations of Spring.
+
+  MAP OF THE HEAVENS 9 P.M., APRIL FIRST                           3
+
+  1.  URSA MAJOR                                                   4
+
+  2.  URSA MINOR                                                   6
+      Located by the pointer stars in Ursa Major.
+
+  3.  GEMINI                                                       8
+      Located by a line drawn through designated stars
+      in Ursa Major.
+
+  4.  AURIGA                                                      10
+      Located in the same manner as Gemini.
+
+  5.  CANCER                                                      12
+      Located by a line drawn from Auriga to Gemini
+      and prolonged.
+
+  6.  HYDRA                                                       14
+      The head of Hydra is to be seen just below Cancer.
+
+  7.  LEO                                                         16
+      Located by a line drawn from Gemini to Cancer
+      and prolonged.
+
+  8.  COMA BERENICES                                              18
+      Position indicated by drawing a line through
+      designated stars in Leo.
+
+  9.  CANIS MINOR                                                 20
+      Located by a line drawn from Auriga to Gemini
+      and prolonged.
+
+  10. CORVUS                                                      22
+      Located by a line drawn from Ursa Minor through
+      Ursa Major and prolonged.
+
+  11. CRATER                                                      24
+      Located south of Leo and just west of Corvus.
+
+  METEORIC SHOWERS, APRIL TO JULY                                 26
+
+
+  The Constellations of Summer.
+
+  MAP OF THE HEAVENS 9 P.M., JULY FIRST                           31
+
+  12. DRACO                                                       32
+      Lies between Ursa Major and Ursa Minor, coiling
+      about the latter.
+
+  13. LYRA                                                        34
+      Vega, its brightest star, is 12[deg] S.W. of the Dragon's
+      head.
+
+  14. CYGNUS                                                      36
+      Deneb, its brightest star, is about 20[deg] east of Vega.
+
+  15. AQUILA                                                      38
+      Located by a line drawn from the Dragon's head
+      through Vega and prolonged.
+
+  16. DELPHINUS                                                   40
+      Located about 10[deg] northeast of Altair in Aquila.
+
+  17. SAGITTARIUS                                                 42
+      Located by a line drawn from Cygnus to Aquila
+      and prolonged.
+
+  18. OPHIUCHUS AND SERPENS                                       44
+      Located by a line drawn from Delphinus to Aquila
+      and prolonged.
+
+  19. SCORPIUS                                                    46
+      Located just under Ophiuchus, and west of Sagittarius.
+
+  20. LIBRA                                                       48
+      Located about 15[deg] west of the head of Scorpius.
+
+  21. CORONA BOREALIS                                             50
+      Located just above the head of Serpens.
+
+  22. HERCULES                                                    52
+      Located by lines drawn from either Vega or Altair
+      to Corona.
+
+  23. BO[:O]TES                                                   54
+      Located just west of the Crown. Arcturus, its
+      brightest star, is about 30[deg] southeast of [[^e]] Ursae
+      Majoris.
+
+  24. VIRGO                                                       56
+      Spica, its brightest star, is located by a line drawn
+      from Antares in Scorpius through [a] in Libra and
+      prolonged about 20[deg].
+
+  25. CANES VENATICI                                              58
+      Cor Caroli, its brightest star, is about 17[deg] south
+      of Alioth in Ursa Major.
+
+  METEORIC SHOWERS, JULY TO OCTOBER                               60
+
+
+  The Constellations of Autumn.
+
+  MAP OF THE HEAVENS 9 P.M., OCTOBER FIRST                        65
+
+  26. CASSIOPEIA                                                  66
+      Located by a line drawn from Ursa Major through
+      the Pole star, the position of which is indicated
+      by the pointer stars [a] and [b] Ursae Majoris.
+
+  27. CEPHEUS                                                     68
+      Located by pointer stars in Cassiopeia.
+
+  28. PEGASUS                                                     70
+      The great square of Pegasus is located by a line
+      drawn from Polaris to Cassiopeia and prolonged.
+
+  29. ANDROMEDA                                                   72
+      The star Alpheratz in Andromeda is at the northeast
+      corner of the great square of Pegasus.
+
+  30. PERSEUS                                                     74
+      Lies 9[deg] east of [g] Andromedae.
+
+  31. PISCES                                                      76
+      The Circlet in Pisces is to be seen just below
+      Pegasus.
+
+  32. TRIANGULUM                                                  78
+      A line drawn from Pegasus to Perseus passes through
+      [b] in Triangulum.
+
+  33. AQUARIUS                                                    80
+      The position of the water jar of Aquarius is determined
+      by pointer stars in Pegasus.
+
+  34. CAPRICORNUS                                                 82
+      The head of the Sea Goat is located by a line drawn
+      from [a] Pegasi through [z] and [th] Pegasi and prolonged
+      about 25[deg].
+
+  35. ARIES                                                       84
+      Lies just south of Triangulum. A line drawn
+      from [g] Andromedae through [b] Trianguli points
+      out [a] Arietis.
+
+  36. CETUS                                                       86
+      The head of Cetus lies about 20[deg] southeast of
+      Aries.
+
+  37. MUSCA                                                       88
+      Located between Triangulum and Aries.
+
+  METEORIC SHOWERS, OCTOBER TO JANUARY                            90
+
+
+  The Constellations of Winter.
+
+  MAP OF THE HEAVENS 9 P.M., JANUARY FIRST                        95
+
+  38. TAURUS                                                      96
+      Contains the celebrated and unmistakable group,
+      The Pleiades, to be seen almost overhead in
+      the early evening during the Winter months.
+
+  39. ORION                                                       98
+      The tips of the horns of the Bull are pointer stars
+      to Betelgeuze, in Orion.
+
+  40. LEPUS                                                      100
+      Located just below Orion.
+
+  41. COLUMBA                                                    102
+      Located south of Lepus, close to the horizon.
+
+  42. CANIS MAJOR                                                104
+      Located by a line drawn from the stars forming
+      Orion's girdle.
+
+  43. ARGO NAVIS                                                 106
+      Located by a line drawn from Orion to Canis
+      Major and prolonged 18[deg].
+
+  44. MONOCEROS                                                  108
+      Located just east of Orion.
+
+  45. ERIDANUS                                                   110
+      Located just west of Rigel, in Orion.
+
+  METEORIC SHOWERS, JANUARY TO APRIL                             112
+
+  THE PLANETS                                                    115
+
+  THE MILKY WAY                                                  124
+
+  THE MOTIONS OF THE STARS                                       126
+
+  METEORS, OR SHOOTING STARS                                     130
+
+  NAMES OF THE STARS AND THEIR MEANINGS                          133
+
+  INDEX                                                          159
+
+
+
+
+THE DIAGRAMS.
+
+
+The diagrams, it will be observed, are grouped under the seasons, and
+they indicate the positions of the constellations as they appear at 9
+o'clock P.M. in mid-season.
+
+To facilitate finding and observing the constellations, the student
+should face in the direction indicated in the text. This applies to
+all constellations excepting those near the zenith.
+
+The four large plates are so arranged that the observer is supposed to
+be looking at the southern skies. By turning the plate about from left
+to right, the eastern, northern, and western skies are shown
+successively.
+
+On many of the diagrams the position of nebulae is indicated. These are
+designated by the initial letter of the astronomer who catalogued
+them, preceded by his catalogue number, as for instance 8 M. signifies
+nebula number 8 in Messier's catalogue.
+
+The magnitudes assigned to the stars in the diagrams are derived from
+the Harvard Photometry. When a star is midway between two magnitudes
+the numeral is underlined, thus _2_, indicates a star of magnitude
+2.5.
+
+If a star's magnitude is between 1 and 1.5 it is regarded as a
+first-magnitude star. If it lies between 1.5 and 2 it is designated
+second magnitude.
+
+
+
+
+THE CONSTELLATIONS OF SPRING.
+
+[Illustration: Map showing the principal stars visible from Lat. 40[deg]
+N. at 9 o'clock April 1st.]
+
+
+
+
+URSA MAJOR (er'sa m[=a]'-jor)--THE GREAT BEAR. (Face North.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--Ursa Major is probably the best known of the constellations,
+and in this work I presuppose that the reader is familiar with its
+position in the heavens. It is one of the most noted and conspicuous
+constellations in the northern hemisphere, and is readily and
+unmistakably distinguished from all others by means of a remarkable
+cluster of seven bright stars in the northern heavens, forming what is
+familiarly termed "The Dipper."
+
+The stars [a] and [b] are called the pointers, because they always
+point toward the Pole Star, 28-3/4[deg] distant from [a].
+
+Alioth is very nearly opposite Shedir in Cassiopeia, and at an equal
+distance from the Pole. The same can be said of Megres, in Ursa Major,
+and Caph, in Cassiopeia.
+
+The star [o] is at the tip of the Bear's nose. A clearly defined
+semicircle begins at [o] and ends in the pair [i] and [k] at the
+extremity of the Bear's right fore paw. This group of stars resembles
+a sickle. Note little Alcor close to Mizar. This star was used by the
+Arabs as a test of good eyesight.
+
+Mizar and Alcor are known as the horse and his rider.
+
+This plate shows the Bear lying on his back, his feet projected up the
+sky; three conspicuous pairs of stars represent three of his four
+feet.
+
+The Chaldean shepherds and the Iroquois Indians gave to this
+constellation the same name. The Egyptians called it "The Thigh."
+
+[a] and [[^e]] are moving through space in a contrary direction to the
+remaining five stars in "The Dipper."
+
+[Illustration: URSA MAJOR]
+
+
+
+
+URSA MINOR (er'-sa mi'-nor)--THE LITTLE BEAR. (Face North.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--The two pointer stars in Ursa Major indicate the position
+of Polaris, the North Star, which represents the tip of the tail of
+the Little Bear, and the end of the handle of the "Little Dipper." In
+all ages of the world, Ursa Minor has been more universally observed
+and more carefully noticed than any other constellation, on account of
+the importance of the North Star.
+
+Polaris is a little more than 1-1/4[deg] from the true pole. Its light
+takes fifty years to reach us.
+
+A line joining [b] Cassiopeiae, and Megres, in Ursa Major, will pass
+through Polaris.
+
+At the distance of the nearest fixed star our sun would shine as a
+star no brighter than Polaris which is presumably about the sun's
+size.
+
+Polaris revolves around the true pole once in twenty-four hours in a
+little circle 2-1/2[deg] in diameter. Within this circle two hundred stars
+have been photographed.
+
+The North Star is always elevated as many degrees above the horizon as
+the observer is north of the equator.
+
+Compare the light of the four stars forming the bowl of the "Little
+Dipper," as they are each of a different magnitude. A standard
+first-magnitude star is 2-1/2 times brighter than a standard second
+magnitude star, etc.
+
+[Illustration: URSA MINOR]
+
+
+
+
+GEMINI (jem'-i-ni)--THE TWINS. (Face West.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--A line drawn from [b] to [k] Ursae Majoris and prolonged an
+equal distance ends near Castor, in Gemini. Gemini is characterized by
+two nearly parallel rows of stars. The northern row if extended would
+reach Taurus, the southern one Orion. Note the fine cluster 35 M.
+Herschel discovered Uranus in 1781 a short distance southwest of it.
+Two wonderful streams of little stars run parallel northwest on each
+side of the cluster. Where the ecliptic crosses the solstitial colure
+is the spot where the sun appears to be when it is farthest north of
+the equator, June 21st. Castor is a fine double for a telescope, and
+Pollux has three little attendant stars. An isoceles triangle is
+formed by Castor, Aldebaran in Taurus, and Capella in Auriga. There is
+a record of an occultation in Gemini noted about the middle of the
+fourth century B.C.
+
+The Arabs saw in this group of stars two peacocks, the Egyptians two
+sprouting plants, and the Hindus twin deities, while in the Buddhist
+zodiac they represented a woman holding a golden cord. Since classic
+times, however, the figure has always been that of human twins.
+
+At the point indicated near [th] a new star was discovered by Enebo in
+March, 1912. It attained a maximum of about magnitude 3.5 and has at
+this writing waned to the eleventh magnitude.
+
+[Illustration: GEMINI]
+
+
+
+
+AURIGA ([^a]-ri'-ga)--THE CHARIOTEER. (Face Northwest.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--A line drawn from [d] to [a] Ursae Majoris, and prolonged
+about 45[deg], ends near the bright Capella, in Auriga, a star of the
+first magnitude, and one of the most brilliant in the heavens. It is
+unmistakable, having no rival in brightness near it. Auriga is a
+beautiful and conspicuous constellation. It is characterized by a
+clearly defined pentagon. Note the three fourth-magnitude stars near
+Capella known as "The Kids." The star [b] is common to Auriga and
+Taurus, being the former's right foot and the latter's northern horn.
+The field within the pentagon is particularly rich in clusters.
+Capella forms a rude square with Polaris, [e] Cassiopeiae, and [o] Ursae
+Majoris, and forms an equilateral triangle with Betelgeuze in Orion,
+and the Pleiades in Taurus.
+
+A line from [th] to [a] Aurigae prolonged about 20[deg] ends near [a]
+Persei.
+
+Capella is visible at some hour of every clear night throughout the
+year. Of the first-magnitude stars it is nearest to the Pole, and it
+rises almost exactly in the northeast.
+
+To the Arabs Capella was "The Driver," because it seemed to rise
+earlier than the other stars and so apparently watched over them, or
+still more practically as "The Singer" who rode before the procession
+cheering on the camels, which last were represented by the Pleiades.
+
+[Illustration: AURIGA]
+
+
+
+
+CANCER (kan'-ser)--THE CRAB. (Face West.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--Cancer lies between Gemini and Leo. A line drawn from Nath
+in Auriga to Pollux in Gemini, and prolonged about 15[deg], ends in
+Praesepe, the Manger, the great star cluster in Cancer, which is also
+called "The Bee Hive." It contains 300 stars. The stars [g] and [d]
+are called the Aselli--the ass's colts feeding from the silver manger.
+
+The star [b] lies about 10[deg] northeast of Procyon. Acubens, [a] lies on
+the same line the same distance beyond [b]. These two stars form the
+tips of the inverted "Y" which distinguishes Cancer.
+
+An imaginary line from Capella through Pollux will point out Acubens.
+Close to it are two faint stars. The Bee Hive lies within an irregular
+square formed by [g], [d], [[^e]], and [th], and looks like a nebula to
+the naked eye.
+
+In June, 1895, all the planets except Neptune were in this quarter of
+the heavens, and Halley's comet was in this constellation on its first
+appearance in 1531.
+
+The dimness of [g] and [d] is an infallible precursor of rain, and if
+the Bee Hive is not visible in a clear sky, it is a presage of a
+violent storm.
+
+[Illustration: CANCER]
+
+
+
+
+HYDRA (hi'-dra)--THE SEA-SERPENT. (Face South and Southwest.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--The head of Hydra, a striking and beautiful arrangement of
+stars, lies just below the Bee Hive, in Cancer, 6[deg] south of Acubens in
+that constellation, and forms a rhomboidal figure of five stars.
+
+Hydra is about 100[deg] in length and reaches almost from Canis Minor to
+Libra. Its stars are all faint except Alphard, or the Hydra's heart, a
+second-magnitude star remarkable for its lonely situation, southwest
+of Regulus, in Leo. A line drawn from [g] Leonis through Regulus
+points it out. It is of a rich orange tint. Castor and Pollux, in
+Gemini, point southeast to it.
+
+The constellations Crater, the Cup, and Corvus, the Crow, both stand
+on the coils of Hydra, south of Denebola, the bright star in the tail
+of the Lion.
+
+Hydra is supposed to be the snake shown on a uranographic stone from
+the Euphrates, 1200 B.C.
+
+The little asterism Sextans, the Sextant, lies in the region between
+Regulus and Alphard. It contains no stars brighter than the fourth
+magnitude.
+
+[Illustration: HYDRA]
+
+
+
+
+LEO (le'o)--THE LION. (Face South.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--A line drawn from Pollux, in Gemini, to [g] in Cancer, and
+prolonged about 12[deg], strikes Regulus, the brilliant star in the heart
+of the Lion. Regulus lies about 9[deg] east of Acubens, in Cancer, and
+about 12[deg] northeast of Alphard, in the heart of Hydra.
+
+Leo is one of the most beautiful constellations in the zodiac. It lies
+south of the Great Bear, and its principal stars are arranged in the
+form of a sickle which nearly outlines the Lion's head. This group is
+so striking as to be unmistakable. Regulus is in the handle of the
+sickle. It is one of the stars from which longitude is reckoned, lies
+almost exactly on the ecliptic, and is visible for eight months in the
+year.
+
+Denebola, the bright star in the Lion's tail, lies 25[deg] east of
+Regulus, and about 35[deg] west of Arcturus, in Bo[:o]tes. It is the same
+distance northwest of Spica, in Virgo, and forms with Spica and
+Arcturus a large equilateral triangle.
+
+[z] is double, and has three faint companion stars.
+
+[e] has two seventh-magnitude companion stars, forming a beautiful
+little triangle.
+
+Regulus is white in color, [g] yellow, [p] red.
+
+[g] is a beautiful colored telescopic double star and has a companion
+visible in an opera-glass.
+
+The figure of Leo very much as we now have it appears in all the
+Indian and Egyptian zodiacs.
+
+[Illustration: LEO
+
+THE SICKLE]
+
+
+
+
+COMA BERENICES (k[=o]'-ma ber-e-ni'-sez)--BERENICE'S HAIR.
+
+
+LOCATION.--A line drawn from Regulus to Zosma, in Leo, and prolonged
+an equal distance, strikes this fine cluster, which is 18[deg] northeast
+of Zosma, [d] Leonis.
+
+The group lies well within a triangle formed by Denebola, Arcturus, in
+Bo[:o]tes, and Cor Caroli, in Canes Venatici, which triangle is the upper
+half of the Diamond of Virgo.
+
+Twenty or thirty stars in this group can be counted with an
+opera-glass, and the group can be easily distinguished with the naked
+eye, when the moon is not visible.
+
+The first half of the month of April can be called the most brilliant
+sidereal period of the year. At this time eleven first-magnitude stars
+are visible in this latitude at 9 P.M. From east to west they are:
+Vega, Arcturus, Spica, Regulus, Pollux, Procyon, Sirius, Capella,
+Aldebaran, Betelgeuze, and Rigel, truly a glorious company, an
+incomparable sight.
+
+[Illustration: COMA BERENICES]
+
+
+
+
+CANIS MINOR (k[=a]'-nis mi'-nor)--THE LESSER DOG. (Face West.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--Procyon, the Little Dog Star, lies about 23[deg] south of
+Pollux, in Gemini. A line drawn from Nath, in Auriga, to Alhena, in
+Gemini, and prolonged about 18[deg], reaches Procyon.
+
+Procyon is equidistant from Betelgeuze in Orion, and Sirius in Canis
+Major, and forms with them an equilateral triangle. It forms a large
+right-angled triangle with Pollux and Betelgeuze.
+
+The light from Procyon is golden yellow. Four degrees northwest of it
+is the third-magnitude star Gomeisa. The glass shows two small stars
+forming a right-angled triangle with it.
+
+Procyon was distinctly mentioned by Ptolemy. It rises in this latitude
+a little north of east about half an hour before Sirius, the Dog Star,
+hence it was called Procyon from two Greek words which signify "before
+the dog."
+
+Procyon is one of our nearest neighbors in space, at a distance of ten
+light years, and is attended by a very faint companion which is only
+visible in the largest telescopes.
