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+*The Project Gutenberg Etext of Life of William Carey, by Smith*
+by George Smith
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+The Life of William Carey, Shoemaker & Missionary
+
+by George Smith
+
+February, 2000  [Etext #2056]
+
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+*The Project Gutenberg Etext of Life of William Carey, by Smith*
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+This Etext was created by John Bechard, London, England
+(JaBBechard@aol.com)
+
+{Note: I have had to insert a view comments mainly in regards to
+adjustments to fonts to allow for some of the characters in the Indian
+names; you will find any of my own notes enclosed in these brackets--{}.
+I have also renumbered the footnotes and placed them at the end of this
+Etext, removing them from within the document where they fell at the end
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+
+
+
+
+The Life of William Carey, Shoemaker & Missionary
+
+by George Smith
+
+
+
+
+
+This Etext was created by John Bechard, London, England
+(JaBBechard@aol.com)
+
+{Note from the preparer of this etext: I have had to insert a view
+comments mainly in regards to adjustments to fonts to allow for some
+of the characters in the Indian names; you will find any of my own
+notes enclosed in these brackets--{}.  I have also renumbered the
+footnotes and placed them at the end of this e-text, removing them
+from within the document where they fell at the end of each
+corresponding page.}
+
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+On the death of William Carey In 1834 Dr. Joshua Marshman promised
+to write the Life of his great colleague, with whom he had held
+almost daily converse since the beginning of the century, but he
+survived too short a time to begin the work.  In 1836 the Rev.
+Eustace Carey anticipated him by issuing what is little better than
+a selection of mutilated letters and journals made at the request of
+the Committee of the Baptist Missionary Society.  It contains one
+passage of value, however.  Dr. Carey once said to his nephew, whose
+design he seems to have suspected, "Eustace, if after my removal any
+one should think it worth his while to write my Life, I will give
+you a criterion by which you may judge of its correctness.  If he
+give me credit for being a plodder he will describe me justly.
+Anything beyond this will be too much.  I can plod.  I can
+persevere in any definite pursuit.  To this I owe everything."
+
+In 1859 Mr. John Marshman, after his final return to England,
+published The Life and Times of Carey, Marshman, and Ward, a
+valuable history and defence of the Serampore Mission, but rather a
+biography of his father than of Carey.
+
+When I first went to Serampore the great missionary had not been
+twenty years dead.  During my long residence there as Editor of the
+Friend of India, I came to know, in most of its details, the nature
+of the work done by Carey for India and for Christendom in the first
+third of the century.  I began to collect such materials for his
+Biography as were to be found in the office, the press, and the
+college, and among the Native Christians and Brahman pundits whom he
+had influenced.  In addition to such materials and experience I have
+been favoured with the use of many unpublished letters written by
+Carey or referring to him; for which courtesy I here desire to thank
+Mrs. S. Carey, South Bank, Red Hill; Frederick George Carey, Esq.,
+LL.B., of Lincoln's Inn; and the Rev. Jonathan P. Carey of Tiverton.
+
+My Biographies of Carey of Serampore, Henry Martyn, Duff of
+Calcutta, and Wilson of Bombay, cover a period of nearly a century
+and a quarter, from 1761 to 1878.  They have been written as
+contributions to that history of the Christian Church of India which
+one of its native sons must some day attempt; and to the history of
+English-speaking peoples, whom the Foreign Missions begun by Carey
+have made the rulers and civilisers of the non-Christian world.
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+   I. CAREY'S COLLEGE
+  II. THE BIRTH OF ENGLAND'S FOREIGN MISSIONS
+ III. INDIA AS CAREY FOUND IT
+  IV. SIX YEARS IN NORTH BENGAL--MISSIONARY AND INDIGO PLANTER
+   V. THE NEW CRUSADE--SERAMPORE AND THE BROTHERHOOD
+  VI. THE FIRST NATIVE CONVERTS AND CHRISTIAN SCHOOLS
+ VII. CALCUTTA AND THE MISSION CENTRES FROM DELHI TO AMBOYNA
+VIII. CAREY'S FAMILY AND FRIENDS
+  IX. PROFESSOR OF SANSKRIT, BENGALI, AND MARATHI
+   X. THE WYCLIF OF THE EAST--BIBLE TRANSLATION
+  XI. WHAT CAREY DID FOR LITERATURE AND FOR HUMANITY
+ XII. WHAT CAREY DID FOR SCIENCE--FOUNDER OF THE AGRICULTURAL AND
+      HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF INDIA
+XIII. CAREY'S IMMEDIATE INFLUENCE IN GREAT BRITAIN AND AMERICA
+ XIV. CAREY AS AN EDUCATOR--THE FIRST CHRISTIAN COLLEGE IN THE EAST
+  XV. CAREY'S CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY FOR THE PEOPLE OF INDIA
+ XVI. CAREY'S LAST DAYS
+      APPENDIX
+
+
+
+
+
+LIFE OF WILLIAM CAREY, D.D.
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+CAREY'S COLLEGE
+
+1761-1785
+
+The Heart of England--The Weaver Carey who became a Peer, and the
+weaver who was father of William Carey--Early training in
+Paulerspury--Impressions made by him on his sister--On his
+companions and the villagers--His experience as son of the parish
+clerk--Apprenticed to a shoemaker of Hackleton--Poverty--Famous
+shoemakers from Annianus and Crispin to Hans Sachs and
+Whittier--From Pharisaism to Christ--The last shall be first--The
+dissenting preacher in the parish clerk's home--He studies Latin,
+Greek and Hebrew, Dutch and French--The cobbler's shed is Carey's
+College.
+
+William Carey, the first of her own children of the Reformation whom
+England sent forth as a missionary to India, where he became the
+most extensive translator of the Bible and civiliser, was the son of
+a weaver, and was himself a village shoemaker till he was
+twenty-eight years of age.  He was born on the 17th August 1761, in
+the very midland of England, in the heart of the district which had
+produced Shakspere, had fostered Wyclif and Hooker, had bred Fox and
+Bunyan, and had for a time been the scene of the lesser lights of
+John Mason and Doddridge, of John Newton and Thomas Scott.  William
+Cowper, the poet of missions, made the land his chosen home, writing
+Hope and The Task in Olney, while the shoemaker was studying
+theology under Sutcliff on the opposite side of the market-place.
+Thomas Clarkson, born a year before Carey, was beginning his
+assaults on the slave-trade by translating into English his Latin
+essay on the day-star of African liberty when the shoemaker, whom no
+university knew, was writing his Enquiry into the Obligations of
+Christians to use means for the Conversion of the Heathens.
+
+William Carey bore a name which had slowly fallen into forgetfulness
+after services to the Stewarts, with whose cause it had been
+identified.  Professor Stephens, of Copenhagen, traces it to the
+Scando-Anglian Car, CAER or CARE, which became a place-name as
+CAR-EY.  Among scores of neighbours called William, William of
+Car-ey would soon sink into Carey, and this would again become the
+family name.  In Denmark the name Caròe is common.  The oldest
+English instance is the Cariet who coined money in London for
+Æthelred II. in 1016.  Certainly the name, through its forms of
+Crew, Carew, Carey, and Cary, still prevails on the Irish
+coast--from which depression of trade drove the family first to
+Yorkshire, then to the Northamptonshire village of Yelvertoft, and
+finally to Paulerspury, farther south--as well as over the whole
+Danegelt from Lincolnshire to Devonshire.  If thus there was Norse
+blood in William Carey it came out in his persistent missionary
+daring, and it is pleasant even to speculate on the possibility of
+such an origin in one who was all his Indian life indebted to
+Denmark for the protection which alone made his career possible.
+
+The Careys who became famous in English history sprang from Devon.
+For two and a half centuries, from the second Richard to the second
+Charles, they gave statesmen and soldiers, scholars and bishops, to
+the service of their country.  Henry Carey, first cousin of Queen
+Elizabeth, was the common ancestor of two ennobled houses long since
+extinct--the Earls of Dover and the Earls of Monmouth.  A third
+peerage won by the Careys has been made historic by the patriotic
+counsels and self-sacrificing fate of Viscount Falkland, whose
+representative was Governor of Bombay for a time.  Two of the heroic
+Falkland's descendants, aged ladies, addressed a pathetic letter to
+Parliament about the time that the great missionary died, praying
+that they might not be doomed to starvation by being deprived of a
+crown pension of £80 a year.  The older branch of the Careys also
+had fallen on evil times, and it became extinct while the future
+missionary was yet four years old.  The seventh lord was a weaver
+when he succeeded to the title, and he died childless.  The eighth
+was a Dutchman who had to be naturalised, and he was the last.  The
+Careys fell lower still.  One of them bore to the brilliant and
+reckless Marquis of Halifax, Henry Carey, who wrote one of the few
+English ballads that live.  Another, the poet's granddaughter, was
+the mother of Edmund Kean, and he at first was known by her name on
+the stage.
+
+At that time when the weaver became the lord the grandfather of the
+missionary was parish clerk and first schoolmaster of the village of
+Paulerspury, eleven miles south of Northampton, and near the ancient
+posting town of Towcester, on the old Roman road from London to
+Chester.  The free school was at the east or "church end" of the
+village, which, after crossing the old Watling Street, straggles for
+a mile over a sluggish burn to the "Pury end."  One son, Thomas, had
+enlisted and was in Canada.  Edmund Carey, the second, set up the
+loom on which he wove the woollen cloth known as "tammy," in a
+two-storied cottage.  There his eldest child, WILLIAM, was born, and
+lived for six years till his father was appointed schoolmaster, when
+the family removed to the free schoolhouse.  The cottage was
+demolished in 1854 by one Richard Linnell, who placed on the still
+meaner structure now occupying the site the memorial slab that
+guides many visitors to the spot.  The schoolhouse, in which William
+Carey spent the eight most important years of his childhood till he
+was fourteen, and the school made way for the present pretty
+buildings.
+
+The village surroundings and the country scenery coloured the whole
+of the boy's after life, and did much to make him the first
+agricultural improver and naturalist of Bengal, which he became.
+The lordship of Pirie, as it was called by Gitda, its Saxon owner,
+was given by the Conqueror, with much else, to his natural son,
+William Peverel, as we see from the Domesday survey.  His
+descendants passed it on to Robert de Paveli, whence its present
+name, but in Carey's time it was held by the second Earl Bathurst,
+who was Lord Chancellor.  Up to the very schoolhouse came the royal
+forest of Whittlebury, its walks leading north to the woods of
+Salcey, of Yardley Chase and Rockingham, from the beeches which give
+Buckingham its name.  Carey must have often sat under the Queen's
+Oak, still venerable in its riven form, where Edward IV., when
+hunting, first saw Elizabeth, unhappy mother of the two princes
+murdered in the Tower.  The silent robbery of the people's rights
+called "inclosures" has done much, before and since Carey's time, to
+sweep away or shut up the woodlands.  The country may be less
+beautiful, while the population has grown so that Paulerspury has
+now nearly double the eight hundred inhabitants of a century ago.
+But its oolitic hills, gently swelling to above 700 feet, and the
+valleys of the many rivers which flow from this central watershed,
+west and east, are covered with fat vegetation almost equally
+divided between grass and corn, with green crops.  The many large
+estates are rich in gardens and orchards.  The farmers, chiefly on
+small holdings, are famous for their shorthorns and Leicester sheep.
+Except for the rapidly-developing production of iron from the Lias,
+begun by the Romans, there is but one manufacture--that of shoes.
+It is now centred by modern machinery and labour arrangements in
+Northampton itself, which has 24,000 shoemakers, and in the other
+towns, but a century ago the craft was common to every hamlet.  For
+botany and agriculture, however, Northamptonshire was the finest
+county in England, and young Carey had trodden many a mile of it, as
+boy and man, before he left home for ever for Bengal.
+
+Two unfinished autobiographical sketches, written from India at the
+request of Fuller and of Ryland, and letters of his youngest sister
+Mary, his favourite "Polly" who survived him, have preserved for us
+in still vivid characters the details of the early training of
+William Carey.  He was the eldest of five children.  He was the
+special care of their grandmother, a woman of a delicate nature and
+devout habits, who closed her sad widowhood in the weaver-son's
+cottage.  Encompassed by such a living influence the grandson spent
+his first six years.  Already the child unconsciously showed the
+eager thirst for knowledge, and perseverance in attaining his
+object, which made him chiefly what he became.  His mother would
+often be awoke in the night by the pleasant lisping of a voice
+"casting accompts; so intent was he from childhood in the pursuit of
+knowledge.  Whatever he began he finished; difficulties never seemed
+to discourage his mind."  On removal to the ancestral schoolhouse
+the boy had a room to himself.  His sister describes it as full of
+insects stuck in every corner that he might observe their progress.
+His many birds he entrusted to her care when he was from home.  In
+this picture we see the exact foreshadowing of the man. "Though I
+often used to kill his birds by kindness, yet when he saw my grief
+for it he always indulged me with the pleasure of serving them
+again; and often took me over the dirtiest roads to get at a plant
+or an insect.  He never walked out, I think, when quite a boy,
+without observation on the hedges as he passed; and when he took up
+a plant of any kind he always observed it with care.  Though I was
+but a child I well remember his pursuits.  He always seemed in
+earnest in his recreations as well as in school.  He was generally
+one of the most active in all the amusements and recreations that
+boys in general pursue.  He was always beloved by the boys about his
+own age."  To climb a certain tree was the object of their ambition;
+he fell often in the attempt, but did not rest till he had
+succeeded.  His Uncle Peter was a gardener in the same village, and
+gave him his first lessons in botany and horticulture.  He soon
+became responsible for his father's official garden, till it was the
+best kept in the neighbourhood.  Wherever after that he lived, as
+boy or man, poor or in comfort, William Carey made and perfected his
+garden, and always for others, until he created at Serampore the
+botanical park which for more than half a century was unique in
+Southern Asia.
+
+We have in a letter from the Manse, Paulerspury, a tradition of the
+impression made on the dull rustics by the dawning genius of the
+youth whom they but dimly comprehended.  He went amongst them under
+the nickname of Columbus, and they would say, "Well, if you won't
+play, preach us a sermon," which he would do.  Mounting on an old
+dwarf witch-elm about seven feet high, where several could sit, he
+would hold forth.  This seems to have been a resort of his for
+reading, his favourite occupation.  The same authority tells how,
+when suffering toothache, he allowed his companions to drag the
+tooth from his head with a violent jerk, by tying around it a string
+attached to a wheel used to grind malt, to which they gave a sharp
+turn.
+
+The boy's own peculiar room was a little library as well as museum
+of natural history.  He possessed a few books, which indeed were
+many for those days, but he borrowed more from the whole
+country-side.  Recalling the eight years of his intellectual
+apprenticeship till he was fourteen, from the serene height of his
+missionary standard, he wrote long after:--"I chose to read books of
+science, history, voyages, etc., more than any others.  Novels and
+plays always disgusted me, and I avoided them as much as I did books
+of religion, and perhaps from the same motive.  I was better pleased
+with romances, and this circumstance made me read the Pilgrim's
+Progress with eagerness, though to no purpose."  The new era, of
+which he was to be the aggressive spiritual representative from
+Christendom, had not dawned.  Walter Scott was ten years his junior.
+Captain Cook had not discovered the Sandwich Islands, and was only
+returning from the second of his three voyages while Carey was still
+at school.  The church services and the watchfulness of his father
+supplied the directly moral training which his grandmother had
+begun.
+
+The Paulerspury living of St. James is a valuable rectory in the
+gift of New College, Oxford.  Originally built in Early English, and
+rebuilt in 1844, the church must have presented a still more
+venerable appearance a century ago than it does now, with its noble
+tower in the Perpendicular, and chancel in the Decorated style,
+dominating all the county.  Then, as still, effigies of a Paveli and
+his wife, and of Sir Arthur Throckmorton and his wife recumbent head
+to head, covered a large altar-tomb in the chancel, and with the
+Bathurst and other monuments called forth first the fear and then
+the pride of the parish clerk's eldest son.  In those days the clerk
+had just below the pulpit the desk from which his sonorous "Amen"
+sounded forth, while his family occupied a low gallery rising from
+the same level up behind the pulpit.  There the boys of the free
+school also could be under the master's eye, and with instruments of
+music like those of King David, but now banished from even village
+churches, would accompany him in the doggerel strains of Sternhold
+and Hopkins, immortalised by Cowper.  To the far right the boys
+could see and long for the ropes under the tower, in which the
+bell-ringers of his day, as of Bunyan's not long before, delighted.
+The preaching of the time did nothing more for young Carey than for
+the rest of England and Scotland, whom the parish church had not
+driven into dissent or secession.  But he could not help knowing the
+Prayer-Book, and especially its psalms and lessons, and he was duly
+confirmed.  The family training, too, was exceptionally scriptural,
+though not evangelical. "I had many stirrings of mind occasioned by
+being often obliged to read books of a religious character; and,
+having been accustomed from my infancy to read the Scriptures, I had
+a considerable acquaintance therewith, especially with the
+historical parts."  The first result was to make him despise
+dissenters.  But, undoubtedly, this eldest son of the schoolmaster
+and the clerk of the parish had at fourteen received an education
+from parents, nature, and books which, with his habits of
+observation, love of reading, and perseverance, made him better
+instructed than most boys of fourteen far above the peasant class to
+which he belonged.
+
+Buried in this obscure village in the dullest period of the dullest
+of all centuries, the boy had no better prospect before him than
+that of a weaver or labourer, or possibly a schoolmaster like one of
+his uncles in the neighbouring town of Towcester.  When twelve years
+of age, with his uncle there, he might have formed one of the crowd
+which listened to John Wesley, who, in 1773 and then aged seventy,
+visited the prosperous posting town.  Paulerspury could indeed boast
+of one son, Edward Bernard, D.D., who, two centuries before, had
+made for himself a name in Oxford, where he was Savilian Professor
+of Astronomy.  But Carey was not a Scotsman, and therefore the
+university was not for such as he.  Like his school-fellows, he
+seemed born to the English labourer's fate of five shillings a week,
+and the poorhouse in sickness and old age.  From this, in the first
+instance, he was saved by a disease which affected his face and
+hands most painfully whenever he was long exposed to the sun.  For
+seven years he had failed to find relief.  His attempt at work in
+the field were for two years followed by distressing agony at night.
+He was now sixteen, and his father sought out a good man who would
+receive him as apprentice to the shoemaking trade.  The man was not
+difficult to find, in the hamlet of Hackleton, nine miles off, in
+the person of one Clarke Nichols.  The lad afterwards described him
+as "a strict churchman and, what I thought, a very moral man.  It is
+true he sometimes drank rather too freely, and generally employed me
+in carrying out goods on the Lord's Day morning; but he was an
+inveterate enemy to lying, a vice to which I was awfully addicted."
+The senior apprentice was a dissenter, and the master and his boys
+gave much of the talk over their work to disputes upon religious
+subjects.  Carey "had always looked upon dissenters with contempt.
+I had, moreover, a share of pride sufficient for a thousand times
+my knowledge; I therefore always scorned to have the worst in an
+argument, and the last word was assuredly mine.  I also made up in
+positive assertion what was wanting in argument, and generally came
+off with triumph.  But I was often convinced afterwards that
+although I had the last word my antagonist had the better of the
+argument, and on that account felt a growing uneasiness and stings
+of conscience gradually increasing."  The dissenting apprentice was
+soon to be the first to lead him to Christ.
+
+William Carey was a shoemaker during the twelve years of his life
+from sixteen to twenty-eight, till he went to Leicester.  Poverty,
+which the grace of God used to make him a preacher also from his
+eighteenth year, compelled him to work with his hands in leather all
+the week, and to tramp many a weary mile to Northampton and
+Kettering carrying the product of his labour.  At one time, when
+minister of Moulton, he kept a school by day, made or cobbled shoes
+by night, and preached on Sunday.  So Paul had made tents of his
+native Cilician goatskin in the days when infant Christianity was
+chased from city to city, and the cross was a reproach only less
+bitter, however, than evangelical dissent in Christian England in
+the eighteenth century.  The providence which made and kept young
+Carey so long a shoemaker, put him in the very position in which he
+could most fruitfully receive and nurse the sacred fire that made
+him the most learned scholar and Bible translator of his day in the
+East. The same providence thus linked him to the earliest Latin
+missionaries of Alexandria, of Asia Minor, and of Gaul, who were
+shoemakers, and to a succession of scholars and divines, poets and
+critics, reformers and philanthropists, who have used the
+shoemaker's life to become illustrious.1 St. Mark chose for his
+successor, as first bishop of Alexandria, that Annianus whom he had
+been the means of converting to Christ when he found him at the
+cobbler's stall.  The Talmud commemorates the courage and the wisdom
+of "Rabbi Jochanan, the shoemaker," whose learning soon after found
+a parallel in Carey's.  Like Annianus, "a poor shoemaker named
+Alexander, despised in the world but great in the sight of God, who
+did honour to so exalted a station in the Church," became famous as
+Bishop of Comana in Cappadocia, as saint, preacher, and
+missionary-martyr.  Soon after there perished in the persecutions of
+Diocletian, at Soissons, the two missionary brothers whose name of
+Crispin has ever since been gloried in by the trade, which they
+chose at once as a means of livelihood and of helping their poor
+converts.  The Hackleton apprentice was still a child when the great
+Goethe was again adding to the then artificial literature of his
+country his own true predecessor, Hans Sachs, the shoemaker of
+Nürnberg, the friend of Luther, the meistersinger of the
+Reformation.  And it was another German shoemaker, Boehme, whose
+exalted theosophy as expounded by William Law became one link in the
+chain that drew Carey to Christ, as it influenced Wesley and
+Whitefield, Samuel Johnson and Coleridge.  George Fox was only
+nineteen when, after eight years' service with a shoemaker in
+Drayton, Leicestershire, not far from Carey's county, he heard the
+voice from heaven which sent him forth in 1643 to preach
+righteousness, temperance, and judgment to come, till Cromwell
+sought converse with him, and the Friends became a power among men.
+
+Carlyle has, in characteristic style, seized on the true meaning
+that was in the man when he made to himself a suit of leather and
+became the modern hero of Sartor Resartus.  The words fit William
+Carey's case even better than that of George Fox:--"Sitting in his
+stall, working on tanned hides, amid pincers, paste-horns, rosin,
+swine-bristles, and a nameless flood of rubbish, this youth had
+nevertheless a Living Spirit belonging to him; also an antique
+Inspired Volume, through which, as through a window, it could look
+upwards and discern its celestial Home." That "shoe-shop, had men
+known it, was a holier place than any Vatican or
+Loretto-shrine...Stitch away, every prick of that little instrument
+is pricking into the heart of slavery."  Thirty-six years after Fox
+had begun to wear his leathern doublet he directed all Friends
+everywhere that had Indians or blacks to preach the Gospel to them.
+
+But it would be too long to tell the list of workers in what has
+been called the gentle craft, whom the cobbler's stall, with its
+peculiar opportunities for rhythmic meditation, hard thinking, and
+oft harder debating, has prepared for the honours of literature and
+scholarship, of philanthropy and reform.  To mention only Carey's
+contemporaries, the career of these men ran parallel at home with
+his abroad--Thomas Shillitoe, who stood before magistrates, bishops,
+and such sovereigns as George III. and IV. and the Czar Alexander I.
+in the interests of social reform; and John Pounds, the picture of
+whom as the founder of ragged schools led Thomas Guthrie, when he
+stumbled on it in an inn in Anstruther, to do the same Christlike
+work in Scotland.  Coleridge, who when at Christ's Hospital was
+ambitious to be a shoemaker's apprentice, was right when he declared
+that shoemakers had given to the world a larger number of eminent
+men than any other handicraft.  Whittier's own early experience in
+Massachusetts fitted him to be the poet-laureate of the craft which
+for some years he adorned.  His Songs of Labour, published in 1850,
+contain the best English lines on shoemakers since Shakspere put
+into the mouth of King Henry V. the address on the eve of Agincourt,
+which begins: "This day is called the feast of Crispin."  But
+Whittier, Quaker, philanthropist, and countryman of Judson though he
+was, might have found a place for Carey when he sang so well of
+others:--
+
+"Thy songs, Hans Sachs, are living yet,
+   In strong and hearty German;
+And Bloomfield's lay and Gifford's wit
+   And patriot fame of Sherman;
+
+"Still from his book, a mystic seer,
+   The soul of Behmen teaches,
+And England's priestcraft shakes to hear
+   Of Fox's leathern breeches."
+
+The confessions of Carey, made in the spiritual humility and
+self-examination of his later life, form a parallel to the Grace
+Abounding to the Chief of Sinners, the little classic of John Bunyan
+second only to his Pilgrim's Progress.  The young Pharisee, who
+entered Hackleton with such hate in his heart to dissenters that he
+would have destroyed their meeting-place, who practised "lying,
+swearing, and other sins," gradually yielded so far to his brother
+apprentice's importunity as to leave these off, to try to pray
+sometimes when alone, to attend church three times a day, and to
+visit the dissenting prayer-meeting.  Like the zealot who thought to
+do God service by keeping the whole law, Carey lived thus for a
+time, "not doubting but this would produce ease of mind and make me
+acceptable to God." What revealed him to himself was an incident
+which he tells in language recalling at once Augustine and one of
+the subtlest sketches of George Eliot, in which the latter uses her
+half-knowledge of evangelical faith to stab the very truth that
+delivered Paul and Augustine, Bunyan and Carey, from the
+antinomianism of the Pharisee:--
+
+"A circumstance which I always reflect on with a mixture of horror
+and gratitude occurred about this time, which, though greatly to my
+dishonour, I must relate.  It being customary in that part of the
+country for apprentices to collect Christmas boxes [donations] from
+the tradesmen with whom their masters have dealings, I was permitted
+to collect these little sums.  When I applied to an ironmonger, he
+gave me the choice of a shilling or a sixpence; I of course chose
+the shilling, and putting it in my pocket, went away.  When I had
+got a few shillings my next care was to purchase some little
+articles for myself, I have forgotten what.  But then, to my sorrow,
+I found that my shilling was a brass one.  I paid for the things
+which I bought by using a shilling of my master's.  I now found that
+I had exceeded my stock by a few pence.  I expected severe
+reproaches from my master, and therefore came to the resolution to
+declare strenuously that the bad money was his.  I well remember the
+struggles of mind which I had on this occasion, and that I made this
+deliberate sin a matter of prayer to God as I passed over the fields
+towards home!  I there promised that, if God would but get me
+clearly over this, or, in other words, help me through with the
+theft, I would certainly for the future leave off all evil
+practices; but this theft and consequent lying appeared to me so
+necessary, that they could not be dispensed with.
+
+"A gracious God did not get me safe through.  My master sent the
+other apprentice to investigate the matter.  The ironmonger
+acknowledged the giving me the shilling, and I was therefore exposed
+to shame, reproach, and inward remorse, which preyed upon my mind
+for a considerable time.  I at this time sought the Lord, perhaps
+much more earnestly than ever, but with shame and fear.  I was quite
+ashamed to go out, and never, till I was assured that my conduct was
+not spread over the town, did I attend a place of worship.
+
+"I trust that, under these circumstances, I was led to see much more
+of myself than I had ever done before, and to seek for mercy with
+greater earnestness.  I attended prayer-meetings only, however, till
+February 10, 1779, which being appointed a day of fasting and
+prayer, I attended worship on that day.  Mr. Chater
+[congregationalist] of Olney preached, but from what text I have
+forgotten.  He insisted much on following Christ entirely, and
+enforced his exhortation with that passage, 'Let us therefore go out
+unto him without the camp, bearing his reproach.'--Heb. xiii. 13.  I
+think I had a desire to follow Christ; but one idea occurred to my
+mind on hearing those words which broke me off from the Church of
+England.  The idea was certainly very crude, but useful in bringing
+me from attending a lifeless, carnal ministry to one more
+evangelical.  I concluded that the Church of England, as established
+by law, was the camp in which all were protected from the scandal of
+the cross, and that I ought to bear the reproach of Christ among the
+dissenters; and accordingly I always afterwards attended divine
+worship among them."
+
+At eighteen Carey was thus emptied of self and there was room for
+Christ.  In a neighbouring village he consorted much for a time with
+some followers of William Law, who had not long before passed away
+in a village in the neighbourhood, and select passages from whose
+writings the Moravian minister, Francis Okely, of Northampton, had
+versified.  These completed the negative process. "I felt ruined and
+helpless."  Then to his spiritual eyes, purged of self, there
+appeared the Crucified One; and to his spiritual intelligence there
+was given the Word of God. The change was that wrought on Paul by a
+Living Person.  It converted the hypocritical Pharisee into the
+evangelical preacher; it turned the vicious peasant into the most
+self-denying saint; it sent the village shoemaker far off to the
+Hindoos.
+
+But the process was slow; it had been so even in Paul's case.  Carey
+found encouragement in intercourse with some old Christians in
+Hackleton, and he united with a few of them, including his
+fellow-apprentice, in forming a congregational church.  The state of
+the parish may be imagined from its recent history.  Hackleton is
+part of Piddington, and the squire had long appropriated the living
+of £300 a year, the parsonage, the glebe, and all tithes, sending
+his house minister "at times" to do duty.  A Certificate from
+Northamptonshire, against the pluralities and other such scandals,
+published in 1641, declared that not a child or servant in Hackleton
+or Piddington could say the Lord's Prayer.  Carey sought the
+preaching of Doddridge's successor at Northampton, of a Baptist
+minister at Road, and of Scott the commentator, then at Ravenstone.
+He had found peace, but was theologically "inquisitive and
+unsatisfied."  Fortunately, like Luther, he "was obliged to draw all
+from the Bible alone."
+
+When, at twenty years of age, Carey was slowly piecing together "the
+doctrines in the Word of God" into something like a system which
+would at once satisfy his own spiritual and intellectual needs, and
+help him to preach to others, a little volume was published, of
+which he wrote:--"I do not remember ever to have read any book with
+such raptures."  It was Help to Zion's Travellers; being an attempt
+to remove various Stumbling-Blocks out of the Way, relating to
+Doctrinal, Experimental, and Practical Religion, by Robert Hall. The
+writer was the father of the greater Robert Hall, a venerable man,
+who, in his village church of Arnsby, near Leicester, had already
+taught Carey how to preach.  The book is described as an "attempt to
+relieve discouraged Christians" in a day of gloominess and
+perplexity, that they might devote themselves to Christ through life
+as well as be found in Him in death.  Carey made a careful synopsis
+of it in an exquisitely neat hand on the margin of each page.  The
+worm-eaten copy, which he treasured even in India, is now deposited
+in Bristol College.
+
+A Calvinist of the broad missionary type of Paul, Carey somewhat
+suddenly, according to his own account, became a Baptist. "I do not
+recollect having read anything on the subject till I applied to Mr.
+Ryland, senior, to baptise me.  He lent me a pamphlet, and turned me
+over to his son," who thus told the story when the Baptist
+Missionary Society held its first public meeting in
+London:--"October 5th, 1783: I baptised in the river Nen, a little
+beyond Dr. Doddridge's meeting-house at Northampton, a poor
+journeyman shoemaker, little thinking that before nine years had
+elapsed, he would prove the first instrument of forming a society
+for sending missionaries from England to preach the gospel to the
+heathen.  Such, however, as the event has proved, was the purpose of
+the Most High, who selected for this work not the son of one of our
+most learned ministers, nor of one of the most opulent of our
+dissenting gentlemen, but the son of a parish clerk."
+
+The spot may still be visited at the foot of the hill, where the Nen
+fed the moat of the old castle, in which many a Parliament sat from
+the days of King John. The text of that morning's sermon happened to
+be the Lord's saying, "Many first shall be last, and the last
+first," which asserts His absolute sovereignty in choosing and in
+rewarding His missionaries, and introduces the parable of the
+labourers in the vineyard.  As Carey wrote in the fulness of his
+fame, that the evangelical doctrines continued to be the choice of
+his heart, so he never wavered in his preference for the Baptist
+division of the Christian host.  But from the first he enjoyed the
+friendship of Scott and Newton, and of his neighbour Mr. Robinson of
+St. Mary's, Leicester, and we shall see him in India the centre of
+the Episcopal and Presbyterian chaplains and missionaries from
+Martyn Wilson to Lacroix and Duff. His controversial spirit died
+with the youthful conceit and self-righteousness of which it is so
+often the birth.  When at eighteen he learned to know himself, he
+became for ever humble.  A zeal like that of his new-found Master
+took its place, and all the energy of his nature, every moment of
+his time, was directed to setting Him forth.
+
+In his monthly visits to the father-house at Paulerspury the new man
+in him could not be hid.  His sister gives us a vivid sketch of the
+lad, whose going over to the dissenters was resented by the formal
+and stern clerk, and whose evangelicalism was a reproach to the
+others.
+
+"At this time he was increasingly thoughtful, and very was jealous
+for the Lord of Hosts.  Like Gideon, he seemed for throwing down all
+the altars of Baal in one night.  When he came home we used to
+wonder at the change.  We knew that before he was rather inclined to
+persecute the faith he now seemed to wish to propagate.  At first,
+perhaps, his zeal exceeded the bounds of prudence; but he felt the
+importance of things we were strangers to, and his natural
+disposition was to pursue earnestly what he undertook, so that it
+was not to be wondered at, though we wondered at the change.  He
+stood alone in his father's house for some years.  After a time he
+asked permission to have family prayer when he came home to see us,
+a favour which he very readily had granted.  Often have I felt my
+pride rise while he was engaged in prayer, at the mention of those
+words in Isaiah, 'that all our righteousness was like filthy rags.'
+I did not think he thought his so, but looked on me and the family
+as filthy, not himself and his party.  Oh, what pride is in the
+human heart!  Nothing but my love to my brother would have kept me
+from showing my resentment."
+
+"A few of the friends of religion wished our brother to exercise his
+gifts by speaking to a few friends in a house licensed at Pury;
+which he did with great acceptance.  The next morning a neighbour of
+ours, a very pious woman, came in to congratulate my mother on the
+occasion, and to speak of the Lord's goodness in calling her son,
+and my brother, two such near neighbours, to the same noble calling.
+My mother replied, 'What, do you think he will be a preacher?'
+'Yes,' she replied, 'and a great one, I think, if spared.'  From
+that time till he was settled at Moulton he regularly preached once
+a month at Pury with much acceptance.  He was at that time in his
+twentieth year, and married.  Our parents were always friendly to
+religion; yet, on some accounts, we should rather have wished him to
+go from home than come home to preach.  I do not think I ever heard
+him, though my younger brother and my sister, I think, generally
+did.  Our father much wished to hear his son, if he could do it
+unseen by him or any one.  It was not long before an opportunity
+offered, and he embraced it.  Though he was a man that never
+discovered any partiality for the abilities of his children, but
+rather sometimes went too far on the other hand, that often tended a
+little to discourage them, yet we were convinced that he approved of
+what he heard, and was highly gratified by it."
+
+In Hackleton itself his expositions of Scripture were so valued that
+the people, he writes, "being ignorant, sometimes applauded to my
+great injury."  When in poverty, so deep that he fasted all that day
+because he had not a penny to buy a dinner, he attended a meeting of
+the Association of Baptist Churches at Olney, not far off.  There he
+first met with his lifelong colleague, the future secretary of the
+mission, Andrew Fuller, the young minister of Soham, who preached on
+being men in understanding, and there it was arranged that he should
+preach regularly to a small congregation at Earls Barton, six miles
+from Hackleton.  His new-born humility made him unable to refuse the
+duty, which he discharged for more than three years while filling
+his cobbler's stall at Hackleton all the week, and frequently
+preaching elsewhere also.  The secret of his power which drew the
+Northamptonshire peasants and craftsmen to the feet of their fellow
+was this, that he studied the portion of Scripture, which he read
+every morning at his private devotions, in Hebrew, Greek, and Latin.
+
+This was Carey's "college."  On the death of his first master, when
+he was eighteen, he had transferred his apprenticeship to a Mr. T.
+Old. Hackleton stands on the high road from Bedford and Olney to
+Northampton, and Thomas Scott was in the habit of resting at Mr.
+Old's on his not infrequent walks from Olney, where he had succeeded
+John Newton.  There he had no more attentive listener or intelligent
+talker than the new journeyman, who had been more influenced by his
+preaching at Ravenstone than by that of any other man.  Forty years
+after, just before Scott's death, Dr. Ryland gave him this message
+from Carey:--"If there be anything of the work of God in my soul, I
+owe much of it to his preaching when I first set out in the ways of
+the Lord;" to which this reply was sent: "I am surprised as well as
+gratified at your message from Dr. Carey.  He heard me preach only a
+few times, and that as far as I know in my rather irregular
+excursions; though I often conversed and prayed in his presence, and
+endeavoured to answer his sensible and pertinent inquiries when at
+Hackleton.  But to have suggested even a single useful hint to such
+a mind as his must be considered as a high privilege and matter of
+gratitude."  Scott had previously written this more detailed account
+of his intercourse with the preaching shoemaker, whom he first saw
+when he called on Mr. Old to tell him of the welfare of his mother:
+
+"When I went into the cottage I was soon recognised, and Mr. Old
+came in, with a sensible-looking lad in his working-dress.  I at
+first rather wondered to see him enter, as he seemed young, being, I
+believe, little of his age.  We, however, entered into very
+interesting conversation, especially respecting my parishioner,
+their relative, and the excellent state of her mind, and the wonder
+of divine grace in the conversion of one who had been so very many
+years considered as a self-righteous Pharisee.  I believe I
+endeavoured to show that the term was often improperly applied to
+conscientious but ignorant inquirers, who are far from
+self-satisfied, and who, when the Gospel is set before them, find
+the thing which they had long been groping after.  However that may
+be, I observed the lad who entered with Mr. Old riveted in attention
+with every mark and symptom of intelligence and feeling; saying
+little, but modestly asking now and then an appropriate question.  I
+took occasion, before I went forward, to inquire after him, and
+found that, young as he was, he was a member of the church at
+Hackleton, and looked upon as a very consistent and promising
+character.  I lived at Olney till the end of 1785; and in the course
+of that time I called perhaps two or three times each year at Mr.
+Old's, and was each time more and more struck with the youth's
+conduct, though I said little; but, before I left Olney, Mr. Carey
+was out of his engagement with Mr. Old. I found also that he was
+sent out as a probationary preacher, and preached at Moulton; and I
+said to all to whom I had access, that he would, if I could judge,
+prove no ordinary man.  Yet, though I often met both old Mr. Ryland,
+the present Dr. Ryland, Mr. Hall, Mr. Fuller, and knew almost every
+step taken in forming your Missionary Society, and though I
+sometimes preached very near Moulton, it so happened that I do not
+recollect having met with him any more, till he came to my house in
+London with Mr. Thomas, to desire me to use what little influence I
+had with Charles Grant, Esq., to procure them licence to go in the
+Company's ships as missionaries to the British settlements in India,
+perhaps in 1792.  My little influence was of no avail.  What I said
+of Mr. Carey so far satisfied Mr. Grant that he said, if Mr. Carey
+was going alone, or with one equally to be depended on along with
+him, he would not oppose him; but his strong disapprobation of Mr.
+T., on what ground I knew not, induced his negative.  I believe Mr.
+Old died soon after I left Olney, if not just before; and his shop,
+which was a little building apart from the house, was suffered to go
+to decay.  While in this state I several times passed it, and said
+to my sons and others with me, that is Mr. Carey's college."
+
+This cobbler's shed which was Carey's college has been since
+restored, but two of the original walls still stand, forming the
+corner in which he sat, opposite the window that looks out into the
+garden he carefully kept.  Here, when his second master died, Carey
+succeeded to the business, charging himself with the care of the
+widow, and marrying the widow's sister, Dorothy or Dolly Placket.
+He was only twenty when he took upon himself such burdens, in the
+neighbouring church of Piddington, a village to which he afterwards
+moved his shop.  Never had minister, missionary, or scholar a less
+sympathetic mate, due largely to that latent mental disease which in
+India carried her off; but for more than twenty years the husband
+showed her loving reverence.  As we stand in the Hackleton shed,
+over which Carey placed the rude signboard prepared by his own
+hands, and now in the library of Regent's Park College, "Second Hand
+Shoes Bought and--,"2 we can realise the low estate to which Carey
+fell, even below his father's loom and schoolhouse, and from which
+he was called to become the apostle of North India as Schwartz was
+of the South.
+
+How was this shed his college?  We have seen that he brought with
+him from his native village an amount of information, habits of
+observation, and a knowledge of books unusual in rustics of that
+day, and even of the present time.  At twelve he made his first
+acquaintance with a language other than his own, when he mastered
+the short grammar in Dyche's Latine Vocabulary, and committed nearly
+the whole book to memory.  When urging him to take the preaching at
+Barton, Mr. Sutcliff of Olney gave him Ruddiman's Latin Grammar.
+The one alleviation of his lot under the coarse but upright Nichols
+was found in his master's small library.  There he began to study
+Greek.  In a New Testament commentary he found Greek words, which he
+carefully transcribed and kept until he should next visit home,
+where a youth whom dissipation had reduced from college to weaving
+explained both the words and their terminations to him.  All that he
+wanted was such beginnings.  Hebrew he seems to have learned by the
+aid of the neighbouring ministers; borrowing books from them, and
+questioning them "pertinently," as he did Scott.3 At the end of
+Hopkins's Three Sermons on the Effects of Sin on the Universe,
+preached in 1759, he had made this entry on 9th August
+1787--"Gulielm. Careius perlegit."  He starved himself to purchase a
+few books at the sale which attended Dr. Ryland's removal from
+Northampton to Bristol.  In an old woman's cottage he found a Dutch
+quarto, and from that he so taught himself the language that in 1789
+he translated for Ryland a discourse on the Gospel Offer sent to him
+by the evangelical Dr. Erskine of Edinburgh.  The manuscript is in
+an extremely small character, unlike what might have been expected
+from one who had wrought with his hands for eight years.  French he
+acquired, sufficiently for literary purposes, in three weeks from
+the French version of Ditton on the Resurrection, which he purchased
+for a few coppers.  He had the linguistic gift which soon after made
+the young carpenter Mezzofanti of Bologna famous and a cardinal.
+But the gift would have been buried in the grave of his penury and
+his circumstances had his trade been almost any other, and had he
+not been impelled by the most powerful of all motives.  He never sat
+on his stall without his book before him, nor did he painfully toil
+with his wallet of new-made shoes to the neighbouring towns or
+return with leather without conning over his lately-acquired
+knowledge, and making it for ever, in orderly array, his own.  He so
+taught his evening school and his Sunday congregations that the
+teaching to him, like writing to others, stereotyped or lighted up
+the truths.  Indeed, the school and the cobbling often went on
+together--a fact commemorated in the addition to the Hackleton
+signboard of the Piddington nail on which he used to fix his thread
+while teaching the children.
+
+But that which sanctified and directed the whole throughout a
+working life of more than half a century, was the missionary idea
+and the missionary consecration.  With a caution not often shown at
+that time by bishops in laying hands on those whom they had passed
+for deacon's orders, the little church at Olney thus dealt with the
+Father of Modern Missions before they would recognise his call and
+send him out "to preach the gospel wherever God in His providence
+might call him:"
+
+"June 17, 1785.--A request from William Carey of Moulton, in
+Northamptonshire, was taken into consideration.  He has been and
+still is in connection with a society of people at Hackleton.  He is
+occasionally engaged with acceptance in various places in speaking
+the Word. He bears a very good moral character.  He is desirous of
+being sent out from some reputable church of Christ into the work of
+the ministry.  The principal Question was--'In what manner shall we
+receive him? by a letter from the people of Hackleton, or on a
+profession of faith, etc.?'  The final resolution of it was left to
+another church Meeting.
+
+"July 14--Ch. Meeting.  W. Carey appeared before the Church, and
+having given a satisfactory account of the work of God upon his
+soul, he was admitted a member.  He had been formerly baptised by
+the Rev. Mr. Ryland, jun., of Northampton.  He was invited by the
+Church to preach in public once next Lord's Day.
+
+"July 17.--Ch. Meeting, Lord's Day Evening.  W. Carey, in
+consequence of a request from the Church, preached this Evening.
+After which it was resolved that he should be allowed to go on
+preaching at those places where he has been for some time employed,
+and that he should engage again on suitable occasions for some time
+before us, in order that farther trial may be made of ministerial
+gifts.
+
+"June 16, 1786.--C.M. The case of Bror. Carey was considered, and an
+unanimous satisfaction with his ministerial abilities being
+expressed, a vote was passed to call him to the Ministry at a proper
+time.
+
+"August 10.--Ch. Meeting.  This evening our Brother William Carey
+was called to the work of the Ministry, and sent out by the Church
+to preach the Gospel, wherever God in His providence might call him.
+
+"April 29, 1787.--Ch. M. After the Orde. our Brother William Carey
+was dismissed to the Church of Christ at Moulton in Northamptonshire
+with a view to his Ordination there."
+
+These were the last years at Olney of William Cowper before he
+removed to the Throckmortons' house at Weston village, two miles
+distant.  Carey must often have seen the poet during the twenty
+years which he spent in the corner house of the market-square, and
+in the walks around.  He must have read the poems of 1782, which for
+the first time do justice to missionary enterprise.  He must have
+hailed what Mrs. Browning calls "the deathless singing" which in
+1785, in The Task, opened a new era in English literature.  He may
+have been fired with the desire to imitate Whitefield, in the
+description of whom, though reluctant to name him, Cowper really
+anticipated Carey himself:--
+
+"He followed Paul; his zeal a kindred flame,
+ His apostolic charity the same;
+ Like him crossed cheerfully tempestuous seas,
+ Forsaking country, kindred, friends and ease;
+ Like him he laboured and, like him, content
+ To bear it, suffered shame where'er he went."
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+THE BIRTH OF ENGLAND'S FOREIGN MISSIONS
+
+1785-1792
+
+Moulton the Mission's birthplace--Carey's fever and poverty--His
+Moulton school--Fired with the missionary idea--His very large
+missionary map--Fuller's confession of the aged and respectable
+ministers' opposition--Old Mr. Ryland's rebuke--Driven to publish
+his Enquiry--Its literary character--Carey's survey of the world in
+1788--His motives, difficulties, and plans--Projects the first
+Missionary Society--Contrasted with his predecessors from
+Erasmus--Prayer concert begun in Scotland in 1742--Jonathan
+Edwards--The Northamptonshire Baptist movement in 1784--Andrew
+Fuller--The Baptists, Particular and General--Antinomian and
+Socinian extremes opposed to Missions--Met by Fuller's writings and
+Clipstone sermon--Carey's agony at continued delay--His work in
+Leicester--His sermon at Nottingham--Foundation of Baptist
+Missionary Society at last--Kettering and Jerusalem.
+
+The north road, which runs for twelve miles from Northampton to
+Kettering, passes through a country known last century for the
+doings of the Pytchley Hunt. Stories, by no means exaggerated, of
+the deep drinking and deeper play of the club, whose gatehouse now
+stands at the entrance of Overstone Park, were rife, when on Lady
+Day 1785 William Carey became Baptist preacher of Moulton village,
+on the other side of the road.  Moulton was to become the birthplace
+of the modern missionary idea; Kettering, of evangelical missionary
+action.
+
+No man in England had apparently a more wretched lot or more
+miserable prospects than he.  He had started in life as a journeyman
+shoemaker at eighteen, burdened with a payment to his first master's
+widow which his own kind heart had led him to offer, and with the
+price of his second master's stock and business.  Trade was good for
+the moment, and he had married, before he was twenty, one who
+brought him the most terrible sorrow a man can bear.  He had no
+sooner completed a large order for which his predecessor had
+contracted than it was returned on his hands.  From place to place
+he wearily trudged, trying to sell the shoes.  Fever carried off his
+first child and brought himself so near to the grave that he sent
+for his mother to help in the nursing.  At Piddington he worked
+early and late at his garden, but ague, caused by a neighbouring
+marsh, returned and left him so bald that he wore a wig thereafter
+until his voyage to India.  During his preaching for more than three
+years at Barton, which involved a walk of sixteen miles, he did not
+receive from the poor folks enough to pay for the clothes he wore
+out in their service.  His younger brother delicately came to his
+help, and he received the gift with a pathetic tenderness.  But a
+calling which at once starved him, in spite of all his method and
+perseverance, and cramped the ardour of his soul for service to the
+Master who had revealed Himself in him, became distasteful.  He
+gladly accepted an invitation from the somewhat disorganised church
+at Moulton to preach to them.  They could offer him only about £10 a
+year, supplemented by £5 from a London fund.  But the schoolmaster
+had just left, and Carey saw in that fact a new hope.  For a time he
+and his family managed to live on an income which is estimated as
+never exceeding £36 a year.  We find this passage in a printed
+appeal made by the "very poor congregation" for funds to repair and
+enlarge the chapel to which the new pastor's preaching had attracted
+a crowd:--"The peculiar situation of our minister, Mr. Carey,
+renders it impossible for us to send him far abroad to collect the
+Contributions of the Charitable; as we are able to raise him but
+about Ten Pounds per Annum, so that he is obliged to keep a School
+for his Support: And as there are other two Schools in the Town, if
+he was to leave Home to collect for the Building, he must probably
+quit his Station on his Return, for Want of a Maintenance."
+
+His genial loving-kindness and his fast increasing learning little
+fitted him to drill peasant children in the alphabet. "When I kept
+school the boys kept me," he used to confess with a merry twinkle.
+In all that our Lord meant by it William Carey was a child from
+first to last.  The former teacher returned, and the poor preacher
+again took to shoemaking for the village clowns and the shops in
+Kettering and Northampton.  His house still stands, one of a row of
+six cottages of the dear old English type, with the indispensable
+garden behind, and the glad sunshine pouring in through the open
+window embowered in roses and honeysuckle.
+
+There, and chiefly in the school-hours as he tried to teach the
+children geography and the Bible and was all the while teaching
+himself, the missionary idea arose in his mind, and his soul became
+fired with the self-consecration, unknown to Wyclif and Hus, Luther
+and Calvin, Knox and even Bunyan, for theirs was other work.  All
+his past knowledge of nature and of books, all his favourite reading
+of voyages and of travels which had led his school-fellows to dub
+him Columbus, all his painful study of the Word, his experience of
+the love of Christ and expoundings of the meaning of His message to
+men for six years, were gathered up, were intensified, and were
+directed with a concentrated power to the thought that Christ died,
+as for him, so for these millions of dark savages whom Cook was
+revealing to Christendom, and who had never heard the glad tidings
+of great joy.
+
+Carey had ceased to keep school when the Moulton Baptists, who could
+subscribe no more than twopence a month each for their own poor,
+formally called the preacher to become their ordained pastor, and
+Ryland, Sutcliff, and Fuller were asked to ordain him on the 10th
+August 1786.  Fuller had discovered the value of a man who had
+passed through spiritual experience, and possessed a native common
+sense like his own, when Carey had been suddenly called to preach in
+Northampton to supply the place of another.  Since that day he had
+often visited Moulton, and he thus tells us what he had seen:--
+
+"The congregation being few and poor, he followed his business in
+order to assist in supporting his family.  His mind, however, was
+much occupied in acquiring the learned languages, and almost every
+other branch of useful knowledge.  I remember, on going into the
+room where he employed himself at his business, I saw hanging up
+against the wall a very large map, consisting of several sheets of
+paper pasted together by himself, on which he had drawn, with a pen,
+a place for every nation in the known world, and entered into it
+whatever he met with in reading, relative to its population,
+religion, etc.  The substance of this was afterwards published in
+his Enquiry.  These researches, on which his mind was naturally
+bent, hindered him, of course, from doing much of his business; and
+the people, as was said, being few and poor, he was at this time
+exposed to great hardships.  I have been assured that he and his
+family have lived for a great while together without tasting animal
+food, and with but a scanty pittance of other provision."
+
+"He would also be frequently conversing with his brethren in the
+ministry on the practicability and importance of a mission to the
+heathen, and of his willingness to engage in it.  At several
+ministers' meetings, between the year 1787 and 1790, this was the
+topic of his conversation.  Some of our most aged and respectable
+ministers thought, I believe, at that time, that it was a wild and
+impracticable scheme that he had got in his mind, and therefore gave
+him no encouragement.  Yet he would not give it up; but would
+converse with us, one by one, till he had made some impression upon
+us."
+
+The picture is completed by his sister:--
+
+"He was always, from his first being thoughtful, remarkably
+impressed about heathen lands and the slave-trade.  I never remember
+his engaging in prayer, in his family or in public, without praying
+for those poor creatures.  The first time I ever recollect my
+feeling for the heathen world, was from a discourse I heard my
+brother preach at Moulton, the first summer after I was thoughtful.
+It was from these words:--'For Zion's sake will I not hold my
+peace, and for Jerusalem's sake will I give him no rest.'  It was a
+day to be remembered by me; a day set apart for prayer and fasting
+by the church.  What hath God wrought since that time!"
+
+Old Mr. Ryland always failed to recall the story, but we have it on
+the testimony of Carey's personal friend, Morris of Clipstone, who
+was present at the meeting of ministers held in 1786 at Northampton,
+at which the incident occurred.  Ryland invited the younger brethren
+to propose a subject for discussion.  There was no reply, till at
+last the Moulton preacher suggested, doubtless with an
+ill-restrained excitement, "whether the command given to the
+Apostles, to teach all nations, was not obligatory on all succeeding
+ministers to the end of the world, seeing that the accompanying
+promise was of equal extent."  Neither Fuller nor Carey himself had
+yet delivered the Particular Baptists from the yoke of
+hyper-calvinism which had to that hour shut the heathen out of a
+dead Christendom, and the aged chairman shouted out the rebuke--"You
+are a miserable enthusiast for asking such a question.  Certainly
+nothing can be done before another Pentecost, when an effusion of
+miraculous gifts, including the gift of tongues, will give effect to
+the commission of Christ as at first."  Carey had never before
+mentioned the subject openly, and he was for the moment greatly
+mortified.  But, says Morris, he still pondered these things in his
+heart.  That incident marks the wide gulf which Carey had to bridge.
+Silenced by his brethren, he had recourse to the press.  It was
+then that he wrote his own contribution to the discussion he would
+have raised on a duty which was more than seventeen centuries old,
+and had been for fourteen of these neglected: An Enquiry into the
+Obligations of Christians to use Means for the Conversion of the
+Heathens, in which the Religious State of the Different Nations of
+the World, the Success of Former Undertakings, and the
+Practicability of Further Undertakings, are considered by WILLIAM
+CAREY.  Then follows the great conclusion of Paul in his letter to
+the Romans (x. 12-15): "For there is no difference between the Jew
+and the Greek...How shall they preach except they be sent?"  He
+happened to be in Birmingham in 1786 collecting subscriptions for
+the rebuilding of the chapel in Moulton, when Mr. Thomas Potts, who
+had made a fortune in trade with America, discovering that he had
+prepared the manuscript, gave him £10 to publish it.  And it
+appeared at Leicester in 1792, "price one shilling and sixpence,"
+the profits to go to the proposed mission.  The pamphlet form
+doubtless accounts for its disappearance now; only four copies of
+the original edition4 are known to be in existence.
+
+This Enquiry has a literary interest of its own, as a contribution
+to the statistics and geography of the world, written in a cultured
+and almost finished style, such as few, if any, University men of
+that day could have produced, for none were impelled by such a
+motive as Carey had.  In an obscure village, toiling save when he
+slept, and finding rest on Sunday only by a change of toil, far from
+libraries and the society of men with more advantages than his own,
+this shoemaker, still under thirty, surveys the whole world,
+continent by continent, island by island, race by race, faith by
+faith, kingdom by kingdom, tabulating his results with an accuracy,
+and following them up with a logical power of generalisation which
+would extort the admiration of the learned even of the present day.
+
+Having proved that the commission given by our Lord to His disciples
+is still binding on us, having reviewed former undertakings for the
+conversion of the heathen from the Ascension to the Moravians and
+"the late Mr. Wesley" in the West Indies, and having thus surveyed
+in detail the state of the world in 1786, he removes the five
+impediments in the way of carrying the Gospel among the heathen,
+which his contemporaries advanced--their distance from us, their
+barbarism, the danger of being killed by them, the difficulty of
+procuring the necessaries of life, the unintelligibleness of their
+languages.  These his loving heart and Bible knowledge enable him
+skilfully to turn in favour of the cause he pleads.  The whole
+section is essential to an appreciation of Carey's motives,
+difficulties, and plans:--
+
+"FIRST, As to their distance from us, whatever objections might have
+been made on that account before the invention of the mariner's
+compass, nothing can be alleged for it with any colour of
+plausibility in the present age.  Men can now sail with as much
+certainty through the Great South Sea as they can through the
+Mediterranean or any lesser sea.  Yea, and providence seems in a
+manner to invite us to the trial, as there are to our knowledge
+trading companies, whose commerce lies in many of the places where
+these barbarians dwell.  At one time or other ships are sent to
+visit places of more recent discovery, and to explore parts the most
+unknown; and every fresh account of their ignorance or cruelty
+should call forth our pity, and excite us to concur with providence
+in seeking their eternal good.  Scripture likewise seems to point
+out this method, 'Surely the Isles shall wait for me; the ships of
+Tarshish first, to bring my sons from far, their silver and their
+gold with them, unto the name of the Lord, thy God.'--Isai. lx. 9.
+This seems to imply that in the time of the glorious increase of
+the church, in the latter days (of which the whole chapter is
+undoubtedly a prophecy), commerce shall subserve the spread of the
+gospel.  The ships of Tarshish were trading vessels, which made
+voyages for traffic to various parts; thus much therefore must be
+meant by it, that navigation, especially that which is commercial,
+shall be one great mean of carrying on the work of God; and perhaps
+it may imply that there shall be a very considerable appropriation
+of wealth to that purpose.
+
+"SECONDLY, As to their uncivilised and barbarous way of living, this
+can be no objection to any, except those whose love of ease renders
+them unwilling to expose themselves to inconveniences for the good
+of others.  It was no objection to the apostles and their
+successors, who went among the barbarous Germans and Gauls, and
+still more barbarous Britons!  They did not wait for the ancient
+inhabitants of these countries to be civilised before they could be
+christianised, but went simply with the doctrine of the cross; and
+Tertullian could boast that 'those parts of Britain which were proof
+against the Roman armies, were conquered by the gospel of Christ.'
+It was no objection to an Eliot or a Brainerd, in later times.
+They went forth, and encountered every difficulty of the kind, and
+found that a cordial reception of the gospel produced those happy
+effects which the longest intercourse with Europeans without it
+could never accomplish.  It is no objection to commercial men.  It
+only requires that we should have as much love to the souls of our
+fellow-creatures, and fellow-sinners, as they have for the profits
+arising from a few otter-skins, and all these difficulties would be
+easily surmounted.
+
+"After all, the uncivilised state of the heathen, instead of
+affording an objection against preaching the gospel to them, ought
+to furnish an argument for it.  Can we as men, or as Christians,
+hear that a great part of our fellow-creatures, whose souls are as
+immortal as ours, and who are as capable as ourselves of adorning
+the gospel and contributing by their preachings, writings, or
+practices to the glory of our Redeemer's name and the good of his
+church, are enveloped in ignorance and barbarism?  Can we hear that
+they are without the gospel, without government, without laws, and
+without arts, and sciences; and not exert ourselves to introduce
+among them the sentiments of men, and of Christians?  Would not the
+spread of the gospel be the most effectual mean of their
+civilisation?  Would not that make them useful members of society?
+We know that such effects did in a measure follow the
+afore-mentioned efforts of Eliot, Brainerd, and others amongst the
+American Indians; and if similar attempts were made in other parts
+of the world, and succeeded with a divine blessing (which we have
+every reason to think they would), might we not expect to see able
+divines, or read well-conducted treatises in defence of the truth,
+even amongst those who at present seem to be scarcely human?
+
+"THIRDLY, In respect to the danger of being killed by them, it is
+true that whoever does go must put his life in his hand, and not
+consult with flesh and blood; but do not the goodness of the cause,
+the duties incumbent on us as the creatures of God and Christians,
+and the perishing state of our fellow-men, loudly call upon us to
+venture all, and use every warrantable exertion for their benefit?
+Paul and Barnabas, who hazarded their lives for the name of our
+Lord Jesus Christ, were not blamed as being rash, but commended for
+so doing; while John Mark, who through timidity of mind deserted
+them in their perilous undertaking, was branded with censure.  After
+all, as has been already observed, I greatly question whether most
+of the barbarities practised by the savages upon those who have
+visited them, have not originated in some real or supposed affront,
+and were therefore, more properly, acts of self-defence, than proofs
+of ferocious dispositions.  No wonder if the imprudence of sailors
+should prompt them to offend the simple savage, and the offence be
+resented; but Eliot, Brainerd, and the Moravian missionaries have
+been very seldom molested.  Nay, in general the heathen have showed
+a willingness to hear the word; and have principally expressed their
+hatred of Christianity on account of the vices of nominal
+Christians.
+
+"FOURTHLY, As to the difficulty of procuring the necessaries of
+life, this would not be so great as may appear at first sight; for,
+though we could not procure European food, yet we might procure such
+as the natives of those countries which we visit, subsist upon
+themselves.  And this would only be passing through what we have
+virtually engaged in by entering on the ministerial office.  A
+Christian minister is a person who in a peculiar sense is not his
+own; he is the servant of God, and therefore ought to be wholly
+devoted to him.  By entering on that sacred office he solemnly
+undertakes to be always engaged, as much as possible, in the Lord's
+work, and not to choose his own pleasure, or employment, or pursue
+the ministry as a something that is to subserve his own ends, or
+interests, or as a kind of bye-work.  He engages to go where God
+pleases, and to do or endure what he sees fit to command, or call
+him to, in the exercise of his function.  He virtually bids farewell
+to friends, pleasures, and comforts, and stands in readiness to
+endure the greatest sufferings in the work of his Lord, and Master.
+It is inconsistent for ministers to please themselves with thoughts
+of a numerous auditory, cordial friends, a civilised country, legal
+protection, affluence, splendour, or even a competency.  The
+slights, and hatred of men, and even pretended friends, gloomy
+prisons, and tortures, the society of barbarians of uncouth speech,
+miserable accommodations in wretched wildernesses, hunger, and
+thirst, nakedness, weariness, and painfulness, hard work, and but
+little worldly encouragement, should rather be the objects of their
+expectation.  Thus the apostles acted, in the primitive times, and
+endured hardness, as good soldiers of Jesus Christ; and though we,
+living in a civilised country where Christianity is protected by
+law, are not called to suffer these things while we continue here,
+yet I question whether all are justified in staying here, while so
+many are perishing without means of grace in other lands.  Sure I am
+that it is entirely contrary to the spirit of the gospel for its
+ministers to enter upon it from interested motives, or with great
+worldly expectations.  On the contrary, the commission is a
+sufficient call to them to venture all, and, like the primitive
+Christians, go everywhere preaching the gospel.
+
+"It might be necessary, however, for two, at least, to go together,
+and in general I should think it best that they should be married
+men, and to prevent their time from being employed in procuring
+necessaries, two, or more, other persons, with their wives and
+families, might also accompany them, who should be wholly employed
+in providing for them.  In most countries it would be necessary for
+them to cultivate a little spot of ground just for their support,
+which would be a resource to them, whenever their supplies failed.
+Not to mention the advantages they would reap from each other's
+company, it would take off the enormous expense which has always
+attended undertakings of this kind, the first expense being the
+whole; for though a large colony needs support for a considerable
+time, yet so small a number would, upon receiving the first crop,
+maintain themselves.  They would have the advantage of choosing
+their situation, their wants would be few; the women, and even the
+children, would be necessary for domestic purposes: and a few
+articles of stock, as a cow or two, and a bull, and a few other
+cattle of both sexes, a very few utensils of husbandry, and some
+corn to sow their land, would be sufficient.  Those who attend the
+missionaries should understand husbandry, fishing, fowling, etc.,
+and be provided with the necessary implements for these purposes.
+Indeed, a variety of methods may be thought of, and when once the
+work is undertaken, many things will suggest themselves to us, of
+which we at present can form no idea.
+
+"FIFTHLY, As to learning their languages, the same means would be
+found necessary here as in trade between different nations.  In some
+cases interpreters might be obtained, who might be employed for a
+time; and where these were not to be found, the missionaries must
+have patience, and mingle with the people, till they have learned so
+much of their language as to be able to communicate their ideas to
+them in it.  It is well known to require no very extraordinary
+talents to learn, in the space of a year, or two at most, the
+language of any people upon earth, so much of it at least as to be
+able to convey any sentiments we wish to their understandings.
+
+"The Missionaries must be men of great piety, prudence, courage, and
+forbearance; of undoubted orthodoxy in their sentiments, and must
+enter with all their hearts into the spirit of their mission; they
+must be willing to leave all the comforts of life behind them, and
+to encounter all the hardships of a torrid or a frigid climate, an
+uncomfortable manner of living, and every other inconvenience that
+can attend this undertaking.  Clothing, a few knives, powder and
+shot, fishing-tackle, and the articles of husbandry above mentioned,
+must be provided for them; and when arrived at the place of their
+destination, their first business must be to gain some acquaintance
+with the language of the natives (for which purpose two would be
+better than one), and by all lawful means to endeavour to cultivate
+a friendship with them, and as soon as possible let them know the
+errand for which they were sent.  They must endeavour to convince
+them that it was their good alone which induced them to forsake
+their friends, and all the comforts of their native country.  They
+must be very careful not to resent injuries which may be offered to
+them, nor to think highly of themselves, so as to despise the poor
+heathens, and by those means lay a foundation for their resentment
+or rejection of the gospel.  They must take every opportunity of
+doing them good, and labouring and travelling night and day, they
+must instruct, exhort, and rebuke, with all long suffering and
+anxious desire for them, and, above all, must be instant in prayer
+for the effusion of the Holy Spirit upon the people of their charge.
+Let but missionaries of the above description engage in the work,
+and we shall see that it is not impracticable.
+
+"It might likewise be of importance, if God should bless their
+labours, for them to encourage any appearances of gifts amongst the
+people of their charge; if such should be raised up many advantages
+would be derived from their knowledge of the language and customs of
+their countrymen; and their change of conduct would give great
+weight to their ministrations."
+
+This first and still greatest missionary treatise in the English
+language closes with the practical suggestion of these
+means--fervent and united prayer, the formation of a catholic or,
+failing that, a Particular Baptist Society of "persons whose hearts
+are in the work, men of serious religion and possessing a spirit of
+perseverance," with an executive committee, and subscriptions from
+rich and poor of a tenth of their income for both village preaching
+and foreign missions, or, at least, an average of one penny or more
+per week from all members of congregations.  He thus concludes:--"It
+is true all the reward is of mere grace, but it is nevertheless
+encouraging; what a treasure, what an harvest must await such
+characters as Paul, and Eliot, and Brainerd, and others, who have
+given themselves wholly to the work of the Lord. What a heaven will
+it be to see the many myriads of poor heathens, of Britons amongst
+the rest, who by their labours have been brought to the knowledge of
+God. Surely a crown of rejoicing like this is worth aspiring to.
+Surely it is worth while to lay ourselves out with all our might,
+in promoting the cause and kingdom of Christ."
+
+So Carey projected the first organisation which England had seen for
+missions to all the human race outside of Christendom; and his
+project, while necessarily requiring a Society to carry it out, as
+coming from an "independent" Church, provided that every member of
+every congregation should take a part to the extent of fervent and
+united prayer, and of an average subscription of a penny a week.  He
+came as near to the New Testament ideal of all Christians acting in
+an aggressive missionary church as was possible in an age when the
+Established Churches of England, Scotland, and Germany scouted
+foreign missions, and the Free Churches were chiefly congregational
+in their ecclesiastical action.  While asserting the other ideal of
+the voluntary tenth or tithe as both a Scriptural principle and
+Puritan practice, his common sense was satisfied to suggest an
+average penny a week, all over, for every Christian.  At this hour,
+more than a century since Carey wrote, and after a remarkable
+missionary revival in consequence of what he wrote and did, all
+Christendom, Evangelical, Greek, and Latin, does not give more than
+five millions sterling a year to Christianise the majority of the
+race still outside its pale.  It is not too much to say that were
+Carey's penny a week from every Christian a fact, and the prayer
+which would sooner or later accompany it, the five millions would be
+fifty, and Christendom would become a term nearly synonymous with
+humanity.  The Churches, whether by themselves or by societies, have
+yet to pray and organise up to the level of Carey's penny a week.
+
+The absolute originality as well as grandeur of the unconscious
+action of the peasant shoemaker who, from 1779, prayed daily for all
+the heathen and slaves, and organised his society accordingly, will
+be seen in the dim light or darkness visible of all who had preceded
+him.  They were before the set time; he was ready in the fulness of
+the missionary preparation.  They belonged not only to periods, but
+to nations, to churches, to communities which were failing in the
+struggle for fruitfulness and expansion in new worlds and fresh
+lands; he was a son of England, which had come or was about to come
+out of the struggle a victor, charged with the terrible
+responsibility of the special servant of the Lord, as no people had
+ever before been charged in all history, sacred or secular.  William
+Carey, indeed, reaped the little that the few brave toilers of the
+wintry time had sown; with a humility that is pathetic he
+acknowledges their toll, while ever ignorant to the last of his own
+merit.  But he reaped only as each generation garners such fruits of
+its predecessor as may have been worthy to survive.  He was the
+first of the true Anastatosantes of the modern world, as only an
+English-speaking man could be--of the most thorough, permanent, and
+everlasting of all Reformers, the men who turn the world upside
+down, because they make it rise up and depart from deadly beliefs
+and practices, from the fear and the fate of death, into the life
+and light of Christ and the Father.
+
+Who were his predecessors, reckoning from the Renascence of Europe,
+the discovery of America, and the opening up of India and Africa?
+Erasmus comes first, the bright scholar of compromise who in 1516
+gave the New Testament again to Europe, as three centuries after
+Carey gave it to all Southern Asia, and whose missionary treatise,
+Ecclesiasties, in 1535 anticipated, theoretically at least, Carey's
+Enquiry by two centuries and a half.  The missionary dream of this
+escaped monk of Rotterdam and Basel, who taught women and weavers
+and cobblers to read the Scriptures, and prayed that the Book might
+be translated into all languages, was realised in the scandalous
+iniquities and frauds of Portuguese and Spanish and Jesuit missions
+in West and East. Luther had enough to do with his papal antichrist
+and his German translation of the Greek of the Testament of Erasmus.
+The Lutheran church drove missions into the hands of the Pietists
+and Moravians--Wiclif's offspring--who nobly but ineffectually
+strove to do a work meant for the whole Christian community.  The
+Church of England thrust forth the Puritans first to Holland and
+then to New England, where Eliot, the Brainerds, and the Mayhews
+sought to evangelise tribes which did not long survive themselves.
+
+It was from Courteenhall, a Northamptonshire village near
+Paulerspury, that in 1644 there went forth the appeal for the
+propagation of the Gospel which comes nearest to Carey's cry from
+the same midland region.  Cromwell was in power, and had himself
+planned a Protestant Propaganda, so to the Long Parliament William
+Castell, "parson of Courteenhall," sent a petition which, with the
+"Eliot Tracts," resulted in an ordinance creating the Corporation
+for the Promoting and Propagating the Gospel of Jesus Christ in New
+England.  Seventy English ministers had backed the petition, and six
+of the Church of Scotland, first of whom was Alexander Henderson.
+The corporation, which, in a restored form, Robert Boyle governed
+for thirty years, familiarised the nation with the duty of caring
+for the dark races then coming more and more under our sway alike in
+America and in India.  It still exists, as well as Boyle's Society
+for advancing the Faith in the West Indies.  The Friends also, and
+then the Moravians, taught the Wesleys and Whitefield to care for
+the negroes.  The English and Scottish Propagation Societies sought
+also to provide spiritual aids for the colonists and the
+highlanders.
+
+The two great thinkers of the eighteenth century, who flourished as
+philosopher and moralist when Carey was a youth, taught the
+principles which he of all others was to apply on their spiritual
+and most effective side.  Adam Smith put his finger on the crime
+which had darkened and continued till 1834 to shadow the brightness
+of geographical enterprise in both hemispheres--the treatment of the
+natives by Europeans whose superiority of force enabled them to
+commit every sort of injustice in the new lands.  He sought a remedy
+in establishing an equality of force by the mutual communication of
+knowledge and of all sorts of improvements by an extensive
+commerce.5 Samuel Johnson rose to a higher level alike of wisdom and
+righteousness, when he expressed the indignation of a Christian mind
+that the propagation of truth had never been seriously pursued by
+any European nation, and the hope "that the light of the Gospel will
+at last illuminate the sands of Africa and the deserts of America,
+though its progress cannot but be slow when it is so much obstructed
+by the lives of Christians."
+
+The early movement which is connected most directly with Carey's and
+the Northamptonshire Baptists' began in Scotland.  Its Kirk,
+emasculated by the Revolution settlement and statute of Queen Anne,
+had put down the evangelical teaching of Boston and the "marrow"
+men, and had cast out the fathers of the Secession in 1733.  In 1742
+the quickening spread over the west country.  In October 1744
+several ministers in Scotland united, for the two years next
+following, in what they called, and what has since become familiar
+in America as, a "Concert to promote more abundant application to a
+duty that is perpetually binding--prayer that our God's kingdom may
+come, joined with praises;" to be offered weekly on Saturday evening
+and Sunday morning, and more solemnly on the first Tuesday of every
+quarter.  Such was the result, and so did the prayer concert spread
+in the United Kingdom that in August 1746 a memorial was sent to
+Boston inviting all Christians in North America to enter into it for
+the next seven years.  It was on this that Jonathan Edwards wrote
+his Humble Attempt to promote Explicit Agreement and Visible Union
+of God's People in Extraordinary Prayer for the Revival of Religion
+and the Advancement of Christ's Kingdom on Earth.
+
+This work of Edwards, republished at Olney, came into the hands of
+Carey, and powerfully influenced the Northamptonshire Association of
+Baptist ministers and messengers.  At their meeting in Nottingham in
+1784 Sutcliff of Olney suggested and Ryland of Northampton drafted
+an invitation to the people to join them, for one hour on the first
+Monday of every month, in prayer for the effusion of the Holy Spirit
+of God. "Let the whole interest of the Redeemer be affectionately
+remembered," wrote these catholic men, and to give emphasis to their
+œcumenical missionary desires they added in italics--"Let the spread
+of the Gospel to the most distant parts of the habitable globe be
+the object of your most fervent requests.  We shall rejoice if any
+other Christian societies of our own or other denominations will
+join with us, and we do now invite them most cordially to join heart
+and hand in the attempt."  To this Carey prominently referred in his
+Enquiry, tracing to even the unimportunate and feeble prayers of
+these eight years the increase of the churches, the clearing of
+controversies, the opening of lands to missions, the spread of civil
+and religious liberty, the noble effort made to abolish the inhuman
+slave-trade, and the establishment of the free settlement of Sierra
+Leone.  And then he hits the other blots in the movement, besides
+the want of importunity and earnestness--"We must not be contented
+with praying without exerting ourselves in the use of means...Were
+the children of light but as wise in their generation as the
+children of this world, they would stretch every nerve to gain so
+glorious a prize, nor ever imagine that it was to be obtained in any
+other way."  A trading company obtain a charter and go to its utmost
+limits.  The charter, the encouragements of Christians are exceeding
+great, and the returns promised infinitely superior. "Suppose a
+company of serious Christians, ministers and private persons, were
+to form themselves into a society."
+
+The man was ready who had been specially fitted, by character and
+training, to form the home organisation of the society, while Carey
+created its foreign mission.  For the next quarter of a century
+William Carey and Andrew Fuller worked lovingly, fruitfully
+together, with the breadth of half the world between them.  The one
+showed how, by Bible and church and school, by physical and
+spiritual truth, India and all Asia could be brought to Christ; the
+other taught England, Scotland, and America to begin at last to play
+their part in an enterprise as old as Abraham; as divine in its
+warrant, its charge, its promise, as Christ Himself.  Seven years
+older than Carey, his friend was born a farmer's son and labourer in
+the fen country of Cromwell whom he resembled, was self-educated
+under conditions precisely similar, and passed through spiritual
+experiences almost exactly the same.  The two, unknown to each
+other, found themselves when called to preach at eighteen unable to
+reconcile the grim dead theology of their church with the new life
+and liberty which had come to them direct from the Spirit of Christ
+and from His Word. Carey had left his ancestral church at a time
+when the biographer of Romaine could declare with truth that that
+preacher was the only evangelical in the established churches of all
+London, and that of twenty thousand clergymen in England, the number
+who preached the truth as it is in Jesus had risen from not twenty
+in 1749 to three hundred in 1789.  The methodism of the Wesleys was
+beginning to tell, but the Baptists were as lifeless as the
+Established Church.  In both the Church and Dissent there were
+individuals only, like Newton and Scott, the elder Robert Hall and
+Ryland, whose spiritual fervour made them marked men.
+
+The Baptists, who had stood alone as the advocates of toleration,
+religious and civil, in an age of intolerance which made them the
+victims, had subsided like Puritan and Covenanter when the
+Revolution of 1688 brought persecution to an end.  The section who
+held the doctrine of "general" redemption, and are now honourably
+known as General Baptists, preached ordinary Arminianism, and even
+Socinianism.  The more earnest and educated among them clung to
+Calvinism, but, by adopting the unhappy term of "particular"
+Baptists, gradually fell under a fatalistic and antinomian spell.