+
+[Illustration: CANIS MINOR]
+
+
+
+
+CORVUS (k[^o]r'-vus)--THE CROW. (Face South.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--A line drawn from the Bee Hive, in Cancer, through Regulus,
+in Leo, and prolonged about 40[deg], ends near the conspicuous
+quadrilateral which distinguishes Corvus. The brightest star in this
+region of the sky is Spica, in Virgo. It lies about 10[deg] northeast of
+Algorab.
+
+[z] is a double star for an opera-glass. A faint pair of stars lie
+close below and to the west of [b]. The Crow is represented as
+standing on, and pecking at, the coils of Hydra. The star Al Chiba is
+in the Crow's bill.
+
+Corvus was known as the Raven in Chaucer's time.
+
+[d] is an interesting telescopic double.
+
+A line drawn from [g] to [b] Corvi and prolonged twice its length
+locates the third-magnitude star [i] Centauri in the right shoulder of
+the Centaur. The brightest stars in this constellation are not visible
+in this latitude.
+
+[Illustration: CORVUS]
+
+
+
+
+CRATER (kr[=a]'-ter)--THE CUP. (Face South.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--Crater is situated 15[deg] west of Corvus, and due south of
+[th] Leonis. It is easily distinguished by reason of a beautiful and
+very striking semicircle of six stars of the fourth magnitude, forming
+the bowl of the cup.
+
+The constellation resembles a goblet with its base resting on the
+coils of Hydra.
+
+The star Alkes is common to Hydra and Crater, and may be seen 24[deg]
+southeast of Alphard in the heart of Hydra. It is distinguished by its
+forming an equilateral triangle with [a] and [g], stars of the same
+magnitude 6[deg] south and east of it.
+
+Corvus and Crater are to be seen half-way up the southern sky during
+the early evenings in spring.
+
+[d] is now the lucida.
+
+Crater is situated at about the centre of Hydra and is on the
+meridian, April 26th. Owing to its many faint stars it is best seen on
+a clear moonless night.
+
+The zodiacal light is well worth observing at this season of the year.
+It is to be seen in the western sky shortly after sundown, and is most
+intense during the evenings of March.
+
+[Illustration: CRATER]
+
+
+
+
+METEORIC SHOWERS.
+
+APRIL TO JULY.
+
+
+  +--------------------+---------+--------------------+---------------+-------------+--------+
+  |                    |         |                    |               | Other Dates |        |
+  | Name of Shower     | Date    |   Radiant Point    |Characteristics|      of     |Location|
+  |                    |         |                    |               | Observation |        |
+  +--------------------+---------+--------------------+---------------+-------------+--------+
+  |     Beta or Mu     |Apr. 9-16| The Dragon's head  |               |             |  N.E.  |
+  |     Draconids      | Apr. 18 |                    |     Sw. F.    |  Apr. 17-25 |        |
+  |  Beta Serpentids   |         | The Serpent's head |               |             |  S.E.  |
+  +--------------------+---------+--------------------+---------------+-------------+--------+
+  |      Lyrids,       |         | About 10[deg] from |               |             |        |
+  |    rich shower     | Apr. 20 |    Vega toward     |    V. Sw.     |             |  N.E.  |
+  |                    |         |      Hercules      |               |             |        |
+  +--------------------+---------+--------------------+---------------+-------------+--------+
+  |   Eta Aquarids,    |  May 6  |   Near the Water   |    Sw. Sk.    | After 2 A.M.|   E.   |
+  | fine annual shower |         |        Jar         |               |             |        |
+  +--------------------+---------+--------------------+---------------+-------------+--------+
+  |   Alpha Coronids,  | May 11  |     Near Gemma     |    Sl. F.     |  May 7-18   |   N.   |
+  |well defined in 1885|         | ([a]) Coronae B.   |               |             |        |
+  +--------------------+---------+--------------------+---------------+-------------+--------+
+  |   Iota Pegasids,   |         |   Between Cygnus   |    Sw. Sk.    |   May 29-   |        |
+  |well defined shower | May 30  |   and the Great    |               |June 4 after |  N.E.  |
+  |                    |         |       Square       |               |   10 P.M.   |        |
+  +--------------------+---------+--------------------+---------------+-------------+--------+
+  |  Beta Herculids    | June 7  |  Near the Crown    |    Sl. B.     | A fire ball |  S.E.  |
+  |                    |         |About 8[deg]S. of   |               |   radiant   |        |
+  |  Beta Ophiuchids   | June 10 |    Ras Alhague     |      Sl.      | June 10, 13 |  S.E.  |
+  +--------------------+---------+--------------------+---------------+-------------+--------+
+  |   Delta Cepheids   | June 20 | About 13[deg] from |               | June 10-28, |        |
+  |                    |         | ([b]) Cassiopeiae  |      Sw.      |July 19, Aug.|   N.   |
+  |                    |         |                    |               |  25, etc.   |        |
+  +--------------------+---------+--------------------+---------------+-------------+--------+
+
+The Abbreviations under _Characteristics_ are as follows:
+
+ V.--very.
+ M.--moderately.
+ Sw.--swift.
+ Sl.--slow.
+ Sh.--short.
+ B.--bright.
+ F.--faint.
+ Sk.--streak-leaving meteors.
+ T.--train-leaving meteors.
+
+
+
+
+THE CONSTELLATIONS OF SUMMER.
+
+[Illustration: Maps showing the principal stars visible from Lat. 40[deg]
+N. at 9 o'clock, July first.]
+
+
+
+
+DRACO (dr[=a]'-ko)--THE DRAGON. (Face North.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--About 10[deg] from [a] Ursae Majoris--from [a] to [d] is
+10[deg]--slightly south of, that is above, the line from [a] to Polaris,
+is Giansar, [l] in the tip of the Dragon's tail. Above [l], and almost
+in line with it, are two more stars in Draco, which form with two
+stars in Ursa Major a quadrilateral. (See diagram.) Draco now curves
+sharply eastward, coiling about the Little Bear as shown, then turns
+abruptly southerly, ending in a characteristic and clearly defined
+group of four stars, forming an irregular square, representing the
+Dragon's head. This group is almost overhead in the early evening in
+summer. The star in the heel of Hercules lies just south of the
+Dragon's head. The brilliant Vega will be seen about overhead, 12[deg]
+southwest of the Dragon's head. Eltanin, one of the Dragon's eyes, is
+noted for its connection with the discovery of the law of aberration
+of light. It is of an orange hue, while the star [b], near it, is
+white. Note Thuban, once the Pole Star, at one corner of a
+quadrilateral that Draco forms with Ursa Major.
+
+Thuban could be seen by day or night from the bottom of the central
+passage of several of the Pyramids in Egypt.
+
+The rising of Eltanin was visible about thirty-five hundred years B.C.
+through the central passages of the temples of Hathor at Denderah. The
+Egyptians called Draco "The Hippopotamus."
+
+Vega and the four stars in the Dragon's head offer an opportunity to
+compare the first five stellar magnitudes with which all should be
+familiar.
+
+[Illustration: DRACO]
+
+
+
+
+LYRA (l[=i]'-ra)--THE LYRE.
+
+
+LOCATION.--Lyra may be easily distinguished because of the brilliant
+Vega, its brightest star, which is situated about 12[deg] southwest of the
+Dragon's head. It is unmistakable, as it is the brightest star in this
+region of the heavens, and the third brightest in this latitude. In
+July and August Vega is close to the zenith in the early evening.
+
+The six bright stars in Lyra form an equilateral triangle on one
+corner of a rhomboid. A very characteristic figure.
+
+[e] is a pretty double for an opera-glass, and a 3" glass reveals the
+duplicity of each star of this pair. [e] is therefore a double double.
+
+[z] is a double for a good glass.
+
+[b] is a variable, changing from magnitude 3.4 to 4.4 in twelve days.
+At its brightest it is about equal to its near neighbor [g] Lyrae.
+
+The noted ring nebula lies between [b] and [g]. A 3" glass reveals it
+but a powerful telescope is required to render its details visible.
+
+If the distance from the earth to the sun equalled one inch, the
+distance from the earth to Vega would be 158 miles.
+
+Vega was the first star to be photographed, in 1850. It is visible at
+some hour every clear night, and has been called the arc-light of the
+sky. Its light has the bluish-white hue that suggests "a diamond in
+the sky."
+
+The spectroscope reveals that Vega is a star probably only in its
+infancy, as hydrogen is its predominating element.
+
+[Illustration: LYRA]
+
+
+
+
+CYGNUS (sig'-nus)--THE SWAN, OR THE NORTHERN CROSS.
+
+
+LOCATION.--Deneb, the brightest star in Cygnus, is at the top of the
+cross, and a little over 20[deg] east of Vega. It forms a triangle with
+Vega and Altair in Aquila--Altair being at the apex, about 35[deg] from
+Deneb and Vega.
+
+[b] Cygni is at the base of the cross, and a line drawn from Vega to
+Altair nearly touches it. It is a beautiful colored double for a small
+telescope.
+
+Note "61," one of the nearest stars to us. It was the first star whose
+distance was measured (by Bessel in 1838). It is a double star and
+10.4 light years distant.
+
+The cross is nearly perfect and easily traced out. It lies almost
+wholly in the Milky Way.
+
+Note "The Coal Sack," one of the dark gap in the Milky Way.
+
+Cygnus contains an unusual number of deeply colored stars and variable
+stars.
+
+[o] Cygni has a sixth-magnitude companion, and [g] is in the midst of
+a beautiful stream of faint stars.
+
+This region is perhaps richer than any similar extent in the heavens.
+An opera-glass will reveal many of its beauties.
+
+Herschel counted 331,000 stars in an area of only 5[deg] in Cygnus.
+
+[Illustration: CYGNUS]
+
+
+
+
+AQUILA (ak'-wi-l[:a])--THE EAGLE, AND ANTINO[:U]S. (Face Southeast.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--Half-way up the sky in the Milky Way, you will see three
+stars in a line, the middle one much brighter than the other two. This
+bright star is Altair, in Aquila. It forms with Vega and Deneb an
+isosceles triangle. Altair is at the apex, about 35[deg] from the other
+two. A triangle is formed by Vega, Altair, and Ras Alhague, in the
+Serpent Bearer, which is about 30[deg] west of Altair.
+
+This is a double constellation composed of Aquila and Antino[:u]s. Altair
+is in the neck of the Eagle, Alschain in the head of Antino[:u]s.
+
+When the moon is absent, a rude arrowhead can be traced out, embracing
+almost all the stars in Aquila.
+
+[[^e]] is an interesting variable star, changing from magnitude 3.5 to
+4.7 and back again within a period of 7 days 4 hours 12 minutes.
+
+Altair rises about 8[deg] north of the exact eastern point on the horizon.
+
+In A.D. 389 a wonderful temporary star flashed out near Altair that
+equalled Venus in brightness and vanished within three weeks' time.
+
+[Illustration: AQUILA
+
+ANTINO[:U]S]
+
+
+
+
+DELPHINUS (del-fi'-nus)--THE DOLPHIN, OR JOB'S COFFIN. (Face
+Southeast.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--The little cluster of five stars forming Delphinus is to be
+seen about 10[deg] northeast of Altair, and, though there are no bright
+stars in the group, it can hardly escape notice. A line drawn from
+Vega to Albireo, and prolonged about 20[deg], strikes the star [e] in the
+tail of the Dolphin. The four other stars of prominence in the
+constellation are a little above [e], and form a diamond-shaped
+figure.
+
+The little asterisms Sagitta, the Arrow, and Vulpecula and Anser, the
+Fox and Goose, are shown just above Delphinus.
+
+Delphinus is also called Job's Coffin. The origin of this appellation
+is unknown.
+
+In Greece, Delphinus was the Sacred Fish, the sky emblem of
+philanthropy. The Arabs called it the "Riding Camel."
+
+The star [g] Delphini is a fine double for a small telescope with a
+marked and beautiful contrast of colors.
+
+The names for [a] and [b] reversed spell "Nicolaus Venator," the
+Latinized name of the assistant to the astronomer Piazzi.
+
+[Illustration: DELPHINUS]
+
+
+
+
+SAGITTARIUS (saj-i-t[=a]-ri-us)--THE ARCHER. (Face South.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--A line drawn from Deneb, in Cygnus, to Altair, in Aquila,
+and prolonged an equal distance, terminates in Sagittarius about 10[deg]
+east of its distinguishing characteristic, the Milk Dipper.
+Sagittarius is one of the signs of the zodiac, and lies between
+Capricornus, on the east, and Scorpius, on the west.
+
+The bow is easily traced out. [g] marks the arrow's tip.
+
+Note the star [m], which serves to point out the Winter Solstice,
+where the solstitial colure intersects the ecliptic.
+
+On a clear night, the pretty cluster known as Corona Australis, the
+Southern Crown, can be seen about 10[deg] below the bowl of the Milk
+Dipper. Its lucida, the fourth-magnitude star Alfecca Meridiana
+culminates at 9 P.M., August 13th.
+
+Sagittarius is about due south, in a splendid position for
+observation, during the month of July, between the hours of
+nine-thirty and eleven o'clock P.M.
+
+Observe with an opera-glass the fine clusters 20 M. and 8 M., also an
+almost circular black void near the stars [g] and [d], and to the east
+of this spot another of narrow crescent form.
+
+The stars [ph] and [z] in the Milk Dipper are moving in opposite
+directions. Future generations therefore will not have this
+time-honored figure to guide them in locating the Archer in their
+summer night skies.
+
+[Illustration: SAGITTARIUS]
+
+
+
+
+OPHIUCHUS (of-i-[=u]-kus)--THE SERPENT BEARER, AND SERPENS. (Face
+Southwest.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--A line drawn from [e] Delphini to [g] Aquilae, prolonged
+about 30[deg], strikes the star Ras Alhague, the brightest star in the
+constellation and the head of Ophiuchus. It is at one angle of an
+isosceles triangle, of which Altair is at the apex, and Vega the third
+angle.
+
+Two constellations are here combined. Ophiuchus is represented as an
+old man, holding in his hands a writhing serpent.
+
+Ras Algethi, marking the head of Hercules, lies just west of Ras
+Alhague.
+
+Equally distant southeast and southwest of Ras Alhague are to be seen
+two stars close together, representing the shoulders of Ophiuchus. His
+foot rests on the Scorpion just above Antares.
+
+The head of Serpens is the star group in the form of an "X" just below
+the Crown.
+
+1604 indicates the spot where in that year a famous temporary star
+appeared, called Kepler's star.
+
+Note the asterism the "Bull of Poniatowski" just east of [g]. The star
+marked 70 is one of the most distant stars for which a parallax has
+been obtained. Its distance from the earth = 1,300,000 radii of the
+earth's orbit, or 120 quadrillion miles.
+
+There is something remarkable in the central position of this gigantic
+figure. It is situated almost exactly in the mid-heavens, being nearly
+equidistant from the poles, and midway between the vernal and autumnal
+equinoxes.
+
+[Illustration: OPHIUCHUS
+
+SERPENS]
+
+
+
+
+SCORPIUS (sk[^o]r'-pi-us)--THE SCORPION. (Face South.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--Scorpius, one of the signs of the zodiac, is a beautiful
+star group, and one that is easily traced out. It lies just under the
+Serpent Bearer, between Sagittarius and Libra.
+
+The resemblance to a Scorpion is not difficult to see, hence this
+constellation is perhaps the most aptly named of any.
+
+The ruddy star Antares, the brightest star in the constellation, is in
+the heart of the Scorpion. It lies about 40[deg] southwest of Ras Alhague,
+in Ophiuchus, and a little over 20[deg] west of the bow of Sagittarius.
+The fact that it is the most brilliant star in this region of the sky
+renders its identity unmistakable. It is one of the reddest stars in
+the firmament.
+
+There are several star clusters and double stars to be seen in this
+constellation. Their position is indicated in the diagram.
+
+The curved tail of the Scorpion is very conspicuous. [l] and [y] are a
+striking pair and the fine clusters above them can be seen with the
+naked eye.
+
+A record of a lunar occultation of [b] Scorpii in 295 B.C. is extant.
+
+Note a pair just below [b]. They are known as [[^o]]^1 and [[^o]]^2.
+
+In this region of the sky have appeared many of the brilliant
+temporary stars, the first one in astronomical annals being discovered
+in 134 B.C.
+
+Scorpius is mentioned by all the early writers on astronomy and is
+supposed to be so named because in Egypt it was a sickly time of the
+year when the sun entered this sign.
+
+[Illustration: SCORPIUS]
+
+
+
+
+LIBRA (l[=i]'-bra)--THE SCALES. (Face Southwest.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--Libra is one of the signs of the zodiac, and lies between
+Virgo and Scorpius. Its two chief stars, [a] and [b], may be
+recognized west of and above the head of the Scorpion.
+
+The star [i] Librae is about 20[deg] northwest of Antares in the Scorpion.
+Spica in Virgo, a star of the first magnitude, is a little over 20[deg]
+northwest of [a] Librae.
+
+A quadrilateral is formed by the stars [a], [b], [g], [e], which
+characterizes the constellation.
+
+The star [a] Librae looks elongated. An opera-glass shows that it has a
+fifth-magnitude companion.
+
+[b] is a pale green star. Its color is very unusual.
+
+Lyra, Corona, and Hercules are almost directly overhead in the early
+evening, during July and August, and can best be observed in a
+reclining position. Thus placed, with an opera-glass to assist the
+vision, you may study to the best advantage the wonderful sight spread
+out before you, and search depths only measured by the power of your
+glass.
+
+When the sun enters the sign Libra the days and nights are equal all
+over the world and seem to observe a certain equilibrium like a
+balance, hence the name of the constellation.
+
+[Illustration: LIBRA]
+
+
+
+
+CORONA BOREALIS (k[=o]-r[=o]'n[:a] b[=o]-r[=e]-a'-lis)--THE NORTHERN
+CROWN.
+
+
+LOCATION.--A line drawn from [a] Cygni, to [a] Lyrae, and projected a
+little over 40[deg], terminates in the Crown, which lies between Hercules
+and Bo[:o]tes, and just above the diamond-shaped group of stars in the
+head of the Serpent.
+
+The characteristic semicircle resembling a crown is easily traced out.
+The principal stars are of the fourth magnitude excepting Gemma, which
+is a second-magnitude star and known as the "Pearl of the Crown."
+
+Gemma, sometimes called Alphacca, forms with the stars Seginus and
+Arcturus, in Bo[:o]tes, an isosceles triangle, the vertex of which is at
+Arcturus.
+
+Close to [e] a famous temporary appeared suddenly May 12, 1866, as a
+second-magnitude star. It was known as the "Blaze Star" and was
+visible to the naked eye only eight days, fading at that time to a
+tenth-magnitude star, and then rising to an eighth-magnitude, where it
+still remains.
+
+The native Australians called this constellation "The Boomerang." To
+the Hebrews it was "Ataroth" and by this name it is known in the East
+to-day. No two of the seven stars composing the Crown are moving in
+the same direction or at the same rate.
+
+[a] Coronae is seventy-eight light years distant and sixty times
+brighter than the sun.
+
+[Illustration: CORONA BOREALIS]
+
+
+
+
+HERCULES (her'-k[=u]-l[=e]z)--THE KNEELER.
+
+
+LOCATION.--A line drawn from either Vega, in Lyra, or Altair, in
+Aquila, to Gemma, in Corona Borealis, passes through this
+constellation. The left foot of Hercules rests on the head of Draco,
+on the north, and his head nearly touches the head of Ophiuchus on the
+south.
+
+The star in the head of Hercules, Ras Algethi, is about 25[deg] southeast
+of Corona Borealis.
+
+[a] Ophiuchi and [a] Herculis are only about 5[deg] apart.
+
+The cluster 13 M., the Halley Nebula, can be easily seen in an
+opera-glass. In a recent photograph of this cluster 50,000 stars are
+shown in an area of sky which would be entirely covered by the full
+moon.
+
+Hercules occupies the part of the heavens toward which the sun is
+bearing the earth and planets at the rate of twelve miles a second or
+373 million miles a year.
+
+On a clear night the asterism Cerberus, the three-headed dog, which
+Hercules holds in his hand, can be seen.
+
+This constellation is said to have been an object of worship in
+Phoenicia. There is a good deal of mystery about its origin. The
+ancient Greeks called it "The Phantom" and "The Man upon his Knees."
+
+The stars [e], [z], [[^e]], and [p] form a keystone shaped figure that
+serves to identify the constellation.
+
+[Illustration: HERCULES]
+
+
+
+
+BO[:O]TES (b[=o]-[=o]'t[=e]z)--THE HERDSMAN, OR BEAR DRIVER. (Face West.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--Bo[:o]tes lies just west of the Crown, and east of Cor Caroli.
+It may be easily distinguished by the position and splendor of its
+principal star, Arcturus, which shines with a golden yellow lustre. It
+is about 35[deg] east of Denebola, in Leo, and nearly as far north of
+Spica, in Virgo, and forms with these two a large equilateral
+triangle. A line drawn from [z] to [[^e]] Ursae Majoris and prolonged
+about 30[deg] locates it, as does one from [d] Herculis to [g] Coronae
+prolonged its length.
+
+The brightest stars in Bo[:o]tes outline a characteristic kite-shaped
+figure. Arcturus is mentioned in the Book of Job and is often referred
+to as "The Star of Job."
+
+Three stars of the fourth magnitude are situated in the right hand.
+They are about 5[deg] north of [[^e]] Ursae Majoris.
+
+Contrast the color of Arcturus with Spica, Antares, and Vega.
+
+The trapezium [b], [g], [d], and [m], was called "The Female Wolves,"
+by the Arabians; [th], [i], [k] and [l], "The Whelps of the Hyenas."
+They knew the constellation as "The Vociferator."
+
+Arcturus is the fourth brightest star in the northern hemisphere. It
+is 1000 times the size of our sun and rushes through space toward
+Virgo at the astounding rate of ninety miles a second. It is forty
+light years distant.
+
+The ancient Greeks called this constellation "Lycaon," a name which
+signifies a Wolf. The Hebrew name for it was "The Barking Dog."
+
+[Illustration: BO[:O]TES]
+
+
+
+
+VIRGO (ver'-g[=o])--THE VIRGIN. (Face West.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--An imaginary line drawn from Antares in Scorpius through
+[a] Librae and prolonged a little over 20[deg] strikes Spica, the brightest
+star in Virgo, which star is about 30[deg] southwest of Arcturus.
+
+Arcturus, Cor Caroli, Denebola, and Spica form a figure about 50[deg] in
+length, called the Diamond of Virgo.
+
+The equator, ecliptic, and equinoctial colure intersect each other at
+a point close to the star [[^e]]. This is called the autumnal equinox.
+
+The star [e] is known as the "Grape Gatherer." It is observed to rise
+just before the sun at vintage time.
+
+Within the rude square formed by Denebola, and [e], [g], and [b],
+Virginis, the telescope reveals many wonderful nebulae; hence this
+region of the sky has been called "The Field of the Nebula."
+
+Spica is an extremely beautiful pure white star. It rises a very
+little south of the exact eastern point on the horizon.
+
+[g] is a fine double star for a small telescope.
+
+Virgo is mentioned by the astronomers of all ages. By the Egyptians it
+was intended to represent the goddess Isis, and the Greeks knew it as
+Ceres. Spica represents the ear of corn held in the Virgin's left
+hand.
+
+[Illustration: VIRGO]
+
+
+
+
+CANES VENATICI (k[=a]'-n[=e]z ve-nat'-i-c[=i])--THE HUNTING DOGS.
+(Face Northwest.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--Cor Caroli, the bright star in this constellation, when on
+the meridian is about 17[deg] south of [e] Ursae Majoris. A line drawn from
+[[^e]] Ursae Majoris, through Berenice's Hair, to Denebola, in Leo, passes
+through it.
+
+The dogs, Asterion and Chara, are represented as being held in leash
+by Bo[:o]tes, the herdsman, in his pursuit of the Great Bear.
+
+Cor Caroli is in the southern hound, Chara, and represents the heart
+of Charles II of England. It is a beautiful double star in a small
+telescope.
+
+The so-called "Diamond of Virgo," is clearly shown on this plate. It
+is formed by connecting with lines the stars Cor Caroli, Denebola,
+Spica, and Arcturus.
+
+The fifth-magnitude star La Superba, about 7[deg] north and 2-1/2[deg]
+west of Cor Caroli, is especially noteworthy because of the flashing
+brilliancy of its prismatic rays.
+
+[Illustration: CANES VENATICI]
+
+
+
+
+METEORIC SHOWERS.
+
+JULY TO OCTOBER.
+
+
+  +---------------+--------+----------------+---------------+----------------+--------+
+  |               |        |                |               |   Other Dates  |        |
+  |Name of Shower |  Date  | Radiant Point  |Characteristics|       of       |Location|
+  |               |        |                |               | of Observation |        |
+  +---------------+--------+----------------+---------------+----------------+--------+
+  |               |        |   Between      |               | June 13-July 7 |        |
+  |Vulpeculids or | July 4 |  Cygnus and    |     Sw.       |    Apr. 20,    |  E.    |
+  | Eta Sagittids |        |   Delphinus    |               |     May 30     |        |
+  +---------------+--------+----------------+---------------+----------------+--------+
+  |               |        |  Near Deneb    |               |  July 11-19,   |        |
+  |   Cygnids     |July 19 |  ([a]) Cygni   |  Sh. Sw. F.   |  Aug. 22, July |  E.    |
+  |               |        |                |               |  6-Aug. 16     |        |
+  +---------------+--------+----------------+---------------+----------------+--------+
+  |               |        | Between ([a])  |  Sw. B. Sk.   | July 23-Aug. 4 |        |
+  |  ([a])-([b])  |July 25 |      and       |    after      |    Sept. 15,   |  N.E.  |
+  |   Perseids    |        | ([b]) Persei   |    10 P.M.    |     Nov. 13    |        |
+  +---------------+--------+----------------+---------------+----------------+--------+
+  |  Aquarids, a  |        |    Near the    |               |                |        |
+  |  conspicuous  |July 28 |  water jar of  |   Sl. B.      |                |  E.    |
+  |   shower      |        |    Aquarius    |               |                |        |
+  +---------------+--------+----------------+---------------+----------------+--------+
+  |Perseids, fine |Aug. 10 |  Near ([a])    |  v. Sw. Sk.   |                |  N.E.  |
+  |   shower      |        |    Persei      |               |                |        |
+  +---------------+--------+----------------+---------------+----------------+--------+
+  |Kappa Cygnids  |Aug. 17 |    Near the    | Sw. B.T. Sh.  |Jan. 17, Aug. 4,|  S.E.  |
+  |               |        |  Dragon's head |               |Aug. 21-25      |        |
+  +---------------+--------+----------------+---------------+----------------+--------+
+  |               |        | Near Capella   | After 9.30    |   Sept. 22,    |        |
+  |Alpha Aurigids |Aug. 21 | ([a]) Aurigae  |     P.M.      |    Oct. 2      |  N.E.  |
+  |               |        |                | v. Sw. Sk.    |                |        |
+  +---------------+--------+----------------+---------------+----------------+--------+
+  |   Omicron     |        |    Near the    |               |                |        |
+  |Draconids. Rich|Aug. 22 | Dragon's head  |    Sl. T.     |  Aug. 21-25    |   N    |
+  |shower in 1879 |        |                |               |                |        |
+  +---------------+--------+----------------+---------------+----------------+--------+
+  |               |        |Between Capella |  After 10     |  Aug. 21, 25,  |        |
+  |  Epsilon      |Sept. 7 |    and the     |    P.M.       | Sept. 6-8, 21, |  N.E.  |
+  | Perseids      |        |    Pleiades    | v. Sw. Sk.    |    Nov. 29.    |        |
+  +---------------+--------+----------------+---------------+----------------+--------+
+  |Alpha Arietids |Sept. 21|   Near Hamal   |   Sl. T.      | Aug. 12, Oct. 7|   E.   |
+  |               |        | ([a]) Arietis  |               |                |        |
+  +---------------+--------+----------------+---------------+----------------+--------+
+  |Gamma Pegasids |Sept. 22| Near and S.E.  |    Sl.        | July 31, Aug.  |   E.   |
+  |               |        |  of Great Sq.  |               |   25, etc.     |        |
+  +---------------+--------+----------------+---------------+----------------+--------+
+
+The Perseids are of a yellowish color, and move with medium velocity.
+Their line of flight is from northeast to southwest. They are probably
+visible for more than a month, from the latter half of July to the
+last week in August.
+
+The August meteors are known as the "Tears of St. Lawrence."
+
+The Abbreviations under _Characteristics_ are as follows:
+
+ v.--very
+ Sl.--Slow
+ Sk.--Streak-leaving meteors.
+ M.--Moderately
+ B.--Bright
+ T.--Train-leaving meteors.
+ Sw.--Swift
+ F.--Faint
+ Sh.--Short meteors.
+
+
+
+
+THE CONSTELLATIONS OF AUTUMN.
+
+[Illustration: Map showing the principal stars visible from Lat. 40[deg]
+N. at 9 o'clock, October first.]
+
+
+
+
+CASSIOPEIA (kas-i-[=o]-p[=e]'-ya)--THE LADY IN THE CHAIR. (Face
+North.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--A line drawn from [d] Ursae Majoris, through Polaris,
+strikes [a] Cassiopeiae. It is situated the same distance from Polaris
+as Ursa Major, and about midway between Polaris and the zenith in the
+Milky Way. Cassiopeia is characterized by a zigzag row of stars which
+form a rude "W," but in mid-autumn, to an observer facing north, the
+"W" appears more like an "M," and is almost overhead. Note the spot
+marked 1572. This is where a very famous temporary star appeared in
+that year. It was bright enough at one time to be seen in full
+sunshine. The star [[^e]] is sixteen light years distant.
+
+Caph is equidistant from the Pole, and exactly opposite the star
+Megres in Ursa Major; with [a] Andromedae and [g] Pegasi it marks the
+equinoctial colure. These stars are known as "The Three Guides."
+
+The chair can be readily traced out; [b], [a], and [g] mark three of
+the four corners of the back, and [d] and [e], one of the front legs.
+The word "Bagdei," made up of the letters for the principal stars,
+assists the memory.
+
+The stars [g] and [b] are pointer stars to a fifth-magnitude star the
+lucida of the asterism Lacerta, the lizard about 15[deg] from [b].
+
+Cassiopeia makes an excellent illuminated clock. When [b] is above
+Polaris it is noon, when it is in the west at right angles to its
+first position it is 6 P.M. At midnight it is on the northern horizon,
+and at 6 P.M. it is due east.
+
+This is sidereal time which agrees with mean time on March 22d, and
+gains on the latter at the rate of two hours a month.
+
+[Illustration: CASSIOPEIA]
+
+
+
+
+CEPHEUS (s[=e]'-f[=u]s) (Face North.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--A line drawn from [a] to [b] Cassiopeiae and prolonged about
+18[deg] strikes [a] Cephei. The nearest bright star west of Polaris is [g]
+Cephei. Cepheus is an inconspicuous constellation, lying partly in the
+Milky Way. A view of this constellation through an opera-glass will
+repay the observer. Cepheus is characterized by a rude square, one
+side of which is the base of an isosceles triangle. Look for the
+so-called garnet star [m], probably the reddest star visible to the
+naked eye in the United States. The star [z] has a blue companion
+star.
+
+[a] forms an equilateral triangle with Polaris and [e] Cassiopeiae.
+
+It is claimed that Cepheus was known to the Chaldaeans twenty-three
+centuries before our era.
+
+Surrounding [d], [e], [z], and [l], which mark the king's head, is a
+vacant space in the Milky Way, similar to the Coal Sack of Cygnus.
+
+About 4[deg] from [g], in the direction of [k] is a pretty pair of
+sixth-magnitude stars.
+
+Owing to precession, [g], [b], and [a] Cephei will be successively the
+Pole Star in 4500, 6000, and 7500 A.D. respectively.
+
+[d] is a double whose components are yellow and blue. It is an
+interesting variable changing from magnitude 3.7 to 4.9 at intervals
+of 5 days 8 hours 47 minutes. As it is three times as bright at
+maximum as at minimum and can be observed with the naked eye its
+variations are well worth observing.
+
+[Illustration: CEPHEUS]
+
+
+
+
+PEGASUS (peg'-a-sus)--THE WINGED HORSE. (Face South.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--One corner of the Great Square is found by drawing a line
+from Polaris to Cassiopeia, and prolonging it an equal distance.
+
+The Great Square is a stellar landmark. Three of the corners of the
+square are marked by stars in Pegasus; the fourth, and northeastern,
+corner is marked by the star Alpheratz in Andromeda. Each side of the
+square is about 18[deg] long.
+
+The horse is generally seen upside down, with his fore feet projected
+up into the sky. Only the head, neck, and fore feet are represented.
+The star Enif marks the nose.
+
+[p] is an interesting double, easily seen in an opera-glass. All the
+stars of the Square are approaching us at an inconceivable speed.
+
+The position of the asterism Equus or Equ[=u]leus, the Little Horse,
+or Horse's Head, is shown in the diagram.
+
+Delphinus, the water jar of Aquarius, and the circlet in the Western
+Fish, are all in the vicinity of Pegasus, and indicated in the
+diagram.
+
+The winged horse is found on coins of Corinth 500 to 430 B.C. The
+Greeks called this constellation [Greek: hippos].
+
+Pegasus seems to have been regarded in Phoenicia and Egypt as the sky
+emblem of a ship.
+
+Within the area of the Square Argelander counted thirty naked-eye
+stars.
+
+Note a fine pair in Equ[=u]leus just west of the star Enif in Pegasus.
+
+The position of the equinoctial colure is defined by a line connecting
+Polaris, [b] Cassiopeiae, [a] Andromedae, and [g] Pegasi.
+
+[Illustration: PEGASUS]
+
+
+
+
+ANDROMEDA (an-drom'-e-d[:a])--THE CHAINED LADY.
+
+
+LOCATION.--The star [a] Alpheratz is at the northeastern corner of the
+great square of Pegasus, one of the stellar landmarks.
+
+Running east from [a], at almost equal distances, are four other
+stars, two of which are of the second magnitude. The most easterly one
+is [b] Persei, known as Algol, the famous variable. Lines connecting
+the stars [g] Andromedae, Algol, and [a] Persei form a right-angled
+triangle. The right angle is marked by Algol.
+
+The chief object of interest in this constellation is the great
+nebula, the first to be discovered. It can be seen by the naked eye
+and it is a fine sight in an opera-glass. Its location is indicated in
+the diagram.
+
+The star [g] is the radiant point of the Bielid meteors, looked for in
+November. It is a colored double visible in a 3" glass.
+
+The great nebula has been called the "Queen of the Nebulae." It is said
+to have been known as far back as A.D. 905, and it was described 986
+A.D. as the "Little Cloud."
+
+Andromeda is very favorable for observation in September, low in the
+eastern sky.
+
+Note the characteristic "Y" shaped asterism known as Gloria Frederika
+or Frederik's Glory. It lies about at the apex of a nearly isosceles
+triangle of which a line connecting Alpheratz and [b] Pegasi is the
+base. A line drawn from [d] to [a] Cassiopeiae and prolonged a little
+over twice its length points it out.
+
+[Illustration: ANDROMEDA]
+
+
+
+
+PERSEUS (per'-s[=u]s)--THE CHAMPION. (Face Northeast.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--[a] Persei lies on a line drawn from [b] to [g] Andromedae,
+and is about 9[deg] from the latter. The most striking feature in Perseus
+is the so-called "segment of Perseus," a curve of stars beginning
+about 12[deg] below Cassiopeia, and curving toward Ursa Major. Note the
+famous variable Algol the Demon star. It represents the Medusa's head
+which Perseus holds in his hand. It varies from the second to the
+fourth magnitude in about three and one-half hours, and back again in
+the same time, after which it remains steadily brilliant for two and
+three-quarters days, when the same change recurs. Algenib and Algol
+form with [g] Andromedae, a right-angled triangle.
+
+Note a dull red star near Algol, and a pretty pair just above Algenib.
+
+An opera-glass reveals much that is worthy of observation in this
+region of the sky. It has been said of the clusters between Cassiopeia
+and Perseus that they form the most striking sidereal spectacle in the
+northern heavens. They are visible to the naked eye. Algenib never
+sets in the latitude of New York, just touching the horizon at its
+lower culmination. It is estimated that Algol is a little over a
+million miles in diameter, [[^e]] has three faint stars on one side
+nearly in a line, and one on the other--a miniature representation of
+Jupiter and his satellites.
+
+Algol, when on the meridian of New York City, is only one tenth of a
+degree from the zenith point. This remarkable variable has a dark
+companion star revolving near it obscuring its light in part from us
+at stated intervals. By means of the spectroscope the speed diameter
+and mass of this invisible star has been reckoned.
+
+[Illustration: PERSEUS]
+
+
+
+
+PISCES (pis'[=e]z)--THE FISHES. (Face Southeast.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--This constellation is represented by two fishes each with a
+ribbon tied to its tail. One, the Northern Fish, lies just below [b]
+Andromedae,--the other, represented by the circlet, is just below
+Pegasus. The ribbons, represented by streams of faint stars, from a
+"V" with elongated sides, and terminate in the star Al Rischa, The
+Knot.
+
+Below [[^o]], and to the east of [l] the spot marked (*) is the place
+which the sun occupies at the time of the equinox. It is one of the
+two crossing places of the equinoctial, or equator, of the heavens,
+and the ecliptic, or sun's path.
+
+Below Pisces is Cetus, the Whale.
+
+Pisces is thought to have taken its name from its coincidence with the
+sun during the rainy season.
+
+Three distinct conjunctions of Jupiter and Saturn took place in this
+constellation in the year 747 of Rome.
+
+Pisces was considered the national constellation of the Jews, as well
+as a tribal symbol.
+
+In 1881, Jupiter, Saturn, and Venus were grouped together in Pisces.
+
+The Circlet is a very striking group forming a pentagon. The glass
+reveals two faint stars in addition, making the figure seven-sided or
+elliptical in form.
+
+As to the number of the stars as classified according to their
+magnitude, that is their brightness, it may be mentioned that there
+are approximately 20 stars of the first magnitude, 65 of the second,
+300 of the third, and 450 of the fourth. We cannot see stars fainter
+than the sixth magnitude with the naked eye.
+
+[Illustration: PISCES]
+
+
+
+
+TRIANGULUM (tr[=i]-an'-g[=u]-lum)--THE TRIANGLE. (Face East.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--A line drawn from the star [g] Pegasi to Algol in Perseus
+passes through [b] Trianguli.
+
+The triangle is clearly defined and a beautiful figure. It lies just
+below Andromeda, and above Aries.