+This false Calvinism, which the French theologian of Geneva would
+have been the first to denounce, proved all the more hostile to the
+preaching of the Gospel of salvation to the heathen abroad, as well
+as the sinner at home, that it professed to be an orthodox evangel
+while either emasculating the Gospel or turning the grace of God
+into licentiousness.  From such "particular" preachers as young
+Fuller and Carey listened to, at first with bewilderment, then
+impatience, and then denunciation, missions of no kind could come.
+Fuller exposed and pursued the delusion with a native shrewdness, a
+masculine sagacity, and a fine English style, which have won for him
+the apt name of the Franklin of Theology.  For more than twenty
+years Fullerism, as it was called, raised a controversy like that of
+the Marrow of Divinity in Scotland, and cleared the ground
+sufficiently at least to allow of the foundation of foreign missions
+in both countries.  It now seems incredible that the only class who
+a century ago represented evangelicalism should have opposed
+missions to the heathen on the ground that the Gospel is meant only
+for the elect, whether at home or abroad; that nothing spiritually
+good is the duty of the unregenerate, therefore "nothing must be
+addressed to them in a way of exhortation excepting what relates to
+external obedience."
+
+The same year, 1784, in which the Baptist concert for prayer was
+begun, saw the publication of Fuller's Gospel Worthy of all
+Acceptation.  Seven years later he preached at Clipstone a famous
+sermon, in which he applied the dealing of the Lord of Hosts (in
+Haggai) to the Jewish apathy--"The time is not come that the Lord's
+house should be built"--with a power and directness which
+nevertheless failed practically to convince himself.  The men who
+listened to him had been praying for seven years, yet had opposed
+Carey's pleas for a foreign mission, had treated him as a visionary
+or a madman.  When Fuller had published his treatise, Carey had
+drawn the practical deduction--"If it be the duty of all men, when
+the Gospel comes, to believe unto salvation, then it is the duty of
+those who are entrusted with the Gospel to endeavour to make it
+known among all nations for the obedience of faith."  Now, after
+seven more years of waiting, and remembering the manuscript Enquiry,
+Carey thought action cannot be longer delayed.  Hardly was the usual
+discussion that followed the meeting over when, as the story is told
+by the son of Ryland who had silenced him in a former ministers'
+meeting, Carey appealed to his brethren to put their preaching into
+practice and begin a missionary society that very day.  Fuller's
+sermon bore the title of The Evil Nature and the Dangerous Tendency
+of Delay in the Concerns of Religion, and it had been preceded by
+one on being very jealous for the Lord God of Hosts, in which
+Sutcliff cried for the divine passion, the celestial fire that
+burned in the bosom and blazed in the life of Elijah.  The Elijah of
+their own church and day was among them, burning and blazing for
+years, and all that he could induce them to promise was vaguely
+that, "something should be done," and to throw to his importunity
+the easy request that he would publish his manuscript and preach
+next year's sermon.
+
+Meanwhile, in 1789, Carey had left Moulton6 for Leicester, whither
+he was summoned to build up a congregation, ruined by antinomianism,
+in the mean brick chapel of the obscure quarter of Harvey Lane. This
+chapel his genius and Robert Hall's eloquence made so famous in time
+that the Baptists sent off a vigorous hive to the fine new church.
+In an equally humble house opposite the chapel the poverty of the
+pastor compelled him to keep a school from nine in the morning till
+four in winter and five in summer.  Between this and the hours for
+sleep and food he had little leisure; but that he spent, as he had
+done all his life before and did all his life after, with a method
+and zeal which doubled his working days. "I have seen him at work,"
+writes Gardiner in his Music and Friends, "his books beside him, and
+his beautiful flowers in the windows."  In a letter to his father we
+have this division of his leisure--Monday, "the learned languages;"
+Tuesday, "the study of science, history, composition, etc;"
+Wednesday, "I preach a lecture, and have been for more than twelve
+months on the Book of Revelation;" Thursday, "I visit my friends;"
+Friday and Saturday, "preparing for the Lord's Day." He preached
+three times every Sunday in his own chapel or the surrounding
+villages, with such results that in one case he added hundreds to
+its Wesleyan congregation.  He was secretary to the local committee
+of dissenters. "Add to this occasional journeys, ministers'
+meetings, etc., and you will rather wonder that I have any time,
+than that I have so little.  I am not my own, nor would I choose for
+myself.  Let God employ me where he thinks fit, and give me patience
+and discretion to fill up my station to his honour and glory."
+
+"After I had been probationer in this place a year and ten months,
+on the 24th of May 1791 I was solemnly set apart to the office of
+pastor.  About twenty ministers of different denominations were
+witnesses to the transactions of the day.  After prayer Brother
+Hopper of Nottingham addressed the congregation upon the nature of
+an ordination, after which he proposed the usual questions to the
+church, and required my Confession of Faith; which being delivered,
+Brother Ryland prayed the ordination prayer, with laying on of
+hands.  Brother Sutcliff delivered a very solemn charge from Acts
+vi. 4--'But we will give ourselves continually to prayer and to the
+ministry of the word.'  And Brother Fuller delivered an excellent
+address to the people from Eph. v. 2--'Walk in love.'  In the
+evening Brother Pearce of Birmingham preached from Gal. vi. 14--'God
+forbid that I should glory, save in the cross of our Lord Jesus
+Christ, by whom the world is crucified unto me and I unto the
+world.'  The day was a day of pleasure, and I hope of profit to the
+greatest part of the Assembly."
+
+Carey became the friend of his neighbour, Thomas Robinson,
+evangelical rector of St. Mary's, to whom he said on one occasion
+when indirectly charged in humorous fashion with "sheep-stealing:"
+"Mr. Robinson, I am a dissenter, and you are a churchman; we must
+each endeavour to do good according to our light.  At the same time,
+you may be assured that I had rather be the instrument of converting
+a scavenger that sweeps the streets than of merely proselyting the
+richest and best characters in your congregation."  Dr. Arnold and
+Mr. R. Brewin, a botanist, opened to him their libraries, and all
+good men in Leicester soon learned to be proud of the new Baptist
+minister.  In the two chapels, as in that of Moulton, enlarged since
+his time, memorial tablets tell succeeding generations of the
+virtues and the deeds of "the illustrious W. Carey, D.D."
+
+The ministers' meeting of 1792 came round, and on 31st May Carey
+seized his opportunity.  The place was Nottingham, from which the
+1784 invitation to prayer had gone forth.  Was the answer to come
+just there after nine years' waiting?  His Enquiry had been
+published; had it prepared the brethren?  Ryland had been always
+loyal to the journeyman shoemaker he had baptised in the river, and
+he gives us this record:--"If all the people had lifted up their
+voices and wept, as the children of Israel did at Bochim, I should
+not have wondered at the effect.  It would only have seemed
+proportionate to the cause, so clearly did he prove the criminality
+of our supineness in the cause of God." The text was Isaiah's (liv.
+2, 3) vision of the widowed church's tent stretching forth till her
+children inherited the nations and peopled the desolate cities, and
+the application to the reluctant brethren was couched in these two
+great maxims written ever since on the banners of the missionary
+host of the kingdom--
+
+   EXPECT GREAT THINGS FROM GOD.
+   ATTEMPT GREAT THINGS FOR GOD.
+
+The service was over; even Fuller was afraid, even Ryland made no
+sign, and the ministers were leaving the meeting.  Seizing Fuller's
+arm with an imploring look, the preacher, whom despair emboldened to
+act alone for his Master, exclaimed: "And are you, after all, going
+again to do nothing?"  What Fuller describes as the "much fear and
+trembling" of these inexperienced, poor, and ignorant village
+preachers gave way to the appeal of one who had gained both
+knowledge and courage, and who, as to funds and men, was ready to
+give himself.  They entered on their minutes this much:--"That a
+plan be prepared against the next ministers' meeting at Kettering
+for forming a Baptist Society for propagating the Gospel among the
+Heathen."  There was more delay, but only for four months.  The
+first purely English Missionary Society, which sent forth its own
+English founder, was thus constituted as described in the minutes of
+the Northampton ministers' meeting.
+
+"At the ministers' meeting at Kettering, October 2, 1792, after the
+public services of the day were ended, the ministers retired to
+consult further on the matter, and to lay a foundation at least for
+a society, when the following resolutions were proposed, and
+unanimously agreed to:--
+
+"1. Desirous of making an effort for the propagation of the gospel
+among the heathen, agreeably to what is recommended in brother
+Carey's late publication on that subject, we, whose names appear to
+the subsequent subscription, do solemnly agree to act in society
+together for that purpose.
+
+"2. As in the present divided state of Christendom, it seems that
+each denomination, by exerting itself separately, is most likely to
+accomplish the great ends of a mission, it is agreed that this
+society be called The Particular [Calvinistic] Baptist Society for
+Propagating the Gospel among the Heathen.
+
+"3. As such an undertaking must needs be attended with expense, we
+agree immediately to open a subscription for the above purpose, and
+to recommend it to others.
+
+"4. Every person who shall subscribe ten pounds at once, or ten
+shillings and sixpence annually, shall be considered a member of the
+society.
+
+"5. That the Rev. John Ryland, Reynold Hogg, William Carey, John
+Sutcliff, and Andrew Fuller, be appointed a committee, three of whom
+shall be empowered to act in carrying into effect the purposes of
+this society.
+
+"6. That the Rev. Reynold Hogg be appointed treasurer, and the Rev.
+Andrew Fuller secretary.
+
+"7. That the subscriptions be paid in at the Northampton ministers'
+meeting, October 31, 1792, at which time the subject shall be
+considered more particularly by the committee, and other subscribers
+who may be present.
+
+"Signed, John Ryland, Reynold Hogg, John Sutcliff, Andrew Fuller,
+Abraham Greenwood, Edward Sherman, Joshua Burton, Samuel Pearce,
+Thomas Blundel, William Heighton, John Eayres, Joseph Timms; whose
+subscriptions in all amounted to £13:2:6."
+
+The procedure suggested in "brother Carey's late publication" was
+strictly followed--a society of subscribers, 2d. a week, or 10s. 6d.
+a year as a compromise between the tithes and the penny a week of
+the Enquiry.  The secretary was the courageous Fuller, who once said
+to Ryland and Sutcliff: "You excel me in wisdom, especially in
+foreseeing difficulties.  I therefore want to advise with you both,
+but to execute without you."  The frequent chairman was Ryland, who
+was soon to train missionaries for the work at Bristol College.  The
+treasurer was the only rich man of the twelve, who soon resigned his
+office into a layman's hands, as was right.  Of the others we need
+now point only to Samuel Pearce, the seraphic preacher of
+Birmingham, who went home and sent £70 to the collection, and who,
+since he desired to give himself like Carey, became to him dearer
+than even Fuller was.  The place was a low-roofed parlour in the
+house of Widow Wallis, looking on to a back garden, which many a
+pilgrim still visits, and around which there gathered thousands in
+1842 to hold the first jubilee of modern missions, when
+commemorative medals were struck.  There in 1892 the centenary
+witnessed a still vaster assemblage.
+
+Can any good come out of Kettering? was the conclusion of the
+Baptist ministers of London with the one exception of Booth, when
+they met formally to decide whether, like those of Birmingham and
+other places, they should join the primary society.  Benjamin
+Beddome, a venerable scholar whom Robert Hall declared to be chief
+among his brethren, replied to Fuller in language which is far from
+unusual even at the present day, but showing the position which the
+Leicester minister had won for himself even then:--
+
+"I think your scheme, considering the paucity of well-qualified
+ministers, hath a very unfavourable aspect with respect to destitute
+churches at home, where charity ought to begin.  I had the pleasure
+once to see and hear Mr. Carey; it struck me he was the most
+suitable person in the kingdom, at least whom I knew, to supply my
+place, and make up my great deficiencies when either disabled or
+removed.  A different plan is formed and pursued, and I fear that
+the great and good man, though influenced by the most excellent
+motives, will meet with a disappointment.  However, God hath his
+ends, and whoever is disappointed He cannot be so.  My unbelieving
+heart is ready to suggest that the time is not come, the time that
+the Lord's house should be built."
+
+The other Congregationalists made no sign.  The Presbyterians, with
+a few noble exceptions like Dr. Erskine, whose Dutch volume Carey
+had translated, denounced such movements as revolutionary in a
+General Assembly of Socinianised "moderates."  The Church of England
+kept haughtily or timidly aloof, though king and archbishop were
+pressed to send a mission. "Those who in that day sneered that
+England had sent a cobbler to convert the world were the direct
+lineal descendants of those who sneered in Palestine 2000 years ago,
+'Is not this the carpenter?'" said Archdeacon Farrar in Westminster
+Abbey on 6th March 1887.  Hence Fuller's reference to this
+time:--"When we began in 1792 there was little or no respectability
+among us, not so much as a squire to sit in the chair or an orator
+to address him with speeches.  Hence good Dr. Stennett advised the
+London ministers to stand aloof and not commit themselves."
+
+One man in India had striven to rouse the Church to its duty as
+Carey had done at home.  Charles Grant had in 1787 written from
+Malda to Charles Simeon and Wilberforce for eight missionaries, but
+not one Church of England clergyman could be found to go.  Thirty
+years after, when chairman of the Court of Directors and father of
+Lord Glenelg and Sir Robert Grant, he wrote:--"I had formed the
+design of a mission to Bengal: Providence reserved that honour for
+the Baptists."  After all, the twelve village pastors in the back
+parlour of Kettering were the more really the successors of the
+twelve apostles in the upper room of Jerusalem.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+INDIA AS CAREY FOUND IT
+
+1793
+
+Tahiti v. Bengal--Carey and Thomas appointed missionaries to
+Bengal--The farewell at Leicester--John Thomas, first medical
+missionary--Carey's letter to his father--The Company's "abominable
+monopoly"--The voyage--Carey's aspirations for world-wide
+missions--Lands at Calcutta--His description of Bengal in
+1793--Contrast presented by Carey to Clive, Hastings, and
+Cornwallis--The spiritual founder of an Indian Empire of Christian
+Britain--Bengal and the famine of 1769-70--The Decennial Settlement
+declared permanent--Effects on the landed classes--Obstacles to
+Carey's work--East India Company at its worst--Hindooism and the
+Bengalees in 1793--Position of Hindoo women--Missionary attempts
+before Carey's--Ziegenbalg and Schwartz--Kiernander and the
+chaplains--Hindooised state of Anglo-Indian society and its reaction
+on England--Guneshan Dass, the first caste Hindoo to visit
+England--William Carey had no predecessor.
+
+Carey had desired to go first to Tahiti or Western Africa.  The
+natives of North America and the negroes of the West Indies and
+Sierra Leone were being cared for by Moravian and Wesleyan
+evangelists.  The narrative of Captain Cook's two first voyages to
+the Pacific and discovery of Tahiti had appeared in the same year in
+which the Northampton churches began their seven years' concert of
+prayer, just after his own second baptism.  From the map, and a
+leather globe which also he is said to have made, he had been
+teaching the children of Piddington, Moulton, and Leicester the
+great outlines and thrilling details of expeditions round the world
+which roused both the scientific and the simple of England as much
+as the discoveries of Columbus had excited Europe.  When the
+childlike ignorance and natural grace of the Hawaiians, which had at
+first fired him with the longing to tell them the good news of God,
+were seen turned into the wild justice of revenge, which made Cook
+its first victim, Carey became all the more eager to anticipate the
+disasters of later days.  That was work for which others were to be
+found.  It was not amid the scattered and decimated savages of the
+Pacific or of America that the citadel of heathenism was found, nor
+by them that the world, old and new, was to be made the kingdom of
+Christ.  With the cautious wisdom that marked all Fuller's action,
+though perhaps with the ignorance that was due to Carey's absence,
+the third meeting of the new society recorded this among other
+articles "to be examined and discussed in the most diligent and
+impartial manner--In what part of the heathen world do there seem to
+be the most promising openings?"
+
+The answer, big with consequence for the future of the East, was in
+their hands, in the form of a letter from Carey, who stated that
+"Mr. Thomas, the Bengal missionary," was trying to raise a fund for
+that province, and asked "whether it would not be worthy of the
+Society to try to make that and ours unite with one fund for the
+purpose of sending the gospel to the heathen indefinitely."  Tahiti
+was not to be neglected, nor Africa, nor Bengal, in "our larger
+plan," which included above four hundred millions of our fellowmen,
+among whom it was an object "worthy of the most ardent and
+persevering pursuit to disseminate the humane and saving principles
+of the Christian Religion."  If this Mr. Thomas were worthy, his
+experience made it desirable to begin with Bengal.  Thomas answered
+for himself at the next meeting, when Carey fell upon his neck and
+wept, having previously preached from the words--"Behold I come
+quickly, and My reward is with Me." "We saw," said Fuller
+afterwards, "there was a gold mine in India, but it was as deep as
+the centre of the earth.  Who will venture to explore it? 'I will
+venture to go down,' said Carey, 'but remember that you (addressing
+Fuller, Sutcliff, and Ryland) must hold the ropes.'  We solemnly
+engaged to him to do so, nor while we live shall we desert him."
+
+Carey and Thomas, an ordained minister and a medical evangelist,
+were at this meeting in Kettering, on 10th January 1793, appointed
+missionaries to "the East Indies for preaching the gospel to the
+heathen," on "£100 or £150 a year between them all,"--that is, for
+two missionaries, their wives, and four children,--until they should
+be able to support themselves like the Moravians.  As a matter of
+fact they received just £200 in all for the first three years when
+self-support and mission extension fairly began.  The whole sum at
+credit of the Society for outfit, passage, and salaries was £130, so
+that Fuller's prudence was not without justification when supported
+by Thomas's assurances that the amount was enough, and Carey's
+modest self-sacrifice. "We advised Mr. Carey," wrote Fuller to
+Ryland, "to give up his school this quarter, for we must make up the
+loss to him."  The more serious cost of the passage was raised by
+Fuller and by the preaching tours of the two missionaries.  During
+one of these, at Hull, Carey met the printer and newspaper editor,
+William Ward, and cast his mantle over him thus--"If the Lord bless
+us, we shall want a person of your business to enable us to print
+the Scriptures; I hope you will come after us."  Ward did so in five
+years.
+
+The 20th March 1793 was a high day in the Leicester chapel, Harvey
+Lane, when the missionaries were set apart like Barnabas and Paul--a
+forenoon of prayer; an afternoon of preaching by Thomas from Psalm
+xvi. 4; "Their sorrows shall be multiplied that hasten after another
+God;" an evening of preaching by the treasurer from Acts xxi. 14,
+"And when he would not be persuaded, we ceased, saying, the will of
+the Lord be done;" and the parting charge by Fuller the secretary,
+from the risen Lord's own benediction and forthsending of His
+disciples, "Peace be unto you, as My Father hath sent Me, even so
+send I you."  Often in after days of solitude and reproach did Carey
+quicken his faith by reading the brave and loving words of Fuller on
+"the objects you must keep in view, the directions you must observe,
+the difficulties you must encounter, the reward you may expect."
+
+Under date four days after we find this entry in the Church
+Book--"Mr. Carey, our minister, left Leicester to go on a mission to
+the East Indies, to take and propagate the Gospel among those
+idolatrous and superstitious heathens.  This is inserted to show his
+love to his poor miserable fellow-creatures.  In this we concurred
+with him, though it is at the expense of losing one whom we love as
+our own souls."  When Carey's preaching had so filled the church
+that it became necessary to build a front gallery at a cost of £98,
+and they had applied to several other churches for assistance in
+vain, he thus taught them to help themselves.  The minister and many
+of the members agreed to pay off the debt "among ourselves" by
+weekly subscriptions,--a process, however, which covered five years,
+so poor were they.  Carey left this as a parting lesson to home
+congregations, while his people found it the easier to pay the debt
+that they had sacrificed their best, their own minister, to the work
+of missions for which he had taught them to pray.
+
+John Thomas, four years older than Carey, was a surgeon, who had
+made two voyages to Calcutta in the Oxford Indiaman, had been of
+spiritual service to Charles Grant, Mr. George Udny, and the Bengal
+civilian circle at Malda, and had been supported by Mr. Grant as a
+missionary for a time until his eccentricities and debts outraged
+his friends and drove him home at the time of the Kettering
+meetings.  Full justice has been done to a character and a career
+somewhat resembling those of John Newton, by his patient and able
+biographer the Rev. C. B. Lewis.  John Thomas has the merit of being
+the first medical missionary, at a time when no other Englishman
+cared for either the bodies or souls of our recently acquired
+subjects in North India, outside of Charles Grant's circle.  He has
+more; he was used by God to direct Carey to the dense Hindoo
+population of Bengal--to the people and to the centre, that is,
+where Brahmanism had its seat, and whence Buddhism had been carried
+by thousands of missionaries all over Southern, Eastern, and Central
+Asia. But there our ascription of merit to Thomas must stop.
+However well he might speak the uncultured Bengali, he never could
+write the language or translate the Bible into a literary style so
+that it could be understood by the people or influence their
+leaders.  His temper kept Charles Grant back from helping the infant
+mission, though anxious to see Mr. Carey and to aid him and any
+other companion.  The debts of Thomas caused him and Carey to be
+excluded from the Oxford, in which his friend the commander had
+agreed to take them and their party without a licence; clouded the
+early years of the enterprise with their shadow, and formed the
+heaviest of the many burdens Carey had to bear at starting.  If,
+afterwards, the old association of Thomas with Mr. Udny at Malda
+gave Carey a home during his Indian apprenticeship, this was a small
+atonement for the loss of the direct help of Mr. Grant.  If Carey
+proved to be the John among the men who began to make Serampore
+illustrious, Thomas was the Peter, so far as we know Peter in the
+Gospels only.
+
+Just before being ejected from the Oxford, as he had been deprived
+of the effectual help of Charles Grant through his unhappy
+companion, when with only his eldest son Felix beside him, how did
+Carey view his God-given mission?  The very different nature of his
+wife, who had announced to him the birth of a child, clung anew to
+the hope that this might cause him to turn back.  Writing from Ryde
+on the 6th May he thus replied with sweet delicacy of human
+affection, but with true loyalty to his Master's call:--
+
+"Received yours, giving me an account of your safe delivery.  This
+is pleasant news indeed to me; surely goodness and mercy follow me
+all my days.  My stay here was very painful and unpleasant, but now
+I see the goodness of God in it.  It was that I might hear the most
+pleasing accounts that I possibly could hear respecting earthly
+things.  You wish to know in what state my mind is.  I answer, it is
+much as when I left you.  If I had all the world, I would freely
+give it all to have you and my dear children with me; but the sense
+of duty is so strong as to overpower all other considerations; I
+could not turn back without guilt on my soul.  I find a longing
+desire to enjoy more of God; but, now I am among the people of the
+world, I think I see more beauties in godliness than ever, and, I
+hope, enjoy more of God in retirement than I have done for some time
+past...You want to know what Mrs. Thomas thinks, and how she likes
+the voyage...She would rather stay in England than go to India; but
+thinks it right to go with her husband...Tell my dear children I
+love them dearly, and pray for them constantly.  Felix sends his
+love.  I look upon this mercy as an answer to prayer indeed.  Trust
+in God. Love to Kitty, brothers, sisters, etc.  Be assured I love
+you most affectionately.  Let me know my dear little child's
+name.--I am, for ever, your faithful and affectionate husband,
+
+"WILLIAM CAREY.
+
+"My health never was so well.  I believe the sea makes Felix and me
+both as hungry as hunters.  I can eat a monstrous meat supper, and
+drink a couple of glasses of wine after it, without hurting me at
+all.  Farewell."
+
+She was woman and wife enough, in the end, to do as Mrs. Thomas had
+done, but she stipulated that her sister should accompany her.
+
+By a series of specially providential events, as it seemed, such as
+marked the whole early history of this first missionary enterprise
+of modern England, Carey and Thomas secured a passage on board the
+Danish Indiaman Kron Princessa Maria, bound from Copenhagen to
+Serampore.  At Dover, where they had been waiting for days, the
+eight were roused from sleep by the news that the ship was off the
+harbour.  Sunrise on the 13th June saw them on board.  Carey had had
+other troubles besides his colleague and his wife.  His father, then
+fifty-eight years old, had not given him up without a struggle. "Is
+William mad?" he had said when he received the letter in which his
+son thus offered himself up on the missionary altar.  His mother had
+died six years before:--
+
+"LEICESTER, Jan. 17th, 1793.
+
+"DEAR AND HONOURED FATHER,--The importance of spending our time for
+God alone, is the principal theme of the gospel.  I beseech you,
+brethren, says Paul, by the mercies of God, that you present your
+bodies a living sacrifice, holy and acceptable, which is your
+reasonable service.  To be devoted like a sacrifice to holy uses, is
+the great business of a christian, pursuant to these requisitions.
+I consider myself as devoted to the service of God alone, and now I
+am to realise my professions.  I am appointed to go to Bengal, in
+the East Indies, a missionary to the Hindoos.  I shall have a
+colleague who has been there five or six years already, and who
+understands their language.  They are the most mild and inoffensive
+people in all the world, but are enveloped in the greatest
+superstition, and in the grossest ignorance...I hope, dear father,
+you may be enabled to surrender me up to the Lord for the most
+arduous, honourable, and important work that ever any of the sons of
+men were called to engage in.  I have many sacrifices to make.  I
+must part with a beloved family, and a number of most affectionate
+friends.  Never did I see such sorrow manifested as reigned through
+our place of worship last Lord's-day.  But I have set my hand to the
+plough.--I remain, your dutiful son,
+
+"WILLIAM CAREY."
+
+When in London Carey had asked John Newton, "What if the Company
+should send us home on our arrival in Bengal?" "Then conclude," was
+the reply, "that your Lord has nothing there for you to accomplish.
+But if He have, no power on earth can hinder you."  By Act of
+Parliament not ten years old, every subject of the King going to or
+found in the East Indies without a licence from the Company, was
+guilty of a high crime and misdemeanour, and liable to fine and
+imprisonment.  Only four years previously a regulation had compelled
+every commander to deliver to the Hoogli pilot a return of the
+passengers on board that the Act might be enforced.  The Danish
+nationality of the ship and crew saved the missionary party.  So
+grievously do unjust laws demoralise contemporary opinion, that
+Fuller was constrained to meet the objections of many to the
+"illegality" of the missionaries' action by reasoning, unanswerable
+indeed, but not now required: "The apostles and primitive ministers
+were commanded to go into all the world, and preach the gospel to
+every creature; nor were they to stop for the permission of any
+power upon earth, but to go, and take the consequences.  If a man of
+God, conscious of having nothing in his heart unfriendly to any
+civil government whatever, but determined in all civil matters to
+obey and teach obedience to the powers that are, put his life in his
+hand, saying, I will go, and if I am persecuted in one city I will
+flee to another'...whatever the wisdom of this world may decide upon
+his conduct, he will assuredly be acquitted, and more than
+acquitted, at a higher tribunal."
+
+Carey's journal of the voyage begins with an allusion to "the
+abominable East Indian monopoly," which he was to do more than any
+other man to break down by weapons not of man's warfare.  The second
+week found him at Bengali, and for his companion the poems of
+Cowper.  Of the four fellow-passengers one was a French deist, with
+whom he had many a debate.
+
+"Aug. 2.--I feel myself to be much declined, upon the whole, in the
+more spiritual exercises of religion; yet have had some pleasant
+exercises of soul, and feel my heart set upon the great work upon
+which I am going.  Sometimes I am quite dejected when I see the
+impenetrability of the hearts of those with us.  They hear us preach
+on the Lord's-day, but we are forced to witness their disregard to
+God all the week.  O may God give us greater success among the
+heathen.  I am very desirous that my children may pursue the same
+work; and now intend to bring up one in the study of Sanskrit, and
+another of Persian.  O may God give them grace to fit them for the
+work!  I have been much concerned for fear the power of the Company
+should oppose us...
+
+"Aug. 20.--I have reason to lament over a barrenness of soul, and am
+sometimes much discouraged; for if I am so dead and stupid, how can
+I expect to be of any use among the heathen?  Yet I have of late
+felt some very lively desires after the success of our undertaking.
+If there is anything that engages my heart in prayer to God, it is
+that the heathen may be converted, and that the society which has so
+generously exerted itself may be encouraged, and excited to go on
+with greater vigour in the important undertaking...
+
+"Nov. 9.--I think that I have had more liberty in prayer, and more
+converse with God, than for some time before; but have,
+notwithstanding, been a very unfruitful creature, and so remain.
+For near a month we have been within two hundred miles of Bengal,
+but the violence of the currents set us back when we have been at
+the very door.  I hope I have learned the necessity of bearing up in
+the things of God against wind and tide, when there is occasion, as
+we have done in our voyage."
+
+To the Society he writes for a Polyglot Bible, the Gospels in Malay,
+Curtis's Botanical Magazine, and Sowerby's English Botany, at his
+own cost, and thus plans the conquest of the world:--"I hope the
+Society will go on and increase, and that the multitudes of heathen
+in the world may hear the glorious words of truth.  Africa is but a
+little way from England; Madagascar but a little way farther; South
+America, and all the numerous and large islands in the Indian and
+Chinese seas, I hope will not be passed over.  A large field opens
+on every side, and millions of perishing heathens, tormented in this
+life by idolatry, superstition, and ignorance, and exposed to
+eternal miseries in the world to come, are pleading; yea, all their
+miseries plead as soon as they are known, with every heart that
+loves God, and with all the churches of the living God. Oh, that
+many labourers may be thrust out into the vineyard of our Lord Jesus
+Christ, and that the gentiles may come to the knowledge of the truth
+as it is in Him!"
+
+On the 7th November, as the ship lay in the roads of Balasore, he
+and Thomas landed and "began our labours."  For three hours the
+people of the bazaar listened with great attention to Thomas, and
+one prepared for them a native dinner with plantain leaf for dish,
+and fingers for knives and forks.  Balasore--name of Krishna--was
+one of the first settlements of the English in North India in 1642,
+and there the American Baptist successors of Carey have since
+carried on his work.  On the 11th November, after a five months'
+voyage, they landed at Calcutta unmolested.  The first fortnight's
+experience of the city, whose native population he estimated at
+200,000, and of the surrounding country, he thus condenses:--"I feel
+something of what Paul felt when he beheld Athens, and 'his spirit
+was stirred within him.'  I see one of the finest countries in the
+world, full of industrious inhabitants; yet three-fifths of it are
+an uncultivated jungle, abandoned to wild beasts and serpents.  If
+the gospel flourishes here, 'the wilderness will in every respect
+become a fruitful field.'"
+
+Clive, Hastings (Macpherson during an interregnum of twenty-two
+months), and Cornwallis, were the men who had founded and
+administered the empire of British India up to this time.  Carey
+passed the last Governor-General in the Bay of Bengal as he retired
+with the honours of a seven years' successful generalship and
+government to atone for the not unhappy surrender of York Town,
+which had resulted in the independence of the United States.  Sir
+John Shore, afterwards Lord Teignmouth, who had been selected by
+Pitt to carry out the reforms which he had elaborated along with his
+predecessor, had entered on his high office just a fortnight before.
+What a contrast was presented, as man judges, by the shy shoemaker,
+schoolmaster, and Baptist preacher, who found not a place in which
+to lay his head save a hovel lent to him by a Hindoo, to Clive,
+whose suicide he might have heard of when a child; to Hastings, who
+for seventeen years had stood before his country impeached.  They
+were men described by Macaulay as of ancient, even illustrious
+lineage, and they had brought into existence an empire more
+extensive than that of Rome. He was a peasant craftsman, who had
+taught himself with a skill which Lord Wellesley, their successor
+almost as great as themselves, delighted publicly to acknowledge--a
+man of the people, of the class who had used the Roman Empire to
+build out of it a universal Christendom, who were even then turning
+France upside down, creating the Republic of America, and giving new
+life to Great Britain itself.  The little Englishman was about to do
+in Calcutta and from Serampore what the little Jew, Paul, had done
+in Antioch and Ephesus, from Corinth and Rome. England might send
+its nobly born to erect the material and the secular fabric of
+empire, but it was only, in the providence of God, that they might
+prepare for the poor village preacher to convert the empire into a
+spiritual force which should in time do for Asia what Rome had done
+for Western Christendom.  But till the last, as from the first,
+Carey was as unconscious of the part which he had been called to
+play as he was unresting in the work which it involved.  It is no
+fanatical criticism, but the true philosophy of history, which
+places Carey over against Clive, the spiritual and secular founders,
+and Duff beside Hastings, the spiritual and secular consolidators of
+our Indian Empire.
+
+Carey's work for India underlay the first period of forty years of
+transition from Cornwallis to Bentinck, as Duff's covered the second
+of thirty years to the close of Lord Canning's administration, which
+introduced the new era of full toleration and partial but increasing
+self-government directed by the Viceroy and Parliament.
+
+Carey had been sent not only to the one people outside of
+Christendom whose conversion would tell most powerfully on all Asia,
+Africa, and their islands--the Hindoos; but to the one province
+which was almost entirely British, and could be used as it had been
+employed to assimilate the rest of India--Bengal.  Territorially the
+East India Company possessed, when he landed, nothing outside of the
+Ganges valley of Bengal, Bihar, and Benares, save a few spots on the
+Madras and Malabar coasts and the portion just before taken in the
+Mysore war.  The rest was desolated by the Marathas, the Nizam,
+Tipoo, and other Mohammedan adventurers.  On the Gangetic delta and
+right up to Allahabad, but not beyond, the Company ruled and raised
+revenue, leaving the other functions of the state to Mohammedans of
+the type of Turkish pashas under the titular superiority of the
+effete Emperor of Delhi.  The Bengali and Hindi-speaking millions of
+the Ganges and the simpler aborigines of the hills had been
+devastated by the famine of 1769-70, which the Company's officials,
+who were powerless where they did not intensify it by interference
+with trade, confessed to have cut off from ten to twelve millions of
+human beings.  Over three-fifths of the area the soil was left
+without a cultivator.  The whole young of that generation perished,
+so that, even twenty years after, Lord Cornwallis officially
+described one-third of Bengal as a jungle inhabited only by wild
+beasts.  A quarter of a century after Carey's language was, as we
+have seen, "three-fifths of it are an uncultivated jungle abandoned
+to wild beasts and serpents."
+
+But the British peace, in Bengal at least, had allowed abundant
+crops to work their natural result on the population.  The local
+experience of Shore, who had witnessed the horrors he could do so
+little to relieve, had united with the statesmanship of Cornwallis
+to initiate a series of administrative reforms that worked some
+evil, but more good, all through Carey's time.  First of all, as
+affecting the very existence and the social development of the
+people, or their capacity for being educated, Christianised,
+civilised in the highest sense, there was the relation of the
+Government to the ryots ("protected ones") and the zameendars
+("landholders").  In India, as nearly all over the world except in
+feudalised Britain, the state is the common landlord in the
+interests of all classes who hold the soil subject to the payment of
+customary rents, directly or through middlemen, to the Government.
+For thirty years after Plassey the Government of India had been
+learning its business, and in the process had injured both itself
+and the landed classes, as much as has been done in Ireland.  From a
+mere trader it had been, more or less consciously, becoming a ruler.
+In 1786 the Court of Directors, in a famous letter, tried to arrest
+the ruin which the famine had only hastened by ordering that a
+settlement of the land-tax or revenue or rent be made, not with mere
+farmers like the pashas of Turkey, but with the old zameendars, and
+that the rate be fixed for ten years.  Cornwallis and Shore took
+three years to make the detailed investigations, and in 1789 the
+state rent-roll of Bengal proper was fixed at £2,858,772 a year.
+The English peer, who was Governor-General, at once jumped to the
+conclusion that this rate should be fixed not only for ten years,
+but for ever.  The experienced Bengal civilian protested that to do
+that would be madness when a third of the rich province was out of
+cultivation, and as to the rest its value was but little known, and
+its estates were without reliable survey or boundaries.
+
+We can now see that, as usual, both were right in what they asserted
+and wrong in what they denied.  The principle of fixity of tenure
+and tax cannot be over-estimated in its economic, social, and
+political value, but it should have been applied to the village
+communities and cultivating peasants without the intervention of
+middlemen other than the large ancestral landholders with hereditary
+rights, and that on the standard of corn rents.  Cornwallis had it
+in his power thus to do what some years afterwards Stein did in
+Prussia, with the result seen in the present German people and
+empire.  The dispute as to a permanent or a decennial settlement was
+referred home, and Pitt, aided by Dundas and Charles Grant, took a
+week to consider it.  His verdict was given in favour of feudalism.
+Eight months before Carey landed at Calcutta the settlement had
+been declared perpetual; in 1795 it was extended to Benares also.
+
+During the next twenty years mismanagement and debt revolutionised
+the landed interest, as in France at the same time, but in a very
+different direction.  The customary rights of the peasant
+proprietors had been legislatively secured by reserving to the
+Governor-General the power "to enact such regulations as he may
+think necessary for the protection and welfare of the dependent
+talookdars, ryots, and other cultivators of the soil."  The peasants
+continued long to be so few that there was competition for them; the
+process of extortion with the aid of the courts had hardly begun
+when they were many, and the zameendars were burdened with charges
+for the police.  But in 1799 and again in 1812 the state, trembling
+for its rent, gave the zameendars further authority.  The principle
+of permanence of assessment so far co-operated with the splendid
+fertility of the Ganges valley and the peaceful multiplication of
+the people and spread of cultivation, that all through the wars and
+annexations, up to the close of the Mutiny, it was Bengal which
+enabled England to extend the empire up to its natural limits from
+the two seas to the Himalaya.  But in 1859 the first attempt was
+made by the famous Act X. to check the rack-renting power of the
+zameendars.  And now, more than a century since the first step was
+taken to arrest the ruin of the peasantry, the legislature of India
+has again tried to solve for the whole country these four
+difficulties which all past landed regulations have intensified--to
+give the state tenants a guarantee against uncertain enhancements of
+rent, and against taxation of improvements; to minimise the evil of
+taking rent in cash instead of in kind by arranging the dates on
+which rent is paid; and to mitigate if not prevent famine by
+allowing relief for failure of crops.  As pioneering, the work of
+Carey and his colleagues all through was distinctly hindered by the
+treatment of the land question, which at once ground down the mass
+of the people and created a class of oppressive landlords destitute
+for the most part of public spirit and the higher culture.  Both
+were disinclined by their circumstances to lend an ear to the
+Gospel, but these circumstances made it the more imperative on the
+missionaries to tell them, to teach their children, to print for all
+the glad tidings.  Carey, himself of peasant extraction, cared for
+the millions of the people above all; but his work in the classical
+as well as the vernacular languages was equally addressed to their
+twenty thousand landlords.  The time of his work--before Bentinck;
+and the centre of it--outside the metropolis, left the use of the
+English weapon against Brahmanism largely for Duff.
+
+When Cornwallis, following Warren Hastings, completed the
+substitution of the British for the Mohammedan civil administration
+by a system of courts and police and a code of regulations, he was
+guilty of one omission and one mistake that it took years of
+discussion and action to rectify.  He did not abolish from the
+courts the use of Persian, the language of the old Mussulman
+invaders, now foreign to all parties; and he excluded from all
+offices above £30 a year the natives of the country, contrary to
+their fair and politic practice.  Bengal and its millions, in truth,
+were nominally governed in detail by three hundred white and upright
+civilians, with the inevitable result in abuses which they could not
+prevent, and oppression of native by native which they would not
+check, and the delay or development of reforms which the few
+missionaries long called for in vain.  In a word, after making the
+most generous allowance for the good intentions of Cornwallis, and
+conscientiousness of Shore, his successor, we must admit that Carey
+was called to become the reformer of a state of society which the
+worst evils of Asiatic and English rule combined to prevent him and
+other self-sacrificing or disinterested philanthropists from
+purifying.  The East India Company, at home and in India, had
+reached that depth of opposition to light and freedom in any form
+which justifies Burke's extremest passages--the period between its
+triumph on the exclusion of "the pious clauses" from the Charter of
+1793 and its defeat in the Charter of 1813.  We shall reproduce some
+outlines of the picture which Ward drew:--7
+
+"On landing in Bengal, in the year 1793, our brethren found
+themselves surrounded with a population of heathens (not including
+the Mahometans) amounting to at least one hundred millions of souls.
+
+"On the subject of the divine nature, with the verbal admission of
+the doctrine of the divine unity, they heard these idolaters speak
+of 330,000,000 of gods.  Amidst innumerable idol temples they found
+none erected for the worship of the one living and true God.
+Services without end they saw performed in honour of the elements
+and deified heroes, but heard not one voice tuned to the praise or
+employed in the service of the one God. Unacquainted with the moral
+perfections of Jehovah, they saw this immense population prostrate
+before dead matter, before the monkey, the serpent, before idols the
+very personifications of sin; and they found this animal, this
+reptile, and the lecher Krishnu {u with inverted ^ like š} and his
+concubine Radha, among the favourite deities of the Hindoos...
+
+"Respecting the real nature of the present state, the missionaries
+perceived that the Hindoos laboured under the most fatal
+misapprehensions; that they believed the good or evil actions of
+this birth were not produced as the volitions of their own wills,
+but arose from, and were the unavoidable results of, the actions of
+the past birth; that their present actions would inevitably give
+rise to the whole complexion of their characters and conduct in the
+following birth; and that thus they were doomed to interminable
+transmigrations, to float as some light substance upon the bosom of
+an irresistible torrent...
+
+"Amongst these idolaters no Bibles were found; no sabbaths; no
+congregating for religious instruction in any form; no house for
+God; no God but a log of wood, or a monkey; no Saviour but the
+Ganges; no worship but that paid to abominable idols, and that
+connected with dances, songs, and unutterable impurities; so that
+what should have been divine worship, purifying, elevating, and
+carrying the heart to heaven, was a corrupt but rapid torrent,
+poisoning the soul and carrying it down to perdition; no morality,
+for how should a people be moral whose gods are monsters of vice;
+whose priests are their ringleaders in crime; whose scriptures
+encourage pride, impurity, falsehood, revenge, and murder; whose
+worship is connected with indescribable abominations, and whose
+heaven is a brothel?  As might be expected, they found that men died
+here without indulging the smallest vestige of hope, except what can
+arise from transmigration, the hope, instead of plunging into some
+place of misery, of passing into the body of some reptile.  To carry
+to such a people the divine word, to call them together for sacred
+instruction, to introduce amongst them a pure and heavenly worship,
+and to lead them to the observance of a Sabbath on earth, as the
+preparative and prelude to a state of endless perfection, was surely
+a work worthy for a Saviour to command, and becoming a christian
+people to attempt."
+
+The condition of women, who were then estimated at "seventy-five
+millions of minds," and whom the census shows to be now above
+144,000,000, is thus described after an account of female
+infanticide:--
+
+"To the Hindoo female all education is denied by the positive
+injunction of the shastru {u with inverted ^ like š}, and by the
+general voice of the population.  Not a single school for girls,
+therefore, all over the country!  With knitting, sewing, embroidery,
+painting, music, and drawing, they have no more to do than with
+letters; the washing is done by men of a particular tribe.  The
+Hindoo girl, therefore, spends the ten first years of her life in
+sheer idleness, immured in the house of her father.
+
+"Before she has attained to this age, however, she is sought after
+by the ghutuks, men employed by parents to seek wives for their
+sons.  She is betrothed without her consent; a legal agreement,
+which binds her for life, being made by the parents on both sides
+while she is yet a child.  At a time most convenient to the parents,
+this boy and girl are brought together for the first time, and the
+marriage ceremony is performed; after which she returns to the house
+of her father.
+
+"Before the marriage is consummated, in many instances, the boy
+dies, and this girl becomes a widow; and as the law prohibits the
+marriage of widows, she is doomed to remain in this state as long as
+she lives.  The greater number of these unfortunate beings become a
+prey to the seducer, and a disgrace to their families.  Not long
+since a bride, on the day the marriage ceremony was to have been
+performed, was burnt on the funeral pile with the dead body of the
+bridegroom, at Chandernagore, a few miles north of Calcutta.
+Concubinage, to a most awful extent, is the fruit of these
+marriages without choice.  What a sum of misery is attached to the
+lot of woman in India before she has attained even her fifteenth
+year!
+
+"In some cases as many as fifty females, the daughters of so many
+Hindoos, are given in marriage to one bramhun {u with inverted ^
+like š}, in order to make these families something more respectable,
+and that the parents may be able to say, we are allied by marriage
+to the kooleens...
+
+"But the awful state of female society in this miserable country
+appears in nothing so much as in dooming the female, the widow, to
+be burnt alive with the putrid carcase of her husband.  The Hindoo
+legislators have sanctioned this immolation, showing herein a
+studied determination to insult and degrade woman.  She is,
+therefore, in the first instance, deluded into this act by the
+writings of these bramhuns {u with inverted ^ like š}; in which also
+she is promised, that if she will offer herself, for the benefit of
+her husband, on the funeral pile, she shall, by the extraordinary
+merit of this action, rescue her husband from misery, and take him
+and fourteen generations of his and her family with her to heaven,
+where she shall enjoy with them celestial happiness until fourteen
+kings of the gods shall have succeeded to the throne of heaven (that
+is, millions of years!) Thus ensnared, she embraces this dreadful
+death.  I have seen three widows, at different times, burnt alive;
+and had repeated opportunities of being present at similar
+immolations, but my courage failed me...
+
+"The burying alive of widows manifests, if that were possible, a
+still more abominable state of feeling towards women than the
+burning them alive.  The weavers bury their dead.  When, therefore,
+a widow of this tribe is deluded into the determination not to
+survive her husband, she is buried alive with the dead body.  In
+this kind of immolation the children and relations dig the grave.
+After certain ceremonies have been attended to, the poor widow
+arrives, and is let down into the pit.  She sits in the centre,
+taking the dead body on her lap and encircling it with her arms.
+These relations now begin to throw in the soil; and after a short
+space, two of them descend into the grave, and tread the earth
+firmly round the body of the widow.  She sits a calm and
+unremonstrating spectator of the horrid process.  She sees the earth
+rising higher and higher around her, without upbraiding her
+murderers, or making the least effort to arise and make her escape.
+At length the earth reaches her lips--covers her head.  The rest of
+the earth is then hastily thrown in, and these children and
+relations mount the grave, and tread down the earth upon the head of
+the suffocating widow--the mother!"
+
+Before Carey, what had been done to turn the millions of North India
+from such darkness as that?  Nothing, beyond the brief and impulsive
+efforts of Thomas.  There does not seem to have been there one
+genuine convert from any of the Asiatic faiths; there had never been
+even the nucleus of a native church.
+
+In South India, for the greater part of the century, the Coast
+Mission, as it was called, had been carried on from Tranquebar as a
+centre by the Lutherans whom, from Ziegenbalg to Schwartz, Francke
+had trained at Halle and Friedrich IV. of Denmark had sent forth to
+its East India Company's settlement.  From the baptism of the first
+convert in 1707 and translation of the New Testament into Tamil, to
+the death in 1798 of Schwartz, with whom Carey sought to begin a
+correspondence then taken up by Guericke, the foundations were laid
+around Madras, in Tanjore, and in Tinnevelli of a native church
+which now includes nearly a million.  But, when Carey landed,
+rationalism in Germany and Denmark, and the Carnatic wars between
+the English and French, had reduced the Coast Mission to a state of
+inanition.  Nor was Southern India the true or ultimate battlefield
+against Brahmanism; the triumphs of Christianity there were rather
+among the demon-worshipping tribes of Dravidian origin than among
+the Aryan races till Dr. W. Miller developed the Christian College.
+But the way for the harvest now being reaped by the Evangelicals
+and Anglicans of the Church of England, by the Independents of the
+London Missionary Society, the Wesleyans, and the Presbyterians of
+Scotland and America, was prepared by the German Ziegenbalg and
+Schwartz under Danish protection.  The English Propagation and
+Christian Knowledge Societies sent them occasional aid, the first
+two Georges under the influence of their German chaplains wrote to
+them encouraging letters, and the East India Company even gave them
+a free passage in its ships, and employed the sculptor Bacon to
+prepare the noble group of marble which, in St. Mary's Church,
+Madras, expresses its gratitude to Schwartz for his political
+services.
+
+It was Clive himself who brought to Calcutta the first missionary,
+Kiernander the Swede, but he was rather a chaplain, or a missionary
+to the Portuguese, who were nominal Christians of the lowest
+Romanist type.  The French had closed the Danish mission at
+Cuddalore, and in 1758 Calcutta was without a Protestant clergyman
+to bury the dead or baptise or marry the living.  Two years before
+one of the two chaplains had perished in the tragedy of the Black
+Hole, where he was found lying hand in hand with his son, a young
+lieutenant.  The other had escaped down the river only to die of
+fever along with many more.  The victory of Plassey and the large
+compensation paid for the destruction of Old Calcutta and its church
+induced thousands of natives to flock to the new capital, while the
+number of the European troops and officials was about 2000.  When
+chaplains were sent out, the Governor-General officially wrote of
+them to the Court of Directors so late as 1795:--"Our clergy in
+Bengal, with some exceptions, are not respectable characters."  From
+the general relaxation of morals, he added, "a black coat is no
+security."  They were so badly paid--from £50 to £230 a year,
+increased by £120 to meet the cost of living in Calcutta after
+1764--that they traded.  Preaching was the least of the chaplains'
+duties; burying was the most onerous.  Anglo-Indian society, cut off
+from London, itself not much better, by a six months' voyage, was
+corrupt.  Warren Hastings and Philip Francis, his hostile colleague
+in Council, lived in open adultery.  The majority of the officials
+had native women, and the increase of their children, who lived in a
+state worse than that of the heathen, became so alarming that the
+compensation paid by the Mohammedan Government of Moorshedabad for
+the destruction of the church was applied to the foundation of the
+useful charity still known as the Free School.  The fathers not
+infrequently adopted the Hindoo pantheon along with the zanana.  The
+pollution, springing from England originally, was rolled back into
+it in an increasing volume, when the survivors retired as nabobs
+with fortunes, to corrupt social and political life, till Pitt cried
+out; and it became possible for Burke almost to succeed in his
+eighteen years' impeachment of Hastings.  The literature of the
+close of the eighteenth century is full of alarm lest the English
+character should be corrupted, and lest the balance of the
+constitution should be upset.
+
+Kiernander is said to have been the means of converting 209 heathens
+and 380 Romanists, of whom three were priests, during the
+twenty-eight years of his Calcutta career.  Claudius Buchanan
+declares that Christian tracts had been translated into Bengali--one
+written by the Bishop of Sodor and Man--and that in the time of
+Warren Hastings Hindoo Christians had preached to their countrymen
+in the city.  The "heathen" were probably Portuguese descendants, in
+whose language Kiernander preached as the lingua franca of the time.
+He could not even converse in Bengali or Hindostani, and when
+Charles Grant went to him for information as to the way of a
+sinner's salvation this happened--"My anxious inquiries as to what I
+should do to be saved appeared to embarrass and confuse him
+exceedingly.  He could not answer my questions, but he gave me some
+good instructive books."  On Kiernander's bankruptcy, caused by his
+son when the father was blind, the "Mission Church" was bought by
+Grant, who wrote that its labours "have been confined to the
+descendants of Europeans, and have hardly ever embraced a single
+heathen, so that a mission to the Hindoos and Mohammedans would be a
+new thing."  The Rev. David Brown, who had been sent out the year
+after as master and chaplain of the Military Orphan Society, for the
+education of the children of officers and soldiers, and was to
+become one of the Serampore circle of friends, preached to Europeans
+only in the Mission Church.  Carey could find no trace of
+Kiernander's work among the natives six years after his death.8 The
+only converted Hindoo known of in Northern India up to that time was
+Guneshan Dass, of Delhi, who when a boy joined Clive's army, who was
+the first man of caste to visit England, and who, on his return with
+the Calcutta Supreme Court Judges in 1774 as Persian interpreter and
+translator, was baptised by Kiernander, Mr. justice Chambers being
+sponsor.
+
+William Carey had no predecessor in India as the first ordained
+Englishman who was sent to it as a missionary; he had no predecessor
+in Bengal and Hindostan proper as the first missionary from any land
+to the people.  Even the Moravians, who in 1777 had sent two
+brethren to Serampore, Calcutta, and Patna, had soon withdrawn them,
+and one of them became the Company's botanist in Madras--Dr. Heyne.
+Carey practically stood alone at the first, while he unconsciously
+set in motion the double revolution, which was to convert the
+Anglo-Indian influence on England from corrupting heathenism to
+aggressive missionary zeal, and to change the Bengal of Cornwallis
+into the India of Bentinck, with all the possibilities that have
+made it grow, thus far, into the India of the Lawrences.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+SIX YEARS IN NORTH BENGAL--MISSIONARY AND INDIGO PLANTER
+
+1794-1799
+
+Carey's two missionary principles--Destitute in Calcutta--Bandel and
+Nuddea--Applies in vain to be under-superintendent of the Botanic
+Garden--Housed by a native usurer--Translation and preaching work in
+Calcutta--Secures a grant of waste land at Hasnabad--Estimate of the
+Bengali language, and appeal to the Society to work in Asia and
+Africa rather than in America--The Udny family--Carey's summary of
+his first year's experience--Superintends the indigo factory of
+Mudnabati--Indigo and the East India Company's monopolies--Carey's
+first nearly fatal sickness--Death of his child and chronic madness
+of his wife--Formation of first Baptist church in India--Early
+progress of Bible translation--Sanskrit studies; the Mahabarata--The
+wooden printing-press set up at Mudnabati--His educational ideal;
+school-work--The medical mission--Lord Wellesley--Carey seeks a
+mission centre among the Bhooteas--Describes his first sight of a
+Sati--Projects a mission settlement at Kidderpore.
+
+Carey was in his thirty-third year when he landed in Bengal.  Two
+principles regulated the conception, the foundation, and the whole
+course of the mission which he now began.  He had been led to these
+by the very genius of Christianity itself, by the example and
+teaching of Christ and of Paul, and by the experience of the
+Moravian brethren.  He had laid them down in his Enquiry, and every
+month's residence during forty years in India confirmed him in his
+adhesion to them.  These principles are that (1) a missionary must
+be one of the companions and equals of the people to whom he is
+sent; and (2) a missionary must as soon as possible become
+indigenous, self-supporting, self-propagating, alike by the labours
+of the mission and of the converts.  Himself a man of the people yet
+a scholar, a shoemaker and a schoolmaster yet a preacher and pastor
+to whom the great Robert Hall gloried in being a successor, Carey
+had led the two lives as Paul had done.  Now that he was fairly in
+Calcutta he resumed the divine toil, and ceased it not till he
+entered on the eternal rest.  He prepared to go up country to Malda
+to till the ground among the natives of the rich district around the
+ruined capital of Gour. He engaged as his pundit and interpreter Ram
+Basu, one of the professing inquirers whom Thomas had attracted in
+former days.  Experience soon taught him that, however correct his
+principle, Malda is not a land where the white man can be a farmer.
+So he became, in the different stages of his career, a captain of
+labour as an indigo planter, a teacher of Bengali, and professor of
+Sanskrit and Marathi, and the Government translator of Bengali.  Nor
+did he or his associates ever make the mistake--or commit the
+fraud--of the Jesuit missionaries, whose idea of equality with the
+people was not that of brotherhood in Christ, but that of dragging
+down Christian doctrine, worship and civilisation, to the level of
+idolatrous heathenism, and deluding the ignorant into accepting the
+blasphemous compromise.
+
+Alas! Carey could not manage to get out of Calcutta and its
+neighbourhood for five months.  As he thought to live by farming,
+Thomas was to practise his profession; and their first year's income
+of £150 had, in those days when the foreign exchanges were unknown,
+to be realised by the sale of the goods in which it had been
+invested.  As usual, Thomas had again blundered, so that even his
+gentle colleague himself half-condemned, half-apologised for him by
+the shrewd reflection that he was only fit to live at sea, where his
+daily business would be before him, and daily provision would be
+made for him.  Carey found himself penniless.  Even had he received
+the whole of his £75, as he really did in one way or other, what was
+that for such a family as his at the beginning of their undertaking?
+The expense of living at all in Calcutta drove the whole party
+thirty miles up the river to Bandel, an old Portuguese suburb of the
+Hoogli factory.  There they rented a small house from the German
+hotel-keeper, beside the Augustinian priory and oldest church in
+North India, which dates from 1599 and is still in good order.
+There they met Kiernander, then at the great age of eighty-four.
+Daily they preached or talked to the people.  They purchased a boat
+for regular visitation of the hamlets, markets, and towns which line
+both banks of the river.  With sure instinct Carey soon fixed on
+Nuddea, as the centre of Brahmanical superstition and Sanskrit
+learning, where "to build me a hut and live like the natives,"
+language recalled to us by the words of the dying Livingstone in the
+swamps of Central Africa.  There, in the capital of the last of the
+Hindoo kings, beside the leafy tols or colleges of a river port
+which rivals Benares, Poona, and Conjeeveram in sanctity, where
+Chaitanya the Vaishnaiva reformer was born, Carey might have
+attacked Brahmanism in its stronghold.  A passage in his journal
+shows how he realised the position.  Thomas, the pundit, and he
+"sought the Lord by prayer for direction," and this much was the
+result--"Several of the most learned Pundits and Brahmans wished us
+to settle there; and, as that is the great place for Eastern
+learning, we seemed inclined, especially as it is the bulwark of
+heathenism, which, if once carried, all the rest of the country must
+be laid open to us."  But there was no available land there for an
+Englishman's cultivation.  From Bandel he wrote home these
+impressions of Anglo-Indian life and missionary duty:--
+
+"26th Dec. 1793.--A missionary must be one of the companions and
+equals of the people to whom he is sent, and many dangers and
+temptations will be in his way.  One or two pieces of advice I may
+venture to give.  The first is to be exceedingly cautious lest the
+voyage prove a great snare.  All the discourse is about high life,
+and every circumstance will contribute to unfit the mind for the
+work and prejudice the soul against the people to whom he goes; and
+in a country like this, settled by Europeans, the grandeur, the
+customs, and prejudices of the Europeans are exceeding dangerous.
+They are very kind and hospitable, but even to visit them, if a man
+keeps no table of his own, would more than ten times exceed the
+allowance of a mission; and all their discourse is about the vices
+of the natives, so that a missionary must see thousands of people
+treating him with the greatest kindness, but whom he must be
+entirely different from in his life, his appearance in everything,
+or it is impossible for him to stand their profuse way of living,
+being so contrary to his character and so much above his ability.
+This is a snare to dear Mr. Thomas, which will be felt by us both
+in some measure.  It will be very important to missionaries to be
+men of calmness and evenness of temper, and rather inclined to
+suffer hardships than to court the favour of men, and such who will
+be indefatigably employed in the work set before them, an
+inconstancy of mind being quite injurious to it."
+
+He had need of such faith and patience.  Hearing of waste land in
+Calcutta, he returned there only to be disappointed.  The Danish
+captain, knowing that he had written a botanical work, advised him
+to take it to the doctor in charge of the Company's Botanic Garden,
+and offer himself for a vacant appointment to superintend part of
+it.  The doctor, who and whose successors were soon to be proud of
+his assistance on equal terms, had to tell him that the office had
+been filled up, but invited the weary man to dine with him.
+Houseless, with his maddened wife, and her sister and two of his
+four children down with dysentery, due to the bad food and exposure
+of six weeks in the interor, Carey found a friend, appropriately
+enough, in a Bengali money-lender.9 Nelu Dutt, a banker who had lent
+money to Thomas, offered the destitute family his garden house in
+the north-eastern quarter of Manicktolla until they could do better.
+The place was mean enough, but Carey never forgot the deed, and he
+had it in his power long after to help Nelu Dutt when in poverty.
+Such, on the other hand, was the dislike of the Rev. David Brown to
+Thomas, that when Carey had walked five miles in the heat of the sun
+to visit the comparatively prosperous evangelical preacher, "I left
+him without his having so much as asked me to take any refreshment."
+
+Carey would not have been allowed to live in Calcutta as a
+missionary.  Forty years were to pass before that could be possible
+without a Company's passport.  But no one was aware of the existence
+of the obscure vagrant, as he seemed, although he was hard at work.
+All around him was a Mohammedan community whom he addressed with
+the greatest freedom, and with whom he discussed the relative merits
+of the Koran and the Bible in a kindly spirit, "to recommend the
+Gospel and the way of life by Christ."  He had helped Thomas with a
+translation of the book of Genesis during the voyage, and now we
+find this in his journal two months and a half after he had
+landed:--
+
+"Through the delays of my companion I have spent another month, and
+done scarcely anything, except that I have added to my knowledge of
+the language, and had opportunity of seeing much more of the genius
+and disposition of the natives than I otherwise could have known.
+This day finished the correction of the first chapter of Genesis,
+which moonshi says is rendered into very good Bengali.  Just as we
+had finished it, a pundit and another man from Nuddea came to see
+me.  I showed it to them; and the pundit seemed much pleased with
+the account of the creation; only they have an imaginary place
+somewhere beneath the earth, and he thought that should have been
+mentioned likewise...
+
+"Was very weary, having walked in the sun about fifteen or sixteen
+miles, yet had the satisfaction of discoursing with some
+money-changers at Calcutta, who could speak English, about the
+importance and absolute necessity of faith in the Lord Jesus Christ.
+One of them was a very crafty man, and tried much to entangle me
+with hard questions; but at last, finding himself entangled, he
+desisted, and went to his old occupation of money-changing again.
+If once God would by his Spirit convince them of sin, a Saviour
+would be a blessing indeed to them: but human nature is the same all
+the world over, and all conviction fails except it is produced by
+the effectual working of the Holy Spirit."
+
+Ram Basu was himself in debt, was indeed all along a self-interested
+inquirer.  But the next gleam of hope came from him, that the Carey
+family should move to the waste jungles of the Soondarbans, the
+tiger-haunted swamps south-east of Calcutta, and there cultivate a
+grant of land.  With a sum of £16 borrowed from a native at twelve
+per cent. by Mr. Thomas, a boat was hired, and on the fourth day,
+when only one more meal remained, the miserable family and their
+stout-hearted father saw an English-built house.  As they walked up
+to it the owner met them, and with Anglo-Indian hospitality invited
+them all to become his guests.  He proved to be Mr. Charles Short,
+in charge of the Company's salt manufacture there.  As a deist he
+had no sympathy with Carey's enterprise, but he helped the
+missionary none the less, and the reward came to him in due time in
+the opening of his heart to the love of Christ.  He afterwards
+married Mrs. Carey's sister, and in England the two survived the
+great missionary, to tell this and much more regarding him.  Here,
+at the place appropriately named Hasnabad, or the "smiling spot,"
+Carey took a few acres on the Jamoona arm of the united Ganges and
+Brahmapootra, and built him a bamboo house, forty miles east of
+Calcutta.  Knowing that the sahib's gun would keep off the tigers,
+natives squatted around to the number of three or four thousand.
+Such was the faith, the industry, and the modesty of the brave
+little man that, after just three months, he wrote thus:--"When I
+know the language well enough to preach in it, I have no doubt of
+having a stated congregation, and I much hope to send you pleasing
+accounts.  I can so far converse in the language as to be understood
+in most things belonging to eating and drinking, buying and selling,
+etc.  My ear is somewhat familiarised to the Bengali sounds.  It is
+a language of a very singular construction, having no plural except
+for pronouns, and not a single preposition in it: but the cases of
+nouns and pronouns are almost endless, all the words answering to
+our prepositions being put after the word, and forming a new case.
+Except these singularities, I find it an easy language.  I feel
+myself happy in my present undertaking; for, though I never felt the
+loss of social religion so much as now, yet a consciousness of
+having given up all for God is a support; and the work, with all its
+attendant inconveniences, is to me a rich reward.  I think the
+Society would do well to keep their eye towards Africa or Asia,
+countries which are not like the wilds of America, where long labour
+will scarcely collect sixty people to hear the Word: for here it is
+almost impossible to get out of the way of hundreds, and preachers
+are wanted a thousand times more than people to preach to.  Within
+India are the Maratha country and the northern parts to Cashmere, in
+which, as far as I can learn, there is not one soul that thinks of
+God aright...My health was never better.  The climate, though hot,
+is tolerable; but, attended as I am with difficulties, I would not
+renounce my undertaking for all the world."
+
+It was at this time that he drew his strength often from the
+experience of the first missionary, described by Isaiah, in all his
+solitude:--"Look unto Abraham your father, for I called him alone
+and blessed him and increased him.  For the Lord shall comfort Zion;
+He will comfort all her waste places."  The sun of His comfort shone
+forth at last.
+
+Carey's original intention to begin his mission near Malda was now
+to be carried out.  In the opening week of 1794 the small English
+community in Bengal were saddened by the news that, when crossing
+the Hoogli at Calcutta, a boat containing three of its principal
+merchants and the wife of one of them, had been upset, and all had
+been drowned.  It turned out that two of the men recovered, but Mr.
+R. Udny and his young wife perished.  His aged mother had been one
+of the godly circle in the Residency at Malda to whom Thomas had
+ministered; and Mr. G. Udny, her other son, was still the Company's
+commercial Resident there.  A letter of sympathy which Thomas sent
+to them restored the old relations, and resulted in Mr. G. Udny
+inviting first the writer and then Carey to become his assistants in
+charge of new indigo factories which he was building on his own
+account.  Each received a salary equivalent to £250 a year, with the
+prospect of a commission on the out-turn, and even a proprietary
+share.  Carey's remark in his journal on the day he received the
+offer was:--"This appearing to be a remarkable opening in divine
+providence for our comfortable support, I accepted it...I shall
+likewise be joined with my colleague again, and we shall unitedly
+engage in our work."  Again:--"The conversion of the heathen is the
+object which above all others I wish to pursue.  If my situation at
+Malda should be tolerable, I most certainly will publish the Bible
+in numbers."  On receiving the rejoinder to his acceptance of the
+offer he set this down:--"I am resolved to write to the Society that
+my circumstances are such that I do not need future help from them,
+and to devote a sum monthly for the printing of the Bengali Bible."
+This he did, adding that it would be his glory and joy to stand in
+the same relation to the Society as if he needed support from them.
+He hoped they would be the sooner able to send another mission
+somewhere--to Sumatra or some of the Indian Islands.  From the first
+he lived with such simplicity that he gave from one-fourth to
+one-third of his little income to his own mission at Mudnabati.
+
+Carey thus sums up his first year's experience before leaving his
+jungle home on a three weeks' voyage up the Ganges, and records his
+first deliberate and regular attempt to preach in Bengali on the
+way.
+
+"8th April 1794.--All my hope is in, and all my comfort arises from,
+God; without His power no European could possibly be converted, and
+His power can convert any Indian; and when I reflect that He has
+stirred me up to the work, and wrought wonders to prepare the way, I
+can hope in His promises, and am encouraged and strengthened...
+
+"19th April.--O how glorious are the ways of God! 'My soul longeth
+and fainteth for God, for the living God, to see His glory and
+beauty as I have seen them in the sanctuary.'  When I first left
+England, my hope of the conversion of the heathen was very strong;
+but, among so many obstacles, it would entirely die away unless
+upheld by God. Nothing to exercise it, but plenty to obstruct it,
+for now a year and nineteen days, which is the space since I left my
+dear charge at Leicester.  Since that I have had hurrying up and
+down; a five months' imprisonment with carnal men on board the ship;
+five more learning the language; my moonshi not understanding
+English sufficiently to interpret my preaching; my colleague
+separated from me; long delays and few opportunities for social
+worship; no woods to retire to, like Brainerd, for fear of tigers
+(no less than twenty men in the department of Deharta, where I am,
+have been carried away by them this season from the salt-works); no
+earthly thing to depend upon, or earthly comfort, except food and
+raiment.  Well, I have God, and His Word is sure; and though the
+superstitions of the heathen were a million times worse than they
+are, if I were deserted by all, and persecuted by all, yet my hope,
+fixed on that sure Word, will rise superior to all obstructions, and
+triumph over all trials.  God's cause will triumph, and I shall come
+out of all trials as gold purified by fire.  I was much humbled
+to-day by reading Brainerd.  O what a disparity betwixt me and him,
+he always constant, I as inconstant as the wind!
+
+"22nd April.--Bless God for a continuance of the happy frame of
+yesterday.  I think the hope of soon acquiring the language puts
+fresh life into my soul; for a long time my mouth has been shut, and
+my days have been beclouded with heaviness; but now I begin to be
+something like a traveller who has been almost beaten out in a
+violent storm, and who, with all his clothes about him dripping wet,
+sees the sky begin to clear: so I, with only the prospect of a more
+pleasant season at hand, scarcely feel the sorrows of the present.
+
+"23rd.--With all the cares of life, and all its sorrows, yet I find
+that a life of communion with God is sufficient to yield consolation
+in the midst of all, and even to produce a holy joy in the soul,
+which shall make it to triumph over all affliction.  I have never
+yet repented of any sacrifice that I have made for the Gospel, but
+find that consolation of mind which can come from God alone.
+
+"26th May.--This day kept Sabbath at Chandureea; had a pleasant day.
+In the morning and afternoon addressed my family, and in the
+evening began my work of publishing the Word of God to the heathen.
+Though imperfect in the knowledge of the language, yet, with the
+help of moonshi, I conversed with two Brahmans in the presence of
+about two hundred people, about the things of God. I had been to see
+a temple, in which were the images of Dukkinroy, the god of the
+woods, riding on a tiger; Sheetulla, goddess of the smallpox,
+without a head, riding on a horse without a head; Punchanon, with
+large ears; and Colloroy, riding on a horse.  In another apartment
+was Seeb, which was only a smooth post of wood, with two or three
+mouldings in it, like the base of a Tuscan pillar.  I therefore
+discoursed with them upon the vanity of idols, the folly and
+wickedness of idolatry, the nature and attributes of God, and the
+way of salvation by Christ.  One Brahman was quite confounded, and a
+number of people were all at once crying out to him, 'Why do you not
+answer him?  Why do you not answer him?'  He replied, 'I have no
+words.'  Just at this time a very learned Brahman came up, who was
+desired to talk with me, which he did, and so acceded to what I
+said, that he at last said images had been used of late years, but
+not from the beginning.  I inquired what I must do to be saved; he
+said I must repeat the name of God a great many times.  I replied,
+would you, if your son had offended you, be so pleased with him as
+to forgive him if he were to repeat the word 'father' a thousand
+times?  This might please children or fools, but God is wise.  He
+told me that I must get faith; I asked what faith was, to which he
+gave me no intelligible reply, but said I must obey God. I answered,
+what are His commands? what is His will?  They said God was a great
+light, and as no one could see him, he became incarnate, under the
+threefold character of Brhumma, Bishno, and Seeb, and that either of
+them must be worshipped in order to life.  I told them of the sure
+Word of the Gospel, and the way of life by Christ; and, night coming
+on, left them.  I cannot tell what effect it may have, as I may
+never see them again."
+
+At the beginning of the great rains in the middle of June Carey
+joined Mr. Udny and his mother at the chief factory.  On each of the
+next two Sabbaths he preached twice in the hall of the Residency of
+the Company, which excluded all Christian missionaries by Act of
+Parliament.  As an indigo planter he received the Company's licence
+to reside for at least five years.  So on 26th June he began his
+secular duties by completing for the season of indigo manufacture
+the buildings at Mudnabati, and making the acquaintance of the
+ninety natives under his charge.  Both Mr. Udny and he knew well
+that he was above all things a Christian missionary. "These will
+furnish a congregation immediately, and, added to the extensive
+engagements which I must necessarily have with the natives, will
+open a very wide door for activity.  God grant that it may not only
+be large but effectual."
+
+These were the days, which continued till the next charter, when the
+East India Company was still not only a body of merchants but of
+manufacturers.  Of all the old monopolies only the most evil one is
+left, that of the growth, manufacture, and sale of opium.  The civil
+servants, who were termed Residents, had not political duties with
+tributary sovereigns as now, but from great factory-like palaces,
+and on large salaries, made advances of money to contractors, native
+and European, who induced the ryots to weave cloth, to breed and
+feed the silkworm, and to grow and make the blue dye to which India
+had long given the name of "indigo."  Mr. Carey was already familiar
+with the system of advances for salt, and the opium monopoly was
+then in its infancy.  The European contractors were "interlopers,"
+who introduced the most valuable cultivation and processes into
+India, and yet with whom the "covenanted" Residents were often at
+war.  The Residents had themselves liberty of private trade, and
+unscrupulous men abused it.  Clive had been hurried out thirty years
+before to check the abuse, which was ruining not only the Company's
+investments but the people.  It had so spread on his departure that
+even judges and chaplains shared in the spoils till Cornwallis
+interfered.  In the case of Mr. G. Udny and purely commercial agents
+the evil was reduced to a minimum, and the practice had been
+deliberately sanctioned by Sir John Shore on the ground that it was
+desirable to make the interests of the Company and of individuals go
+hand in hand.
+
+The days when Europe got its cotton cloth from India, calling it
+"calico," from Calicut, and its rich yellow silks, have long since
+passed, although the latter are still supplied in an inferior form,
+and the former is once more raising its head, from the combination
+of machinery and cheap labour.  For the old abuses of the Company
+the Government by Parliament has to some extent atoned by fostering
+the new cultures of tea, coffee, and cinchona, jute and wheat.  The
+system of inducing the ryots to cultivate by advances, protected by
+a stringent contract law, still exists in the case of opium.  The
+indigo culture system of Carey's time broke down in 1860 in the
+lower districts, where, following the Company itself, the planter
+made cash advances to the peasant, who was required to sow indigo on
+land which he held as a tenant but often as a proprietor, to deliver
+it at a fixed rate, and to bear the risk of the crop as well as the
+exactions of the factory servants.  It still exists in the upper
+districts of Bihar, especially in Tirhoot, on a system comparatively
+free from economic objections.
+
+The plant known as "Indigofera Tinctoria" is sown in March in soil
+carefully prepared, grows to about 5 feet, is cut down early in
+July, is fermented in vats, and the liquor is beaten till it
+precipitates the precious blue dye, which is boiled, drained, cut in
+small cakes, and dried.  From first to last the growth and the
+manufacture are even more precarious than most tropical crops.  An
+even rainfall, rigorous weeding, the most careful superintendence of
+the chemical processes, and conscientious packing, are necessary.
+One good crop in three years will pay where the factory is not
+burdened by severe interest on capital; one every other year will
+pay very well.  Personally Carey had more than the usual
+qualifications of a successful planter, scientific knowledge,
+scrupulous conscientiousness and industry, and familiarity with the
+native character, so soon as he acquired the special experience
+necessary for superintending the manufacture.  That experience he
+spared no effort to gain at once.
+
+"1st, 2nd, and 3rd July.--Much engaged in the necessary business of
+preparing our works for the approaching season of indigo-making,
+which will commence in about a fortnight.  I had on the evening of
+each of these days very precious seasons of fervent prayer to God. I
+have been on these evenings much drawn out in prayer for my dear
+friends at Leicester, and for the Society that it may be prosperous;
+likewise for the ministers of my acquaintance, not only of the
+Baptist but other denominations.  I was engaged for the churches in
+America and Holland, as well as England, and much concerned for the
+success of the Gospel among the Hindoos.  At present I know not of
+any success since I have been here.  Many say that the Gospel is the
+word of truth; but they abound so much in flattery and encomiums,
+which are mere words of course, that little can be said respecting
+their sincerity.  The very common sins of lying and avarice are so
+universal also, that no European who has not witnessed it can form
+any idea of their various appearances: they will stoop to anything
+whatsoever to get a few cowries, and lie on every occasion.  O how
+desirable is the spread of the Gospel!
+
+"4th July.--Rather more flat, perhaps owing to the excessive heat;
+for in the rainy season, if there be a fine day, it is very hot
+indeed.  Such has been this day, and I was necessitated to be out in
+it from morning till evening, giving necessary directions.  I felt
+very much fatigued indeed, and had no spirits left in the evening,
+and in prayer was very barren...
+
+"9th July to 4th Aug.--Employed in visiting several factories to
+learn the process of indigo-making.  Had some very pleasant seasons
+at Malda, where I preached several times, and the people seemed much
+affected with the Word. One day, as Mr. Thomas and I were riding
+out, we saw a basket hung in a tree, in which an infant had been
+exposed; the skull remained, the rest having been devoured by ants."
+
+Success in the indigo culture was indeed never possible in
+Mudnabati.  The factory stood on the river Tangan, within what is
+now the district of Dinajpoor, thirty miles north of Malda.  To this
+day the revenue surveyors of Government describe it as low and
+marshy, subject to inundation during the rains, and considered very
+unhealthy.  Carey had not been there a fortnight when he had to make
+this record:--
+
+"5th, 6th, 7th July.--Much employed in settling the affairs of the
+buildings, etc., having been absent so long, and several of our
+managing and principal people being sick.  It is indeed an awful
+time here with us now, scarcely a day but some are seized with
+fevers.  It is, I believe, owing to the abundance of water, there
+being rice-fields all around us, in which they dam up the water, so
+that all the country hereabouts is about a foot deep in water; and
+as we have rain, though moderate to what I expected the rainy season
+to be, yet the continual moisture occasions fevers in such
+situations where rice is cultivated...Felt at home and thankful
+these days.  O that I may be very useful!  I must soon learn the
+language tolerably well, for I am obliged to converse with the
+natives every day, having no other persons here except my family."
+
+Soon in September, the worst of all the months in Bengal, he himself
+was brought near to the grave by a fever, one of the paroxysms
+continuing for twenty-six hours without intermission, "when
+providentially Mr. Udny came to visit us, not knowing that I was
+ill, and brought a bottle of bark with him."  He slowly recovered,
+but the second youngest child, Peter, a boy of five, was removed by
+dysentery, and caste made it long difficult to find any native to
+dig his grave.  But of this time the faithful sufferer could
+write:--
+
+"Sometimes I enjoyed sweet seasons of self-examination and prayer,
+as I lay upon my bed.  Many hours together I sweetly spent in
+contemplating subjects for preaching, and in musing over discourses
+in Bengali; and when my animal spirits were somewhat raised by the
+fever, I found myself able to reason and discourse in Bengali for
+some hours together, and words and phrases occurred much more
+readily than when I was in health.  When my dear child was ill I was
+enabled to attend upon him night and day, though very dangerously
+ill myself, without much fatigue; and now, I bless God that I feel a
+sweet resignation to his will."
+
+A still harder fate befell him.  The monomania of his wife became
+chronic.  A letter which she wrote and sent by special messenger
+called forth from Thomas this loving sympathy:--"You must endeavour
+to consider it a disease.  The eyes and ears of many are upon you,
+to whom your conduct is unimpeachable with respect to all her
+charges; but if you show resentment, they have ears, and others have
+tongues set on fire.  Were I in your case, I should be violent; but
+blessed be God, who suits our burdens to our backs.  Sometimes I
+pray earnestly for you, and I always feel for you.  Think of Job,
+Think of Jesus.  Think of those who were 'destitute, afflicted,
+tormented.'"
+
+A voyage up the Tangan in Mr. Udny's pinnace as far as the north
+frontier, at a spot now passed by the railway to Darjeeling,
+restored the invalid. "I am no hunter," he wrote, while Thomas was
+shooting wild buffaloes, but he was ever adding to his store of
+observations of the people, the customs and language.  Meanwhile he
+was longing for letters from Fuller and Pearce and Ryland.  At the
+end of January 1795 the missionary exile thus talks of himself in
+his journal:--"Much engaged in writing, having begun to write
+letters to Europe; but having received none, I feel that hope
+deferred makes the heart sick.  However, I am so fully satisfied of
+the firmness of their friendship that I feel a sweet pleasure in
+writing to them, though rather of a forlorn kind; and having nothing
+but myself to write about, feel the awkwardness of being an egotist.
+I feel a social spirit though barred from society...I sometimes
+walk in my garden, and try to pray to God; and if I pray at all it
+is in the solitude of a walk.  I thought my soul a little drawn out
+to-day, but soon gross darkness returned.  Spoke a word or two to a
+Mohammedan upon the things of God, but I feel to be as bad as
+they...9th May.  I have added nothing to these memoirs since the
+19th of April.  Now I observe that for the last three sabbaths my
+soul has been much comforted in seeing so large a congregation, and
+more especially as many who are not our own workmen come from the
+parts adjacent, whose attendance must be wholly disinterested.  I
+therefore now rejoice in seeing a regular congregation of from two
+to six hundred people of all descriptions--Mussulmans, Brahmans and
+other classes of Hindus, which I look upon as a favourable token
+from God...Blessed be God, I have at last received letters and other
+articles from our friends in England...from dear brethren Fuller,
+Morris, Pearce, and Rippon, but why not from others?...14th June.  I
+have had very sore trials in my own family, from a quarter which I
+forbear to mention.  Have greater need for faith and patience than
+ever I had, and I bless God that I have not been altogether without
+supplies of these graces...Mr. Thomas and his family spent one
+Lord's day with us, May 23rd...We spent Wednesday, 26th, in prayer,
+and for a convenient place assembled in a temple of Seeb, which was
+near to our house...I was from that day seized with a dysentery,
+which continued nearly a week with fearful violence; but then I
+recovered, through abundant mercy.  That day of prayer was a good
+day to our souls.  We concerted measures for forming a Baptist
+church."
+
+To his sister he wrote, on the 11th March, of the church, which was
+duly formed of Europeans and Eurasians.  No native convert was made
+in this Dinapoor mission till 1806, after Carey had removed to
+Serampore. "We have in the neighbourhood about fifteen or sixteen
+serious persons, or those I have good hopes of, all Europeans.  With
+the natives I have very large concerns; almost all the farmers for
+nearly twenty miles round cultivate indigo for us, and the labouring
+people working here to the number of about five hundred, so that I
+have considerable opportunity of publishing the Gospel to them.  I
+have so much knowledge of the language as to be able to preach to
+them for about half an hour, so as to be understood, but am not able
+to vary my subjects much.  I tell them of the evil and universality
+of sin, the sins of a natural state, the justice of God, the
+incarnation of Christ and his sufferings in our stead, and of the
+necessity of conversion, holiness, and faith, in order to salvation.
+They hear with attention in general, and some come to me for
+instruction in the things of God."
+
+"It was always my opinion that missionaries may and must support
+themselves after having been sent out and received a little support
+at first, and in consequence I pursue a very little worldly
+employment which requires three months' closish attendance in the
+year; but this is in the rains--the most unfavourable season for
+exertion.  I have a district of about twenty miles square, where I
+am continually going from village to village to publish the Gospel;
+and in this space are about two hundred villages, whose inhabitants
+from time to time hear the Word. My manner of travelling is with two
+small boats; one serves me to live in, and the other for cooking my
+food.  I carry all my furniture and food with me from place to
+place--viz. a chair, a table, a bed, and a lamp.  I walk from
+village to village, but repair to my boat for lodging and eating.
+There are several rivers in this extent of country, which is very
+convenient for travelling."
+
+Carey's first convert seems to have been Ignatius Fernandez, a
+Portuguese descendant who had prospered as a trader in Dinapoor
+station.  The first Protestant place of worship in Bengal, outside
+of Calcutta, was built by him, in 1797, next to his own house.
+There he conducted service both in English and Bengali, whenever
+Carey and Thomas, and Fountain afterwards, were unable to go out to
+the station, and in his house Thomas and Fountain died.  He remained
+there as a missionary till his own death, four years before Carey's,
+when he left all his property to the mission.  The mission-house, as
+it is now, is a typical example of the bungalow of one story, which
+afterwards formed the first chapel in Serampore, and is still common
+as officers' quarters in Barrackpore and other military stations.
+
+Side by side with his daily public preaching and more private
+conversations with inquirers in Bengali, Carey carried on the work
+of Bible translation.  As each new portion was prepared it was
+tested by being read to hundreds of natives.  The difficulty was
+that he had at once to give a literary form to the rich materials of
+the language, and to find in these or adapt from them terms
+sufficiently pure and accurate to express the divine ideas and facts
+revealed through the Hebrew and the Greek of the original.  He gives
+us this unconscious glimpse of himself at work on this loftiest and
+most fruitful of tasks, which Jerome had first accomplished for
+Latin Christendom, Ulfila for our Scandinavian forefathers, Wiclif
+for the English, and Luther for the Germans of the time.
+
+"Now I must mention some of the difficulties under which we labour,
+particularly myself.  The language spoken by the natives of this
+part, though Bengali, is yet so different from the language itself,
+that, though I can preach an hour with tolerable freedom so as that
+all who speak the language well, or can write or read, perfectly
+understand me, yet the poor labouring people can understand but
+little; and though the language is rich, beautiful, and expressive,
+yet the poor people, whose whole concern has been to get a little
+rice to satisfy their wants, or to cheat their oppressive merchants
+and zameendars, have scarcely a word in use about religion.  They
+have no word for love, for repent, and a thousand other things; and
+every idea is expressed either by quaint phrases or tedious
+circumlocutions.  A native who speaks the language well finds it a
+year's work to obtain their idiom.  This sometimes discourages me
+much; but blessed be God I feel a growing desire to be always
+abounding in the work of the Lord, and I know that my labour shall
+not be in vain in the Lord. I am much encouraged by our Lord's
+expression, 'He who reapeth' (in the harvest) 'receiveth wages, and
+gathereth fruit unto eternal life.'  If I, like David, only am an
+instrument of gathering materials, and another build the house, I
+trust my joy will not be the less."  This was written to the
+well-beloved Pearce, whom he would fain have had beside him at
+Mudnabati.  To guide the two missionaries whom the Society were
+about to send to Africa on the salaries which he and Thomas had set
+free for this extension, Carey adds:--"They will do well to
+associate as much as possible with the natives, and to write down
+every word they can catch, with its meaning.  But if they have
+children with them, it is by far the readiest way of learning to
+listen to them, for they will catch up every idiom in a little time.
+My children can speak nearly as well as the natives, and know many
+things in Bengali which they do not know in English.  I should also
+recommend to your consideration a very large country, perhaps
+unthought of: I mean Bhootan or Tibet.  Were two missionaries sent
+to that country, we should have it in our power to afford them much
+help...The day I received your letter I set about composing a
+grammar and dictionary of the Bengal language to send to you.  The
+best account of Hindu mythology extant, and which is pretty exact,
+is Sonnerat's Voyage, undertaken by order of the king of France."
+
+Without Sanskrit Carey found that he could neither master its
+Bengali offshoot nor enrich that vernacular with the words and
+combinations necessary for his translations of Scripture.
+Accordingly, with his usual rapidity and industry, we find that he
+had by April 1796 so worked his way through the intricate
+difficulties of the mother language of the Aryans that he could thus
+write to Ryland, with more than a mere scholar's enthusiasm, of one
+of the two great Vedic epics:--"I have read a considerable part of
+the Mahabarata, an epic poem written in most beautiful language, and
+much upon a par with Homer; and it was, like his Iliad, only
+considered as a great effort of human genius, I should think it one
+of the first productions in the world; but alas! it is the ground of
+faith to millions of the simple sons of men, and as such must be
+held in the utmost abhorrence."  At the beginning of 1798 he wrote
+to Sutcliff:--"I am learning the Sanskrit language, which, with only
+the helps to be procured here, is perhaps the hardest language in
+the world.  To accomplish this, I have nearly translated the
+Sanskrit grammar and dictionary into English, and have made
+considerable progress in compiling a dictionary, Sanskrit, including
+Bengali and English."
+
+By this year he had completed his first translation of the Bible
+except the historical books from Joshua to Job, and had gone to
+Calcutta to obtain estimates for printing the New Testament, of
+which he had reported to Mr. Fuller:--"It has undergone one
+correction, but must undergo several more.  I employ a pundit merely
+for this purpose, with whom I go through the whole in as exact a
+manner as I can.  He judges of the style and syntax, and I of the
+faithfulness of the translation.  I have, however, translated
+several chapters together, which have not required any alteration in
+the syntax whatever: yet I always submit this article entirely to
+his judgment.  I can also, by hearing him read, judge whether he
+understands his subject by his accenting his reading properly and
+laying the emphasis on the right words.  If he fails in this, I
+immediately suspect the translation; though it is not an easy matter
+for an ordinary reader to lay the emphasis properly in reading
+Bengali, in which there is no pointing at all.  The mode of
+printing, i.e. whether a printing-press, etc., shall be sent from
+England, or whether it shall be printed here, or whether it shall be
+printed at all, now rests with the Society."
+
+Fuller was willing, but the ardent scholar anticipated him.  Seeing
+a wooden printing-press advertised in Calcutta for £40, Carey at
+once ordered it.  On its arrival in 1798, "after worship" he
+"retired and thanked God for furnishing us with a press."  When set
+up in the Mudnabati house its working was explained to the natives,
+on whom the delighted missionary's enthusiasm produced only the
+impression that it must be the idol of the English.
+
+But Carey's missionary organisation would not have been complete
+without schools, and in planning these from the very first he gives
+us the germs which blossomed into the Serampore College of 1818 on
+the one hand, and the primary school circles under native Christian
+inspectors on the other, a system carried out since the Mutiny of
+1857 by the Christian Literature Society, and adopted by the state
+departments of public instruction.
+
+"MUDNABATI, 27th January 1795.--Mr. Thomas and I (between whom the
+utmost harmony prevails) have formed a plan for erecting two
+colleges (Chowparis, Bengali), one here and the other at his
+residence, where we intend to educate twelve lads, viz. six
+Mussulmans and six Hindoos at each place.  A pundit is to have the
+charge of them, and they are to be taught Sanskrit, Bengali, and
+Persian; the Bible is to be introduced, and perhaps a little
+philosophy and geography.  The time of their education is to be
+seven years, and we find them meat, clothing, lodging, etc.  We are
+now inquiring for children proper for the purpose.  We have also
+determined to require that the Society will advance money for types
+to print the Bengali Bible, and make us their debtors for the sum,
+which we hope to be able to pay off in one year: and it will also be
+requisite to send a printing-press from England.  We will, if our
+lives are spared, repay the whole, and print the Bible at our own
+expense, and I hope the Society will become our creditors by paying
+for them when delivered.  Mr. Thomas is now preparing letters for
+specimens, which I hope will be sent by this conveyance.
+
+"We are under great obligation to Mr. G. Udny for putting us in
+these stations.  He is a very friendly man and a true Christian.  I
+have no spirit for politics here; for whatever the East India
+Company may be in England, their servants and officers here are very
+different; we have a few laws, and nothing to do but to obey."  Of
+his own school he wrote in 1799 that it consisted of forty boys.
+"The school would have been much larger, had we been able to have
+borne the expense; but, as among the scholars there are several
+orphans whom we wholly maintain, we could not prudently venture on
+any further expense...The boys have hitherto learned to read and
+write, especially parts of the Scriptures, and to keep accounts.  We
+may now be able to introduce some other useful branches of knowledge
+among them...I trust these schools may tend to promote curiosity and
+inquisitiveness among the rising generation; qualities which are
+seldom found in the natives of Bengal."
+
+The Medical Mission completed the equipment. "I submit it to the
+consideration of the Society whether we should not be furnished with
+medicines gratis.  No medicines will be sold by us, yet the cost of
+them enters very deeply into our allowance.  The whole supply sent
+in the Earl Howe, amounting to £35, besides charges amounting to
+thirty per cent., falls on me; but the whole will either be
+administered to sick poor, or given to any neighbour who is in want,
+or used in our own families.  Neighbouring gentlemen have often
+supplied us.  Indeed, considering the distance we are from medical
+assistance, the great expensiveness of it far beyond our ability,
+and the number of wretched, afflicted objects whom we continually
+see and who continually apply for help, we ought never to sell a
+pennyworth.  Brother Thomas has been the instrument of saving
+numbers of lives.  His house is constantly surrounded with the
+afflicted; and the cures wrought by him would have gained any
+physician or surgeon in Europe the most extensive reputation.  We
+ought to be furnished yearly with at least half a hundredweight of
+Jesuit's bark."
+
+Around and as the fruit of the completely organised mission, thus
+conducted by the ordained preacher, teacher, scholar, scientist,
+printer, and licensed indigo planter in one station, and by his
+medical colleague sixteen miles to the north of him at Mahipal,
+there gathered many native inquirers.  Besides the planters, civil
+officials, and military officers, to whom he ministered in Malda and
+Dinapoor stations, there was added the most able and consistent
+convert, Mr. Cunninghame of Lainshaw, the assistant judge, who
+afterwards in England fought the battle of missions, and from his
+Ayrshire estate, where he built a church, became famous as an
+expounder of prophecy.  Carey looked upon this as "the greatest
+event that has occurred since our coming to this country."  The
+appointment of Lord Mornington, soon to be known as the Marquis
+Wellesley, "the glorious little man," as Metcalfe called him, and
+hardly second to his younger brother Wellington, having led Fuller
+to recommend that Carey should wait upon his Excellency at Calcutta,
+this reply was received:--"I would not, however, have you suppose
+that we are obliged to conceal ourselves, or our work: no such
+thing.  We preach before magistrates and judges; and were I to be in
+the company with Lord Mornington, I should not hesitate to declare
+myself a missionary to the heathen, though I would not on any
+account return myself as such to the Governor-General in Council."
+
+Two years before this, in 1797, Carey had written:--"This mission
+should be strengthened as much as possible, as its situation is such
+as may put it in our power, eventually, to spread the Gospel through
+the greatest part of Asia, and almost all the necessary languages
+may be learned here."  He had just returned from his first long
+missionary tour among the Bhooteas, who from Tibet had overrun the
+eastern Himalaya from Darjeeling to Assam.  Carey and Thomas were
+received as Christian Lamas by the Soobah or lieutenant-governor of
+the country below the hills, which in 1865 we were compelled to
+annex and now administer as Jalpaigori District.  They seemed to
+have been the first Englishmen who had entered the territory since
+the political and commercial missions of Bogle and Buchanan-Hamilton
+sent by Warren Hastings.
+
+"The genuine politeness and gentleman-like behaviour of the Soobah
+exceeded everything that can be imagined, and his generosity was
+astonishing.  He insisted on supplying all our people with
+everything they wanted; and if we did but cast our eyes to any
+object in the room, he immediately presented us with one of the same
+sort.  Indeed he seemed to interpret our looks before we were aware;
+and in this manner he presented each of us that night with a sword,
+shield, helmet, and cup, made of a very light beautiful wood, and
+used by all the Bhooteas for drinking in.  We admiring the wood, he
+gave us a large log of it; which appears to be like fir, with a very
+dark beautiful grain: it is full of a resin or turpentine, and burns
+like a candle if cut into thin pieces, and serves for that use.  In
+eating, the Soobah imitated our manners so quickly and exactly, that
+though he had never seen a European before, yet he appeared as free
+as if he had spent his life with them.  We ate his food, though I
+confess the thoughts of the Jinkof's bacon made me eat rather
+sparingly.  We had much talk about Bhootan, and about the Gospel.
+
+"We found that he had determined to give all the country a testimony
+of his friendship for us in a public manner; and the next day was
+fixed on to perform the ceremony in our tent on the market-place.
+Accordingly we got instructed in the necessary etiquette; and
+informed him we were only coming a short journey to see the country,
+were not provided with English cloth, etc., for presents.  The time
+being come, we were waited on by the Soobah, followed by all his
+servants, both Bhooteas and Hindus.  Being seated, we exchanged each
+five rupees and five pieces of betel, in the sight of the whole
+town; and having chewed betel for the first time in our lives, we
+embraced three times in the Eastern manner, and then shook hands in
+the English manner; after which, he made us a present of a piece of
+rich debang wrought with gold, each a Bhootan blanket, and the tail
+of an animal called the cheer cow, as bushy as a horse's, and used
+in the Hindu worship...In the morning, the Soobah came with his
+usual friendship, and brought more presents, which we received, and
+took our leave.  He sent us away with every honour he could heap
+upon us; as a band of music before us, guides to show us the way,
+etc....The Soobah is to pay us a visit in a little time, which I
+hope to improve for the great end of settling a mission in that
+country."
+
+Carey applied his unusual powers of detailed observation and memory
+in noting the physical and mental characteristics of these little
+Buddhists, the structure of the language and nature of their books,
+beliefs, and government, all of which he afterwards utilised.  He
+was often in sight of snowy Kinchinjinga (28,156 feet), behind
+Darjeeling, and when the Soobah, being sick, afterwards sent
+messengers with gifts to induce him to return, he wrote:--"I hope to
+ascend those stupendous mountains, which are so high as to be seen
+at a distance of 200 or 250 miles.  One of these distant mountains,
+which is seen at Mahipal, is concealed from view by the tops of a
+nearer range of hills, when you approach within sixty miles of them.
+The distant range forms an angle of about ten degrees with the
+horizon."  But the time did not come for a mission to that region
+till the sanitarium of Darjeeling became the centre of another
+British district opened up by railway from Calcutta, and now the
+aboriginal Lepchas are coming in large numbers into the church.
+Subsequent communications from the Soobah informed them of the
+Garos of Assam.
+
+On his last visit to Calcutta, in 1799, "to get types cast for
+printing the Bible," Carey witnessed that sight of widow-burning
+which was to continue to disgrace alike the Hindoos and the
+Company's Government until his incessant appeals in India and in
+England led to its prevention in 1829.  In a letter to Dr. Ryland he
+thus describes the horrid rite:--
+
+"MUDNABATI, 1st April 1799.--As I was returning from Calcutta I saw
+the Sahamaranam, or, a woman burning herself with the corpse of her
+husband, for the first time in my life.  We were near the village of
+Noya Serai, or, as Rennell calls it in his chart of the Hoogli
+river, Niaverai.  Being evening, we got out of the boat to walk,
+when we saw a number of people assembled on the river-side.  I asked
+them what they were met for, and they told me to burn the body of a
+dead man.  I inquired if his wife would die with him; they answered
+Yes, and pointed to the woman.  She was standing by the pile, which
+was made of large billets of wood, about two and a half feet high,
+four feet long, and two wide, on the top of which lay the dead body
+of her husband.  Her nearest relation stood by her, and near her was
+a small basket of sweetmeats called Thioy.  I asked them if this was
+the woman's choice, or if she were brought to it by any improper
+influence?  They answered that it was perfectly voluntary.  I talked
+till reasoning was of no use, and then began to exclaim with all my
+might against what they were doing, telling them that it was a
+shocking murder.  They told me it was a great act of holiness, and
+added in a very surly manner, that if I did not like to see it I
+might go farther off, and desired me to go.  I told them that I
+would not go, that I was determined to stay and see the murder, and
+that I should certainly bear witness of it at the tribunal of God. I
+exhorted the woman not to throw away her life; to fear nothing, for
+no evil would follow her refusal to burn.  But she in the most calm
+manner mounted the pile, and danced on it with her hands extended,
+as if in the utmost tranquillity of spirit.  Previous to her
+mounting the pile the relation, whose office it was to set fire to
+the pile, led her six times round it, at two intervals--that is,
+thrice at each circumambulation.  As she went round she scattered
+the sweetmeat above mentioned among the people, who picked it up and
+ate it as a very holy thing.  This being ended, and she having
+mounted the pile and danced as above mentioned (N.B.--The dancing
+only appeared to be to show us her contempt of death, and prove to
+us that her dying was voluntary), she lay down by the corpse, and
+put one arm under its neck and the other over it, when a quantity of
+dry cocoa-leaves and other substances were heaped over them to a
+considerable height, and then Ghee, or melted preserved butter,
+poured on the top.  Two bamboos were then put over them and held
+fast down, and fire put to the pile, which immediately blazed very
+fiercely, owing to the dry and combustible materials of which it was
+composed.  No sooner was the fire kindled than all the people set up
+a great shout--Hurree-Bol, Hurree-Bol, which is a common shout of
+joy, and an invocation of Hurree, or Seeb. It was impossible to have
+heard the woman had she groaned, or even cried aloud, on account of
+the mad noise of the people, and it was impossible for her to stir
+or struggle on account of the bamboos which were held down on her
+like the levers of a press.  We made much objection to their using
+these bamboos, and insisted that it was using force to prevent the
+woman from getting up when the fire burned her.  But they declared
+that it was only done to keep the pile from falling down.  We could
+not bear to see more, but left them, exclaiming loudly against the
+murder, and full of horror at what we had seen."  In the same letter
+Carey communicates the information he had collected regarding the
+Jews and Syrian Christians of the Malabar coast.
+
+Mr. G. Udny had now found his private indigo enterprise to be
+disastrous.  He resolved to give it up and retire to England.
+Thomas had left his factory, and was urging his colleague to try
+the sugar trade, which at that time meant the distillation of rum.
+Carey rather took over from Mr. Udny the out-factory of Kidderpore,
+twelve miles distant, and there resolved to prepare for the arrival
+of colleagues, the communistic missionary settlement on the Moravian
+plan, which he had advocated in his Enquiry.  Mr. John Fountain had
+been sent out as the first reinforcement, but he proved to be almost
+as dangerous to the infant mission from his outspoken political
+radicalism as Thomas had been from his debts.  Carey seriously
+contemplated the setting up of his mission centre among the
+Bhooteas, so as to be free from the East India Company.  The
+authorities would not license Fountain as his assistant.  Would they
+allow future missionaries to settle with him?  Would they always
+renew his own licence?  And what if he must cease altogether to work
+with his hands, and give himself wholly to the work of the mission
+as seemed necessary?
+
+Four new colleagues and their families were already on the sea, but
+God had provided a better refuge for His servants till the public
+conscience which they were about to quicken and enlighten should
+cause the persecution to cease.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+THE NEW CRUSADE--SERAMPORE AND THE BROTHERHOOD
+
+1800
+
+Effects of the news in England on the Baptists--On the home
+churches--In the foundation of the London and other Missionary
+Societies--In Scotland--In Holland and America--The missionary
+home--Joshua Marshman, William Ward, and two others sent
+out--Landing at the Iona of Southern Asia--Meeting of Ward and
+Carey--First attempt to evangelise the non-Aryan hill tribes--Carey
+driven by providences to Serampore--Dense population of Hoogli
+district--Adapts his communistic plan to the new
+conditions--Purchase of the property--Constitution of the
+Brotherhood--His relations to Marshman and Ward--Hannah Marshman,
+the first woman missionary--Daily life of the Brethren--Form of
+Agreement--Carey's ideal system of missionary administration
+realised for fifteen years--Spiritual heroism of the Brotherhood.
+
+The first two English missionaries to India seemed to those who sent
+them forth to have disappeared for ever.  For fourteen months, in
+those days of slow Indiamen and French privateers, no tidings of
+their welfare reached the poor praying people of the midlands, who
+had been emboldened to begin the heroic enterprise.  The convoy,
+which had seen the Danish vessel fairly beyond the French coast, had
+been unable to bring back letters on account of the weather.  At
+last, on the 29th July 1794, Fuller, the secretary; Pearce, the
+beloved personal friend of Carey; Ryland in Bristol; and the
+congregation at Leicester, received the journals of the voyage and
+letters which told of the first six weeks' experience at Balasore,
+in Calcutta, Bandel, and Nuddea, just before Carey knew the worst of
+their pecuniary position.  The committee at once met.  They sang
+"with sacred joy" what has ever since been the jubilee hymn of
+missions, that by William Williams--
+
+   "O'er those gloomy hills of darkness."
+
+They "returned solemn thanks to the everlasting God whose mercy
+endureth for ever, for having preserved you from the perils of the
+sea, and hitherto made your ways prosperous.  In reading the short
+account of your labours we feel something of that spirit spoken of
+in the prophet, 'Thine heart shall fear and be enlarged.'  We
+cordially thank you for your assiduity in learning the languages, in
+translating, and in every labour of love in which you have engaged.
+Under God we cheerfully confide in your wisdom, fidelity, and
+prudence, with relation to the seat of your labours or the means to
+carry them into effect.  If there be one place, however, which
+strikes us as of more importance than the rest, it is Nuddea.  But
+you must follow where the Lord opens a door for you."  The same
+spirit of generous confidence marked the relations of Carey and the
+committee so long as Fuller was secretary.  When the news came that
+the missionaries had become indigo planters, some of the weaker
+brethren, estimating Carey by themselves, sent out a mild warning
+against secular temptations, to which he returned a half-amused and
+kindly reply.  John Newton, then the aged rector of St. Mary
+Woolnoth, on being consulted, reassured them: "If the heart be fired
+with a zeal for God and love to souls," he said, "such attention to
+business as circumstances require will not hurt it."  Since Carey,
+like the Moravians, meant that the missionaries should live upon a
+common stock, and never lay up money, the weakest might have
+recognised the Paul-like nobleness, which had marked all his life,
+in relinquishing the scanty salary that it might be used for other
+missions to Africa and Asia.
+
+The spiritual law which Duff's success afterwards led Chalmers to
+formulate, that the relation of foreign to home missions acts not by
+exhaustion but by fermentation, now came to be illustrated on a
+great scale, and to result in the foundation of the catholic
+missionary enterprise of the evangelicals of England, Scotland,
+Ireland, America, Germany, and France, which has marked the whole
+nineteenth century.  We find it first in Fuller himself.  In
+comforting Thomas during his extremest dejection he quoted to him
+from his own journal of 1789 the record of a long period of
+spiritual inactivity, which continued till Carey compelled him to
+join in the mission. "Before this I did little but pine over my
+misery, but since I have betaken myself to greater activity for God,
+my strength has been recovered and my soul replenished." "Your work
+is a great work, and the eyes of the religious world are upon you.
+Your undertaking, with that of your dear colleague, has provoked
+many.  The spirit of missions is gone forth.  I wish it may never
+stop till the Gospel is sent unto all the world."
+
+Following the pietist Francke, who in 1710 published the first
+missionary reports, and also the Moravians, Fuller and his
+coadjutors issued from the press of J. W. Morris at Clipstone,
+towards the end of 1794, No. I. of their Periodical Accounts
+relative to a Society formed among the Particular Baptists for
+Propagating the Gospel among the Heathen.  That contained a
+narrative of the foundation of the Society and the letters of Carey
+up to 15th February 1794 from the Soondarbans.  Six of these
+Accounts appeared up to the year 1800, when they were published as
+one volume with an index and illustrations.  The volume closes with
+a doggerel translation of one of several Gospel ballads which Carey
+had written in Bengali in 1798.  He had thus early brought into the
+service of Christ the Hindoo love of musical recitative, which was
+recently re-discovered--as it were--and now forms an important mode
+of evangelistic work when accompanied by native musical instruments.
+The original has a curious interest and value in the history of the
+Bengali language, as formed by Carey.  As to the music he
+wrote:--"We sometimes have a melody that cheers my heart, though it
+would be discordant upon the ears of an Englishman."
+
+Such was the immediate action of the infant Baptist Society.  The
+moment Dr. Ryland read his letter from Carey he sent for Dr. Bogue
+and Mr. Stephen, who happened to be in Bristol, to rejoice with him.
+The three returned thanks to God, and then Bogue and Stephen,
+calling on Mr. Hey, a leading minister, took the first step towards
+the foundation of a similar organisation of non-Baptists, since
+known as the London Missionary Society.  Immediately Bogue, the able
+Presbyterian, who had presided over a theological school at Gosport
+from which missionaries went forth, and who refused the best living
+in Edinburgh when offered to him by Dundas, wrote his address, which
+appeared in the Evangelical Magazine for September, calling on the
+churches to send out at least twenty or thirty missionaries.  In the
+sermon of lofty eloquence which he preached the year after, he
+declared that the missionary movement of that time would form an
+epoch in the history of man,--"the time will be ever remembered by
+us, and may it be celebrated by future ages as the Æra of Christian
+Benevolence."
+
+On the same day the Rev. T. Haweis, rector of All Saints, Aldwinkle,
+referring to the hundreds of ministers collected to decide where the
+first mission should be sent, thus burst forth: "Methinks I see the
+great Angel of the Covenant in the midst of us, pluming his wings,
+and ready to fly through the midst of heaven with his own
+everlasting Gospel, to every nation and tribe and tongue and
+people."  In Hindostan "our brethren the Baptists have at present
+prevented our wishes...there is room for a thousand missionaries,
+and I wish we may be ready with a numerous host for that or any
+other part of the earth."
+
+"Scotland10 was the next to take up the challenge sent by Carey.
+Greville Ewing, then a young minister of the kirk in Edinburgh,
+published in March 1796 the appeal of the Edinburgh or Scottish
+Missionary Society, which afterwards sent John Wilson to Bombay, and
+that was followed by the Glasgow Society, to which we owe the most
+successful of the Kafir missions in South Africa.  Robert Haldane
+sold all that he had when he read the first number of the Periodical
+Accounts, and gave £35,000 to send a Presbyterian mission of six
+ministers and laymen, besides himself, to do from Benares what Carey
+had planned from Mudnabati; but Pitt as well as Dundas, though his
+personal friends, threatened him with the Company's intolerant Act
+of Parliament.  Evangelical ministers of the Church of England took
+their proper place in the new crusade, and a year before the
+eighteenth century closed they formed the agency, which has ever
+since been in the forefront of the host of the Lord as the Church
+Missionary Society, with Carey's friend, Thomas Scott, as its first
+secretary.  The sacred enthusiasm was caught by the Netherlands on
+the one side under the influence of Dr. Van der Kemp, who had
+studied at Edinburgh University, and by the divinity students of New
+England, of whom Adoniram Judson was even then in training to
+receive from Carey the apostolate of Burma.  Soon too the Bengali
+Bible translations were to unite with the needs of the Welsh at home
+to establish the British and Foreign Bible Society.
+
+As news of all this reached Carey amid his troubles and yet triumphs
+of faith in the swamps of Dinajpoor, and when he learned that he was
+soon to be joined by four colleagues, one of whom was Ward whom he
+himself had trysted to print the Bengali Bible for him, he might
+well write, in July 1799:--"The success of the Gospel and, among
+other things, the hitherto unextinguishable missionary flame in
+England and all the western world, give us no little encouragement
+and animate our hearts."  To Sutcliff he had written eighteen months
+before that:--"I rejoice much at the missionary spirit which has
+lately gone forth: surely it is a prelude to the universal spread of
+the Gospel!  Your account of the German Moravian Brethren's
+affectionate regard towards me is very pleasing.  I am not much
+moved by what men in general say of me; yet I cannot be insensible
+to the regards of men eminent for godliness...Staying at home is now
+become sinful in many cases, and will become so more and more.  All
+gifts should be encouraged, and spread abroad."
+
+The day was breaking now.  Men as well as money were offered for
+Carey's work.  In Scotland especially Fuller found that he had but
+to ask, but to appear in any evangelical pulpit, and he would
+receive sums which, in that day of small things, rebuked his little
+faith.  Till the last Scotland was loyal to Carey and his
+colleagues, and with almost a prevision of this he wrote so early as
+1797:--"It rejoices my heart much to hear of our brethren in
+Scotland having so liberally set themselves to encourage the
+mission."  They approved of his plans, and prayed for him and his
+work.  When Fuller called on Cecil for help, the "churchy"
+evangelical told him he had a poor opinion of all Baptists except
+one, the man who wrote The Gospel Worthy of All Acceptation.  When
+he learned that its author was before him, the hasty offender
+apologised and offered a subscription. "Not a farthing, sir!" was
+the reply, "you do not give in faith;" but the persistent Cecil
+prevailed.  Men, however, were a greater want than money at that
+early stage of the modern crusade.  Thomas and Fountain had each
+been a mistake.  So were the early African missionaries, with the
+exception of the first Scotsman, Peter Greig.  Of the thirty sent
+out by the London Missionary Society in the Duff only four were fit
+for ordination, and not one has left a name of mark.  The Church
+Mission continued to send out only Germans till 1815.  In quick
+succession four young men offered themselves to the Baptist Society
+to go out as assistants to Carey, in the hope that the Company would
+give them a covenant to reside--Brunsdon and Grant, two of Ryland's
+Bristol flock; Joshua Marshman with his wife Hannah Marshman, and
+William Ward called by Carey himself.
+
+In nine months Fuller had them and their families shipped in an
+American vessel, the Criterion, commanded by Captain Wickes, a
+Presbyterian elder of Philadelphia, who ever after promoted the
+cause in the United States.  Charles Grant helped them as he would
+have aided Carey alone.  Though the most influential of the
+Company's directors, he could not obtain a passport for them, but he
+gave them the very counsel which was to provide for the young
+mission its ark of defence: "Do not land at Calcutta but at
+Serampore, and there, under the protection of the Danish flag,
+arrange to join Mr. Carey."  After five months' prosperous voyage
+the party reached the Hoogli.  Before arriving within the limits of
+the port of Calcutta Captain Wickes sent them off in two boats under
+the guidance of a Bengali clerk to Serampore, fifteen miles higher
+up on the right bank of the river.  They had agreed that he should
+boldly enter them, not as assistant planters, but as Christian
+missionaries, rightly trusting to Danish protection.  Charles Grant
+had advised them well, but it is not easy now, as in the case of
+their predecessors in 1795 and of their successors up to 1813, to
+refrain from indignation that the British Parliament, and the party
+led by William Pitt, should have so long lent all the weight of
+their power to the East India Company in the vain attempt to keep
+Christianity from the Hindoos.  Ward's journal thus simply tells the
+story of the landing of the missionaries at this Iona, this
+Canterbury of Southern Asia:--
+
+"Lord's-day, Oct. 13, 1799.--Brother Brunsdon and I slept in the
+open air on our chests.  We arrived at Serampore this morning by
+daylight, in health and pretty good spirits.  We put up at Myerr's,
+a Danish tavern to which we had been recommended.  No worship
+to-day.  Nothing but a Portuguese church here.
+
+"Oct. 14.--Mr. Forsyth from Calcutta, missionary belonging to the
+London Missionary Society, astonished us by his presence this
+afternoon.  He was wholly unknown, but soon became well known.  He
+gave us a deal of interesting information.  He had seen brother
+Carey, who invited him to his house, offered him the assistance of
+his Moonshi, etc.
+
+"Oct. 16--The Captain having been at Calcutta came and informed us
+that his ship could not be entered unless we made our appearance.
+Brother Brunsdon and I went to Calcutta, and the next day we were
+informed that the ship had obtained an entrance, on condition that
+we appeared at the Police Office, or would continue at Serampore.
+All things considered we preferred the latter, till the arrival of
+our friends from Kidderpore to whom we had addressed letters.
+Captain Wickes called on Rev. Mr. Brown, who very kindly offered to
+do anything for us in his power.  Our Instructions with respect to
+our conduct towards Civil Government were read to him.  He promised
+to call at the Police Office afterwards, and to inform the Master
+that we intended to stay at Serampore, till we had leave to go up
+the country.  Captain Wickes called at the office afterwards, and
+they seemed quite satisfied with our declaration by him.  In the
+afternoon we went to Serampore.
+
+"Oct. 19.--I addressed a letter to the Governor to-day begging his
+acceptance of the last number of our Periodical Accounts, and
+informing him that we proposed having worship to-morrow in our own
+house, from which we did not wish to exclude any person.
+
+"Lord's-day, Oct. 20.--This morning the Governor sent to inquire the
+hours of our worship.  About half-past ten he came to our house with
+a number of gentlemen and their retinue.  I preached from Acts xx.
+24.  We had a very attentive congregation of Europeans: several
+appeared affected, among whom was the Governor."
+
+The text was well chosen from Paul's words to the elders of Ephesus,
+as he turned his face towards the bonds and afflictions that awaited
+him--"But none of these things move me, neither count I my life dear
+unto myself, so that I might finish my course with joy, and the
+ministry which I have received of the Lord Jesus, to testify the
+gospel of the grace of God." It proved to be a history of the three
+men thenceforth best known as the Serampore Missionaries.  Ward,
+too, the literary member of the mission, composed the hymn which
+thus concluded:--
+
+"Yes, we are safe beneath Thy shade,
+ And shall be so 'midst India's heat:
+ What should a missionary dread,
+ For devils crouch at Jesus' feet.
+
+"There, sweetest Saviour! let Thy cross
+ Win many Hindoo hearts to Thee;
+ This shall make up for every loss,
+ While Thou art ours eternally."
+
+In his first letter to a friend in Hull Ward used language which
+unconsciously predicted the future of the mission:--"With a Bible
+and a press posterity will see that a missionary will not labour in
+vain, even in India."  But one of their number, Grant, was meanwhile
+removed by death, and, while they waited for a month, Carey failed
+to obtain leave for them to settle as his assistants in British
+territory.  He had appealed to Mr. Brown, and to Dr. Roxburgh, his
+friend in charge of the Botanic Garden, to use his influence with
+the Government through Colebrooke, the Oriental scholar, then high
+in the service.  But it was in vain.  The police had seen with
+annoyance the missionaries slip from their grasp because of the
+liberality of the Governor-General of whom Carey had written to
+Ryland a year before: "At Calcutta, I saw much dissipation; but yet
+I think less than formerly.  Lord Mornington has set his face
+against sports, gaming, horse-racing, and working on the Lord's-day;
+in consequence of which these infamous practices are less common
+than formerly."  The missionaries, too, had at first been reported
+not as Baptist but as "Papist," and the emissaries of France,
+believed to be everywhere, must be watched against.  The brave
+little Governor let it be understood that he would protect to the
+last the men who had been committed to his care by the Danish consul
+in London.  So Ward obtained a Danish passport to enable him to
+visit Dinapoor and consult with Carey.
+
+It was Sunday morning when he approached the Mudnabati factory,
+"feeling very unusual sensations," greatly excited. "At length I saw
+Carey!  He is less altered than I expected: has rather more flesh
+than when in England, and, blessed be God! he is a young man still."
+It was a wrench to sacrifice his own pioneer mission, property
+worth £500, the school, the church, the inquirers, but he did not
+hesitate.  He thus stated the case on the other side:--"At Serampore
+we may settle as missionaries, which is not allow here; and the
+great ends of the mission, particularly the printing of the
+Scriptures, seem much more likely to be answered in that situation
+than in this.  There also brother Ward can have the inspection of
+the press; whereas here we should be deprived of his important
+assistance.  In that part of the country the inhabitants are far
+more numerous than in this; and other missionaries may there be
+permitted to join us, which here it seems they will not."  On the
+way down, during a visit to the Rajmahal Hills, round which the
+great Ganges sweeps, Carey and Ward made the first attempt to
+evangelise the Santal and other simple aboriginal tribes, whom the
+officials Brown and Cleveland had partly tamed.  The Paharis are
+described, at that time, as without caste, priests, or public
+religion, as living on Indian corn and by hunting, for which they
+carry bows and arrows. "Brother Carey was able to converse with
+them."  Again, Ward's comment on the Bengali services on the next
+Sunday, from the boats, is "the common sort wonder how brother Carey
+can know so much of the Shasters." "I long," wrote Carey from the
+spot to his new colleagues, "to stay here and tell these social and
+untutored heathen the good news from heaven.  I have a strong
+persuasion that the doctrine of a dying Saviour would, under the
+Holy Spirit's influence, melt their hearts."  From Taljheri and
+Pokhuria, near that place, to Parisnath, Ranchi, and Orissa,
+thousands of Santals and Kols have since been gathered into the
+kingdom.
+
+On the 10th January 1800 Carey took up his residence at Serampore,
+on the 11th he was presented to the Governor, and "he went out and
+preached to the natives."  His apprenticeship was over; so began his
+full apostolate, instant in season and out of season, to end only
+with his life thirty-four years after.
+
+Thus step by step, by a way that he knew not, the shoemaker lad--who
+had educated himself to carry the Gospel to Tahiti, had been sent to
+Bengal in spite of the Company which cast him out of their ship, had
+starved in Calcutta, had built him a wooden hut in the jungles of
+the Delta, had become indigo planter in the swamps of Dinapoor that
+he might preach Christ without interference, had been forced to
+think of seeking the protection of a Buddhist in the Himalaya
+morass--was driven to begin anew in the very heart of the most
+densely peopled part of the British Empire, under the jealous care
+of the foreign European power which had a century before sent
+missionaries to Tranquebar and taught Zinzendorf and the Moravians
+the divine law of the kingdom; encouraged by a Governor, Colonel
+Bie, who was himself a disciple of Schwartz.  To complete this
+catalogue of special providences we may add that, if Fuller had
+delayed only a little longer, even Serampore would have been found
+shut against the missionaries.  For the year after, when Napoleon's
+acts had driven us to war with Denmark, a detachment of British
+troops, under Lord Minto's son, took possession of Fredericksnagore,
+as Serampore was officially called, and of the Danish East India
+Company's ship there, without opposition.
+
+The district or county of Hoogli and Howrah, opposite Calcutta and
+Barrackpore, of which Serampore is the central port, swarms with a
+population, chiefly Hindoo but partly Mussulman, unmatched for
+density in any other part of the world.  If, after years of a
+decimating fever, each of its 1701 square miles still supports
+nearly a thousand human beings or double the proportion of Belgium,
+we cannot believe that it was much less dense at the beginning of
+the century.  From Howrah, the Surrey side of Calcutta, up to Hoogli
+the county town, the high ridge of mud between the river and the old
+channel of the Ganges to the west, has attracted the wealthiest and
+most intellectually active of all the Bengalees.  Hence it was here
+that Portuguese and Dutch, French and English, and Danish planted
+their early factories.  The last to obtain a site of twenty acres
+from the moribund Mussulman Government at Moorshedabad was Denmark,
+two years before Plassey.  In the half century the hut of the first
+Governor sent from Tranquebar had grown into the "beautiful little
+town" which delighted the first Baptist missionaries.  Its
+inhabitants, under only British administration since 1845, now
+number 45,000.  Then they were much fewer, but then even more than
+now the town was a centre of the Vishnoo-worship of Jagganath,
+second only to that of Pooree in all India.  Not far off, and now
+connected with the port by railway, is the foul shrine of
+Tarakeswar, which attracts thousands of pilgrims, many of them
+widows, who measure the road with their prostrate bodies dripping
+from the bath.  Commercially Serampore sometimes distanced Calcutta
+itself, for all the foreign European trade was centred in it during
+the American and French wars, and the English civilians used its
+investments as the best means of remitting their savings home.  When
+the missionaries landed there was nothing but a Portuguese Catholic
+church in the settlement, and the Governor was raising subscriptions
+for that pretty building in which Carey preached till he died, and
+the spire of which the Governor-General is said to have erected to
+improve the view of the town from the windows of his summer palace
+at Barrackpore opposite.
+
+Removed from the rural obscurity of a Bengali village, where the
+cost of housing, clothing, and living was small, to a town in the
+neighbourhood of the capital much frequented by Europeans, Carey at
+once adapted the practical details of his communistic brotherhood to
+the new circumstances.  With such wisdom was he aided in this by the
+business experience of Marshman and Ward, that a settlement was
+formed which admitted of easy development in correspondence with the
+rapid growth of the mission.  At first the community consisted of
+ten adults and nine children.  Grant had been carried off in a fever
+caused by the dampness of their first quarters.  The promising
+Brunsdon was soon after removed by liver complaint caught from
+standing on an unmatted floor in the printing-office.  Fountain, who
+at first continued the mission at Dinapoor, soon died there a happy
+death.  Thomas had settled at Beerbhoom, but joined the Serampore
+brethren in time to do good though brief service before he too was
+cut off.  But, fortunately as it proved for the future, Carey had to
+arrange for five families at the first, and this is how it was done
+as described by Ward:--
+
+"The renting of a house, or houses, would ruin us.  We hoped
+therefore to have been able to purchase land, and build mat houses
+upon it; but we can get none properly situated.  We have in
+consequence purchased of the Governor's nephew a large house in the
+middle of the town for Rs.6000, or about £800; the rent in four
+years would have amounted to the purchase.  It consists of a
+spacious verandah (portico) and hall, with two rooms on each side.
+Rather more to the front are two other rooms separate, and on one
+side is a storehouse, separate also, which will make a
+printing-office.  It stands by the river-side upon a pretty large
+piece of ground, walled round, with a garden at the bottom, and in
+the middle a fine tank or pool of water.  The price alarmed us, but
+we had no alternative; and we hope this will form a comfortable
+missionary settlement.  Being near to Calcutta, it is of the utmost
+importance to our school, our press, and our connection with
+England."
+
+"From hence may the Gospel issue and pervade all India," they wrote
+to Fuller. "We intend to teach a school, and make what we can of our
+press.  The paper is all arrived, and the press, with the types,
+etc., complete.  The Bible is wholly translated, except a few
+chapters, so that we intend to begin printing immediately, first the
+New and then the Old Testament.  We love our work, and will do all
+we can to lighten your expenses."
+
+This house-chapel, with two acres of garden land and separate rooms
+on either side, continued till 1875 to be the nucleus of the
+settlement afterwards celebrated all over South Asia and
+Christendom.  The chapel is still sacred to the worship of God. The
+separate rooms to the left, fronting the Hoogli, became enlarged
+into the stately residence of Mr. John Marshman, C.S.I., and his two
+successors in the Friend of India, while beyond were the girl's
+school, now removed, the residence of Dr. Joshua Marshman before his
+death, and the boys' school presented to the mission by the King of
+Denmark.  The separate rooms to the right grew into the press;
+farther down the river was the house of the Lady Rumohr who became
+Carey's second wife, with the great paper-mill behind; and, still
+farther, the second park in which the Serampore College was built,
+with the principal's house in which Carey died, and a hostel for the
+Native Christian students behind.  The whole settlement finally
+formed a block of at least five acres, with almost palatial
+buildings, on the right bank of the Hoogli, which, with a breadth of
+half a mile when in flood, rolls between it and the
+Governor-General's summer house and English-like park of
+Barrackpore.  The original two acres became Carey's Botanic Garden;
+the houses he surrounded and connected by mahogany trees, which grew
+to be of umbrageous beauty.  His favourite promenade between the
+chapel and the mill, and ultimately the college, was under an avenue
+of his own planting, long known as "Carey's Walk."
+
+The new colleagues who were to live with him in loving brotherhood
+till death removed the last in 1837 were not long in attracting him.
+The two were worthy to be associated with him, and so admirably
+supplemented his own deficiencies that the brotherhood became the
+most potent and permanent force in India.  He thus wrote to Fuller
+his first impressions of them, with a loving
+self-depreciation:--"Brother Ward is the very man we wanted: he
+enters into the work with his whole soul.  I have much pleasure in
+him, and expect much from him.  Brother Marshman is a prodigy of
+diligence and prudence, as is also his wife in the latter: learning
+the language is mere play to him; he has already acquired as much as
+I did in double the time."  After eight months of study and
+evangelising work they are thus described:--"Our brother Marshman,
+who is a true missionary, is able to talk a little; he goes out
+frequently, nay almost every day, and assaults the fortress of
+Satan.  Brother Brunsdon can talk a little, though not like
+Marshman.  Brother Ward is a great prize; he does not learn the
+language so quickly, but he is so holy, so spiritual a man, and so
+useful among the children."
+
+Thus early did Carey note the value of Hannah Marshman, the first
+woman missionary to India.  Granddaughter of the Baptist minister of
+Crockerton in Wiltshire, she proved to be for forty-six years at
+once a loving wife, and the equal of the three missionaries of
+Christ and of civilisation whom she aided in the common home, in the
+schools, in the congregation, in the Native Christian families, and
+even, at that early time, in purely Hindoo circles.  Without her the
+mission must have been one-sided indeed.  It gives us a pathetic
+interest to turn to her household books, where we find entered with
+loving care and thoughtful thrift all the daily details which at
+once form a valuable contribution to the history of prices, and show
+how her "prudence" combined with the heroic self-denial of all to
+make the Serampore mission the light of India.  Ward's journal
+supplies this first sketch of the brotherhood, who realised, more
+than probably any in Protestant, Romanist, or Greek hagiology, the
+life of the apostolic community in Jerusalem:--
+
+"January 18, 1800.--This week we have adopted a set of rules for the
+government of the family.  All preach and pray in turn; one
+superintends the affairs of the family for a month, and then
+another; brother Carey is treasurer, and has the regulation of the
+medicine chest; brother Fountain is librarian.  Saturday evening is
+devoted to adjusting differences, and pledging ourselves to love one
+another.  One of our resolutions is, that no one of us do engage in
+private trade; but that all be done for the benefit of the
+mission...
+
+"August 1.--Our labours for every day are now regularly arranged.
+About six o'clock we rise; brother Carey to his garden; brother
+Marshman to his school at seven; brother Brunsdon, Felix, and I, to
+the printing-office.  At eight the bell rings for family worship: we
+assemble in the hall; sing, read, and pray.  Breakfast.  Afterwards,
+brother Carey goes to the translation, or reading proofs: brother
+Marshman to school, and the rest to the printing-office.  Our
+compositor having left us, we do without: we print three half-sheets
+of 2000 each in a week; have five pressmen, one folder, and one
+binder.  At twelve o'clock we take a luncheon; then most of us shave
+and bathe, read and sleep before dinner, which we have at three.
+After dinner we deliver our thoughts on a text or question: this we
+find to be very profitable.  Brother and sister Marshman keep their
+schools till after two.  In the afternoon, if business be done in
+the office, I read and try to talk Bengali with the bràmmhàn.  We
+drink tea about seven, and have little or no supper.  We have
+Bengali preaching once or twice in the week, and on Thursday evening
+we have an experience meeting.  On Saturday evening we meet to
+compose differences and transact business, after prayer, which is
+always immediately after tea.  Felix is very useful in the office;
+William goes to school, and part of the day learns to bind.  We meet
+two hours before breakfast on the first Monday in the month, and
+each one prays for the salvation of the Bengal heathen.  At night we
+unite our prayers for the universal spread of the Gospel."
+
+The "Form of Agreement" which regulated the social economy and
+spiritual enterprise of the brotherhood, and also its legal
+relations to the Baptist Society in England, deserves study, in its
+divine disinterestedness, its lofty aims, and its kindly common
+sense.  Fuller had pledged the Society in 1798 to send out £360 a
+year for the joint family of six missionaries, their wives, and
+children.  The house and land at Serampore cost the Society Rs.6000.
+On Grant's death, leaving a widow and two children, the five
+missionaries made the first voluntary agreement, which "provided
+that no one should trade on his own private account, and that the
+product of their labour should form a common fund to be applied at
+the will of the majority, to the support of their respective
+families, of the cause of God around them, and of the widow and
+family of such as might be removed by death."  The first year the
+schools and the press enabled the brotherhood to be more than
+self-supporting.  In the second year Carey's salary from the College
+of Fort-William, and the growth of the schools and press, gave them
+a surplus for mission extension.  They not only paid for the
+additional two houses and ground required by such extension, but
+they paid back to the Society all that it had advanced for the first
+purchase in the course of the next six years.  They acquired all the
+property for the Serampore Mission, duly informing the home
+Committee from time to time, and they vested the whole right, up to
+Fuller's death in 1815, in the Society, "to prevent the premises
+being sold or becoming private property in the families."  But "to
+secure their own quiet occupation of them, and enable them to leave
+them in the hands of such as they might associate with themselves in
+their work, they declared themselves trustees instead of
+proprietors."
+
+The agreement of 1800 was expanded into the "Form of Agreement" of
+1805 when the spiritual side of the mission had grown.  Their own
+authoritative statement, as given above, was lovingly recognised by
+Fuller.  In 1817, and again in 1820, the claims of aged and
+destitute relatives, and the duty of each brother making provision
+for his own widow and orphans, and, occasionally, the calls of pity
+and humanity, led the brotherhood to agree that "each shall
+regularly deduct a tenth of the net product of his labour to form a
+fund in his own hands for these purposes."  We know nothing in the
+history of missions, monastic or evangelical, which at all
+approaches this in administrative perfectness as well is in
+Christlike self-sacrifice.  It prevents secularisation of spirit,
+stimulates activity of all kinds, gives full scope to local ability
+and experience, calls forth the maximum of local support and
+propagation, sets the church at home free to enter incessantly on
+new fields, provides permanence as well as variety of action and
+adaptation to new circumstances, and binds the whole in a holy bond
+of prayerful co-operation and loving brotherhood.  This Agreement
+worked for seventeen years, with a success in England and India
+which we shall trace, or as long as Fuller, Ryland, and Sutcliff
+lived "to hold the ropes," while Carey, Marshman, and Ward excavated
+the mine of Hindooism.
+
+The spiritual side of the Agreement we find in the form which the
+three drew up in 1805, to be read publicly at all their stations
+thrice every year, on the Lord's Day. It is the ripe fruit of the
+first eleven years of Carey's daily toil and consecrated genius, as
+written out by the fervent pen of Ward. In the light of it the whole
+of Carey's life must be read.  In these concluding sentences the
+writer sketches Carey himself:--"Let us often look at Brainerd in
+the woods of America, pouring out his very soul before God for the
+perishing heathen, without whose salvation nothing could make you
+happy.  Prayer, secret, fervent, believing prayer, lies at the root
+of all personal godliness.  A competent knowledge of the languages
+current where a missionary lives, a mild and winning temper, and a
+heart given up to God in closet religion; these, these are the
+attainments which more than all knowledge or all other gifts, will
+fit us to become the instruments of God in the great work of human
+redemption.  Finally, let us give ourselves unreservedly to this
+glorious cause.  Let us never think that our time, our gifts, our
+strength, our families, or even the clothes we wear are our own.
+Let us sanctify them all to God and His cause.  Oh! that He may
+sanctify us for His work.  Let us for ever shut out the idea of
+laying up a cowrie (mite) for ourselves or our children.  If we give
+up the resolution which was formed on the subject of private trade,
+when we first united at Serampore, the mission is from that hour a
+lost cause.  Let us continually watch against a worldly spirit, and
+cultivate a Christian indifference towards every indulgence.  Rather
+let us bear hardness as good soldiers of Jesus Christ.  No private
+family ever enjoyed a greater portion of happiness, even in the most
+prosperous gale of worldly prosperity, than we have done since we
+resolved to have all things in common.  If we are enabled to
+persevere in the same principles, we may hope that multitudes of
+converted souls will have reason to bless God to all eternity for
+sending His Gospel into this country."
+
+Such was the moral heroism, such the spiritual aim of the Serampore
+brotherhood; how did it set to work?
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+THE FIRST NATIVE CONVERTS AND CHRISTIAN SCHOOLS
+
+1800-1810
+
+A carpenter the first Bengali convert--Krishna Pal's
+confession--Caste broken for the first time--Carey describes the
+baptism in the Hoogli--The first woman convert--The first widow
+convert--The first convert of writer caste--The first Christian
+Brahman--The first native chapel--A Bengali "experience"
+meeting--Carey founding a new community as well as church--Marriage
+difficulties solved--The first native Christian marriage feast in
+North India--Hindoo Christian death and burial--The first Christian
+schools and school-books in North India--The first native Sunday
+school--Boarding schools for the higher education of country-born
+Christians--Carey on the mixed Portuguese, Eurasians, and
+Armenians--The Benevolent Institution for destitute children of all
+races--A hundred schools--English only postponed--Effect on native
+opinion and action--The leaven of the Kingdom--The Mission breaks
+forth into five at the close of 1810.
+
+For seven years Carey had daily preached Christ in Bengali without a
+convert.  He had produced the first edition of the New Testament.
+He had reduced the language to literary form.  He had laid the
+foundations in the darkness of the pit of Hindooism, while the
+Northamptonshire pastors, by prayer and self-sacrifice, held the
+ropes.  The last disappointment was on 25th November 1800, when "the
+first Hindoo" catechumen, Fakeer, offered himself for baptism,
+returned to his distant home for his child, and appeared no more,
+probably "detained by force."  But on the last Sunday of that year
+Krishna Pal was baptised in the Hoogli and his whole family soon
+followed him.  He was thirty-five years of age.  Not only as the
+first native Christian of North India of whom we have a reliable
+account, but as the first missionary to Calcutta and Assam, and the
+first Bengali hymn-writer, this man deserves study.
+
+Carey's first Hindoo convert was three years younger than himself,
+or about thirty-six, at baptism.  Krishna Pal, born in the
+neighbouring French settlement of Chandernagore, had settled in the
+suburbs of Serampore, where he worked as a carpenter.  Sore sickness
+and a sense of sin led him to join the Kharta-bhojas, one of the
+sects which, from the time of Gautama Buddha, and of Chaitanya, the
+reformer of Nuddea, to that of Nanak, founder of the Sikh
+brotherhood have been driven into dissent by the yoke of Brahmanism.
+Generally worshippers of some form of Vishnoo, and occasionally, as
+in Kabeer's case, influenced by the monotheism of Islam, these sects
+begin by professing theism and opposition to caste, though Hindooism
+is elastic enough to keep them always within its pale and ultimately
+to absorb them again.  For sixteen years Krishna Pal was himself a
+gooroo of the Ghospara sect, of which from Carey's to Duff's earlier
+days the missionaries had a hope which proved vain.  He recovered
+from sickness, but could not shake off the sense of the burden of
+sin, when this message came to him, and, to his surprise, through
+the Europeans--"Jesus Christ came into the world to save sinners."
+At the same time he happened to dislocate his right arm by falling
+down the slippery side of his tank when about to bathe.  He sent two
+of the children to the Mission House for Thomas, who immediately
+left the breakfast table at which the brethren had just sat down,
+and soon reduced the luxation, while the sufferer again heard the
+good news that Christ was waiting to heal his soul, and he and his
+neighbour Gokool received a Bengali tract.  He himself thus told the
+story:--"In this paper I read that he who confesseth and forsaketh
+his sins, and trusteth in the righteousness of Christ, obtains
+salvation.  The next morning Mr. Carey came to see me, and after
+inquiring how I was, told me to come to his house, that he would
+give me some medicine, by which, through the blessing of God, the
+pain in my arm would be removed.  I went and obtained the medicine,
+and through the mercy of God my arm was cured.  From this time I
+made a practice of calling at the mission house, where Mr. Ward and
+Mr. Felix Carey used to read and expound the Holy Bible to me.  One
+day Dr. Thomas asked me whether I understood what I heard from Mr.
+Ward and Mr. Carey.  I said I understood that the Lord Jesus Christ
+gave his life up for the salvation of sinners, and that I believed
+it, and so did my friend Gokool.  Dr. T. said, 'Then I call you
+brother--come and let us eat together in love.'  At this time the
+table was set for luncheon, and all the missionaries and their
+wives, and I and Gokool, sat down and ate together."
+
+The servants spread the news, most horrible to the people, that the
+two Hindoos had "become Europeans," and they were assaulted on their
+way home.  Just thirty years after, in Calcutta, the first public
+breach of caste by the young Brahman students of Duff raised a still
+greater commotion, and resulted in the first converts there.
+Krishna Pal and his wife, his wife's sister and his four daughters;
+Gokool, his wife, and a widow of forty who lived beside them, formed
+the first group of Christian Hindoos of caste in India north of
+Madras.  Two years after Krishna Pal sent to the Society this
+confession of his faith.  Literally translated, it is a record of
+belief such as Paul himself might have written, illustrated by an
+apostolic life of twenty-two years.  The carpenter's confession and
+dedication has, in the original, an exquisite tenderness, reflected
+also in the hymn11 which he wrote for family worship:--
+
+"SERAMPORE, 12th Oct. 1802.
+
+"To the brethren of the church of our Saviour Jesus Christ, our
+souls' beloved, my affectionately embracing representation.  The
+love of God, the gospel of Jesus Christ, was made known by holy
+brother Thomas.  In that day our minds were filled with joy.  Then
+judging, we understood that we were dwelling in darkness.  Through
+the door of manifestation we came to know that, sin confessing, sin
+forsaking, Christ's righteousness embracing, salvation would be
+obtained.  By light springing up in the heart, we knew that sinners
+becoming repentant, through the sufferings of Christ, obtain
+salvation.  In this rejoicing, and in Christ's love believing, I
+obtained mercy.  Now it is in my mind continually to dwell in the
+love of Christ: this is the desire of my soul.  Do you, holy people,
+pour down love upon us, that as the chatookee we may be satisfied.12
+I was the vilest of sinners: He hath saved me.  Now this word I will
+tell to the world.  Going forth, I will proclaim the love of Christ
+with rejoicing.  To sinners I will say this word: Here sinner,
+brother!  Without Christ there is no help.  Christ, the world to
+save, gave his own soul!  Such love was never heard: for enemies
+Christ gave his own soul!  Such compassion, where shall we get?  For
+the sake of saving sinners he forsook the happiness of heaven.  I
+will constantly stay near him.  Being awakened by this news, I will
+constantly dwell in the town of joy.  In the Holy Spirit I will
+live: yet in Christ's sorrow I will be sorrowful.  I will dwell
+along with happiness, continually meditating on this;--Christ will
+save the world!  In Christ not taking refuge, there is no other way
+of life.  I was indeed a sinner, praise not knowing.--This is the
+representation of Christ's servant,
+
+"KRISTNO."
+
+Such is the first epistle of the Church of India.  Thus the first
+medical missionary had his reward; but the joy proved to be too much
+for him.  When Carey led Krishna and his own son Felix down into the
+water of baptism the ravings of Thomas in the schoolhouse on the one
+side, and of Mrs. Carey on the other, mingled with the strains of
+the Bengali hymn of praise.  The Mission Journal, written by Ward,
+tells with graphic simplicity how caste as well as idol-worship was
+overcome not only by the men but the women representatives of a race
+whom, thirty years after, Macaulay described as destitute of
+courage, independence, and veracity, and bold only in deceit.
+Christ is changing all that.
+
+"Nov. 27.--Krishna, the man whose arm was set, overtook Felix and
+me, and said he would come to our house daily for instruction; for
+that we had not only cured his arm, but brought him the news of
+salvation...
+
+"Dec. 5.--Yesterday evening Gokool and Krishna prayed in my room.
+This morning Gokool called upon us, and told us that his wife and
+two or three more of his family had left him on account of the
+gospel.  He had eaten of Krishna's rice, who being of another caste,
+Gokool had lost his.  Krishna says his wife and family are all
+desirous of becoming Christians.  They declare their willingness to
+join us, and obey all our Saviour's commands.  Gokool and his wife
+had a long talk; but she continued determined, and is gone to her
+relations.
+
+"Dec. 6.--This morning brother Carey and I went to Krishna's house.
+Everything was made very clean.  The women sat within the house,
+the children at the door, and Krishna and Gokool with brother Carey
+and I in the court.  The houses of the poor are only calculated for
+sleeping in.  Brother Carey talked; and the women appeared to have
+learned more of the gospel than we expected.  They declared for
+Christ at once.  This work was new, even to brother Carey.  A whole
+family desiring to hear the gospel, and declaring in favour of it!
+Krishna's wife said she had received great joy from it.
+
+"Lord's-day, Dec. 7.--This morning brother Carey went to Krishna's
+house, and spoke to a yard full of people, who heard with great
+attention though trembling with cold.  Brother Brunsdon is very
+poorly.  Krishna's wife and her sister were to have been with us in
+the evening; but the women have many scruples to sitting in the
+company of Europeans.  Some of them scarcely ever go out but to the
+river; and if they meet a European run away.  Sometimes when we have
+begun to speak in a street, some one desires us to remove to a
+little distance; for the women dare not come by us to fill their
+jars at the river.  We always obey...
+
+"Dec. 11.--Gokool, Krishna, and family continue to seek after the
+Word, and profess their entire willingness to join us.  The women
+seem to have learnt that sin is a dreadful thing, and to have
+received joy in hearing of Jesus Christ.  We see them all every day
+almost.  They live but half a mile from us.  We think it right to
+make many allowances for ignorance, and for a state of mind produced
+by a corrupt superstition.  We therefore cannot think of demanding
+from them, previous to baptism, to more than a profession of
+dependence on Christ, from a knowledge of their need of Him, and
+submission to Him in all things.  We now begin to talk of baptism.
+Yesterday we fixed upon the spot, before our gate, in the river.
+We begin to talk also of many other things concerning the discipled
+natives.  This evening Felix and I went to Gokool's house.  Krishna
+and his wife and a bràmmhàn were present.  I said a little.  Felix
+read the four last chapters of John to them, and spoke also.  We sat
+down upon a piece of mat in the front of the house. (No chairs.) It
+was very pleasant.  To have natives who feel a little as we do
+ourselves, is so new and different.  The country itself seems to
+wear a new aspect to me...
+
+"Dec. 13.--This evening Felix and I went to see our friends Gokool
+and Krishna.  The latter was out.  Gokool gave a pleasing account of
+the state of his mind, and also of that of Krishna and his family.
+While we were there, Gokool's gooroo (teacher) came for the first
+time since his losing caste.  Gokool refused to prostrate himself at
+his feet while he should put his foot on his head; for which his
+gooroo was displeased...
+
+"Dec. 22.--This day Gokool and Krishna came to eat tiffin (what in
+England is called luncheon) with us, and thus publicly threw away
+their caste.  Brethren Carey and Thomas went to prayer with the two
+natives before they proceeded to this act.  All our servants were
+astonished: so many had said that nobody would ever mind Christ or
+lose caste.  Brother Thomas has waited fifteen years, and thrown
+away much upon deceitful characters: brother Carey has waited till
+hope of his own success has almost expired; and after all, God has
+done it with perfect ease!  Thus the door of faith is open to the
+gentiles; who shall shut it?  The chain of the caste is broken; who
+shall mend it?"
+
+Carey thus describes the baptism:--"Dec. 29.--Yesterday was a day of
+great joy.  I had the happiness to desecrate the Gunga, by baptising
+the first Hindoo, viz. Krishna, and my son Felix: some circumstances
+turned up to delay the baptism of Gokool and the two women.
+Krishna's coming forward alone, however, gave us very great
+pleasure, and his joy at both ordinances was very great.  The river
+runs just before our gate, in front of the house, and, I think, is
+as wide as the Thames at Gravesend.  We intended to have baptised at
+nine in the morning; but, on account of the tide, were obliged to
+defer it till nearly one o'clock, and it was administered just after
+the English preaching.  The Governor and a good number of Europeans
+were present.  Brother Ward preached a sermon in English, from John
+v. 39--'Search the Scriptures.'  We then went to the water-side,
+where I addressed the people in Bengali; after having sung a Bengali
+translation of 'Jesus, and shall it ever be?' and engaging in
+prayer.  After the address I administered the ordinance, first to my
+son, then to Krishna.  At half-past four I administered the Lord's
+Supper; and a time of real refreshing it was...
+
+"Thus, you see, God is making way for us, and giving success to the
+word of His grace!  We have toiled long, and have met with many
+discouragements; but, at last, the Lord has appeared for us.  May we
+have the true spirit of nurses, to train them up in the words of
+faith and sound doctrine!  I have no fear of any one, however, in
+this respect, but myself.  I feel much concerned that they may act
+worthy of their vocation, and also that they may be able to teach
+others.  I think it becomes us to make the most of every one whom
+the Lord gives us."
+
+Jeymooni, Krishna's wife's sister, was the first Bengali woman to be
+baptised, and Rasoo, his wife, soon followed; both were about
+thirty-five years old.  The former said she had found a treasure in
+Christ greater than anything in the world.  The latter, when she
+first heard the good news from her husband, said "there was no such
+sinner as I, and I felt my heart immediately unite to Him. I wish to
+keep all His commands so far as I know them."  Gokool was kept back
+for a time by his wife, Komal, who fled to her father's, but Krishna
+and his family brought in, first the husband, then the wife, whose
+simplicity and frankness attracted the missionaries.  Unna, their
+widowed friend of forty, was also gathered in, the first of that sad
+host of victims to Brahmanical cruelty, lust, and avarice, to whom
+Christianity has ever since offered the only deliverance.  Of
+124,000,000 of women in India in 1881, no fewer than 21,000,000 were
+returned by the census as widows, of whom 669,000 were under
+nineteen years, 286,000 were under fifteen, and 79,000 were under
+nine, all figures undoubtedly within the appalling truth.  Jeymooni
+and Unna at once became active missionaries among their
+country-women, not only in Serampore but in Chandernagore and the
+surrounding country.
+
+The year 1800 did not close without fruit from the other and higher
+castes.  Petumber Singh, a man of fifty of the writer caste, had
+sought deliverance from sin for thirty years at many a Hindoo shrine
+and in many a Brahmanical scripture.  One of the earliest tracts of
+the Serampore press fell into his hands, and he at once walked forty
+miles to seek fuller instruction from its author.  His baptism gave
+Carey just what the mission wanted, a good schoolmaster, and he soon
+proved to be, even before Krishna in time, the first preacher to the
+people.  Of the same writer caste were Syam Dass, Petumber Mitter,
+and his wife Draupadi, who was as brave as her young husband.  The
+despised soodras were represented by Syam's neighbour, Bharut, an
+old man, who said he went to Christ because he was just falling into
+hell and saw no other way of safety.  The first Mohammedan convert
+was Peroo, another neighbour of Syam Dass. From the spot on the
+Soondarbans where Carey first began his life of missionary farmer,
+there came to him at the close of 1802, in Calcutta, the first
+Brahman who had bowed his neck to the Gospel in all India up to this
+time, for we can hardly reckon Kiernander's case.  Krishna Prosad,
+then nineteen, "gave up his friends and his caste with much
+fortitude, and is the first Brahman who has been baptised.  The word
+of Christ's death seems to have gone to his heart, and he continues
+to receive the Word with meekness."  The poita or sevenfold thread
+which, as worn over the naked body, betokened his caste, he trampled
+under foot, and another was given to him, that when preaching Christ
+he might be a witness to the Brahmans at once that Christ is
+irresistible and that an idol is nothing in the world.  This he
+voluntarily ceased to wear in a few years.  Two more Brahmans were
+brought in by Petumber Singhee in 1804, by the close of which year
+the number of baptised converts was forty-eight, of whom forty were
+native men and women.  With the instinct of a true scholar and
+Christian Carey kept to the apostolic practice, which has been too
+often departed from--he consecrated the convert's name as well as
+soul and body to Christ.  Beside the "Hermes" of Rome to whom Paul
+sent his salutation, he kept the "Krishna" of Serampore and
+Calcutta.
+
+The first act of the first convert, Krishna Pal, was of his own
+accord to build a house for God immediately opposite his own, the
+first native meeting-house in Bengal.  Carey preached the first
+sermon in it to twenty natives besides the family.  On the side of
+the high road, along which the car of Jagganath is dragged every
+year, the missionaries purchased a site and built a preaching place,
+a school, a house for Gokool, and a room for the old widow, at the
+cost of Captain Wickes, who had rejoiced to witness their baptism.
+The Brahman who owned the neighbouring land wished to sell it and
+leave the place, "so much do these people abhor us."  This little
+purchase for £6 grew in time into the extensive settlement of
+Jannagur, where about 1870 the last of Carey's converts passed away.
+>From its native chapel, and in its village tank, many Hindoos have
+since been led by their own ordained countrymen to put on Christ.
+In time the church in the chapel on the Hoogli became chiefly
+European and Eurasian, but on the first Sunday of the year, the
+members of both churches meet together for solemn and joyful
+communion, when the services are alternately in Bengali and English.
+
+The longing for converts now gave place to anxiety that they might
+continue to be Christians indeed.  As in the early Corinthian
+Church, all did not perceive at once the solemnities of the Lord's
+Supper.  Krishna Pal, for instance, jealous because the better
+educated Petumber had been ordained to preach before him, made a
+schism by administering it, and so filled the missionaries with
+grief and fear; but he soon became penitent.  Associated with men
+who gave their all to Christ, the native members could not but learn
+the lesson of self-support, so essential for a self-propagating
+church, and so often neglected in the early history of missions, and
+even still.  On baptism Krishna received a new white dress with six
+shillings; but such a gift, beautiful in itself, was soon
+discontinued.  A Mohammedan convert asked assistance to cultivate a
+little ground and rear silkworms, but, writes Mr. Ward bowed down
+with missionary cares, "We are desirous to avoid such a precedent."
+Although these first converts were necessarily missionaries rather
+than pastors for a time, each preacher received no more than six
+rupees a month while in his own village, and double that when
+itinerating.  Carey and his colleagues were ever on the watch to
+foster the spiritual life and growth of men and women born, and for
+thirty or fifty years trained, in all the ideas and practices of a
+system which is the very centre of opposition to teaching like
+theirs.  This record of an "experience meeting" of three men and
+five women may be taken as a type of Bengali Christianity when it
+was but two years old, and as a contrast to that which prevails a
+century after:--
+
+"Gokool. I have been the greatest of sinners, but I wish only to
+think of the death of Christ.  I rejoice that now people can no
+longer despise the Gospel, and call us feringas; but they begin to
+judge for themselves.
+
+"Krishna Prosad. I have this week been thinking of the power of God,
+that he can do all things; and of the necessity of minding all his
+commands.  I have thought also of my mother a great deal, who is now
+become old, and who is constantly crying about me, thinking that I
+have dishonoured the family and am lost.  Oh that I could but once
+go and tell her of the good news, as well as my brothers and
+sisters, and open their eyes to the way of salvation!
+
+"Ram Roteen. In my mind there is this: I see that all the debtahs
+(idols) are nothing, and that Jesus Christ is the only Saviour.  If
+I can believe in him, and walk in his commandments, it may be well
+with me.
+
+"Rasoo. I am a great sinner; yet I wish continually to think of the
+death of Christ.  I had much comfort in the marriage of my daughter
+(Onunda to Krishna Prosad).  The neighbours talked much about it,
+and seemed to think that it was much better that a man should choose
+his own wife, than that people should be betrothed in their infancy
+by their parents.  People begin to be able to judge a little now
+about the Christian ways.
+
+"Jeymooni. In this country are many ways: the way of the debtahs;
+the way of Jagganath, where all eat together; the way of Ghospara,
+etc.  Yet all these are vain.  Yesoo Kreest's death, and Yesoo
+Kreest's commands--this is the way of life!  I long to see Kreest's
+kingdom grow.  This week I had much joy in talking to Gokool's
+mother, whose heart is inclined to judge about the way of Kreest.
+When I was called to go and talk with her, on the way I thought
+within myself, but how can I explain the way of Kreest?  I am but a
+woman, and do not know much.  Yet I recollected that the blessing
+does not come from us: God can bless the weakest words.  Many
+Bengali women coming from the adjoining houses, sat down and heard
+the word; and I was glad in hoping that the mercy of God might be
+found by this old woman. [Gokool's mother.]
+
+"Komal. I am a great sinner; yet I have been much rejoiced this week
+in Gokool's mother coming to inquire about the Gospel.  I had great
+sorrow when Gokool was ill; and at one time I thought he would have
+died; but God has graciously restored him.  We have worldly sorrow,
+but this lasts only for a time.
+
+"Draupadi. This week I have had much sorrow on account of Petumber.
+His mind is very bad: he sits in the house, and refuses to work;
+and I know not what will become of him: yet Kreest's death is a true
+word.
+
+"Golook. I have had much joy in thinking of God's goodness to our
+family.  My sisters Onunda and Kesaree wish to be baptised, and to
+come into the church.  If I can believe in Kreest's death, and keep
+his commands till death, then I shall be saved."