+
+Triangulum is a very ancient constellation, being formerly named
+Deltoton, from the Greek letter Delta [D].
+
+It was in this locality that Piazzi discovered the asteroid Ceres,
+January 1, 1800.
+
+[a] Trianguli is sometimes called "Caput Trianguli."
+
+[a] and [b] Trianguli were known as "The Scale Beam." According to
+Argelander the constellation contains fifteen stars.
+
+The Triangle has been likened to the Trinity, and the Mitre of St.
+Peter.
+
+[Illustration: TRIANGULUM]
+
+
+
+
+AQUARIUS (a-kw[=a]'ri-us)--THE WATER CARRIER. (Face Southwest.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--A line drawn from [b] Pegasi to [a] of the same
+constellation, and prolonged as far again, ends just east of the
+so-called water jar of Aquarius, which is formed by a group of four
+stars in the form of a "Y," as indicated in the diagram. The Arabians
+called these four stars a tent.
+
+The jar is represented as inverted, allowing a stream of water
+represented by dim stars in pairs and groups of three stars, to
+descend, ending in the bright star Fomalhaut, the mouth of the
+Southern Fish.
+
+A rough map of South America can be traced in the stars [th], [l],
+[t], [d], 88, [i].
+
+A rude dipper can be made out in the western part of the
+constellation, formed of the stars [a], [b], [n], [e].
+
+The stars [t] and [z] are doubles. Of the former pair, one is white,
+the other orange in color. Fomalhaut was the object of sunrise worship
+in the temple of Demeter at Eleusis in 500 B.C. The ancients called
+this region of the sky "the Sea."
+
+In the vicinity of [d], Mayer observed in 1756 what he termed a fixed
+star. Herschel thought it a comet. It proved to be the planet Uranus.
+
+[z] is almost exactly on the celestial equator.
+
+[l] is a red star, the most prominent of the first stars in the
+stream. The stars in Piscis Australis can be traced out with an
+opera-glass.
+
+Fomalhaut and Capella, in Auriga, rise almost exactly at the same
+minute.
+
+Fomalhaut is one of the four "royal stars" of astrology. The others
+are Regulus, Antares, and Aldebaran.
+
+[Illustration: AQUARIUS]
+
+
+
+
+CAPRICORNUS (kap-ri-k[^o]r'-nus)--THE SEA GOAT. (Face Southwest.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--A line drawn from [a] Pegasi through [z] and [th] in the
+same constellation, and projected about 25[deg], strikes [a] and [b] in
+Capricornus.
+
+This constellation contains three principal stars--[a] and [b]
+mentioned above, and [d] about 20[deg] east of them.
+
+The water jar of Aquarius is about the same distance northeast of [d]
+Capricorni that Fomalhaut, in the Southern Fish, is southeast of it.
+
+[a] has a companion which can be seen by the naked eye. It is a fine
+sight in an opera-glass. These two stars are gradually separating.
+
+[b] is a double star, one being blue, the other yellow.
+
+The constellation resembles a chapeau, or peaked hat, upside down.
+
+The stars in the head of the Sea Goat, [a] and [b] are only 2[deg] apart,
+and can hardly be mistaken by an observer facing the southwestern sky
+during the early evening in autumn.
+
+Five degrees east of [d] is the point announced by Le Verrier as the
+position of his predicted new planet, Neptune.
+
+Flammarion claims that the Chinese astronomers noted the five planets
+in conjunction in Capricornus, in the year 2449 B.C.
+
+The sign of the Goat was called by the ancient Orientalists "The
+Southern Gate of the Sun."
+
+[Illustration: CAPRICORNUS]
+
+
+
+
+ARIES ([=a]'-ri-[=e]z)--THE RAM. (Face Southeast.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--The star [a] in Aries, known as Hamal, and sometimes as
+Arietis, a star of the second magnitude, is about 7[deg] south of [a]
+Trianguli. A line drawn from the Pole Star to [g] Andromedae, and
+prolonged about 20[deg], ends at Hamal.
+
+Aries contains three principal stars, forming a characteristic
+obtuse-angled triangle.
+
+The star [g] Arietis was one of the first double stars discovered. A
+telescope is required to split it. Hamal lies near the path of the
+moon, and is one of the stars from which longitude is reckoned.
+
+Below Aries may be seen the characteristic pentagon in the head of
+Cetus, the Whale.
+
+More than two thousand years ago Aries was the leading constellation
+of the zodiac, and now stands first in the list of zodiacal signs.
+
+The Arabians knew this constellation as Al Hamal, the sheep.
+
+[b] and [g] are one instance out of many where stars of more than
+ordinary brightness are seen together in pairs, the brightest star
+being generally on the east.
+
+[Illustration: ARIES]
+
+
+
+
+CETUS (s[=e]'-tus)--THE WHALE. (Face Southeast.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--A line drawn from Polaris, to [d] Cassiopeiae, and prolonged
+two and one third times its original length, reaches the centre of
+this constellation.
+
+It lies just below Aries and the Triangle, and resembles the figure of
+the prehistoric icthyosaurus, while some see in the outline an easy
+chair. The head of the beast is characterized by a clearly traced
+pentagon, about 20[deg] southeast of Aries. The brightest star in the
+constellation is [a] of the second magnitude. It is at one apex of the
+pentagon, about 15[deg] east of Al Rischa in Pisces, and 37[deg] directly
+south of Algol.
+
+The noted variable Mira also known as [o] Ceti is the chief object of
+interest in this constellation.
+
+It was discovered by Fabricius in 1596 and varies from the ninth
+magnitude to the third or fourth in a period of 334 days. It can be
+observed during its entire range with a 3" glass.
+
+In 1779 Mira is reported to have been as bright as the first-magnitude
+star Aldebaran. It lies almost exactly on a line joining [g] and [z]
+Ceti a little nearer the former. Ten degrees south of it are four
+faint stars about 3[deg] apart forming a square.
+
+[t] Ceti is one of our nearest neighbors at a distance of nine light
+years.
+
+[z] is a naked-eye double star.
+
+[Illustration: CETUS]
+
+
+
+
+MUSCA (mus'-k[:a])--THE FLY. (Face Southeast.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--Musca lies between Triangulum and Aries, the diagram
+clearly defining its position.
+
+The four stars composing it form a group shaped like the letter "Y."
+
+There is nothing of particular interest to be noted in this asterism.
+It does not appear on modern star charts and is considered obsolete.
+
+So great is the distance that separates us from the stars that as for
+the great majority had they been blotted out of existence before the
+Christian era, we of to-day should still receive their light and seem
+to see them just as we do. When we scan the nocturnal skies we study
+ancient history. We do not see the stars as they are but as they were
+centuries on centuries ago.
+
+[Illustration: MUSCA]
+
+
+
+
+METEORIC SHOWERS.
+
+OCTOBER TO JANUARY.
+
+
+  +-----------------+-------+-----------------+---------------+--------------+--------+
+  |                 |       |                 |               | Other Dates  |        |
+  | Name of Shower  | Date  |  Radiant Point  |Characteristics|       of     |Location|
+  |                 |       |                 |               | Observation  |        |
+  +-----------------+-------+-----------------+---------------+--------------+--------+
+  |                 |       |  Between Great  |               |              |        |
+  |     Ursids      |Oct. 4 | Bear's head and |    Sw. Sk.    |  Aug. 20-24  |   N.   |
+  |                 |       |     Polaris     |               |              |        |
+  +-----------------+-------+-----------------+---------------+--------------+--------+
+  |Epsilon Arietids |       |  East of Hamal, |               | Oct. 11-24,  |        |
+  |   Rich shower   |Oct. 14|    near Musca   |    M. Sw.     |   Oct. 30-   |   E.   |
+  |      1877       |       |                 |               |    Nov. 4    |        |
+  +-----------------+-------+-----------------+---------------+--------------+--------+
+  |    Orionids     |Oct. 18|  Near Alhena in | After 11 P.M. |  Oct. 16-22  |   E.   |
+  |   Fine shower   |       |      Gemini     |    Sw. Sk.    |              |        |
+  +-----------------+-------+-----------------+---------------+--------------+--------+
+  |                 |       | Near Castor and | After 10 P.M. |   Nov. 7,    |        |
+  | Delta Geminids  |Oct. 29|      Pollux     |  v. Sw. Sk.   |   Dec. 4,    |  N.E.  |
+  |                 |       |                 |               |  Oct. 16-22  |        |
+  +-----------------+-------+-----------------+---------------+--------------+--------+
+  |(e) Taurids. Rich|Nov. 2 |  About 13[deg]  |   Sl. B.T.    |   Nov. 2-3   |   E.   |
+  | shower in 1886  |       |S.E. of Aldebaran|               |              |        |
+  +-----------------+-------+-----------------+---------------+--------------+--------+
+  |     Leonids     |       |Near ([g]) Leonis|After midnight.|              |        |
+  |Brilliant shower |Nov. 13| In the Sickle   |    v. Sw.     |  Nov. 12-14  |  N.E.  |
+  |                 |       |                 |      Sk.      |              |        |
+  +-----------------+-------+-----------------+---------------+--------------+--------+
+  |                 |       |Near ([m]) Ursae | After 10 P.M. |  Sept. 15,   |        |
+  |  Leo Minorids   |Nov. 16| Maj., the Great |  v. Sw. Sk.   |   Oct. 16    |   N.   |
+  |                 |       |Bear's hind feet |               |              |        |
+  +-----------------+-------+-----------------+---------------+--------------+--------+
+  |  Andromedids.   |       |  Near ([g])     |               |  Nov. 17-23  |        |
+  |  The Bielids.   |Nov. 27|  Andromedae     |    Sl. T.     |  Nov. 21-28  |Overhead|
+  |  Fine display   |       |                 |               |              |        |
+  +-----------------+-------+-----------------+---------------+--------------+--------+
+  |                 |Nov. 30|Between Capella  |               |  Aug. 16     |        |
+  |    Taurids      |       |and ([a]) Persei |    V. Sw.     |  Sept. 15,   |Overhead|
+  |                 |       |                 |               |  Nov. 20     |        |
+  +-----------------+-------+-----------------+---------------+--------------+--------+
+  |  Zeta Taurids.  |Dec. 6 |  Near the horns |               |              |        |
+  |  Active shower  |       |   of the Bull   |   Sl. B.      |              |    E.  |
+  |     in 1876     |       |                 |               |              |        |
+  +-----------------+-------+-----------------+---------------+--------------+--------+
+  |    Geminids.    |Dec. 10|   Near Castor   |     Sw.       |   Dec. 1-14  |    E.  |
+  |   Fine shower   |       |                 |               |              |        |
+  +-----------------+-------+-----------------+---------------+--------------+--------+
+  | Kappa Draconids |Dec. 22|  Near Thuban    |    Sw. Sk.    |  Nov. 14-23  |        |
+  |                 |       | ([a]) Draconis  |               |  Dec. 18-29  |        |
+  +-----------------+-------+-----------------+---------------+--------------+--------+
+  | Fire Ball Dates |       |                 |               |   Nov. 29    |        |
+  |                 |       |                 |               |Dec. 2, 19, 21|        |
+  +-----------------+-------+-----------------+---------------+--------------+--------+
+
+The Andromedes are usually red, sluggish in their movements, and leave
+only a small train.
+
+Brilliant displays were seen in 1872 and 1885.
+
+The Leonids are characterized by their exceedingly swift flight. They
+are of a greenish or bluish tint and leave behind them a vivid and
+persistent train. In most years the display is not especially
+noteworthy. Once in thirty-three years they afford an exhibition grand
+beyond description as in 1833 and 1866.
+
+
+
+
+THE CONSTELLATIONS OF WINTER.
+
+[Illustration: Map showing the principal stars visible from Lat. 40[deg]
+N. at 9 o'clock, January first.]
+
+
+
+
+TAURUS (t[^a]'-rus)--THE BULL. (Face Southwest.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--Taurus contains the well-known and unmistakable group the
+Pleiades, on the right shoulder of the Bull. A "V" shaped group known
+as the Hyades is just to the southeast of the Pleiades, in the face of
+the Bull, forming one of the most beautiful objects in the sky.
+
+The brightest star in Taurus is Aldebaran, a ruddy-hued star known as
+"The Follower." It is at the beginning of the "V" in the Hyades, and
+is at the apex of a triangle formed by Capella, in Auriga, and [a]
+Persei, and equally distant from them both.
+
+The star [b] called Nath, is peculiarly white, and is common to Taurus
+and Auriga. It represents the tip of one of the Bull's horns, and the
+right foot of the Charioteer. The Pleiades are mentioned in Chinese
+annals in 2357 B.C. On a photograph of the group over 2000 stars have
+been counted.
+
+The ecliptic passes a little south of a point midway between the two
+horns, where a scattered and broken stream of minute stars can be
+seen.
+
+Note two pretty pairs in the Hyades, one south of Aldebaran, the other
+northwest of it.
+
+There are rich clusters below the tip of the horn over Orion's head.
+
+Taurus was an important object of worship by the Druids.
+
+Aldebaran is near one eye of the Bull, and used to be called "The
+Bull's Eye." An occultation of it by the moon, which not infrequently
+occurs, is a striking phenomenon.
+
+The Eskimos regard the Pleiades as a team of dogs in pursuit of a
+bear. The group is receding from us at the rate of thirteen miles a
+second and has a common eastward motion of about ten seconds a
+century.
+
+[Illustration: TAURUS]
+
+
+
+
+ORION ([)o]-r[=i]'-on)--THE GIANT HUNTER. (Face South.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--Orion is considered the finest constellation in the
+heavens. A line drawn from Nath to [z] Tauri (the tips of the Bull's
+horns), and extended 15[deg], strikes the brilliant Betelgeuze in Orion,
+known as the martial star. It forms the northeast corner of a
+conspicuous parallelogram. The splendid first-magnitude star Rigel is
+diagonally opposite Betelgeuze, and the girdle and sword of the Hunter
+lie within the parallelogram, a very striking group. The former is
+represented by three bright stars in a line 3[deg] long known as the
+"Three Stars," because there are no other stars in the heavens that
+exactly resemble them in position and brightness.
+
+In the sword there is the most remarkable nebula in the heavens. It
+may be seen with an opera-glass and in a telescope it is a wonderful
+sight. Bellatrix is called the Amazon star. Note the contrasting
+colours of [a] and [b].
+
+About 9[deg] west of Bellatrix are eight stars in a curved line running
+north and south. These point out the Lion's skin held in the Hunter's
+left hand.
+
+Below [l] there are two stars forming a triangle with it. Flammarion
+calls this region the California of the sky.
+
+The celestial equator passes nearly through [d].
+
+Orion was worshipped in China during the one thousand years before our
+era, and was known to the Chinese as the "White Tiger."
+
+The Eskimos see in the Belt stars the three steps cut by some
+celestial Eskimo in a steep snow bank to enable him to reach the top.
+
+[Illustration: ORION]
+
+
+
+
+LEPUS (l[=e]'-pus)--THE HARE. (Face South.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--Lepus crouches under Orion's feet. Four stars in the
+constellation form an irregular and conspicuous quadrilateral.
+
+[g] is a beautiful double of a greenish hue.
+
+Four or five degrees south of Rigel are four faint stars which are in
+the ear of the hare. They can be seen on a clear night with the naked
+eye.
+
+The curved line of three stars [th], [[^e]], and [z], are in the back of
+the hare.
+
+Lepus is about 18[deg] west of Canis Major, and, by reason of the earth's
+motion, the Great Dog seems to be pursuing the Hare around the
+heavens.
+
+The first-magnitude stars that are visible in the winter season in
+this latitude present a fine contrast in color. Even the untrained eye
+can see a decided difference between the bluish white color of the
+brilliant Sirius, the Dog star that the Belt stars point south to, and
+Rigel, and the ruddy Betelgeuze. Procyon has a yellowish tinge and
+resembles the condition of our sun, while Betelgeuze is surrounded by
+heavy metallic vapors and is thought to be approaching extinction.
+
+R marks the location of "Hind's crimson star," a famous variable.
+
+[Illustration: LEPUS]
+
+
+
+
+COLUMBA NOACHI (co-lum'-b[:a] n[=o]-[:a]'-ki)--NOAH'S DOVE. (Face South.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--Columba is situated just south of Lepus. A line drawn from
+Rigel, in Orion, to [b] Leporis, and prolonged as far again, ends near
+[a] and [b], the two brightest stars in Columba.
+
+A line drawn from the easternmost star in the belt of Orion, 32[deg]
+directly south, will point out Phaet, in Columba. It makes with
+Sirius, in Canis Major, and Naos, in the Ship, a large equilateral
+triangle.
+
+The star [b] Columbae may be known by means of a smaller star just east
+of it, marked [g].
+
+The Chinese call [a] Chang Jin, the old Folks. Lockyer thinks it was
+of importance in Egyptian temple worship, and observed from Edfu and
+Philae as far back as 6400 B.C.
+
+On a clear starlight night there are not more than a thousand stars
+visible to the naked eye at one time. The largest telescope reveals
+nearly a hundred million.
+
+[Illustration: COLUMBA]
+
+
+
+
+CANIS MAJOR (k[=a]'-nis m[=a]-jor)--THE GREATER DOG. (Face South.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--The three stars in Orion's girdle point southeast to
+Sirius, the dog star, in Canis Major, the most brilliant star in the
+heavens. It was connected in the minds of the Egyptians with the
+rising of the Nile, and is receding from the earth at the rate of
+twenty miles a second.
+
+The star [n] is a triple. The cluster (41 M.) can be seen with an
+opera-glass, just below it.
+
+Between [d] and [o]^1 note a remarkable array of minute stars, also the
+very red star 22.
+
+[d] and [z] are doubles for an opera-glass.
+
+Below [[^e]] there is a fine group.
+
+Betelgeuze, in Orion, Procyon, in Canis Minor, and Sirius form a
+nearly equilateral triangle. These stars with Naos, in the Ship, and
+Phaet, in the Dove, form a huge figure known as the Egyptian "X."
+
+From earliest times Sirius has been known as the Dog of Orion. It is
+324 times brighter than the average sixth-magnitude star, and is the
+nearest to the earth of all the stars in this latitude, its distance
+being 8.7 light years. At this distance the Sun would appear as a star
+a little brighter than the Pole Star.
+
+[Illustration: CANIS MAJOR]
+
+
+
+
+ARGO NAVIS ([:a]r'-go n[=a]'-vis)--THE SHIP ARGO. (Face South.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--Argo is situated southeast of Canis Major. If a line
+joining Betelgeuze and Sirius be prolonged 18[deg] southeast, it will
+point out Naos, a star of the second magnitude in the rowlock of the
+Ship. This star is in the southeast corner of the Egyptian "X."
+
+The star [p] is of a deep yellow or orange hue. It has three little
+stars above it, two of which form a pretty pair.
+
+The star [z] has a companion, which is a test for an opera-glass.
+
+The star [k] is a double for an opera-glass.
+
+Note the fine star cluster (46 M.).
+
+The star Markeb forms a small triangle with two other stars near it.
+
+The Egyptians believed that this was the ark that bore Osiris and Isis
+over the Deluge.
+
+The constellation contains two noted objects invisible in this
+latitude, Canopus, the second brightest star, and the remarkable
+variable star [[^e]].
+
+[Illustration: PUPPIS]
+
+
+
+
+MONOCEROS (m[=o]-nos'-e-ros)--THE UNICORN. (Face South.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--Monoceros is to be found east of Orion between Canis Major
+and Canis Minor. Three of its stars of the fourth magnitude form a
+straight line northeast and southwest, about 9[deg] east of Betelgeuze,
+and about the same distance south of Alhena, in Gemini.
+
+The region around the stars 8, 13, 17 is particularly rich when viewed
+with an opera-glass.
+
+Note also a beautiful field about the variable S, and a cluster about
+midway between [a] and [b].
+
+Two stars about 7[deg] apart in the tail of the Unicorn are pointer stars
+to Procyon. These stars are known as 30 and 31. The former is about
+16[deg] east of Procyon, and is easily identified as it has a
+sixth-magnitude star on either side of it. About 4[deg] southwest of this
+star a good field-glass will reveal a beautiful star cluster.
+
+[Illustration: MONOCEROS]
+
+
+
+
+ERIDANUS ([=e]-rid'-a-nus)--OR THE RIVER PO. (Face Southwest.)
+
+
+LOCATION.--Three degrees north and 2[deg] west of Rigel, in Orion, lies
+[b] Eridani, the source of the River. Thence it flows west till it
+reaches [p] Ceti, then drops south 5[deg], thence east southeast, its
+total length being about 130[deg].
+
+The great curve the River takes, just east of the Whale, resembles a
+horseshoe.
+
+Acherna, the first-magnitude star in Eridanus, is too far south to be
+seen in this latitude.
+
+Note the pretty star group around [b] and a pair of stars of an orange
+hue below [n].
+
+The asterism known as "The Brandenburg Sceptre," consisting of four
+stars of the fourth and fifth magnitudes, can be seen arranged in a
+straight line north and south below the first bend in the River just
+west of Lepus.
+
+[Illustration: ERIDANUS]
+
+
+
+
+METEORIC SHOWERS.
+
+JANUARY TO APRIL.
+
+
+  +---------------+--------+------------------+---------------+-------------+----------+
+  |               |        |                  |               | Other Dates |          |
+  |Name of Shower | Date   |   Radiant Point  |Characteristics|     of      |Location  |
+  |               |        |                  |               | Observation |          |
+  +---------------+--------+------------------+---------------+-------------+----------+
+  | Quadrantids.  | Jan. 2 | (44) Bo[:o]tis,  |               |             |          |
+  |  Rich annual  |        |between Bo[:o]tes |   M. Sw. B.   |    Jan 3.   |   E.     |
+  |    shower     |        | and Dragon's head|               |             |          |
+  +---------------+--------+------------------+---------------+-------------+----------+
+  | Zeta Cancrids |Jan. 2-4|  ([z]) Cancri,   |               |             |   E.     |
+  |               |        |  near Bee Hive   |               |             |          |
+  +---------------+--------+------------------+---------------+-------------+----------+
+  | Theta Ursids  | Jan. 5 |About 10[deg] from|     Small     |             |          |
+  |               |        |[b] away from [g] |  Sh. Sw. F.   |  Jan. 2-8   |   N.     |
+  |               |        |   Ursae Maj.     |               |             |          |
+  +---------------+--------+------------------+---------------+-------------+----------+
+  |Alpha Draconids| Feb. 1 |   Near Thuban    |      Sl.      |   Jan. 9    |   N.     |
+  |               |        |   [a] Draconis   |               |   Dec. 8    |          |
+  +---------------+--------+------------------+---------------+-------------+----------+
+  |               |        |   Near Capella   |               |   Aug. 21   |High in   |
+  |Alpha Aurigids | Feb. 7 |    [a] Aurigae   |      Sl.      | Sept. 12-22 |Southern  |
+  |               |        |                  |               |             |  Sky     |
+  +---------------+--------+------------------+---------------+-------------+----------+
+  | Tau Leonids   |Feb. 16 |  [t] Leonis,     |               |   Nov. 27   |          |
+  |               |        |  between Leo     |    Sl. Sk.    |   Dec. 12   |   E.     |
+  |               |        |  and Crater      |               |   Mar. 1-4  |          |
+  +---------------+--------+------------------+---------------+-------------+----------+
+  |  Alpha Canum  |Feb. 20 | Near Cor Caroli  |               |             |          |
+  |   Ven. Well   |        |   and Coma       |   V. Sw. B.   |             |   E.     |
+  | defined 1877  |        |   Berenices      |               |             |          |
+  +---------------+--------+------------------+---------------+-------------+----------+
+  |   [a]-[b]     |Mar. 1  |   Between [a]    |     V. Sl.    |  July--Dec. |   N.W.   |
+  |   Perseids    |        |  and [b] Persei  |               |  Mar. 13-19 |          |
+  +---------------+--------+------------------+---------------+-------------+----------+
+  |Beta Leonids or|Mar. 14 |  Near Denebola   |     Sl. B.    |  Mar. 3, 4  |   S.E.   |
+  |Beta Virginids |        |    [b] Leonis    |               |  Dec. 12    |          |
+  +---------------+--------+------------------+---------------+-------------+----------+
+  |Kappa Cepheids |Mar. 18 |   Near Polaris   |     Sl. B.    |  Oct. 4-17  |   N.     |
+  |               |        |                  |               |  Mar. 13-19 |          |
+  +---------------+--------+------------------+---------------+-------------+----------+
+  |               |        |                  |               | Apr. 10-16  |          |
+  |  Beta Ursids  |Mar. 24 |    Near [b]      |       Sw.     |  Mar. 13-14 |   N.     |
+  |               |        |   Ursae Maj.     |               |  Dec. 2-9   |          |
+  |               |        |                  |               |   Precise   |          |
+  +---------------+--------+------------------+---------------+-------------+----------+
+  |Zeta Draconids |Mar. 28 |    Near the      |       Sl.     |  July 29    |   N.     |
+  |               |        |  Dragon's Head   |               |Aug. 24, etc.|          |
+  +---------------+--------+------------------+---------------+-------------+----------+
+
+The Abbreviations under _Characteristics_ are as follows:
+
+ V.   Very
+ Sh.  Short
+ M.   Moderately
+ B.   Bright
+ Sw.  Swift
+ F.   Faint
+ Sl.  Slow
+ Sk.  Streak leaving meteors
+ T.   Train leaving meteors
+
+If you know the constellations, and memorize the following rhyme you
+will have ever at hand for reference at night, a reliable time-piece,
+a compass, and a perpetual calendar.
+
+The numbers above the star names indicate consecutively the months of
+the year in which these respective objects rise about the first
+instant in the eastern sky. In addition to first-magnitude stars the
+rhyme refers to the head of Capricornus, the Sea Goat, the Great
+Square of Pegasus, and Orion's Belt. All except Arcturus rise between
+9 and 9.30 P.M. Arcturus rises at 10 P.M., February 1st.
+
+           1
+  First Regulus gleams on the view,
+      2       3      4
+  Arcturus, Spica, Vega, blue,
+     5            6
+  Antares, and Altair,
+        7             8            9
+  The Goat's head, Square, and Fomalhaut,
+      10          11
+  Aldebaran, the Belt, a-glow,
+        12
+  Then Sirius most fair.
+
+Eight months of the year are identified by the position of the Dipper
+at 9 P.M. In April and May it is north of the zenith. During July and
+August it is west of north. In October and November it lies close to
+the northern horizon and in January and February it is east of north
+with the pointers highest.
+
+
+
+
+THE PLANETS.
+
+
+It is not within the scope of this work to dwell at length on a
+discussion of the planets. Certain explanatory matter regarding them
+is necessary, however, to prevent confusion; for the student must bear
+in mind the fact that from time to time the planets appear in the
+constellations, and unless identified would lead him to think that the
+diagrams were inaccurate.
+
+The reader is referred to any one of the four large plates that
+precede each season. He will observe that a portion of an ellipse has
+been traced on each of them, and that this line has been designated
+the Ecliptic, which simply means the sun's apparent pathway across the
+sky.
+
+This pathway is divided into twelve equal parts of thirty degrees
+each, and to these twelve divisions are given the names of the
+constellations of the Zodiac in the following order: Aries ([Symbol:
+Aries]), Taurus ([Symbol: Taurus]), Gemini ([Symbol: Gemini]), Cancer
+([Symbol: Cancer]), Leo ([Symbol: Leo]), Virgo ([Symbol: Virgo]),
+Libra ([Symbol: Libra]), Scorpio ([Symbol: Scorpio]), Sagittarius
+([Symbol: Sagittarius]), Capricornus ([Symbol: Capricornus]), Aquarius
+([Symbol: Aquarius]), Pisces ([Symbol: Pisces]).
+
+The sun, starting from the first degree of Aries, the first day of
+spring, passes through one constellation a month. The planets follow
+the same pathway.
+
+Confusion, therefore, respecting their identity can only arise in
+connection with a study of one of the twelve constellations named
+above, so that whenever a star of any size is seen in one of these
+constellations, not accounted for in the diagram, the student may
+conclude that this is a planet; especially if the unknown star does
+not twinkle. It now remains to identify the planet.
+
+This can best be done by referring to an almanac, which states what
+planets are above the horizon, and which are morning and evening
+stars. By morning star is meant that the planet is east of the sun; by
+evening star, that it is west of the sun.
+
+If the planet is in the west, and very brilliant, it is safe to assume
+that it is the planet Venus.
+
+If it is brighter than any of the fixed stars, and is some distance
+from the sun, it is doubtless the colossal Jupiter.
+
+If it is very red, it will probably be Mars.
+
+Saturn is distinguished because of its pale, steady, yellow light.
+
+As for Mercury, Uranus, and Neptune, the former is very near the sun,
+and seldom seen; while Uranus and Neptune are so inconspicuous as to
+lead to no confusion on the part of the novice.
+
+A few notes of interest relative to the planets follow, taking them up
+in regular order passing outward from the sun: Mercury, Venus, Mars,
+Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.
+
+
+MERCURY.
+
+Mercury is the nearest to the sun of any of the planets. On this
+account, and because of its rapid changes, it is seldom seen.
+
+The most favorable time for observing it is just after sunset, or just
+before sunrise, during the months of March, April, August, and
+September, when it may be seen for a few successive days.
+
+The greatest distance it ever departs from the sun on either side
+varies approximately from sixteen to twenty-eight degrees. Its motion
+resembles a pendulum, swinging from one side of the sun to the other.
+
+
+VENUS.
+
+Venus approaches nearer to the earth and is more brilliant than any
+other planet. It is bright enough to cast a shadow at night, and is
+sometimes visible even at noonday. It is almost as large as the earth,
+and appears to oscillate, as Mercury does, on either side of the sun.
+
+It never appears more than three hours after sunset, and as long
+before the sunrise, and is never more than forty-eight degrees from
+the sun.
+
+
+MARS.
+
+Mars is most like the earth of any of the planets, and, although not
+as interesting an object to view as the more brilliant planets, Venus
+and Jupiter, it claims our attention chiefly because of the surmises
+respecting its habitability.
+
+Mars appears to the naked eye as a bright red star, and when at a
+favorable opposition to the earth (which occurs only once in every
+fifteen years) it rivals Jupiter in splendor.
+
+The planet may be mistaken for the first magnitude stars, Antares in
+Scorpius, and Aldebaran in Taurus, near which it frequently passes.
+
+The fixed stars, however, twinkle, while Mars glows steadily. If there
+is any doubt in the student's mind as to the identity of the planet, a
+few nights of observation, noting the changes in the planet's
+position, will decide the point. It takes Mars about fifty-seven days
+to pass through one constellation in the Zodiac.
+
+
+JUPITER.
+
+Jupiter is the largest of all the planets in the solar system, and it
+is easily distinguished from the fixed stars because of its brilliancy
+and splendor, exceeding in brightness all the planets excepting Venus,
+and casting a perceptible shadow.
+
+It moves slowly and majestically across the sky, advancing through the
+Zodiac at the rate of one constellation yearly. It is therefore a
+simple matter to forecast its position, for, in whatever constellation
+it is seen to-day, one year hence it will be seen equally advanced in
+the next constellation.
+
+Although Jupiter appears to move slowly, it really travels at the
+incomprehensible rate of five hundred miles a minute.
+
+The most interesting feature about Jupiter for the amateur astronomer
+consists in observing four of its moons, which are visible with a
+small telescope. They appear like mere dots of light, and their
+transit of or occultation with the planet (that is, their
+disappearance before or behind its disk) can be watched, and is a
+never failing source of pleasure. A large telescope alone reveals
+Jupiter's four other moons.
+
+
+SATURN.
+
+Saturn is farther removed from the earth than any of the planets in
+the solar system, visible to the naked eye. It is distinguished from
+the fixed stars by the steadiness of its light, which is dull and of a
+yellow hue, though to some it appears to be of a greenish tinge. It
+seems barely to move, so slow is its motion among the stars, for it
+takes two and one half years to pass through a single constellation of
+the Zodiac.
+
+Saturn has eight moons. Titan, its largest one, can be seen with a 3"
+glass. Its celebrated rings are telescopic objects but a small glass
+reveals them.
+
+
+URANUS.
+
+The student will hardly mistake Uranus for a fixed star, as it is only
+under the most favorable circumstances that it can be seen with the
+naked eye.
+
+At its nearest approach to the earth, it is as bright as a
+sixth-magnitude star. Uranus is accompanied by four moons, and takes
+seven years to pass through a constellation of the Zodiac.
+
+
+NEPTUNE.
+
+Neptune is the most distant of the planets in the solar system, and is
+never visible to the naked eye.
+
+The earth comes properly under a discussion of the planets, but a
+description of it is hardly within the scope of this work.
+
+Confusion in identifying the planets is really confined to Mars and
+Saturn, for Venus and Jupiter are much brighter than any of the fixed
+stars, and their position in the heavens identifies them, as we have
+seen before.
+
+The following table of first-magnitude stars in the Zodiacal
+constellations confines the question of identifying the planets to a
+comparison of the unknown star with the following-named stars:
+
+  Castor and Pollux in Gemini.
+  Spica             "  Virgo.
+  Regulus           "  Leo.
+  Aldebaran         "  Taurus.
+  Antares           "  Scorpius.
+
+The first four stars named above are white in color, so that either
+Mars or Saturn is readily distinguished from them.
+
+As for Aldebaran and Antares, which are both red stars, not unlike
+Mars and Saturn in color and magnitude, the fact that the latter do
+not twinkle, and that they do not appear in the diagrams, should
+satisfy the observer of their identity. Reference to an almanac, or a
+few nights of observation, will in any case set at rest any doubt in
+the matter.
+
+[Illustration: THE PLANETARY ORBITS]
+
+[Illustration: COMPARATIVE SIZE OF THE PLANETS.]
+
+
+
+
+THE MILKY WAY.
+
+
+The Milky Way, or Galaxy as it is sometimes called, is a great band of
+light that stretches across the heavens. Certain portions of it are
+worthy of being viewed with an opera-glass, which separates this
+seemingly confused and hazy stream into numberless points of light,
+emanating from myriads of suns.
+
+This wonderful feature of the heavens is seen to best advantage during
+the months of July, August, September, and October. Beginning near the
+head of Cepheus, about thirty degrees from the North Pole, it passes
+through Cassiopeia, Perseus, Auriga, part of Orion, and the feet of
+Gemini, where it crosses the Ecliptic, and thence continues into the
+southern hemisphere, beyond our ken in these latitudes.
+
+It reappears in two branches in the region of Ophiuchus, one running
+through the tail of Scorpius, the bow of Sagittarius, Aquila,
+Delphinus, and Cygnus; the other above and almost parallel to it,
+uniting with the first branch in Cygnus, and passing to Cepheus, the
+place of beginning.
+
+The student should note especially the strange gap between [a], [g],
+and [e] Cygni. This dark space has been called the "Coal Sack."
+
+The Milky Way in the vicinity of Cassiopeia is particularly rich, and
+well repays a search with an opera-glass.
+
+"The Galaxy covers more than one tenth of the visible heavens,
+contains nine-tenths of the visible stars, and seems a vast
+zone-shaped nebula, nearly a great circle of the sphere, the poles
+being at Coma and Cetus."
+
+
+
+
+THE MOTIONS OF THE STARS.
+
+
+It may be that the student desires to proceed in this conquest of the
+sky at a more rapid pace than the scheme of study permits. To assist
+such, it should be borne in mind that the circumpolar constellations,
+as Ursa Major, Ursa Minor, Draco, Cepheus, and Cassiopeia, are
+designated,--are visible in our latitude in the northern sky every
+night.
+
+A reference to their diagrams, and a glance at any of the large plates
+showing the entire group in their respective positions, will suffice
+for the student to identify them.
+
+The hours of darkness alone limit the speed with which a knowledge of
+the constellations can be acquired.
+
+Let us suppose that the student begins his search for the constellations
+on the night of April 1st, at nine P.M. He has for his guide the large
+plate, and the spring group of eleven constellations set forth in the
+diagrams. The remaining three constellations of the circumpolar group
+are, as we have seen before, visible in the north.
+
+If he faces the western sky, he will see Andromeda just setting, and
+Perseus, Taurus, Orion, Lepus, and Canis Major but a short distance
+above the horizon. If he is so fortunate as to be able to identify
+these, and the spring group, he may turn his attention wholly to the
+eastern sky, where new constellations await him.
+
+In the southeast he may see Virgo. In the east well up blazes
+Arcturus, the gem of Bo[:o]tes, below which is the beautiful Northern
+Crown, with the diamond in the head of Serpens beneath it. Hercules is
+rising, and Vega in the Lyre should be seen just flashing on the view
+in the northeast.
+
+This completes the list of wonders visible at this precise time, but
+the stars apparently are never still, and doubtless, while the student
+has been passing from one constellation to another in the western and
+southern skies, others have been rising in the east and northeast.
+
+At ten P.M. the Lyre is well up, and Ophiuchus and Libra can be
+discerned. At midnight Scorpius and Cygnus are ready to claim the
+attention. By two o'clock A.M., Aquila, Delphinus, and Sagittarius
+have risen, and at break of day Andromeda, Pegasus, and Capricornus
+can be seen if the student has had the courage to remain awake this
+length of time.
+
+In no way can the seeming movement of the stars be better understood
+than by actual observation. The observer must bear in mind that the
+movement is an apparent one: that it is the earth that is moving and
+not the stars. He has only to think of the analogy of the moving train
+beside the one that is standing still, and the true state of affairs
+will at once be evident.
+
+To further appreciate this apparent change in the situation of the
+constellations, the student should refer to the large plates
+successively. In each successive one he will note the advancement
+westward of the constellations mentioned above, rising in the east
+late at night.
+
+The student can best get an idea of this westward apparent movement of
+the stars by noting the position of some bright first-magnitude star
+from night to night. He will soon be able to calculate the position of
+this star a month or more ahead, and this calculation applies to all
+the constellations and stars.
+
+It is not within the scope of this work to go into this matter in
+detail. The author merely desires to mention this fact of apparent
+change of position in the stars, a fact that will be noticeable to the
+observer in a short time, and a fact that it is hoped he will be able
+to explain to his own satisfaction with the aid of the foregoing
+remarks.
+
+It will be noticed that the stars on the diagrams are all numbered and
+lettered. The numbers refer to the magnitude of the star,--that is,
+the brightness of it, the first-magnitude stars being the brightest,
+the second-magnitude stars two-and-a-half times less bright, etc.
+
+The letters are those of the Greek alphabet, and the student if not
+familiar with it is advised to consult a Greek grammar.