+
+Carey was not only founding the Church of North India; he was
+creating a new society, a community, which has its healthy roots in
+the Christian family.  Krishna Pal had come over with his household,
+like the Philippian, and at once became his own and their gooroo or
+priest.  But the marriage difficulty was early forced on him and on
+the missionaries.  The first shape which persecution took was an
+assault on his eldest daughter, Golook, who was carried off to the
+house in Calcutta of the Hindoo to whom in infancy she had been
+betrothed, or married according to Hindoo law enforced by the Danish
+and British courts.  As a Christian she loathed a connection which
+was both idolatrous and polygamous.  But she submitted for a time,
+continuing, however, secretly to pray to Christ when beaten by her
+husband for openly worshipping Him, and refusing to eat things
+offered to the idol.  At last it became intolerable.  She fled to
+her father, was baptised, and was after a time joined by her
+penitent husband.  The subject of what was to be done with converts
+whose wives would not join them occupied the missionaries in
+discussion every Sunday during 1803, and they at last referred it to
+Andrew Fuller and the committee.  Practically they anticipated the
+Act in which Sir Henry Maine gave relief after the Scriptural mode.
+They sent the husband to use every endeavour to induce his heathen
+wife to join him; long delay or refusal they counted a sufficient
+ground for divorce, and they allowed him to marry again.  The other
+case, which still troubles the native churches, of the duty of a
+polygamous Christian, seems to have been solved according to Dr.
+Doddridge's advice, by keeping such out of office in the church, and
+pressing on the conscience of all the teaching of our Lord in
+Matthew xix., and of Paul in 1st Corinthians vii.
+
+In 1802 Carey drew up a form of agreement and of service for native
+Christian marriages not unlike that of the Church of England.  The
+simple and pleasing ceremony in the case of Syam Dass presented a
+contrast to the prolonged, expensive, and obscene rites of the
+Hindoos, which attracted the people.  When, the year after, a
+Christian Brahman was united to a daughter of Krishna Pal, in the
+presence of more than a hundred Hindoos, the unity of all in Christ
+Jesus was still more marked:--
+
+"Apr. 4, 1803.--This morning early we went to attend the wedding of
+Krishna Prosad with Onunda, Krishna's second daughter.  Krishna gave
+him a piece of ground adjoining his dwelling, to build him a house,
+and we lent Prosad fifty rupees for that purpose, which he is to
+return monthly, out of his wages.  We therefore had a meeting for
+prayer in this new house, and many neighbours were present.  Five
+hymns were sung: brother Carey and Marshman prayed in Bengali.
+After this we went under an open shed close to the house, where
+chairs and mats were provided: here friends and neighbours sat all
+around.  Brother Carey sat at a table; and after a short
+introduction, in which he explained the nature of marriage, and
+noticed the impropriety of the Hindoo customs in this respect, he
+read 2 Cor. vi. 14-18, and also the account of the marriage at Cana.
+Then he read the printed marriage agreement, at the close of which
+Krishna Prosad and Onunda, with joined hands, one after the other,
+promised love, faithfulness, obedience, etc.  They then signed the
+agreement, and brethren Carey, Marshman, Ward, Chamberlain, Ram
+Roteen, etc., signed as witnesses.  The whole was closed with prayer
+by brother Ward. Everything was conducted with the greatest decorum,
+and it was almost impossible not to have been pleased.  We returned
+home to breakfast, and sent the new-married couple some sugar-candy,
+plantains, and raisins; the first and last of these articles had
+been made a present of to us, and the plantains were the produce of
+the mission garden.  In the evening we attended the monthly
+prayer-meeting.
+
+"Apr. 5.--This evening we all went to supper at Krishna's, and sat
+under the shade where the marriage ceremony had been performed.
+Tables, knives and forks, glasses, etc., having been taken from our
+house, we had a number of Bengali plain dishes, consisting of curry,
+fried fish, vegetables, etc., and I fancy most of us ate heartily.
+This is the first instance of our eating at the house of our native
+brethren.  At this table we all sat with the greatest cheerfulness,
+and some of the neighbours looked on with a kind of amazement.  It
+was a new and very singular sight in this land where clean and
+unclean is so much regarded.  We should have gone in the daytime,
+but were prevented by the heat and want of leisure.  We began this
+wedding supper with singing, and concluded with prayer: between ten
+and eleven we returned home with joy.  This was a glorious triumph
+over the caste!  A Brahman married to a soodra, in the Christian
+way: Englishmen eating with the married couple and their friends, at
+the same table, and at a native house.  Allowing the Hindoo
+chronology to be true, there has not been such a sight in Bengal
+these millions of years!"
+
+In the same year the approaching death of Gokool led the
+missionaries to purchase the acre of ground, near the present
+railway station, in which lies the dust of themselves and their
+converts, and of a child of the Judsons, till the Resurrection.
+Often did Carey officiate at the burial of Europeans in the Danish
+cemetery.  Previous to his time the only service there consisted in
+the Government secretary dropping a handful of earth on the coffin.
+In the native God's-acre, as in the Communion of the Lord's Table,
+and in the simple rites which accompanied the burial of the dead in
+Christ, the heathen saw the one lofty platform of loving
+self-sacrifice to which the Cross raises all its children:--
+
+"Oct. 7.--Our dear friend Gokool is gone: he departed at two this
+morning.  At twelve he called the brethren around him to sing and
+pray; was perfectly sensible, resigned, and tranquil.  Some of the
+neighbours had been persuading him the day before to employ a native
+doctor; he however refused, saying he would have no physician but
+Jesus Christ.  On their saying, How is it that you who have turned
+to Christ should be thus afflicted?  He replied, My affliction is on
+account of my sins; my Lord does all things well!  Observing Komal
+weep (who had been a most affectionate wife), he said, Why do you
+weep for me?  Only pray, etc.  From the beginning of his illness he
+had little hope of recovery; yet he never murmured, nor appeared at
+all anxious for medicine.  His answer constantly was, "I am in my
+Lord's hands, I want no other physician!'  His patience throughout
+was astonishing: I never heard him say once that his pain was great.
+His tranquil and happy end has made a deep impression on our
+friends: they say one to another, 'May my mind be as Gokool's was!'
+When we consider, too, that this very man grew shy of us three
+years ago, because we opposed his notion that believers would never
+die, the grace now bestowed upon him appears the more remarkable.
+Knowing the horror the Hindoos have for a dead body, and how
+unwilling they are to contribute any way to its interment, I had the
+coffin made at our house the preceding day, by carpenters whom we
+employ.  They would not, however, carry it to the house.  The
+difficulty now was, to carry him to the grave.  The usual mode of
+Europeans is to hire a set of men (Portuguese), who live by it.  But
+besides that our friends could never constantly sustain that
+expense, I wished exceedingly to convince them of the propriety of
+doing that last kind office for a brother themselves.  But as
+Krishna had been ill again the night before, and two of our brethren
+were absent with brother Ward, we could only muster three persons.
+I evidently saw the only way to supply the deficiency; and brother
+Carey being from home, I sounded Felix and William, and we
+determined to make the trial; and at five in the afternoon repaired
+to the house.  Thither were assembled all our Hindoo brethren and
+sisters, with a crowd of natives that filled the yard, and lined the
+street.  We brought the remains of our dear brother out, whose
+coffin Krishna had covered within and without with white muslin at
+his own expense; then, in the midst of the silent and astonished
+multitude, we improved the solemn moment by singing a hymn of
+Krishna's, the chorus of which is 'Salvation by the death of
+Christ.'  Bhairub the brahmàn, Peroo the mussulman, Felix and I took
+up the coffin; and, with the assistance of Krishna and William,
+conveyed it to its long home: depositing it in the grave, we sung
+two appropriate hymns.  After this, as the crowd was accumulating, I
+endeavoured to show the grounds of our joyful hope even in death,
+referring to the deceased for a proof of its efficacy: told them
+that indeed he had been a great sinner, as they all knew, and for
+that reason could find no way of salvation among them; but when he
+heard of Jesus Christ, he received him as a suitable and
+all-sufficient Saviour, put his trust in him, and died full of
+tranquil hope.  After begging them to consider their own state, we
+prayed, sung Moorad's hymn, and distributed papers.  The concourse
+of people was great, perhaps 500: they seemed much struck with the
+novelty of the scene, and with the love and regard Christians
+manifest to each other, even in death; so different from their
+throwing their friends, half dead and half living, into the river;
+or burning their body, with perhaps a solitary attendant."
+
+Preaching, teaching, and Bible translating were from the first
+Carey's three missionary methods, and in all he led the missionaries
+who have till the present followed him with a success which he never
+hesitated to expect, as one of the "great things" from God. His work
+for the education of the people of India, especially in their own
+vernacular and classical languages, was second only to that which
+gave them a literature sacred and pure.  Up to 1794, when at
+Mudnabati he opened the first primary school worthy of the name in
+all India at his own cost, and daily superintended it, there had
+been only one attempt to improve upon the indigenous schools, which
+taught the children of the trading castes only to keep rude
+accounts, or upon the tols in which the Brahmans instructed their
+disciples for one-half the year, while for the other half they lived
+by begging.  That attempt was made by Schwartz at Combaconum, the
+priestly Oxford of South India, where the wars with Tipoo soon put
+an end to a scheme supported by both the Raja of Tanjore and the
+British Government.  When Carey moved to Serampore and found
+associated with him teachers so accomplished and enthusiastic as
+Marshman and his wife, education was not long in taking its place in
+the crusade which was then fully organised for the conversion of
+Southern and Eastern Asia. At Madras, too, Bell had stumbled upon
+the system of "mutual instruction" which he had learned from the
+easy methods of the indigenous schoolmaster, and which he and
+Lancaster taught England to apply to the clamant wants of the
+country, and to improve into the monitorial, pupil-teacher and
+grant-in-aid systems.  Carey had all the native schools of the
+mission "conducted upon Lancaster's plan."
+
+In Serampore, and in every new station as it was formed, a free
+school was opened.  We have seen how the first educated convert,
+Petumber, was made schoolmaster.  So early as October 1800 we find
+Carey writing home:--"The children in our Bengali free school, about
+fifty, are mostly very young.  Yet we are endeavouring to instil
+into their minds Divine truth, as fast as their understandings
+ripen.  Some natives have complained that we are poisoning the minds
+even of their very children."  The first attempt to induce the boys
+to write out the catechism in Bengali resulted, as did Duff's to get
+them to read aloud the Sermon on the Mount thirty years after, in a
+protest that their caste was in danger.  But the true principles of
+toleration and discipline were at once explained--"that the children
+will never be compelled to do anything that will make them lose
+caste; that though we abhor the caste we do not wish any to lose it
+but by their own choice.  After this we shall insist on the children
+doing what they have been ordered."  A few of the oldest boys
+withdrew for a time, declaring that they feared they would be sent
+on board ship to England, and the baptism of each of the earlier
+converts caused a panic.  But instruction on honest methods soon
+worked out the true remedy.  Two years after we find this
+report:--"The first class, consisting of catechumens, are now
+learning in Bengali the first principles of Christianity; and will
+hereafter be instructed in the rudiments of history, geography,
+astronomy, etc.  The second class, under two other masters, learn to
+read and write Bengali and English.  The third class, consisting of
+the children of natives who have not lost caste, learn only Bengali.
+This school is in a promising state, and is liberally supported by
+the subscriptions of Europeans in this country."
+
+Carey's early success led Mr. Creighton of Malda to open at Goamalty
+several Bengali free schools, and to draw up a scheme for extending
+such Christian nurseries all over the country at a cost of £10 for
+the education of fifty children.  Only by the year 1806 was such a
+scheme practicable, because Carey had translated the Scriptures,
+and, as Creighton noted, "a variety of introductory and explanatory
+tracts and catechisms in the Bengali and Hindostani tongues have
+already been circulated in some parts of the country, and any number
+may be had gratis from the Mission House, Serampore."  As only a few
+of the Brahman and writer castes could read, and not one woman, "a
+general perusal of the Scriptures amongst natives will be
+impracticable till they are taught to read."  But nothing was done,
+save by the missionaries, till 1835, when Lord William Bentinck
+received Adam's report on the educational destitution of Bengal.
+
+Referring to Creighton's scheme, Mr. Ward's journal thus chronicles
+the opening of the first Sunday school in India in July 1803 by
+Carey's sons:--
+
+"Last Lord's day a kind of Sunday school was opened, which will be
+superintended principally by our young friends Felix and William
+Carey, and John Fernandez.  It will chiefly be confined to teaching
+catechisms in Bengali and English, as the children learn to read and
+write every day.  I have received a letter from a gentleman up the
+country, who writes very warmly respecting the general establishment
+of Christian schools all over Bengal."
+
+Not many years had passed since Raikes had begun Sunday schools in
+England.  Their use seems to have passed away with the three
+Serampore missionaries for a time, and to have been again extended
+by the American missionaries about 1870.  There are now above
+200,000 boys and girls at such schools in India, and three-fourths
+of these are non-Christians.
+
+As from the first Carey drew converts from all classes, the
+Armenians, the Portuguese, and the Eurasians, as well as the natives
+of India, he and Mr. and Mrs. Marshman especially took care to
+provide schools for their children.  The necessity, indeed, of this
+was forced upon them by the facts that the brotherhood began with
+nine children, and that boarding-schools for these classes would
+form an honourable source of revenue to the mission.  Hence this
+advertisement, which appeared in March 1800:--"Mission, House,
+Serampore.--On Thursday, the 1st of May 1800, a school will be
+opened at this house, which stands in a very healthy and pleasant
+situation by the side of the river.  Letters add to Mr. Carey will
+be immediately attended to."  The cost of boarding and fees varied
+from £45 to £50 a year, according as "Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Persian,
+or Sanskrit" lessons were included. "Particular attention will be
+paid to the correct pronunciation of the English language" was added
+for reasons which the mixed parentage of the pupils explains.  Such
+was the first sign of a care for the Eurasians not connected with
+the army, which, as developed by Marshman and Mack, began in 1823 to
+take the form of the Doveton College.  The boys' school was soon
+followed by a girls' school, through which a stream of Christian
+light radiated forth over resident Christian society, and from which
+many a missionary came.
+
+Carey's description of the mixed community is the best we have of
+its origin as well as of the state of European society in India,
+alike when the Portuguese were dominant, and at the beginning of the
+nineteenth century when the East India Company were most afraid of
+Christianity:--"The Portuguese are a people who, in the estimation
+of both Europeans and natives, are sunk below the Hindoos or
+Mussulmans.  However, I am of opinion that they are rated much too
+low.  They are chiefly descendants of the slaves of the Portuguese
+who first landed here, or of the children of those Portuguese by
+their female slaves; and being born in their house, were made
+Christians in their infancy by what is called baptism, and had
+Portuguese names given them.  It is no wonder that these people,
+despised as they are by Europeans, and being consigned to the
+teachings of very ignorant Popish priests, should be sunk into such
+a state of degradation.  So gross, indeed, are their superstitions,
+that I have seen a Hindoo image-maker carrying home an image of
+Christ on the cross between two thieves, to the house of a
+Portuguese.  Many of them, however, can read and write English well
+and understand Portuguese...
+
+"Besides these, there are many who are the children of Europeans by
+native women, several of whom are well educated, and nearly all of
+them Protestants by profession.  These, whether children of English,
+French, Dutch, or Danes, by native women, are called Portuguese.
+Concubinage here is so common, that few unmarried Europeans are
+without a native woman, with whom they live as if married; and I
+believe there are but few instances of separation, except in case of
+marriage with European women, in which case the native woman is
+dismissed with an allowance: but the children of these marriages are
+never admitted to table with company, and are universally treated by
+the English as an inferior species of beings.  Hence they are often
+shame-faced yet proud and conceited, and endeavour to assume that
+honour to themselves which is denied them by others.  This class may
+be regarded as forming a connecting link between Europeans and
+natives.  The Armenians are few in number, but chiefly rich.  I have
+several times conversed with them about religion: they hear with
+patience, and wonder that any Englishman should make that a subject
+of conversation."
+
+While the Marshmans gave their time from seven in the morning till
+three in the afternoon to these boarding-schools started by Carey in
+1800 for the higher education of the Eurasians, Carey himself, in
+Calcutta, early began to care for the destitute.  His efforts
+resulted in the establishment of the "Benevolent Institution for the
+Instruction of Indigent Children," which the contemporary Bengal
+civilian, Charles Lushington, in his History extols as one of the
+monuments of active and indefatigable benevolence due to Serampore.
+Here, on the Lancaster system, and superintended by Carey, Mr. and
+Mrs. Penney had as many as 300 boys and 100 girls under Christian
+instruction of all ages up to twenty-four, and of every
+race:--"Europeans, native Portuguese, Armenians, Mugs, Chinese,
+Hindoos, Mussulmans, natives of Sumatra, Mozambik, and Abyssinia."
+This official reporter states that thus more than a thousand youths
+had been rescued from vice and ignorance and advanced in usefulness
+to society, in a degree of opulence and respectability.  The origin
+of this noble charity is thus told to Dr. Ryland by Carey himself in
+a letter which unconsciously reveals his own busy life, records the
+missionary influence of the higher schools, and reports the
+existence of the mission over a wide area.  He writes from Calcutta
+on 24th May 1811:--
+
+"A year ago we opened a free school in Calcutta.  This year we added
+to it a school for girls.  There are now in it about 140 boys and
+near 40 girls.  One of our deacons, Mr. Leonard, a most valuable and
+active man, superintends the boys, and a very pious woman, a member
+of the church, is over the girls.  The Institution meets with
+considerable encouragement, and is conducted upon Lancaster's plan.
+We meditate another for instruction of Hindoo youths in the
+Sanskrit language, designing, however, to introduce the study of the
+Sanskrit Bible into it; indeed it is as good as begun; it will be in
+Calcutta.  By brother and sister Marshman's encouragement there are
+two schools in our own premises at Serampore for the gratuitous
+instruction of youth of both sexes, supported and managed wholly by
+the male and female scholars in our own school.  These young persons
+appear to enter with pleasure into the plan, contribute their money
+to its support, and give instruction in turns to the children of
+these free schools.  I trust we shall be able to enlarge this plan,
+and to spread its influence far about the country.  Our brethren in
+the Isles of France and Bourbon seem to be doing good; some of them
+are gone to Madagascar, and, as if to show that Divine Providence
+watches over them, the ship on which they went was wrecked soon
+after they had landed from it.  A number of our members are now gone
+to Java; I trust their going thither will not be in vain.  Brother
+Chamberlain is, ere this, arrived at Agra...We preach every week in
+the Fort and in the public prison, both in English and Bengali."
+
+Carey had not been six months at Serampore when he saw the
+importance of using the English language as a missionary weapon, and
+he proposed this to Andrew Fuller.  The other pressing duties of a
+pioneer mission to the people of Bengal led him to postpone
+immediate action in this direction; we shall have occasion to trace
+the English influence of the press and the college hereafter.  But
+meanwhile the vernacular schools, which soon numbered a hundred
+altogether, were most popular, and then as now proved most valuable
+feeders of the infant Church.  Without them, wrote the three
+missionaries to the Society, "the whole plan must have been nipped
+in the bud, since, if the natives had not cheerfully sent their
+children, everything else would have been useless.  But the
+earnestness with which they have sought these schools exceeds
+everything we had previously expected.  We are still constantly
+importuned for more schools, although we have long gone beyond the
+extent of our funds."  It was well that thus early, in schools, in
+books and tracts, and in providing the literary form and apparatus
+of the vernacular languages, Carey laid the foundation of the new
+national or imperial civilisation.  When the time for English came,
+the foundations were at least above the ground.  Laid deep and
+strong in the very nature of the people, the structure has thus far
+promised to be national rather than foreign, though raised by
+foreign hands, while marked by the truth and the purity of its
+Western architects.
+
+The manifestation of Christ to the Bengalees could not be made
+without rousing the hate and the opposition of the vested interests
+of Brahmanism.  So long as Carey was an indigo planter as well as a
+proselytiser in Dinapoor and Malda he met with no opposition, for he
+had no direct success.  But when, from Serampore, he and the others,
+by voice, by press, by school, by healing the sick and visiting the
+poor, carried on the crusade day by day with the gentle persistency
+of a law of nature, the cry began.  And when, by the breaking of
+caste and the denial of Krishna's Christian daughter Golook to the
+Hindoo to whom she had been betrothed from infancy, the Brahmans
+began dimly to apprehend that not only their craft but the whole
+structure of society was menaced, the cry became louder, and, as in
+Ephesus of old, an appeal was made to the magistrates against the
+men who were turning the world upside down.  At first the very boys
+taunted the missionaries in the streets with the name of Jesus
+Christ.  Then, after Krishna and his family had broken caste, they
+were seized by a mob and hurried before the Danish magistrate, who
+at first refused to hand over a Christian girl to a heathen, and
+gave her father a guard to prevent her from being murdered, until
+the Calcutta magistrate decided that she must join her husband but
+would be protected in the exercise of her new faith.  The commotion
+spread over the whole densely-peopled district.  But the people were
+not with the Brahmans, and the excitement sent many a sin-laden
+inquirer to Serampore from a great distance. "The fire is now
+already kindled for which our Redeemer expressed his strong desire,"
+wrote Carey to Ryland in March 1801.  A year later he used this
+language to his old friend Morris at Clipstone village:--"I think
+there is such a fermentation raised in Bengal by the little leaven,
+that there is a hope of the whole lump by degrees being leavened.
+God is carrying on his work; and though it goes forward, yet no one
+can say who is the instrument.  Doubtless, various means contribute
+towards it; but of late the printing and dispersing of New
+Testaments and small tracts seem to have the greatest effect."
+
+In a spirit the opposite of Jonah's the whole brotherhood, then
+consisting of the three, of Carey's son Felix, and of a new
+missionary, Chamberlain, sent home this review of their position at
+the close of 1804:--
+
+"We are still a happy, healthful, and highly favoured family.  But
+though we would feel incessant gratitude for these gourds, yet we
+would not feel content unless Nineveh be brought to repentance.  We
+did not come into this country to be placed in what are called easy
+circumstances respecting this world; and we trust that nothing but
+the salvation of souls will satisfy us.  True, before we set off, we
+thought we could die content if we should be permitted to see the
+half of what we have already seen; yet now we seem almost as far
+from the mark of our missionary high calling as ever.  If three
+millions of men were drowning, he must be a monster who should be
+content with saving one individual only; though for the deliverance
+of that one he would find cause for perpetual gratitude."
+
+In 1810 the parent mission at Serampore had so spread into numerous
+stations and districts that a new organisation became necessary.
+There were 300 converts, of whom 105 had been added in that year.
+"Did you expect to see this eighteen years ago?" wrote Marshman to
+the Society. "But what may we not expect if God continues to bless
+us in years to come?"  Marshman forgot how Carey had, in 1792, told
+them on the inspired evangelical prophet's authority to "expect
+great things from God." Henceforth the one mission became fivefold
+for a time.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+CALCUTTA AND THE MISSION CENTRES FROM DELHI TO AMBOYNA
+
+1802-1817
+
+The East India Company an unwilling partner of Carey--Calcutta
+opened to the Mission by his appointment as Government teacher of
+Bengali--Meeting of 1802 grows into the Lall Bazaar
+mission--Christ-like work among the poor, the sick, the prisoners,
+the soldiers and sailors and the natives--Krishna Pal first native
+missionary in Calcutta--Organisation of subordinate
+stations--Carey's "United Missions in India"--The missionary staff
+thirty strong--The native missionaries--The Bengali church
+self-propagating--Carey the pioneer of other
+missionaries--Benares--Burma and Indo-China--Felix
+Carey--Instructions to missionaries--The missionary shrivelled into
+an ambassador--Adoniram and Ann Judson--Jabez Carey--Mission to
+Amboyna--Remarkable letter from Carey to his third son.
+
+The short-sighted regulation of the East India Company, which
+dreamed that it could keep Christianity out of Bengal by shutting up
+the missionaries within the little territory of Danish Serampore,
+could not be enforced with the same ease as the order of a jailer.
+Under Danish passports, and often without them, missionary tours
+were made over Central Bengal, aided by its network of rivers.
+Every printed Bengali leaf of Scripture or pure literature was a
+missionary.  Every new convert, even the women, became an apostle to
+their people, and such could not be stopped.  Gradually, as not only
+the innocency but the positive political usefulness of the
+missionaries' character and work came to be recognised by the local
+authorities, they were let alone for a time.  And soon, by the same
+historic irony which has marked so many of the greatest reforms--"He
+that sitteth in the heavens shall laugh"--the Government of India
+became, though unwittingly, more of a missionary agency than the
+Baptist Society itself.  The only teacher of Bengal who could be
+found for Lord Wellesley's new College of Fort William was William
+Carey.  The appointment, made and accepted without the slightest
+prejudice to his aggressive spiritual designs and work, at once
+opened Calcutta itself for the first time to the English
+proselytising of natives, and supplied Carey with the only means yet
+lacking for the translation of the Scriptures into all the languages
+of the farther East. In spite of its own selfish fears the Company
+became a principal partner in the Christianisation of India and
+China.
+
+>From the middle of the year 1801 and for the next thirty years Carey
+spent as much of his time in the metropolis as in Serampore.  He was
+generally rowed down the eighteen miles of the winding river to
+Calcutta at sunset on Monday evening and returned on Friday night
+every week, working always by the way.  At first he personally
+influenced the Bengali traders and youths who knew English, and he
+read with many such the English Bible.  His chaplain friends, Brown
+and Buchanan, with the catholicity born of their presbyterian and
+evangelical training, shared his sympathy with the hundreds of poor
+mixed Christians for whom St. John's and even the Mission Church
+made no provision, and encouraged him to care for them.  In 1802 he
+began a weekly meeting for prayer and conversation in the house of
+Mr. Rolt, and another for a more ignorant class in the house of a
+Portuguese Christian.  By 1803 he was able to write to Fuller: "We
+have opened a place of worship in Calcutta, where we have preaching
+twice on Lord's day in English, on Wednesday evening in Bengali, and
+on Thursday evening in English."  He took all the work during the
+week and the Sunday service in rotation with his brethren.  The
+first church was the hall of a well-known undertaker, approached
+through lines of coffins and the trappings of woe.  In time most of
+the evangelical Christians in the city promised to relieve the
+missionaries of the expense if they would build an unsectarian
+chapel more worthy of the object.  This was done in Lall Bazaar, a
+little withdrawn from that thoroughfare to this day of the poor and
+abandoned Christians, of the sailors and soldiers on leave, of the
+liquor-shops and the stews.  There, as in Serampore, at a time when
+the noble hospitals of Calcutta were not, and the children of only
+the "services" were cared for, "Brother Carey gave them medicine for
+their bodies and the best medicine for their poor souls," as a
+contemporary widow describes it.  The site alone cost so much--a
+thousand pounds--that only a mat chapel could be built.  Marshman
+raised another £1100 in ten days, and after delays caused by the
+police Government sanctioned the building which Carey opened on
+Sunday, 1st January 1809.  But he and his colleagues "not
+episcopally ordained" were forbidden to preach to British soldiers
+and to the Armenians and Portuguese. "Carey's Baptist Chapel" is now
+its name.  Here was for nearly a whole generation a sublime
+spectacle--the Northamptonshire shoemaker training the governing
+class of India in Sanskrit, Bengali, and Marathi all day, and
+translating the Ramayana and the Veda, and then, when the sun went
+down, returning to the society of "the maimed, the halt, and the
+blind, and many with the leprosy," to preach in several tongues the
+glad tidings of the Kingdom to the heathen of England as well as of
+India, and all with a loving tenderness and patient humility learned
+in the childlike school of Him who said, "Wist ye not that I must be
+about my Father's business?"
+
+Street preaching was added to the apostolic agencies, and for this
+prudence dictated recourse to the Asiatic and Eurasian converts.  We
+find the missionaries writing to the Society at the beginning of
+1807, after the mutiny at Vellore, occasioned as certainly by the
+hatlike turban then ordered, as the mutiny of Bengal half a century
+after was by the greased cartridges:--
+
+"We now return to Calcutta; not, however, without a sigh.  How can
+we avoid sighing when we think of the number of perishing souls
+which this city contains, and recollect the multitudes who used of
+late to hang upon our lips; standing in the thick-wedged crowd for
+hours together, in the heat of a Bengal summer, listening to the
+word of life!  We feel thankful, however, that nothing has been
+found against us, except in the matters of our God. Conscious of the
+most cordial attachment to the British Government, and of the
+liveliest interest in its welfare, we might well endure reproach
+were it cast upon us; but the tongue of calumny itself has not to
+our knowledge been suffered to bring the slightest accusation
+against us.  We still worship at Calcutta in a private house, and
+our congregation rather increases.  We are going on with the chapel.
+A family of Armenians also, who found it pleasant to attend divine
+worship in the Bengali language, have erected a small place on their
+premises for the sake of the natives."
+
+Krishna Pal became the first native missionary to Calcutta, where he
+in 1810 had preached at fourteen different places every week, and
+visited forty-one families, to evangelise the servants of the richer
+and bring in the members of the poorer.  Sebuk Ram was added to the
+staff.  Carey himself thus sums up the labours of the year 1811,
+when he was still the only pastor of the Christian poor, and the
+only resident missionary to half a million of natives:--
+
+"Calcutta is three miles long and one broad, very populous; the
+environs are crowded with people settled in large villages,
+resembling (for population, not elegance) the environs of
+Birmingham.  The first is about a mile south of the city; at nearly
+the same distance are the public jail and the general hospital.
+Brother Gordon, one of our deacons, being the jailer we preach
+there in English every Lord's day.  We did preach in the Fort; but
+of late a military order has stopped us.  Krishna and Sebuk Ram,
+however, preach once or twice a week in the Fort notwithstanding;
+also at the jail; in the house of correction; at the village of
+Alipore, south of the jail; at a large factory north of the city,
+where several hundreds are employed; and at ten or twelve houses in
+different parts of the city itself.  In several instances Roman
+Catholics, having heard the word, have invited them to their houses,
+and having collected their neighbours, the one or the other have
+received the word with gladness.
+
+"The number of inquirers constantly coming forward, awakened by the
+instrumentality of these brethren, fills me with joy.  I do not know
+that I am of much use myself, but I see a work which fills my soul
+with thankfulness.  Not having time to visit the people, I
+appropriate every Thursday evening to receiving the visits of
+inquirers.  Seldom fewer than twenty come; and the simple
+confessions of their sinful state, the unvarnished declaration of
+their former ignorance, the expressions of trust in Christ and
+gratitude to him, with the accounts of their spiritual conflicts
+often attended with tears which almost choke their utterance,
+presents a scene of which you can scarcely entertain an adequate
+idea.  At the same time, meetings for prayer and mutual edification
+are held every night in the week; and some nights, for convenience,
+at several places at the same time: so that the sacred leaven
+spreads its influence through the mass."
+
+On his voyage to India Carey had deliberately contemplated the time
+when the Society he had founded would influence not only Asia, but
+Africa, and he would supply the peoples of Asia with the Scriptures
+in their own tongues.  The time had come by 1804 for organising the
+onward movement, and he thus describes it to Ryland:--
+
+"14th December 1803.--Another plan has lately occupied our
+attention.  It appears that our business is to provide materials for
+spreading the Gospel, and to apply those materials.  Translations,
+pamphlets, etc., are the materials.  To apply them we have thought
+of setting up a number of subordinate stations, in each of which a
+brother shall be fixed.  It will be necessary and useful to carry on
+some worldly business.  Let him be furnished from us with a sum of
+money to begin and purchase cloth or whatever other article the part
+produces in greatest perfection: the whole to belong to the mission,
+and no part even to be private trade or private property.  The gains
+may probably support the station.  Every brother in such a station
+to have one or two native brethren with him, and to do all he can to
+preach, and spread Bibles, pamphlets, etc., and to set up and
+encourage schools where the reading of the Scriptures shall be
+introduced.  At least four brethren shall always reside at
+Serampore, which must be like the heart while the other stations are
+the members.  Each one must constantly send a monthly account of
+both spirituals and temporals to Serampore, and the brethren at
+Serampore (who must have a power of control over the stations) must
+send a monthly account likewise to each station, with advice, etc.,
+as shall be necessary.  A plan of this sort appears to be more
+formidable than it is in reality.  To find proper persons will be
+the greatest difficulty; but as it will prevent much of that
+abrasion which may arise from a great number of persons living in
+one house, so it will give several brethren an opportunity of being
+useful, whose temper may not be formed to live in a common family,
+and at the same time connect them as much to the body as if they all
+lived together.  We have judged that about 2000 rupees will do to
+begin at each place, and it is probable that God will enable us to
+find money (especially if assisted in the translations and printing
+by our brethren in England) as fast as you will be able to find men.
+
+"This plan may be extended through a circular surface of a thousand
+miles' radius, and a constant communication kept up between the
+whole, and in some particular cases it may extend ever farther.  We
+are also to hope that God may raise up some missionaries in this
+country who may be more fitted for the work than any from England
+can be.  At present we have not concluded on anything, but when
+Brother Ward comes down we hope to do so, and I think one station
+may be fixed on immediately which Brother Chamberlain may occupy.  A
+late favourable providence will, I hope, enable us to begin, viz.,
+the College have subscribed for 100 copies of my Sanskrit Grammar,
+which will be 6400 rupees or 800 pounds sterling.  The motion was
+very generously made by H. Colebrooke, Esq., who is engaged in a
+similar work, and seconded by Messrs. Brown and Buchanan; indeed it
+met with no opposition.  It will scarcely be printed off under
+twelve months more, but it is probable that the greatest part of the
+money will he advanced.  The Maratha war and the subjugation of the
+country of Cuttak to the English may be esteemed a favourable event
+for the spreading of the Gospel, and will certainly contribute much
+to the comfort of the inhabitants."
+
+Two years later he thus anticipates the consent of the local
+Government, in spite of the Company's determined hostility in
+England, but the Vellore mutiny panic led to further delay:--
+
+"25th December 1805.--It has long been a favourite object with me to
+fix European brethren in different parts of the country at about two
+hundred miles apart, so that each shall be able to visit a circle of
+a hundred miles' radius, and within each of the circuits to place
+native brethren at proper distances, who will, till they are more
+established, be under the superintendence of the European brethren
+situated in the centre.  Our brethren concur with me in this plan.
+In consequence of this, I thought it would be desirable to have
+leave of Government for them to settle, and preach, without control,
+in any part of the country.  The Government look on us with a
+favourable eye; and owing to Sir G. Barlow, the Governor-General,
+being up the country, Mr. Udny is Vice-President and
+Deputy-Governor.  I therefore went one morning, took a breakfast
+with him, and told him what we were doing and what we wished to do.
+He, in a very friendly manner, desired me to state to him in a
+private letter all that we wished, and offered to communicate
+privately with Sir G. Barlow upon the subject, and inform me of the
+result.  I called on him again last week, when he informed me that
+he had written upon the subject and was promised a speedy reply.
+God grant that it may be favourable.  I know that Government will
+allow it if their powers are large enough."
+
+Not till 1810 could Carey report that "permission was obtained of
+Government for the forming of a new station at Agra, a large city in
+upper Hindostan, not far from Delhi and the country of the Sikhs,"
+to which Chamberlain and an assistant were sent.  From that year the
+Bengal became only the first of "The United Missions in India."
+These were five in number, each under its own separate brotherhood,
+on the same principles of self-denial as the original, each a
+Lindisfarne sprung from the parent Iona. These five were the Bengal,
+the Burman, the Orissa, the Bhootan, and the Hindostan Missions.
+The Bengal mission was fourfold--Serampore and Calcutta reckoned as
+one station; the old Dinapoor and Sadamahal which had taken the
+place of Mudnabati; Goamalty, near Malda; Cutwa, an old town on the
+upper waters of the Hoogli; Jessor, the agricultural capital of its
+lower delta; and afterwards Monghyr, Berhampore, Moorshedabad,
+Dacca, Chittagong, and Assam.  The Bhootan missionaries were
+plundered and driven out.  The Hindostan mission soon included Gaya,
+Patna, Deegah, Ghazeepore, Benares, Allahabad, Cawnpore, Ajmer, and
+Delhi itself.  From Nagpoor, in the very centre of India, and Surat
+to the north of Bombay, Carey sought to bring Marathas and
+Goojaratees under the yoke of Christ.  China, where the East India
+Company was still master, was cared for by the press, as we shall
+see.  Not content with the continent of Asia, Carey's mission, at
+once forced by the intolerance which refused to allow new
+missionaries to land in India proper, and led by the invitations of
+Sir Stamford Raffles, extended to Java and Amboyna, Penang, Ceylon,
+and even Mauritius.  The elaborate review of their position, signed
+by the three faithful men of Serampore, at the close of 1817, amazes
+the reader at once by the magnitude and variety of the operations,
+the childlike modesty of the record, and the heroism of the toil
+which supplied the means.
+
+At the time of the organisation into the Five United Missions the
+staff of workers had grown to be thirty strong.  From England there
+were nine surviving:--Carey, Marshman, Ward, Chamberlain, Mardon,
+Moore, Chater, Rowe, and Robinson.  Raised up in India itself there
+were seven--the two sons of Carey, Felix and William; Fernandez, his
+first convert at Dinapoor; Peacock and Cornish, and two Armenians,
+Aratoon and Peters; two were on probation for the ministry, Leonard
+and Forder.  Besides seven Hindoo evangelists also on probation,
+there were five survivors of the band of converts called from time
+to time to the ministry--Krishna Pal, the first, who is entered on
+the list as "the beloved"; Krishna Dass, Ram Mohun, Seeta Ram, and
+Seeta Dass. Carey's third son Jabez was soon to become the most
+advanced of the three brothers away in far Amboyna.  His father had
+long prayed, and besought others to pray, that he too might be a
+missionary.  For the last fifteen years of his life Jabez was his
+closest and most valued correspondent.
+
+But only less dear than his own sons to the heart of the father,
+already in 1817 described in an official letter as "our aged brother
+Carey," were the native missionaries and pastors, his sons in the
+faith.  He sent forth the educated Petumber Singh, first in November
+1802, to his countrymen at Sooksagar, and "gave him a suitable and
+solemn charge: the opportunity was very pleasant."  In May 1803
+Krishna Pal was similarly set apart.  At the same time the young
+Brahman, Krishna Prosad, "delivered his first sermon in Bengali,
+much to the satisfaction of our brethren."  Six months after, Ward
+reports of him in Dinapoor:--"The eyes of the people were fixed
+listening to Prosad; he is becoming eloquent."  In 1804 their
+successful probation resulted in their formal ordination by prayer
+and the laying on of the hands of the brethren, when Carey addressed
+them from the divine words, "As my Father hath sent me so send I
+you," and all commemorated the Lord's death till He come.  Krishna
+Dass was imprisoned unjustly, for a debt which he had paid, but "he
+did not cease to declare to the native men in power that he was a
+Christian, when they gnashed upon him with their teeth.  He preached
+almost all night to the prisoners, who heard the word with
+eagerness."  Two years after he was ordained, Carey charged him as
+Paul had written to Timothy, "in the sight of God and of Christ
+Jesus, who shall judge the quick and the dead," to be instant in
+season and out of season, to reprove, rebuke, exhort with all
+long-suffering and teaching.  Ram Mohun was a Brahman, the fruit of
+old Petumber's ministry, and had his ability as a student and
+preacher of the Scriptures consecrated to Christ on the death of
+Krishna Prosad, while the missionaries thus saw again answered the
+invocation they had sung, in rude strains, in the ship which brought
+them to India:--
+
+"Bid Brahmans preach the heavenly word
+   Beneath the banian's shade;
+ Oh let the Hindoo feel its power
+   And grace his soul pervade."
+
+So early as 1806 the missionaries thus acknowledged the value of the
+work of their native brethren, and made of all the native converts a
+Missionary Church.  In the delay and even failure to do this of
+their successors of all Churches we see the one radical point in
+which the Church in India has as yet come short of its duty and its
+privilege:--
+
+"We have availed ourselves of the help of native brethren ever since
+we had one who dared to speak in the name of Christ, and their
+exertions have chiefly been the immediate means by which our church
+has been increased.  But we have lately been revolving a plan for
+rendering their labours more extensively useful; namely, that of
+sending them out, two and two, without any European brother.  It
+appeared also a most desirable object to interest in this work, as
+much as possible, the whole of the native church among us: indeed,
+we have had much in them of this nature to commend.  In order, then,
+more effectually to answer this purpose, we called an extraordinary
+meeting of all the brethren on Friday evening, Aug. 8, 1806, and
+laid before them the following ideas:--
+
+"1. That the intention of the Saviour, in calling them out of
+darkness into marvellous light, was that they should labour to the
+uttermost in advancing his cause among their countrymen.
+
+"2. That it was therefore their indispensable duty, both
+collectively and individually, to strive by every means to bring
+their countrymen to the knowledge of the Saviour; that if we, who
+were strangers, thought it our duty to come from a country so
+distant, for this purpose, much more was it incumbent on them to
+labour for the same end.  This was therefore the grand business of
+our lives.
+
+"3. That if a brother in discharge of this duty went out forty or
+fifty miles, he could not labour for his family; it therefore became
+the church to support such, seeing they were hindered from
+supporting themselves, by giving themselves wholly to that work in
+which it was equally the duty of all to take a share.
+
+"4. We therefore proposed to unite the support of itinerant brethren
+with the care of the poor, and to throw them both upon the church
+fund, as being both, at least in a heathen land, equally the duty of
+a church.
+
+"Every one of these ideas our native brethren entered into with the
+greatest readiness and the most cordial approbation."
+
+Carey's scheme so early as 1810 included not only the capital of the
+Great Mogul, Surat far to the west, and Maratha Nagpoor to the
+south, but Lahore, where Ranjeet Singh had consolidated the Sikh
+power, Kashmeer, and even Afghanistan to which he had sent the
+Pushtoo Bible.  To set Chamberlain free for this enterprise he sent
+his second son William to relieve him as missionary in charge of
+Cutwa. "This would secure the gradual perfection of the version of
+the Scriptures in the Sikh language, would introduce the Gospel
+among the people, and would open a way for introducing it into
+Kashmeer, and eventually to the Afghans under whose dominion
+Kashmeer at present is."  Carey and his two colleagues took
+possession for Christ of the principal centres of Hindoo and
+Mohammedan influence in India only because they were unoccupied, and
+provided translations of the Bible into the principal tongues,
+avowedly as a preparation for other missionary agencies.  All over
+India and the far East he thus pioneered the way of the Lord, as he
+had written to Ryland when first he settled in Serampore:--"It is
+very probable we may be only as pioneers to prepare the way for most
+successful missionaries, who perhaps may not be at liberty to attend
+to those preparatory labours in which we have been occupied--the
+translation and printing of the Scriptures," etc.  His heart was
+enlarged like his Master's on earth, and hence his humbleness of
+mind.  When the Church Missionary Society, for instance, occupied
+Agra as their first station in India, he sent the Baptist missionary
+thence to Allahabad.  To Benares "Brother William Smith, called in
+Orissa under Brother John Peters," the Armenian, was sent owing to
+his acquaintance with the Hindi language; he was the means of
+bringing to the door of the Kingdom that rich Brahman Raja Jay
+Narain Ghosal, whom he encouraged to found in 1817 the Church
+Mission College there which bears the name of this "almost
+Christian" Hindoo, who was "exceedingly desirous of diffusing light
+among his own countrymen."
+
+The most striking illustrations of this form of Carey's
+self-sacrifice are, however, to be found outside of India as it then
+was, in the career of his other two sons in Burma and the Spice
+Islands.  The East India Company's panic on the Vellore mutiny led
+Carey to plan a mission to Burma, just as he had been guided to
+settle in Danish Serampore ten years before.  The Government of
+India had doubled his salary as Bengali, Marathi, and Sanskrit
+Professor, and thus had unconsciously supplied the means.  Since
+1795 the port of Rangoon had been opened to the British, although
+Colonel Symes had been insulted eight years after, during his second
+embassy to Ava. Rangoon, wrote the accurate Carey to Fuller in
+November 1806, is about ten days' sail from Calcutta. "The Burman
+empire is about eight hundred miles long, lying contiguous to Bengal
+on the east; but is inaccessible by land, on account of the
+mountains covered with thick forests which run between the two
+countries.  The east side of this empire borders upon China, Cochin
+China, and Tongking, and may afford us the opportunity ultimately of
+introducing the Gospel into those countries.  They are quite within
+our reach, and the Bible in Chinese will be understood by them
+equally as well as by the Chinese themselves.  About twenty chapters
+of Matthew are translated into that language, and three of our
+family have made considerable progress in it."
+
+This was the beginning of Reformed missions to Eastern Asia. A year
+was to pass before Dr. Robert Morrison landed at Macao.  From those
+politically aggressive and therefore opposed Jesuit missions, which
+alone had worked in Anam up to this time, a persecuted bishop was
+about to find an asylum at Serampore, and to use its press and its
+purse for the publication of his Dictionarium Anamitico-Latinum.
+The French have long sought to seize an empire there.  That, at its
+best, must prove far inferior to the marvellous province and
+Christian Church of Burma, of which Carey laid the foundation.
+Judson, and the Governors Durand, Phayre, Aitchison, and Bernard,
+Henry Lawrence's nephew, built well upon it.
+
+On 24th January 1807 Mardon and Chater went forth, after Carey had
+charged them from the words, "And thence sailed to Antioch from
+whence they had been recommended to the grace of God, which they
+fulfilled."  Carey's eldest son Felix soon took the place of Mardon.
+The instructions, which bear the impress of the sacred scholar's
+pen, form a model still for all missionaries.  These two extracts
+give counsels never more needed than now:--
+
+"4. With respect to the Burman language, let this occupy your most
+precious time and your most anxious solicitude.  Do not be content
+with acquiring this language superficially, but make it your own,
+root and branch.  To become fluent in it, you must attentivly
+listen, with prying curiosity, into the forms of speech, the
+construction and accent of the natives.  Here all the imitative
+powers are wanted; yet these powers and this attention, without
+continued effort to use all you acquire, and as fast as you acquire
+it, will be comparatively of little use.
+
+"5. As soon as you shall feel your ground well in this language you
+may compose a grammar, and also send us some Scripture tract, for
+printing; small and plain; simple Christian instruction, and Gospel
+invitation, without any thing that can irritate the most
+superstitious mind.
+
+"6. We would recommend you to begin the translation of the Gospel of
+Mark as soon as possible, as one of the best and most certain ways
+of acquiring the language.  This translation will of course be
+revised again and again.  In these revisions you will be very
+careful respecting the idiom and construction, that they be really
+Burman, and not English.  Let your instructor be well acquainted
+with the language, and try every word of importance, in every way
+you can, before it be admitted...
+
+"In prosecuting this work, there are two things to which especially
+we would call your very close attention, viz. the strictest and most
+rigid economy, and the cultivation of brotherly love.
+
+"Remember, that the money which you will expend is neither ours nor
+yours, for it has been consecrated to God; and every unnecessary
+expenditure will be robbing God, and appropriating to unnecessary
+secular uses what is sacred, and consecrated to Christ and his
+cause.  In building, especially, remember that you are poor men, and
+have chosen a life of poverty and self-denial, with Christ and his
+missionary servants.  If another person is profuse in expenditure,
+the consequence is small, because his property would perhaps fall
+into hands where it might be devoted to the purposes of iniquity;
+but missionary funds are in their very circumstances the most sacred
+and important of any thing of this nature on earth.  We say not
+this, Brethren, because we suspect you, or any of our partners in
+labour; but we perceive that when you have done all, the Rangoon
+mission will lie heavy upon the Missionary Funds, and the field of
+exertion is very wide."
+
+Felix Carey was a medical missionary of great skill, a printer of
+the Oriental languages trained by Ward, and a scholar, especially in
+Sanskrit and Pali, Bengali and Burman, not unworthy of his father.
+He early commended himself to the goodwill of the Rangoon Viceroy,
+and was of great use to Captain Canning in the successful mission
+from the Governor-General in 1809.  At his intercession the Viceroy
+gave him the life of a malefactor who had hung for six hours on the
+cross.  Reporting the incident to Ryland, Dr. Carey wrote that
+"crucifixion is not performed on separate crosses, elevated to a
+considerable height, after the manner of the Romans; but several
+posts are erected which are connected by a cross piece near the top,
+to which the hands are nailed, and by another near the bottom, to
+which the feet are nailed in a horizontal direction."  He prepared a
+folio dictionary of Burmese and Pali, translated several of the
+Buddhist Sootras into English, and several books of Holy Scripture
+into the vernacular.  His medical and linguistic skill so commended
+him to the king that he was loaded with honours and sent as Burmese
+ambassador to the Governor-General in 1814, when he withdrew from
+the Christian mission.  On his way back up the Irawadi he alone was
+saved from the wreck of his boat, in which his second wife and
+children and the MS. of his dictionary went down.  Of this his
+eldest son, who "procured His Majesty's sanction for printing the
+Scriptures in the Burman and adjacent languages, which step he
+highly approved," and at the same time "the orders of my rank, which
+consist of a red umbrella with an ivory top, gold betel box, gold
+lefeek cup, and a sword of state," the father wrote lamenting to
+Ryland:--"Felix is shrivelled from a missionary into an ambassador."
+To his third son the sorrowing father said:--"The honours he has
+received from the Burmese Government have not been beneficial to his
+soul.  Felix is certainly not so much esteemed since his visit as he
+was before it.  It is a very distressing thing to be forced to
+apologise for those you love."  Mr. Chater had removed to Ceylon to
+begin a mission in Colombo.
+
+In July 1813, when Felix Carey was in Ava, two young Americans,
+Adoniram Judson and his wife Ann, tempest-tossed and fleeing before
+the persecution of the East India Company, found shelter in the
+Mission House at Rangoon.  Judson was one of a band of divinity
+students of the Congregational Church of New England, whose zeal had
+almost compelled the institution of the American Board of Foreign
+Missions.  He, his wife, and colleague Rice had become Baptists by
+conviction on their way to Serampore, to the brotherhood of which
+they had been commended.  Carey and his colleagues made it "a point
+to guard against obtruding on missionary brethren of different
+sentiments any conversation relative to baptism;" but Judson himself
+sent a note to Carey requesting baptism by immersion.  The result
+was the foundation at Boston of the American Baptist Missionary
+Society, which was to win such triumphs in Burma and among the
+Karens.  For a time, however, Judson was a missionary from
+Serampore, and supported by the brotherhood.  As such he wrote
+thus:--
+
+"RANGOON, Sept. 1, 1814.--Brother Ward wishes to have an idea of the
+probable expense of each station; on which I take occasion to say
+that it would be more gratifying to me, as presenting a less
+temptation, and as less dangerous to my habits of economy and my
+spiritual welfare, to have a limited monthly allowance.  I fear
+that, if I am allowed as much as I want, my wants will enlarge with
+their gratification, and finally embrace many things, which at first
+I should have thought incompatible with economical management, as
+well as with that character among the heathen which it becomes the
+professed followers of Him who for our sakes became poor, even to
+sustain.  It is better for a missionary, especially a young man, to
+have rather too little than rather too much.  Your case, on coming
+out from England, was quite different from mine.  You had all that
+there was, and were obliged to make the most of it.
+
+"If these things meet the ideas of the brethren, I will be obliged
+to them to say, what sum, in Sicca Rupees, payable in Bengal, they
+think sufficient for a small family in Rangoon--sufficient to meet
+all common expenses, and indeed all that will be incurred at
+present, except that of passages by sea.  You have all the accounts
+before you, especially of things purchased in Bengal, which I have
+not; and from having seen the mission pass through various changes,
+will be more competent to make an estimate of expense than I am.
+And while you are making this estimate for one family, say also
+what will be sufficient for two small families, so that if Brother
+Rice, or any other should soon join me, it may not be necessary to
+bring the subject again under consideration.  This sum I will
+receive under the same regulations as other stations are subject to,
+and which I heartily approve.  And if, on experiment, it be found
+much too large, I shall be as glad to diminish it, as to have you
+increase it, if it be found much too small.
+
+"Sept. 7.--Since writing the above, we have received the distressing
+intelligence, that a few days after Mr. Carey left us, and soon
+after he had reached the brig (which had previously gone into the
+great river) on the 31st of August, about noon, she was overtaken by
+a squall of wind, upset, and instantly sunk.  Those who could swim,
+escaped with their lives merely, and those who could not, perished.
+Among the saved, were Mr. Carey and most of the Bengalees.  Mrs.
+Carey, the two children, her women and girls, and several men--in
+all, ten persons, perished.  Every article of property had been
+transferred from the boats to the vessel, and she had just left the
+place, where she had been long waiting the arrival of Mr. Carey, and
+had been under sail about three hours.  Several boats were not far
+distant; the gold-boat was within sight, but so instantaneous was
+the disaster, that not a single thing was saved.  Some attempts were
+made by the lascars to save Mrs. Carey and William, but they were
+unsuccessful.  Mr. Carey staid on the shore through the following
+night; a neighbouring governor sent him clothes and money; and the
+next morning he took the gold-boat, and proceeded up the river.  A
+large boat, on which were several servants, men and women, beside
+those that were in the vessel, followed the gold-boat.  The jolly
+boat has returned here, bringing the surviving lascars.
+
+"The dreadful situation to which our poor brother was thus reduced
+in a moment, from the height of prosperity, fills our minds
+continually with the greatest distress.  We are utterly unable to
+afford him the least relief, and can only pray that this awful
+dispensation may prove a paternal chastisement from his Heavenly
+Father, and be sanctified to his soul."
+
+While Judson wrote to Serampore, which he once again visited,
+leaving the dust of a child in the mission burial-ground, "I am glad
+to hear you say that you will not abandon this mission," Carey
+pressed on to the "regions beyond."  Judson lived till 1850 to found
+a church and to prepare a Burmese dictionary, grammar, and
+translation of the Bible so perfect that revision has hardly been
+necessary up to the present day.  He and Hough, a printer who joined
+him, formed themselves into a brotherhood on the same self-denying
+principles as that of Serampore, whom they besought to send them
+frequent communications to counsel, strengthen, and encourage them.
+On 28th September 1814 Judson again wrote to Carey from Rangoon:--
+
+"DEAR BROTHER CAREY--If copies of Colebrooke's Sungskrita
+Dictionary, and your Sungskrita Grammar are not too scarce, I
+earnestly request a copy of each.  I find it will be absolutely
+necessary for me to pick up a little of the Pali, chiefly on account
+of many theological terms, which have been incorporated from that
+language into the Burman.  I have found a dictionary, which I
+suppose is the same as that which Mr. Colebrooke translated, adapted
+to the Burman system.  This I intend to read.  I want also Leyden's
+Vocabulary, and a copy or two of your son's grammar, when it is
+completed.  I gave your son on his going up to Ava, my copy of
+Campbell's Gospels, together with several other books, all of which
+are now lost.  The former I chiefly regret, and know not whence I
+can procure another copy.
+
+"There is a vessel now lying here, which is destined to take round
+an Ambassador from this Government to Bengal.  He expects to go in
+about a month, as he told me.  He is now waiting for final
+instructions from Ava. If Felix be really to be sent to Bengal
+again, I think it most probable that he will be ordered to accompany
+this ambassador.
+
+"Mrs. J. was on the point of taking passage with Captain Hitchins,
+to obtain some medical advice in Bengal; but she has been a little
+better for a few days, and has given up the plan for the present.
+This is a delightful climate.  We have now seen all the seasons,
+and can therefore judge.  The hot weather in March and April is the
+chief exception.  Nature has done everything for this country; and
+the Government is very indulgent to all foreigners.  When we see how
+we are distinguished above all around, even in point of worldly
+comforts, we feel that we want gratitude.  O that we may be faithful
+in the improvement of every mercy, and patient under every trial
+which God may have in store for us.  We know not how the Gospel can
+ever be introduced here: everything, in this respect, appears as
+dark as midnight."
+
+By 1816 Judson had prepared the Gospel of Matthew in Burmese,
+following up short tracts "accommodated to the optics of a Burman."
+
+Carey's third son Jabez was clerk to a Calcutta attorney at the
+time, in 1812, when Dr. Ryland preached in the Dutch Church, Austin
+Friars, the anniversary sermon on the occasion of the removal of the
+headquarters of the Society to London.  Pausing in the midst of his
+discourse, after a reference to Carey, the preacher called on the
+vast congregation silently to pray for the conversion of Jabez
+Carey.  The answer came next year in a letter from his father:--"My
+son Jabez, who has been articled to an attorney, and has the fairest
+prospects as to this world, is become decidedly religious, and
+prefers the work of the Lord to every other."  Lord Minto's
+expeditions of 1810 and 1811 had captured the islands swept by the
+French privateers from Madagascar to Java, and there was soon an end
+of the active hostility of the authorities to Christianity.  Sir
+Stamford Raffles governed Java in the spirit of a Christian
+statesman.  The new Governor-General, Lord Moira, afterwards Marquis
+of Hastings, proved to be the most enlightened and powerful friend
+the mission had had.  In these circumstances, after the charter of
+1813 had removed the legislative excuse for intolerance, Dr. Carey
+was asked by the Lieutenant-Governor to send missionaries and Malay
+Bibles to the fifty thousand natives of Amboyna.  The
+Governor-General repeated the request officially.  Jabez Carey was
+baptised, married, and despatched at the cost of the state before he
+could be ordained.  Amboyna, it will be perceived, was not in India,
+but far enough away to give the still timid Company little
+apprehension as to the influence of the missionaries there.  The
+father's heart was very full when he sent forth the son:--
+
+"24th January 1814.--You are now engaging in a most important
+undertaking, in which not only you will have our prayers for your
+success, but those of all who love our Lord Jesus Christ, and who
+know of your engagement.  I know that a few hints for your future
+conduct from a parent who loves you very tenderly will be
+acceptable, and I shall therefore now give you them, assured that
+they will not be given in vain.
+
+"1st. Pay the utmost attention at all times to the state of your own
+mind both towards God and man: cultivate an intimate acquaintance
+with your own heart; labour to obtain a deep sense of your depravity
+and to trust always in Christ; be pure in heart, and meditate much
+upon the pure and holy character of God; live a life of prayer and
+devotedness to God; cherish every amiable and right disposition
+towards men; be mild, gentle, and unassuming, yet firm and manly.
+As soon as you perceive anything wrong in your spirit or behaviour
+set about correcting it, and never suppose yourself so perfect as to
+need no correction.
+
+"2nd. You are now a married man, be not satisfied with conducting
+yourself towards your wife with propriety, but let love to her be
+the spring of your conduct towards her.  Esteem her highly, and so
+act that she may be induced thereby to esteem you highly.  The first
+impressions of love arising from form and beauty will soon wear off,
+but the esteem arising from excellency of disposition and substance
+of character will endure and increase.  Her honour is now yours, and
+she cannot be insulted without your being degraded.  I hope as soon
+as you get on board, and are settled in your cabin, you will begin
+and end each day by uniting together to pray and praise God. Let
+religion always have a place in your house.  If the Lord bless you
+with children, bring them up in the fear of God, and be always an
+example to others of the power of godliness.  This advice I give
+also to Eliza, and if it is followed you will be happy.
+
+"3rd. Behave affably and genteelly to all, but not cringingly
+towards any.  Feel that you are a man, and always act with that
+dignified sincerity and truth which will command the esteem of all.
+Seek not the society of worldly men, but when called to be with
+them act and converse with propriety and dignity.  To do this labour
+to gain a good acquaintance with history, geography, men, and
+things.  A gentleman is the next best character after a Christian,
+and the latter includes the former.  Money never makes a gentleman,
+neither does a fine appearance, but an enlarged understanding joined
+to engaging manners.
+
+"4th. On your arrival at Amboyna your first business must be to wait
+on Mr. Martin.  You should first send a note to inform him of your
+arrival, and to inquire when it will suit him to receive you.  Ask
+his advice upon every occasion of importance, and communicate freely
+to him all the steps you take.
+
+"5th. As soon as you are settled begin your work.  Get a Malay who
+can speak a little English, and with him make a tour of the island,
+and visit every school.  Encourage all you see worthy of
+encouragement, and correct with mildness, yet with firmness.  Keep a
+journal of the transactions of the schools, and enter each one under
+a distinct head therein.  Take account of the number of scholars,
+the names of the schoolmasters, compare their progress at stated
+periods, and, in short, consider this as the work which the Lord has
+given you to do.
+
+"6th. Do not, however, consider yourself as a mere superintendent of
+schools; consider yourself as the spiritual instructor of the
+people, and devote yourself to their good.  God has committed the
+spiritual interests of this island--20,000 men or more--to you; a
+vast charge, but He can enable you to be faithful to it.  Revise the
+catechism, tracts, and school-books used among them, and labour to
+introduce among them sound doctrine and genuine piety.  Pray with
+them as soon as you can, and labour after a gift to preach to them.
+I expect you will have much to do with them respecting baptism.
+They all think infant sprinkling right, and will apply to you to
+baptise their children; you must say little till you know something
+of the language, and then prove to them from Scripture what is the
+right mode of baptism and who are the proper persons to be baptised.
+Form them into Gospel churches when you meet with a few who truly
+fear God; and as soon as you see any fit to preach to others, call
+them to the ministry and settle them with the churches.  You must
+baptise and administer the Lord's Supper according to your own
+discretion when there is a proper occasion for it.  Avoid indolence
+and love of ease, and never attempt to act the part of the great and
+gay in this world.
+
+"7th. Labour incessantly to become a perfect master of the Malay
+language.  In order to this, associate with the natives, walk out
+with them, ask the name of everything you see, and note it down;
+visit their houses, especially when any of them are sick.  Every
+night arrange the words you get in alphabetical order.  Try to talk
+as soon as you get a few words, and be as much as possible one of
+them.  A course of kind and attentive conduct will gain their esteem
+and confidence and give you an opportunity of doing much good.
+
+"8th. You will soon learn from Mr. Martin the situation and
+disposition of the Alfoors or aboriginal inhabitants, and will see
+what can be done for them.  Do not unnecessarily expose your life,
+but incessantly contrive some way of giving them the word of life.
+
+"9th. I come now to things of inferior importance, but which I hope
+you will not neglect.  I wish you to learn correctly the number,
+size, and geography of the islands; the number and description of
+inhabitants; their customs and manners, and everything of note
+relative to them; and regularly communicate these things to me.
+
+"Your great work, my dear Jabez, is that of a Christian minister.
+You would have been solemnly set apart thereto if you could have
+stayed long enough to have permitted it.  The success of your
+labours does not depend upon an outward ceremony, nor does your
+right to preach the Gospel or administer the ordinances of the
+Gospel depend on any such thing, but only on the Divine call
+expressed in the Word of God. The Church has, however, in their
+intentions and wishes borne a testimony to the grace given to you,
+and will not cease to pray for you that you may be successful.  May
+you be kept from all temptations, supported under every trial, made
+victorious in every conflict; and may our hearts be mutually
+gladdened with accounts from each other of the triumphs of Divine
+grace.  God has conferred a great favour upon you in committing to
+you this ministry.  Take heed to it therefore in the Lord that thou
+fulfil it.  We shall often meet at the throne of grace.  Write me by
+every opportunity, and tell Eliza to write to your mother.
+
+"Now, my dear Jabez, I commit you both to God, and to the word of
+His grace, which is able to make you perfect in the knowledge of His
+will.  Let that word be near your heart.  I give you both up to God,
+and should I never more see you on earth I trust we shall meet with
+joy before His throne of glory at last."
+
+Under both the English and the Dutch for a time, to whom the island
+was restored, Jabez Carey proved to be a successful missionary,
+while he supported the mission by his official income as
+superintendent of schools and second member of the College of
+Justice.  The island contained 18,000 native Christians of the Dutch
+compulsory type, such as we found in Ceylon on taking it over.  Thus
+by the labours of himself, his sons, his colleagues, and his
+children in the faith, William Carey saw the Gospel, the press, and
+the influence of a divine philanthropy extending among Mohammedans,
+Buddhists, and Hindoos, from the shores of the Pacific Ocean west to
+the Arabian Sea.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+CAREY'S FAMILY AND FRIENDS
+
+1807-1812
+
+The type of a Christian gentleman--Carey and his first wife--His
+second marriage--The Lady Rumohr--His picture of their married
+life--His nearly fatal illness when forty-eight years old--His
+meditations and dreams--Aldeen House--Henry Martyn's pagoda--Carey,
+Marshman, and the Anglican chaplains in the pagoda--Corrie's account
+of the Serampore Brotherhood--Claudius Buchanan and his Anglican
+establishment--Improvement in Anglo-Indian Society--Carey's literary
+and scientific friends--Desire in the West for a likeness of
+Carey--Home's portrait of him--Correspondence with his son William
+on missionary consecration, Buonaparte, botany, the missionary a
+soldier, Felix and Burma, hunting, the temporal power of the Pope,
+the duty of reconciliation--Carey's descendants.
+
+"A Gentleman is the next best character after a Christian, and the
+latter includes the former," were the father's words to the son whom
+he was sending forth as a Christian missionary and state
+superintendent of schools.  Carey wrote from his own experience, and
+he unwittingly painted his own character.  The peasant bearing of
+his early youth showed itself throughout his life in a certain
+shyness, which gave a charm to his converse with old and young.
+Occasionally, as in a letter which he wrote to his friend Pearce of
+Birmingham, at a time when he did not know whether his distant
+correspondent was alive or dead, he burst forth into an unrestrained
+enthusiasm of affection and service.  But his was rather the even
+tenor of domestic devotion and friendly duty, unbroken by passion or
+coldness, and ever lighted up by a steady geniality.  The colleagues
+who were associated with him for the third of a century worshipped
+him in the old English sense of the word.  The younger committee-men
+and missionaries who came to the front on the death of Fuller,
+Sutcliff, and Ryland, in all their mistaken conflicts with these
+colleagues, always tried to separate Carey from those they
+denounced, till even his saintly spirit burst forth into wrath at
+the double wrong thus done to his coadjutors.  His intercourse with
+the chaplains and bishops of the Church of England, and with the
+missionaries of other Churches and societies, was as loving in its
+degree as his relations to his own people.  With men of the world,
+from the successive Governor-Generals, from Wellesley, Hastings, and
+Bentinck, down to the scholars, merchants, and planters with whom he
+became associated for the public good, William Carey was ever the
+saint and the gentleman whom it was a privilege to know.
+
+In nothing perhaps was Carey's true Christian gentlemanliness so
+seen as in his relations with his first wife, above whom grace and
+culture had immeasurably raised him, while she never learned to
+share his aspirations or to understand his ideals.  Not only did she
+remain to the last a peasant woman, with a reproachful tongue, but
+the early hardships of Calcutta and the fever and dysentery of
+Mudnabati clouded the last twelve years of her life with madness.
+Never did reproach or complaint escape his lips regarding either
+her or Thomas, whose eccentric impulses and oft-darkened spirit were
+due to mania also.  Of both he was the tender nurse and guardian
+when, many a time, the ever-busy scholar would fain have lingered at
+his desk or sought the scanty sleep which his jealous devotion to
+his Master's business allowed him.  The brotherhood arrangement, the
+common family, Ward's influence over the boys, and Hannah Marshman's
+housekeeping relieved him of much that his wife's illness had thrown
+upon him at Mudnabati, so that a colleague describes him, when he
+was forty-three years of age, as still looking young in spite of the
+few hairs on his head, after eleven years in Lower Bengal of work
+such as never Englishman had before him.  But almost from the first
+day of his early married life he had never known the delight of
+daily converse with a wife able to enter into his scholarly
+pursuits, and ever to stimulate him in his heavenly quest.  When the
+eldest boy, Felix, had left for Burma in 1807 the faithful sorrowing
+husband wrote to him:--"Your poor mother grew worse and worse from
+the time you left us, and died on the 7th December about seven
+o'clock in the evening.  During her illness she was almost always
+asleep, and I suppose during the fourteen days that she lay in a
+severe fever she was not more than twenty-four hours awake.  She was
+buried the next day in the missionary burying-ground."
+
+About the same time that Carey himself settled in Serampore there
+arrived the Lady Rumohr.  She built a house on the Hoogli bank
+immediately below that of the missionaries, whose society she
+sought, and by whom she was baptised.  On the 9th May 1808 she
+became Carey's wife; and in May 1821 she too was removed by death in
+her sixty-first year, after thirteen years of unbroken happiness.
+
+Charlotte Emilia, born in the same year as Carey in the then Danish
+duchy of Schleswick, was the only child of the Chevalier de Rumohr,
+who married the Countess of Alfeldt, only representative of a
+historic family.  Her wakefulness when a sickly girl of fifteen
+saved the whole household from destruction by fire, but she herself
+became so disabled that she could never walk up or down stairs.  She
+failed to find complete recovery in the south of Europe, and her
+father's friend, Mr. Anker, a director of the Danish East India
+Company, gave her letters to his brother, then Governor of
+Tranquebar, in the hope that the climate of India might cause her
+relief.  The Danish ship brought her first to Serampore, where
+Colonel Bie introduced her to the brotherhood, and there she
+resolved to remain.  She knew the principal languages of Europe; a
+copy of the Pensées of Pascal, given to her by Mr. Anker before she
+sailed, for the first time quickened her conscience.  She speedily
+learned English, that she might join the missionaries in public
+worship.  The barren orthodoxy of the Lutheranism in which she had
+been brought up had made her a sceptic.  This soon gave way to the
+evangelical teaching of the same apostle who had brought Luther
+himself to Christ.  She became a keen student of the Scriptures,
+then an ardent follower of Jesus Christ.
+
+On her marriage to Dr. Carey, in May 1808, she made over her house
+to the mission, and when, long after, it became famous as the office
+of the weekly Friend of India, the rent was sacredly devoted to the
+assistance of native preachers.  She learned Bengali that she might
+be as a mother to the native Christian families.  She was her
+husband's counsellor in all that related to the extension of the
+varied enterprise of the brethren.  Especially did she make the
+education of Hindoo girls her own charge, both at Serampore and
+Cutwa.  Her leisure she gave to the reading of French Protestant
+writers, such as Saurin and Du Moulin.  She admired, wrote Carey,
+"Massillon's language, his deep knowledge of the human heart, and
+his intrepidity in reproving sin; but felt the greatest
+dissatisfaction with his total neglect of his Saviour, except when
+He is introduced to give efficacy to works of human merit.  These
+authors she read in their native language, that being more familiar
+to her than English.  She in general enjoyed much of the
+consolations of religion.  Though so much afflicted, a pleasing
+cheerfulness generally pervaded her conversation.  She indeed
+possessed great activity of mind.  She was constantly out with the
+dawn of the morning when the weather permitted, in her little
+carriage drawn by one bearer; and again in the evening, as soon as
+the sun was sufficiently low.  She thus spent daily nearly three
+hours in the open air.  It was probably this vigorous and regular
+course which, as the means, carried her beyond the age of threescore
+years (twenty-one of them spent in India), notwithstanding the
+weakness of her constitution."
+
+It is a pretty picture, the delicate invalid lady, drawn along the
+mall morning and evening, to enjoy the river breeze, on her way to
+and from the schools and homes of the natives.  But her highest
+service was, after all, to her husband, who was doing a work for
+India and for humanity, equalled by few, if any.  When, on one
+occasion, they were separated for a time while she sought for health
+at Monghyr, she wrote to him the tenderest yet most courtly
+love-letters.
+
+"MY DEAREST LOVE,--I felt very much in parting with thee, and feel
+much in being so far from thee...I am sure thou wilt be happy and
+thankful on account of my voice, which is daily getting better, and
+thy pleasure greatly adds to mine own.
+
+"I hope you will not think I am writing too often; I rather trust
+you will be glad to hear of me...Though my journey is very pleasant,
+and the good state of my health, the freshness of the air, and the
+variety of objects enliven my spirits, yet I cannot help longing for
+you.  Pray, my love, take care of your health that I may have the
+joy to find you well.
+
+"I thank thee most affectionately, my dearest love, for thy kind
+letter.  Though the journey is very useful to me, I cannot help
+feeling much to be so distant from you, but I am much with you in my
+thoughts...The Lord be blessed for the kind protection He has given
+to His cause in a time of need.  May He still protect and guide and
+bless His dear cause, and give us all hearts growing in love and
+zeal...I felt very much affected in parting with thee.  I see
+plainly it would not do to go far from you; my heart cleaves to you.
+I need not say (for I hope you know my heart is not insensible) how
+much I feel your kindness in not minding any expense for the
+recovery of my health.  You will rejoice to hear me talk in my old
+way, and not in that whispering manner.
+
+"I find so much pleasure in writing to you, my love, that I cannot
+help doing it.  I was nearly disconcerted by Mrs.--laughing at my
+writing so often; but then, I thought, I feel so much pleasure in
+receiving your letters that I may hope you do the same.  I thank
+thee, my love, for thy kind letter.  I need not say that the serious
+part of it was welcome to me, and the more as I am deprived of all
+religious intercourse...I shall greatly rejoice, my love, in seeing
+thee again; but take care of your health that I may find you well.
+I need not say how much you are in my thoughts day and night."
+
+His narrative of their intercourse, written after her death, lets in
+a flood of light on his home life:--
+
+"During the thirteen years of her union with Dr. Carey, they had
+enjoyed the most entire oneness of mind, never having a single
+circumstance which either of them wished to conceal from the other.
+Her solicitude for her husband's health and comfort was unceasing.
+They prayed and conversed together on those things which form the
+life of personal religion, without the least reserve; and enjoyed a
+degree of conjugal happiness while thus continued to each other,
+which can only arise from a union of mind grounded on real religion.
+On the whole, her lot in India was altogether a scene of mercy.
+Here she was found of the Saviour, gradually ripened for glory, and
+after having her life prolonged beyond the expectation of herself
+and all who knew her, she was released from this mortal state almost
+without the consciousness of pain, and, as we most assuredly
+believe, had 'an abundant entrance ministered unto her into the
+kingdom of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ.'"
+
+When, on 24th June 1809, Carey announced at the dinner table that he
+had that morning finished the Bengali translation of the whole
+Bible, and he was asked how much more he thought of doing, he
+answered: "The work I have allotted to myself, in translating, will
+take me about twenty years."  But he had kept the bow too long and
+too tightly bent, and it threatened to snap.  That evening he was
+seized with bilious fever, and on the eighteenth day thereafter his
+life was despaired of. "The goodness of God is eminently conspicuous
+in raising up our beloved brother Carey," wrote Marshman. "God has
+raised him up again and restored him to his labours; may he live to
+accomplish all that is in his heart," wrote Rowe. He was at once at
+his desk again, in college and in his study. "I am this day
+forty-eight years old," he wrote to Ryland on the 17th August, and
+sent him the following letters, every line of which reveals the
+inner soul of the writer:--
+
+"CALCUTTA, 16th August 1809.--I did not expect, about a month ago,
+ever to write to you again.  I was then ill of a severe fever, and
+for a week together scarcely any hopes were entertained of my life.
+One or two days I was supposed to be dying, but the Lord has
+graciously restored me; may it be that I may live more than ever to
+His glory.  Whilst I was ill I had scarcely any such thing as
+thought belonging to me, but, excepting seasons of delirium, seemed
+to be nearly stupid; perhaps some of this arose from the weak state
+to which I was reduced, which was so great that Dr. Hare, one of the
+most eminent physicians in Calcutta, who was consulted about it,
+apprehended more danger from that than from the fever.  I, however,
+had scarcely a thought of death or eternity, or of life, or anything
+belonging thereto.  In my delirium, greatest part of which I
+perfectly remember, I was busily employed in carrying a commission
+from God to all the princes and governments in the world, requiring
+them instantly to abolish every political establishment of religion,
+and to sell the parish and other churches to the first body of
+Christians that would purchase them.  Also to declare war infamous,
+to esteem all military officers as men who had sold themselves to
+destroy the human race, to extend this to all those dead men called
+heroes, defenders of their country, meritorious officers, etc.13 I
+was attended by angels in all my excursions, and was universally
+successful.  A few princes in Germany were refractory, but my
+attendants struck them dead instantly.  I pronounced the doom of
+Rome to the Pope, and soon afterwards all the territory about Rome,
+the March of Ancona, the great city and all its riches sank into
+that vast bed of burning lava which heats Nero's bath.  These two
+considerations were the delirious wanderings of the mind, but I hope
+to feel their force, to pray and strive for their accomplishment to
+the end of my life.  But it is now time to attend to something not
+merely ideal.
+
+"The state of the world occupied my thoughts more and more; I mean
+as it relates to the spread of the Gospel.  The harvest truly is
+great, and labourers bear scarcely any proportion thereto.  I was
+forcibly struck this morning with reading our Lord's reply to His
+disciples, John iv.  When He had told them that He had meat to eat
+the world knew not of, and that His meat was to do the will of His
+Father and to finish His work, He said, 'Say not ye there are three
+months and then cometh harvest?'  He by this plainly intended to
+call their attention to the conduct of men when harvest was
+approaching, for that being the season upon which all the hopes of
+men hang for temporal supplies, they provide men and measures in
+time for securing it.  Afterwards directing their attention to that
+which so occupied His own as to be His meat and drink, He said,
+'Lift up your eyes and look upon the fields (of souls to be gathered
+in), for they are white already to harvest.'  After so many
+centuries have elapsed and so many fields full of this harvest have
+been lost for want of labourers to gather it in, shall we not at
+last reflect seriously on our duty?  Hindostan requires ten thousand
+ministers of the Gospel, at the lowest calculation, China as many,
+and you may easily calculate for the rest of the world.  I trust
+that many will eventually be raised up here, but be that as it may
+the demands for missionaries are pressing to a degree seldom
+realised.  England has done much, but not the hundredth part of what
+she is bound to do.  In so great a want of ministers ought not every
+church to turn its attention chiefly to the raising up and maturing
+of spiritual gifts with the express design of sending them abroad?