+
+In the text, in referring to certain stars in the constellations, the
+genitive case of the Latin name of the constellation is given; for
+example, Vega is known as [a] Lyrae, meaning alpha of Lyra, Aldebaran
+as [a] Tauri, alpha of Taurus, etc.
+
+The twilight hour affords an excellent opportunity of fixing the
+relative positions of the first-magnitude stars in the mind, for at
+that time they alone, save the planets, are visible.
+
+
+
+
+METEORS, OR SHOOTING-STARS.
+
+
+As this work is designed primarily to cover what is observable in the
+starlit heavens with the naked eye, the subject of meteors, or
+shooting-stars, comes properly within its scope.
+
+There are few persons, if any, who have not witnessed the sight of a
+splendid meteor speeding across the sky, and such a sight always calls
+forth exclamations of wonder and delight.
+
+Apparently these evanescent wanderers in space are without distinctive
+features, and baffle classification; but, like all that nature reveals
+to us, they have been found, for the most part, to conform to certain
+laws, and to bear certain marks of resemblance that permit of their
+identification and classification.
+
+By careful observation for over fifty years the meteors, generally
+speaking, have been so arranged that they come under the head of one
+of the nearly three hundred distinct showers which are now recognized
+by astronomers.
+
+Many of these showers are too feeble and faint to be worthy of the
+attention of one not especially interested in the subject, but certain
+ones are well worth observing. There is always a pleasure in being
+able to recognize at a glance a certain definite manifestation of
+nature, be it a rare flower or a flashing meteor.
+
+The generally accepted theory respecting the meteors is that they were
+all originally parts of comets now disintegrated, and the four
+well-known showers of April 20th, August 10th and 14th, and November
+27th, bear testimony to this theory.
+
+The apparent velocity of the meteors is between ten and forty-five
+miles a second, and their average height is about seventy-six miles at
+first appearance, and fifty-one miles at disappearance. Occasionally a
+meteor is so large and compact as to escape total destruction, and
+falls to the earth. Specimens of these meteorites are to be found in
+our best museums.
+
+I have seen fit to divide the principal meteor showers into four
+groups, according to the seasons in which they appear, and have placed
+them respectively at the conclusion of each season's work on the
+constellations.
+
+By radiant point is meant the point from which the meteors start on
+their flight. This point is an apparent one, however, due to an
+illusion of perspective, for the meteors really approach the earth in
+parallel paths.
+
+The dates given for these showers are those of the maxima, and the
+meteors should be looked for several nights before and after the dates
+specified.
+
+The showers that are to be seen after midnight are, unless of special
+note, omitted.
+
+There are, besides the meteors that have been classified, certain
+shooting-stars that apparently have no determined radiant point. These
+are called sporadic meteors.
+
+In these lists of meteors, the radiant point is only approximately
+given; for scientific purposes a far more exact position is required
+in terms of right ascension and declination. There are several good
+lists of meteoric showers to be obtained, which afford this
+information for those who care to pursue the matter more in detail.
+See the Rev. T.W. Webb's book, entitled _Celestial Objects for Common
+Telescopes_. For purposes of identification, the radiant points here
+given will be found for the most part sufficient.
+
+
+NOTE.
+
+    Many readers of this book may be the fortunate possessors of
+    small telescopes. It may be that they have observed the
+    heavens from time to time in a desultory way and have no
+    notion that valuable and practical scientific research work
+    can be accomplished with a small glass. If those who are
+    willing to aid in the great work of astrophysical research
+    will communicate with the author he will be pleased to
+    outline for them a most practical and fascinating line of
+    observational work that will enable them to share in the
+    advance of our knowledge respecting the stars. It is work
+    that involves no mathematics, and its details are easily
+    mastered.
+
+
+
+
+THE NAMES OF THE STARS AND THEIR MEANINGS.
+
+
+  ACUBENS, [a] _Cancri_, "the claws."
+
+    Situated in one of the Crab's claws. It is white in color
+    and culminates[1] March 18th.
+
+  A-DAR'-A, [e] _Canis Majoris_, "the virgins," a name for
+    four stars, of which Adara is brightest.
+
+    Situated in the Dog's right thigh. It is pale orange in
+    color, and culminates Feb. 11th.
+
+  ADHIL, [e] _Andromedae_, "the train of a garment."
+
+    Situated in the left shoulder of the chained lady.
+
+  ALADFAR (al-ad-f[:a]r), [m] _Lyrae_, "the talons" (of the
+    falling eagle)
+
+  AL BALI, [e] _Aquarii_, "the good fortune of the swallower."
+
+  AL-BI'-REO, or AL-BIR'[:E]-O [b] _Cygni_, origin doubtful.
+    Means the beak of the hen.
+
+    Situated in the beak of the Swan and the base of the Cross.
+    Its color is topaz yellow, and it culminates Aug. 28th.
+
+  ALCAID, [[^e]] _Ursae Majoris_. _See_ Benetnasch.
+
+  ALCHIBA (al-k[=e]-b[:a]'), [a] _Corvi_, "the tent," the desert
+    title for the constellation.
+
+    Situated in the eye of the Crow. Orange in color.
+
+  ALCOR (al'-k[^o]r), g _Ursae Majoris_, "the cavalier" or "the
+    rider."
+
+    Situated close to Mizar in the handle of the "Dipper."
+    Silver white in color. The Arabs called this star "Saidak,"
+    meaning "the proof," because they used it to test a good
+    eye.
+
+  AL-CY'-O-NE, [[^e]] _Tauri_.
+
+    Greenish yellow in color. The brightest of the Pleiades.
+    Situated in the neck of the Bull.
+
+  AL-DEB'-A-RAN, [a] _Tauri_, "the hindmost" or the
+    "follower," _i.e._ of the Pleiades.
+
+    Situated in the eye of the Bull. Pale rose in color. It is
+    receding from the earth at the rate of thirty miles per
+    second, and culminates Jan. 10.
+
+    [a] Tauri is sometimes called Palilicium.
+
+  ALDERAMIN (Al-der-am'-in), [a] _Cephei_ "the right arm." It
+    now marks the shoulder of Cepheus.
+
+    White in color. It culminates Sept. 27th.
+
+  ALDHAFERA, [z] _Leonis_.
+
+    Situated in the "Sickle," and the neck of the Lion. It
+    culminates April 8th.
+
+  ALFIRK (al-ferk'), or ALPHIRK, "stars of the flock," [b]
+    _Cephei_.
+
+    The Arab name for the constellation. Situated in the girdle
+    of Cepheus. White in color. It culminates Oct. 2d.
+
+  ALGEIBA (al-j[=e]'-b[:a]), [g] _Leonis_, "the mane."
+
+    Situated in the "Sickle," and the shoulder of the Lion. It
+    is approaching the earth at the rate of twenty-four miles
+    per second, and culminates April 9th.
+
+  AL'-GE-NIB, [g] _Pegasi_, "the wing," possibly the "flank"
+    or "side."
+
+    Situated in the wing of the Horse. White in color, and
+    culminates Nov. 14th.
+
+  AL'-GE-NIB, [a] _Persei_, "the side," or Mirfak, "the
+    elbow."
+
+    Situated in the right side of Perseus. Lilac in color and
+    approaching the earth at the rate of six miles per second.
+    It culminates Jan. 1st. This star is also called Alchemb.
+
+  ALGENUBI (al-je-n[:o]'-bi), [e] _Leonis_, "the head of the
+    Lion."
+
+    A yellow star situated in the Lion's mouth.
+
+  AL'-GOL, [b] _Persei_, "the ghoul" or "demon."
+
+    Situated in the head of the Medusa held in the Hero's left
+    hand. White in color. It is approaching the earth at the
+    rate of one mile per second, and culminates Dec. 23d.
+
+  ALGORAB (al-go-r[:a]b'), or ALGORES, ([d]) _Corvi_, "the
+    raven."
+
+    Situated on the right wing of the Crow. Pale yellow in
+    color. It culminates May 14th.
+
+  ALHENA (al-hen'-a), [g] _Geminorum_, "a brand on the right
+    side of the camel's neck," or a "ring" or "circlet."
+
+    Situated in the left foot of Pollux. White in color, and
+    culminates Feb. 8th. Alhena is sometimes called Almeisam.
+
+  AL-I-OTH, [e] _Ursae Majoris_, disputed derivation.
+
+    Situated in the tail of the Great Bear. It is approaching
+    the earth at the rate of nineteen miles per second. It
+    culminates May 20th. Alioth, the name sometimes given to [a]
+    and [th] Serpentis.
+
+  AL-KAID (al-k[=a]d), _See_ ALCAID.
+
+  ALKALUROPS (al-ka-l[=u]'-rops), [m] _Bo[:o]tis_, "a herdsman's
+    club, crook, or staff."
+
+    Situated near the right shoulder of the Herdsman. Its color
+    is flushed white.
+
+  ALKES (al'-kes), [a] _Crateris_, from Al Kas, "the cup," the
+    Arab name for the constellation.
+
+    Situated in the base of the Cup. Orange in color, and
+    culminates April 20th.
+
+  ALMAC, [g] _Andromedae_, "a badger," possibly "the boot."
+
+    Situated in the left foot of Andromeda. Orange in color, and
+    culminates Dec. 8th.
+
+  AL NAAIM, [t] and [n] Pegasi, "the cross bars over a well."
+
+  AL NASL (al-nas'l), or ELNASL (el-nas'-l), [g] _Sagittarii_,
+    "the point head of the arrow."
+
+    Situated in the arrow's tip. It is yellow in color, and
+    culminates Aug. 4th. This star sometimes called Nushaba and
+    Warida.
+
+  AL NATH, or NATH [g] _Aurigae_, and [b] _Tauri_, "the heel of
+    the rein-holder," the "butter" _i.e._ the "horn."
+
+    Situated in the right foot of the Charioteer, and the
+    tip of the northern horn of the Bull. Brilliant white in
+    color, and culminates Dec. 11th.
+
+  ALNILAM (al-ni-lam'), [e] _Orionis_, "a belt of spheres or
+    pearls."
+
+    Situated in Orion's belt. It is bright white in color, and
+    is receding from the earth at the rate of sixteen miles per
+    second. It culminates Jan. 25th.
+
+  ALNITAK (al-ni-tak'), [z] _Orionis_, "the girdle."
+
+    Situated in Orion's belt. Topaz yellow in color. It is
+    receding from the earth at the rate of nine miles per
+    second, and culminates Jan. 26th.
+
+  AL-NIYAT, [s] _Scorpii_, "the outworks of the heart."
+
+    Situated near the Scorpion's heart. It is creamy white in
+    color.
+
+  AL'-PHARD or (al-f[:a]rd'), [a] _Hydrae_, "the solitary one in
+    the serpent."
+
+    Situated in the heart of Hydra. Orange in color, and
+    culminates Mar. 26th. The Chinese called this star "the Red
+    Bird."
+
+  AL-PHEC'-CA, [a] _Coronae Borealis_, "the bright one of the
+    dish." _See_ Gemma. Century Dictionary gives meaning "the
+    cup or platter of a dervish."
+
+  AL'-PHE-RATZ, or (al-fe-rats'), [a] _Andromedae_, "the head of
+    the woman in chains." "The navel of the horse."
+
+  Situated in the head of Andromeda. White and purplish in
+    color. It culminates Nov. 10th. Alpheratz is some times
+    called Sirrah.
+
+  AL-PHIRK, [b] _Cephei_, from al-Firk, the flock.
+
+  AL RAKIS, [m] _Draconis_, "the dancer."
+
+    Situated in the Dragon's nose. Brilliant white in color. The
+    Century Dictionary gives for this star Arrakis, "The
+    trotting camel."
+
+  AL RESCHA, [a] _Piscium_, "the cord or knot."
+
+    Situated in the knot joining the ribbons that hold the
+    Fishes together. Pale green in color, and culminates Dec.
+    7th.
+
+  ALSAFI [s] _Draconis_.
+
+  ALSCHAIN (al-sh[=a]n'), [b] _Aquilae_, part of the Arab name
+    for the constellation.
+
+    Situated in the head of Antino[:u]s. Pale orange in color, and
+    culminates Sept. 3d.
+
+  AL SHAT, [n] _Capricorni_, "the sheep."
+
+  AL'-TAIR, or ATAIR, [a] _Aquilae_, "the flying eagle," part
+    of the Arab name for the constellation.
+
+    Situated in the neck of the Eagle. Yellow in color, and
+    culminates Sept. 1st.
+
+  ALTERF (al-terf'), [l] _Leonis_, "the glance," _i.e._ the
+    Lion's eye.
+
+    Situated in the Lion's mouth, the point of the Sickle. Red
+    in color.
+
+  ALUDRA (al-[:o]'-dra), [[^e]] _Canis Majoris_, "the virgins." The
+    four stars near each other in Canis Major.
+
+    Situated in the Great Dog's tail. Pale red in color, and
+    culminates Feb. 21st.
+
+  ALULA BOREALIS, [n] _Ursae Majoris_.
+
+  ALULA AUSTRALIS, [z] _Ursae Majoris_ The "northern and
+    southern wing."
+
+    Situated in the Southern hind foot of the Great Bear. The
+    latter star is sometimes called El Acola.
+
+  AL'-YA, [th] _Serpentis_.
+
+    Situated in the tip of the Serpent's tail. Pale yellow in
+    color. It culminates Aug. 18th.
+
+  ANCHA, [th] _Aquarii_, "the hip."
+
+    Situated in the right hip of Aquarius.
+
+  ANT-[=A]R-ES, or AN-TA'-REZ, [a] _Scorpii_, "the rival of
+    Mars."
+
+    Situated in the heart of the Scorpion. Fiery red and emerald
+    green in color. It culminates July 11th.
+
+  ARC-T[=U]-RUS, [a] _Bo[:o]tis_, "the leg of the lance-bearer,"
+    or "the bear-keeper."
+
+    Situated in the left knee of the Herdsman. Golden yellow in
+    color. It culminates June 8th.
+
+  ARIDED, _See_ DENEB.
+
+  ARNEB ([:a]r'-neb), [a] _Leporis_, "the hare," the Arab name
+    for the constellation.
+
+    Situated in the heart of the Hare. Pale yellow in color. It
+    culminates Jan. 24th. [a] _Leporis_ is sometimes called
+    Arsh.
+
+  ARKAB ([:a]r'-kab), [b] _Sagittarii_, "the tendon uniting the
+    calf of the leg to the heel."
+
+    Situated in the Archer's left fore leg.
+
+  ASHFAR, [m] and [e] _Leonis_, "the eyebrows."
+
+    Situated close to the Lion's right eye. [m] orange in color,
+    sometimes called Alshemali or Asmidiske.
+
+  ASPIDISKI (as-pi-dis'ke) or ASMIDISKE, [i] _Argus_, "in the
+    gunwale."
+
+    Situated in the shield which ornaments the vessel's stern.
+    Pale yellow in color. The Century Dictionary gives "a little
+    shield" as the meaning for this star name.
+
+  ASCELLA, [z] _Sagittarii_, "the armpit."
+
+    Situated near the Archer's left armpit. It culminates Aug.
+    19th.
+
+  ASCELLUS, [th] _Bo[:o]tis_.
+
+    It marks the finger tips of the Herdsman's upraised hand.
+
+  ASCELLUS BOREALIS, [n] _Cancri_, "northern ass."
+
+    Straw color.
+
+  ASCELLUS AUSTRALIS, [d] _Cancri_, "the southern ass."
+
+    Situated on the back of the Crab. Straw color.
+
+  ATIK, [o] _Persei_.
+
+    Situated in the wing on the right foot of Perseus.
+
+  AZELFAFAGE, [p] _Cygni_, "the horse's foot or track."
+
+  AZHA, [[^e]] _Eridani_, "the ostrich's nest."
+
+    Pale yellow in color.
+
+
+  BAHAM, [th] _Pegasi_, "the young of domestic animals."
+
+    Situated near the left eye of Pegasus.
+
+  BAT'EN KAITOS, [z] _Ceti_, "the whale's belly."
+
+    A topaz-yellow-colored star, which culminates Dec. 5th.
+
+  BEID (b[=a]'-id), [o] _Eridani_, "the egg."
+
+    A very white star.
+
+  BEL'-LA-TRIX, [g] _Orionis_, "the female warrior." The
+    Amazon star.
+
+    Situated in the left shoulder of Orion. Pale yellow in
+    color. It is receding from the earth at the rate of six
+    miles per second, and culminates Jan. 22d. The Century
+    Dictionary gives the color as very white.
+
+  BE-NET'-NASCH, [[^e]] _Ursae Majoris_, "the chief or governor of
+    the mourners" (alluding to the fancied bier).
+
+    Situated in the tip of the Great Bear's tail. Brilliant
+    white in color. It is approaching the earth at the rate of
+    sixteen miles per second, and culminates June 2d. This star
+    is also called Alkaid, from al-kaid, "the Governor."
+
+  BETELGEUZE (BET-EL-GERZ'), [a] _Orionis_, "the giant's
+    shoulder," or "the armpit of the central one."
+
+    Situated in the right shoulder of Orion. Orange in color. It
+    is receding from the earth at the rate of ten miles per
+    second, and culminates Jan. 29th.
+
+    Sometimes called Mirzam, the roarer.
+
+  BOTEIN (b[=o]-t[=e]-in'), [d] _Arietis_, "the little belly."
+
+
+  CA-PEL'-LA, [a] _Aurigae_, "the she-goat."
+
+    Situated in the left shoulder of the Charioteer. It is a
+    white star, and is receding from the earth at the rate of
+    fifteen miles per second. It culminates Jan. 19th. The color
+    of Capella is nearly that of the sun.
+
+  CAPH (kaf), [b] _Cassiopeiae_, "the camel's hump," or "the
+    hand."
+
+    It is white in color, and culminates Nov. 11th.
+
+  CAS'-TOR, [a] _Geminorum_, "the horseman of the twins."
+
+    Its color is bright white, and it culminates Feb. 23d.
+    Situated in the head of Castor. The Century Dictionary gives
+    the color as greenish.
+
+  CHELEB, [b] _Ophiuchi_, also CEB'ELR[/A]I from kelb, the
+    shepherd's dog.
+
+    Situated in the head of the Serpent. It is a yellow star,
+    and culminates Aug. 30th.
+
+  CHORT (ch[^o]rt), [th] _Leonis_.
+
+    Situated in the hind quarters of the Lion. It culminates
+    April 24th. The Century Dictionary has [th] _Centauri_ for
+    this star.
+
+  COR CAROLI (k[^o]r kar'-[=o]-l[=i]), [a] _Can. Ven._, "the
+    heart of Charles II."
+
+    It is flushed white in color, and culminates May 20th. A
+    yellowish star according to the Century Dictionary.
+
+  CUJAM, [[^o]] _Herculis_. Word used by Horace for the club of
+    Hercules.
+
+  CURSA (KER' SA), [b] _Eridani_, "the footstool of the
+    central one," or "the chair or throne."
+
+    Situated about at the source of the river near Orion. Topaz
+    yellow in color, and culminates January 13th. This star is
+    also known as Dhalim (Tha'lim) ("the ostrich").
+
+
+  DABIH (d[:a]'-be), [b] _Capricorni_, "the lucky one of the
+    slaughterers," or "the slayer's lucky star."
+
+    Situated in the head of the Sea-Goat. It is an
+    orange-colored star, and culminates Sept. 10th.
+
+  D[=E]'-NEB, or ARIDED (ar'-i-ded), [a] _Cygni_, "the hen's
+    tail," "the hindmost."
+
+    Situated in the tail of the Swan, and at the top of the
+    Cross. Brilliant white in color. It is approaching the earth
+    at the rate of thirty-six miles per second. It culminates
+    Sept. 16th.
+
+  DENEB AL OKAB (den'-eb al-[=o]-k[^a]b), [e] and [z] _Aquilae_,
+    "the eagle's tail."
+
+  DENEB ALGEDI (den'-eb al'-j[=e]-d[=e]), [d] _Capricorni_,
+    "the tail of the goat."
+
+    Situated in the tail of the Sea-Goat.
+
+  DENEB AL SHEMALI (den'-eb-al-she-m[:a]-le), [i] _Ceti_
+
+    A bright yellow star situated at the tip of the northern
+    fluke of the monster's tail.
+
+  DENEB KAITOS (den'-eb k[=i]'-tos), [b] _Ceti_, "the tail of
+    the whale."
+
+    Situated in the tail of the Whale. It is a yellow star, and
+    culminates Nov. 21st. This star sometimes called Diphda.
+
+  DE-NEB'-O-LA, [b] _Leonis_, "the lion's tail."
+
+    It is a blue star which is approaching the earth at the rate
+    of twelve miles per second. It culminates May 3d. This star
+    also called Dafirah, and Serpha.
+
+  DSCHUBBA, [d] _Scorpii_, "the front of the forehead."
+
+    Situated in the head of the Scorpion. It culminates July
+    4th.
+
+  DSIBAN, [ps] _Draconis_.
+
+    Pearly white in color.
+
+  DUB'-HE (d[:o]b'-he), [a] _Ursae Majoris_, "a bear."
+
+    The northern pointer star. It is a yellow star, and is
+    approaching the earth at the rate of twelve miles per
+    second. It culminates April 21st. The Arabs called the four
+    stars in the Dipper the "bier."
+
+
+  EL NATH [b] _Tauri_, the one who butts. This star is
+    receding at the rate of five miles a second.
+
+  ELTANIN, or ETANIN (et'-[=a]-nin), [g] _Draconis_, "the
+    dragon," "the dragon's head."
+
+    It is orange in color and culminates Aug. 4th. Rasaben is
+    another name for this star.
+
+  E'-NIF, or en'-if, [e] _Pegasi_, "the nose."
+
+    Situated in the nose of Pegasus. It is a yellow star, which
+    is receding from the earth at the rate of five miles per
+    second, and culminates Oct. 4th. This star was also called
+    fum-al-far-as, "the mouth of the horse."
+
+  ER RAI (er-r[=a]'-[=e]), [g] _Cephei_, "the shepherd."
+
+    Situated in the left knee of Cepheus. It is yellow in color
+    and culminates Nov. 10th.
+
+
+  FOMALHAUT (F[=o]'-mal-[=o]), (disputed pronunciation), [a]
+    _Piscis Austri_, "the fish's mouth."
+
+    Situated in the head of the Southern Fish. It is reddish in
+    color, and culminates Oct. 25th. This star was also known as
+    the first frog, the second frog being [b] Ceti.
+
+  FURUD, or PHURUD (fu-r[=o]d), [z] _Canis Majoris_, "the
+    bright single one."
+
+    Situated in the left hind paw of the Greater Dog. It is
+    light orange in color.
+
+
+  GEM'-MA, [a] _Coronae Borealis_, "a bud."
+
+    The brightest star in the Northern Crown. It is brilliant
+    white in color, and is receding from the earth at the rate
+    of twenty miles per second. It culminates June 28th. This
+    star is also known as Alphecca and Alfeta.
+
+  GIANSAR [l] _Draconis_, "the twins," "the poison place."
+
+    Situated in the tip of the Dragon's tail. An orange-colored
+    star. It culminates April 28th.
+
+  GIEDI, [a] _Capricorni_, also called Algied'-i, the goat.
+
+    Situated in the head of the Sea-Goat. It is a yellow star,
+    and culminates Sept. 9th.
+
+  GIENAH, [g] _Corvi_, "the right wing of the raven."
+
+    Situated in the Crow's wing. It culminates May 10th.
+
+  GIENAH, [e] _Cygni_, "the wing."
+
+    Situated in the Swan's wing. It is a yellow star, and
+    culminates Sept. 17th.
+
+  GOMEISA (g[=o]-m[=i]'-z[:a]), GOMELZA, [b] _Canis Minoris_,
+    "Watery-eyed, weeping." A white star.
+
+    Situated in the neck of the Lesser Dog.
+
+  GRAFFIAS, [b] _Scorpii_, derivation unknown; the name may
+    mean "the crab." This star was also called Ak'rab, the
+    Scorpion.
+
+    Situated in the head of the Scorpion. It is a pale white
+    star, and culminates July 5th.
+
+  GRUMIUM (gr[:o]'-mi-um), [x] _Draconis_, "the dragon's under
+    jaw."
+
+    A yellow star.
+
+
+  HAM'-AL or (ha-m[:a]l'), [a] _Arietis_, "the head of the
+    sheep."
+
+    Situated in the forehead of the Ram. It is yellow in color,
+    and is approaching the earth at the rate of nine miles per
+    second. It culminates Dec. 11th.
+
+  HOMAM (ho-mam'), [z] _Pegasi_, "the lucky star of the hero,
+    or the whisperer."
+
+    Situated in the neck of Pegasus. Light yellow in color. It
+    culminates Oct. 22d. The Century Dictionary gives this star
+    name to [[^e]] _Pegasi_.
+
+  HYADUM I, [g] _Tauri_.
+
+    Situated in the Hyades, the nose of the Bull. A yellow star.
+
+
+  IZAR ([=e]-z[:a]r), Mirach, or Mizar, [e] _Bo[:o]tis_, "the
+    girdle."
+
+    Pale orange in color. It is approaching the earth at the
+    rate of ten miles per second, and culminates June 16th. A
+    beautiful colored double star.
+
+
+  JABBAH (Jab'-b[:a]), [n] _Scorpii_, "crown of the forehead."
+
+    A triple star.
+
+
+  KAUS (k[^a]s), AUSTRALIS, [e] _Sagittarii_, "the southern part
+    of the bow."
+
+    An orange-colored star. It culminates Aug. 8th.
+
+  KAUS (k[^a]s), BOREALIS, [l] _Sagittarii_, "the northern part of
+    the bow."
+
+    Orange color.
+
+  KITALPHA, [a] _Equulei_, the Arab name for the asterism. In
+    the head of the Little Horse. It culminates Sept. 24th.
+
+  KO'-CHAB (k[=o]-k[:a]b'), [b] _Ursae Minoris_, "the star of the
+    North."
+
+    Situated in the right shoulder of the Little Bear. One of
+    the two Guardians of the Pole. It is reddish in color, and
+    is receding from the earth at the rate of eight miles per
+    second. It culminates June 19th.
+
+  KORNEPHOROS, [b] _Herculis_, the Arab name for the
+    constellation.
+
+    Situated in the right arm-pit of Hercules. Pale yellow in
+    color. It is approaching the earth at the rate of twenty-two
+    miles per second. It culminates July 12th.
+
+
+  LESUTH, [n] _Scorpii_, "the sting."
+
+    Situated in the tip of the Scorpion's tail. It culminates
+    July 27th.
+
+
+  MARFAK (m[:a]r'fak), [th] _Cassiopeiae_, "the elbow."
+
+    Situated in the left elbow of Cassiopeia. This star name is
+    also given to [m] Cassiopeiae.
+
+  MARFIC (m[:a]r'-fik), [l] _Ophiuchi_, "the elbow."
+
+    Situated in the left elbow of the Serpent Bearer. Yellowish
+    white in color.
+
+  MARFIK (m[:a]r' fik), or MARSIC, [k] _Herculis_, "the elbow."
+
+    Situated in the right elbow of Hercules. Light yellow in
+    color.
+
+  MAR'-KAB (m[:a]r'kab), [a] _Pegasi_, Arab word for "saddle".
+    Century Dictionary gives "a wagon" or "chariot."
+
+    Situated in the base of the Horse's neck. It is a white star
+    which is receding from the earth at the rate of three
+    quarters of a mile a second. It culminates Nov. 3d.
+
+  MARKEB, [k] _Argus_.
+
+    Situated in the stern of the Ship. It culminates Mar. 25th.
+
+  MARSYM, [l] _Herculis_, "the wrist."
+
+    Situated in the left wrist of Hercules. Deep yellow in
+    color.
+
+  MATAR or SAD (S[:a]d), "a lucky star," or more fully,
+    Sad-Mator, [[^e]] _Pegasi_, "the fortunate rain."
+
+    Situated in the left fore leg of Pegasus.
+
+  MEBUSTA, MEBSUTA (Meb-s[:o]'-ta), or MEBOULA, [e] _Geminorum_,
+    "the outstretched."
+
+    A brilliant white star situated in the right knee of Castor.
+
+  MEDIA, or KAUS MEDIA, [d] _Sagittarii_, "middle (of the)
+    bow."
+
+    Orange yellow in color. It culminates Aug. 8th.
+
+  M[=E]-GRES, or (M[=e]'-grez), [d] _Ursae Majoris_, "the root
+    of the bear's tail."
+
+    It is a pale yellow star, and culminates May 10th. This star
+    is the faintest of the seven which form the Dipper.
+
+  MEISSA, [l] _Orionis_.
+
+    Situated in the face of the Giant Hunter. Pale white in
+    color.
+
+  MEKBUDA (mek-b[=u]'-d[=a]), [z] _Geminorum_, "the contracted
+    (arm)."
+
+    Situated in the left knee of Pollux. Pale topaz in color.
+
+  MENKALINAN (men-ka-l[=e]-nan' or Men-kal'-i-nan), [b]
+    _Aurigae_, "the shoulder of the rein-holder or driver."
+
+    Situated in the right arm of the Charioteer. A lucid yellow
+    star which is receding from the earth at the rate of
+    seventeen miles per second. It culminates Jan. 29th. This
+    star was one of the first discovered and most remarkable
+    "spectroscopic binaries."
+
+  MENKAR (men'k[:a]r), [a] _Ceti_, "the nose, or snout."
+
+    Situated in the nose of Cetus. Bright orange in color. It
+    culminates Dec. 21st. Sometimes written Menkab.
+
+  MENKIB, [x] _Persei_, "the shoulder."
+
+    Situated in the calf of the right leg of Perseus.
+
+  MERAK (m[=e]'rak), [b] _Ursae Majoris_, "the loin of the
+    bear."
+
+    A greenish white star which is approaching the earth at the
+    rate of eighteen miles per second. It culminates Apr. 20th.
+    The southern of the two "pointers."
+
+  MESARTIM (m[=e]-s[:a]r'tim), [g] _Arietis_, the Hebrew word
+    for "minister."
+
+    Situated in the Ram's left horn. Bright white in color.
+
+  MINTAKA (min'ta-k[:a]), [d] _Orionis_, "the belt (of the
+    giant)."
+
+    One of the three stars in Orion's belt. A brilliant white
+    star with very little motion. It culminates Jan. 24th.
+
+  M[=I]'-RA (m[=i]'ra or m[=e]'ra), [o] _Ceti_.
+
+    Situated in the neck of Cetus. A famous variable, flushed
+    yellow in color. It culminates Dec. 15th.
+
+  M[=I]'RACH, or MIRAK (m[=i]'rak or m[=e]'rak), [b]
+    _Andromedae_, "the girdle," or "the loins."
+
+    A yellow star culminating Nov. 28th.
+
+  M[=I]ZAR (m[=i]z[:a]r or m[=e]'z[:a]r), [z] _Ursae Majoris_, "a
+    girdle or apron."
+
+    Situated in the tail of the Great Bear. Brilliant white in
+    color. It is approaching the earth at the rate of nineteen
+    miles per second. It culminates May 28th.
+
+  MULIPHEN, [g] _Canis Majoris_.
+
+    Situated in the neck of the Greater Dog. It culminates Feb.
+    26th.
+
+  MUPHRID (m[=u]'-frid), [[^e]] _Bo[:o]tis_, "the solitary star of
+    the lancer."
+
+    Situated in the calf of the left leg of the Herdsman. Pale
+    yellow in color. It culminates June 4th.
+
+  MURZIM or MIRZAM (mer-z[:a]m'), [b] _Canis Majoris_, "the
+    announcer" or "the roarer."
+
+    Situated in the Greater Dog's left fore paw. A white star
+    culminating Feb. 5th.
+
+  MUSCIDA, [o] _Ursae Majoris_, "the muzzle."
+
+    Situated in the nose of the Great Bear.
+
+
+  NEKKAR, or NAKKAR (nak'-k[:a]r), [b] _Bo[:o]tis_, "the herdsman,"
+    the Arab name for the whole constellation.
+
+    Situated in the head of Bo[:o]tes. A golden yellow star which
+    culminates June 20th.
+
+  NAOS (n[=a]'-os), [z] _Argus_, "the ship."
+
+    Situated in the stern of the Ship. It culminates Mar. 3d.
+
+  NASHIRA, [g] _Capricorni_, "the fortunate one, or the
+    bringer of good tidings."
+
+    Situated in the tail of the Sea-Goat. It culminates Oct. 3d.
+
+  NIHAL, [b] _Leporis_.
+
+    Situated in the right foot of the Hare. Deep yellow in
+    color. It culminates Jan. 23d.
+
+  NODUS SECUNDUS, [d] _Draconis_, "the second of the four
+    knots or convolutions."
+
+    Deep yellow in color. It culminates Aug. 24th.
+
+  NUNKI, [s] _Sagittarii_, "the star of the proclamation of
+    the sea," or SADIRA (sad'-[=e]-ra), "the ostrich returning
+    from the water."
+
+    Situated in the upper part of the Archer's left arm. It
+    culminates Aug. 17th.
+
+
+  PHAD, PHEC'-DA, or PHAED (f[=a]'-ed), [g] _Ursae Majoris_,
+    "the thigh" (of the bear).
+
+    Topaz yellow in color. It is approaching the earth at the
+    rate of sixteen miles per second. It culminates May 4th.
+
+  PHAET or PHACT, [a] _Columbae_.
+
+    Situated in the heart of the Dove. It culminates Jan. 26th.
+
+  PHERKAD (fer'-kad), [g] _Ursae Minoris_, "the calf."
+
+    Situated in the right fore leg of the Little Bear.
+
+  PO-L[/A]-RIS, [a] _Ursae Minoris_, "the pole star."
+
+    Situated in the tip of the Little Bear's tail. Topaz yellow
+    in color. It is receding from the earth at the rate of
+    sixteen miles per second.
+
+  POL'-LUX, [b] _Geminorum_, Ovid's "Pugil," the pugilist of
+    the two brothers.
+
+    Situated in the head of Pollux. An orange-colored star which
+    is receding from the earth at the rate of one mile per
+    second. It culminates Feb. 26th. The Century Dictionary
+    gives the color of Pollux as very yellow.
+
+  PORRIMA (por'-i-m[:a]), [g] _Virginis_, Latin name for "a
+    goddess of prophecy."
+
+    Situated in the Virgin's left arm. It culminates May 17th.
+
+  PRO'-CY-ON, [a] _Canis Minoris_, "the foremost dog."
+
+    A yellowish-white star. It is approaching the earth at the
+    rate of six miles per second. It culminates Feb. 24th. It is
+    situated in the right side of the Lesser Dog. Dr. Elkin
+    gives its distance as 12.3 light years, and its proper
+    motion as 13.9 miles per second.
+
+  PROPUS (pr[=o]'-pus), [[^e]] _Geminorum_, "the forward foot."
+
+    Situated in the northern foot of Castor.
+
+  RASALAS (ras'-a-las), [m] _Leonis_, "the lion's head toward
+    the south."
+
+    Situated in the Sickle, close to the Lion's right eye. An
+    orange-colored star. It culminates Apr. 1st. Alshemali and
+    Borealis are other names for this star.
+
+  RAS ALGETHI (r[:a]s-al-ge'-thi), [a] _Herculis_, "the kneeler's
+    head."
+
+    Orange red in color. It culminates July 23d.
+
+  RAS'-AL-H[=A]G'-UE, [a] _Ophiuchi_, "the head of the serpent
+    charmer."
+
+    A sapphire-hued star. It is receding from the earth at the
+    rate of twelve miles per second. It culminates July 28th.
+
+  RASTABAN (r[:a]s-ta-b[:a]n'), [b] or [g] _Draconis_ "the dragon's
+    head," or "the head of the basilisk."
+
+    A yellow star culminating Aug. 3d. This star also called
+    Alwaid (al-w[=i]d') "the sucking camel-colts." The three
+    stars near it are included in this appellation.
+
+  REG'-U-LUS, [a] _Leonis_, diminutive of the earlier Rex.
+
+    Situated in the handle of the Sickle, and the right fore paw
+    of the Lion. It is flushed white in color, and is
+    approaching the earth at the rate of five miles per second.
+    It culminates April 6th. According to Dr. Elkin it is 35.1
+    light years distant, and has a proper motion of 8.5 miles
+    per second.
+
+  RIGEL (ri'-jel), [b] _Orionis_, "the [left] leg of the
+    Jabbah, or giant."
+
+    A bluish-white star, which is receding from the earth at the
+    rate of ten miles per second. It culminates Jan. 20th. This
+    star is sometimes called Algebar (al'-je-b[:a]r).
+
+  ROTANEV (rot'-a-nev), [b] _Delphini_, from Venator,
+    assistant to Piazzi, his name reversed.
+
+    It culminates Sept. 15th.
+
+  RUCHBA, [[^o]] _Cygni_, "the hen's knee."
+
+    A pale red star.
+
+  RUCHBAH, or RUCBAH, [d] _Cassiopeiae_, "the knee."
+
+    Situated in the left knee of Cassiopeia. It culminates Dec.
+    2d.
+
+  RUKBAT, [a] _Sagittarii_, "the archer's knee."
+
+    Situated in the left fore foot of the Archer. It culminates
+    Aug. 24th.
+
+
+  SABIK, [[^e]] _Ophiuchi_.
+
+    A pale yellow star in the left leg of the Serpent Bearer. It
+    culminates Aug. 21st.
+
+  SADACHBIA (s[=a]d-ak-b[=e]'-y[:a]), [g] _Aquarii_, "the luck
+    star of hidden things."
+
+    Greenish in color and situated in the water jar of Aquarius.
+    It culminates Oct. 16th.
+
+  SAD AL BARI, [l] and [m] _Pegasi_, "the good luck of the
+    excelling one."
+
+    Situated close to the fore legs of Pegasus.
+
+  SADAL MELIK (s[:a]d-al-mel'-ik), or RUCBAH, [a] _Aquarii_, "the
+    lucky star of the king."
+
+    A red star situated in the right shoulder of Aquarius. It
+    culminates Oct. 9th.
+
+  SADALSUND, or SADALSUUD (s[:a]d-al-s[:o]-[:o]d), [b] _Aquarii_, "the
+    luckiest of the lucky."
+
+    Pale yellow in color. Situated in the left shoulder of
+    Aquarius. It culminates Sept. 29th.
+
+  SADATONI (sad-a-t[=o]'-ni), [z] _Aurigae_.
+
+    One of the three stars known as "the kids." Orange color.
+
+  SADR (sadr), or SADIR (s[=a]'-d[=e]r), [g] _Cygni_, "the
+    hen's breast."
+
+    This star is approaching the earth at the rate of four miles
+    per second. It culminates Sept. 11th.