+Should not this be a specific matter of prayer, and is there not
+reason to labour hard to infuse this spirit into the churches?
+
+"A mission into Siam would be comparatively easy of introduction and
+support on account of its vicinity to Prince of Wales Island, from
+which vessels can often go in a few hours.  A mission to Pegu and
+another to Arakan would not be difficult of introduction, they being
+both within the Burman dominions, Missions to Assam and Nepal should
+be speedily tried.  Brother Robinson is going to Bhootan.  I do not
+know anything about the facility with which missions could be
+introduced into Cochin China, Cambodia, and Laos, but were the trial
+made I believe difficulties would remove.  It is also very desirable
+that the Burman mission should be strengthened.  There is no full
+liberty of conscience, and several stations might be occupied; even
+the borders of China might be visited from that country if an easier
+entrance into the heart of the country could not be found.  I have
+not mentioned Sumatra, Java, the Moluccas, the Philippines, or
+Japan, but all these countries must be supplied with missionaries.
+This is a very imperfect sketch of the wants of Asia only, without
+including the Mahometan countries; but Africa and South America call
+as loudly for help, and the greatest part of Europe must also be
+holpen by the Protestant churches, being nearly as destitute of real
+godliness as any heathen country on the earth.  What a pressing
+call, then, is here for labourers in the spiritual harvest, and what
+need that the attention of all the churches in England and America
+should be drawn to this very object!"
+
+Two years after the establishment of the mission at Serampore, David
+Brown, the senior chaplain and provost of Fort William College, took
+possession of Aldeen House, which he occupied till the year of his
+death in 1812.  The house is the first in the settlement reached by
+boat from Calcutta.  Aldeen is five minutes' walk south of the
+Serampore Mission House, and a century ago there was only a park
+between them.  The garden slopes down to the noble river, and
+commands the beautiful country seat of Barrackpore, which Lord
+Wellesley had just built.  The house itself is embosomed in trees,
+the mango, the teak, and the graceful bamboo.  Just below it, but
+outside of Serampore, are the deserted temple of Bullubpoor and the
+Ghat of the same name, a fine flight of steps up which thousands of
+pilgrims flock every June to the adjoining shrine and monstrous car
+of Jagganath.  David Brown had not been long in Aldeen when he
+secured the deserted temple and converted it into a Christian
+oratory, ever since known as Henry Martyn's Pagoda.  For ten years
+Aldeen and the pagoda became the meeting-place of Carey and his
+Nonconformist friends, with Claudius Buchanan, Martyn, Bishop
+Corrie, Thomason, and the little band of evangelical Anglicans who,
+under the protection of Lords Wellesley and Hastings, sweetened
+Anglo-Indian society, and made the names of "missionary" and of
+"chaplain" synonymous.  Here too there gathered, as also to the
+Mission House higher up, many a civilian and officer who sought the
+charms of that Christian family life which they had left behind.  A
+young lieutenant commemorated these years when Brown was removed, in
+a pleasing elegy, which Charles Simeon published in the Memorials of
+his friend.  Many a traveller from the far West still visits the
+spot, and recalls the memories of William Carey and Henry Martyn, of
+Marshman and Buchanan, of Ward and Corrie, which linger around the
+fair scene.  When first we saw it the now mutilated ruin was
+perfect, and under the wide-spreading banian tree behind a Brahman
+was reciting, for a day and a night, the verses of the Mahabharata
+epic to thousands of listening Hindoos.
+
+"Long, Hoogli, has thy sullen stream
+   Been doomed the cheerless shores to lave;
+ Long has the Suttee's baneful gleam
+   Pale glimmered o'er thy midnight wave.
+
+"Yet gladdened seemed to flow thy tide
+   Where opens on the view--Aldeen;
+ For there to grace thy palmy side
+   Loved England's purest joys were seen.
+
+"Yon dome, 'neath which in former days
+   Grim idols marked the pagan shrine,
+ Has swelled the notes of pious praise,
+   Attuned to themes of love divine."
+
+We find this allusion to the place in Carey's correspondence with
+Dr. Ryland:--"20th January 1807.--It would have done your heart good
+to have joined us at our meetings at the pagoda.  From that place we
+have successively recommended Dr. Taylor to the work of the Lord at
+Bombay, Mr. Martyn to his at Dinapoor, Mr. Corrie to his at Chunar,
+Mr. Parsons to his at Burhampore, Mr. Des Granges to his at
+Vizagapatam, and our two brethren to theirs at Rangoon, and from
+thence we soon expect to commend Mr. Thomason to his at Madras.  In
+these meetings the utmost harmony prevails and a union of hearts
+unknown between persons of different denominations in England."  Dr.
+Taylor and Mr. Des Granges were early missionaries of the London
+Society; the Rangoon brethren were Baptists; the others were Church
+of England chaplains.  Sacramentarianism and sacerdotalism had not
+then begun to afflict the Church of India.  There were giants in
+those days, in Bengal, worthy of Carey and of the one work in which
+all were the servants of one Master.
+
+Let us look a little more closely at Henry Martyn's Pagoda.  It is
+now a picturesque ruin, which the peepul tree that is entwined among
+its fine brick masonry, and the crumbling river-bank, may soon cause
+to disappear for ever.  The exquisite tracery of the moulded bricks
+may be seen, but not the few figures that are left of the popular
+Hindoo idols just where the two still perfect arches begin to
+spring.  The side to the river has already fallen down, and with it
+the open platform overhanging the bank on which the missionary sat
+in the cool of the morning and evening, and where he knelt to pray
+for the people.  We have accompanied many a visitor there, from Dr.
+Duff to Bishop Cotton, and John Lawrence, and have rarely seen one
+unmoved.  This pagoda had been abandoned long before by the priests
+of Radhabullub, because the river had encroached to a point within
+300 feet of it, the limit within which no Brahman is allowed to
+receive a gift or take his food.  The little black doll of an idol,
+which is famous among Hindoos alike for its sanctity and as a work
+of art--for had it not been miraculously wafted to this spot like
+the Santa Casa to Loretto?--was removed with great pomp to a new
+temple after it had paid a visit to Clive's moonshi, the wealthy
+Raja Nobokissen in Calcutta, who sought to purchase it outright.
+
+In this cool old pagoda Henry Martyn, on one of his earliest visits
+to Aldeen after his arrival as a chaplain in 1806, found an
+appropriate residence.  Under the vaulted roof of the shrine a place
+of prayer and praise was fitted up with an organ, so that, as he
+wrote, "the place where once devils were worshipped has now become a
+Christian oratory."  Here, too, he laid his plans for the
+evangelisation of the people.  When suffering from one of his moods
+of depression as to his own state, he thus writes of this place:--"I
+began to pray as on the verge of eternity; and the Lord was pleased
+to break my hard heart.  I lay in tears, interceding for the
+unfortunate natives of this country; thinking within myself that the
+most despicable soodra of India was of as much value in the sight of
+God as the King of Great Britain."  It was from such supplication
+that he was once roused by the blaze of a Suttee's funeral pyre, on
+which he found that the living widow had been consumed with the dead
+before he could interfere.  He could hear the hideous drums and
+gongs and conch-shells of the temple to which Radhabullub had been
+removed.  There he often tried to turn his fellow-creatures to the
+worship of the one God, from their prostrations "before a black
+image placed in a pagoda, with lights burning around it," whilst, he
+says, he "shivered as if standing, as it were, in the neighbourhood
+of hell."  It was in the deserted pagoda that Brown, Corrie, and
+Parsons met with him to commend him to God before he set out for his
+new duties at Dinapoor. "My soul," he writes of this occasion,
+"never yet had such divine enjoyment.  I felt a desire to break from
+the body, and join the high praises of the saints above.  May I go
+'in the strength of this many days.'  Amen." "I found my heaven
+begun on earth.  No work so sweet as that of praying and living
+wholly to the service of God." And as he passed by the Mission House
+on his upward voyage, with true catholicity "Dr. Marshman could not
+resist joining the party: and after going a little way, left them
+with prayer."  Do we wonder that these men have left their mark on
+India?
+
+As years went by, the temple, thus consecrated as a Christian
+oratory, became degraded in other hands.  The brand "pagoda
+distillery" for a time came to be known as marking the rum
+manufactured there.  The visits of so many Christian pilgrims to the
+spot, and above all, the desire expressed by Lord Lawrence when
+Governor-General to see it, led the Hindoo family who own the pagoda
+to leave it at least as a simple ruin.
+
+Corrie, afterwards the first bishop of Madras, describes the
+marriage of Des Granges in the oratory, and gives us a glimpse of
+life in the Serampore Mission House:--
+
+"1806.--Calcutta strikes me as the most magnificent city in the
+world; and I am made most happy by the hope of being instrumental to
+the eternal good of many.  A great opposition, I find, is raised
+against Martyn and the principles he preaches...Went up to Serampore
+yesterday, and in the evening was present at the marriage of Mr. Des
+Granges.  Mr. Brown entered into the concern with much interest.
+The pagoda was fixed on, and lighted up for the celebration of the
+wedding; at eight o'clock the parties came from the Mission House
+[at Serampore], attended by most of the family.  Mr. Brown commenced
+with the hymn, 'Come, gracious Spirit, heavenly dove!'  A divine
+influence seemed to attend us, and most delightful were my
+sensations.  The circumstance of so many being engaged in spreading
+the glad tidings of salvation,--the temple of an idol converted to
+the purpose of Christian worship, and the Divine presence felt among
+us,--filled me with joy unspeakable.  After the marriage service of
+the Church of England, Mr. Brown gave out 'the Wedding Hymn'; and
+after signing certificates of the marriage we adjourned to the
+house, where Mr. Brown had provided supper.  Two hymns given out by
+Mr. Marshman were felt very powerfully.  He is a most lively,
+sanguine missionary; his conversation made my heart burn within me,
+and I find desires of spreading the Gospel growing stronger daily,
+and my zeal in the cause more ardent...I went to the Mission House,
+and supped at the same table with about fifty native converts.  The
+triumph of the Cross was most evident in breaking down their
+prejudices, and uniting them with those who formerly were an
+abomination in their eyes.  After supper they sang a Bengali hymn,
+many of them with tears of joy; and they concluded with prayer in
+Bengali, with evident earnestness and emotion.  My own feelings were
+too big for utterance.  O may the time be hastened when every tongue
+shall confess Jesus Christ, to the glory of God the Father!
+
+"On Friday evening [Oct. 10th], we had a meeting in the pagoda, at
+which almost all the missionaries, some of their wives, and Captain
+Wickes attended, with a view to commend Martyn to the favour and
+protection of God in his work.  The Divine presence was with us.  I
+felt more than it would have been proper to express.  Mr. Brown
+commenced with a hymn and prayer, Mr. Des Granges succeeded him,
+with much devotion and sweetness of expression: Mr. Marshman
+followed, and dwelt particularly on the promising appearance of
+things; and, with much humility, pleaded God's promises for the
+enlargement of Zion; with many petitions for Mr. Brown and his
+family.  The service was concluded by Mr. Carey, who was earnest in
+prayer for Mr. Brown: the petition that 'having laboured for many
+years without encouragement or support, in the evening it might be
+light,' seemed much to affect his own mind, and greatly impressed us
+all.  Afterwards we supped together at Mr. Brown's...
+
+"13th Oct.--I came to Serampore to dinner.  Had a pleasant sail up
+the river: the time passed agreeably in conversation.  In the
+evening a fire was kindled on the opposite bank; and we soon
+perceived that it was a funeral pile, on which the wife was burning
+with the dead body of her husband.  It was too dark to distinguish
+the miserable victim...On going out to walk with Martyn to the
+pagoda, the noise so unnatural, and so little calculated to excite
+joy, raised in my mind an awful sense of the presence and influence
+of evil spirits."
+
+Corrie married the daughter of Mrs. Ellerton, who knew Serampore and
+Carey well.  It was Mr. Ellerton who, when an indigo-planter at
+Malda, opened the first Bengali school, and made the first attempt
+at translating the Bible into that vernacular.  His young wife,
+early made a widow, witnessed accidentally the duel in which Warren
+Hastings shot Philip Francis.  She was an occasional visitor at
+Aldeen, and took part in the pagoda services.  Fifty years
+afterwards, not long before her death at eighty-seven, Bishop
+Wilson, whose guest she was, wrote of her: "She made me take her to
+Henry Martyn's pagoda.  She remembers the neighbourhood, and
+Gharetty Ghat and House in Sir Eyre Coote's time (1783).  The
+ancient Governor of Chinsurah and his fat Dutch wife are still in
+her mind.  When she visited him with her first husband (she was then
+sixteen) the old Dutchman cried out, 'Oh, if you would find me such
+a nice little wife I would give you ten thousand rupees.'"
+
+It was in Martyn's pagoda that Claudius Buchanan first broached his
+plan of an ecclesiastical establishment for India, and invited the
+discussion of it by Carey and his colleagues.  Such a scheme came
+naturally from one who was the grandson of a Presbyterian elder of
+the Church of Scotland, converted in the Whitefield revival at
+Cambuslang.  It had been suggested first by Bishop Porteous when he
+reviewed the Company's acquisitions in Asia. It was encouraged by
+Lord Wellesley, who was scandalised on his arrival in India by the
+godlessness of the civil servants and the absence of practically any
+provision for the Christian worship and instruction of its officers
+and soldiers, who were all their lives without religion, not a tenth
+of them ever returning home.  Carey thus wrote, at Ryland's request,
+of the proposal, which resulted in the arrival in Calcutta of Bishop
+Middleton and Dr. Bryce in 1814:--"I have no opinion of Dr.
+Buchanan's scheme for a religious establishment here, nor could I
+from memory point out what is exceptionable in his memoir.  All his
+representations must be taken with some grains of allowance."  When,
+in the Aldeen discussions, Dr. Buchanan told Marshman that the
+temple lands would eventually answer for the established churches
+and the Brahmans' lands for the chaplains, the stout Nonconformist
+replied with emphasis, "You will never obtain them."  We may all
+accept the conversion of the idol shrine into a place of prayer--as
+Gregory I. taught Augustine of Canterbury to transform heathen
+temples into Christian churches--as presaging the time when the vast
+temple and mosque endowments will be devoted by the people
+themselves to their own moral if not spiritual good through
+education, both religious and secular.
+
+The change wrought in seventeen years by Carey and such associates
+as these on society in Bengal, both rich and poor, became marked by
+the year 1810.  We find him writing of it thus:--"When I arrived I
+knew of no person who cared about the Gospel except Mr. Brown, Mr.
+Udny, Mr. Creighton, Mr. Grant, and Mr. Brown an indigo-planter,
+besides Brother Thomas and myself.  There might be more, and
+probably were, though unknown to me.  There are now in India
+thirty-two ministers of the Gospel.  Indeed, the Lord is doing great
+things for Calcutta; and though infidelity abounds, yet religion is
+the theme of conversation or dispute in almost every house.  A few
+weeks ago (October 1810), I called upon one of the Judges to take
+breakfast with him, and going rather abruptly upstairs, as I had
+been accustomed to do, I found the family just going to engage in
+morning worship.  I was of course asked to engage in prayer, which I
+did.  I afterwards told him that I had scarcely witnessed anything
+since I had been in Calcutta which gave me more pleasure than what I
+had seen that morning.  The change in this family was an effect of
+Mr. Thomason's ministry...About ten days ago I had a conversation
+with one of the Judges of the Supreme Court, Sir John Boyd, upon
+religious subjects.  Indeed there is now scarcely a place where you
+can pay a visit without having an opportunity of saying something
+about true religion."
+
+Carey's friendly intercourse, by person and letter, was not confined
+to those who were aggressively Christian or to Christian and
+ecclesiastical questions.  As we shall soon see, his literary and
+scientific pursuits led him to constant and familiar converse with
+scholars like Colebrooke and Leyden, with savants like Roxburgh, the
+astronomer Bentley, and Dr. Hare, with publicists like Sir James
+Mackintosh and Robert Hall, with such travellers and administrators
+as Manning, the friend of Charles Lamb, and Raffles.
+
+In Great Britain the name of William Carey had, by 1812, become
+familiar as a household word in all evangelical circles.  The men
+who had known him in the days before 1793 were few and old, were
+soon to pass away for ever.  The new generation had fed their
+Christian zeal on his achievements, and had learned to look on him,
+in spite of all his humility which only inflamed that zeal, as the
+pioneer, the father, the founder of foreign missions, English,
+Scottish, and American.  They had never seen him; they were not
+likely to see him in the flesh.  The desire for a portrait of him
+became irresistible.  The burning of the press, to be hereafter
+described, which led even bitter enemies of the mission like Major
+Scott Waring to subscribe for its restoration, gave the desired
+sympathetic voice, so that Fuller wrote to the missionaries:--"The
+public is now giving us their praises.  Eight hundred guineas have
+been offered for Dr. Carey's likeness...When you pitched your tents
+at Serampore you said, 'We will not accumulate riches but devote all
+to God for the salvation of the heathen.'  God has given you what
+you desired and what you desired not.  Blessed men, God will bless
+you and make you a blessing.  I and others of us may die, but God
+will surely visit you...Expect to be highly applauded, bitterly
+reproached, greatly moved, and much tried in every way.  Oh that,
+having done all, you may stand!"
+
+Carey was, fortunately for posterity, not rebellious in the matter
+of the portrait; he was passive.  As he sat in his room in the
+college of Fort William, his pen in hand, his Sanskrit Bible before
+him, and his Brahman pundit at his left hand, the saint and the
+scholar in the ripeness of his powers at fifty was transferred to
+the canvas which has since adorned the walls of Regent's Park
+College.  A line engraving of the portrait was published in England
+the year after at a guinea, and widely purchased, the profit going
+to the mission.  The painter was Home, famous in his day as the
+artist whom Lord Cornwallis had engaged during the first war with
+Tipoo to prepare those Select Views in Mysore, the Country of Tipoo
+Sultaun, from Drawings taken on the Spot, which appeared in 1794.
+
+Of his four sons, Felix, William, Jabez, and Jonathan, Carey's
+correspondence was most frequent at this period with William, who
+went forth in 1807 to Dinapoor to begin his independent career as a
+missionary by the side of Fernandez.
+
+"2nd April 1807.--We have the greatest encouragement to go forward
+in the work of our Lord Jesus, because we have every reason to
+conclude that it will be successful at last.  It is the cause which
+God has had in His mind from eternity, the cause for which Christ
+shed His blood, that for which the Spirit and word of God were
+given, that which is the subject of many great promises, that for
+which the saints have been always praying, and which God Himself
+bears an infinite regard to in His dispensations of Providence and
+Grace.  The success thereof is therefore certain.  Be encouraged,
+therefore, my dear son, to devote yourself entirely to it, and to
+pursue it as a matter of the very first importance even to your
+dying day.
+
+"Give my love to Mr. and Mrs. Creighton and to Mr. Ellerton, Mr.
+Grant, or any other who knows me about Malda, also to our native
+Brethren."
+
+"CALCUTTA, 29th September 1808.--A ship is just arrived which brings
+the account that Buonaparte has taken possession of the whole
+kingdom of Spain, and that the Royal family of that country are in
+prison at Bayonne.  It is likely that Turkey is fallen before now,
+and what will be the end of these wonders we cannot tell.  I see the
+wrath of God poured out on the nations which have so long persecuted
+His Gospel, and prevented the spread of His truth.  Buonaparte is
+but the minister of the Divine vengeance, the public executioner now
+employed to execute the sentence of God upon criminal men.  He,
+however, has no end in view but the gratifying his own ambition."
+
+"22nd December 1808.--DEAR WILLIAM--Be steadfast...Walk worthy of
+your high calling, and so as to be a pattern to others who may
+engage in similar undertakings.  Much depends upon us who go first
+to the work of the Lord in this country; and we have reason to
+believe that succeeding Ministers of the Gospel in this country will
+be more or less influenced by our example...All, even the best of
+men, are more likely to be influenced by evil example than benefited
+by good: let it, therefore, be your business and mine to live and
+act for God in all things and at all times.
+
+"I am very glad you wrote to Jabez and Jonathan.  O that I could see
+them converted!"
+
+"30th May 1809.--When you come down take a little pains to bring
+down a few plants of some sort.  There is one grows plentifully
+about Sadamahal which grows about as high as one's knee, and
+produces a large red flower.  Put half a dozen plants in pots (with
+a hole in the bottom).  There is at Sadamahal (for I found it there)
+a plant which produces a flower like Bhayt, of a pale bluish colour,
+almost white; and indeed several other things there.  Try and bring
+something.  Can't you bring the grasshopper which has a saddle on
+its back, or the bird which has a large crest which he opens when he
+settles on the ground?  I want to give you a little taste for
+natural objects.  Felix is very good indeed in this respect."
+
+"26th April 1809.--You, my dear William, are situated in a post
+which is very dear to my remembrance because the first years of my
+residence in India were spent in that neighbourhood.  I therefore
+greatly rejoice in any exertions which you are enabled to make for
+the cause of our Redeemer...Should you, after many years' labour, be
+instrumental in the conversion of only one soul, it would be worth
+the work of a whole life...I am not sure that I have been of real
+use to any one person since I have been in this country, yet I dare
+not give up the work in which I am engaged.  Indeed, notwithstanding
+all the discouragements which I feel from my own unfitness for any
+part of it, I prefer it to everything else, and consider that in the
+work of my Redeemer I have a rich reward.  If you are enabled to
+persevere you will feel the same, and will say with the great
+Apostle--'I count not my life dear to me that I may fulfil the
+ministry which I have received of the Lord.' 'Unto me is this grace
+(favour) given that I should preach among the Gentiles the
+unsearchable riches of Christ.'  Hold on, therefore, be steady in
+your work, and leave the result with God.
+
+"I have been thinking of a mission to the Ten Tribes of Israel, I
+mean the Afghans, who inhabit Cabul...I leave the other side for
+your mother to write a few lines to Mary, to whom give my love."
+
+"CALCUTTA, 1st November 1809.--Yesterday was the day for the Chinese
+examination, at which Jabez acquitted himself with much honour.  I
+wish his heart were truly set on God. One of the greatest blessings
+which I am now anxious to see before my death is the conversion of
+him and Jonathan, and their being employed in the work of the Lord.
+
+"Now, dear William, what do we live for but to promote the cause of
+our dear Redeemer in the world?  If that be carried on we need not
+wish for anything more; and if our poor labours are at all blessed
+to the promotion of that desirable end, our lives will not be in
+vain.  Let this, therefore, be the great object of your life, and if
+you should be made the instrument of turning only one soul from
+darkness to marvellous light, who can say how many more may be
+converted by his instrumentality, and what a tribute of glory may
+arise to God from that one conversion.  Indeed, were you never to be
+blessed to the conversion of one soul, still the pleasure of
+labouring in the work of the Lord is greater than that of any other
+undertaking in the world, and is of itself sufficient to make it the
+work of our choice.  I hope Sebuk Ram is arrived before now, and
+that you will find him to be a blessing to you in your work.  Try
+your utmost to make him well acquainted with the Bible, labour to
+correct his mistakes, and to establish him in the knowledge of the
+truth.
+
+"You may always enclose a pinch of seeds in a letter."
+
+"17th January 1810.--Felix went with Captain Canning, the English
+ambassador to the Burman Empire, to the city of Pegu. On his way
+thither he observed to Captain Canning that he should be greatly
+gratified in accompanying the Minister to the mountains of Martaban
+and the country beyond them.  Captain Canning at his next interview
+with the Minister mentioned this to him, which he was much pleased
+with, and immediately ordered several buffalo-carts to be made
+ready, and gave him a war-boat to return to Rangoon to bring his
+baggage, medicines, etc.  He had no time to consult Brother Chater
+before he determined on the journey, and wrote to me when at
+Rangoon, where he stayed only one night, and returned to Pegu the
+next morning.  He says the Minister has now nearly the whole
+dominion over the Empire, and is going to war.  He will accompany
+the army to Martaban, when he expects to stay with the Minister
+there.  He goes in great spirits to explore those countries where no
+European has been before him, and where he goes with advantages and
+accommodations such as a traveller seldom can obtain.  Brother and
+Sister Chater do not approve of his undertaking, perhaps through
+fear for his safety.  I feel as much for that as any one can do, yet
+I, and indeed Brethren Marshman, Ward, and Rowe, rejoice that he has
+undertaken the journey.  It will assist him in acquiring the
+language; it will gratify the Minister, it will serve the interests
+of literature, and perhaps answer many other important purposes, as
+it respects the mission; and as much of the way will be through
+uninhabited forests, it could not have been safely undertaken except
+with an army.  He expects to be absent three months.  I shall feel a
+great desire to hear from him when he returns, and I doubt not but
+you will join me in prayer for his safety both of mind and body...
+
+"One or two words about natural history.  Can you not get me a male
+and female khokora--I mean the great bird like a kite, which makes
+so great a noise, and often carries off a duck or a kid?  I believe
+it is an eagle, and want to examine it.  Send me also all the sorts
+of ducks and waterfowls you can get, and, in short, every sort of
+bird you can obtain which is not common here.  Send their Bengali
+names.  Collect me all the sorts of insects, and serpents, and
+lizards you can get which are not common here.  Put all the insects
+together into a bottle of rum, except butterflies, which you may dry
+between two papers, and the serpents and lizards the same.  I will
+send you a small quantity of rum for that purpose.  Send all the
+country names.  Let me have the birds alive; and when you have got a
+good boat-load send a small boat down with them under charge of a
+careful person, and I will pay the expenses.  Spare no pains to get
+me seeds and roots, and get Brother Robinson to procure what he can
+from Bhootan or other parts.
+
+"Remember me affectionately to Sebuk Ram and his wife, and to all
+the native brethren and sisters."
+
+"5th February 1810.--Were you hunting the buffalo, or did it charge
+you without provocation?  I advise you to abstain from hunting
+buffaloes or other animals, because, though I think it lawful to
+kill noxious animals, or to kill animals for food, yet the
+unnecessary killing of animals, and especially the spending much
+time in the pursuit of them, is wrong, and your life is too valuable
+to be thrown away by exposing it to such furious animals as
+buffaloes and tigers.  If you can kill them without running any risk
+'tis very well, but it is wrong to expose yourself to danger for an
+end so much below that to which you are devoted...
+
+"I believe the cause of our Redeemer increases in the earth, and
+look forward to more decided appearances of divine power.  The
+destruction of the temporal power of the Pope is a glorious
+circumstance, and an answer to the prayers of the Church for
+centuries past...
+
+"I send you a small cask of rum to preserve curiosities in, and a
+few bottles; but your best way will be to draw off a couple of
+gallons of the rum, which you may keep for your own use, and then
+put the snakes, frogs, toads, lizards, etc., into the cask, and send
+them down.  I can easily put them into proper bottles, etc.,
+afterwards.  You may, however, send one or two of the bottles filled
+with beetles, grasshoppers, and other insects."
+
+In the absence of Mr. Fernandez, the pastor, William had excluded
+two members of the Church.
+
+"4th April 1810.--A very little knowledge of human nature will
+convince you that this would have been thought an affront in five
+instances out of six.  You would have done better to have advised
+them, or even to have required them to have kept from the Lord's
+table till Mr. Fernandez's return, and to have left it to him to
+preside over the discipline of the church.  You, no doubt, did it
+without thinking of the consequences, and in the simplicity of your
+heart, and I think Mr. Fernandez is wrong in treating you with
+coolness, when a little conversation might have put everything to
+rights.  Of that, however, I shall say no more to you, but one of us
+shall write to him upon the subject as soon as we can.
+
+"The great thing to be done now is the effecting of a reconciliation
+between you, and whether you leave Sadamahal, or stay there, this is
+absolutely necessary.  In order to this you both must be willing to
+make some sacrifice of your feelings; and as those feelings, which
+prevent either of you from making concessions where you have acted
+amiss, are wrong, the sooner they are sacrificed the better.  I
+advise you to write to Mr. Fernandez immediately, and acknowledge
+that you did wrong in proceeding to the exclusion of the members
+without having first consulted with him, and state that you had no
+intention of hurting his feelings, but acted from what you thought
+the urgency of the case, and request of him a cordial
+reconciliation.  I should like much to see a copy of the letter you
+send to him.  I have no object in view but the good of the Church,
+and would therefore rather see you stoop as low as you can to effect
+a reconciliation, than avoid it through any little punctilio of
+honour or feeling of pride.  You will never repent of having humbled
+yourself to the dust that peace may be restored, nothing will be a
+more instructive example to the heathen around you, nothing will so
+completely subdue Brother Fernandez's dissatisfaction, and nothing
+will make you more respected in the Church of God.
+
+"It is highly probable that you will some time or other be removed
+to another situation, but it cannot be done till you are perfectly
+reconciled to each other, nor can it possibly be done till some time
+after your reconciliation, as such a step would be considered by all
+as an effect of resentment or dissatisfaction, and would be
+condemned by every thinking person.  We shall keep our minds
+steadily on the object, and look out for a proper station; but both
+we and you must act with great caution and tenderness in this
+affair.  For this reason also I entreat you not to withdraw yourself
+from the church, or from any part of your labours, but go on
+steadily in the path of duty, suppress and pray against every
+feeling of resentment, and bear anything rather than be accessory to
+a misunderstanding, or the perpetuating of one. 'Let that mind be in
+you which was also in Christ, who made himself of no reputation.'  I
+hope what I have said will induce you to set in earnest about a
+reconciliation with Brother Fernandez, and to spare no pains or
+concession (consistent with truth) to effect it."
+
+William had applied to be transferred to Serampore.
+
+"3rd August 1811.--The necessities of the mission must be consulted
+before every other consideration.  Native brethren can itinerate,
+but Europeans must be employed to open new missions and found new
+stations.  For were we to go upon the plan of sending Europeans
+where natives could possibly be employed, no subscriptions or
+profits could support them.  We intend to commence a new station at
+Dacca, and if you prefer that to Cutwa you may go thither.  One of
+the first things to be done there will be to open a charity school,
+and to overlook it.  Dacca itself is a very large place, where you
+may often communicate religious instructions without leaving the
+town.  There are also a number of Europeans there, so that Mary
+would not be so much alone, and at any rate help would be near.  We
+can obtain the permission of Government for you to settle there.
+
+"I ought, however, to say that I think there is much guilt in your
+fears.  You and Mary will be a thousand times more safe in
+committing yourselves to God in the way of duty than in neglecting
+obvious duty to take care of yourselves.  You see what hardships and
+dangers a soldier meets in the wicked trade of war.  They are forced
+to leave home and expose themselves to a thousand dangers, yet they
+never think of objecting, and in this the officers are in the same
+situation as the men.  I will engage to say that no military officer
+would ever refuse to go any whither on service because his family
+must be exposed to danger in his absence; and yet I doubt not but
+many of them are men who have great tenderness for their wives and
+families.  However, they must be men and their wives must be women.
+Your undertaking is infinitely superior to theirs in importance.
+They go to kill men, you to save them.  If they leave their
+families to chance for the sake of war, surely you can leave yours
+to the God of providence while you go about His work.  I speak thus
+because I am much distressed to see you thus waste away the flower
+of your life in inactivity, and only plead for it what would not
+excuse a child.  Were you in any secular employment you must go out
+quite as much as we expect you to do in the Mission.  I did so when
+at Mudnabati, which was as lonesome a place as could have been
+thought of, and when I well knew that many of our own ryots were
+dakoits (robbers)."
+
+William finally settled at Cutwa, higher up the Hoogli than
+Serampore, and did good service there.
+
+"1st December 1813.--I have now an assistant at College,
+notwithstanding which my duties are quite as heavy as they ever
+were, for we are to receive a number of military students--I suppose
+thirty at least.  The translation, and printing also, is now so much
+enlarged that I am scarcely able to get through the necessary labour
+of correcting proofs and learning the necessary languages.  All
+these things are causes of rejoicing more than of regret, for they
+are the very things for which I came into the country, and to which
+I wish to devote my latest breath...Jabez has offered himself to the
+Mission, a circumstance which gives me more pleasure than if he had
+been appointed Chief Judge of the Supreme Court...Your mother has
+long been confined to her couch, I believe about six months."
+
+The following was written evidently in reply to loving letters on
+the death of his wife, Charlotte Emilia:--
+
+"4th June 1821.--MY DEAR JONATHAN--I feel your affectionate care for
+me very tenderly.  I have just received very affectionate letters
+from William and Brother Sutton (Orissa).  Lord and Lady Hastings
+wrote to Brother Marshman, thinking it would oppress my feelings to
+write to me directly, to offer their kind condolence to me through
+him.  Will you have the goodness to send five rupees to William for
+the Cutwa school, which your dear mother supported.  I will repay
+you soon, but am now very short of money.--I am your very
+affectionate father, W. CAREY."
+
+Of the many descendants of Dr. Carey, one great grandson is now an
+ordained missionary in Bengal, another a medical missionary in
+Delhi, and a third is a member of the Civil Service, who has
+distinguished himself by travels in Northern Tibet and Chinese
+Turkestan, which promise to unveil much of the unexplored regions of
+Asia to the scholar and the missionary.
+
+Thus far we have confined our study of William Carey to his purely
+missionary career, and that in its earlier half.  We have now to see
+him as the scholar, the Bible translator, the philanthropist, the
+agriculturist, and the founder of a University.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+PROFESSOR OF SANSKRIT, BENGALI, AND MARATHI
+
+1801-1830
+
+Carey the only Sanskrit scholar in India besides Colebrooke--The
+motive of the missionary scholar--Plans translation of the sacred
+books of the East--Comparative philology from Leibniz to
+Carey--Hindoo and Mohammedan codes and colleges of Warren
+Hastings--The Marquis Wellesley--The College of Fort William
+founded--Character of the Company's civil and military
+servants--Curriculum of study, professors and teachers--The
+vernacular languages--Carey's account of the college and his
+appointment--How he studied Sanskrit--College Disputation Day in the
+new Government House--Carey's Sanskrit speech--Lord Wellesley's
+eulogy--Sir James Mackintosh--Carey's pundits--He projects the
+Bibliotheca Asiatica--On the Committee of the Bengal Asiatic
+Society--Edition and translation of the Ramayana epic--The
+Hitopadesa--His Universal Dictionary--Influence of Carey on the
+civil and military services--W. B. Bayley; B. H. Hodgson; R.
+Jenkins; R. M. and W. Bird; John Lawrence.
+
+When, in the opening days of the nineteenth century, William Carey
+was driven to settle in Danish Serampore, he was the only member of
+the governing race in North India who knew the language of the
+people so as to teach it; the only scholar, with the exception of
+Colebrooke, who could speak Sanskrit as fluently as the Brahmans.
+The Bengali language he had made the vehicle of the teaching of
+Christ, of the thought of Paul, of the revelation of John. Of the
+Sanskrit, hitherto concealed from alien eyes or diluted only through
+the Persian, he had prepared a grammar and begun a dictionary, while
+he had continually used its great epics in preaching to the
+Brahmans, as Paul had quoted the Greek poets on the Areopagus.  And
+all this he had done as the missionary of Christ and the scholar
+afterwards.  Reporting to Ryland, in August 1800, the publication of
+the Gospels and of "several small pieces" in Bengali, he excused his
+irregularity in keeping a journal, "for in the printing I have to
+look over the copy and correct the press, which is much more
+laborious than it would be in England, because spelling, writing,
+printing, etc., in Bengali is almost a new thing, and we have in a
+manner to fix the orthography."  A little later, in a letter to
+Sutcliff, he used language regarding the sacred books of the Hindoos
+which finds a parallel more than eighty years after in Professor Max
+Müller's preface to his series of the sacred books of the East, the
+translation of which Carey was the first to plan and to begin from
+the highest of all motives.  Mr. Max Müller calls attention to the
+"real mischief that has been and is still being done by the
+enthusiasm of those pioneers who have opened the first avenues
+through the bewildering forests of the sacred literature of the
+East." He declares that "Eastern nations themselves would not
+tolerate, in any of their classical literary compositions, such
+violations of the simplest rules of taste as they have accustomed
+themselves to tolerate, if not to admire, in their sacred books."
+And he is compelled to leave untranslated, while he apologises for
+them, the frequent allusions to the sexual aspects of nature,
+"particularly in religious books."  The revelations of the Maharaj
+trial in Bombay are the practical fruit of all this.
+
+"CALCUTTA, 17th March 1802.--I have been much astonished lately at
+the malignity of some of the infidel opposers of the Gospel, to see
+how ready they are to pick every flaw they can in the inspired
+writings, and even to distort the meaning, that they may make it
+appear inconsistent; while these very persons will labour to
+reconcile the grossest contradictions in the writings accounted
+sacred by the Hindoos, and will stoop to the meanest artifices in
+order to apologise for the numerous glaring falsehoods and horrid
+violations of all decency and decorum, which abound in almost every
+page.  Any thing, it seems, will do with these men but the word of
+God. They ridicule the figurative language of Scripture, but will
+run allegory-mad in support of the most worthless productions that
+ever were published.  I should think it time lost to translate any
+of them; and only a sense of duty excites me to read them.  An idea,
+however, of the advantage which the friends of Christianity may
+obtain by having these mysterious sacred nothings (which have
+maintained their celebrity so long merely by being kept from the
+inspection of any but interested Brahmans) exposed to view, has
+induced me, among other things, to write the Sanskrit grammar, and
+to begin a dictionary of that language.  I sincerely pity the poor
+people, who are held by the chains of an implicit faith in the
+grossest of lies; and can scarcely help despising the wretched
+infidel who pleads in their favour and tries to vindicate them.  I
+have long wished to obtain a copy of the Veda; and am now in hopes I
+shall be able to procure all that are extant.  A Brahman this
+morning offered to get them for me for the sake of money.  If I
+succeed, I shall be strongly tempted to publish them with a
+translation, pro bono publico."
+
+It was not surprising that the Governor-General, even if he had been
+less enlightened than Lord Wellesley, found in this missionary
+interloper, as the East India Company officially termed the class to
+which he belonged, the only man fit to be Professor of Bengali,
+Sanskrit, and Marathi in the College of Fort William, and also
+translator of the laws and regulations of the Government.
+
+In a memoir read before the Berlin Academy of Sciences, which he had
+founded in the first year of the eighteenth century, Leibniz first
+sowed the seed of the twin sciences of comparative philology and
+ethnology, to which we owe the fruitful results of the historical
+and critical school.  That century was passed in the necessary
+collection of facts, of data.  Carey introduced the second period,
+so far as the learned and vernacular languages of North India are
+concerned--of developing from the body of facts which his industry
+enormously extended, the principles upon which these languages were
+constructed, besides applying these principles, in the shape of
+grammars, dictionaries, and translations, to the instruction and
+Christian civilisation alike of the learned and of the millions of
+the people.  To the last, as at the first, he was undoubtedly only
+what he called himself, a pioneer to prepare the way for more
+successful civilisers and scholars.  But his pioneering was
+acknowledged by contemporary14 and later Orientalists, like
+Colebrooke and H. H. Wilson, to be of unexampled value in the
+history of scientific research and industry, while the succeeding
+pages will show that in its practical results the pioneering came as
+nearly to victory as is possible, until native India lives its own
+national Christian life.
+
+When India first became a united British Empire under one
+Governor-General and the Regulating Act of Parliament of 1773,
+Warren Hastings had at once carried out the provision he himself had
+suggested for using the moulavies and pundits in the administration
+of Mussulman and Hindoo law.  Besides colleges in Calcutta and
+Benares to train such, he caused those codes of Mohammedan and
+Brahmanical law to be prepared which afterwards appeared as The
+Hedaya and The Code of Gentoo Laws. The last was compiled in
+Sanskrit by pundits summoned from all Bengal and maintained in
+Calcutta at the public cost, each at a rupee a day.  It was
+translated through the Persian, the language of the courts, by the
+elder Halhed into English in 1776.  That was the first step in
+English Orientalism.  The second was taken by Sir William Jones, a
+predecessor worthy of Carey, but cut off all too soon while still a
+young man of thirty-four, when he founded the Bengal Asiatic Society
+in 1784 on the model of Boyle's Royal Society.  The code of Warren
+Hastings had to be arranged and supplemented into a reliable digest
+of the original texts, and the translation of this work, as done by
+pundit Jaganatha, was left, by the death of Jones, to Colebrooke,
+who completed it in 1797.  Charles Wilkins had made the first direct
+translation from the Sanskrit into English in 1785, when he
+published in London The Bhagavat-Geeta or Dialogue of Krishna and
+Arjoon, and his is the imperishable honour thus chronicled by a
+contemporary poetaster:--
+
+   "But he performed a yet more noble part,
+    He gave to Asia typographic art."
+
+In Bengali Halhed had printed at Hoogli in 1783, with types cut by
+Wilkins, the first grammar, but it had become obsolete and was
+imperfect.  Such had been the tentative efforts of the civilians and
+officials of the Company when Carey began anew the work from the
+only secure foundation, the level of daily sympathetic intercourse
+with the people and their Brahmans, with the young as well as the
+old.
+
+The Marquis Wellesley was of nearly the same age as Carey, whom he
+soon learned to appreciate and to use for the highest good of the
+empire.  Of the same name and original English descent as John and
+Charles Wesley, the Governor-General was the eldest and not the
+least brilliant of the Irish family which, besides him, gave to the
+country the Duke of Wellington and Lord Cowley.  While Carey was
+cobbling shoes in an unknown hamlet of the Midlands and was aspiring
+to convert the world, young Wellesley was at Eton and Christ Church,
+Oxford, acquiring the classical scholarship which, as we find its
+fruits in his Primitiœ et Reliquiœ, extorted the praise of De
+Quincey.  When Carey was starving in Calcutta unknown the young lord
+was making his mark in the House of Commons by a speech against the
+Jacobins of France in the style of Burke.  The friend of Pitt, he
+served his apprenticeship to Indian affairs in the Board of Control,
+where he learned to fight the directors of the East India Company,
+and he landed at Calcutta in 1798, just in time to save the nascent
+empire from ruin by the second Mysore war and the fall of Tipoo at
+Seringapatam.  Like that other marquis who most closely resembled
+him half a century after, the Scottish Dalhousie, his hands were no
+sooner freed from the uncongenial bonds of war than he became even
+more illustrious by his devotion to the progress which peace makes
+possible.  He created the College of Fort William, dating the
+foundation of what was fitted and intended to be the greatest seat
+of learning in the East from the first anniversary of the victory of
+Seringapatam.  So splendidly did he plan, so wisely did he organise,
+and with such lofty aims did he select the teachers of the college,
+that long after his death he won from De Quincey the impartial
+eulogy, that of his three services to his country and India this was
+the "first, to pave the way for the propagation of
+Christianity--mighty service, stretching to the clouds, and which in
+the hour of death must have given him consolation."
+
+When Wellesley arrived at Calcutta he had been shocked by the
+sensual ignorance of the Company's servants.  Sunday was universally
+given up to horse-racing and gambling.  Boys of sixteen were removed
+from the English public schools where they had hardly mastered the
+rudiments of education to become the magistrates, judges, revenue
+collectors, and governors of millions of natives recently brought
+under British sway.  At a time when the passions most need
+regulation and the conscience training, these lads found themselves
+in India with large incomes, flattered by native subordinates,
+encouraged by their superiors to lead lives of dissipation, and
+without the moral control even of the weakest public opinion.  The
+Eton boy and Oxford man was himself still young, and he knew the
+world, but he saw that all this meant ruin to both the civil and
+military services, and to the Company's system.  The directors
+addressed in a public letter, dated 25th May 1798, "an objurgation
+on the character and conduct" of their servants.  They re-echoed the
+words of the new Governor-General in their condemnation of a state
+of things, "highly discreditable to our Government, and totally
+incompatible with the religion we profess."  Such a service as this,
+preceding the creation of the college, led Pitt's other friend,
+Wilberforce, in the discussions on the charter of 1813, to ascribe
+to Lord Wellesley, when summoning him to confirm and revise it, the
+system of diffusing useful knowledge of all sorts as the true foe
+not only of ignorance but of vice and of political and social decay.
+
+Called upon to prevent the evils he had been the first to denounce
+officially, Lord Wellesley wrote his magnificent state paper of
+1800, which he simply termed Notes on the necessity of a special
+collegiate training of Civil Servants.  The Company's factories had
+grown into the Indian Empire of Great Britain.  The tradesmen and
+clerks, whom the Company still called "writer," "factor," and
+"merchant," in their several grades, had, since Clive obtained a
+military commission in disgust at such duties, become the judges and
+rulers of millions, responsible to Parliament.  They must be
+educated in India itself, and trained to be equal to the
+responsibilities and temptations of their position.  If appointed by
+patronage at home when still at school, they must be tested after
+training in India so that promotion shall depend on degrees of
+merit.  Lord Wellesley anticipated the modified system of
+competition which Macaulay offered to the Company in 1853, and the
+refusal of which led to the unrestricted system which has prevailed
+with varying results since that time.  Nor was the college only for
+the young civilians as they arrived.  Those already at work were to
+be encouraged to study.  Military officers were to he invited to
+take advantage of an institution which was intended to be "the
+university of Calcutta," "a light amid the darkness of Asia," and
+that at a time when in all England there was not a military college.
+Finally, the college was designed to be a centre of Western
+learning in an Eastern dress for the natives of India and Southern
+Asia, alike as students and teachers.  A noble site was marked out
+for it on the stately sweep of Garden Reach, where every East
+Indiaman first dropped its anchor, and the building was to be worthy
+of the founder who erected Government House.
+
+The curriculum of study included Arabic, Persian, and Sanskrit;
+Bengali, Marathi, Hindostani (Hindi), Telugoo, Tamil, and Kanarese;
+English, the Company's, Mohammedan and Hindoo law, civil
+jurisprudence, and the law of nations; ethics; political economy,
+history, geography, and mathematics; the Greek, Latin, and English
+classics, and the modern languages of Europe; the history and
+antiquities of India; natural history, botany, chemistry, and
+astronomy.  The discipline was that of the English universities as
+they then were, under the Governor-General himself, his colleagues,
+and the appellate judges.  The senior chaplain, the Rev. David
+Brown, was provost in charge of the discipline; and Dr. Claudius
+Buchanan was vice-provost in charge of the studies, as well as
+professor of Greek, Latin, and English.  Dr. Gilchrist was professor
+of Hindostani, in teaching which he had already made a fortune;
+Lieutenant J. Baillie of Arabic; and Mr. H. B. Edmonstone of
+Persian.  Sir George Barlow expounded the laws or regulations of the
+British Government in India.  The Church of England constitution of
+the college at first, to which Buchanan had applied the English Test
+Act, and his own modesty, led Carey to accept of his appointment,
+which was thus gazetted:--"The Rev. William Carey, teacher of the
+Bengali and Sanskrit languages."
+
+The first notice of the new college which we find in Carey's
+correspondence is this, in a letter to Sutcliff dated 27th November
+1800:--"There is a college erected at Fort William, of which the
+Rev. D. Brown is appointed provost, and C. Buchanan classical tutor:
+all the Eastern languages are to be taught in it." "All" the
+languages of India were to be taught, the vernacular as well as the
+classical and purely official.  This was a reform not less radical
+and beneficial in its far-reaching influence, and not less
+honourable to the scholarly foresight of Lord Wellesley, than Lord
+William Bentinck's new era of the English language thirty-five years
+after.  The rulers and administrators of the new empire were to
+begin their career by a three years' study of the mother tongue of
+the people, to whom justice was administered in a language foreign
+alike to them and their governors, and of the Persian language of
+their foreign Mohammedan conquerors.  That the peoples of India,
+"every man in his own language," might hear and read the story of
+what the one true and living God had done for us men and our
+salvation, Carey had nine years before given himself to acquire
+Bengali and the Sanskrit of which it is one of a numerous family of
+daughters, as the tongues of the Latin nations of Europe and South
+America are of the offspring of the speech of Caesar and Cicero.
+Now, following the missionary pioneer, as educational, scientific,
+and even political progress has ever since done in the India which
+would have kept him out, Lord Wellesley decreed that, like the
+missionary, the administrator and the military officer shall master
+the language of the people.  The five great vernaculars of India
+were accordingly named, and the greatest of all, the Hindi, which
+was not scientifically elaborated till long after, was provided for
+under the mixed dialect or lingua franca known as Hindostani.
+
+When Carey and his colleagues were congratulating themselves on a
+reform which has already proved as fruitful of results as the first
+century of the Renascence of Europe, he little thought, in his
+modesty, that he would be recognised as the only man who was fit to
+carry it out.  Having guarded the college, as they thought, by a
+test, Brown and Buchanan urged Carey to take charge of the Bengali
+and Sanskrit classes as "teacher" on Rs. 500 a month or £700 a year.
+Such an office was entirely in the line of the constitution of the
+missionary brotherhood.  But would the Government which had banished
+it to Serampore recognise the aggressively missionary character of
+Carey, who would not degrade his high calling by even the suspicion
+of a compromise?  To be called and paid as a teacher rather than as
+the professor whose double work he was asked to do, was nothing to
+the modesty of the scholar who pleaded his sense of unfitness for
+the duties.  His Master, not himself, was ever Carey's first
+thought, and the full professorship, rising to £1800 a year, was
+soon conferred on the man who proved himself to be almost as much
+the college in his own person as were the other professors put
+together.  A month after his appointment he thus told the story to
+Dr. Ryland in the course of a long letter devoted chiefly to the
+first native converts:--
+
+"SERAMPORE, 15th June 1801...We sent you some time ago a box full of
+gods and butterflies, etc., and another box containing a hundred
+copies of the New Testament in Bengali...Mr. Lang is studying
+Bengali, under me, in the college.  What I have last mentioned
+requires some explanation, though you will probably hear of it
+before this reaches you.  You must know, then, that a college was
+founded last year in Fort William, for the instruction of the junior
+civil servants of the Company, who are obliged to study in it three
+years after their arrival.  I always highly approved of the
+institution, but never entertained a thought that I should be called
+to fill a station in it.  To my great surprise I was asked to
+undertake the Bengali professorship.  One morning a letter from Mr.
+Brown came, inviting me to cross the water, to have some
+conversation with him upon this subject.  I had but just time to
+call our brethren together, who were of opinion that, for several
+reasons, I ought to accept it, provided it did not interfere with
+the work of the mission.  I also knew myself to be incapable of
+filling such a station with reputation and propriety.  I, however,
+went over, and honestly proposed all my fears and objections.  Both
+Mr. Brown and Mr. Buchanan were of opinion that the cause of the
+mission would be furthered by it; and I was not able to reply to
+their arguments.  I was convinced that it might.  As to my ability,
+they could not satisfy me; but they insisted upon it that they must
+be the judges of that.  I therefore consented, with fear and
+trembling.  They proposed me that day, or the next, to the
+Governor-General, who is patron and visitor of the college.  They
+told him that I had been a missionary in the country for seven years
+or more; and as a missionary I was appointed to the office.  A
+clause had been inserted in the statutes to accommodate those who
+are not of the Church of England (for all professors are to take
+certain oaths, and make declarations); but, for the accommodation of
+such, two other names were inserted, viz., lecturers and teachers,
+who are not included under that obligation.  When I was proposed,
+his lordship asked if I was well affected to the state, and capable
+of fulfilling the duties of the station; to which Mr. B. replied
+that he should never have proposed me if he had had the smallest
+doubt on those heads.  I wonder how people can have such favourable
+ideas of me.  I certainly am not disaffected to the state; but the
+other is not clear to me.
+
+"When the appointment was made, I saw that I had a very important
+charge committed to me, and no books or helps of any kind to assist
+me.  I therefore set about compiling a grammar, which is now half
+printed.  I got Ram Basu to compose a history of one of their kings,
+the first prose book ever written in the Bengali language; which we
+are also printing.  Our pundit has also nearly translated the
+Sanskrit fables, one or two of which Brother Thomas sent you, which
+we are also going to publish, These, with Mr. Foster's vocabulary,
+will prepare the way to reading their poetical books; so that I hope
+this difficulty will be gotten through.  But my ignorance of the way
+of conducting collegiate exercises is a great weight upon my mind.
+I have thirteen students in my class; I lecture twice a week, and
+have nearly gone through one term, not quite two months.  It began
+4th May.  Most of the students have gotten through the accidents,
+and some have begun to translate Bengali into English.  The
+examination begins this week.  I am also appointed teacher of the
+Sanskrit language; and though no students have yet entered in that
+class, yet I must prepare for it.  I am, therefore, writing a
+grammar of that language, which I must also print, if I should be
+able to get through with it, and perhaps a dictionary, which I began
+some years ago.  I say all this, my dear brother, to induce you to
+give me your advice about the best manner of conducting myself in
+this station, and to induce you to pray much for me, that God may,
+in all things, be glorified by me.  We presented a copy of the
+Bengali New Testament to Lord Wellesley, after the appointment,
+through the medium of the Rev. D. Brown, which was graciously
+received.  We also presented Governor Bie with one.
+
+"Serampore is now in the hands of the English.  It was taken while
+we were in bed and asleep; you may therefore suppose that it was
+done without bloodshed.  You may be perfectly easy about us: we are
+equally secure under the English or Danish Government, and I am sure
+well disposed to both."
+
+For seven years, since his first settlement in the Dinapoor
+district, Carey had given one-third of his long working day to the
+study of Sanskrit.  In 1796 he reported:--"I am now learning the
+Sanskrit language, that I may be able to read their Shasters for
+myself; and I have acquired so much of the Hindi or Hindostani as to
+converse in it and speak for some time intelligibly...Even the
+language of Ceylon has so much affinity with that of Bengal that out
+of twelve words, with the little Sanskrit that I know, I can
+understand five or six."  In 1798 he wrote:--"I constantly employ
+the forenoon in temporal affairs; the afternoon in reading, writing,
+learning Sanskrit, etc.; and the evening by candle light in
+translating the Scriptures...Except I go out to preach, which is
+often the case, I never deviate from this rule."  Three years before
+that he had been able to confute the Brahmans from their own
+writings; in 1798 he quoted and translated the Rig Veda and the
+Purana in reply to a request for an account of the beliefs of the
+priesthood, apologising, however, with his usual
+self-depreciation:--"I am just beginning to see for myself by
+reading the original Shasters."  In 1799 we find him reading the
+Mahabharata epic with the hope of finding some allusion or fact
+which might enable him to equate Hindoo chronology with reliable
+history, as Dr. John Wilson of Bombay and James Prinsep did a
+generation later, by the discovery of the name of Antiochus the
+Great in two of the edicts of Asoka, written on the Girnar rock.
+
+By September 1804 Carey had completed the first three years' course
+of collegiate training in Sanskrit.  The Governor-General summoned a
+brilliant assembly to listen to the disputations and declamations of
+the students who were passing out, and of their professors, in the
+various Oriental languages.  The new Government House, as it was
+still called, having been completed only the year before at a cost
+of £140,000, was the scene, in "the southern room on the marble
+floor," where, ever since, all through the century, the Sovereign's
+Viceroys have received the homage of the tributary kings of our
+Indian empire.  There, from Dalhousie and Canning to Lawrence and
+Mayo, and their still surviving successors, we have seen pageants
+and durbars more splendid, and representing a wider extent of
+territory, from Yarkand to Bangkok, than even the Sultanised
+Englishman as Sir James Mackintosh called Wellesley, ever dreamed of
+in his most imperial aspirations.  There councils have ever since
+been held, and laws have been passed affecting the weal of from two
+to three hundred millions of our fellow-subjects.  There, too, we
+have stood with Duff and Cotton, Ritchie and Outram, representing
+the later University of Calcutta which Wellesley would have
+anticipated.  But we question if, ever since, the marble hall of the
+Governor-General's palace has witnessed a sight more profoundly
+significant than that of William Carey addressing the Marquis
+Wellesley in Sanskrit, and in the presence of the future Duke of
+Wellington, in such words as follow.
+
+The seventy students, their governors, officers, and professors,
+rose to their feet, when, at ten o'clock on Thursday the 20th of
+September 1804, His Excellency the Visitor entered the room,
+accompanied, as the official gazette duly chronicles, by "the
+Honourable the Chief Justice, the judges of the Supreme Court, the
+members of the Supreme Council, the members of the Council of the
+College, Major-General Cameron, Major-General the Honourable Arthur
+Wellesley, Major-General Dowdeswell, and Solyman Aga, the envoy from
+Baghdad.  All the principal civil and military officers at the
+Presidency, and many of the British inhabitants, were present on
+this occasion; and also many learned natives."
+
+After Romer had defended, in Hindostani, the thesis that the
+Sanskrit is the parent language in India, and Swinton, in Persian,
+that the poems of Hafiz are to be understood in a figurative or
+mystical sense, there came a Bengali declamation by Tod senior on
+the position that the translations of the best works extant in the
+Sanskrit with the popular languages of India would promote the
+extension of science and civilisation, opposed by Hayes; then Carey,
+as moderator, made an appropriate Bengali speech.  A similar
+disputation in Arabic and a Sanskrit declamation followed, when
+Carey was called on to conclude with a speech in Sanskrit.  Two days
+after, at a second assemblage of the same kind, followed by a state
+dinner.  Lord Wellesley presented the best students with degrees of
+merit inscribed on vellum in Oriental characters, and delivered an
+oration, in which he specially complimented the Sanskrit classes,
+urged more general attention to the Bengali language, and expressed
+satisfaction that a successful beginning had been made in the study
+of Marathi.
+
+It was considered a dangerous experiment for a missionary, speaking
+in Sanskrit, to avow himself such not only before the
+Governor-General in official state but before the Hindoo and
+Mohammedan nobles who surrounded him.  We may be sure that Carey
+would not show less of his Master's charity and wisdom than he had
+always striven to do.  But the necessity was the more laid on him
+that he should openly confess his great calling, for he had told
+Fuller on Lord Wellesley's arrival he would do so if it were
+possible.  Buchanan, being quite as anxious to bring the mission
+forward on this occasion, added much to the English draft--"the
+whole of the flattery is his," wrote Carey to Fuller--and sent it on
+to Lord Wellesley with apprehension.  This answer came back from the
+great Proconsul:--"I am much pleased with Mr. Carey's truly original
+and excellent speech.  I would not wish to have a word altered.  I
+esteem such a testimony from such a man a greater honour than the
+applause of Courts and Parliaments."
+
+"MY LORD, it is just that the language which has been first
+cultivated under your auspices should primarily be employed in
+gratefully acknowledging the benefit, and in speaking your praise.
+This ancient language, which refused to disclose itself to the
+former Governors of India, unlocks its treasures at your command,
+and enriches the world with the history, learning, and science of a
+distant age.  The rising importance of our collegiate institution
+has never been more clearly demonstrated than on the present
+occasion; and thousands of the learned in distant nations will exult
+in this triumph of literature.
+
+"What a singular exhibition has been this day presented to us!  In
+presence of the supreme Governor of India, and of its most learned
+and illustrious characters, Asiatic and European, an assembly is
+convened, in which no word of our native tongue is spoken, but
+public discourse is maintained on interesting subjects in the
+languages of Asia. The colloquial Hindostani, the classic Persian,
+the commercial Bengali, the learned Arabic, and the primæval
+Sanskrit are spoken fluently, after having been studied
+grammatically, by English youth.  Did ever any university in Europe,
+or any literary institution in any other age or country, exhibit a
+scene so interesting as this?  And what are the circumstances of
+these youth?  They are not students who prosecute a dead language
+with uncertain purpose, impelled only by natural genius or love of
+fame.  But having been appointed to the important offices of
+administering the government of the country in which these languages
+are spoken, they apply their acquisitions immediately to useful
+purpose; in distributing justice to the inhabitants; in transacting
+the business of the state, revenual and commercial; and in
+maintaining official intercourse with the people, in their own
+tongue, and not, as hitherto, by an interpreter.  The acquisitions
+of our students may be appreciated by their affording to the
+suppliant native immediate access to his principal; and by their
+elucidating the spirit of the regulations of our Government by oral
+communication, and by written explanations, varied according to the
+circumstances and capacities of the people.
+
+"The acquisitions of our students are appreciated at this moment by
+those learned Asiatics now present in this assembly, some of them
+strangers from distant provinces; who wonder every man to hear in
+his own tongue important subjects discussed, and new and noble
+principles asserted, by the youth of a foreign land.  The literary
+proceedings of this day amply repay all the solicitude, labour, and
+expense that have been bestowed on this institution.  If the expense
+had been a thousand times greater, it would not have equalled the
+immensity of the advantage, moral and political, that will ensue.
+
+"I, now an old man, have lived for a long series of years among the
+Hindoos.  I have been in the habit of preaching to multitudes daily,
+of discoursing with the Brahmans on every subject, and of
+superintending schools for the instruction of the Hindoo youth.
+Their language is nearly as familiar to me as my own.  This close
+intercourse with the natives for so long a period, and in different
+parts of our empire, has afforded me opportunities of information
+not inferior to those which have hitherto been presented to any
+other person.  I may say indeed that their manners, customs, habits,
+and sentiments are as obvious to me as if I was myself a native.
+And knowing them as I do, and hearing as I do their daily
+observations on our government, character, and principles, I am
+warranted to say (and I deem it my duty to embrace the public
+opportunity now afforded me of saying it) that the institution of
+this college was wanting to complete the happiness of the natives
+under our dominion; for this institution will break down that
+barrier (our ignorance of their language) which has ever opposed the
+influence of our laws and principles, and has despoiled our
+administration of its energy and effect.
+
+"Were the institution to cease from this moment, its salutary
+effects would yet remain.  Good has been done, which cannot be
+undone.  Sources of useful knowledge, moral instruction, and
+political utility have been opened to the natives of India which can
+never be closed; and their civil improvement, like the gradual
+civilisation of our own country, will advance in progression for
+ages to come.
+
+"One hundred original volumes in the Oriental languages and
+literature will preserve for ever in Asia the name of the founder of
+this institution.  Nor are the examples frequent of a renown,
+possessing such utility for its basis, or pervading such a vast
+portion of the habitable globe.  My lord, you have raised a monument
+of fame which no length of time or reverse of fortune is able to
+destroy; not chiefly because it is inscribed with Maratha and
+Mysore, with the trophies of war and the emblems of victory, but
+because there are inscribed on it the names of those learned youth
+who have obtained degrees of honour for high proficiency in the
+Oriental tongues.
+
+"These youth will rise in regular succession to the Government of
+this country.  They will extend the domain of British civilisation,
+security, and happiness, by enlarging the bounds of Oriental
+literature and thereby diffusing the spirit of Christian principles
+throughout the nations of Asia. These youth, who have lived so long
+amongst us, whose unwearied application to their studies we have all
+witnessed, whose moral and exemplary conduct has, in so solemn a
+manner, been publicly declared before this august assembly, on this
+day; and who, at the moment of entering on the public service, enjoy
+the fame of possessing qualities (rarely combined) constituting a
+reputation of threefold strength for public men, genius, industry,
+and virtue;--these illustrious scholars, my lord, the pride of their
+country, and the pillars of this empire, will record your name in
+many a language and secure your fame for ever.  Your fame is already
+recorded in their hearts.  The whole body of youth of this service
+hail you as their father and their friend.  Your honour will ever be
+safe in their hands.  No revolution of opinion or change of
+circumstances can rob you of the solid glory derived from the
+humane, just, liberal, and magnanimous principles which have been
+embodied by your administration.
+
+"To whatever situation the course of future events may call you, the
+youth of this service will ever remain the pledges of the wisdom and
+purity of your government.  Your evening of life will be constantly
+cheered with new testimonies of their reverence and affection, with
+new proofs of the advantages of the education you have afforded
+them, and with a demonstration of the numerous benefits, moral,
+religious, and political, resulting from this institution;--benefits
+which will consolidate the happiness of millions of Asia, with the
+glory and welfare of our country."
+
+The Court of Directors had never liked Lord Wellesley, and he had,
+in common with Colebrooke, keenly wounded them by proposing a free
+trade movement against their monopoly.  They ordered that his
+favourite college should be immediately abolished.  He took good
+care so to protract the operation as to give him time to call in the
+aid of the Board of Control, which saved the institution, but
+confined it to the teaching of languages to the civilians of the
+Bengal Presidency only.  The Directors, when thus overruled chiefly
+by Pitt, created a similar college at Haileybury, which continued
+till the open competitive system of 1854 swept that also away; and
+the Company itself soon followed, as the march of events had made it
+an anachronism.
+
+The first law professor at Haileybury was James Mackintosh, an
+Aberdeen student who had leaped into the front rank of publicists
+and scholars by his answer to Burke, in the Vindiciœ Gallicœ, and
+his famous defence of M. Peltier accused of a libel on Napoleon
+Buonaparte.  Knighted and sent out to Bombay as its first recorder,
+Sir James Mackintosh became the centre of scholarly society in
+Western India, as Sir William Jones had been in Bengal.  He was the
+friend of Robert Hall, the younger, who was filling Carey's pulpit
+in Leicester, and he soon became the admiring correspondent of Carey
+himself.  His first act during his seven years' residence in Bombay
+was to establish the "Literary Society."  He drew up a "Plan of a
+comparative vocabulary of Indian languages," to be filled up by the
+officials of every district, like that which Carey had long been
+elaborating for his own use as a philologist and Bible translator.
+In his first address to the Literary Society he thus eulogised the
+College of Fort William, though fresh from a chair in its English
+rival, Haileybury:--"The original plan was the most magnificent
+attempt ever made for the promotion of learning in the East...Even
+in its present mutilated state we have seen, at the last public
+exhibition, Sanskrit declamation by English youth, a circumstance so
+extraordinary, that if it be followed by suitable advances it will
+mark an epoch in the history of learning."
+
+Carey continued till 1831 to be the most notable figure in the
+College of Fort William.  He was the centre of the learned natives
+whom it attracted, as pundits and moonshees, as inquirers and
+visitors.  His own special pundit was the chief one, Mrityunjaya
+Vidyalankar, whom Home has immortalised in Carey's portrait.  In the
+college for more than half the week, as in his study at Serampore,
+Carey exhausted three pundits daily.  His college-room was the
+centre of incessant literary work, as his Serampore study was of
+Bible translation.  When he declared that the college staff had sent
+forth one hundred original volumes in the Oriental languages and
+literature, he referred to the grammars and dictionaries, the
+reading-books, compilations, and editions prepared for the students
+by the professors and their native assistants.  But he contributed
+the largest share, and of all his contributions the most laborious
+and valuable was this project of the Bibliotheca Asiatica.
+
+"24th July, 1805.--By the enclosed Gazette you will see that the
+Asiatic Society and the College have agreed to allow us a yearly
+stipend for translating Sanskrit works: this will maintain three
+missionary stations, and we intend to apply it to that purpose.  An
+augmentation of my salary has been warmly recommended by the College
+Council, but has not yet taken place, and as Lord Cornwallis is now
+arrived and Lord Wellesley going away, it may not take place.  If it
+should, it will be a further assistance.  The business of the
+translation of Sanskrit works is as follows: About two years ago I
+presented proposals (to the Council of the College) to print the
+Sanskrit books at a fixed price, with a certain indemnity for 100
+copies.  The plan was thought too extensive by some, and was
+therefore laid by.  A few months ago Dr. Francis Buchanan came to
+me, by desire of Marquis Wellesley, about the translation of his
+manuscripts.  In the course of conversation I mentioned the proposal
+I had made, of which he much approved, and immediately communicated
+the matter to Sir John Anstruther, who is president of the Asiatic
+Society.  Sir John had then been drawing out a proposal to Lord
+Wellesley to form a catalogue raisonnè of the ancient Hindoo books,
+which he sent to me, and entering warmly into my plan, desired that
+I would send in a set of proposals.  After some amendments it was
+agreed that the College of Fort William and the Asiatic Society
+should subscribe in equal shares 300 rupees a month to defray the
+current expenses, that we should undertake any work approved of by
+them, and print the original with an English translation on such
+paper and with such a type as they shall approve; the copy to be
+ours.  They have agreed to recommend the work to all the learned
+bodies in Europe.  I have recommended the Ramayana to begin with, it
+being one of the most popular of all the Hindoo books accounted
+sacred.  The Veda are so excessively insipid that, had we begun with
+them, we should have sickened the public at the outset.  The
+Ramayana will furnish the best account of Hindoo mythology that any
+one book will, and has extravagancy enough to excite a wish to read
+it through."
+
+In 1807 Carey became one of the most active members of the Bengal
+Asiatic Society.  His name at once appears as one of the Committee
+of Papers.  In the ninth volume of the Asiatic Researches for that
+year, scholars were invited to communicate translations and
+descriptive accounts of Asiatic books.  Carey's edition of The
+Ramayana of Valmeeki, in the original Sanskrit, with a prose
+translation and explanatory notes, appeared from the Serampore press
+in three successive quartos from 1806 to 1810.  The translation was
+done by "Dr. Carey and Joshua Marshman."  Until Gorresio published
+his edition and Italian translation of the whole poem this was the
+first and only attempt to open the seal of the second great Sankrit
+epic to the European world.  In 1802 Carey had encouraged the
+publication at his own press of translations of both the Mahabharata
+and the Ramayana into Bengali.  Carey's Ramayana excited a keen
+interest not only among the learned of Europe, but among poetical
+students.  Southey eagerly turned to it for materials for his Curse
+of Kehama, in the notes to which he makes long quotations from "the
+excellent and learned Baptist missionaries of Serampore."  Dean
+Milman, when professor of poetry in Oxford, drew from the same
+storehouse many of the notes with which he enriched his verse
+translations from both epics.  A. W. von Schlegel, the death of
+whose eldest brother at Madras early led him to Oriental studies,
+published two books with a Latin translation.  Mr. Ralph T. H.
+Griffith most pleasantly opened the treasures of this epic to
+English readers in his verse translations published since 1868.
+Carey's translation has always been the more rare that the edition
+despatched for sale in England was lost at sea, and only a few
+presentation copies are extant, one of which is in the British
+Museum.
+
+Carey's contributions to Sanskrit scholarship were not confined to
+what he published or to what appeared under his own name.  We are
+told by H. H. Wilson that he had prepared for the press translations
+of treatises on the metaphysical system called Sankhya. "It was not
+in Dr. Carey's nature to volunteer a display of his erudition, and
+the literary labours already adverted to arose in a great measure
+out of his connection with the college of Calcutta, or were
+suggested to him by those whose authority he respected, and to whose
+wishes he thought it incumbent upon him to attend.  It may be added
+that Dr. Carey spoke Sanskrit with fluency and correctness."
+
+He edited for the college the Sanskrit text of the Hitopadesa, from
+six MSS. recensions of this the first revelation to Europe of the
+fountain of Aryan folk-tales, of the original of Pilpay's Fables.15
+H. H. Wilson remarks that the errors are not more than might have
+been expected from the variations and defects of the manuscripts and
+the novelty of the task, for this was the first Sanskrit book ever
+printed in the Devanagari character.  To this famous work Carey
+added an abridgment of the prose Adventures of Ten Princes (the Dasa
+Kumara Carita), and of Bhartri-hari's Apophthegms.  Colebrooke
+records his debt to Carey for carrying through the Serampore press
+the Sanskrit dictionary of Amara Sinha, the oldest native
+lexicographer, with an English interpretation and annotations.  But
+the magnum opus of Carey was what in 1811 he described as A
+Universal Dictionary of the Oriental Languages, derived from the
+Sanskrit, of which that language is to be the groundwork.  The
+object for which he had been long collecting the materials of this
+mighty work was the assisting of "Biblical students to correct the
+translation of the Bible in the Oriental languages after we are
+dead."
+
+Through the College of Fort William during thirty long years Carey
+influenced the ablest men in the Bengal Civil Service, and not a few
+in Madras and Bombay. "The college must stand or the empire must
+fall," its founder had written to his friends in the Government, so
+convinced was he that only thus could proper men be trained for the
+public service and the welfare of our native subjects be secured.
+How right he was Carey's experience proved.  The young civilians
+turned out after the first three years' course introduced that new
+era in the administration of India which has converted traders into
+statesmen and filibusters into soldier-politicals, so that the East
+Indian services stand alone in the history of the administration of
+imperial dependencies for spotless integrity and high average
+ability.  Contrast with the work of these men, from the days of
+Wellesley, the first Minto, and Dalhousie, from the time of Canning
+to Lawrence and the second Minto, the provincial administration of
+imperial Rome, of Spain and Portugal at their best, of even the
+Netherlands and France.  For a whole generation of thirty years the
+civilians who studied Sanskrit, Bengali, and Marathi came daily
+under the gentle spell of Carey, who, though he had failed to keep
+the village school of Moulton in order, manifested the learning and
+the modesty, the efficiency and the geniality, which won the
+affectionate admiration of his students in Calcutta.
+
+A glance at the register of the college for its first five years
+reveals such men as these among his best students.  The first
+Bengali prizeman of Carey was W. Butterworth Bayley, whose long
+career of blameless uprightness and marked ability culminated in the
+temporary seat of Governor-General, and who was followed in the
+service by a son worthy of him.  The second was that Brian H.
+Hodgson who, when Resident of Nepal, of all his contemporaries won
+for himself the greatest reputation as a scholar, who fought side by
+side with the Serampore brotherhood the battle of the vernaculars of
+the people.  Charles, afterwards Lord Metcalfe, had been the first
+student to enter the college.  He was on its Persian side, and he
+learned while still under its discipline that "humility, patience,
+and obedience to the divine will" which unostentatiously marked his
+brilliant life and soothed his spirit in the agonies of a fatal
+disease.  He and Bayley were inseparable.  Of the first set, too,
+were Richard Jenkins, who was to leave his mark on history as
+Nagpoor Resident and author of the Report of 1826; and Romer, who
+rose to be Governor of Bombay for a time.  In those early years the
+two Birds passed through the classes--Robert Mertins Bird, who was
+to found the great land revenue school of Hindostan; and Wilberforce
+Bird, who governed India while Lord Ellenborough played at soldiers,
+and to whom the legal suppression of slavery in Southern Asia is
+due.  Names of men second to those, such as Elliot and Thackeray,
+Hamilton and Martin, the Shakespeares and Plowdens, the Moneys, the
+Rosses and Keenes, crowd the honour lists.  One of the last to enjoy
+the advantages of the college before its abolition was John
+Lawrence, who used to confess that he was never good at languages,
+but whose vigorous Hindostani made many an ill-doing Raja tremble,
+while his homely conversation, interspersed with jokes, encouraged
+the toiling ryot.
+
+These, and men like these, sat at the feet of Carey, where they
+learned not only to be scholars but to treat the natives kindly,
+and--some of them--even as brethren in Christ.  Then from teaching
+the future rulers of the East, the missionary-professor turned to
+his Bengali preaching and his Benevolent Institution, to his visits
+to the prisoners and his intercourse with the British soldiers in
+Fort William.  And when the four days' work in Calcutta was over,
+the early tide bore him swiftly up the Hoogli to the study where,
+for the rest of the week, he gave himself to the translation of the
+Bible into the languages of the people and of their leaders.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+THE WYCLIF OF THE EAST--BIBLE TRANSLATION
+
+1801-1832
+
+The Bible Carey's missionary weapon--Other vernacular
+translators--Carey's modest but just description of his labours--His
+philological key--Type-cutting and type-casting by a Hindoo
+blacksmith--The first manufacture of paper and steam-engines in the
+East--Carey takes stock of the translation work at the opening of
+1808--In his workshop--A seminary of Bible translators--William
+Yates, shoemaker, the Coverdale of the Bengali Bible--Wenger--A
+Bengali Luther wanted--Carey's Bengali Bible--How the New Testament
+was printed--The first copy offered to God--Reception of the volume
+by Lord Spencer and George III.--Self-evidencing power of the first
+edition--The Bible in Ooriya--In Maghadi, Assamese, Khasi, and
+Manipoori--Marathi, Konkani, and Goojarati versions--The translation
+into Hindi and its many dialects--The Dravidian translations--Tale
+of the Pushtoo Bible--The Sikhs and the Bible--The first Burman
+version and press--The British and Foreign Bible Society--Deaths,
+earthquake, and fire in 1812--Destruction of the press--Thomason's
+description of the smoking ruins--Carey's heroism as to his
+manuscripts--Enthusiastic sympathy of India and Christendom--The
+phœnix and its feathers.
+
+Every great reform in the world has been, in the first instance, the
+work of one man, who, however much he may have been the product of
+his time, has conceived and begun to execute the movement which
+transforms society.  This is true alike of the moral and the
+physical forces of history, of contemporaries so apparently opposite
+in character and aims as Carey and Clarkson on the one side and
+Napoleon and Wellington on the other.  Carey stood alone in his
+persistent determination that the Church should evangelise the
+world.  He was no less singular in the means which he insisted on as
+the first essential condition of its evangelisation--the vernacular
+translation of the Bible.  From the Scriptures alone, while yet a
+journeyman shoemaker of eighteen, "he had formed his own system,"
+and had been filled with the divine missionary idea.  That was a
+year before the first Bible Society was formed in 1780 to circulate
+the English Bible among soldiers and sailors; and, a quarter of a
+century before his own success led to the formation in 1804 of the
+British and Foreign Bible Society.  From the time of his youth, when
+he realised the self-evidencing power of the Bible, Carey's unbroken
+habit was to begin every morning by reading one chapter of the
+Bible, first in English, and then in each of the languages, soon,
+numbering six, which he had himself learned.
+
+Hence the translation of the Bible into all the languages and
+principal dialects of India and Eastern Asia was the work above all
+others to which Carey set himself from the time, in 1793, when he
+acquired the Bengali.  He preached, he taught, he "discipled" in
+every form then reasonable and possible, and in the fullest sense of
+his Master's missionary charge.  But the one form of most pressing
+and abiding importance, the condition without which neither true
+faith, nor true science, nor true civilisation could exist or be
+propagated outside of the narrow circle to be reached by the one
+herald's voice, was the publishing of the divine message in the
+mother tongues of the millions of Asiatic men and women, boys and
+girls, and in the learned tongues also of their leaders and priests.
+Wyclif had first done this for the English-reading races of all
+time, translating from the Latin, and so had begun the Reformation,
+religious and political, not only in Britain but in Western
+Christendom.  Erasmus and Luther had followed him--the former in his
+Greek and Latin New Testament and in his Paraphrase of the Word for
+"women and cobblers, clowns, mechanics, and even the Turks"; the
+latter in his great vernacular translation of the edition of
+Erasmus, who had never ceased to urge his contemporaries to
+translate the Scriptures "into all tongues."  Tyndale had first
+given England the Bible from the Hebrew and the Greek.  And now one
+of these cobblers was prompted and enabled by the Spirit who is the
+author of the truth in the Scriptures, to give to South and Eastern
+Asia the sacred books which its Syrian sons, from Moses and Ezra to
+Paul and John, had been inspired to write for all races and all
+ages.  Emphatically, Carey and his later coadjutors deserve the
+language of the British and Foreign Bible Society, when, in 1827, it
+made to Serampore a last grant of money for translation--"Future
+generations will apply to them the words of the translators of the
+English Bible--'Therefore blessed be they and most honoured their
+names that break the ice and give the onset in that which helped
+them forward to the saving of souls.  Now what can be more available
+thereto than to deliver God's book unto God's people in a tongue
+which they understand?'"  Carey might tolerate interruption when
+engaged in other work, but for forty years he never allowed anything
+to shorten the time allotted to the Bible work. "You, madam," he
+wrote in 1797 to a lady as to many a correspondent, "will excuse my
+brevity when I inform you that all my time for writting letters is
+stolen from the work of transcribing the Scriptures into the Bengali
+language."
+
+>From no mere humility, but with an accurate judgment in the state of
+scholarship and criticism at the opening of last century, Carey
+always insisted that he was a forerunner, breaking up the way for
+successors like Yates, Wenger, and Rouse, who, in their turn, must
+be superseded by purely native Tyndales and Luthers in the Church of
+India.  He more than once deprecated the talk of his having
+translated the Bible into forty languages and dialects.16 As we
+proceed that will be a apparent which he did with his own hand, that
+which his colleagues accomplished, that which he revised and edited
+both of their work and of the pundits', and that which he corrected
+and printed for others at the Serampore press under the care of
+Ward. It is to these four lines of work, which centred in him, as
+most of them originally proceeded from his conception and advocacy,
+that the assertion as to the forty translations is strictly
+applicable.  The Bengali, Hindi, Marathi, and Sanskrit translations
+were his own.  The Chinese was similarly the work of Marshman.  The
+Hindi versions, in their many dialects, and the Ooriya, were blocked
+out by his colleagues and the pundits.  He saw through the press the
+Hindostani, Persian, Malay, Tamil, and other versions of the whole
+or portions of the Scriptures.  He ceased not, night and day, if by
+any means, with a loving catholicity, the Word of God might be given
+to the millions.
+
+Writing in 1904 on the centenary of the British and Foreign Bible
+Society, Mr. George A. Grierson, C.I.E., Ph.D., D.Litt., the head of
+the Linguistic Survey of India, sums up authoritatively the work of
+Carey and his assistants. "The great-hearted band of Serampore
+missionaries issued translations of the Bible or of the New
+Testament in more than forty languages.  Before them the number of
+Protestant versions of the Bible in the speeches of India could be
+counted on the fingers of one hand.  The Dutch of Ceylon undertook a
+Tamil New Testament in 1688, which was followed in 1715 by another
+version from the pen of Ziegenbalg.  The famous missionary,
+Schultze, between 1727 and 1732 made a Telugu version which was
+never printed, and later, between 1745 and 1758, he published at
+Halle a Hindostani translation of the New Testament and of a portion
+of Genesis.  A manuscript version of portions of the Bible in
+Bengali was made by Thomas in 1791; and then the great Serampore
+series began with Carey's Bengali New Testament published in 1801.
+Most of these Serampore versions were, it is true, first attempts
+and have been superseded by more accurate versions, but the first
+step is always the most important one, and this was taken by Carey
+and his brethren."
+
+Carey's correspondent in this and purely scholarly subjects was Dr.
+Ryland, an accomplished Hebraist and Biblical critic for that day,
+at the head of the Bristol College.  Carey's letters, plentifully
+sprinkled with Hebrew and Greek, show the jealousy with which he
+sought to convey the divine message accurately, and the unwearied
+sense of responsibility under which he worked.  Biblical criticism,
+alike as to the original text and to the exegesis of the sacred
+writings, is so very modern a science, that these letters have now
+only a historical interest.  But this communication to Ryland shows
+how he worked from the first:--
+
+"CALCUTTA, 14th Dec. 1803.--We some time ago engaged in an
+undertaking, of which we intended to say nothing until it was
+accomplished; but an unforeseen providence made it necessary for us
+to disclose it.  It is as follows: About a year and a half ago, some
+attempts were made to engage Mr. Gilchrist in the translation of the
+Scriptures into the Hindostani language.  By something or other it
+was put by.  The Persian was also at the same time much talked of,
+but given up, or rather not engaged in.  At this time several
+considerations prevailed on us to set ourselves silently upon a
+translation into these languages.  We accordingly hired two
+moonshees to assist us in it, and each of us took our share; Brother
+Marshman took Matthew and Luke; Brother Ward, Mark and John; and
+myself the remaining part of the New Testament into Hindostani.  I
+undertook no part of the Persian; but, instead thereof, engaged in
+translating it into Maharastra, commonly called the Mahratta
+language, the person who assists me in the Hindostani being a
+Mahratta.  Brother Marshman has finished Matthew, and, instead of
+Luke, has begun the Acts. Brother Ward has done part of John, and I
+have done the Epistles, and about six chapters of the Revelation;
+and have proceeded as far as the second epistle of the Corinthians
+in the revisal: they have done a few chapters into Persian, and I a
+few into Mahratta.  Thus the matter stood, till a few days ago Mr.
+Buchanan informed me that a military gentleman had translated the
+Gospels into Hindostani and Persian, and had made a present of them
+to the College, and that the College Council had voted the printing
+of them.  This made it necessary for me to say what we had been
+about; and had it not been for this circumstance we should not have
+said anything till we had got the New Testament at least pretty
+forward in printing.  I am very glad that Major Colebrooke has done
+it.  We will gladly do what others do not do, and wish all speed to
+those who do anything in this way.  We have it in our power, if our
+means would do for it, in the space of about fifteen years to have
+the word of God translated and printed in all the languages of the
+East. Our situation is such as to furnish us with the best
+assistance from natives of the different countries.  We can have
+types of all the different characters cast here; and about 700
+rupees per month, part of which I hope we shall be able to furnish,
+would complete the work.  The languages are the Hindostani (Hindi),
+Maharastra, Ooriya, Telinga, Bhotan, Burman, Chinese, Cochin
+Chinese, Tongkinese, and Malay.  On this great work we have fixed
+our eyes.  Whether God will enable us to accomplish it, or any
+considerable part of it, is uncertain."
+
+But all these advantages, his own genius for languages, his
+unconquerable plodding directed by a divine motive, his colleagues'
+co-operation, the encouragement of learned societies and the public,
+and the number of pundits and moonshees increased by the College of
+Fort William, would have failed to open the door of the East to the
+sacred Scriptures had the philological key of the Sanskrit been
+wanting or undiscovered.  In the preface to his Sanskrit grammar,
+quoted by the Quarterly Review with high approbation, Carey wrote
+that it gave him the meaning of four out of every five words of the
+principal languages of the whole people of India:--"The peculiar
+grammar of any one of these may be acquired in a couple of months,
+and then the language lies open to the student.  The knowledge of
+four words in five enables him to read with pleasure, and renders
+the acquisition of the few new words, as well as the idiomatic
+expressions, a matter of delight rather than of labour.  Thus the
+Ooriya, though possessing a separate grammar and character, is so
+much like the Bengali in the very expression that a Bengali pundit
+is almost equal to the correction of an Orissa proof sheet; and the
+first time that I read a page of Goojarati the meaning appeared so
+obvious as to render it unnecessary to ask the pundit questions."
+
+The mechanical apparatus of types, paper, and printing seem to have
+been provided by the same providential foresight as the intellectual
+and the spiritual.  We have seen how, when he was far enough
+advanced in his translation, Carey amid the swamps of Dinapoor
+looked to England for press, type, paper, and printer.  He got the
+last, William Ward, a man of his own selection, worthy to be his
+colleague.  But he had hardly despatched his letter when he found or
+made all the rest in Bengal itself.  It was from the old press
+bought in Calcutta, set up in Mudnabati, and removed to Serampore,
+that the first edition of the Bengali New Testament was printed.
+The few rare and venerable copies have now a peculiar bibliographic
+interest; the type and the paper alike are coarse and blurred.
+
+Sir Charles Wilkins, the Caxton of India, had with his own hands cut
+the punches and cast the types from which Halhed's Bengali grammar
+was printed at Hoogli in 1778.  He taught the art to a native
+blacksmith, Panchanan, who went to Serampore in search of work just
+when Carey was in despair for a fount of the sacred Devanagari type
+for his Sanskirt grammar, and for founts of the other languages
+besides Bengali which had never been printed.  They thus tell the
+story in a Memoir Relative to the Translations, published in 1807:--
+
+"It will be obvious that in the present state of things in India it
+was in many instances necessary to cast new founts of types in
+several of these languages.  Happily for us and India at large
+Wilkins had led the way in this department; and by persevering
+industry, the value of which can scarcely be appreciated, under the
+greatest disadvantages with respect to materials and workmen, had
+brought the Bengali to a high degree of perfection.  Soon after our
+settling at Serampore the providence of God brought to us the very
+artist who had wrought with Wilkins in that work, and in a great
+measure imbibed his ideas.  By his assistance we erected a
+letter-foundry; and although he is now dead, he had so fully
+communicated his art to a number of others, that they carry forward
+the work of type-casting, and even of cutting the matrices, with a
+degree of accuracy which would not disgrace European artists.  These
+have cast for us two or three founts of Bengali; and we are now
+employing them in casting a fount on a construction which bids fair
+to diminish the expense of paper, and the size of the book at least
+one-fourth, without affecting the legibility of the character.  Of
+the Devanagari character we have also cast an entire new fount,
+which is esteemed the most beautiful of the kind in India.  It
+consists of nearly 1000 different combinations of characters, so
+that the expense of cutting the patterns only amounted to 1500
+rupees, exclusive of metal and casting.
+
+"In the Orissa we have been compelled also to cast a new fount of
+types, as none before existed in that character.  The fount consists
+of about 300 separate combinations, and the whole expense of cutting
+and casting has amounted to at least 1000 rupees.  The character,
+though distinct, is of a moderate size, and will comprise the whole
+New Testament in about 700 pages octavo, which is about a fourth
+less than the Bengali.  Although in the Mahratta country the
+Devanagari character is well known to men of education, yet a
+character is current among the men of business which is much
+smaller, and varies considerably in form from the Nagari, though the
+number and power of the letters nearly correspond.  We have cast a
+fount in this character, in which we have begun to print the
+Mahratta New Testament, as well as a Mahratta dictionary.  This
+character is moderate in size, distinct and beautiful.  It will
+comprise the New Testament in perhaps a less number of pages than
+the Orissa.  The expense of casting, etc., has been much the same.
+We stand in need of three more founts; one in the Burman, another
+in the Telinga and Kernata, and a third in the Seek's character.
+These, with the Chinese characters, will enable us to go through
+the work.  An excellent and extensive fount of Persian we received
+from you, dear brethren, last year."
+
+Panchanan's apprentice, Monohur, continued to make elegant founts of
+type in all Eastern languages for the mission and for sale to others
+for more than forty years, becoming a benefactor not only to
+literature but to Christian civilisation to an extent of which he
+was unconscious, for he remained a Hindoo of the blacksmith caste.
+In 1839, when he first went to India as a young missionary, the
+Rev. James Kennedy17 saw him, as the present writer has often since
+seen his successor, cutting the matrices or casting the type for the
+Bibles, while he squatted below his favourite idol, under the
+auspices of which alone he would work.  Serampore continued down
+till 1860 to be the principal Oriental typefoundry of the East.18
+
+Hardly less service did the mission come to render to the
+manufacture of paper in course of time, giving the name of Serampore
+to a variety known all over India.  At first Carey was compelled to
+print his Bengali Testament on a dingy, porous, rough substance
+called Patna paper.  Then he began to depend on supplies from
+England, which in those days reached the press at irregular times,
+often impeding the work, and was most costly.  This was not all.
+Native paper, whether mill or hand-made, being sized with rice
+paste, attracted the bookworm and white ant, so that the first
+sheets of a work which lingered in the press were sometimes devoured
+by these insects before the last sheets were printed off.  Carey
+used to preserve his most valuable manuscripts by writing on
+arsenicated paper, which became of a hideous yellow colour, though
+it is to this alone we owe the preservation in the library of
+Serampore College of five colossal volumes of his polyglot
+dictionary prepared for the Bible translation work.  Many and long
+were the experiments of the missionaries to solve the paper
+difficulty, ending in the erection of a tread-mill on which relays
+of forty natives reduced the raw material in the paper-engine, until
+one was accidentally killed.
+
+The enterprise of Mr. William Jones, who first worked the Raneegunj
+coal-field, suggested the remedy in the employment of a
+steam-engine.  One of twelve-horse power was ordered from Messrs.
+Thwaites and Rothwell of Bolton.  This was the first ever erected in
+India, and it was a purely missionary locomotive.  The "machine of
+fire," as they called it, brought crowds of natives to the mission,
+whose curiosity tried the patience of the engineman imported to work
+it; while many a European who had never seen machinery driven by
+steam came to study and to copy it.  The date was the 27th of March
+1820, when "the engine went in reality this day."  From that time
+till 1865 Serampore became the one source of supply for local as
+distinguished from imported and purely native hand-made paper.  Even
+the cartridges of Mutiny notoriety in 1857 were from this factory,
+though it had long ceased to be connected with the mission.
+
+Dr. Carey thus took stock of the translating enterprise in a letter
+to Dr. Ryland:--
+
+"22nd January 1808.--Last year may be reckoned among the most
+important which this mission has seen--not for the numbers converted
+among the natives, for they have been fewer than in some preceding
+years, but for the gracious care which God has exercised towards us.
+We have been enabled to carry on the translation and printing of
+the Word of God in several languages.  The printing is now going on
+in six and the translation into six more.  The Bengali is all
+printed except from Judges vii. to the end of Esther; Sanskrit New
+Testament to Acts xxvii.; Orissa to John xxi.; Mahratta, second
+edition, to the end of Matthew; Hindostani (new version) to Mark v.,
+and Matthew is begun in Goojarati.  The translation is nearly
+carried on to the end of John in Chinese, Telinga Kurnata, and the
+language of the Seeks.  It is carried on to a pretty large extent in
+Persian and begun in Burman.  The whole Bible was printed in Malay
+at Batavia some years ago.  The whole is printed in Tamil, and the
+Syrian Bishop at Travancore is now superintending a translation from
+Syriac into Malayala.  I learnt this week that the language of
+Kashmeer is a distinct language.
+
+"I have this day been to visit the most learned Hindoo now living;
+he speaks only Sanskrit, is more than eighty years old, is
+acquainted with the writings and has studied the sentiments of all
+their schools of philosophy (usually called the Darshunas of the
+Veda).  He tells me that this is the sixteenth time that he has
+travelled from Rameshwaram to Harhu (viz. from the extreme cape of
+the Peninsula to Benares).  He was, he says, near Madras when the
+English first took possession of it.  This man has given his opinion
+against the burning of women."
+
+Four years later, in another letter to Ryland, he takes us into his
+confidence more fully, showing us not only his sacred workshop, but
+ingenuously revealing his own humility and self-sacrifice:--"10th
+December 1811.--I have of late been much impressed with the vast
+importance of laying a foundation for Biblical criticism in the
+East, by preparing grammars of the different languages into which we
+have translated or may translate the Bible.  Without some such step,
+they who follow us will have to wade through the same labour that I
+have, in order to stand merely upon the same ground that I now stand
+upon.  If, however, elementary books are provided, the labour will
+be greatly contracted; and a person will be able in a short time to
+acquire that which has cost me years of study and toil.
+
+"The necessity which lies upon me of acquiring so many languages,
+obliges me to study and write out the grammar of each of them, and
+to attend closely to their irregularities and peculiarities.  I have
+therefore already published grammars of three of them; namely, the
+Sanskrit, the Bengali, and the Mahratta.  To these I have resolved
+to add grammars of the Telinga, Kurnata, Orissa, Punjabi, Kashmeeri,
+Goojarati, Nepalese, and Assam languages.  Two of these are now in
+the press, and I hope to have two or three more of them out by the
+end of the next year.
+
+"This may not only be useful in the way I have stated, but may serve
+to furnish an answer to a question which has been more than once
+repeated, 'How can these men translate into so great a number of
+languages?'  Few people know what may be done till they try, and
+persevere in what they undertake.
+
+"I am now printing a dictionary of the Bengali, which will be pretty
+large, for I have got to page 256, quarto, and am not near through
+the first letter.  That letter, however, begins more words than any
+two others.
+
+"To secure the gradual perfection of the translations, I have also
+in my mind, and indeed have been long collecting materials for, An
+Universal Dictionary of the Oriental languages derived from the
+Sanskrit.  I mean to take the Sanskrit, of course, as the
+groundwork, and to give the different acceptations of every word,
+with examples of their application, in the manner of Johnson, and
+then to give the synonyms in the different languages derived from
+the Sanskrit, with the Hebrew and Greek terms answering thereto;
+always putting the word derived from the Sanskrit term first, and
+then those derived from other sources.  I intend always to give the
+etymology of the Sanskrit term, so that that of the terms deduced
+from it in the cognate languages will be evident.  This work will be
+great, and it is doubtful whether I shall live to complete it; but I
+mean to begin to arrange the materials, which I have been some years
+collecting for this purpose, as soon as my Bengali dictionary is
+finished.  Should I live to accomplish this, and the translations in
+hand, I think I can then say, 'Lord, now lettest thou thy servant
+depart in peace.'"
+
+The ardent scholar had twenty-three years of toil before him in this
+happy work.  But he did not know this, while each year the labour
+increased, and the apprehension grew that he and his colleagues
+might at any time be removed without leaving a trained successor.
+They naturally looked first to the sons of the mission for
+translators as they had already done for preachers.
+
+To Dr. Carey personally, however, the education of a young
+missionary specially fitted to be his successor, as translator and
+editor of the translations, was even more important.  Such a man was
+found in William Yates, born in 1792, and in the county,
+Leicestershire, in which Carey brought the Baptist mission to the
+birth.  Yates was in his early years also a shoemaker, and member of
+Carey's old church in Harvey Lane, when under the great Robert Hall,
+who said to the youth's father, "Your son, sir, will be a great
+scholar and a good preacher, and he is a holy young man."  In 1814
+he became the last of the young missionaries devoted to the cause by
+Fuller, soon to pass away, Ryland, and Hall. Yates had not been many
+months at Serampore when, with the approval of his brethren, Carey
+wrote to Fuller, on 17th May 1815:--"I am much inclined to associate
+him with myself in the translations.  My labour is greater than at
+any former period.  We have now translations of the Bible going
+forward in twenty-seven languages, all of which are in the press
+except two or three.  The labour of correcting and revising all of
+them lies on me."  By September we find Yates writing:--"Dr. Carey
+sends all the Bengali proofs to me to review.  I read them over, and
+if there is anything I do not understand, or think to be wrong, I
+mark it.  We then converse over it, and if it is wrong, he alters
+it; but if not, he shows me the reason why it is right, and thus
+will initiate me into the languages as fast as I can learn them.  He
+wishes me to begin the Hindi very soon.  Since I have been here I
+have read three volumes in Bengali, and they have but six of
+consequence in prose.  There are abundance in Sanskrit." "Dr. Carey
+has treated me with the greatest affection and kindness, and told me
+he will give me every information he can, and do anything in his
+power to promote my happiness."  What Baruch was to the prophet
+Jeremiah, that Yates might have been to Carey, who went so far in
+urging him to remain for life in Serampore as to say, "if he did not
+accept the service it would be, in his judgment, acting against
+Providence, and the blessing of God was not to be expected."  Yates
+threw in his lot with the younger men who, in Calcutta after
+Fuller's death, began the Society's as distinct from the Serampore
+mission.  If Carey was the Wyclif and Tyndale, Yates was the
+Coverdale of the Bengali and Sanskrit Bible.  Wenger, their
+successor, was worthy of both.  Bengal still waits for the first
+native revision of the great work which these successive pioneers
+have gradually improved.  When shall Bengal see its own Luther?
+
+The Bengali Bible was the first as it was the most important of the
+translations.  The province, or lieutenant-governorship then had the
+same area as France, and contained more than double its population,
+or eighty millions.  Of the three principal vernaculars, Bengali is
+spoken by forty-five millions of Hindoos and Mohammedans.  It was
+for all the natives of Bengal and of India north of the Dekhan
+("south") tableland, but especially for the Bengali-speaking people,
+that William Carey created a literary language a century ago.
+
+The first Bengali version of the whole New Testament Carey
+translated from the original Greek before the close of 1796.  The
+only English commentary used was the Family Expositor of Doddridge,
+published in 1738, and then the most critical in the language.  Four
+times he revised the manuscript, with a Greek concordance in his
+hand, and he used it not only with Ram Basu by his side, the most
+accomplished of early Bengali scholars, but with the natives around
+him of all classes.  By 1800 Ward had arrived as printer, the press
+was perfected at Serampore, and the result of seven years of toil
+appeared in February 1801, in the first edition of 2000 copies,
+costing £612.  The printing occupied nine months.  The type was set
+up by Ward and Carey's son Felix with their own hands; "for about a
+month at first we had a Brahman compositor, but we were quite weary
+of him.  We kept four pressmen constantly employed."  A public
+subscription had been opened for the whole Bengali Bible at Rs. 32,
+or £4 a copy as exchange then was, and nearly fifty copies had been
+at once subscribed for.  It was this edition which immediately led
+to Carey's appointment to the College of Fort William, and it was
+that appointment which placed Carey in a position, philological and
+financial, to give the Bible to the peoples of the farther East in
+their own tongue.
+
+Some loving memories cluster round the first Bengali version of the
+New Testament which it is well to collect.  On Tuesday, 18th March
+1800, Ward's journal19 records: "Brother Carey took an impression at
+the press of the first page in Matthew."  The translator was himself
+the pressman.  As soon as the whole of this Gospel was ready, 500
+copies of it were struck off for immediate circulation, "which we
+considered of importance as containing a complete life of the
+Redeemer."  Four days after an advertisement in the official
+Calcutta Gazette, announcing that the missionaries had established a
+press at Serampore and were printing the Bible in Bengali, roused
+Lord Wellesley, who had fettered the press in British India.  Mr.
+Brown was able to inform the Governor-General that this very
+Serampore press had refused to print a political attack on the
+English Government, and that it was intended for the spiritual
+instruction only of the natives.  This called forth the assurance
+from that liberal statesman that he was personally favourable to the
+conversion of the heathen.  When he was further told that such an
+Oriental press would be invaluable to the College of Fort William,
+he not only withdrew his opposition but made Carey first teacher of
+Bengali.  It was on the 7th February 1801 that the last sheet with
+the final corrections was put into Carey's hands.  When a volume had
+been bound it was reverently offered to God by being placed on the
+Communion-table of the chapel, and the mission families and the
+new-made converts gathered around it with solemn thanksgiving to God
+led by Krishna Pal. Carey preached from the words (Col. iii. 11)
+"Let the Word of Christ dwell in you richly in all wisdom."  The
+centenary was celebrated in Calcutta in 1901, under Dr. Rouse, whose
+fine scholarship had just revised the translation.
+
+When the first copies reached England, Andrew Fuller sent one to the
+second Earl Spencer, the peer who had used the wealth of Sarah,
+Duchess of Marlborough, to collect the great library at Althorp.
+Carey had been a poor tenant of his, though the Earl knew it not.
+When the Bengali New Testament reached him, with its story, he sent
+a cheque for £50 to help to translate the Old Testament, and he took
+care that a copy should be presented to George III., as by his own
+request.  Mr. Bowyer was received one morning at Windsor, and along
+with the volume presented an address expressing the desire that His
+Majesty might live to see its principles universally prevail
+throughout his Eastern dominions.  On this the lord in waiting
+whispered a doubt whether the book had come through the proper
+channel.  At once the king replied that the Board of Control had
+nothing to do with it, and turning to Mr. Bowyer said, "I am greatly
+pleased to find that any of my subjects are employed in this
+manner."
+
+This now rare volume, to be found on the shelves of the Serampore
+College Library, where it leads the host of the Carey translations,
+is coarse and unattractive in appearance compared with its latest
+successors.  In truth the second edition, which appeared in 1806,
+was almost a new version.  The criticism of his colleagues and
+others, especially of a ripe Grecian like Dr. Marshman, the growth
+of the native church, and his own experience as a Professor of
+Sanskrit and Marathi as well as Bengali, gave Carey new power in
+adapting the language to the divine ideas of which he made it the
+medium.  But the first edition was not without its self-evidencing
+power.  Seventeen years after, when the mission extended to the old
+capital of Dacca, there were found several villages of Hindoo-born
+peasants who had given up idol-worship, were renowned for their
+truthfulness, and, as searching for a true teacher come from God,
+called themselves "Satya-gooroos."  They traced their new faith to a
+much-worn book kept in a wooden box in one of their villages.  No
+one could say whence it had come; all they knew was that they had
+possessed it for many years.  It was Carey's first Bengali version
+of the New Testament of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ.  In the
+wide and elastic bounds of Hindooism, and even, as we shall see,
+amid fanatical Mussulmans beyond the frontier, the Bible, dimly
+understood without a teacher, has led to puritan sects like this, as
+to earnest inquirers like the chamberlain of Queen Candace.
+
+The third edition of the Bengali Testament was published in 1811 in
+folio for the use of the native congregations by that time formed.
+The fourth, consisting of 5000 copies, appeared in 1816, and the
+eighth in 1832.  The venerable scholar, like Columba at Iona over
+the thirty-fourth psalm, and Baeda at Jarrow over the sixth chapter
+of John's Gospel, said as he corrected the last sheet--the last
+after forty years' faithful and delighted toil: "My work is done; I
+have nothing more to do but to wait the will of the Lord." The Old
+Testament from the Hebrew appeared in portions from 1802 to 1809.
+Such was the ardour of the translator, that he had finished the
+correction of his version of the first chapter of Genesis in January
+1794.  When he read it to two pundits from Nuddea, he told Fuller in
+his journal of that month they seemed much pleased with the account
+of the creation, but they objected to the omission of patala, their
+imaginary place beneath the earth, which they thought should have
+been mentioned.  At this early period Carey saw the weakness of
+Hindooism as a pretended revelation, from its identification with
+false physics, just as Duff was to see and use it afterwards with
+tremendous effect, and wrote:--"There is a necessity of explaining
+to them several circumstances relative to geography and chronology,
+as they have many superstitious opinions on those subjects which are
+closely connected with their systems of idolatry."  The Bengali
+Bible was the result of fifteen years' sweet toil, in which Marshman
+read the Greek and Carey the Bengali; every one of their colleagues
+examined the proof sheets, and Carey finally wrote with his own pen
+the whole of the five octavo volumes.  In the forty years of his
+missionary career Carey prepared and saw through the press five
+editions of the Old Testament and eight editions of the New in
+Bengali.
+
+The Sanskrit version was translated from the original, and written
+out by the toiling scholar himself.  Sir William Jones is said to
+have been able to secure his first pundit's help only by paying him
+Rs. 500 a month, or £700 a year.  Carey engaged and trained his many
+pundits at a twentieth of that sum.  He well knew that the Brahmans
+would scorn a book in the language of the common people. "What,"
+said one who was offered the Hindi version, "even if the books
+should contain divine knowledge, they are nothing to us.  The
+knowledge of God contained in them is to us as milk in a vessel of
+dog's skin, utterly polluted."  But, writes the annalist of Biblical
+Translations in India, Carey's Sanskrit version was cordially
+received by the Brahmans.  Destroyed in the fire in 1812, the Old
+Testament historical books were again translated, and appeared in
+1815.  In 1827 the aged saint had strength to bring out the first
+volume of a thorough revision, and to leave the manuscript of the
+second volume, on his death, as a legacy to his successors, Yates
+and Wenger.  Against Vedas and Upanishads, Brahmanas and Epics, he
+set the Sanskrit Bible.
+
+The whole number of completely translated and published versions of
+the sacred Scriptures which Carey sent forth was twenty-eight.  Of
+these seven included the whole Bible, and twenty-one contained the
+books of the New Testament.  Each translation has a history, a
+spiritual romance of its own.  Each became almost immediately a
+silent but effectual missionary to the peoples of Asia, as well as
+the scholarly and literary pioneer of those later editions and
+versions from which the native churches of farther Asia derive the
+materials of their lively growth.
+
+The Ooriya version was almost the first to be undertaken after the
+Bengali, to which language it bears the same relation as rural
+Scotch to English, though it has a written character of its own.
+What is now the Orissa division of Bengal, separating it from
+Madras to the south-west, was added to the empire in 1803.  This
+circumstance, and the fact that its Pooree district, after centuries
+of sun-worship and then shiva-worship, had become the high-place of
+the vaishnava cult of Jaganath and his car, which attracted and
+often slew hundreds of thousands of pilgrims every year, led Carey
+to prepare at once for the press the Ooriya Bible.  The chief
+pundit, Mritunjaya, skilled in both dialects, first adapted the
+Bengali version to the language of the Ooriyas, which was his own.
+Carey then took the manuscript, compared it with the original
+Greek, and corrected it verse by verse.  The New Testament was ready
+in 1809, and the Old Testament in 1815, the whole in four volumes.
+Large editions were quickly bought up and circulated.  These led to
+the establishment of the General Baptist Society's missionaries at
+Cuttak, the capital.
+
+In 1814 the Serampore Bible translation college, as we may call it,
+began the preparation of the New Testament in Maghadi, another of
+the languages allied to the Bengali, and derived from the Sanskrit
+through the Pali, because that was the vernacular of Buddhism in its
+original seat; an edition of 1000 copies appeared in 1824.  It was
+intended to publish a version in the Maithili language of Bihar,
+which has a literature stretching back to the fourteenth century,
+that every class might have the Word of God in their own dialect.
+But Carey's literary enthusiasm and scholarship had by this time
+done so much to develop and extend the power of Bengali proper, that
+it had begun to supersede all such dialects, except Ooriya and the
+northern vernaculars of the valley of the Brahmapootra.  In 1810 the
+Serampore press added the Assamese New Testament to its
+achievements.  In 1819 the first edition appeared, in 1826 the
+province became British, and in 1832 Carey had the satisfaction of
+issuing the Old Testament, and setting apart Mr. Rae, a Scottish
+soldier, who had settled there, as the first missionary at Gowhatti.
+To these must be added, as in the Bengali character though
+non-Aryan languages, versions in Khasi and Manipoori, the former for
+the democratic tribes of the Khasia hills among whom the Welsh
+Calvinists have since worked, and the latter for the curious Hindoo
+snake-people on the border of Burma, who have taught Europe the game
+of polo.
+
+Another immediate successor of the Bengali translation was the
+Marathi, of which also Carey was professor in the College of Fort
+William.  By 1804 he was himself hard at work on this version, by
+1811 the first edition of the New Testament appeared, and by 1820
+the Old Testament left the press.  It was in a dialect peculiar to
+Nagpoor, and was at first largely circulated by Lieutenant Moxon in
+the army there.  In 1812 Carey sent the missionary Aratoon to Bombay
+and Surat just after Henry Martyn had written that the only
+Christian in the city who understood his evangelical sermon was a
+ropemaker just arrived from England.  At the same time he was busy
+with a version in the dialect of the Konkan, the densely-peopled
+coast district to the south of Bombay city, inhabited chiefly by the
+ablest Brahmanical race in India.  In 1819 the New Testament
+appeared in this translation, having been under preparation at
+Serampore for eleven years.  Thus Carey sought to turn to Christ the
+twelve millions of Hindoos who, from Western India above and below
+the great coast-range known as the Sahyadri or "delectable"
+mountains, had nearly wrested the whole peninsula from the
+Mohammedans, and had almost anticipated the life-giving rule of the
+British, first at Panipat and then as Assye.  Meanwhile new
+missionaries had been taking possession of those western districts
+where the men of Serampore had sowed the first seed and reaped the
+first fruits.  The charter of 1813 made it possible for the American
+Missionaries to land there, and for the local Bible Society to
+spring into existence.  Dr. John Wilson and his Scottish colleagues
+followed them.  Carey and his brethren welcomed these and retired
+from that field, confining themselves to providing, during the next
+seven years, a Goojarati version for the millions of Northern
+Bombay, including the hopeful Parsees, and resigning that, too, to
+the London Missionary Society after issuing the New Testament in
+1820.
+
+Mr. Christopher Anderson justly remarks, in his Annals of the
+English Bible, published half a century ago:--"Time will show, and
+in a very singular manner, that every version, without exception,
+which came from Carey's hands, has a value affixed to it which the
+present generation, living as it were too near an object, is not yet
+able to estimate or descry.  Fifty years hence the character of this
+extraordinary and humble man will be more correctly appreciated."
+
+In none of the classes of languages derived from the Sanskrit was
+the zeal of Carey and his associates so remarkable as in the Hindi.
+So early as 1796 he wrote of this the most widely extended
+offspring of the Sanskrit:--"I have acquired so much of the Hindi as
+to converse in it and preach for some time intelligibly...It is the
+current language of all the west from Rajmahal to Delhi, and perhaps
+farther.  With this I can be understood nearly all over Hindostan."
+By the time that he issued the sixth memoir of the translations
+Chamberlain's experiences in North-Western India led Carey to write
+that he had ascertained the existence of twenty dialects of Hindi,
+with the same vocabulary but different sets of terminations.  The
+Bruj or Brijbhasa Gospels were finished in 1813, two years after
+Chamberlain had settled in Agra, and the New Testament was completed
+nine years after.  This version of the Gospels led the Brahman
+priest, Anand Masih, to Christ.  In their eagerness for a copy of
+the Old Testament, which appeared in 1818, many Sepoys brought
+testimonials from their commanding officers, and in one year it led
+eighteen converts to Christ.  The other Hindi dialects, in which the
+whole New Testament or the Gospels appeared, will be found at page
+177 {see footnote number 16}.  The parent Hindi translation was made
+by Carey with his own hand from the original languages between 1802
+and 1807, and ran through many large editions till Mr. Chamberlain's
+was preferred by Carey himself in 1819.
+
+We may pass over the story of the Dravidian versions, the Telugoo20
+New Testament and Pentateuch, and the Kanarese.  Nor need we do more
+than refer to the Singhalese, "derived from the previous labours of
+Dr. Carey" by Tolfrey, the Persian, Malayalam, and other versions
+made by others, but edited or carefully carried through the press by
+Carey.  The wonderful tale of his Bible work is well illustrated by
+a man who, next to the Lawrences, was the greatest Englishman who
+has governed the Punjab frontier, the hero of Mr. Ruskin's book, A
+Knight's Faith.  In that portion of his career which Sir Herbert
+Edwardes gave to the world under the title of A Year on the Punjab
+Frontier in 1848-49, and in which he describes his bloodless
+conquest of the wild valley of Bunnoo, we find this gem embedded.
+The writer was at the time in the Gundapoor country, of which
+Kulachi is the trade-centre between the Afghan pass of Ghwalari and
+Dera Ismail Kan, where the dust of Sir Henry Durand now lies:--
+
+"A highly interesting circumstance connected with the Indian trade
+came under my notice.  Ali Khan, Gundapoor, the uncle of the present
+chief, Gooldâd Khan, told me he could remember well, as a youth,
+being sent by his father and elder brother with a string of Cabul
+horses to the fair of Hurdwâr, on the Ganges.  He also showed me a
+Pushtoo version of the Bible, printed at Serampore in 1818, which he
+said had been given him thirty years before at Hurdwâr by an English
+gentleman, who told him to 'take care of it, and neither fling it
+into the fire nor the river; but hoard it up against the day when
+the British should be rulers of his country!'  Ali Khan said little
+to anybody of his possessing this book, but put it carefully by in a
+linen cover, and produced it with great mystery when I came to
+settle the revenue of his nephew's country, 'thinking that the time
+predicted by the Englishman had arrived!'  The only person, I
+believe, to whom he had shown the volume was a Moolluh, who read
+several passages in the Old Testament, and told Ali Khan 'it was a
+true story, and was all about their own Muhommudan prophets, Father
+Moses and Father Noah.'
+
+"I examined the book with great interest.  It was not printed in the
+Persian character, but the common Pushtoo language of Afghanistan;
+and was the only specimen I had ever seen of Pushtoo reduced to
+writing.  The accomplishment of such a translation was a highly
+honourable proof of the zeal and industry of the Serampore mission;
+and should these pages ever meet the eye of Mr. John Marshman, of
+Serampore,21 whose own pen is consistently guided by a love of civil
+order and religious truth, he may probably be able to identify 'the
+English gentleman' who, thirty-two years ago on the banks of the
+Ganges, at the then frontier of British India, gave to a young
+Afghan chief, from beyond the distant Indus, a Bible in his own
+barbarous tongue, and foresaw the day when the followers of the 'Son
+of David' should extend their dominion to the 'Throne of Solomon.'"
+
+Hurdwâr, as the spot at which the Ganges debouches into the plains,
+is the scene of the greatest pilgrim gathering in India, especially
+every twelfth year.  Then three millions of people used to assemble,
+and too often carried, all over Asia, cholera which extended to
+Europe.  The missionaries made this, like most pilgrim resorts, a
+centre of preaching and Bible circulation, and doubtless it was from
+Thompson, Carey's Missionary at Delhi, that this copy of the Pushtoo
+Bible was received.  It was begun by Dr. Leyden, and continued for
+seven years by the same Afghan maulavee under Carey, in the Arabic
+character.  The Punjabi Bible, nearly complete, issued first in
+1815, had become so popular by 1820 as to lead Carey to report of
+the Sikhs that no one of the nations of India had discovered a
+stronger desire for the Scriptures than this hardy race.  At
+Amritsar and Lahore "the book of Jesus is spoken of, is read, and
+has caused a considerable stir in the minds of the people."  A Thug,
+asked how he could have committed so many murders, pointed to it and
+said, "If I had had this book I could not have done it."  A fakeer,
+forty miles from Lodiana, read the book, founded the community of
+worshippers of the Sachi Pitè Isa, and suffered much persecution in
+a native State.
+
+When Felix Carey returned to Serampore in 1812 to print his Burmese
+version of the Gospel of Matthew and his Burmese grammar, his father
+determined to send the press at which they were completed to
+Rangoon.  The three missionaries despatched with it a letter to the
+king of Ava, commending to his care "their beloved brethren, who
+from love to his majesty's subjects had voluntarily gone to place
+themselves under his protection, while they translated the Bible,
+the Book of Heaven, which was received and revered" by all the
+countries of Europe and America as "the source whence all the
+knowledge of virtue and religion was drawn."  The king at once
+ordered from Serampore a printing-press, like that at Rangoon, for
+his own palace at Ava, with workmen to use it.  In this Carey saw
+the beginning of a mission in the Burman capital, but God had other
+designs which the sons and daughters of America, following Judson
+first of all, are still splendidly developing, from Rangoon to
+Kareng-nee, Siam, and China.  The ship containing the press sank in
+the Rangoon river, and the first Burmese war soon followed.
+
+Three months after the complete and magnificent plan of translating
+the Bible into all the languages of the far East, which the
+assistance of his two colleagues and the college of Fort William led
+Carey to form, had been laid before Fuller in Northamptonshire, the
+British and Foreign Bible Society was founded in London.  Joseph
+Hughes, the Nonconformist who was its first secretary, had been
+moved by the need of the Welsh for the Bible in their own tongue.
+But the ex-Governor-General, Lord Teignmouth, became its first
+president, and the Serampore translators at once turned for
+assistance to the new organisation whose work Carey had individually
+been doing for ten years at the cost of his two associates and
+himself.  The catholic Bible Society at once asked Carey's old
+friend, Mr. Udny, then a member of the Government in Calcutta, to
+form a corresponding committee there of the three
+missionaries--their chaplain friends, Brown and Buchanan, and
+himself.  The chaplains delayed the formation of the committee till
+1809, but liberally helped meanwhile in the circulation of the other
+appeals issued from Serampore, and even made the proposal which
+resulted in Dr. Marshman's wonderful version of the Bible in Chinese
+and Ward's improvements in Chinese printing.  To the principal
+tributary sovereigns of India Dr. Buchanan sent copies of the
+vernacular Scriptures already published.
+
+>From 1809 till 1830, or practically through the rest of Carey's
+life, the co-operation of Serampore and the Bible Society was
+honourable to both.  Carey loyally clung to it when in 1811, under
+the spell of Henry Martyn's sermon on Christian India, the chaplains
+established the Calcutta Auxiliary Bible Society in order to
+supersede its corresponding committee.  In the Serampore press the
+new auxiliary, like the parent Society, found the cheapest and best
+means of publishing editions of the New Testament in Singhalese,
+Malayalam, and Tamil.  The press issued also the Persian New
+Testament, first of the Romanist missionary, Sebastiani--"though it
+be not wholly free from imperfections, it will doubtless do much
+good," wrote Dr. Marshman to Fuller--and then of Henry Martyn, whose
+assistant, Sabat, was trained at Serampore.  Those three of
+Serampore had a Christ-like tolerance, which sprang from the divine
+charity of their determination to live only that the Word of God
+might sound out through Asia. When in 1830 this auxiliary--which had
+at first sought to keep all missionaries out of its executive in
+order to conciliate men like Sydney Smith's brother, the
+Advocate-General of Bengal--refused to use the translations of Carey
+and Yates, and inclined to an earlier version of Ellerton, because
+of the translation or transliteration of the Greek words for
+"baptism," these two scholars acted thus, as described by the Bible
+Society's annalist--they, "with a liberality which does them honour,
+permitted the use of their respective versions of the Bengali
+Scriptures, with such alterations as were deemed needful in the
+disputed word for 'baptism,' they being considered in no way parties
+to such alterations."  From first to last the British and Foreign
+Bible Society, to use its own language, "had the privilege of aiding
+the Serampore brethren by grants, amounting to not less than
+£13,500."  Of this £1475 had been raised by Mr. William Hey, F.R.S.,
+a surgeon at Leeds, who had been so moved by the translation memoir
+of 1816 as to offer £500 for the publication of a thousand copies of
+every approved first translation of the New Testament into any
+dialect of India.  It was with this assistance that most of the
+Hindi and the Pushtoo and Punjabi versions were produced.
+
+The cold season of 1811-12 was one ever to be remembered.  Death
+entered the home of each of the staff of seven missionaries and
+carried off wife or children.  An earthquake of unusual violence
+alarmed the natives.  Dr. Carey had buried a grandson, and was at
+his weekly work in the college at Calcutta.  The sun had just set on
+the evening of the 11th March 1812, and the native typefounders,
+compositors, pressmen, binders, and writers had gone.  Ward alone
+lingered in the waning light at his desk settling an account with a
+few servants.  His two rooms formed the north end of the long
+printing-office.  The south rooms were filled with paper and printed
+materials.  Close beyond was the paper-mill.  The Bible-publishing
+enterprise was at its height.  Fourteen founts of Oriental types,
+new supplies of Hebrew, Greek, and English types, a vast stock of
+paper from the Bible Society, presses, priceless manuscripts of
+dictionaries, grammars, and translations, and, above all, the steel
+punches of the Eastern letters--all were there, with the deeds and
+account-books of the property, and the iron safe containing notes
+and rupees.  Suffocating smoke burst from the long type-room into
+the office.  Rushing through it to observe the source of the fire,
+he was arrested at the southern rooms by the paper store.  Returning
+with difficulty and joined by Marshman and the natives, he had every
+door and window closed, and then mounting the south roof, he had
+water poured through it upon the burning mass for four hours, with
+the most hopeful prospect of arresting the ruin.  While he was busy
+with Marshman in removing the papers in the north end some one
+opened a window, when the air set the entire building on flame.  By
+midnight the roof fell in along its whole length, and the column of
+fire leapt up towards heaven.  With "solemn serenity" the members of
+the mission family remained seated in front of the desolation.
+
+The ruins were still smoking when next evening Dr. Carey arrived
+from Calcutta, which was ringing with the sad news.  The venerable
+scholar had suffered most, for his were the manuscripts; the steel
+punches were found uninjured.  The Sikh and Telugoo grammars and ten
+Bible versions in the press were gone.  Second editions of
+Confucius.  A Dissertation on the Chinese Language, and of Ward on
+the Hindoos, and smaller works were destroyed.  The translation of
+the Ramayana, on which he and Marshman had been busy for a year, was
+stopped for ever; fifty years after the present writer came upon
+some charred sheets of the fourth volume, which had been on the
+press and rescued.  The Circular Letter for April 1812 is printed on
+paper scorched at the edge.  Worst of all was the loss of that
+polyglot dictionary of all the languages derived from the Sanskrit
+which, if Carey had felt any of this world's ambition, would have
+perpetuated his name in the first rank of philologists.
+
+With the delicacy which always marked him Dr. Marshman had himself
+gone down to Calcutta next morning to break the news to Carey, who
+received it with choking utterance.  The two then called on the
+friendly chaplain, Thomason, who burst into tears.  When the
+afternoon tide enabled the three to reach Serampore, after a two
+hours' hard pull at the flood, they found Ward rejoicing.  He had
+been all day clearing away the rubbish, and had just discovered the
+punches and matrices unharmed.  The five presses too were untouched.
+He had already opened out a long warehouse nearer the river-shore,
+the lease of which had fallen in to them, and he had already planned
+the occupation of that uninviting place in which the famous press of
+Serampore and, at the last, the Friend of India weekly newspaper
+found a home till 1875.  The description of the scene and of its
+effect on Carey by an eye-witness like Thomason has a value of its
+own:--
+
+"The year 1812 was ushered in by an earthquake which was preceded by
+a loud noise; the house shook; the oil in the lamps on the walls was
+thrown out; the birds made a frightful noise; the natives ran from
+their houses, calling on the names of their gods; the sensation is
+most awful; we read the forty-sixth Psalm.  This fearful prodigy was
+succeeded by that desolating disaster, the Serampore fire.  I could
+scarcely believe the report; it was like a blow on the head which
+stupefies.  I flew to Serampore to witness the desolation.  The
+scene was indeed affecting.  The immense printing-office, two
+hundred feet long and fifty broad, reduced to a mere shell.  The
+yard covered with burnt quires of paper, the loss in which article
+was immense.  Carey walked with me over the smoking ruins.  The
+tears stood in his eyes. 'In one short evening,' said he, 'the
+labours of years are consumed.  How unsearchable are the ways of
+God!  I had lately brought some things to the utmost perfection of
+which they seemed capable, and contemplated the missionary
+establishment with perhaps too much self-congratulation.  The Lord
+has laid me low, that I may look more simply to Him.' Who could
+stand in such a place, at such a time, with such a man, without
+feelings of sharp regret and solemn exercise of mind.  I saw the
+ground strewed with half-consumed paper, on which in the course of a
+very few months the words of life would have been printed.  The
+metal under our feet amidst the ruins was melted into misshapen
+lumps--the sad remains of beautiful types consecrated to the service
+of the sanctuary.  All was smiling and promising a few hours
+before--now all is vanished into smoke or converted into rubbish!
+Return now to thy books, regard God in all thou doest.  Learn
+Arabic with humility.  Let God be exalted in all thy plans, and
+purposes, and labours; He can do without thee."
+
+Carey himself thus wrote of the disaster to Dr. Ryland:--"25th March
+1812.--The loss is very great, and will long be severely felt; yet I
+can think of a hundred circumstances which would have made it much
+more difficult to bear.  The Lord has smitten us, he had a right to
+do so, and we deserve his corrections.  I wish to submit to His
+sovereign will, nay, cordially to acquiesce therein, and to examine
+myself rigidly to see what in me has contributed to this evil.
+
+"I now, however, turn to the bright side; and here I might mention
+what still remains to us, and the merciful circumstances which
+attend even this stroke of God's rod; but I will principally notice
+what will tend to cheer the heart of every one who feels for the
+cause of God. Our loss, so far as I can see, is reparable in a much
+shorter time than I should at first have supposed.  The Tamil fount
+of types was the first that we began to recast.  I expect it will be
+finished by the end of this week, just a fortnight after it was
+begun.  The next will be the small Devanagari, for the Hindostani
+Scriptures, and next the larger for the Sanskrit.  I hope this will
+be completed in another month.  The other founts, viz., Bengali,
+Orissa, Sikh, Telinga, Singhalese, Mahratta, Burman, Kashmeerian,
+Arabic, Persian, and Chinese, will follow in order, and will
+probably be finished in six or seven months, except the Chinese,
+which will take more than a year to replace it.  I trust, therefore,
+that we shall not be greatly delayed.  Our English works will be
+delayed the longest; but in general they are of the least
+importance.  Of MSS. burnt I have suffered the most; that is, what
+was actually prepared by me, and what owes its whole revision for
+the press to me, comprise the principal part of the MSS. consumed.
+The ground must be trodden over again, but no delay in printing
+need arise from that.  The translations are all written out first by
+pundits in the different languages, except the Sanskrit which is
+dictated by me to an amanuensis.  The Sikh, Mahratta, Hindostani,
+Orissa, Telinga, Assam, and Kurnata are re-translating in rough by
+pundits who have been long accustomed to their work, and have gone
+over the ground before.  I follow them in revise, the chief part of
+which is done as the sheets pass through the press, and is by far
+the heaviest part of the work.  Of the Sanskrit only the second book
+of Samuel and the first book of Kings were lost.  Scarcely any of
+the Orissa, and none of the Kashmeerian or of the Burman MSS. were
+lost--copy for about thirty pages of my Bengali dictionary, the
+whole copy of a Telinga grammar, part of the copy of the grammar of
+Punjabi or Sikh language, and all the materials which I had been
+long collecting for a dictionary of all the languages derived from
+the Sanskrit.  I hope, however, to be enabled to repair the loss,
+and to complete my favourite scheme, if my life be prolonged."
+
+Little did these simple scholars, all absorbed in their work, dream
+that this fire would prove to be the means of making them and their
+work famous all over Europe and America as well as India.  Men of
+every Christian school, and men interested only in the literary and
+secular side of their enterprise, had their active sympathy called
+out.  The mere money loss, at the exchange of the day, was not under
+ten thousand pounds.  In fifty days this was raised in England and
+Scotland alone, till Fuller, returning from his last campaign,
+entered the room of his committee, declaring "we must stop the
+contributions."  In Greenock, for instance, every place of worship
+on one Sunday collected money.  In the United States Mr. Robert
+Ralston, a Presbyterian, a merchant of Philadelphia, who as Carey's
+correspondent had been the first American layman to help missions to
+India, and Dr. Staughton, who had taken an interest in the formation
+of the Society in 1792 before he emigrated, had long assisted the
+translation work, and now that Judson was on his way out they
+redoubled their exertions.  In India Thomason's own congregation
+sent the missionaries £800, and Brown wrote from his dying bed a
+message of loving help.  The newspapers of Calcutta caught the
+enthusiasm; one leading article concluded with the assurance that
+the Serampore press would, "like the phoenix of antiquity, rise from
+its ashes, winged with new strength, and destined, in a lofty and
+long-enduring flight, widely to diffuse the benefits of knowledge
+throughout the East." The day after the fire ceased to smoke Monohur
+was at the task of casting type from the lumps of the molten metal.
+
+In two months after the first intelligence Fuller was able to send
+as "feathers of the phoenix" slips of sheets of the Tamil Testament,
+printed from these types, to the towns and churches which had
+subscribed.  Every fortnight a fount was cast; in a month all the
+native establishment was at work night and day.  In six months the
+whole loss in Oriental types was repaired.  The Ramayana version and
+Sanskrit polyglot dictionary were never resumed.  But of the Bible
+translations and grammars, Carey and his two heroic brethren
+wrote:--"We found, on making the trial, that the advantages in going
+over the same ground a second time were so great that they fully
+counter-balanced the time requisite to be devoted thereto in a
+second translation."  The fire, in truth, the cause of which was
+never discovered, and insurance against which did not exist in
+India, had given birth to revised editions.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+WHAT CAREY DID FOR LITERATURE AND FOR HUMANITY
+
+The growth of a language--Carey identified with the transition stage
+of Bengali--First printed books--Carey's own works--His influence on
+indigenous writers--His son's works--Bengal the first heathen
+country to receive the press--The first Bengali newspaper--The
+monthly and quarterly Friend of India--The Hindoo revival of the
+eighteenth century fostered by the East India Company--Carey's three
+memorials to Government on female infanticide, voluntary drowning,
+and widow-burning--What Jonathan Duncan and Col. Walker had
+done--Wellesley's regulation to prevent the sacrifice of
+children--Beginning of the agitation against the Suttee
+crime--Carey's pundits more enlightened than the Company's
+judges--Humanity triumphs in 1832--Carey's share in Ward's book on
+the Hindoos--The lawless supernaturalism of Rome and of
+India--Worship of Jaganath--Regulation identifying Government with
+Hindooism--The swinging festival--Ghat murders--Burning of
+lepers--Carey establishes the Leper Hospital in Calcutta--Slavery in
+India loses its legal status--Cowper, Clarkson, and Carey.
+
+Like the growth of a tree is the development of a language, as
+really and as strictly according to law.  In savage lands like those
+of Africa the missionary finds the living germs of speech, arranges
+them for the first time in grammatical order, expresses them in
+written and printed form, using the simplest, most perfect, and most
+universal character of all--the Roman, and at one bound gives the
+most degraded of the dark peoples the possibility of the highest
+civilisation and the divinest future.  In countries like India and
+China, where civilisation has long ago reached its highest level,
+and has been declining for want of the salt of a universal
+Christianity, it is the missionary again who interferes for the
+highest ends, but by a different process.  Mastering the complex
+classical speech and literature of the learned and priestly class,
+and living with his Master's sympathy among the people whom that
+class oppresses, he takes the popular dialects which are instinct
+with the life of the future; where they are wildly luxuriant he
+brings them under law, where they are barren he enriches them from
+the parent stock so as to make them the vehicle of ideas such as
+Greek gave to Europe, and in time he brings to the birth nations
+worthy of the name by a national language and literature lighted up
+with the ideas of the Book which he is the first to translate.
+
+This was what Carey did for the speech of the Bengalees.  To them,
+as the historians of the fast approaching Christian future will
+recognise, he was made what the Saxon Boniface had become to the
+Germans, or the Northumbrian Baeda and Wyclif to the English.  The
+transition period of English, from 1150 when its modern grammatical
+form prevailed, to the fifteenth century when the rich dialects gave
+place to the literary standard, has its central date in 1362.  Then
+Edward the Third made English take the place of French as the public
+language of justice and legislation, closely followed by Wyclif's
+English Bible.  Carey's one Indian life of forty years marks the
+similar transition stage of Bengali, including the parallel
+regulation of 1829, which abolished Persian, made by the Mohammedan
+conquerors the language of the courts, and put in its place Bengali
+and the vernaculars of the other provinces.
+
+When Carey began to work in Calcutta and Dinapoor in 1792-93 Bengali
+had no printed and hardly any written literature.  The very written
+characters were justly described by Colebrooke as nothing else but
+the difficult and beautiful Sanskrit Devanagari deformed for the
+sake of expeditious writings, such as accounts.  It was the new
+vaishnava faith of the Nuddea reformer Chaitanya which led to the
+composition of the first Bengali prose.22 The Brahmans and the
+Mohammedan rulers alike treated Bengali--though "it arose from the
+tomb of the Sanskrit," as Italian did from Latin under Dante's
+inspiration--as fit only for "demons and women."  In the generation
+before Carey there flourished at the same Oxford of India, as Nuddea
+has been called, Raja Krishna Rai, who did for Bengali what our own
+King Alfred accomplished for English prose.  Moved, however, chiefly
+by a zeal for Hindooism, which caused him to put a Soodra to death
+for marrying into a Brahman family, he himself wrote the vernacular
+and spent money in gifts, which "encouraged the people to study
+Bengali with unusual diligence."  But when, forty years after that,
+Carey visited Nuddea he could not discover more than forty separate
+works, all in manuscript, as the whole literature of 30,000,000 of
+people up to that time.  A press had been at work on the opposite
+side of the river for fifteen years, but Halhed's grammar was still
+the only as it was the most ancient printed book.  One Baboo Ram,
+from Upper India, was the first native who established a press in
+Calcutta, and that only under the influence of Colebrooke, to print
+the Sanskrit classics.  The first Bengali who, on his own account,
+printed works in the vernacular on trade principles, was Gunga
+Kishore, whom Carey and Ward had trained at Serampore.  He soon made
+so large a fortune by his own press that three native rivals had
+sprung up by 1820, when twenty-seven separate books, or 15,000
+copies, had been sold to natives within ten years.
+
+For nearly all these Serampore supplied the type.  But all were in
+another sense the result of Carey's action.  His first edition of
+the Bengali New Testament appeared in 1801, his Grammar in the same
+year, and at the same time his Colloquies, or "dialogues intended to
+facilitate the acquiring of the Bengali language," which he wrote
+out of the abundance of his knowledge of native thought, idioms, and
+even slang, to enable students to converse with all classes of
+society, as Erasmus had done in another way.  His Dictionary of
+80,000 words began to appear in 1815.  Knowing, however, that in the
+long run the literature of a nation must be of indigenous growth, he
+at once pressed the natives into this service.  His first pundit,
+Ram Basu, was a most accomplished Bengali scholar.  This able man,
+who lacked the courage to profess Christ in the end, wrote the first
+tract, the Gospel Messenger, and the first pamphlet exposing
+Hindooism, both of which had an enormous sale and caused much
+excitement.  On the historical side Carey induced him to publish in
+1801 the Life of Raja Pratapaditya, the last king of Sagar Island.
+At first the new professor could not find reading books for his
+Bengali class in the college of Fort William.  He, his pundits,
+especially Mritunjaya who has been compared in his physique and
+knowledge to Dr. Samuel Johnson, and even the young civilian
+students, were for many years compelled to write Bengali text-books,
+including translations of Virgil's Æneid and Shakspere's Tempest.
+The School Book Society took up the work, encouraging such a man as
+Ram Komal Sen, the printer who became chief native official of the
+Bank of Bengal and father of the late Keshab Chunder Sen, to prepare
+his Bengali dictionary.  Self-interest soon enlisted the haughtiest
+Brahmans in the work of producing school and reading books, till now
+the Bengali language is to India what the Italian is to Europe, and
+its native literature is comparatively as rich.  Nor was Carey
+without his European successor in the good work for a time.  When
+his son Felix died in 1823 he was bewailed as the coadjutor of Ram
+Komal Sen, as the author of the first volume of a Bengali
+encyclopædia on anatomy, as the translator of Bunyan's Pilgrim,
+Goldsmith's History of England, and Mill's History of India.
+
+Literature cannot be said to exist for the people till the newspaper
+appears.  Bengal was the first non-Christian country into which the
+press had ever been introduced.  Above all forms of truth and faith
+Christianity seeks free discussion; in place of that the
+missionaries lived under a shackled press law tempered by the higher
+instincts of rulers like Wellesley, Hastings, and Bentinck, till
+Macaulay and Metcalfe gained for it liberty.  When Dr. Marshman in
+1818 proposed the publication of a Bengali periodical, Dr. Carey,
+impressed by a quarter of a century's intolerance, consented only on
+the condition that it should be a monthly magazine, and should avoid
+political discussion.  Accordingly the Dig-darshan appeared,
+anticipating in its contents and style the later Penny and Saturday
+Magazines, and continued for three years.  Its immediate success led
+to the issue from the Serampore press on the 31st May 1818, of "the
+first newspaper ever printed in any Oriental language"--the Samachar
+Darpan, or News Mirror.
+
+It was a critical hour when the first proof of the first number was
+laid before the assembled brotherhood at the weekly meeting on
+Friday evening.  Dr. Carey, fearing for his spiritual work, but
+eager for this new avenue to the minds of the people who were being
+taught to read, and had little save their own mythology, consented
+to its publication when Dr. Marshman promised to send a copy, with
+an analysis of its contents in English, to the Government, and to
+stop the enterprise if it should be officially disapproved.  Lord
+Hastings was fighting the Pindarees, and nothing was said by his
+Council.  On his return he declared that "the effect of such a paper
+must be extensively and importantly useful."  He allowed it to
+circulate by post at one-fourth the then heavy rate.  The natives
+welcomed their first newspaper.  Although it avoided religious
+controversy, in a few weeks an opposition journal was issued by a
+native, who sought to defend Hindooism under the title of the
+Destroyer of Darkness.  To the Darpan the educated natives looked as
+the means of bringing the oppression of their own countrymen to the
+knowledge of the public and the authorities.  Government found it
+most useful for contradicting silly rumours and promoting
+contentment if not loyalty.  The paper gave a new development to the
+Bengali language as well as to the moral and political education of
+the people. 
+
+The same period of liberty to the press and to native advancement,
+with which the names of the Marquis of Hastings and his accomplished
+wife will ever be associated, saw the birth of an English periodical
+which, for the next fifty-seven years, was to become not merely
+famous but powerfully useful as the Friend of India.  The title was
+the selection of Dr. Marshman, and the editorial management was his
+and his able son's down to 1852, when it passed into the hands of
+Mr. Meredith Townsend, long the most brilliant of English
+journalists, and finally into those of the present writer.  For some
+years a monthly and for a time a quarterly magazine till 1835, when
+Mr. John Marshman made it the well-known weekly, this journal became
+the means through which Carey and the brotherhood fought the good
+fight of humanity.  In the monthly and quarterly Friend, moreover,
+reprinted as much of it was in London, the three philanthropists
+brought their ripe experience and lofty principles to bear on the
+conscience of England and of educated India alike.  As, on the
+Oriental side, Carey chose for his weapon the vernacular, on the
+other he drew from Western sources the principles and the thoughts
+which he clothed in a Bengali dress.
+
+We have already seen how Carey at the end of the eighteenth century
+found Hindooism at its worst.  Steadily had the Pooranic corruption
+and the Brahmanical oppression gone on demoralising the whole of
+Hindoo society.  In the period of virtual anarchy, which covered the
+seventy-five years from the death of Aurangzeb to the supremacy of
+Warren Hastings and the reforms of Lord Cornwallis, the healthy zeal
+of Islam against the idolatrous abominations of the Hindoos had
+ceased.  In its place there was not only a wild licence amounting to
+an undoubted Hindoo revival, marked on the political side by the
+Maratha ascendency, but there came to be deliberate encouragement of
+the worst forms of Hindooism by the East India Company and its
+servants.  That "the mischievous reaction" on England from
+India--its idolatry, its women, its nabobs, its wealth, its
+absolutism--was prevented, and European civilisation was "after much
+delay and hesitation" brought to bear on India, was due indeed to
+the legislation of Governor-Generals from Cornwallis to Bentinck,
+but much more, to the persistent agitation of Christian
+missionaries, notably Carey and Duff. For years Carey stood alone in
+India, as Grant and Wilberforce did in England, in the darkest hour
+of England's moral degradation and spiritual death, when the men who
+were shaping the destinies of India were the Hindooising Stewarts
+and Youngs, Prendergasts, Twinings, and Warings, some of whom hated
+missions from the dread of sedition, others because their hearts
+"seduced by fair idolatresses had fallen to idols foul."
+
+The most atrociously inhuman of all the Brahmanical customs, and yet
+the most universal, from the land of the five rivers at Lahore to
+the far spice islands at Bali, was the murder of widows by burning
+or burying them alive with the husband's corpse.  We have seen how
+the first of the many such scenes which he was doomed to witness for
+the next thirty years affected Carey.  After remonstrances, which
+the people met first by argument and then by surly threats, Carey
+wrote:--"I told them I would not go, that I was determined to stay
+and see the murder, and that I should certainly bear witness of it
+at the tribunal of God." And when he again sought to interfere
+because the two stout bamboos always fixed for the purpose of
+preventing the victim's escape were pressed down on the shrieking
+woman like levers, and they persisted, he wrote: "We could not bear
+to see more, but left them exclaiming loudly against the murder and
+full of horror at what we had seen."  The remembrance of that sight
+never left Carey.  His naturally cheerful spirit was inflamed to
+indignation all his life through, till his influence, more than that
+of any other one man, at last prevailed to put out for ever the
+murderous pyre.  Had Lord Wellesley remained Governor-General a year
+longer Carey would have succeeded in 1808, instead of having to wait
+till 1829, and to know as he waited and prayed that literally every
+day saw the devilish smoke ascending along the banks of the Ganges,
+and the rivers and pools considered sacred by the Hindoos.  Need we
+wonder that when on a Sunday morning the regulation of Lord William
+Bentinck prohibiting the crime reached him as he was meditating his
+sermon, he sent for another to do the preaching, and taking his pen
+in his hand, at once wrote the official translation, and had it
+issued in the Bengali Gazette that not another day might be added to
+the long black catalogue of many centuries?
+
+On the return of the Marquis Wellesley to Calcutta from the Tipoo
+war, and his own appointment to the College of Fort William, Carey
+felt that his time had come to prevent the murder of the innocents
+all over India in the three forms of female infanticide, voluntary
+drowning, and widow-burning or burying alive.  His old friend, Udny,
+having become a member of Council or colleague of the
+Governor-General, he prepared three memorials to Government on each
+of these crimes.  When afterwards he had enlisted Claudius Buchanan
+in the good work, and had employed trustworthy natives to collect
+statistics proving that in the small district around Calcutta 275
+widow murders thus took place in six months of 1803, and when he was
+asked by Dr. Ryland to state the facts which, with his usual absence
+of self-regarding, he had not reported publicly, or even in letters
+home, he thus replied:--
+
+"27th April 1808.--The report of the burning of women, and some
+others, however, were made by me.  I, at his expense, however, made
+the inquiries and furnished the reports, and believe they are rather
+below the truth than above it.  I have, since I have been here,
+through a different medium, presented three petitions or
+representations to Government for the purpose of having the burning
+of women and other modes of murder abolished, and have succeeded in
+the case of infanticide and voluntary drowning in the river.  Laws
+were made to prevent these, which have been successful."
+
+But there was a crime nearer home, committed in the river flowing
+past his own door, and especially at Sagar Island, where the Ganges
+loses itself in the ocean.  At that tiger-haunted spot, shivering in
+the cold of the winter solstice, every year multitudes of Hindoos,
+chiefly wives with children and widows with heavy hearts, assembled
+to wash away their sins--to sacrifice the fruit of their body for
+the sin of their soul.  Since 1794, when Thomas and he had found in
+a basket hanging on a tree the bones of an infant exposed, to be
+devoured by the white ants, by some mother too poor to go on
+pilgrimage to a sacred river-spot, Carey had known this unnatural
+horror.  He and his brethren had planned a preaching tour to Sagar,
+where not only mothers drowned their first born in payment of a vow,
+with the encouragement of the Brahmans, but widows and even men
+walked into the deep sea and drowned themselves at the spot where
+Ganga and Sagar kiss each other, "as the highest degree of holiness,
+and as securing immediate heaven."  The result of Carey's memorial
+was the publication of the Regulation for preventing the sacrifice
+of children at Sagar and other places on the Ganges:--"It has been
+represented to the Governor-General in Council that a criminal and
+inhuman practice of sacrificing children, by exposing them to be
+drowned or devoured by sharks, prevails...Children thrown into the
+sea at Sagar have not been generally rescued...but the sacrifice has
+been effected with circumstances of peculiar atrocity in some
+instances.  This practice is not sanctioned by the Hindoo law, nor
+countenanced by the religious orders."  It was accordingly declared
+to be murder, punishable with death.  At each pilgrim gathering
+sepoys were stationed to check the priests and the police, greedy of
+bribes, and to prevent fanatical suicides as well as superstitious
+murders.
+
+The practice of infanticide was really based on the recommendation
+of Sati, literally the "method of purity" which the Hindoo shastras
+require when they recommend the bereaved wife to burn with her
+husband.  Surely, reasoned the Rajpoots, we may destroy a daughter
+by abortion, starvation, suffocation, strangulation, or neglect, of
+whose marriage in the line of caste and dignity of family there is
+little prospect, if a widow may be burned to preserve her chastity!
+
+In answer to Carey's third memorial Lord Wellesley took the first
+step, on 5th February 1805, in the history of British India, two
+centuries after Queen Elizabeth had given the Company its mercantile
+charter, and half a century after Plassey had given it political
+power, to protect from murder the widows who had been burned alive,
+at least since the time of Alexander the Great.  This was the first
+step in the history of British but not of Mohammedan India, for our
+predecessors had by decree forbidden and in practice discouraged the
+crime.  Lord Wellesley's colleagues were still the good Udny, the
+great soldier Lord Lake and Sir George Barlow.  The magistrate of
+Bihar had on his own authority prevented a child-widow of twelve,
+when drugged by the Brahmans, from being burned alive, after which,
+he wrote, "the girl and her friends were extremely grateful for my
+interposition."  Taking advantage of this case, the Government asked
+the appellate judges, all Company's servants, to "ascertain how far
+the practice is founded on the religious opinions of the Hindoos.
+If not founded on any precept of their law, the Governor-General in
+Council hopes that the custom may gradually, if not immediately, be
+altogether abolished.  If, however, the entire abolition should
+appear to the Court to be impracticable in itself, or inexpedient,
+as offending any established religious opinion of the Hindoos," the
+Court were desired to consider the best means of preventing the
+abuses, such as the use of drugs and the sacrifice of those of
+immature age.  But the preamble of this reference to the judges
+declared it to be one of the fundamental principles of the British
+Government to consult the religious opinions of the natives,
+"consistently with the principles of morality, reason, and
+humanity."  There spoke Carey and Udny, and Wellesley himself.  But
+for another quarter of a century the funeral pyres were to blaze
+with the living also, because that caveat was set aside, that
+fundamental maxim of the constitution of much more than the British
+Government--of the conscience of humanity, was carefully buried up.
+The judges asked the pundits whether the woman is "enjoined" by the
+shaster voluntarily to burn herself with the body of her husband.
+They replied "every woman of the four castes is permitted to burn
+herself," except in certain cases enumerated, and they quoted Manoo,
+who is against the custom in so far as he says that a virtuous wife
+ascends to heaven if she devotes herself to pious austerities after
+the decease of her lord.
+
+This opinion would have been sufficient to give the requisite native
+excuse to Government for the abolition, but the Nizamat Adawlat
+judges urged the "principle" of "manifesting every possible
+indulgence to the religious opinions and prejudices of the natives,"
+ignoring morality, reason, and humanity alike.  Lord Wellesley's
+long and brilliant administration of eight years was virtually at an
+end: in seven days he was to embark for home.  The man who had
+preserved the infants from the sharks of Sagar had to leave the
+widows and their children to be saved by the civilians Carey and he
+had personally trained, Metcalfe and Bayley, who by 1829 had risen
+to Council and become colleagues of Lord W. Bentinck.  But Lord
+Wellesley did this much, he declined to notice the so-called
+"prohibitory regulations" recommended by the civilian judges.
+These, when adopted in the year 1812, made the British Government
+responsible by legislation for every murder thereafter, and greatly
+increased the number of murders.  From that date the Government of
+India decided "to allow the practice," as recognised and encouraged
+by the Hindoo religion, except in cases of compulsion, drugging,
+widows under sixteen, and proved pregnancy.  The
+police--natives--were to be present, and to report every case.  At
+the very time the British Parliament were again refusing in the
+charter discussions of 1813 for another twenty years to tolerate
+Christianity in its Eastern dependency, the Indian legislature
+legalised the burning and burying alive of widows, who numbered at
+least 6000 in nine only of the next sixteen years, from 1815 to 1823
+inclusive.
+
+>From Plassey in 1757 to 1829, three quarters of a century, Christian
+England was responsible, at first indirectly and then most directly,
+for the known immolation of at least 70,000 Hindoo widows.  Carey
+was the first to move the authorities; Udny and Wellesley were the
+first to begin action against an atrocity so long continued and so
+atrocious.  While the Governor-Generals and their colleagues passed
+away, Carey and his associates did not cease to agitate in India and
+to stir up Wilberforce and the evangelicals in England, till the
+victory was gained.  The very first number of the Friend of India
+published their essay on the burning of widows, which was thereafter
+quoted on both sides of the conflict, as "a powerful and convincing
+statement of the real facts and circumstances of the case," in
+Parliament and elsewhere.  Nor can we omit to record the opinion of
+Carey's chief pundit, with whom he spent hours every day as a
+fellow-worker.  The whole body of law-pundits wrote of Sati as only
+"permitted."  Mritunjaya, described as the head jurist of the
+College of Fort William and the Supreme Court, decided that,
+according to Hindooism, a life of mortification is the law for a
+widow.  At best burning is only an alternative for mortification,
+and no alternative can have the force of direct law.  But in former
+ages nothing was ever heard of the practice, it being peculiar to a
+later and more corrupt era. "A woman's burning herself from the
+desire of connubial bliss ought to be rejected with abhorrence,"
+wrote this colossus of pundits.  Yet before he was believed, or the
+higher law was enforced, as it has ever since been even in our
+tributary States, mothers had burned with sons, and forty wives,
+many of them sisters, at a time, with polygamous husbands.  Lepers
+and the widows of the devotee class had been legally buried alive.
+Magistrates, who were men like Metcalfe, never ceased to prevent
+widow-murder on any pretext, wherever they might be placed, in
+defiance of their own misguided Government.
+
+Though from 4th December 1829--memorable date, to be classed with
+that on which soon after 800,000 slaves were set free--"the Ganges
+flowed unblooded to the sea" for the first time, the fight lasted a
+little longer.  The Calcutta "orthodox" formed a society to restore
+their right of murdering their widows, and found English lawyers
+ready to help them in an appeal to the Privy Council under an Act of
+Parliament of 1797.  The Darpan weekly did good service in keeping
+the mass of the educated natives right on the subject.  The Privy
+Council, at which Lord Wellesley and Charles Grant, venerable in
+years and character, were present, heard the case for two days, and
+on 24th June 1832 dismissed the petition!
+
+Though the greatest, this was only one of the crimes against
+humanity and morality which Carey opposed all his life with a
+practical reasonableness till he saw the public opinion he had done
+so much to create triumph.  He knew the people of India, their
+religious, social, and economic condition, as no Englishman before
+him had done.  He stood between them and their foreign Government at
+the beginning of our intimate contact with all classes as detailed
+administrators and rulers.  The outcome of his peculiar experience
+is to be found not only in the writings published under his own name
+but in the great book of his colleague William Ward, every page of
+which passed under his careful correction as well as under the more
+general revision of Henry Martyn.  Except for the philosophy of
+Hindooism, the second edition of A View of the History, Literature,
+and Mythology of the Hindoos, including a Minute Description of
+their Manners and Customs, and Translations from their Principal
+Works, published in 1818 in two quarto volumes, stands unrivalled as
+the best authority on the character and daily life and beliefs of
+the 200,000,000 to whom Great Britain had been made a terrestrial
+providence, till Christianity teaches them to govern themselves and
+to become to the rest of Asia missionaries of nobler truth than that
+wherewith their Buddhist fathers covered China and the farther East.
+
+All the crimes against humanity with which the history of India
+teems, down to the Mutiny and the records of our courts and
+tributary states at this hour, are directly traceable to lawless
+supernaturalism like that of the civilised world before the triumph
+of Christianity.  In nothing does England's administration of India
+resemble Rome's government of its provinces in the seven centuries
+from the reduction of Sicily, 240 B.C., to the fall of the Western
+Empire, 476 A.D., so much as in the relation of nascent Christianity
+to the pagan cults which had made society what it was.  Carey and
+the brotherhood stood alone in facing, in fighting with divine
+weapons, in winning the first victories over the secular as well as
+spiritual lawlessness which fell before Paul and his successors down
+to Augustine and his City of God. The gentle and reasonable but none
+the less divinely indignant father of modern missions brings against
+Hindoo and Mohammedan society accusations no more railing than those
+in the opening passage of the Epistle to the Romans, and he brings
+these only that, following Paul, he may declare the more excellent
+way.
+
+As Serampore, or its suburbs, is the most popular centre of Jaganath
+worship next to Pooree in Orissa, the cruelty and oppression which
+marked the annual festival were ever before the missionaries' eyes.