+
+  SAIPH (s[=a]-if'), [k] _Orionis_, "the sword of the giant."
+
+    Situated in Orion's right knee. It culminates Jan. 27th.
+
+  SARGAS, [th] _Scorpii_.
+
+    A red star situated in the tail of the Scorpion. It
+    culminates July 27th.
+
+  SCHEAT (she'-at), or Menkib, [b] _Pegasi_, "the upper part of
+    the arm."
+
+    Situated in the left fore-leg of Pegasus. It is deep yellow
+    in color, and is receding from the earth at the rate of four
+    miles per second. It culminates Oct. 25th.
+
+  SCHEMALI, see Deneb al schemali, [i] _Ceti_.
+
+  SEGINUS (se-j[=i]'nus), [g] _Bo[:o]tis_, from Ceginus of the
+    constellation, possibly.
+
+    Situated in the left shoulder of Bo[:o]tes. It culminates June
+    13th.
+
+  SHAULA (sh[^a]'-l[:a]), [l] _Scorpii_, "the sting."
+
+    In the tip of the Scorpion's tail.
+
+  SHEDAR, SCHEDIR, or SHEDIR, [a] _Cassiopeiae_, "the breast,"
+    or from El Seder, "the sedar tree," a name given to this
+    constellation by Ulugh Beigh.
+
+    Pale rose in color. It culminates Nov. 18th.
+
+  SHELIAK, or SHELYAK (shel'-yak), "a tortoise," [b] _Lyrae_,
+    Arabian name for the constellation.
+
+    A very white star culminating Aug. 17th.
+
+  SHERATAN (sher-a-tan'), [b] _Arietis_, "a sign," or "the two
+    signs."
+
+    Situated in the Ram's horn. A pearly white star culminating
+    Dec. 7th.
+
+  SIR'-I-US, [a] _Canis Majoris_, "the sparkling star or
+    scorcher."
+
+    Situated in the mouth of the Great Dog. Brilliant white in
+    color. The brightest of the fixed stars. It culminates Feb.
+    11th.
+
+  SITULA (sit'-[=u]-l[=a]), [k] _Aquarii_, "the water jar or
+    bucket."
+
+    Situated in the rim of the Water Jar.
+
+  SKAT, or SCHEAT, [d] _Aquarii_, "a wish," or possibly it
+    means a "shin bone."
+
+    Situated in the right leg of Aquarius.
+
+  SPI'CA, [a] _Virginis_, "the ear of wheat or corn" (held in
+    the Virgin's left hand).
+
+    A brilliant flushed white star, which is approaching the
+    earth at the rate of nine miles a second. It culminates May
+    28th.
+
+  SUALOCIN, or SVALOCIN (sval'-[=o]-sin), Nicolaus reversed,
+    [a] _Delphini_.
+
+    A pale yellow star culminating Sept. 15th.
+
+  SULAFAT, or SULAPHAT (s[:o]'-l[:a]-f[:a]t), "the tortoise," [g]
+    _Lyrae_.
+
+    Arabian title for the whole constellation. It is bright
+    yellow in color, and culminates Aug. 19th.
+
+  SYRMA, [i] _Virginis_; this name used by Ptolemy to
+    designate this star in the train of the Virgin's robe.
+
+
+  TALITA (t[:a]'-l[=e]-t[:a]), [k] or [i] _Ursae Majoris_, "the third
+    vertebra."
+
+    Situated in the right fore paw of the Great Bear. Topaz
+    yellow in color.
+
+  TANIA BOREALIS, [l] _Ursae Majoris_.
+
+  TANIA AUSTRALIS, [m] _Ursae Majoris_, a red star.
+
+    These stars are situated in the right hind foot of the Great
+    Bear. The former star culminates Apr. 8th.
+
+  TARAZED (tar'-a-zed), [g] _Aquilae_, "the soaring falcon,"
+    part of the Persian title for the constellation.
+
+    Situated in the body of the Eagle. A pale orange star,
+    culminating Aug. 31st.
+
+  TEGMENI, [z] _Cancri_, "in the covering."
+
+    A yellow-colored star.
+
+  TE'-JAT, [m] _Geminorum_.
+
+  THU'-BAN or (th[=o]-ban'), [a] _Draconis_, "the dragon," the
+    Arab title for the constellation.
+
+    Situated in one of the Dragon's coils. It is pale yellow in
+    color, and culminates June 7th.
+
+
+  UNUK AL HAY or UNUKALHAI ([=u]'-nuk-al-h[:a]'-i), [a]
+    _Serpentis_, "the neck of the snake."
+
+    A pale yellow star which is receding from the earth at the
+    rate of fourteen miles a second. It culminates July 28th.
+
+
+  V[:E]'GA, or WEGA, [a] _Lyrae_, "falling," _i.e._, the falling
+    bird, "the harp star."
+
+    A beautiful pale star sapphire in color. It is approaching
+    the earth at the rate of nine miles a second. It culminates
+    Aug. 12th.
+
+  VINDEMIATRIX, [e] _Virginis_, "the vintager or grape
+    gatherer."
+
+    Situated in the Virgin's right arm. A bright yellow star
+    culminating May 22d.
+
+
+  WASAT (w[:a]'-sat), [d] _Geminorum_, "the middle."
+
+    Situated in the body of Pollux. Pale white in color. It
+    culminates Feb. 19th.
+
+  WESEN, [d] _Canis Majoris_, "the weight."
+
+    A light yellow star in the right side of the Great Dog. It
+    culminates Feb. 17th.
+
+
+  YED PRIOR (yed), [d] _Ophiuchi_, "the hand," "the star
+    behind or following."
+
+    Deep yellow in color. It culminates July 7th. It is in the
+    left hand of the Serpent Bearer.
+
+  YED POSTERIOR, [e] _Ophiuchi_, "the hand."
+
+    A red star culminating July 8th.
+
+  YILDUM, [d] _Ursae Minoris_.
+
+    Situated in the tail of the Little Bear. A greenish-hued
+    star culminating Aug. 12th.
+
+
+  ZANIAH, [[^e]] _Virginis_.
+
+    Situated in the Virgin's left shoulder.
+
+  ZAURAK (z[^a]'-rak), [g] _Eridani_, "the bright star of the
+    boat."
+
+    A yellow star.
+
+  ZAVIJAVA (zav-ija'-va), [b] _Virginis_, "angle or corner,"
+    "the retreat or kennel of the barking dog."
+
+    Situated on the Virgin's left wing. A pale yellow star
+    culminating May 3d.
+
+  ZOSMA (z[=o]s'-ma), [d] _Leonis_, "a girdle."
+
+    Situated at the root of the Lion's tail. A pale yellow star
+    which is approaching the earth at the rate of nine miles a
+    second. It culminates Apr. 24th. This star is also called
+    Duhr, and sometimes Zubra.
+
+  ZUBENAKRAVI (z[:o]ben-ak'-ra-vi or -bi), [g] _Scorpii_, "the
+    claw of the Scorpion." A red star.
+
+  ZUBEN ELGENUBI (z[:o]-ben-el-jen-[=u]'-bi), [a] _Librae_, "the
+    southern claw" (of the Scorpion).
+
+    A pale yellow star culminating June 17th. This star is also
+    called Kiffa Australis.
+
+  ZUBEN ESCHAMALI (z[:o]-ben-es-she-ma'-li), [b] _Librae_, "the
+    northern claw."
+
+    A pale emerald color, a very unusual color for a star. It is
+    approaching the earth at the rate of six miles a second and
+    culminates June 23d. This star is also known as "Kiffa
+    Borealis."
+
+In the compilation of the foregoing list, the author has been greatly
+assisted by Allen's "Star Names and their Meanings."
+
+[Footnote 1: It will be noted that the date of culmination is given in
+almost every case. By culmination is meant the highest point reached by
+a heavenly body in its path, at which point it is said to be on the
+meridian. In this hemisphere this is in each case the highest point
+north.
+
+For example:--the culmination of the sun occurs at noon.
+
+The time when the stars here mentioned culminate on the dates specified
+is in each case nine o'clock P.M.]
+
+
+
+TABLE SHOWING THE STARS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND MAGNITUDE RISING IN
+THE EASTERN SKY AT NINE O'CLOCK P.M. ON THE DATES SPECIFIED.
+
+  -------------+-----------------+---------------------------
+       DATE    | NAME OF STAR    |    CONSTELLATION
+  -------------+-----------------+---------------------------
+  January 1    |Regulus, 1st.    |Leo.
+     "    8    |Alphard, 2d.     |Hydra.
+     "    11   |Cor Caroli.      |Canes Venatici.
+  February 20  |Arcturus, 1st.   |Bo[:o]tes.
+  March   1    |Spica, 1st.      |Virgo.
+     "    5    |Gemma, 2d.       |Corona Borealis.
+  April   1    |Vega, 1st.       |Lyra.
+     "    20   |Ras Alhague, 2d. |Ophiuchus.
+     "    22   |Deneb, 2d.       |Cygnus.
+  May   9      |Antares, 1st.    |Scorpius.
+     "    26   |Altair, 1st.     |Aquila.
+  June  5      |                 |Delphinus.
+  July  17     |Algenib, 2d.     |Perseus.
+  August 6     |Algol.           |Perseus.
+     "   21    |Capella, 1st.    |Auriga.
+     "    "    |Hamal, 2d.       |Aries.
+     "   27    |Fomalhaut, 1st.  |Piscis Australis.
+  September 13 |                 |The Pleiades in Taurus.
+  October 2    |Aldebaran, 1st.  |Taurus.
+     "    26   |Bellatrix, 2d.   |Orion.
+     "    30   |Castor, 2d.      |Gemini.
+     "     "   |Betelgeuze, 1st. |Orion.
+  November 4   |Pollux, 1st.     |Gemini.
+     "     "   |Rigel, 1st.      |Orion.
+     "     27  |Procyon, 1st.    |Canis Minor.
+  December 4   |Sirius, 1st.     |Canis Major.
+     "     8   |Phaet, 2d.       |Columba.
+     "     14  |                 |The Bee Hive in Cancer.
+     "     16  |                 |The head of Hydra.
+  -----------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+  NAME     PAGE
+
+  Andromeda,  73
+
+  Antino[:u]s,  39
+
+  Aquarius,  81
+
+  Aquila,  39
+
+  Argo Navis,  107
+
+  Aries,  85
+
+  Auriga,  11
+
+
+  Bo[:o]tes,  55
+
+  Brandenburg Sceptre, The,  111
+
+  Bull of Poniatowskio,  45
+
+
+  Camelopardalis,  7
+
+  Cancer,  13
+
+  Canes Venatici,  59
+
+  Canis Major,  105
+
+  Canis Minor,  21
+
+  Capricornus,  83
+
+  Cassiopeia,  67
+
+  Cepheus,  69
+
+  Cerberus,  53
+
+  Cetus,  87
+
+  Columba,  103
+
+  Coma Berenices,  19
+
+  Corona Australis,  43
+
+  Corona Borealis,  51
+
+  Corvus,  23
+
+  Crater,  25
+
+  Cygnus,  37
+
+
+  Delphinus,  41
+
+  Draco,  33
+
+
+  Equ[:u]leus,  71
+
+  Eridanus,  111
+
+
+  Gemini,  9
+
+  Gloria Frederica,  73
+
+
+  Hercules,  53
+
+  Herschel's Telescope,  11
+
+  Hydra,  15
+
+
+  Leo,  17
+
+  Leo Minor,  95
+
+  Lepus,  101
+
+  Libra,  49
+
+  Lupus,  47
+
+  Lynx,  95
+
+  Lyra,  35
+
+
+  Monoceros,  109
+
+  Musca,  89
+
+
+  Ophiuchus,  45
+
+  Orion,  99
+
+
+  Pegasus,  71
+
+  Perseus,  75
+
+  Pisces,  77
+
+  Piscis Australis,  81
+
+
+  Sagitta,  37
+
+  Sagittarius,  43
+
+  Scorpius,  47
+
+  Serpens,  45
+
+  Sobieski's Shield,  39
+
+
+  Taurus,  97
+
+  Triangulum,  79
+
+
+  Ursa Major,  5
+
+  Ursa Minor,  7
+
+
+  Virgo,  57
+
+  Vulpecular and Anser,  41
+
+
+
+Popular Books on Astronomy
+
+By William Tyler Olcott
+
+
+_Excellently arranged, and copiously illustrated, these little
+manuals--real field-books--should prove valuable for all who want to
+become familiar with the stars_
+
+
+A Field Book of the Stars
+
+_16mo. With Fifty Diagrams._
+
+    To facilitate the fascinating recreation of star-gazing the
+    author has designed this field-book. All matters of a
+    technical or theoretical nature have been omitted. Only what
+    the reader can observe with the naked eye or with an
+    opera-glass have been included in it. Simplicity and brevity
+    have been aimed at, the main idea being that whatever is
+    bulky or verbose is a hindrance rather than a help when one
+    is engaged in the observation of the heavens.
+
+
+In Starland with a Three-Inch Telescope
+
+A Conveniently Arranged Guide for the Use of the Amateur Astronomer
+
+_16mo. With Forty Diagrams of the Constellations and Eight of the
+Moon._
+
+    The _raison d'etre_ therefore for the book is convenience
+    and arrangement. The author has found by experience that
+    what the student most needs when he is observing with a
+    telescope, is a page to glance at that will serve as a guide
+    to the object he desires to view, and which affords concise
+    data relative to that object. The diagrams therefore direct
+    the student's vision and the subject-matter affords the
+    necessary information in each case.
+
+
+Star Lore of All Ages
+
+A Collection of Myths, Legends, and Facts Concerning the
+Constellations of the Northern Hemisphere
+
+_8vo. Fully Illustrated._
+
+    Will appeal alike to those who are interested in folk-lore
+    and those who are attracted by astronomy. In it the author
+    has gathered together the curious myths and traditions that
+    have attached themselves from the earliest times to
+    different constellations and even to individual stars.
+
+  G.P. PUTNAM'S SONS
+  New York      London
+
+
+The Essence of Astronomy
+
+Things Every One Should Know About the Sun, Moon and Stars
+
+By Edward W. Price
+
+_12mo. Fully Illustrated._
+
+    Here is a volume quite different from the usual "popular
+    book on astronomy."
+
+    It answers in untechnical language the every-day questions
+    of every-day people, the material being so arranged that it
+    is readily available for quick reference use, as well as for
+    interesting consecutive reading.
+
+    An individual chapter is devoted to each member of the Solar
+    System. Special space is given to "Curiosities of the
+    Skies."
+
+    The illustrations are from photographs taken at the great
+    observatories. The drawings of Mars are the most recent
+    published, being made by Professor Lowell in January, 1914.
+
+    The chronological table and annotated bibliography are of
+    real value.
+
+
+Sun Lore of All Ages
+
+A Collection of Myths and Legends Concerning the Sun and its Worship
+
+By William Tyler Olcott
+
+Author of "Star Lore of All Ages," "A Field Book of the Stars," etc.
+
+_8vo. With 30 Illustrations._
+
+    A companion volume to _Star Lore of All Ages_ by the same
+    author. It comprises a compilation of the myths, legends,
+    and facts concerning the sun, of equal interest to the
+    lay-reader or to the student.
+
+    The literature of the subject is teeming with interest,
+    linked as it is with the life story of mankind from the
+    cradle of the race to the present day, for the solar myth
+    lies at the very foundation of all mythology, and as such
+    must forever claim pre-eminence.
+
+
+  G.P. Putnam's Sons
+  New York      London
+
+
+Astronomy in a Nutshell
+
+The Chief Facts and Principles Explained in Popular Language for
+General Readers and for Schools
+
+By Garrett P. Serviss
+
+_Cr. 8vo. With 47 Illustrations._
+
+    Presents the subject of astronomy in a succinct, popular
+    form. No mathematical knowledge beyond the simplest outlines
+    is assumed on the part of the reader. The great underlying
+    facts and principles of astronomy are presented in a shape
+    which any intelligent person can comprehend. The book may be
+    used either for self-instruction or for schools.
+
+
+History of Astronomy
+
+By George Forbes, M.A., F.R.S., M.Inst.C.E.
+
+Formerly Professor of Natural Philosophy, Anderson's College, Glasgow
+
+_16mo. Adequately Illustrated._
+
+_No. 1. A History of the Science Series_
+
+    The author traces the evolution of intellectual thought in
+    the progress of astronomical discovery, recognizing the
+    various points of view of the different ages, giving due
+    credit even to the ancients. It has been necessary to
+    curtail many parts of the history, to lay before the reader
+    in unlimited space enough about each age to illustrate its
+    tone and spirit, the ideals of the workers, the gradual
+    addition of new points of view and of new means of
+    investigation.
+
+
+An Easy Guide to the Constellations
+
+With a Miniature Atlas of the Stars
+
+By James Gall
+
+Author of "The People's Atlas of the Stars," etc.
+
+_New and Enlarged Edition, with 30 Maps 16mo._
+
+    This new edition of _An Easy Guide to the Constellations_
+    has been thoroughly revised: five additional plates have
+    been added, so as to include all the constellations of the
+    Zodiac, and render the book complete for Southern Europe and
+    the United States.
+
+  G.P. Putnam's Sons
+  New York      London
+
+
+The Destinies of the Stars
+
+By
+
+Svante Arrhenius
+
+Author of "Worlds in the Making," etc.
+
+_12mo. 26 Illustrations._
+
+    With keenness, brilliancy, and distinguished learning, Dr.
+    Arrhenius, a Nobel Prize winner, having had occasion
+    repeatedly to treat new questions of a cosmological nature,
+    questions largely arisen from new discoveries and
+    observations within the scope of astronomy, opens to the
+    reader vast new vistas, through the study of the relation of
+    the stars to the "Milky Way" and through observations of our
+    neighbor planets.
+
+  G.P. Putnam's Sons
+  New York      London
+
+
+  Transcriber's Notes:
+
+    The original text contains many characters that cannot be
+    rendered properly in a 7 bit (ascii) version of the text.
+
+  Accented characters markup scheme:
+
+    Accented characters indicate pronunciation. The accented
+    character and the symbol representing the accent are surrounded
+    with square brackets. Symbols in this text have been placed in
+    front of the character as the accents all appear above the
+    character.
+
+    Accent      Symbol
+    acute         /
+    macron        =
+    breve         )
+    diaresis      :
+    circumflex    ^
+
+  Greek characters markup scheme:
+
+    Greek characters indicate specific stars within a given constellation.
+    The Greek character has been transcribed and surrounded with square
+    brackets. Where the transcription resulted in an accented character
+    this character was rendered according to the character markup scheme
+    (above) and both sets of square brackets were retained. Example [[^e]].
+
+  Other symbols markup scheme:
+
+    Symbols that represent the various signs of the zodiac were rendered
+    according to the following example [Symbol: Gemini]
+    The degree symbol is represented by [deg]
+    Acute accent as a single character represented by '.
+    The ae ligature has been expanded to ae.
+    Superscripted characters are preceded by a ^
+
+   Corrections made:
+     Page 12 Au iga corrected to Auriga.
+     Page 118 preceptible corrected to perceptible.
+     Page 148 Oeti corrected to Ceti.
+     Page 163 cometimes corrected to sometimes.
+
+   Inconsistencies retained:
+     Alphecca and Alphacca.
+     Gloria Frederika and Gloria Frederica.
+     Bull of Poniatowskio and Bull of Poniatowski.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's A Field Book of the Stars, by William Tyler Olcott
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A FIELD BOOK OF THE STARS ***
+
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