+In 1813 we find Dr. Claudius Buchanan establishing his veracity as
+an eye-witness of the immolation of drugged or voluntary victims
+under the idol car, by this quotation from Dr. Carey, whom he had to
+describe at that time to his English readers, as a man of
+unquestionable integrity, long held in estimation by the most
+respectable characters in Bengal, and possessing very superior
+opportunities of knowing what is passing in India generally:
+"Idolatry destroys more than the sword, yet in a way which is
+scarcely perceived.  The numbers who die in their long pilgrimages,
+either through want or fatigue, or from dysenteries and fevers
+caught by lying out, and want of accommodation, is incredible.  I
+only mention one idol, the famous Juggernaut in Orissa, to which
+twelve or thirteen pilgrimages are made every year.  It is
+calculated that the number who go thither is, on some occasions,
+600,000 persons, and scarcely ever less than 100,000.  I suppose, at
+the lowest calculation, that in the year 1,200,000 persons attend.
+Now, if only one in ten died, the mortality caused by this one idol
+would be 120,000 in a year; but some are of opinion that not many
+more than one in ten survive and return home again.  Besides these,
+I calculate that 10,000 women annually burn with the bodies of their
+deceased husbands, and the multitudes destroyed in other methods
+would swell the catalogue to an extent almost exceeding
+credibility."
+
+After we had taken Orissa from the Marathas the priests of Jaganath
+declared that the night before the conquest the god had made known
+its desire to be under British protection.  This was joyfully
+reported to Lord Wellesley's Government by the first British
+commissioner.  At once a regulation was drafted vesting the shrine
+and the increased pilgrim-tax in the Christian officials.  This Lord
+Wellesley indignantly refused to sanction, and it was passed by Sir
+George Barlow in spite of the protests of Carey's friend, Udny. In
+Conjeeveram a Brahmanised civilian named Place had so early as 1796
+induced Government to undertake the payment of the priests and
+prostitutes of the temples, under the phraseology of "churchwardens"
+and "the management of the church funds."  Even before the Madras
+iniquity, the pilgrims to Gaya from 1790, if not before, paid for
+authority to offer funeral cakes to the manes of their ancestors and
+to worship Vishnoo under the official seal and signature of the
+English Collector.  Although Charles Grant's son, Lord Glenelg, when
+President of the Board of Control in 1833, ordered, as Theodosius
+had done on the fall of pagan idolatry in A.D. 390, that "in all
+matters relating to their temples, their worship, their festivals,
+their religious practices, their ceremonial observances, our native
+subjects be left entirely to themselves," the identification of
+Government with Hindooism was not completely severed till a recent
+period.
+
+The Charak, or swinging festival, has been frequently witnessed by
+the present writer in Calcutta itself.  The orgie has been
+suppressed by the police in great cities, although it has not ceased
+in the rural districts.  In 1814 the brotherhood thus wrote home:--
+
+"This abominable festival was held, according to the annual custom,
+on the last day of the Hindoo year.  There were fewer gibbet posts
+erected at Serampore, but we hear that amongst the swingers was one
+female.  A man fell from a stage thirty cubits high and broke his
+back; and another fell from a swinging post, but was not much hurt.
+Some days after the first swinging, certain natives revived the
+ceremonies.  As Mr. Ward was passing through Calcutta he saw several
+Hindoos hanging by the heels over a slow fire, as an act of
+devotion.  Several Hindoos employed in the printing-office applied
+this year to Mr. Ward for protection, to escape being dragged into
+these pretendedly voluntary practices.  This brought before us facts
+which we were not aware of.  It seems that the landlords of the poor
+and other men of property insist upon certain of their tenants and
+dependants engaging in these practices, and that they expect and
+compel by actual force multitudes every year to join the companies
+of sunyassees in parading the streets, piercing their sides,
+tongues, etc.  To avoid this compulsion, many poor young men leave
+their houses and hide themselves; but they are sure of being beaten
+if caught, or of having their huts pulled down.  The influence and
+power of the rich have a great effect on the multitude in most of
+the idolatrous festivals.  When the lands and riches of the country
+were in few hands, this influence carried all before it.  It is
+still very widely felt, in compelling dependants to assist at public
+shows, and to contribute towards the expense of splendid
+ceremonies."
+
+The Ghat murders, caused by the carrying of the dying to the Ganges
+or a sacred river, and their treatment there, continue to this day,
+although Lord Lawrence attempted to interfere.  Ward estimated the
+number of sick whose death is hastened on the banks of the Ganges
+alone at five hundred a year, in his anxiety to "use no unfair means
+of rendering even idolatry detestable," but he admits that, in the
+opinion of others, this estimate is far below the truth.  We
+believe, from our own recent experience, that still it fails to give
+any just idea of the destruction of parents by children in the name
+of religion.
+
+One class who had been the special objects of Christ's healing power
+and divine sympathy was specially interesting to Carey in proportion
+to their misery and abandonment by their own people--lepers.  When
+at Cutwa in 1812, where his son was stationed as missionary, he saw
+the burning of a leper, which he thus described:--"A pit about ten
+cubits in depth was dug and a fire placed at the bottom of it.  The
+poor man rolled himself into it; but instantly, on feeling the fire,
+begged to be taken out, and struggled hard for that purpose.  His
+mother and sister, however, thrust him in again; and thus a man, who
+to all appearance might have survived several years, was cruelly
+burned to death.  I find that the practice is not uncommon in these
+parts.  Taught that a violent end purifies the body and ensures
+transmigration into a healthy new existence, while natural death by
+disease results in four successive births, and a fifth as a leper
+again, the leper, like the even more wretched widow, has always
+courted suicide."  Carey did not rest until he had brought about the
+establishment of a leper hospital in Calcutta, near what became the
+centre of the Church Missionary Society's work, and there benevolent
+physicians, like the late Dr. Kenneth Stuart, and Christian people,
+have made it possible to record, as in Christ's days, that the leper
+is cleansed and the poor have the Gospel preached to them.
+
+By none of the many young civilians whom he trained, or, in the
+later years of his life, examined, was Carey's humane work on all
+its sides more persistently carried out than by John Lawrence in the
+Punjab.  When their new ruler first visited their district, the Bedi
+clan amazed him by petitioning for leave to destroy their infant
+daughters.  In wrath he briefly told them he would hang every man
+found guilty of such murder.  When settling the land revenue of the
+Cis-Sutlej districts he caused each farmer, as he touched the pen in
+acceptance of the assessment, to recite this formula--
+
+   "Bewa mat jaláo,
+    Beti mat máro,
+    Korhi mat dabao"
+
+("Thou shalt not burn thy widow, thou shalt not kill thy daughters,
+thou shalt not bury thy lepers.")
+
+>From the hour of Carey's conversion he never omitted to remember in
+prayer the slave as well as the heathen.  The same period which saw
+his foundation of modern missions witnessed the earliest efforts of
+his contemporary, Thomas Clarkson of Wisbeach, in the neighbouring
+county of Cambridge, to free the slave.  But Clarkson, Granville
+Sharp, and their associates were so occupied with Africa that they
+knew not that Great Britain was responsible for the existence of at
+least nine millions of slaves in India, many of them brought by
+Hindoo merchants as well as Arabs from Eastern Africa to fill the
+hareems of Mohammedans, and do domestic service in the zananas of
+Hindoos.  The startling fact came to be known only slowly towards
+the end of Carey's career, when his prayers, continued daily from
+1779, were answered in the freedom of all our West India slaves.
+The East India answer came after he had passed away, in Act V. of
+1843, which for ever abolished the legal status of slavery in India.
+The Penal Code has since placed the prædial slave in such a
+position that if he is not free it is his own fault.  It is penal in
+India to hold a slave "against his will," and we trust the time is
+not far distant when the last three words may be struck out.
+
+With true instinct Christopher Anderson, in his Annals of the
+English Bible, associates Carey, Clarkson, and Cowper, as the
+triumvirate who, unknown to each other, began the great moral
+changes, in the Church, in society, and in literature, which mark
+the difference between the eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries.
+Little did Carey think, as he studied under Sutcliff within sight
+of the poet's house, that Cowper was writing at that very time these
+lines in The Task while he himself was praying for the highest of
+all kinds of liberty to be given to the heathen and the slaves,
+Christ's freedom which had up till then remained
+
+                          "...unsung
+ By poets, and by senators unpraised,
+ Which monarchs cannot grant, nor all the powers
+ Of earth and hell confederate take away;
+ A liberty which persecution, fraud,
+ Oppression, prisons, have no power to bind:
+ Which whoso tastes can be enslaved no more."
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+WHAT CAREY DID FOR SCIENCE--FOUNDER OF THE AGRICULTURAL AND
+HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF INDIA
+
+Carey's relation to science and economics--State of the
+peasantry--Carey a careful scientific observer--Specially a
+botanist--Becomes the friend of Dr. Roxburgh of the Company's
+Botanic Garden--Orders seeds and instruments of husbandry--All his
+researches subordinate to his spiritual mission--His eminence as a
+botanist acknowledged in the history of the science--His own botanic
+garden and park at Serampore--The poet Montgomery on the daisies
+there--Borneo--Carey's paper in the Asiatic Researches on the state
+of agriculture in Bengal--The first to advocate Forestry in
+India--Founds the Agri-Horticultural Society of India--Issues
+queries on agriculture and horticulture--Remarkable results of his
+action--On the manufacture of paper--His expanded address on
+agricultural reform--His political foresight on the importance of
+European capital and the future of India--An official estimate of
+the results in the present day--On the usury of the natives and
+savings banks--His academic and scientific honours--Destruction of
+his house and garden by the Damoodar flood of 1823--Report on the
+Horticultural Society's garden--The Society honours its founder.
+
+Not only was the first Englishman, who in modern times became a
+missionary, sent to India when he desired to go to Tahiti or West
+Africa; and sent to Bengal from which all Northern India was to be
+brought under British rule; and to Calcutta--with a safe asylum at
+Danish Serampore--then the metropolis and centre of all Southern
+Asia; but he was sent at the very time when the life of the people
+could best be purified and elevated on its many sides, and he was
+specially fitted to influence each of these sides save one.  An
+ambassador for Christ above all things like Paul, but, also like
+him, becoming all things to all men that he might win some to the
+higher life, Carey was successively, and often at the same time, a
+captain of labour, a schoolmaster, a printer, the developer of the
+vernacular speech, the expounder of the classical language, the
+translator of both into English and of the English Bible into both,
+the founder of a pure literature, the purifier of society, the
+watchful philanthropist, the saviour of the widow and the
+fatherless, of the despairing and the would-be suicide, of the
+downtrodden and oppressed.  We have now to see him on the scientific
+or the physical and economic side, while he still jealously keeps
+his strength for the one motive power of all, the spiritual, and
+with almost equal care avoids the political or administrative as his
+Master did.  But even then it was his aim to proclaim the divine
+principles which would use science and politics alike to bring
+nations to the birth, while, like the apostles, leaving the
+application of these principles to the course of God's providence
+and the consciences of men.  In what he did for science, for
+literature, and for humanity, as in what he abstained from doing in
+the practical region of public life, the first English missionary
+was an example to all of every race who have followed him in the
+past century.  From Carey to Livingstone, alike in Asia and Africa,
+the greatest Christian evangelists have been those who have made
+science and literature the handmaids of missions.
+
+Apart from the extreme south of the peninsula of India, where the
+Danish missionaries had explored with hawk's eyes, almost nothing
+was known of its plants and animals, its men, as well as its beasts,
+when Carey found himself in a rural district of North Bengal in the
+closing decade of the eighteenth century.  Nor had any writer,
+official or missionary, anywhere realised the state of India and the
+needs of the Hindoo and Mohammedan cultivators as flowing from the
+relation of the people to the soil.  India was in truth a land of
+millions of peasant proprietors on five-acre farms, rack-rented or
+plundered by powerful middlemen, both squeezed or literally tortured
+by the Government of the day, and driven to depend on the usurer for
+even the seed for each crop.  War and famine had alternated in
+keeping down the population.  Ignorance and fear had blunted the
+natural shrewdness of the cultivator.  A foul mythology, a saddening
+demon-worship, and an exacting social system, covered the land as
+with a pall.  What even Christendom was fast becoming in the tenth
+century, India had been all through the eighteen Christian
+centuries.
+
+The boy who from eight to fourteen "chose to read books of science,
+history, voyages, etc., more than others"; the youth whose gardener
+uncle would have had him follow that calling, but whose sensitive
+skin kept him within doors, where he fitted up a room with his
+botanical and zoological museum; the shoemaker-preacher who made a
+garden around every cottage-manse in which he lived, and was
+familiar with every beast, bird, insect, and tree in the Midlands of
+England, became a scientific observer from the day he landed at
+Calcutta, an agricultural reformer from the year he first built a
+wooden farmhouse in the jungle, as the Manitoba emigrant now does
+under very different skies, and then began to grow and make indigo
+amid the peasantry at Dinapoor.  He thus unconsciously reveals
+himself and his method of working in a letter to Morris of
+Clipstone:--
+
+"MUDNABATI, 5th December 1797.--To talk of continuance of friendship
+and warm affection to you would be folly.  I love you; and next to
+seeing your face, a letter from you is one of my greatest
+gratifications.  I see the handwriting, and read the heart of my
+friend; nor can the distance of one-fourth of the globe prevent a
+union of hearts.
+
+"Hitherto I have refrained from writing accounts of the country,
+because I concluded that those whose souls were panting after the
+conversion of the heathen would feel but little gratified in having
+an account of the natural productions of the country.  But as
+intelligence of this kind has been frequently solicited by several
+of my friends, I have accordingly opened books of observation, which
+I hope to communicate when they are sufficiently authenticated and
+matured.  I also intend to assign a peculiar share to each of my
+stated correspondents.  To you I shall write some accounts of the
+arts, utensils, and manufactures of the country; to Brother Sutcliff
+their mythology and religion; to Brother Ryland the manners and
+customs of the inhabitants; to Brother Fuller the productions of the
+country; to Brother Pearce the language, etc.; and to the Society a
+joint account of the mission."
+
+He had "separate books for every distinct class, as birds, beasts,
+fishes, reptiles, etc."  Long before this, on 13th March 1795, he
+had written to the learned Ryland, his special correspondent on
+subjects of science and on Hebrew, his first impressions of the
+physiography of Bengal, adding: "The natural history of Bengal would
+furnish innumerable novelties to a curious inquirer.  I am making
+collections and minute descriptions of whatever I can obtain; and
+intend at some future time to transmit them to Europe."
+
+"MUDNABATI, 26th November 1796.--I observed in a former letter that
+the beasts have been in general described, but that the undescribed
+birds were surprisingly numerous; and, in fact, new species are
+still frequently coming under my notice.  We have sparrows and
+water-wagtails, one species of crow, ducks, geese, and common fowls;
+pigeons, teal, ortolans, plovers, snipes like those in Europe; but
+others, entirely unlike European birds, would fill a volume.
+Insects are very numerous.  I have seen about twelve sorts of
+grylli, or grasshoppers and crickets.  Ants are the most omnivorous
+of all insects; we have eight or ten sorts very numerous.  The
+termes, or white ants, destroy everything on which they fasten; they
+will eat through an oak chest in a day or two and devour all its
+contents.  Butterflies are not so numerous as in England, but I
+think all different.  Common flies and mosquitoes (or gnats) are
+abundant, and the latter so tormenting as to make one conclude that
+if the flies in Egypt were mosquitoes, the plague must be almost
+insupportable.  Here are beetles of many species; scorpions of two
+sorts, the sting of the smallest not mortal; land crabs in
+abundance, and an amazing number of other kinds of insects.  Fish is
+very plentiful, and the principal animal food of the inhabitants.  I
+find fewer varieties of vegetables than I could have conceived in so
+large a country.  Edible vegetables are scarce, and fruit far from
+plentiful.  You will perhaps wonder at our eating many things here
+which no one eats in England: as arum, three or four sorts, and
+poppy leaves (Papaver somniferum).  We also cut up mallows by the
+bushes for our food (Job xxx. 4).  Amaranths, of three sorts, we
+also eat, besides capsicums, pumpkins, gourds, calabashes, and the
+egg-plant fruit; yet we have no hardships in these respects.  Rice
+is the staple article of food...
+
+"My love to the students.  God raise them up for great blessings.
+Great things are certainly at hand."
+
+But he was also an erudite botanist.  Had he arrived in Calcutta a
+few days earlier than he did, he would have been appointed to the
+place for which sheer poverty led him to apply, in the Company's
+Botanical Garden, established on the right bank of the Hoogli a few
+miles below Calcutta, by Colonel Alexander Kyd, for the collection
+of indigenous and acclimatisation of foreign plants.  There he at
+once made the acquaintance, and till 1815 retained the loving
+friendship, of its superintendent, Dr. Roxburgh, the leader of a
+series of eminent men, Buchanan and Wallich, Griffith, Falconer, T.
+Thomson, and Thomas Anderson, the last two cut off in the ripe
+promise of their manhood.  One of Carey's first requests was for
+seeds and instruments, not merely from scientific reasons, but that
+he might carry out his early plan of working with his hands as a
+farmer while he evangelised the people.  On 5th August 1794 he wrote
+to the Society:--"I wish you also to send me a few instruments of
+husbandry, viz., scythes, sickles, plough-wheels, and such things;
+and a yearly assortment of all garden and flowering seeds, and seeds
+of fruit trees, that you can possibly procure; and let them be
+packed in papers, or bottles well stopped, which is the best method.
+All these things, at whatever price you can procure them, and the
+seeds of all sorts of field and forest trees, etc., I will regularly
+remit you the money for every year; and I hope that I may depend
+upon the exertions of my numerous friends to procure them.  Apply to
+London seedsmen and others, as it will be a lasting advantage to
+this country; and I shall have it in my power to do this for what I
+now call my own country.  Only take care that they are new and dry."
+Again he addressed Fuller on 22nd June 1797:--
+
+"MY VERY DEAR BROTHER--I have yours of August 9, 16, which informs
+me that the seeds, etc., were shipped.  I have received those seeds
+and other articles in tolerable preservation, and shall find them a
+very useful article.  An acquaintance which I have formed with Dr.
+Roxburgh, Superintendent of the Company's Botanic Garden, and whose
+wife is daughter of a missionary on the coast, may be of future use
+to the mission, and make that investment of vegetables more
+valuable."
+
+Thus towards the close of his six years' sacrifice for the people of
+Dinapoor does he estimate himself and his scientific pursuits in the
+light of the great conflict to which the Captain of Salvation had
+called him.  He is opening his heart to Fuller again, most trusted
+of all:--
+
+"MUDNABATI, 17th July 1799.--Respecting myself I have nothing
+interesting to say; and if I had, it appears foreign to the design
+of a mission for the missionaries to be always speaking of their own
+experiences.  I keep several journals, it is true, relating to
+things private and public, respecting the mission, articles of
+curiosity and science; but they are sometimes continued and
+sometimes discontinued: besides, most things contained in them are
+of too general or trivial a nature to send to England, and I imagine
+could have no effect, except to mock the expectations of our
+numerous friends, who are waiting to hear of the conversion of the
+heathen and overthrow of Satan's kingdom.
+
+"I therefore only observe, respecting myself, that I have much proof
+of the vileness of my heart, much more than I thought of till
+lately: and, indeed, I often fear that instead of being instrumental
+in the conversion of the heathen, I may some time dishonour the
+cause in which I am engaged.  I have hitherto had much experience of
+the daily supports of a gracious God; but I am conscious that if
+those supports were intermitted but for a little time, my sinful
+dispositions would infallibly predominate.  At present I am kept,
+but am not one of those who are strong and do exploits.
+
+"I have often thought that a spirit of observation is necessary in
+order to our doing or communicating much good; and were it not for a
+very phlegmatic habit, I think my soul would be richer.  I, however,
+appear to myself to have lost much of my capacity for making
+observations, improvements, etc., or of retaining what I attend to
+closely.  For instance, I have been near three years learning the
+Sanskrit language, yet know very little of it.  This is only a
+specimen of what I feel myself to be in every respect.  I try to
+observe, to imprint what I see and hear on my memory, and to feel my
+heart properly affected with the circumstances; yet my soul is
+impoverished, and I have something of a lethargic disease cleaving
+to my body...
+
+"I would communicate something on the natural history of the country
+in addition to what I have before written, but no part of that
+pleasing study is so familiar to me as the vegetable world."
+
+His letters of this period to Fuller on the fruits of India, and to
+Morris on the husbandry of the natives, might be quoted still as
+accurate and yet popular descriptions of the mango, guava, and
+custard apple; plantain, jack, and tamarind; pomegranate,
+pine-apple, and rose-apple; papaya, date, and cocoa-nut; citron,
+lime, and shaddock.  Of many of these, and of foreign fruits which
+he introduced, it might be said he found them poor, and he
+cultivated them till he left to succeeding generations a rich and
+varied orchard.
+
+While still in Dinapoor, he wrote on 1st January 1798: "Seeds of
+sour apples, pears, nectarines, plums, apricots, cherries,
+gooseberries, currants, strawberries, or raspberries, put loose into
+a box of dry sand, and sent so as to arrive in September, October,
+November, or December, would be a great acquisition, as is every
+European production.  Nuts, filberts, acorns, etc., would be the
+same.  We have lately obtained the cinnamon tree, and nutmeg tree,
+which Dr. Roxburgh very obligingly sent to me.  Of timber trees I
+mention the sissoo, the teak, and the saul tree, which, being an
+unnamed genus, Dr. Roxburgh, as a mark of respect to me, has called
+Careya saulea."
+
+The publication of the last name caused Carey's sensitive modesty
+extreme annoyance. "Do not print the names of Europeans.  I was
+sorry to see that you printed that Dr. Roxburgh had named the saul
+tree by my name.  As he is in the habit of publishing his drawings
+of plants, it would have looked better if it had been mentioned
+first by him."  Whether he prevailed with his admiring friend in the
+Company's Botanic Garden to change the name to that which the useful
+sal tree now bears, the Shorea robusta, we know not, but the term is
+derived from Lord Teignmouth's name.  Carey will go down to
+posterity in the history of botanical research, notwithstanding his
+own humility and the accidents of time.  For Dr. Roxburgh gave the
+name of Careya to an interesting genus of Myrtaceœ.  The great
+French botanist M. Benjamin Delessert duly commemorates the labours
+of Dr. Carey in the Musée Botanique.
+
+It was in Serampore that the gentle botanist found full scope for
+the one recreation which he allowed himself, in the interest of his
+body as well as of his otherwise overtasked spirit.  There he had
+five acres of ground laid out, and, in time, planted on the Linnæan
+system.  The park around, from which he had the little paradise
+carefully walled in, that Brahmani bull and villager's cow, nightly
+jackal and thoughtless youth, might not intrude, he planted with
+trees then rare or unknown in lower Bengal, the mahogany and deodar,
+the teak and tamarind, the carob and eucalyptus.  The fine American
+Mahogany has so thriven that the present writer was able, seventy
+years after the trees had been planted, to supply Government with
+plentiful seed.  The trees of the park were so placed as to form a
+noble avenue, which long shaded the press and was known as Carey's
+Walk. The umbrageous tamarind formed a dense cover, under which more
+than one generation of Carey's successors rejoiced as they welcomed
+visitors to the consecrated spot from all parts of India, America,
+and Great Britain.  Foresters like Sir D. Brandis and Dr. Cleghorn
+at various times visited this arboretum, and have referred to the
+trees, whose date of planting is known, for the purpose of recording
+the rate of growth.
+
+For the loved garden Carey himself trained native peasants who, with
+the mimetic instinct of the Bengali, followed his instructions like
+those of their own Brahmans, learned the Latin names, and pronounced
+them with their master's very accent up till a late date, when
+Hullodhur, the last of them, passed away.  The garden with its
+tropical glories and more modest exotics, every one of which was as
+a personal friend, and to him had an individual history, was more
+than a place of recreation.  It was his oratory, the scene of prayer
+and meditation, the place where he began and ended the day of
+light--with God. What he wrote in his earlier journals and letters
+of the sequestered spot at Mudnabati was true in a deeper and wider
+sense of the garden of Serampore:--"23rd September, Lord's
+Day.--Arose about sunrise, and, according to my usual practice,
+walked into my garden for meditation and prayer till the servants
+came to family worship."  We have this account from his son
+Jonathan:--
+
+"In objects of nature my father was exceedingly curious.  His
+collection of mineral ores, and other subjects of natural history,
+was extensive, and obtained his particular attention in seasons of
+leisure and recreation.  The science of botany was his constant
+delight and study; and his fondness for his garden remained to the
+last.  No one was allowed to interfere in the arrangements of this
+his favourite retreat; and it is here he enjoyed his most pleasant
+moments of secret devotion and meditation.  The arrangements made by
+him were on the Linnæan system; and to disturb the bed or border of
+the garden was to touch the apple of his eye.  The garden formed the
+best and rarest botanical collection of plants in the East; to the
+extension of which, by his correspondence with persons of eminence
+in Europe and other parts of the world, his attention was constantly
+directed; and, in return, he supplied his correspondents with rare
+collections from the East. It was painful to observe with what
+distress my father quitted this scene of his enjoyments, when
+extreme weakness, during his last illness, prevented his going to
+his favourite retreat.  Often, when he was unable to walk, he was
+drawn into the garden in a chair placed on a board with four wheels.
+
+"In order to prevent irregularity in the attendance of the gardeners
+he was latterly particular in paying their wages with his own hands;
+and on the last occasion of doing so, he was much affected that his
+weakness had increased and confined him to the house.  But,
+notwithstanding he had closed this part of his earthly scene, he
+could not refrain from sending for his gardeners into the room where
+he lay, and would converse with them about the plants; and near his
+couch, against the wall, he placed the picture of a beautiful shrub,
+upon which he gazed with delight.
+
+"On this science he frequently gave lectures, which were well
+attended, and never failed to prove interesting.  His publication of
+Roxburgh's Flora Indica is a standard work with botanists.  Of his
+botanical friends he spoke with great esteem; and never failed to
+defend them when erroneously assailed.  He encouraged the study of
+the science wherever a desire to acquire it was manifested.  In this
+particular he would sometimes gently reprove those who had no taste
+for it; but he would not spare those who attempted to undervalue it.
+His remark of one of his colleagues was keen and striking.  When
+the latter somewhat reprehended Dr. Carey, to the medical gentleman
+attending him, for exposing himself so much in the garden, he
+immediately replied, that his colleague was conversant with the
+pleasures of a garden, just as an animal was with the grass in the
+field."
+
+As from Dinapoor, so from Serampore after his settlement there, an
+early order was this on 27th November 1800:--"We are sending an
+assortment of Hindoo gods to the British Museum, and some other
+curiosities to different friends.  Do send a few tulips, daffodils,
+snowdrops, lilies, and seeds of other things, by Dolton when he
+returns, desiring him not to put them into the hold.  Send the roots
+in a net or basket, to be hung up anywhere out of the reach of salt
+water, and the seeds in a separate small box.  You need not be at
+any expense, any friend will supply these things.  The cowslips and
+daisies of your fields would be great acquisitions here."  What the
+daisies of the English fields became to Carey, and how his request
+was long after answered, is told by James Montgomery, the Moravian,
+who formed after Cowper the second poet of the missionary
+reformation:--
+
+THE DAISY IN INDIA
+
+"A friend of mine, a scientific botanist, residing near Sheffield,
+had sent a package of sundry kinds of British seeds to the learned
+and venerable Doctor WILLIAM CAREY.  Some of the seeds had been
+enclosed in a bag, containing a portion of their native earth.  In
+March 1821 a letter of acknowledgment was received by his
+correspondent from the Doctor, who was himself well skilled in
+botany, and had a garden rich in plants, both tropical and European.
+In this enclosure he was wont to spend an hour every morning,
+before he entered upon those labours and studies which have rendered
+his name illustrious both at home and abroad, as one of the most
+accomplished of Oriental scholars and a translator of the Holy
+Scriptures into many of the Hindoo languages.  In the letter
+aforementioned, which was shown to me, the good man says:--'That I
+might be sure not to lose any part of your valuable present, I shook
+the bag over a patch of earth in a shady place: on visiting which a
+few days afterwards I found springing up, to my inexpressible
+delight, a Bellis perennis of our English pastures.  I know not that
+I ever enjoyed, since leaving Europe, a simple pleasure so exquisite
+as the sight of this English Daisy afforded me; not having seen one
+for upwards of thirty years, and never expecting to see one again.'
+
+"On the perusal of this passage, the following stanzas seemed to
+spring up almost spontaneously in my mind, as the 'little English
+flower' in the good Doctor's garden, whom I imagined to be thus
+addressing it on its sudden appearance:--
+
+"Thrice welcome, little English flower!
+ My mother-country's white and red,
+ In rose or lily, till this hour,
+ Never to me such beauty spread:
+ Transplanted from thine island-bed,
+ A treasure in a grain of earth,
+ Strange as a spirit from the dead,
+ Thine embryo sprang to birth.
+
+"Thrice welcome, little English flower!
+ Whose tribes, beneath our natal skies,
+ Shut close their leaves while vapours lower;
+ But, when the sun's gay beams arise,
+ With unabashed but modest eyes,
+ Follow his motion to the west,
+ Nor cease to gaze till daylight dies,
+ Then fold themselves to rest.
+
+"Thrice welcome, little English flower!
+ To this resplendent hemisphere,
+ Where Flora's giant offspring tower
+ In gorgeous liveries all the year:
+ Thou, only thou, art little here,
+ Like worth unfriended and unknown,
+ Yet to my British heart more dear
+ Than all the torrid zone.
+
+"Thrice welcome, little English flower!
+ Of early scenes beloved by me,
+ While happy in my father's bower,
+ Thou shalt the blythe memorial be;
+ The fairy sports of infancy,
+ Youth's golden age, and manhood's prime.
+ Home, country, kindred, friends,--with thee,
+ I find in this far clime.
+
+"Thrice welcome, little English flower!
+ I'll rear thee with a trembling hand:
+ Oh, for the April sun and shower,
+ The sweet May dews of that fair land.
+ Where Daisies, thick as starlight, stand
+ In every walk!--that here may shoot
+ Thy scions, and thy buds expand
+ A hundred from one root.
+
+"Thrice welcome, little English flower!
+ To me the pledge of hope unseen:
+ When sorrow would my soul o'erpower,
+ For joys that were, or might have been,
+ I'll call to mind, how, fresh and green,
+ I saw thee waking from the dust;
+ Then turn to heaven with brow serene,
+ And place in GOD my trust."
+
+>From every distant station, from Amboyna to Delhi, he received seeds
+and animals and specimens of natural history.  The very schoolboys
+when they went out into the world, and the young civilians of Fort
+William College, enriched his collections.  To Jabez, his son in
+Amboyna, we find him thus writing:--"I have already informed you of
+the luckless fate of all the animals you have sent.  I know of no
+remedy for the living animals dying, but by a little attention to
+packing them you may send skins of birds and animals of every kind,
+and also seeds and roots.  I lately received a parcel of seeds from
+Moore (a large boy who, you may remember, was at school when the
+printing-office was burnt), every one of which bids fair to grow.
+He is in some of the Malay islands.  After all you have greatly
+contributed to the enlargement of my collection."
+
+"17th September 1816.--I approve much of Bencoolen as a place for
+your future labours, unless you should rather choose the island of
+Borneo...The English may send a Resident thither after a time.  I
+mention this from a conversation I had some months ago on the
+subject with Lord Moira, who told me that there is a large body of
+Chinese on that island."  They "applied to the late Lieut.-Governor
+of Java, requesting that an English Resident may be sent to govern
+them, and offering to be at the whole expense of his salary and
+government.  The Borneo business may come to nothing, but if it
+should succeed it would be a glorious opening for the Gospel in that
+large island.  Sumatra, however, is larger than any one man could
+occupy."  As we read this we see the Serampore apostle's hope
+fulfilled after a different fashion, in Rajah Brooke's settlement at
+Sarawak, in the charter of the North Borneo Company, in the opening
+up of New Guinea and in the civilisation of the Philippines by the
+United States of America.
+
+To Roxburgh and his Danish successor Wallich, to Voigt who succeeded
+Wallich in Serampore, and hundreds of correspondents in India and
+Germany, Great Britain and America, Carey did many a service in
+sending plants and--what was a greater sacrifice for so busy a
+man--writing letters.  What he did for the Hortus Bengalensis may
+stand for all.
+
+When, in 1814, Dr. Roxburgh was sent to sea almost dying, Dr. Carey
+edited and printed at his own press that now very rare volume, the
+Hortus Bengalensis, or a Catalogue of the Plants of the Honourable
+East India Company's Botanic Garden in Calcutta.  Carey's
+introduction of twelve large pages is perhaps his most
+characteristic writing on a scientific subject.  His genuine
+friendliness and humility shine forth in the testimony he bears to
+the abilities, zeal, and success of the great botanist who, in
+twenty years, had created a collection of 3200 species.  Of these
+3000 at least had been given by the European residents in India,
+himself most largely of all.  Having shown in detail the utility of
+botanical gardens, especially in all the foreign settlements of
+Great Britain, he declared that only a beginning had been made in
+observing and cataloguing the stock of Asiatic productions.  He
+urged English residents all over India to set apart a small plot for
+the reception of the plants of their neighbourhood, and when riding
+about the country to mark plants, which their servants could bring
+on to the nursery, getting them to write the native name of each.
+He desiderated gardens at Hurdwar, Delhi, Dacca, and Sylhet, where
+plants that will not live at Calcutta might prosper, a suggestion
+which was afterwards carried out by the Government in establishing a
+garden at Saharanpoor, in a Sub-Himalayan region, which has been
+successfully directed by Royle, Falconer, and Jameson.
+
+On Dr. Roxburgh's death in 1815 Dr. Carey waited to see whether an
+English botanist would publish the fruit of thirty years' labour of
+his friend in the description of more than 2000 plants, natives of
+Eastern Asia. At his own risk he then, in 1820, undertook this
+publication, or the Flora Indica, placing on the title-page, "All
+Thy works praise Thee, O Lord--David."  When the Roxburgh MSS. were
+made over to the library of the Botanic Garden at Calcutta, the
+fourth and final volume appeared with this note regarding the new
+edition:--"The work was printed from MSS. in the possession of Dr.
+Carey, and it was carried through the press when he was labouring
+under the debility of great age...The advanced age of Dr. Carey did
+not admit of any longer delay."
+
+His first public attempt at agricultural reform was made in the
+paper which he contributed to the Transactions of the Bengal Asiatic
+Society, and which appeared in 1811 in the tenth volume of the
+Asiatic Researches.  In the space of an ordinary Quarterly Review
+article he describes the "State of Agriculture in the District of
+Dinapoor," and urges improvements such as only the officials,
+settlers, and Government could begin.  The soils, the "extremely
+poor" people, their "proportionally simple and wretched farming
+utensils," the cattle, the primitive irrigation alluded to in
+Deuteronomy as "watering with the foot," and the modes of ploughing
+and reaping, are rapidly sketched and illustrated by lithographed
+figures drawn to scale.  In greater detail the principal crops are
+treated.  The staple crop of rice in its many varieties and harvests
+at different seasons is lucidly brought before the Government, in
+language which it would have been well to remember or reproduce in
+the subsequent avoidable famines of Orissa and North Bihar.  Indigo
+is set before us with the skill of one who had grown and
+manufactured it for years.  The hemp and jute plants are enlarged on
+in language which unconsciously anticipates the vast and enriching
+development given to the latter as an export and a local manufacture
+since the Crimean War. An account of the oil-seeds and the faulty
+mode of expressing the oil, which made Indian linseed oil unfit for
+painting, is followed by remarks on the cultivation of wheat, to
+which subsequent events have given great importance.  Though many
+parts, even of Dinapoor, were fit for the growth of wheat and
+barley, the natives produced only a dark variety from bad seed. "For
+the purpose of making a trial I sowed Patna wheat on a large
+quantity of land in the year 1798, the flour produced from which was
+of a very good quality."  The pulses, tobacco, the egg-plant, the
+capsicums, the cucumbers, the arum roots, turmeric, ginger, and
+sugar-cane, all pass in review in a style which the non-scientific
+reader may enjoy and the expert must appreciate.  Improvements in
+method and the introduction of the best kinds of plants and
+vegetables are suggested, notwithstanding "the poverty, prejudices,
+and indolence of the natives."
+
+This paper is most remarkable, however, for the true note which its
+writer was the first to strike on the subject of forestry.  If we
+reflect that it was not till 1846 that the Government made the first
+attempt at forest conservancy, in order to preserve the timber of
+Malabar for the Bombay dockyard; and not till the conquest of Pegu,
+in 1855, that the Marquis of Dalhousie was led by the Friend of
+India to appoint Dietrich Brandis of Bonn to care for the forests of
+Burma, and Dr. Cleghorn for those of South India, we shall
+appreciate the wise foresight of the missionary-scholar, who, having
+first made his own park a model of forest teaching, wrote such words
+as these early in the century:--"The cultivation of timber has
+hitherto, I believe, been wholly neglected.  Several sorts have been
+planted...all over Bengal, and would soon furnish a very large share
+of the timber used in the country.  The sissoo, the Andaman redwood,
+the teak, the mahogany, the satin-wood, the chikrasi, the toona, and
+the sirisha should be principally chosen.  The planting of these
+trees single, at the distance of a furlong from each other, would do
+no injury to the crops of corn, but would, by cooling the
+atmosphere, rather be advantageous.  In many places spots now
+unproductive would be improved by clumps or small plantations of
+timber, under which ginger and turmeric might be cultivated to great
+advantage.  In some situations saul...would prosper.  Indeed the
+improvements that might be made in this country by the planting of
+timber can scarcely be calculated.  Teak is at present brought from
+the Burman dominions...The French naturalists have already begun to
+turn their attention to the culture of this valuable tree as an
+object of national utility.  This will be found impracticable in
+France, but may perhaps be attempted somewhere else.  To England,
+the first commercial country in the world, its importance must be
+obvious."
+
+Ten years passed, Carey continued to watch and to extend his
+agri-horticultural experiments in his own garden, and to correspond
+with botanists in all parts of the world, but still nothing was done
+publicly in India.  At last, on 15th April 1820, when "the
+advantages arising from a number of persons uniting themselves as a
+Society for the purpose of carrying forward any undertaking" were
+generally acknowledged, the shoemaker and preacher who had a
+generation before tested these advantages in the formation of the
+first Foreign Mission Society, issued a Prospectus of an
+Agricultural and Horticultural Society in India, from the "Mission
+House, Serampore."  The prospectus thus concluded:--"Both in forming
+such a Society and in subsequently promoting its objects, important
+to the happiness of the country as they regard them, the writer and
+his colleagues will be happy in doing all their other avocations
+will permit."  Native as well as European gentlemen were
+particularly invited to co-operate. "It is peculiarly desirable that
+native gentlemen should be eligible as members of the Society,
+because one of its chief objects will be the improvement of their
+estates and of the peasantry which reside thereon.  They should
+therefore not only be eligible as members but also as officers of
+the Society in precisely the same manner as Europeans."  At the
+first meeting in the Town Hall of Calcutta, Carey and Marshman found
+only three Europeans beside themselves.  They resolved to proceed,
+and in two months they secured more than fifty members, several of
+whom were natives.  The first formal meeting was held on 14th
+September, when the constitution was drawn up on the lines laid down
+in the prospectus, it being specially provided "that gentlemen of
+every nation be eligible as members."
+
+At the next meeting Dr. Carey was requested to draw up a series of
+queries, which were circulated widely, in order to obtain "correct
+information upon every circumstance which is connected with the
+state of agriculture and horticulture in the various provinces of
+India."  The twenty queries show a grasp of principles, a mastery of
+detail, and a kindliness of spirit which reveal the practical
+farmer, the accomplished observer, and the thoughtful philanthropist
+all in one.  One only we may quote:--"19.  In what manner do you
+think the comforts of the peasantry around you could be increased,
+their health better secured, and their general happiness promoted?"
+The Marquis of Hastings gladly became patron, and ever since the
+Government has made a grant to the Society.  His wife showed such an
+interest in its progress that the members obtained her consent to
+sit to Chinnery for her portrait to fill the largest panel in the
+house at Titigur.  Lord Hastings added the experimental farm, formed
+near Barrackpore, to the Botanic Garden, with an immediate view to
+its assisting the Agricultural Society in their experiments and
+pursuits.  The Society became speedily popular, for Carey watched
+its infancy with loving solicitude, and was the life of its
+meetings.  In the first eighty-seven years of its existence seven
+thousand of the best men in India have been its members, of whom
+seven hundred are Asiatics.  Agriculturists, military and medical
+officers, civilians, clergy, and merchants, are represented on its
+roll in nearly equal proportions.  The one Society has grown into
+three in India, and formed the model for the Royal Agricultural
+Society of England, which was not founded till 1838.
+
+Italy and Scotland alone preceded Carey in this organisation, and he
+quotes with approbation the action of Sir John Sinclair in 1790,
+which led to the first inquiry into the state of British
+agriculture.  The Transactions which Carey led the Society to
+promise to publish in English, Bengali, and Hindostani, have proved
+to be only the first of a series of special periodicals representing
+Indian agriculture generally, tea, and forestry.  The various
+Governments in India have economic museums; and the Government of
+India, under Lord Mayo, established a Revenue and Agricultural
+Department expanded by Lord Curzon.  Carey's early proposal of
+premiums, each of a hundred rupees, or the Society's gold medal, for
+the most successful cultivation on a commercial scale of coffee and
+improved cotton, for the successful introduction of European fruits,
+for the improvement of indigenous fruits, for the successful
+introduction from the Eastern Islands of the mangosteen or doorian,
+and for the manufacture of cheese equal to Warwickshire, had the
+best results in some cases.  In 1825 Mr. Lamb of Dacca was presented
+by "Rev. Dr. Carey in the chair" with the gold medal for 80 lbs. of
+coffee grown there.  Carey's own head gardener became famous for his
+cabbages; and we find this sentence in the Society's Report just
+after the founder's death:--"Who would have credited fifteen years
+ago that we could have exhibited vegetables in the Town Hall of
+Calcutta equal to the choicest in Covent Garden?"  The berries two
+centuries ago brought from Arabia in his wallet by the pilgrim Baba
+Booden to the hills of Mysore, which bear his name, have, since that
+Dacca experiment, covered the uplands of South India and Ceylon.
+Before Carey died he knew of the discovery of the indigenous
+tea-tree in its original home on the Assam border of Tibet--a
+discovery which has put India in the place of China as a producer.
+
+In the Society's Proceedings for 9th January 1828 we find this
+significant record:--"Resolved, at the suggestion of the Rev. Dr.
+Carey, that permission be given to Goluk Chundra, a blacksmith of
+Titigur, to exhibit a steam engine made by himself without the aid
+of any European artist."  At the next meeting, when 109 malees or
+native gardeners competed at the annual exhibition of vegetables,
+the steam engine was submitted and pronounced "useful for irrigating
+lands made upon the model of a large steam engine belonging to the
+missionaries at Serampore."  A premium of Rs. 50 was presented to
+the ingenious blacksmith as an encouragement to further exertions of
+his industry.  When in 1832 the afterwards well-known
+Lieutenant-Governor Thomason was deputy-secretary to Government, he
+applied to the Society for information regarding the manufacture of
+paper.  Dr. Carey and Ram Komal Sen were referred to, and the former
+thus replied in his usual concise and clear manner:--
+
+"When we commenced paper-making several years ago, having then no
+machinery, we employed a number of native papermakers to make it in
+the way to which they had been accustomed, with the exception of
+mixing conjee or rice gruel with the pulp and using it as sizing;
+our object being that of making paper impervious to insects.  Our
+success at first was very imperfect, but the process was conducted
+as follows:--
+
+"A quantity of sunn, viz., the fibres of Crotolaria juncea, was
+steeped repeatedly in limewater, and then exposed to the air by
+spreading it on the grass; it was also repeatedly pounded by the
+dhenki or pedal, and when sufficiently reduced by this process to
+make a pulp, it was mixed in a gumla with water, so as to make it of
+the consistence of thick soup.  The frames with which the sheets
+were taken up were made of mat of the size of a sheet of paper.  The
+operator sitting by the gumla dipped this frame in the pulp, and
+after it was drained gave it to an assistant, who laid it on the
+grass to dry: this finished the process with us; but for the native
+market this paper is afterwards sized by holding a number of sheets
+by the edge and dipping them carefully in conjee, so as to keep the
+sheets separate.  They are afterwards dried, folded, and pressed by
+putting them between two boards, the upper board of which is loaded
+with one or more large stones.
+
+"In the English method the pulp is prepared by the mill and put into
+cisterns; the frames are made of fine wire, and the workman stands
+by the cistern and takes up the pulp on the frames.  The sheets when
+sufficiently dry are hung on lines to dry completely, after which
+they are sized, if sizing be required.
+
+"We now make our paper by machinery, in which the pulp is let to run
+on a web of wire, and passing over several cylinders, the last of
+which is heated by steam, it is dried and fit for use in about two
+minutes from its having been in a liquid state."
+
+Since that reply the Government of India, under the pressure of the
+home authorities, has alternately discouraged and fostered the
+manufacture of paper on the spot.  At present it is in the wiser
+position of preferring to purchase its supplies in India, at once as
+being cheaper, and that it may develop the use of the many
+paper-making fibres there.  Hence at the Calcutta Exhibition of
+1881-82 the jurors began their report on the machine and hand-made
+paper submitted to them, with a reference to Carey and this report
+of his.  The Serampore mills were gradually crushed by the expensive
+and unsatisfactory contracts made at home by the India Office.  The
+neighbouring Bally mills seem to flourish since the abandonment of
+that virtual monopoly, and Carey's anticipations as to the
+utilisation of the plantain and other fibres of India are being
+realised nearly a century after he first formed them.
+
+Carey expanded and published his "Address respecting an Agricultural
+Society in India" in the quarterly Friend of India.  He still thinks
+it necessary to apologise for his action by quoting his hero,
+Brainerd, who was constrained to assist his Indian converts with his
+counsels in sowing their maize and arranging their secular concerns.
+"Few," he adds with the true breadth of genius which converted the
+Baptist shoemaker into the Christian statesman and scholar, "who are
+extensively acquainted with human life, will esteem these cares
+either unworthy of religion or incongruous with its highest
+enjoyments."  When Carey wrote, the millions of five-acre farmers in
+India were only beginning to recover from the oppression and neglect
+of former rulers and the visitation of terrific famines.  Trade was
+as depressed as agriculture.  Transit duties, not less offensive
+than those of the Chinese, continued to weigh down agricultural
+industry till Lord W. Bentinck's time and later.  The English
+Government levied an unequal scale of duties on the staples of the
+East and West Indies, against which the former petitioned in vain.
+The East India Company kept the people in ignorance, and continued
+to exclude the European capitalist and captain of labour.  The large
+native landholders were as uneducated as the cultivators.  Before
+all Carey set these reforms: close attention to the improvement of
+land, the best method of cropping land, the introduction of new and
+useful plants, the improvement of the implements of husbandry, the
+improvement of live stock, the bringing of waste lands under
+cultivation, the improvement of horticulture.  He went on to show
+that, in addition to the abundance which an improved agriculture
+would diffuse throughout the country, the surplus of grain exported,
+besides "her opium, her indigo, her silk, and her cotton," would
+greatly tend to enrich India and endear Britain to her. "Whatever
+may be thought of the Government of Mr. Hastings and those who
+immediately preceded him for these last forty years, India has
+certainly enjoyed such a Government as none of the provinces of the
+Persian or the Roman Empire ever enjoyed for so great a length of
+time in succession, and, indeed, one almost as new in the annals of
+modern Europe as in those of India."
+
+Carey found one of the greatest obstacles to agricultural progress
+to be the fact that not one European owned a single foot of the
+soil, "a singular fact in the history of nations," removed only
+about the time of his own death.  His remarks on this have a present
+significance:--
+
+"It doubtless originated in a laudable care to preserve our Indian
+fellow-subjects from insult and violence, which it was feared could
+scarcely be done if natives of Britain, wholly unacquainted with the
+laws and customs of the people, were permitted to settle
+indiscriminately in India.  While the wisdom of this regulation at
+that time is not impugned, however, it may not be improper to
+inquire whether at the present time a permission to hold landed
+property, to be granted by Government to British subjects in India,
+according to their own discretion, might not be of the highest
+benefit to the country, and in some degree advantageous to the
+Government itself.
+
+"The objections which have been urged against any measure of this
+nature are chiefly that the indiscriminate admission of Europeans
+into the country might tend to alienate the minds of the inhabitants
+from Britain, or possibly lead to its disruption from Britain in a
+way similar to that of America.  Respecting this latter
+circumstance, it is certain that, in the common course of events, a
+greater evil could scarcely befall India.  On the continuance of her
+connection with Britain is suspended her every hope relative to
+improvement, security, and happiness.  The moment India falls again
+under the dominion of any one or any number of native princes, all
+hope of mental improvement, or even of security for person or
+property, will at once vanish.  Nothing could be then expected but
+scenes of rapine, plunder, bloodshed, and violence, till its
+inhabitants were sealed over to irremediable wretchedness, without
+the most distant ray of hope respecting the future.  And were it
+severed from Britain in any other way, the reverse felt in India
+would be unspeakably great.  At present all the learning, the
+intelligence, the probity, the philanthropy, the weight of character
+existing in Britain, are brought to bear on India.  There is
+scarcely an individual sustaining a part in the administration of
+affairs who does not feel the weight of that tribunal formed by the
+suffrages of the wise and the good in Britain, though he be
+stationed in the remotest parts of India.  Through the medium of a
+free press the wisdom, probity, and philanthropy which pervade
+Britain exercise an almost unbounded sway over every part of India,
+to the incalculable advantage of its inhabitants; constituting a
+triumph of virtue and wisdom thus unknown to the ancients, and which
+will increase in its effects in exact proportion to the increase in
+Britain of justice, generosity, and love to mankind.  Let India,
+however, be severed from Britain, and the weight of these is felt no
+more...
+
+"It is a fact that in case of outrage or injury it is in most cases
+easier for a native to obtain justice against a European, than for a
+European to obtain redress if insulted or wronged by a native.  This
+circumstance, attended as it may be with some inconvenience,
+reflects the highest honour on the British name; it is a fact of
+which India affords almost the first instance on record in the
+annals of history.  Britain is nearly the first nation in whose
+foreign Courts of Justice a tenderness for the native inhabitants
+habitually prevails over all the partialities arising from country
+and education.  If there ever existed a period, therefore, in which
+a European could oppress a native of India with impunity, that time
+is passed away--we trust for ever.  That a permission of this nature
+might tend to sever India from Britain after the example of America
+is of all things the most improbable...
+
+"Long before the number of British landholders in India shall have
+become considerable, Penang and the Eastern Isles, Ceylon, the Cape,
+and even the Isles of New South Wales, may in European population
+far exceed them in number; and unitedly, if not singly, render the
+most distant step of this nature as impracticable, as it would be
+ruinous, to the welfare and happiness of India...
+
+"British-born landholders would naturally maintain all their
+national attachments, for what Briton can lose them? and derive
+their happiness from corresponding with the wise and good at home.
+If sufficiently wealthy, they would no doubt occasionally visit
+Britain, where indeed it might be expected that some of them would
+reside for years together, as do the owners of estates in the West
+Indies.  While Britain shall remain what she now is, it will be
+impossible for those who have once felt the force of British
+attachments, ever to forego them.  Those feelings would animate
+their minds, occupy their conversation, and regulate the education
+and studies of their children, who would be in general sent home
+that they might there imbibe all those ideas of a moral and
+intellectual nature for which our beloved country is so eminent.
+Thus a new intercourse would be established between Britain and the
+proprietors of land in India, highly to the advantage of both
+countries.  While they derived their highest happiness from the
+religion, the literature, the philanthropy and public spirit of
+Britain, they would, on the other hand, be able to furnish Britain
+with the most accurate and ample information relative to the state
+of things in a country in which the property they held there
+constrained them to feel so deep an interest.  The fear of all
+oppression being out of the question, while it would be so evidently
+the interest not only of every Briton but of every Christian,
+whether British or native, to secure the protecting aid of Britain,
+at least as long as two-thirds of the inhabitants of India retained
+the Hindoo or Mussulman system of religion, few things would be more
+likely to cement and preserve the connection between both countries
+than the existence of such a class of British-born landholders in
+India."
+
+It is profitable to read this in the light of subsequent events--of
+the Duff-Bentinck reforms, the Sepoy mutiny, the government of the
+Queen-Empress, the existence of more than three millions of
+Christians in India, the social and commercial development due to
+the non-officials from Great Britain and America, and the
+administrative progress under Lord Curzon and Lord Minto.
+
+There is one evil which Carey never ceased to point out, but which
+the very perfection of our judicial procedure and the temporary
+character of our land assessments have intensified--"the borrowing
+system of the natives."  While 12 per cent. is the so-called legal
+rate of interest; it is never below 36, and frequently rises to 72
+per cent.  Native marriage customs, the commercial custom of
+"advances," agricultural usage, and our civil procedure combine to
+sink millions of the peasantry lower than they were, in this
+respect, in Carey's time.  For this, too, he had a remedy so far as
+it was in his power to mitigate an evil which only practical
+Christianity will cure.  He was the first to apply in India that
+system of savings banks which the Government has of late sought to
+encourage.
+
+At a time when the English and even Scottish universities denied
+their honorary degrees to all British subjects who were not of the
+established churches, Brown University, in the United
+States--Judson's--spontaneously sent Carey the diploma of Doctor of
+Divinity.  That was in the year 1807.  In 1823 he was elected a
+corresponding member of the Horticultural Society of London, a
+member of the Geological Society, and a Fellow of the Linnæan
+Society.  To him the latter year was ever memorable, not for such
+honours which he had not sought, but for a flood of the Damoodar
+river, which, overflowing its embankments and desolating the whole
+country between it and the Hoogli, submerged his garden and the
+mission grounds with three feet of water, swept away the botanic
+treasures or buried them under sand, and destroyed his own house.
+Carey was lying in bed at the time, under an apparently fatal fever
+following dislocation of the hip-joint.  He had lost his footing
+when stepping from his boat.  Surgical science was then less equal
+to such a case than it is now, and for nine days he suffered agony,
+which on the tenth resulted in fever.  When hurriedly carried out of
+his tottering house, which in a few hours was scoured away by the
+rush of the torrent into a hole fifty feet deep, his first thought
+was of his garden.  For six months he used crutches, but long before
+he could put foot to the ground he was carefully borne all over the
+scene of desolation.  His noble collection of exotic plants,
+unmatched in Asia save in the Company's garden, was gone.  His
+scientific arrangement of orders and families was obliterated.  It
+seemed as if the fine barren sand of the mountain torrent would make
+the paradise a desert for ever.  The venerable botanist was wounded
+in his keenest part, but he lost not an hour in issuing orders and
+writing off for new supplies of specimens and seeds, which years
+after made the place as lovely if not so precious, as before.  He
+thus wrote to Dr. Ryland:--
+
+"SERAMPORE, 22nd December 1823.
+
+"MY DEAR BROTHER--I once more address you from the land of the
+living, a mercy which about two months ago I had no expectation of,
+nor did any one expect it more than, nor perhaps so much as, myself.
+On the 1st of October I went to Calcutta to preach, and returned
+with another friend about midnight.  When I got out of the boat
+close to our own premises, my foot slipped and I fell; my friend
+also fell in the same place.  I however perceived that I could not
+rise, nor even make the smallest effort to rise.  The boatmen
+carried me into the house, and laid me on a couch, and my friend,
+who was a medical man, examined my hurt.--From all this affliction I
+am, through mercy, nearly restored.  I am still very weak, and the
+injured limb is very painful.  I am unable to walk two steps without
+crutches; yet my strength is sensibly increasing, and Dr. Mellis,
+who attended me during the illness, says he has no doubts of my
+perfect recovery.
+
+"During my confinement, in October, such a quantity of water came
+down from the western hills, that it laid the whole country for
+about a hundred miles in length and the same in breadth, under
+water.  The Ganges was filled by the flood, so as to spread far on
+every side.  Serampore was under water; we had three feet of water
+in our garden for seven or eight days.  Almost all the houses of the
+natives in that vast extent of country fell; their cattle were swept
+away, and the people, men, women, and children.  Some gained
+elevated spots, where the water still rose so high as to threaten
+them with death; others climbed trees, and some floated on the roofs
+of their ruined houses.  One of the Church missionaries, Mr. Jetter,
+who had accompanied Mr. Thomason and some other gentlemen to Burdwan
+to examine the schools there, called on me on his return and gave me
+a most distressing account of the fall of houses, the loss of
+property, the violent rushing of waters, so that none, not even the
+best swimmers, dared to leave the place where they were.
+
+"This inundation was very destructive to the Mission house, or
+rather the Mission premises.  A slip of the earth (somewhat like
+that of an avalanche), took place on the bank of the river near my
+house, and gradually approached it until only about ten feet of
+space were left between that and the house; and that space soon
+split.  At last two fissures appeared in the foundation and wall of
+the house itself.  This was a signal for me to remove; and a house
+built for a professor in the College being empty, I removed to it,
+and through mercy am now comfortably settled there.
+
+"I have nearly filled my letter with this account, but I must give
+you a short account of the state of my mind when I could think, and
+that was generally when excited by an access of friends; at other
+times I could scarcely speak or think.  I concluded one or two days
+that my death was near.  I had no joys; nor any fear of death, or
+reluctance to die; but never was I so sensibly convinced of the
+value of an ATONING Saviour as then.  I could only say, 'Hangs my
+helpless soul on thee;' and adopt the language of the first and
+second verses of the fifty-first Psalm, which I desired might be the
+text for my funeral sermon.  A life of faith in Christ as the Lamb
+of God who taketh away the sin of the world, appeared more than
+ordinarily important to my mind, and I expressed these feelings to
+those about me with freedom and pleasure.
+
+"Now, through the gracious providence of God, I am again restored to
+my work, and daily do a little as my strength will admit.  The
+printing of the translations is now going forward almost as usual,
+but I have not yet been able to attend to my duties in College.  The
+affairs of the Mission are more extended, and I trust in as
+prosperous a state as at any former time.  There are now many of
+other denominations employed in Missions, and I rejoice to say that
+we are all workers together in the work.  The native churches were
+never in a better state, and the face of the Mission is in every
+respect encouraging.  Give my love to all who know me.--I am very
+affectionately yours, W. CAREY."
+
+Still more severe and disastrous in its effects was the cyclone of
+1831.  The former had desolated the open garden, but this laid low
+some of the noblest trees which, in their fall, crushed his splendid
+conservatory.  One of his brethren represents the old man as weeping
+over the ruin of the collections of twenty years.  Again the Hoogli,
+lashed into fury and swollen by the tidal wave, swept away the
+lately-formed road, and, cutting off another fourth of the original
+settlement of the Mission, imperilled the old house of Mr. Ward. Its
+ruins were levelled to form another road, and ever since the whole
+face of the right bank of the river has been a source of
+apprehension and expense.  Just before this, Dr. Staughton had
+written from America that the interest on the funds raised there by
+Ward for the College would not be sent until the trustees were
+assured that the money was not to be spent on the teaching of
+science in the College, but only on the theological education of
+Hindoo converts. "I must confess," was Carey's reply, "I never heard
+anything more illiberal.  Pray can youth be trained up for the
+Christian ministry without science?  Do you in America train up
+youths for it without any knowledge of science?"
+
+One of Dr. Carey's latest visits to Calcutta was to inspect the
+Society's Garden then at Alipore, and to write the elaborate report
+of the Horticultural Committee which appeared in the second volume
+of the Transactions after his death.  He there records the great
+success of the cultivation of the West India arrowroot.  This he
+introduced into his own garden, and after years of discontinued
+culture we raised many a fine crop from the old roots.  The old man
+"cannot but advert, with feelings of the highest satisfaction, to
+the display of vegetables on the 13th January 1830, a display which
+would have done honour to any climate, or to any, even the most
+improved system of horticulture...The greater part of the vegetables
+then produced were, till within these last few years, of species
+wholly unknown to the native gardeners."
+
+When, in 1842, the Agri-Horticultural Society resolved to honour its
+founder, it appropriately fell to Dr. Wallich, followed by the
+president Sir J. P. Grant, to do what is thus recorded:--"Dr.
+Wallich addressed the meeting at some length, and alluded to the
+peculiar claims which their late venerable founder had on the
+affection of all classes for his untiring exertions in advancing the
+prosperity of India, and especially so on the members of the
+Society.  He concluded his address by this motion:--'That the
+Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India, duly estimating the
+great and important services rendered to the interests of British
+India by the founder of the institution, the late Reverend Dr.
+William Carey, who unceasingly applied his great talents, abilities,
+and influence in advancing the happiness of India--more especially
+by the spread of an improved system of husbandry and
+gardening--desire to mark, by some permanent record, their sense of
+his transcendent worth, by placing a marble bust to his memory in
+the Society's new apartments at the Metcalfe Hall, there to remain a
+lasting testimony to the pure and disinterested zeal and labours of
+so illustrious a character: that a subscription, accordingly, from
+among the members of the Society, be urgently recommended for the
+accomplishment of the above object.'"
+
+One fact in the history of the marble bust of Carey, which since
+1845 has adorned the hall of the Agricultural Society of India,
+would have delighted the venerable missionary.  Following the
+engraving from Home's portrait, and advised by one of the sons, Nobo
+Koomar Pal, a self-educated Bengali artist, modelled the clay.  The
+clay bust was sent to England for the guidance of Mr. J. C. Lough,
+the sculptor selected by Dr. Royle to finish the work in marble.
+Mr. Lough had executed the Queen's statue for the Royal Exchange,
+and the monument with a reclining figure of Southey.  In sending out
+the marble bust of Carey to Calcutta Dr. Royle wrote,--"I think the
+bust an admirable one; General Macleod immediately recognised it as
+one of your much esteemed Founder."
+
+The Bengal Asiatic Society, on the motion of the Lord Bishop and
+Colonel Sir Jer. Bryant, entered these words on their Journal:--"The
+Asiatic Society cannot note upon their proceedings the death of the
+Rev. W. Carey, D.D., so long an active member and an ornament of
+this Institution, distinguished alike for his high attainments in
+the Oriental languages, for his eminent services in opening the
+stores of Indian literature to the knowledge of Europe, and for his
+extensive acquaintance with the sciences, the natural history and
+botany of this country, and his useful contributions on every hand
+towards the promotion of the objects of the Society, without placing
+on record this expression of their high sense of his value and
+merits as a scholar and a man of science; their esteem for the
+sterling and surpassing religious and moral excellencies of his
+character, and their sincere grief for his irreparable loss."
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+CAREY'S IMMEDIATE INFLUENCE IN GREAT BRITAIN AND AMERICA
+
+1813-1830
+
+Carey's relation to the new era--The East India Company's Charters
+of 1793, 1813, and 1833--His double influence on the churches and
+public opinion--The great missionary societies--Missionary journals
+and their readers--Bengal and India recognised as the most important
+mission fields--Influence on Robert Haldane--Reflex effect of
+foreign on home missions--Carey's power over individuals--Melville
+Horne and Douglas of Cavers--Henry Martyn--Charles Simeon and
+Stewart of Moulin--Robert Hall and John Foster--Heber and
+Chalmers--William Wilberforce on Carey--Mr. Prendergast and the tub
+story--Last persecution by the Company's Government--Carey on the
+persecution and the charter controversy--The persecuting clause and
+the resolution legalising toleration--The Edinburgh Review and
+Sydney Smith's fun--Sir James Mackintosh's opinion--Southey's
+defence and eulogy of Carey and the brotherhood in the Quarterly
+Review--Political value of Carey's labours--Andrew Fuller's death--A
+model foreign mission secretary--His friendship with Carey--The
+sixteen years' dispute--Dr. Carey's position--His defence of
+Marshman--His chivalrous seIf-sacrifice--His forgiveness of the
+younger brethren in Calcutta--His fidelity to righteousness and to
+friendship.
+
+Himself the outcome of the social and political forces which began
+in the French Revolution, and are still at work, William Carey was
+made a living personal force to the new era.  The period which was
+introduced in 1783 by the Peace of Versailles in Europe following
+the Independence of the United States of America, was new on every
+side--in politics, in philosophy, in literature, in scientific
+research, in a just and benevolent regard for the peoples of every
+land, and in the awakening of the churches from the sleep of
+formalism.  Carey was no thinker, but with the reality and the
+vividness of practical action and personal sacrifice he led the
+English-speaking races, to whom the future of the world was then
+given, to substitute for the dreams of Rousseau and all other
+theories the teaching of Christ as to His kingdom within each man,
+and in the progress of mankind.
+
+Set free from the impossible task of administering North America on
+the absolutist system which the Georges would fain have continued,
+Great Britain found herself committed to the duty of doing for India
+what Rome had done for Europe.  England was compelled to surrender
+the free West to her own children only that she might raise the
+servile and idolatrous East to such a Christian level as the genius
+of its peoples could in time enable them to work out.  But it took
+the thirty years from 1783 to 1813 to convince British statesmen,
+from Pitt to Castlereagh, that India is to be civilised not
+according to its own false systems, but by truth in all forms,
+spiritual and moral, scientific and historical.  It took other
+twenty years, to the Charter of 1833, to complete the conversion of
+the British Parliament to the belief that the principles of truth
+and freedom are in their measure as good for the East as for the
+West. At the beginning of this new period William Pitt based his
+motion for Parliamentary reform on this fact, that "our senators are
+no longer the representatives of British virtue but of the vices and
+pollutions of the East." At the close of it Lord William Bentinck,
+Macaulay, and Duff, co-operated in the decree which made truth, as
+most completely revealed through the English language and
+literature, the medium of India's enlightenment.  William Carey's
+career of fifty years, from his baptism in 1783 and the composition
+of his Enquiry to his death in 1834, covered and influenced more
+than any other one man's the whole time; and he represented in it an
+element of permanent healthy nationalisation which these successors
+overlooked,--the use of the languages of the peoples of India as the
+only literary channels for allowing the truth revealed through
+English to reach the millions of the people.
+
+It was by this means that Carey educated Great Britain and America
+to rise equal to the terrible trust of jointly creating a Christian
+Empire of India, and ultimately a series of self-governing Christian
+nations in Southern and Eastern Asia. He consciously and directly
+roused the Churches of all names to carry out the commission of
+their Master, and to seek the promised impulse of His Spirit or
+Divine Representative on earth, that they might do greater things
+than even those which He did.  And he, less directly but not less
+consciously, brought the influence of public opinion, which every
+year purified and quickened, to bear upon Parliament and upon
+individual statesmen, aided in this up till 1815 by Andrew Fuller.
+He never set foot in England again, and the influence of his
+brethren Ward and Marshman during their visits was largely
+neutralised by some leaders of their own church.  But Carey's
+character and career, his letters and writings, his work and whole
+personality, stood out in England, Scotland, and America as the
+motive power which stimulated every church and society, and won the
+triumph of toleration in the charter of 1813, of humanity,
+education, and administrative reform in the legislation of Lord
+William Bentinck.
+
+We have already seen how the immediate result of Carey's early
+letters was the foundation on a catholic basis of the London
+Missionary Society, which now represents the great Nonconformist
+half of England; of the Edinburgh or Scottish and Glasgow Societies,
+through which the Presbyterians sent forth missionaries to West and
+South Africa and to Western India, until their churches acted as
+such; of the Church Missionary Society which the evangelical members
+of the Church of England have put in the front of all the societies;
+and of Robert Haldane's splendid self-sacrifice in selling all that
+he had to lead a large Presbyterian mission to Hindostan.  Soon
+(1797) the London Society became the parent of that of the
+Netherlands, and of that which is one of the most extensive in
+Christendom, the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign
+Missions.  The latter, really founded (1810) by Judson and some of
+his fellow-students, gave birth (1814) to the almost equally great
+American Baptist Union when Judson and his colleague became
+Baptists, and the former was sent by Carey to Burma.  The Religious
+Tract Society (1799), and the British and Foreign Bible Society
+(1804)--each a handmaid of the missionary agencies--sprang as really
+though less directly from Carey's action.  Such organised efforts to
+bring in heathen and Mohammedan peoples led in 1809 to the at first
+catholic work begun by the London Society for promoting Christianity
+among the Jews. The older Wesleyan Methodist and Gospel Propagation
+Societies, catching the enthusiasm as Carey succeeded in opening
+India and the East, entered on a new development under which the
+former in 1813, and the latter in 1821, no longer confined their
+operations to the slaves of America and the English of the
+dispersion in the colonies and dependencies of Great Britain.  In
+1815 Lutheran Germany also, which had cast out the Pietists and the
+Moravian brethren as the Church of England had rejected the
+Wesleyans, founded the principal representative of its
+evangelicalism at Basel.  The succeeding years up to Carey's death
+saw similar missionary centres formed, or reorganised, in Leipzig
+(1819), Berlin (1823), and Bremen (1836).23
+
+The Periodical Accounts sent home from Mudnabati and Serampore,
+beginning at the close of 1794, and the Monthly Circular Letters
+after 1807, gave birth not only to these great missionary movements
+but to the new and now familiar class of foreign missionary
+periodicals.  The few magazines then existing, like the Evangelical,
+became filled with a new spirit of earnest aggressiveness.  In 1796
+there appeared in Edinburgh The Missionary Magazine, "a periodical
+publication intended as a repository of discussion and intelligence
+respecting the progress of the Gospel throughout the world."  The
+editors close their preface in January 1797 with this
+statement:--"With much pleasure they have learned that there was
+never a greater number of religious periodical publications carried
+on than at present, and never were any of them more generally read.
+The aggregate impression of those alone which are printed in
+Britain every month considerably exceeds thirty thousand."  The
+first article utilises the facts sent home by Dr. Carey as the fruit
+of his first two years' experience, to show "The Peculiar Advantages
+of Bengal as a Field for Missions from Great Britain."  After
+describing, in the style of an English statesman, the immense
+population, the highly civilised state of society, the eagerness of
+the natives in the acquisition of knowledge, and the principles
+which the Hindoos and Mohammedans hold in common with Christians,
+the writer thus continues:--
+
+"The attachment of both the Mohammedans and Hindoos to their ancient
+systems is lessening every day.  We have this information from the
+late Sir William Jones, one of the Judges of that country, a name
+dear to literature, and a lover of the religion of Jesus.  The
+Mussulmans in Hindostan are in general but little acquainted with
+their system, and by no means so zealous for it as their brethren in
+the Turkish and Persian empires.  Besides, they have not the strong
+arm of civil authority to crush those who would convert them.  Mr.
+Carey's letters seem to intimate the same relaxation among the
+Hindoos.  This decay of prejudice and bigotry will at least incline
+them to listen with more patience, and a milder temper, to the
+doctrines and evidences of the Christian religion.  The degree of
+adhesion to their castes, which still remains, is certainly
+unfavourable, and must be considered as one of Satan's arts to
+render men unhappy; but it is not insuperable.  The Roman Catholics
+have gained myriads of converts from among them.  The Danish
+missionaries record their thousands too: and one (Schwartz) of the
+most successful missionaries at present in the world is labouring in
+the southern part of Hindostan.  Besides a very considerable number
+who have thrown aside their old superstition, and make a profession
+of the Christian religion, he computes that, in the course of his
+ministry, he has been the instrument of savingly converting two
+thousand persons to the faith of Christ.  Of these, above five
+hundred are Mohammedans: the rest are from among the different
+castes of the Hindoos.  In addition to these instances, it is proper
+to notice the attention which the Hindoos are paying to the two
+Baptist missionaries, and which gives a favourable specimen of their
+readiness to listen to the preaching of the Gospel...
+
+"Reflect, O disciple of Jesus! on what has been presented to thy
+view.  The cause of Christ is thy own cause.  Without deep
+criminality thou canst not be indifferent to its success.  Rejoice
+that so delightful a field of missions has been discovered and
+exhibited.  Rouse thyself from the slumbers of spiritual languor.
+Exert thyself to the utmost of thy power; and let conscience be
+able to testify, without a doubt, even at the tribunal of Jesus
+Christ, If missionaries are not speedily sent to preach she glorious
+Gospel in Bengal, it shall not be owing to me."
+
+That is remarkable writing for an Edinburgh magazine in the year
+1797, and it was Carey who made it possible.  Its author followed up
+the appeal by offering himself and his all, for life and death, in a
+"Plan of the Mission to Bengal," which appeared in the April number.
+Robert Haldane, whose journal at this time was full of Carey's
+doings, and his ordained associates, Bogue, Innes, and Greville
+Ewing, accompanied by John Ritchie as printer, John Campbell as
+catechist, and other lay workers, determined to turn the very centre
+of Hindooism, Benares, into a second Serampore.  Defeated by one set
+of Directors of the East India Company, he waited for the election
+of their successors, only to find the East India Company as hostile
+to the Scottish gentleman as they had been to the English shoemaker
+four years before.
+
+The formation of the great Missionary and Bible Societies did not,
+as in the case of the Moravian Brethren and the Wesleyans, take
+their members out of the Churches of England and Scotland, of the
+Baptists and Independents.  It supplied in each case an executive
+through which they worked aggressively not only on the non-christian
+world, but still more directly on their own home congregations and
+parishes.  The foreign mission spirit directly gave birth to the
+home mission on an extensive scale.  Not merely did the Haldanes and
+their agents, following Whitefield and the Scottish Secession of
+1733, become the evangelists of the north when they were not
+suffered to preach the Gospel in South Asia; every member of the
+churches of Great Britain and America, as he caught the enthusiasm
+of humanity, in the Master's sense, from the periodical accounts
+sent home from Serampore, and soon from Africa and the South Seas,
+as well as from the Red Indians and Slaves of the West, began to
+work as earnestly among the neglected classes around him, as to pray
+and give for the conversion of the peoples abroad.  From first to
+last, from the early days of the Moravian influence on Wesley and
+Whitefield, and the letters of Carey, to the successive visits to
+the home churches of missionaries like Duff and Judson, Ellis and
+Williams, Moffat and Livingstone, it is the enterprise of foreign
+missions which has been the leaven of Christendom no less really
+than of the rest of the world.  Does the fact that at the close of
+the year 1796 there were more than thirty thousand men and women in
+Great Britain who every month read and prayed about the then little
+known world of heathenism, and spared not their best to bring that
+world to the Christ whom they had found, seem a small thing?  How
+much smaller, even to contemptible insignificance, must those who
+think so consider the arrival of William Carey in Calcutta to be
+three years before!  Yet the thirty thousand sprang from the one,
+and to-day the thirty thousand have a vast body of Christians really
+obedient to the Master, in so far as, banded together in five
+hundred churches and societies, they have sent out eighteen thousand
+missionaries instead of one or two; they see eighty thousand
+Asiatics, Africans, and Polynesians proclaiming the Christ to their
+countrymen, and their praying is tested by their giving annually a
+sum of £5,000,000, to which every year is adding.
+
+The influence of Carey and his work on individual men and women in
+his generation was even more marked, inasmuch as his humility kept
+him so often from magnifying his office and glorifying God as the
+example of Paul should have encouraged him to do.  Most important of
+all for the cause, he personally called Ward to be his associate,
+and his writings drew Dr. and Mrs. Marshman to his side, while his
+apostolic charity so developed and used all that was good in Thomas
+and Fountain, that not even in the churches of John and James, Peter
+and Paul, Barnabas and Luke, was there such a brotherhood.  When
+troubles came from outside he won to himself the younger brethren,
+Yates and Pearce, and healed half the schism which Andrew Fuller's
+successors made.  His Enquiry, followed "by actually embarking on a
+mission to India," led to the publication of the Letters on Missions
+addressed to the Protestant Ministers of the British Churches by
+Melville Horne, who, after a brief experience as Church of England
+chaplain in Zachary Macaulay's settlement of Sierra Leone, published
+that little book to excite in all Christians a passion for missions
+like the Master's.  Referring to the English churches, Established
+and Nonconformist, he wrote:--"Except the Reverend Mr. Carey and a
+friend who accompanies him, I am not informed of any...ministers who
+are engaged in missions."  Such was the impression made by Carey on
+John Newton that, in 1802, he rebuked his old curate, Claudius
+Buchanan, for depreciating the Serampore missionaries, adding, "I do
+not look for miracles, but if God were to work one in our day, I
+should not wonder if it were in favour of Dr. Carey."
+
+The Serampore Mission, at an early period, called forth the
+admiration of the Scottish philanthropist and essayist, James
+Douglas of Cavers, whose Hints on Missions (1822), a book still full
+of suggestiveness, contains this passage:--"Education and the press
+have only been employed to purpose of very late years, especially by
+the missionaries of Serampore; every year they have been making some
+improvements upon their former efforts, and...it only requires to
+increase the number of printing presses, schools, teachers,
+translators, and professors, to accelerate to any pitch the rate of
+improvement...To attempt to convert the world without educating it,
+is grasping at the end and neglecting the means."  Referring to what
+Carey had begun and the Serampore College had helped to develop in
+Asia, as in Africa and America, Douglas of Cavers well described the
+missionary era, the new crusade:--"The Reformation itself needed
+anew a reform in the spirit if not in the letter.  That second
+Reformation has begun; it makes less noise than that of Luther, but
+it spreads wider and deeper; as it is more intimate it will be more
+enduring.  Like the Temple of Solomon, it is rising silently,
+without the din of pressure or the note of previous preparation, but
+notwithstanding it will be not less complete in all its parts nor
+less able to resist the injuries of time!"
+
+Henry Martyn died, perhaps the loftiest and most loving spirit of
+the men whom Carey drew to India.  Son of a Cornish miner-captain,
+after passing through the Truro Grammar School, he was sixteen--the
+age at which Carey became a shoemaker's apprentice--when he was
+entered at St. John's, and made that ever since the most missionary
+of all the colleges of Cambridge.  When not yet twenty he came out
+Senior Wrangler.  His father's death drove him to the Bible, to the
+Acts of the Apostles, which he began to study, and the first whisper
+of the call of Christ came to him in the joy of the Magnificat as
+its strains pealed through the chapel.  Charles Simeon's preaching
+drew him to Trinity Church.  In the vicarage, when he had come to be
+tutor of his college, and was preparing for the law, he heard much
+talk of William Carey, of his self-sacrifice and his success in
+India.  It was the opening year of the nineteenth century, the
+Church Missionary Society had just been born as the fruit partly of
+a paper written by Simeon four years previously, and he offered
+himself as its first English missionary.  He was not twenty-one, he
+could not be ordained for two years.  Meanwhile a calamity made him
+and his unmarried sister penniless; he loved Lydia Grenfell with a
+pure passion which enriched while it saddened his short life, and a
+chaplaincy became the best mode in every way of his living and dying
+for India.  What a meeting must that have been between him and Carey
+when, already stricken by fever, he found a sanctuary in Aldeen, and
+learned at Serampore the sweetness of telling to the natives of
+India in one of their own tongues the love of God. William Carey and
+Henry Martyn were one in origin, from the people; in industry, as
+scholars; in genius, as God-devoted; in the love of a great heart
+not always returned.  The older man left the church of his fathers
+because there was no Simeon and no missionary society, and he made
+his own university; he laid the foundation of English missions deep
+and broad in no sect but in Christ, to whom he and Martyn alike gave
+themselves.
+
+The names of Carey and Simeon, thus linked to each other by Martyn,
+find another pleasant and fruitful tie in the Rev. Alexander
+Stewart, D.D., Gaelic scholar and Scottish preacher.  It was soon
+after Carey went out to India that Simeon, travelling in the
+Highlands, spent a Sunday in the manse of Moulin, where his personal
+intercourse and his evening sermon after a season of Communion were
+blessed to the evangelical enlightenment of Stewart.  Moulin was the
+birthplace ten years after of Alexander Duff, whose parents
+previously came under the power of the minister's new-found light.24
+Like Simeon, Dr. Stewart thenceforth became a warm supporter of
+foreign missions.  Finding in the Periodical Accounts a letter in
+which Carey asked Fuller to send him a copy of Van der Hooght's
+edition of the Hebrew Bible because of the weakness of his eyesight,
+Dr. Stewart at once wrote offering his own copy.  Fuller gladly
+accepted the kindness. "I with great pleasure," writes Dr. Stewart,
+"followed the direction, wrote a letter of some length to Carey, and
+sent off my parcel to London.  I daresay you remember my favourite
+Hebrew Bible in two volumes.  I parted with it with something of the
+same feelings that a pious parent might do with a favourite son
+going on a mission to the heathen--with a little regret but with
+much goodwill."  This was the beginning of an interesting
+correspondence with Carey and Fuller.
+
+Next to Andrew Fuller, and in the region of literature, general
+culture and eloquence before him, the strongest men among the
+Baptists were the younger Robert Hall and John Foster.  Both were
+devoted to Carey, and were the most powerful of the English
+advocates of his mission.  The former, for a time, was led to side
+with the Society in some of the details of its dispute with Dr.
+Marshman, but his loyalty to Carey and the principles of the mission
+fired some of the most eloquent orations in English literature.
+John Foster's shrewder common sense never wavered, but inspired his
+pen alike in the heat of controversy and in his powerful essays and
+criticisms.  Writing in 1828, he declared that the Serampore
+missionaries "have laboured with the most earnest assiduity for a
+quarter of a century (Dr. Carey much longer) in all manner of
+undertakings for promoting Christianity, with such a renunciation of
+self-interest as will never be surpassed; that they have conveyed
+the oracles of divine truth into so many languages; that they have
+watched over diversified missionary operations with unremitting
+care; that they have conducted themselves through many trying and
+some perilous circumstances with prudence and fortitude; and that
+they retain to this hour an undiminished zeal to do all that
+providence shall enable them in the same good cause."  The
+expenditure of the Serampore Brotherhood up to that time, leaving
+out of account the miscellaneous missionary services, he showed to
+have been upwards of £75,000.  Dr. Chalmers in Scotland was as
+stoutly with Carey and his brethren as Foster was in England, so
+that Marshman wrote:--"Thus two of the greatest and wisest men of
+England are on our side, and, what is more, I trust the Lord God is
+with us."  What Heber thought, alike as man and bishop, his own
+loving letter and proposal for "reunion of our churches" in the next
+chapter will show.
+
+Of all the publicists in the United Kingdom during Carey's long
+career the foremost was William Wilberforce; he was not second even
+to Charles Grant and his sons.  Defeated in carrying into law the
+"pious clauses" of the charter which would have opened India to the
+Christian missionary and schoolmaster in 1793, he nevertheless
+succeeded by his persuasive eloquence and the weight of his
+character in having them entered as Resolutions of the House of
+Commons.  He then gave himself successfully to the abolition of the
+slave-trade.  But he always declared the toleration of Christianity
+in British India to be "that greatest of all causes, for I really
+place it before the abolition, in which, blessed be God, we gained
+the victory."  His defeat in 1793, when Dundas and the Government
+were with him, was due to the apathy of public opinion, and
+especially of the dumb churches.  But in the next twenty years Carey
+changed all that.  Not merely was Andrew Fuller ever on the watch
+with pen and voice, but all the churches were roused, the
+Established to send out bishops and chaplains, the Nonconformist and
+Established Evangelicals together to secure freedom for missionaries
+and schoolmasters.  In 1793 an English missionary was an unknown and
+therefore a much-dreaded monster, for Carey was then on the sea.  In
+1813 Carey and the Serampore Brotherhood were still the only English
+missionaries continuously at work in India, and not the churches
+only, but governor-generals like Teignmouth and Wellesley, and
+scholars like Colebrooke and H. H. Wilson, were familiar with the
+grandeur and political innocency of their labours.  Hence this
+outburst of Wilberforce in the House of Commons on the 16th July
+1813, when he used the name of Carey to defeat an attempt of the
+Company to prevent toleration by omitting the declaratory clauses of
+the Resolution, which would have made it imply that the privilege
+should never be exerted though the power of licensing missionaries
+was nominally conceded.
+
+"One great argument of his opponents was grounded on the
+enthusiastic character which they imputed to the missionary body.
+India hitherto has seen no missionary who was a member of the
+English Church, and imputations could be cast more readily on
+'Anabaptists and fanatics.'  These attacks Mr. Wilberforce
+indignantly refuted, and well had the noble conduct of the band at
+Serampore deserved this vindication. 'I do not know,' he often said,
+'a finer instance of the moral sublime, than that a poor cobbler
+working in his stall should conceive the idea of converting the
+Hindoos to Christianity; yet such was Dr. Carey.  Why Milton's
+planning his Paradise Lost in his old age and blindness was nothing
+to it.  And then when he had gone to India, and was appointed by
+Lord Wellesley to a lucrative and honourable station in the college
+of Fort William, with equal nobleness of mind he made over all his
+salary (between £1000 and £1500 per annum) to the general objects of
+the mission.  By the way, nothing ever gave me a more lively sense
+of the low and mercenary standard of your men of honour, than the
+manifest effect produced upon the House of Commons by my stating
+this last circumstance.  It seemed to be the only thing which moved
+them.'  Dr. Carey had been especially attacked, and 'a few days
+afterwards the member who had made this charge came to me, and asked
+me in a manner which in a noted duellist could not be mistaken,
+"Pray, Mr. Wilberforce, do you know a Mr. Andrew Fuller, who has
+written to desire me to retract the statement which I made with
+reference to Dr. Carey?" "Yes," I answered with a smile, "I know him
+perfectly, but depend upon it you will make nothing of him in your
+way; he is a respectable Baptist minister at Kettering."  In due
+time there came from India an authoritative contradiction of the
+slander.  It was sent to me, and for two whole years did I take it
+in my pocket to the House of Commons to read it to the House
+whenever the author of the accusation should be present; but during
+that whole time he never once dared show himself in the House.'"
+
+The slanderer was a Mr. Prendergast, who affirmed that Dr. Carey's
+conduct had changed so much for the worse since the departure of
+Lord Wellesley, that he himself had seen the missionary on a tub in
+the streets of Calcutta haranguing the mob and abusing the religion
+of the people in such a way that the police alone saved him from
+being killed.  So, and for the same object of defeating the
+Resolutions on Toleration, Mr. Montgomerie Campbell had asserted
+that when Schwartz was in the heat of his discourse in a certain
+village and had taken off his stock, "that and his gold buckle were
+stolen by one of his virtuous and enlightened congregation; in such
+a description of natives did the doctrine of the missionaries
+operate."  Before Dr. Carey's exposure could reach England this
+"tub" story became the stock argument of the anti-christian orators.
+The Madras barrister, Marsh, who was put up to answer Wilberforce,
+was driven to such language as this:--
+
+"Your struggles are only begun when you have converted one caste;
+never will the scheme of Hindoo conversion be realised till you
+persuade an immense population to suffer by whole tribes the
+severest martyrdom that has yet been sustained for the sake of
+religion--and are the missionaries whom this bill will let loose on
+India fit engines for the accomplishment of this great revolution?
+Will these people, crawling from the holes and caverns of their
+original destinations, apostates from the loom and the anvil--he
+should have said the awl--and renegades from the lowest handicraft
+employments, be a match for the cool and sedate controversies they
+will have to encounter should the Brahmans condescend to enter into
+the arena against the maimed and crippled gladiators that presume to
+grapple with their faith?  What can be apprehended but the disgrace
+and discomfiture of whole hosts of tub preachers in the conflict?"
+
+Lord Wellesley's eulogy of the Serampore mission in the House of
+Lords was much more pronounced than appears from the imperfect
+report.  But even in that he answered the Brahmanised member of the
+House of Commons thus:--
+
+"With regard to the missionaries, he must say that while he was in
+India he never knew of any danger arising from their proceedings,
+neither had he heard of any impression produced by them in the way
+of conversion.  The greater number of them were in the Danish
+settlement of Serampore; but he never heard of any convulsions or
+any alarm produced by them.  Some of them, particularly Mr. Carey,
+were very learned men, and had been employed in the College of Fort
+William.  He had always considered the missionaries who were in
+India in his time a quiet, orderly, discreet, and learned body; and
+he had employed them in the education of youth and the translation
+of the Scriptures into the eastern languages.  He had thought it his
+duty to have the Sacred Scriptures translated into the languages of
+the East, and to give the learned natives employed in the
+translation the advantage of access to the sacred fountain of divine
+truth.  He thought a Christian governor could not have done less;
+and he knew that a British governor ought not to do more."
+
+Carey's letters to Fuller in 1810-12 are filled with importunate
+appeals to agitate, so that the new charter might legalise Christian
+mission work in India.  Fuller worked outside of the House as hard
+as Wilberforce.  In eight weeks of the session no fewer than nine
+hundred petitions were presented, in twenties and thirties, night
+after night, till Lord Castlereagh exclaimed, "This is enough, Mr.
+Fuller."  There was more reason for Carey's urgency than he knew at
+the time he was pressing Fuller.  The persecution of the
+missionaries in Bengal, excused by the Vellore mutiny, which had
+driven Judson to Burma and several other missionaries elsewhere, was
+renewed by the Indian Government's secretaries and police.  The
+Ministry had informed the Court of Directors that they had resolved
+to permit Europeans to settle in India, yet after five weeks'
+vacillation the Governor-General yielded to his subordinates so far
+as to issue an order on 5th March 1812, for the expulsion of three
+missionaries, an order which was so executed that one of them was
+conducted like a felon through the streets and lodged in the native
+jail for two hours.  Carey thus wrote to Ryland on the
+persecution:--
+
+"CALCUTTA, 14th April 1813.--Before this reaches you it is probable
+that you will have heard of the resolution of Government respecting
+our brethren Johns, Lawson, and Robinson, and will perhaps have even
+seen Brother Johns, who was by that cruel order sent home on the
+Castlereagh.  Government have agreed that Brother Lawson shall stay
+till the pleasure of the Court of Directors is known, to whom a
+reference will be made.  Brother Robinson was gone down the river,
+and was on board a ship bound to Java when the order was issued; he
+therefore got out without hearing of it, but I understand it will be
+sent thither after him.  Jehovah reigneth!
+
+"Since Brother Johns's departure I have tried to ascertain the cause
+of the severity in Government.  I had a long conversation with H. T.
+Colebrooke, Esq., who has been out of Council but a few months, upon
+the matter.  I cannot learn that Government has any specific dislike
+to us, but find that ever since the year 1807 the orders of the
+Court of Directors to send home all Europeans not in the service of
+Her Majesty or the Company, and who come out without leave of the
+Directors, have been so peremptory and express that Government
+cannot now overlook any circumstance which brings such persons to
+notice.  Notwithstanding the general way in which the Court of
+Directors have worded their orders, I cannot help putting several
+circumstances together, which make me fear that our Mission was the
+cause of the enforcement of that general law which forbids Europeans
+to remain in India without the leave of the Court of Directors.
+
+"Whether Twining's pamphlet excited the alarm, or was only an echo
+of the minds of a number of men hostile to religion, I cannot say,
+but if I recollect dates aright the orders of the Court of Directors
+came as soon as possible after that pamphlet was published; and as
+it would have been too barefaced to have given a specific order to
+send home missionaries, they founded their orders on an unjust and
+wicked clause in the charter, and so enforced it that it should
+effectually operate on missionaries.
+
+"I hope the friends of religion will persevere in the use of all
+peaceful and lawful means to prevail on the legislature to expunge
+that clause, or so to modify it that ministers of the Gospel may
+have leave to preach, form and visit churches, and perform the
+various duties of their office without molestation, and that they
+may have a right to settle in and travel over any part of India for
+that purpose.  Nothing can be more just than this wish, and nothing
+would be more politic than for it to be granted; for every one
+converted from among the heathen is from that time a staunch friend
+of the English Government.  Our necks have, however, been more or
+less under the yoke ever since that year, and preaching the Gospel
+stands in much the same political light as committing an act of
+felony.  Witness what has been done to Mr. Thompson, the five
+American brethren, and our three brethren.  Mr. Thomason, the
+clergyman, has likewise hard work to stand his ground.
+
+"I trust, however, it is too late to eradicate the Gospel from
+Bengal.  The number of those born in the country who preach the Word
+is now very considerable.  Fifteen of this description preach
+constantly, and seven or eight more occasionally exhort their
+countrymen, besides our European brethren.  The Gospel is stationed
+at eighteen or twenty stations belonging to our Mission alone, and
+at several of them there are churches.  The Bible is either
+translated or under translation into twenty-four of the languages of
+the East, eighteen of which we are employed about, besides printing
+most of the others.  Thirteen out of these eighteen are now in the
+press, including a third edition of the Bengali New Testament.
+Indeed, so great is the demand for Bibles that though we have eight
+presses constantly at work I fear we shall not have a Bengali New
+Testament to sell or give away for the next twelve months, the old
+edition being entirely out of print.  We shall be in almost the same
+predicament with the Hindostani.  We are going to set up two more
+presses, which we can get made in Calcutta, and are going to send
+another to Rangoon.  In short, though the publishing of the Word of
+God is a political crime, there never was a time when it was so
+successful. 'Not by might, nor by power, but by my Spirit, saith the
+Lord.'
+
+"Through divine mercy we are all well, and live in peace and love.
+A small cloud which threatened at the time Brother Johns left us
+has mercifully blown over, and we are now in the utmost harmony.  I
+will, if possible, write to my nephew Eustace by these ships, but I
+am so pressed for time that I can never promise to write a letter.
+The Lord has so blessed us that we are now printing in more
+languages than we could do before the fire took place.
+
+"Give my love to Eustace, also to all who recollect or think of me.
+I am now near fifty-two years of age; yet through mercy I am well
+and am enabled to keep close to work twelve or fourteen hours a day.
+I hope to see the Bible printed in most of the languages in which
+it is begun.--I am, very affectionately yours, WM. CAREY."
+
+Carey had previously written thus to Fuller:--"The fault lies in the
+clause which gives the Company power thus to send home interlopers,
+and is just as reasonable as one which should forbid all the people
+in England--a select few excepted--to look at the moon.  I hope this
+clause will be modified or expunged in the new charter.  The
+prohibition is wrong, and nothing that is morally wrong can be
+politically right."
+
+It was left to the charter of 1853 fully to liberalise the Company,
+but each step was taken too late to save it from the nemesis of 1857
+and extinction in 1858. "Let no man think," Wilberforce had said to
+the House of Commons in 1813, "that the petitions which have loaded
+our table have been produced by a burst of momentary enthusiasm.
+While the sun and moon continue to shine in the firmament so long
+will this object be pursued with unabated ardour until the great
+work be accomplished."
+
+The opposition of Anglo-Indian officials and lawyers, which vainly
+used no better weapons than such as Mr. Prendergast and his "tub"
+fabrication, had been anticipated and encouraged by the Edinburgh
+Review.  That periodical was at the height of its influence in 1808,
+the year before John Murray's Quarterly was first published.  The
+Rev. Sydney Smith, as the literary and professional representative
+of what he delighted to call "the cause of rational religion," was
+the foe of every form of earnest Christianity, which he joined the
+mob in stigmatising as "Methodism."  He was not unacquainted with
+Indian politics, for his equally clever brother, known as Bobus
+Smith, was long Advocate-General in Calcutta, and left a very
+considerable fortune made there to enrich the last six years of the
+Canon's life.  Casting about for a subject on which to exercise at
+once his animosity and his fun, he found it in the Periodical
+Accounts, wherein Fuller had undoubtedly too often published letters
+and passages of journals written only for the eye of the private
+friend.  Carey frequently remonstrated against the publicity given
+to some of his communications, and the fear of this checked his
+correspondence.  In truth, the new-born enthusiasm was such that, at
+first, the Committee kept nothing back.  It was easy for a
+litterateur like Sydney Smith in those days to extract passages and
+to give them such headings as "Brother Carey's Piety at Sea,"
+"Hatred of the Natives to the Gospel."  Smith produced an article
+which, as republished in his collected essays, has a historical
+value as a test of the bitterness of the hate which the missionary
+enterprise had to meet in secular literature till the death of
+Livingstone, Wilson, and Duff opened the eyes of journalism to the
+facts.  In itself it must be read in the light of its author's own
+criticism of his articles, thus expressed in a letter to Francis
+Jeffrey, and of the regret that he had written it which, Jeffrey
+told Dr. Marshman, he lived to utter:--"Never mind; let them" (his
+articles) "go away with their absurdity unadulterated and pure.  If
+I please, the object for which I write is attained; if I do not, the
+laughter which follows my error is the only thing which can make me
+cautious and tremble."  But for that picture by himself we should
+have pronounced Carlyle's drawing of him to be almost as malicious
+as his own of the Serampore missonaries--"A mass of fat and
+muscularity, with massive Roman nose, piercing hazel eyes,
+shrewdness and fun--not humour or even wit--seemingly without soul
+altogether."
+
+The attack called forth a reply by Mr. Styles so severe that Sydney
+Smith wrote a rejoinder which began by claiming credit for "rooting
+out a nest of consecrated cobblers."  Sir James Mackintosh, then in
+Bombay, wrote of a similar assault by Mr. Thomas Twining on the
+Bible Societies, that it "must excite general indignation.  The only
+measure which he could consistently propose would be the infliction
+of capital punishment on the crime of preaching or embracing
+Christianity in India, for almost every inferior degree of
+persecution is already practised by European or native
+anti-christians.  But it fell to Southey, in the very first number
+of the Quarterly Review, in April 1809, to deal with the Rev. Sydney
+Smith, and to defend Carey and the Brotherhood as both deserved.
+The layman's defence was the more effective for its immediate
+purpose that he started from the same prejudice as that of the
+reverend Whig rationalist--"the Wesleyans, the Orthodox dissenters
+of every description, and the Evangelical churchmen may all be
+comprehended under the generic name of Methodists.  The religion
+which they preach is not the religion of our fathers, and what they
+have altered they have made worse."  But Southey had himself faith
+as well as a literary canon higher than that of his opponent who
+wrote only to "please" his patrons.  He saw in these Methodists
+alone that which he appreciated as the essence of true faith--"that
+spirit of enthusiasm by which Europe was converted to Christianity
+they have in some measure revived, and they have removed from
+Protestantism a part of its reproach."  He proceeded to tell how
+"this Mission, which is represented by its enemies as so dangerous
+to the British Empire in India, and thereby, according to a logic
+learnt from Buonaparte, to England also, originated in a man by name
+William Carey, who till the twenty-fourth year of his age was a
+working shoemaker.  Sectarianism has this main advantage over the
+Established Church, that its men of ability certainly find their
+station, and none of its talents are neglected or lost.  Carey was a
+studious and pious man, his faith wrong, his feelings right.  He
+made himself competently versed in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew.  He is
+now probably a far more learned orientalist than any European has
+ever been before him, and has been appointed Professor of Sanskrit
+and Bengali at the College of Fort William."  Then follow a history
+of the Mission written in a style worthy of the author of the Life
+of Nelson, and these statements of the political and the purely
+missionary questions, which read now almost as predictions:--
+
+"The first step towards winning the natives to our religion is to
+show them that we have one.  This will hardly be done without a
+visible church.  There would be no difficulty in filling up the
+establishment, however ample; but would the archbishop, bishops,
+deans, and chapters of Mr. Buchanan's plan do the work of
+missionaries?  Could the Church of England supply
+missionaries?--where are they to be found among them?  In what
+school for the promulgation of sound and orthodox learning are they
+trained up?  There is ability and there is learning in the Church of
+England, but its age of fermentation has long been over; and that
+zeal which for this work is the most needful is, we fear, possessed
+only by the Methodists...
+
+"Carey and his son have been in Bengal fourteen years, the other
+brethren only nine; they had all a difficult language to acquire
+before they could speak to a native, and to preach and argue in it
+required a thorough and familiar knowledge.  Under these
+circumstances the wonder is, not that they have done so little, but
+that they have done so much; for it will be found that, even without
+this difficulty to retard them, no religious opinions have spread
+more rapidly in the same time, unless there was some remarkable
+folly or extravagance to recommend them, or some powerful worldly
+inducement.  Their progress will be continually accelerating; the
+difficulty is at first, as in introducing vaccination into a distant
+land; when the matter has once taken one subject supplies infection
+for all around him, and the disease takes root in the country.  The
+husband converts the wife, the son converts the parent, the friend
+his friend, and every fresh proselyte becomes a missionary in his
+own neighbourhood.  Thus their sphere of influence and of action
+widens, and the eventual issue of a struggle between truth and
+falsehood is not to be doubted by those who believe in the former.
+Other missionaries from other societies have now entered India, and
+will soon become efficient labourers in their station.  From
+Government all that is asked is toleration for themselves and
+protection for their converts.  The plan which they have laid for
+their own proceedings is perfectly prudent and unexceptionable, and
+there is as little fear of their provoking martyrdom as there would
+be of their shrinking from it, if the cause of God and man require
+the sacrifice.  But the converts ought to be protected from
+violence, and all cramming with cow-dung prohibited on pain of
+retaliation with beef-tea.
+
+"Nothing can be more unfair than the manner in which the scoffers
+and alarmists have represented the missionaries.  We, who have thus
+vindicated them, are neither blind to what is erroneous in their
+doctrine or ludicrous in their phraseology; but the
+anti-missionaries cull out from their journals and letters all that
+is ridiculous sectarian, and trifling; call them fools, madmen,
+tinkers, Calvinists, and schismatics; and keep out of sight their
+love of man, and their zeal for God, their self-devotement, their
+indefatigable industry, and their unequalled learning.  These
+low-born and low-bred mechanics have translated the whole Bible into
+Bengali, and have by this time printed it.  They are printing the
+New Testament in the Sanskrit, the Orissa, Mahratta, Hindostan, and
+Guzarat, and translating it into Persic, Telinga, Karnata, Chinese,
+the language of the Sieks and of the Burmans, and in four of these
+languages they are going on with the Bible.  Extraordinary as this
+is, it will appear more so when it is remembered that of these men
+one was originally a shoemaker, another a printer at Hull, and a
+third the master of a charity-school at Bristol.  Only fourteen
+years have elapsed since Thomas and Carey set foot in India, and in
+that time have these missionaries acquired this gift of tongues, in
+fourteen years these low-born, low-bred mechanics have done more
+towards spreading the knowledge of the Scriptures among the heathen
+than has been accomplished, or even attempted, by all the princes
+and potentates of the world--and all the universities and
+establishments into the bargain.
+
+"Do not think to supersede the Baptist missionaries till you can
+provide from your own church such men as these, and, it may be
+added, such women also as their wives."
+
+Soon after the Charter victory had been gained "that fierce and
+fiery Calvinist," whose dictum Southey adopted, that the question in
+dispute is not whether the natives shall enjoy toleration, but
+whether that toleration shall be extended to the teachers of
+Christianity, Andrew Fuller, entered into rest on the 7th May 1815,
+at the age of sixty-two.  Sutcliff of Olney had been the first of
+the three to be taken away25 a year before, at the same age.  The
+scholarly Dr. Ryland of Bristol was left alone, and the home
+management of the Mission passed into the hands of another
+generation.  Up to Fuller's death that management had been almost
+ideally perfect.  In 1812 the Committee had been increased by the
+addition of nineteen members, to represent the growing interest of
+the churches in Serampore, and to meet the demand of the
+"respectable" class who had held aloof at the first, who were eager
+that the headquarters of so renowned an enterprise should be removed
+to London.  But Fuller prevailed to keep the Society a little longer
+at Kettering, although he failed to secure as his assistant and
+successor the one man whose ability, experience, and prudence would
+have been equal to his own, and have prevented the troubles that
+followed--Christopher Anderson.  As Fuller lay dying, he dictated a
+letter to Ryland wherein he thus referred to the evangelical
+doctrine of grace which he had been the one English theologian of
+his day to defend from the hyper-calvinists, and to use as the
+foundation of the modern missionary enterprise:--"I have preached
+and written much against the abuse of the doctrine of grace, but
+that doctrine is all my salvation and all my desire.  I have no
+other hope than from salvation by mere sovereign, efficacious grace
+through the atonement of my Lord and Saviour: with this hope I can
+go into eternity with composure.  We have some who have been giving
+it out of late that if Sutcliff and some others had preached more of
+Christ and less of Jonathan Edwards they would have been more
+useful.  If those who talk thus had preached Christ half as much as
+Jonathan Edwards did, and were half as useful as he was, their
+usefulness would be double what it is.  It is very singular that the
+Mission to the East originated with one of these principles, and
+without pretending to be a prophet, I may say if it ever falls into
+the hands of men who talk in this strain (of hyper-calvinism) it
+will soon come to nothing."
+
+Andrew Fuller was not only the first of Foreign Mission Secretaries;
+he was a model for all.  To him his work was spiritual life, and
+hence, though the most active preacher and writer of his day, he was
+like Carey in this, that his working day was twice as long as that
+of most men, and he could spend half of his time in the frequent
+journeys all over the kingdom to raise funds, in repeated campaigns
+in London to secure toleration, and in abundant letters to the
+missionaries.  His relation to the Committee, up to the last, was
+equally exemplary.  In the very earliest missionary organisation in
+England it is due to him that the line was clearly drawn between the
+deliberative and judicial function which is that of the members, and
+the executive which is that of the secretary.  Wisdom and
+efficiency, clearness of perception and promptitude of action, were
+thus combined.  Fuller's, too, was the special merit of realising
+that, while a missionary committee or church are fellow-workers only
+with the men and women abroad, the Serampore Brotherhood was a
+self-supporting, and to that extent a self-governing body in a sense
+true of no foreign mission ever since.  The two triumvirates,
+moreover, consisted of giants--Carey, Marshman, and Ward abroad;
+Fuller, Sutcliff, and Ryland at home.  To Carey personally the death
+of Fuller was more than to any other.  For almost the quarter of a
+century he had kept his vow that he would hold the rope.  When
+Pearce died all too soon there was none whom Carey loved like
+Fuller, while Fuller's devotion to Carey was all the greater that it
+was tempered by a wise jealousy for his perfectness.  So early as
+1797, Fuller wrote thus to the troublesome Fountain:--"It affords us
+good hope of your being a useful missionary that you seem to love
+and revere the counsels of Brother Carey.  A humble, peaceful,
+circumspect, disinterested, faithful, peaceable, and zealous conduct
+like his will render you a blessing to society.  Brother Carey is
+greatly respected and beloved by all denominations here.  I will
+tell you what I have foreborne to tell him lest it should hurt his
+modesty.  Good old Mr. Newton says: 'Mr. Carey has favoured me with
+a letter, which, indeed, I accept as a favour, and I mean to thank
+him for it.  I trust my heart as cordially unites with him as though
+I were a brother Baptist myself.  I look to such a man with
+reverence.  He is more to me than bishop or archbishop; he is an
+apostle.  May the Lord make all who undertake missions like-minded
+with Brother Carey!'"  As the home administrator, no less than as
+the theological controversialist, Andrew Fuller stands only second
+to William Carey, the founder of Modern English Missions.
+
+Fuller's last letter to Carey forms the best introduction to the
+little which it is here necessary to record of the action of the
+Baptist Missionary Society when under the secretaryship of the Rev.
+John Dyer. Mr. John Marshman, C.S.I., has written the detailed
+history of that controversy not only with filial duty, but with a
+forgiving charity which excites our admiration for one who suffered
+more from it than all his predecessors in the Brotherhood, of which
+he was the last representative.  The Society has long since ceased
+to approve of that period.  Its opinion has become that of Mr.
+Marshman, to which a careful perusal of all the documents both in
+Serampore and England has led us--"Had it been possible to create a
+dozen establishments like that of Serampore, each raising and
+managing its own funds, and connected with the Society as the centre
+of unity in a common cause, it ought to have been a subject of
+congratulation and not of regret."  The whole policy of every
+missionary church and society is now and has long been directed to
+creating self-supporting and self-propagating missions, like
+Serampore, that the regions beyond may be evangelised--whether these
+be colleges of catechumens and inquirers, like those of Duff and
+Wilson, Hislop and Dr. Miller in India, and of Govan and Dr. Stewart
+in Lovedale, Kafraria; or the indigenous churches of the West
+Indies, West Africa, the Pacific Ocean, and Burma.  To us the long
+and bitter dispute is now of value only in so far as it brings out
+in Christ-like relief the personality of William Carey.
+
+At the close of 1814 Dr. Carey had asked Fuller to pay £50 a year to
+his father, then in his eightieth year, and £20 to his (step) mother
+if she survived the old man.  Protesting that an engraving of his
+portrait had been published in violation of the agreement which he
+had made with the artist, he agreed to the wish of each of his
+relatives for a copy.  To these requests Fuller had replied:--"You
+should not insist on these things being charged to you, nor yet your
+father's £50, nor the books, nor anything necessary to make you
+comfortable, unless it be to be paid out of what you would otherwise
+give to the mission.  To insist on their being paid out of your
+private property seems to be dictated by resentment.  It is thus we
+express our indignation when we have an avaricious man to deal
+with."
+
+The first act of the Committee, after Fuller's funeral, led Dr.
+Ryland to express to Carey his unbounded fears for the future.
+There were two difficulties.  The new men raised the first
+question, in what sense the Serampore property belonged to the
+Society?  They then proceeded to show how they would answer it, by
+appointing the son of Samuel Pearce to Serampore as Mr. Ward's
+assistant.  On both sides of their independence, as trustees of the
+property which they had created and gifted to the Society on this
+condition, and as a self-supporting, self-elective brotherhood, it
+became necessary, for the unbroken peace of the mission and the
+success of their work, that they should vindicate their moral and
+legal position.  The correspondence fell chiefly to Dr. Marshman.
+Ward and he successively visited England, to which the controversy
+was transferred, with occasional references to Dr. Carey in
+Serampore.  All Scotland, led by Christopher Anderson, Chalmers, and
+the Haldanes--all England, except the Dyer faction and Robert Hall
+for a time, among the Baptists, and nearly all America, held with
+the Serampore men; but their ever-extending operations were checked
+by the uncertainty, and their hearts were nearly broken.  The junior
+missionaries in India formed a separate union and congregation by
+themselves in Calcutta, paid by the Society, though professing to
+carry out the organisation of the Serampore Brotherhood in other
+respects.  The Committee's controversy lasted sixteen years, and was
+closed in 1830, after Ward's death, by Carey and Marshman drawing up
+a new trust-deed, in which, having vindicated their position, the
+old men made over properties which had cost them £7800 to eleven
+trustees in England, stipulating only that they should occupy them
+rent free till death, and that their colleagues--who were John
+Marshman and John Mack, of Edinburgh University--might continue in
+them for three years thereafter, paying rent to the Society.  Such
+self-sacrifice would be pronounced heroic, but it was only the
+outcome of a life of self-devotion, marked by the spirit of Him who
+spake the Sermon on the Mount, and said to the first missionaries He
+sent forth:--"Be wise as serpents, harmless as doves."  The story is
+completed by the fact that John Marshman, on his father's death,
+again paid the price of as much of the property as the Hoogli had
+not swallowed up when the Committee were about to put it in the
+market.
+
+Such was Dr. Carey's position in the Christian world that the Dyer
+party considered it important for their interest to separate him
+from his colleagues, and if not to claim his influence for their
+side, at least to neutralise it.  By trying to hold up Dr. Marshman
+to odium, they roused the righteous indignation of Carey, while
+outraging his sense of justice by their blows at the independence of
+the Brotherhood.  Dr. Marshman, when in England, met this course by
+frankly printing the whole private correspondence of Carey on the
+subject of the property, or thirty-two letters ranging from the year
+1815 to 1828.  One of the earliest of these is to Mr. Dyer, who had
+so far forgotten himself as to ask Dr. Carey to write home, alone,
+his opinion of his "elder brethren," and particularly of Dr.
+Marshman.  The answer, covering eleven octavo pages of small type,
+is a model for all controversialists, and especially for any whom
+duty compels to rebuke the minister who has failed to learn the
+charity which envieth not.  We reproduce the principal passages, and
+the later letters to Christopher Anderson and his son Jabez,
+revealing the nobleness of Carey and the inner life of the
+Brotherhood:--
+
+"SERAMPORE, 15th July 1819.
+
+"MY DEAR BROTHER--I am sorry you addressed your letter of January
+the 9th to me alone, because it places me in a most awkward
+situation, as it respects my elder brethren, with whom I have acted
+in concert for the last nineteen years, with as great a share of
+satisfaction and pleasure as could reasonably be expected from a
+connection with imperfect creatures, and whom I am thereby called to
+condemn contrary to my convictions, or to justify at the expense of
+their accusers.  It also places me in a disagreeable situation as it
+respects my younger brethren, whom I highly respect as Christians;
+but whose whole conduct, as it respects the late unhappy
+differences, has been such as makes it impossible for me to do
+otherwise than condemn it...
+
+"You ask, 'Is there no ground for the charges of profusion, etc.,
+preferred against Brother Marshman?'  Brother Marshman has always
+been ardently engaged in promoting the cause of God in India, and,
+being of a very active mind, has generally been chosen by us to draw
+up our Reports, to write many of our public letters, to draw up
+plans for promoting the objects of the mission, founding and
+managing schools, raising subscriptions, and other things of a like
+nature; so that he has taken a more active part than Brother Ward or
+myself in these public acts of the mission.  These things placed him
+in the foreground, and it has been no uncommon thing for him to bear
+the blame of those acts which equally belong to Brother Ward and
+myself, merely because he was the instrument employed in performing
+them.
+
+"The charge of profusion brought against Dr. Marshman is more
+extensive than you have stated in your letter.  He is charged with
+having his house superbly furnished, with keeping several vehicles
+for the use of his family, and with labouring to aggrandise and
+bring them into public notice to a culpable extent.  The whole
+business of furniture, internal economy, etc., of the Serampore
+station, must exclusively belong to ourselves, and I confess I think
+the question about it an unlovely one.  Some person, we know not
+whom, told some one, we know not whom, 'that he had been often at
+Lord Hastings's table, but that Brother Marshman's table far
+exceeded his.'  I have also often been at Lord Hastings's table (I
+mean his private table), and I do therefore most positively deny the
+truth of the assertion; though I confess there is much domestic
+plainness at the table of the Governor-General of India (though
+nothing of meanness; on the contrary, everything is marked with a
+dignified simplicity).  I suspect the informant never was at Lord
+Hastings's table, or he could have not been guilty of such
+misrepresentation.  Lord Hastings's table costs more in one day than
+Brother Marshman's in ten.
+
+"The following statement may explain the whole business of Brother
+Marshman's furniture, etc., which you have all been so puzzled to
+account for, and have certainly accounted for in a way that is not
+the true one.  We have, you know, a very large school, perhaps the
+largest in India.  In this school are children of persons of the
+first rank in the country.  The parents or guardians of these
+children frequently call at the Mission-house, and common propriety
+requires that they should be respectfully received, and invited to
+take a breakfast or dinner, and sometimes to continue there a day or
+two.  It is natural that persons who visit the Mission-house upon
+business superintended by Brother Marshman should be entertained at
+his house rather than elsewhere.  Till within the last four or five
+years we had no particular arrangement for the accommodation of
+visitors who came to see us; but as those who visited us on business
+were entertained at Brother Marshman's, it appeared to be the most
+eligible method to provide for the entertainment of other visitors
+there also; but at that time Brother Marshman had not a decent table
+for persons of the above description to sit down to.  We, therefore,
+voted him a sum to enable him to provide such articles as were
+necessary to entertain them with decency; and I am not aware that he
+has been profuse, or that he has provided anything not called for by
+the rules of propriety.  I have no doubt but Brother Ward can
+enumerate and describe all these articles of furniture.  It is,
+however, evident that you must be very imperfect judges of their
+necessity, unless you could at the same time form a just estimate of
+the circumstances in which we stand.  It ought also to be considered
+that all these articles are public property, and always convertible
+into their full value in cash.  I hope, however, that things are not
+yet come to that pass, that a man who, with his wife, has for
+nineteen or twenty years laboured night and day for the mission, who
+by their labour disinterestedly contribute between 2000 and 3000
+rupees monthly to it, and who have made sacrifices which, if others
+have not seen, Brother Ward and I have,--sacrifices which ought to
+put to the blush all his accusers, who, notwithstanding their cries
+against him, have not only supported themselves, but also have set
+themselves up in a lucrative business at the Society's expense; and
+who, even to this day, though they have two prosperous schools, and
+a profitable printing-office, continue to receive their monthly
+allowance, amounting (including Miss Chaffin's) to 700 rupees a
+month from the Society; I feel indignant at their outcry on the
+subject of expense, and I say, merely as a contrast to their
+conduct, So did not Brother Marshman.  Surely things are not come to
+that pass, that he or any other brother must give an account to the
+Society of every plate he uses, and every loaf he cuts.
+
+"Till a very few years ago we had no vehicle except a single horse
+chaise for me to go backwards and forwards to Calcutta.  That was
+necessarily kept on the opposite side of the river; and if the
+strength of the horse would have borne it, could not have been used
+for the purposes of health.  Sister Marshman was seized with a
+disease of the liver, a disease which proves fatal in three cases
+out of four.  Sister Ward was ill of the same disorder, and both of
+them underwent a long course of mercurial treatment, as is usual in
+that disease.  Exercise was considered by the physicians as of the
+first importance, and we certainly thought no expense too great to
+save the valuable lives of our sisters.  A single horse chaise, and
+an open palanquin, called a Tonjon, were procured.  I never ride out
+for health; but usually spend an hour or two, morning and evening,
+in the garden.  Sister Ward was necessitated to visit England for
+hers.  Brother Ward had a saddle horse presented to him by a friend.
+My wife has a small carriage drawn by a man.  These vehicles were
+therefore almost exclusively used by Brother Marshman's family.
+When our brethren arrived from England they did not fail to put
+this equipage into the account against Brother Marshman.  They now
+keep three single horse chaises, besides palanquins; but we do not
+think they keep more than are necessary.
+
+"Brother Marshman retains for the school a French master, a music
+master, and a drawing master.  The expenses of these are amply
+repaid by the school, but Brother Marshman's children, and all those
+belonging to the family, have the advantage of their instructions.
+Brother Marshman's children are, however, the most numerous, and
+envy has not failed to charge him with having retained them all for
+the sake of his own children.  Surely a man's caring for his
+family's health and his children's education is, if a crime, a
+venial one, and ought not to be held up to blacken his reputation.
+Brother Marshman is no more perfect than other men, partakers like
+him of the grace of God. His natural bias and habits are his own,
+and differ as much from those of other men as theirs differ from one
+another.  I do not deny that he has an inclination to display his
+children to advantage.  This, however, is a foible which most fond
+parents will be inclined to pardon.  I wish I had half his piety,
+energy of mind, and zeal for the cause of God. These excellencies,
+in my opinion, so far overbalance all his defects that I am
+constrained to consider him a Christian far above the common run.  I
+must now close this defence of Brother Marshman by repeating that
+all matters of furniture, convenience, etc., are things belonging to
+the economy of the station at Serampore, and that no one beside
+ourselves has the smallest right to interfere therewith.  The
+Calcutta brethren are now acting on the same principle, and would
+certainly repel with indignation any attempt made by us to regulate
+their affairs.
+
+"I have said that 'I never ride out for the sake of health'; and it
+may therefore be inquired, 'Why are vehicles, etc., for the purpose
+of health more necessary for the other members of the family than
+for you?'  I reply that my health is in general good, and probably
+much benefited by a journey to and from Calcutta two or three times
+a week.  I have also a great fondness for natural science,
+particularly botany and horticulture.  These, therefore, furnish not
+only exercise, but amusement for me.  These amusements of mine are
+not, however, enjoyed without expense, any more than those of my
+brethren, and were it not convenient for Brother Marshman's accusers
+to make a stepping-stone of me, I have no doubt but my collection of
+plants, aviary, and museum, would be equally impeached as articles
+of luxury and lawless expenses; though, except the garden, the whole
+of these expenses are borne by myself.
+
+"John Marshman is admitted a member of the union, but he had for
+some time previously thereto been a member of the church.  I
+perceive plainly that all your objections to him have been excited
+by the statements of the Calcutta brethren, which you certainly
+ought to receive with much caution in all things which regard Bother
+Marshman and his family.  You observe that the younger brethren
+especially look up to me with respect and affection.  It may be so;
+but I confess I have frequently thought that, had it been so, they
+would have consulted me, or at least have mentioned to me the
+grounds of their dissatisfaction before they proceeded to the
+extremity of dividing the mission.  When I engaged in the mission,
+it was a determination that, whatever I suffered, a breach therein
+should never originate with me.  To this resolution I have hitherto
+obstinately adhered.  I think everything should be borne, every
+sacrifice made, and every method of accommodation or reconciliation
+tried, before a schism is suffered to take place...
+
+"I disapprove as much of the conduct of our Calcutta brethren as it
+is possible for me to disapprove of any human actions.  The evil
+they have done is, I fear, irreparable; and certainly the whole
+might have been prevented by a little frank conversation with either
+of us; and a hundredth part of that self-denial which I found it
+necessary to exercise for the first few years of the mission, would
+have prevented this awful rupture.  I trust you will excuse my
+warmth of feeling upon this subject, when you consider that by this
+rupture that cause is weakened and disgraced, in the establishment
+and promotion of which I have spent the best part of my life.  A
+church is attempted to be torn in pieces, for which neither I nor my
+brethren ever thought we could do enough.  We laboured to raise it:
+we expended much money to accomplish that object; and in a good
+measure saw the object of our desire accomplished.  But now we are
+traduced, and the church rent by the very men who came to be our
+helpers.  As to Brother Marshman, seriously, what do they want?
+Would they attempt to deny his possessing the grace of God?  He was
+known to and esteemed by Brother Ryland as a Christian before he
+left England.  I have lived with him ever since his arrival in
+India, and can witness to his piety and holy conduct.  Would they
+exclude him from the mission?  Judge yourself whether it is comely
+that a man, who has laboriously and disinterestedly served the
+mission so many years--who has by his diligence and hard labour
+raised the most respectable school in India, as well as given a tone
+to all the others--who has unvaryingly consecrated the whole of that
+income, as well as his other labours, to the cause of God in
+India,--should be arraigned and condemned without a hearing by a few
+young men just arrived, and one of whom had not been a month in the
+country before he joined the senseless outcry?  Or would they have
+his blood?  Judge, my dear brother, yourself, for I am ashamed to
+say more on this subject.
+
+"I need not say that circumstances must in a great measure determine
+where missionaries should settle.  The chief town of each of these
+countries would be preferable, if other circumstances permit; but
+sometimes Government would not allow this, and sometimes other
+things may close the door.  Missionaries however must knock loud and
+push hard at the door, and if there be the smallest opening, must
+force themselves in; and, once entered, put their lives in their
+hands and exert themselves to the utmost in dependence upon divine
+support, if they ever hope to do much towards evangelising the
+heathen world.  My situation in the college, and Brother Marshman's
+as superintending the first academy in India, which, I likewise
+observe, has been established and brought to its present flourishing
+state wholly by his care and application, have made our present
+situation widely different from what it was when first engaged in
+the mission.  As a missionary I could go in a straw hat and dine
+with the judge of the district, and often did so; but as a Professor
+in the College I cannot do so.  Brother Marshman is placed in the
+same predicament.  These circumstances impose upon us a necessity of
+making a different appearance to what we formerly did as simple
+missionaries; but they furnish us with opportunities of speaking to
+gentlemen of the first power and influence in government, upon
+matters of the highest importance to the great work in which we are
+engaged; and, as a proof that our opportunities of this nature have
+not been in vain, I need only say that, in a conversation which I
+had some time ago with one of the secretaries to Government, upon
+the present favourable bias of government and the public in general
+to favour all plans for doing good, he told me that he believed the
+whole was owing to the prudent and temperate manner in which we had
+acted; and that if we had acted with precipitancy and indiscretion,
+he had every reason to believe the general feeling would have been
+as hostile to attempts to do good as it is now favourable to them.
+
+"I would not wish you to entertain the idea that we and our brethren
+in Calcutta are resolved upon interminable hatred.  On the contrary,
+I think that things are gone as far as we may expect them to go; and
+I now expect that the fire of contention will gradually go out.  All
+the distressing and disagreeable circumstances are, I trust, past;
+and I expect we shall be in a little time on a more friendly
+footing.  Much of what has taken place originated in England.
+Mistakes and false conclusions were followed by all the
+circumstances I have detailed.  I think the whole virulence of
+opposition has now spent itself.  Our brethren have no control over
+us, nor we over them.  And, if I am not mistaken, each side will
+soon acknowledge that it has gone too far in some instances; and
+ultimate good will arise from the evil I so much deplore.
+
+"Having now written to you my whole sentiments upon the business,
+and formerly to my very dear Brother Ryland, allow me to declare my
+resolution not to write anything further upon the subject, however
+much I may be pressed thereto.  The future prosperity of the mission
+does not depend upon the clearing up of every little circumstance to
+the satisfaction of every captious inquirer, but upon the
+restoration of mutual concord among us, which must be preceded by
+admitting that we are all subject to mistake, and to be misled by
+passion, prejudice, and false judgment.  Let us therefore strive and
+pray that the things which make for peace and those by which we may
+edify one another may abound among us more and more.  I am, my dear
+brother, very affectionately, yours in our Lord Jesus Christ, W.
+CAREY."
+
+"14th May 1828.
+
+"MY DEAR BROTHER ANDERSON--Yours by the Louisa, of October last,
+came to hand a few days ago with the copies of Brother Marshman's
+brief Memoir of the Serampore Mission.  I am glad it is written in
+so temperate and Christian a spirit, and I doubt not but it will be
+ultimately productive of good effects.  There certainly is a great
+contrast between the spirit in which that piece is written and that
+in which observations upon it, both in the Baptist and Particular
+Baptist Magazines, are written.  The unworthy attempts in those and
+other such like pieces to separate Brother Marshman and me are truly
+contemptible.  In plain English, they amount to thus much--'The
+Serampore Missionaries, Carey, Marshman, and Ward, have acted a
+dishonest part, alias are rogues.  But we do not include Dr. Carey
+in the charge of dishonesty; he is an easy sort of a man, who will
+agree to anything for the sake of peace, or in other words, he is a
+fool.  Mr. Ward, it is well known,' say they, 'was the tool of Dr.
+Marshman, but he is gone from the present scene, and it is unlovely
+to say any evil of the dead.'  Now I certainly hold those persons'
+exemption of me from the blame they attach to Brother Marshman in
+the greatest possible contempt.  I may have subscribed my name
+thoughtlessly to papers, and it would be wonderful if there had been
+no instance of this in so long a course of years.  The great esteem
+I had for the Society for many years, undoubtedly on more occasions
+than one put me off my guard, and I believe my brethren too; so that
+we have signed writings which, if we could have foreseen the events
+of a few years, we should not have done.  These, however, were all
+against our own private interest, and I believe I have never been
+called an easy fool for signing of them.  It has only been since we
+found it necessary to resist the claims of the Committee that I have
+risen to this honour.
+
+"It has also been hinted that I intend to separate from Brother
+Marshman.  I cannot tell upon what such hints or reports are
+founded, but I assure you, in the most explicit manner, that I
+intend to continue connected with him and Serampore as long as I
+live; unless I should be separated from him by some unforeseen
+stroke of Providence.  There may be modifications of our union,
+arising from circumstances; but it is my wish that it should remain
+in all things essential to the mission as long as I live.
+
+"I rejoice to say that there is very little of that spirit of
+hostility which prevails in England in India, and I trust what still
+remains will gradually decrease till scarcely the remembrance of it
+will continue.  Our stations, I mean those connected with Serampore,
+are of great importance, and some of them in a flourishing state.
+We will do all we can to maintain them, and I hope the friends to
+the cause of God in Britain will not suffer them to sink for want of
+that pecuniary help which is necessary.  Indeed I hope we shall be
+assisted in attempting other stations beside those already occupied;
+and many such stations present themselves to my mind which nothing
+prevents being immediately occupied but want of men and money.  The
+college will also require assistance, and I hope will not be without
+it; I anticipate the time when its salutary operation in the cause
+of God in India will be felt and acknowledged by all.
+
+"These observations respecting my own conduct you are at liberty to
+use as you please.  I hope now to take my final leave of this
+unpleasant subject, and have just room to say that I am very
+affectionately yours, W. CAREY."
+
+Throughout the controversy thus forced upon him, we find Dr. Carey's
+references, in his unpublished letters to the brethren in Calcutta,
+all in the strain of the following to his son Jabez:--
+
+"15th August 1820.--This week we received letters from Mr. Marshman,
+who had safely arrived at St. Helena.  I am sure it will give you
+pleasure to learn that our long-continued dispute with the younger
+brethren in Calcutta is now settled.  We met together for that
+purpose about three weeks ago, and after each side giving up some
+trifling ideas and expressions, came to a reconciliation, which, I
+pray God, may be lasting.  Nothing I ever met with in my life--and I
+have met with many distressing things--ever preyed so much upon my
+spirits as this difference has.  I am sure that in all disputes very
+many wrong things must take place on both sides for which both
+parties ought to be humbled before God and one another.
+
+"I wish you could succeed in setting up a few more
+schools...Consider that and the spread of the gospel as the great
+objects of your life, and try to promote them by all the wise and
+prudent methods in your power.  Indeed we must always venture
+something for the sake of doing good.  The cause of our Lord Jesus
+Christ continues to prosper with us.  I have several persons now
+coming in who are inquirers; two or three of them, I hope, will be
+this evening received into the Church.  Excuse my saying more as my
+room is full of people."
+
+Eight years after, on the 17th April 1828, he thus censured Jabez in
+the matter of the Society's action at home:--"From a letter of yours
+to Jonathan, in which you express a very indecent pleasure at the
+opposition which Brother Marshman has received, not by the Society
+but by some anonymous writer in a magazine, I perceive you are
+informed of the separation which has taken place between them and
+us.  What in that anonymous piece you call a 'set-down' I call a
+'falsehood.'  You ought to know that I was a party in all public
+acts and writings, and that I never intend to withdraw from all the
+responsibility connected therewith.  I utterly despise all the
+creeping, mean assertions of that party when they say they do not
+include me in their censures, nor do I work for their praise.
+According to their and according to your rejoicing...I am either a
+knave or a fool--a knave if I joined with Brother Marshman; but if,
+as those gentlemen say, and as you seem to agree with them, I was
+only led as he pleased, and was a mere cat's-paw, then of course I
+am a fool.  In either way your thoughts are not very high as it
+respects me.  I do not wonder that Jonathan should express himself
+unguardedly; his family connection with Mr. Pearce sufficiently
+accounts for that.  We have long been attacked in this
+country--first by Mr. Adam,26 and afterwards by Dr. Bryce.27 Bryce
+is now silenced by two or three pieces by John Marshman in his own
+newspaper, the John Bull; and as to some of the tissues of falsehood
+published in England, I shall certainly never reply to them, and I
+hope no one else will.  That cause must be bad which needs such
+means to support it.  I believe God will bring forth our
+righteousness as the noonday."
+
+On the 12th July 1828 the father again writes to his son Jabez
+thus:--"Your apologies about Brother Marshman are undoubtedly the
+best you can offer.  I should be sorry to harbour hostile sentiments
+against any man on the earth upon grounds so slight.  Indeed, were
+all you say matter of fact you ought to forgive it as God for
+Christ's sake forgives us.  We are required to lay aside all envy
+and strife and animosities, to forgive each other mutually and to
+love one another with a pure heart fervently. 'Thine own friend and
+thy father's friend forsake not.'"
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+CAREY AS AN EDUCATOR--THE FIRST CHRISTIAN COLLEGE IN THE EAST
+
+1818-1830
+
+A college the fourth and perfecting corner-stone of the
+mission--Carey on the importance of English in 1800--Anticipates
+Duff's policy of undermining Brahmanism--New educational era begun
+by the charter of 1813 and Lord Hastings--Plan of the Serampore
+College in 1818--Anticipates the Anglo-Orientalism of the Punjab
+University--The building described by John Marshman--Bishop
+Middleton follows--The Scottish and other colleges--Action of the
+Danish Government--The royal charter--Visit of Maharaja
+Serfojee--Death of Ward, Charles Grant and Bentley--Bishop Heber and
+his catholic letter--Dr. Carey's reply--Progress of the
+college--Cause of its foundation--The college directly and
+essentially a missionary undertaking--Action of the Brotherhood from
+the first vindicated--Carey appeals to posterity--The college and
+the systematic study of English--Carey author of the Grant in Aid
+system--Economy in administering missions--The Serampore Mission has
+eighteen stations and fifty missionaries of all kinds--Subsequent
+history of the Serampore College to 1883.
+
+The first act of Carey and Marshman when their Committee took up a
+position of hostility to their self-denying independence, was to
+complete and perpetuate the mission by a college.  As planned by
+Carey in 1793, the constitution had founded the enterprise on these
+three corner-stones--preaching the Gospel in the mother tongue of
+the people; translating the Bible into all the languages of Southern
+and Eastern Asia; teaching the young, both heathen and Christian,
+both boys and girls, in vernacular schools.  But Carey had not been
+a year in Serampore when, having built well on all three, he began
+to see that a fourth must be laid some day in the shape of a
+college.  He and his colleagues had founded and supervised, by the
+year 1818, no fewer than 126 native schools, containing some 10,000
+boys, of whom more than 7000 were in and around Serampore.  His work
+among the pundit class, both in Serampore and in the college of Fort
+William, and the facilities in the mission-house for training
+natives, Eurasians, and the missionaries' sons to be preachers,
+translators, and teachers, seemed to meet the immediate want.  But
+as every year the mission in all its forms grew and the experience
+of its leaders developed, the necessity of creating a college staff
+in a building adapted to the purpose became more urgent.  Only thus
+could the otherwise educated natives be reached, and the Brahmanical
+class especially be permanently influenced.  Only thus could a
+theological institute be satisfactorily conducted to feed the native
+Church.
+
+On 10th October 1800 the missionaries had thus written home:--"There
+appears to be a favourable change in the general temper of the
+people.  Commerce has roused new thoughts and awakened new energies;
+so that hundreds, if we could skilfully teach them gratis, would
+crowd to learn the English language.  We hope this may be in our
+power some time, and may be a happy means of diffusing the gospel.
+At present our hands are quite full."  A month after that Carey
+wrote to Fuller:--"I have long thought whether it would not be
+desirable for us to set up a school to teach the natives English.  I
+doubt not but a thousand scholars would come.  I do not say this
+because I think it an object to teach them the English tongue; but,
+query, is not the universal inclination of the Bengalees to learn
+English a favourable circumstance which may be improved to valuable
+ends?  I only hesitate at the expense."  Thirty years after Duff
+reasoned in the same way, after consulting Carey, and acted at once
+in Calcutta.
+
+By 1816, when, on 25th June, Carey wrote a letter, for his
+colleagues and himself, to the Board of the American Baptist General
+Convention, the great idea, destined slowly to revolutionise not
+only India, but China, Japan, and the farther East, had taken this
+form:--
+
+"We know not what your immediate expectations are relative to the
+Burman empire, but we hope your views are not confined to the
+immediate conversion of the natives by the preaching of the Word.
+Could a church of converted natives be obtained at Rangoon, it might
+exist for a while, and be scattered, or perish for want of
+additions.  From all we have seen hitherto we are ready to think
+that the dispensations of Providence point to labours that may
+operate, indeed, more slowly on the population, but more effectually
+in the end: as knowledge, once put into fermentation, will not only
+influence the part where it is first deposited, but leaven the whole
+lump.  The slow progress of conversion in such a mode of teaching
+the natives may not be so encouraging, and may require, in all, more
+faith and patience; but it appears to have been the process of
+things, in the progress of the Reformation, during the reigns of
+Henry, Edward, Elizabeth, James, and Charles.  And should the work
+of evangelising India be thus slow and silently progressive, which,
+however, considering the age of the world, is not perhaps very
+likely, still the grand result will amply recompense us, and you,
+for all our toils.  We are sure to take the fortress, if we can but
+persuade ourselves to sit down long enough before it. 'We shall reap
+if we faint not.'
+
+"And then, very dear brethren, when it shall be said of the seat of
+our labours, the infamous swinging-post is no longer erected; the
+widow burns no more on the funeral pile; the obscene dances and
+songs are seen and heard no more; the gods are thrown to the moles
+and to the bats, and Jesus is known as the God of the whole land;
+the poor Hindoo goes no more to the Ganges to be washed from his
+filthiness, but to the fountain opened for sin and uncleanness; the
+temples are forsaken; the crowds say, 'Let us go up to the house of
+the Lord, and He shall teach us of His ways, and we will walk in His
+statutes;' the anxious Hindoos no more consume their property, their
+strength, and their lives, in vain pilgrimages, but they come at
+once to Him who can save to 'the uttermost'; the sick and the dying
+are no more dragged to the Ganges, but look to the Lamb of God, and
+commit their souls into His faithful hands; the children, no more
+sacrificed to idols, are become 'the seed of the Lord, that He may
+be glorified'; the public morals are improved; the language of
+Canaan is learnt; benevolent societies are formed; civilisation and
+salvation walk arm in arm together; the desert blossoms; the earth
+yields her increase; angels and glorified spirits hover with joy
+over India, and carry ten thousand messages of love from the Lamb in
+the midst of the throne; and redeemed souls from the different
+villages, towns, and cities of this immense country, constantly add
+to the number, and swell the chorus of the redeemed, 'Unto Him that
+loved us, and washed us from our sins in His own blood, unto HIM be
+the glory;'--when this grand result of the labours of God's servants
+in India shall be realised, shall we then think that we have
+laboured in vain, and spent our strength for nought?  Surely not.
+Well, the decree is gone forth! 'My word shall prosper in the thing
+whereunto I sent it.'"
+
+India was being prepared for the new missionary policy.  On what we
+may call its literary side Carey had been long busy.  On its more
+strictly educational side, the charter of 1813 had conceded what had
+been demanded in vain by a too feeble public opinion in the charter
+of 1793.  A clause was inserted at the last moment declaring that a
+sum of not less than a lakh of rupees (or ten thousand pounds) a
+year was to be set apart from the surplus revenues, and applied to
+the revival and improvement of literature and the encouragement of
+the learned natives of India, and for the introduction and promotion
+of a knowledge of the sciences among the inhabitants of the British
+territories there.  The clause was prompted by an Anglo-Indian of
+oriental tastes, who hoped that the Brahman and his Veda might thus
+be made too strong for the Christian missionary and the Bible as at
+last tolerated under the 13th resolution.  For this reason, and
+because the money was to be paid only out of any surplus, the
+directors and their friends offered no opposition.  For the quarter
+of a century the grant was given, and was applied in the spirit of
+its proposer.  But the scandals of its application became such that
+it was made legally by Bentinck and Macaulay, and practically by
+Duff, the fountain of a river of knowledge and life which is
+flooding the East.
+
+The first result of the liberalism of the charter of 1813 and the
+generous views of Lord Hastings was the establishment in Calcutta by
+the Hindoos themselves, under the influence of English secularists,
+of the Hindoo, now the Presidency College.  Carey and Marshman were
+not in Calcutta, otherwise they must have realised even then what
+they left to Duff to act on fourteen years after, the importance of
+English not only as an educating but as a Christianising instrument.
+But though not so well adapted to the immediate need of the
+reformation which they had begun, and though not applied to the very
+heart of Bengal in Calcutta, the prospectus of their "College for
+the Instruction of Asiatic, Christian, and Other Youth in Eastern
+Literature and European Science," which they published on the 15th
+July 1818, sketched a more perfect and complete system than any
+since attempted, if we except John Wilson's almost unsupported
+effort in Bombay.  It embraced the classical or learned languages of
+the Hindoos and Mohammedans, Sanskrit and Arabic; the English
+language and literature, to enable the senior students "to dive into
+the deepest recesses of European science, and enrich their own
+language with its choicest treasures"; the preparation of manuals of
+science, philosophy, and history in the learned and vernacular
+languages of the East; a normal department to train native teachers
+and professors; as the crown of all, a theological institute to
+equip the Eurasian and native Christian students, by a quite
+unsectarian course of study, in apologetics, exegetics, and the
+Bible languages, to be missionaries to the Brahmanical classes.
+While the Government and the Scottish missionaries have in the
+university and grant in aid systems since followed too exclusively
+the English line, happily supplanting the extreme Orientalists, it
+is the glory of the Serampore Brotherhood that they sought to apply
+both the Oriental and the European, the one as the form, the other
+as the substance, so as to evangelise and civilise the people
+through their mother tongue.  They were the Vernacularists in the
+famous controversy between the Orientalists and the Anglicists
+raised by Duff. In 1867 the present writer in vain attempted to
+induce the University of Calcutta to follow them in this.  It was
+left to Sir Charles Aitchison, when he wielded the power and the
+influence of the Lieutenant-Governor, to do in 1882 what the
+Serampore College would have accomplished had its founders been
+young instead of old men, by establishing the Punjab University.
+
+Lord Hastings and even Sir John Malcolm took a personal interest in
+the Serampore College.  The latter, who had visited the missionaries
+since his timid evidence before the House of Lords in 1813, wrote to
+them:--"I wish I could be certain that your successors in the
+serious task you propose would have as much experience as you and
+your fellow-labourers at Serampore--that they would walk, not run,
+in the same path--I would not then have to state one reserve."  Lord
+Hastings in Council passed an order encouraging the establishment of
+a European Medical Professorship in Serampore College, and engaged
+to assist in meeting the permanent expense of the chair when
+established.  His Excellency "interrupted pressing avocations" to
+criticise both the architectural plan of the building and the
+phraseology of the draft of the first report, and his suggestions
+were followed.  Adopting one of the Grecian orders as most suitable
+to a tropical climate, the Danish Governor's colleague, Major
+Wickedie, planned the noble Ionic building which was then, and is
+still, the finest edifice of the kind in British India.
+
+"The centre building, intended for the public rooms, was a hundred
+and thirty feet in length, and a hundred and twenty in depth.  The
+hall on the ground floor, supported on arches, and terminated at the
+south by a bow, was ninety-five feet in length, sixty-six in
+breadth, and twenty in height.  It was originally intended for the
+library, but is now occupied by the classes.  The hall above, of the
+same dimensions and twenty-six feet in height, was supported by two
+rows of Ionic columns; it was intended for the annual examinations.
+Of the twelve side-rooms above and below, eight were of spacious
+dimensions, twenty-seven feet by thirty-five.  The portico which
+fronted the river was composed of six columns, more than four feet
+in diameter at the base.  The staircase-room was ninety feet in
+length, twenty-seven in width, and forty-seven in height, with two
+staircases of cast-iron, of large size and elegant form, prepared at
+Birmingham.  The spacious grounds were surrounded with iron railing,
+and the front entrance was adorned with a noble gate, likewise cast
+at Birmingham...
+
+"The scale on which it was proposed to establish the college, and to
+which the size of the building was necessarily accommodated,
+corresponded with the breadth of all the other enterprises of the
+Serampore missionaries,--the mission, the translations, and the
+schools.  While Mr. Ward was engaged in making collections for the
+support of the institution in England, he wrote to his brethren,
+'the buildings you must raise in India;' and they determined to
+respond to the call, and, if possible, to augment their donation
+from £2500 to £8000, and to make a vigorous effort to erect the
+buildings from their own funds.  Neither the ungenerous suspicion,
+nor the charge of unfaithfulness, with which their character was
+assailed in England, was allowed to slacken the prosecution of this
+plan.  It was while their reputation was under an eclipse in
+England, and the benevolent hesitated to subscribe to the society
+till they were assured that their donations would not be mixed up
+with the funds of the men at Serampore, that those men were engaged
+in erecting a noble edifice for the promotion of religion and
+knowledge, at their
+own cost, the expense of which eventually grew under their hands to
+the sum of £15,000.  To the charge of endeavouring to alienate from
+the society premises of the value of £3000, their own gift, they
+replied by erecting a building at five times the cost, and vesting
+it in eleven trustees,--seven besides themselves.  It was thus they
+vindicated the purity of their motives in their differences with the
+society, and endeavoured to silence the voice of calumny.  They were
+the first who maintained that a college was an indispensable
+appendage to an Indian mission."
+
+The next to follow Carey in this was Bishop Middleton, who raised
+funds to erect a chaste Gothic pile beside the Botanic Garden, since
+to him the time appeared "to have arrived when it is desirable that
+some missionary endeavours, at least, should have some connection
+with the Church establishment."  That college no longer exists, in
+spite of the saintly scholarship of such Principals as Mill and Kay;
+the building is now utilised as a Government engineering college.
+But in Calcutta the Duff College, with the General Assembly's
+Institution (now united as the Scottish Churches College), the
+Cathedral Mission Divinity School, and the Bhowanipore Institution;
+in Bombay the Wilson College, in Madras the Christian College, in
+Nagpoor the Hislop College, in Agra St. John's College, in Lahore
+the Church Mission Divinity School, in Lucknow the Reid College, and
+others, bear witness to the fruitfulness of the Alma Mater of
+Serampore.
+
+The Serampore College began with thirty-seven students, of whom
+nineteen were native Christians and the rest Hindoos.  When the
+building was occupied in 1821 Carey wrote to his son:--"I pray that
+the blessing of God may attend it, and that it may be the means of
+preparing many for an important situation in the Church of God...The
+King of Denmark has written letters signed with his own hand to
+Brothers Ward, Marshman, and myself, and has sent each of us a gold
+medal as a token of his approbation.  He has also made over the
+house in which Major Wickedie resides, between Sarkies's house and
+ours, to us three in perpetuity for the college.  Thus Divine
+generosity appears for us and supplies our expectations."  The
+missionaries had declined the Order of the Dannebrog.  When, in
+1826, Dr. Marshman visited Europe, one of his first duties was to
+acknowledge this gift to Count Moltke, Danish Minister in London and
+ancestor of the great strategist, and to ask for a royal charter.
+The Minister and Count Schulin, whose wife had been a warm friend
+of Mrs. Carey, happened to be on board the steamer in which Dr.
+Marshman, accompanied by Christopher Anderson, sailed to Copenhagen.
+Raske, the Orientalist, who had visited Serampore, was a Professor
+in the University there.  The vellum charter was prepared among
+them, empowering the College Council, consisting of the Governor of
+Serampore and the Brotherhood, to confer degrees like those of the
+Universities of Copenhagen and Kiel, but not carrying the rank in
+the State implied in Danish degrees unless with the sanction of the
+Crown.  The King, in the audience which he gave, informed Dr.
+Marshman that, having in 1801 promised the mission protection, he
+had hitherto refused to transfer Serampore to the East India
+Company, since that would prevent him from keeping his word.  When,
+in 1845, the Company purchased both Tranquebar and Serampore, it
+could be no longer dangerous to the Christian Mission, but the
+Treaty expressly provided that the College should retain all its
+powers, and its Christian character, under the Danish charter, which
+it does.  It was thus the earliest degree-conferring college in
+Asia, but it has never exercised the power.  Christian VIII., then
+the heir to the throne, showed particular interest in the Bible
+translation work of Carey.  When, in 1884, the Evangelical Alliance
+held its session in Copenhagen, and was received by Christian IX.,28
+it did well, by special resolution, to express the gratitude of
+Protestant Christendom to Denmark for such courageous and continued
+services to the first Christian mission from England to India.
+
+How Dr. Carey valued the gift of the King is seen in this writing,
+on the lining of the case of the gold medal, dated 6th November
+1823:--
+
+"It is my desire that this medal, and the letter of the King of
+Denmark, which accompanied it, be given at my death to my dear son
+Jonathan, that he may keep it for my sake."
+
+The letter of King Frederic VI. is as follows:--
+
+"MONSIEUR LE DOCTEUR ET PROFESSEUR WILLIAM CAREY--
+
+C'est avec beaucoup d'intérêt que nous avons appris le mérite qu'en
+qualité de membre dirigeant de la Société de la Mission, vous avez
+acquis, ainsi que vos co-directeurs, et les effèts salutaires que
+vos louables travaux ont produits et partout où votre influence a pu
+atteindre.  Particulierement informés qu'en votre dite qualité vous
+avez contribué a effectuer bien des choses utiles, dont
+l'établissement à Frédéricsnagore a à se louer, et voulant vous
+certifier que nous vous en avons gré, nous avons chargé le chef du
+dit établissement,--notre Lieutenant-Colonel Kraefting, de vous
+remettre cette lettre; et en même temps une medaille d'or, comme une
+marque de notre bienveillance et de notre protection, que vous
+assurera toujours une conduite meritoire.
+
+"Sur ce nous prions Dieu de vous avoir dans Sa sainte et digne
+garde.--Votre affectionné FREDERIC.
+
+"Copenhague, ce 7 Juin 1820.
+
+"Au Docteur et Professeur WILLIAM CAREY,
+
+Membre dirigeant de la Société de la Mission à Frédéricsnagore."
+
+The new College formed an additional attraction to visitors to the
+mission.  One of these, in 1821, was the Maharaja Serfojee, the
+prince of Tanjore, whom Schwartz had tended, but who was on
+pilgrimage to Benares.  Hand in hand with Dr. Carey he walked
+through the missionary workshop, noticed specially the pundits who
+were busy with translation to which Lord Hastings had directed his
+attention, and dilated with affectionate enthusiasm on the deeds and
+the character of the apostle of South India.  In 1823 cholera
+suddenly cut off Mr. Ward in the midst of his labours.  The year
+after that Charles Grant died, leaving a legacy to the mission.
+Almost his last act had been to write to Carey urging him to
+publish a reply to the attack of the Abbé Dubois on all Christian
+missions.  Another friend was removed in Bentley, the scholar who
+put Hindoo astronomy in its right place.  Bishop Heber began his too
+brief episcopate in 1824, when the college, strengthened by the
+abilities of the Edinburgh professor, John Mack, was accomplishing
+all that its founders had projected.  The Bishop of all good
+Christian men never penned a finer production--not even his
+hymns--than this letter, called forth by a copy of the Report on the
+College sent to him by Dr. Marshman:--
+
+"I have seldom felt more painfully than while reading your appeal on
+the subject of Serampore College, the unhappy divisions of those who
+are the servants of the same Great Master!  Would to God, my
+honoured brethren, the time were arrived when not only in heart and
+hope, but visibly, we shall be one fold, as well as under one
+shepherd!  In the meantime I have arrived, after some serious
+considerations, at the conclusion that I shall serve our great cause
+most effectually by doing all which I can for the rising
+institutions of those with whom my sentiments agree in all things,
+rather than by forwarding the labours of those from whom, in some
+important points, I am conscientiously constrained to differ.  After
+all, why do we differ?  Surely the leading points which keep us
+asunder are capable of explanation or of softening, and I am
+expressing myself in much sincerity of heart--(though, perhaps,
+according to the customs of the world, I am taking too great a
+freedom with men my superiors both in age and in talent), that I
+should think myself happy to be permitted to explain, to the best of
+my power, those objections which keep you and your brethren divided
+from that form of church government which I believe to have been
+instituted by the apostles, and that admission of infants to the
+Gospel Covenants which seem to me to be founded on the expressions
+and practice of Christ himself.  If I were writing thus to worldly
+men I know I should expose myself to the imputation of excessive
+vanity or impertinent intrusion.  But of you and Dr. Carey I am far
+from judging as of worldly men, and I therefore say that, if we are
+spared to have any future intercourse, it is my desire, if you
+permit, to discuss with both of you, in the spirit of meekness and
+conciliation, the points which now divide us, convinced that, if a
+reunion of our Churches could be effected, the harvest of the
+heathen would ere long be reaped, and the work of the Lord would
+advance among them with a celerity of which we have now no
+experience.
+
+"I trust, at all events, you will take this hasty note as it is
+intended, and believe me, with much sincerity, your friend and
+servant in Christ, REGINALD CALCUTTA.
+
+"3rd June 1824."
+
+This is how Carey reciprocated these sentiments, when writing to Dr.
+Ryland:--
+
+"SERAMPORE, 6th July 1824.
+
+"I rejoice to say that there is the utmost harmony between all the
+ministers of all denominations.  Bishop Heber is a man of liberal
+principles and catholic spirit.  Soon after his arrival in the
+country he wrote me a very friendly letter, expressing his wish to
+maintain all the friendship with us which our respective
+circumstances would allow.  I was then confined, but Brother
+Marshman called on him.  As soon as I could walk without crutches I
+did the same, and had much free conversation with him.  Some time
+after this he wrote us a very friendly letter, saying that it would
+highly gratify him to meet Brother Marshman and myself, and discuss
+in a friendly manner all the points of difference between himself
+and us, adding that there was every reason to expect much good from
+a calm and temperate discussion of these things, and that, if we
+could at any rate come so near to each other as to act together, he
+thought it would have a greater effect upon the spread of the gospel
+among the heathen than we could calculate upon.  He was then just
+setting out on a visitation which will in all probability take a
+year.  We, however, wrote him a reply accepting his proposal, and
+Brother Marshman expressed a wish that the discussion might be
+carried on by letter, to which in his reply he partly consented.  I
+have such a disinclination to writing, and so little leisure for it,
+that I wished the discussion to be viva voce; it will, however, make
+little difference, and all I should have to say would be introduced
+into the letter."
+
+On the death of Mr. Ward and departure of Dr. Marshman for Great
+Britain on furlough, after twenty-six years' active labours, his
+son, Mr. John Marshman, was formally taken into the Brotherhood.  He
+united with Dr. Carey in writing to the Committee two letters, dated
+21st January 1826 and 15th November 1827, which show the progress of
+the college and the mission from the first as one independent
+agency, and closed with Carey's appeal to the judgment of posterity.
+
+"About seven years ago we felt convinced of the necessity of
+erecting a College for native Christian youth, in order to
+consolidate our plans for the spread of gospel truth in India; and,
+as we despaired of being able to raise from public subscriptions a
+sum equal to the expense of the buildings, we determined to erect
+them from our own private funds.  Up to the present date they have
+cost us nearly £14,000, and the completion of them will require a
+further sum of about £5000, which, if we are not enabled to advance
+from our own purse, the undertaking must remain incomplete.  With
+this burden upon our private funds we find it impossible any longer
+to meet, to the same extent as formerly, the demands of our
+out-stations.  The time is now arrived when they must cease to be
+wholly dependent on the private donations of three individuals, and
+must be placed on the strength of public contributions.  As two out
+of three of the members of our body are now beyond the age of
+fifty-seven, it becomes our duty to place them on a more permanent
+footing, as it regards their management, their support, and their
+increase.  We have therefore associated with ourselves, in the
+superintendence of them, the Rev. Messrs. Mack and Swan, the two
+present professors of the college, with the view of eventually
+leaving them entirely in the hands of the body of professors, of
+whom the constitution of the college provides that there shall be an
+unbroken succession.
+
+"To secure an increase of missionaries in European habits we have
+formed a class of theological students in the college, under the
+Divinity Professor.  It contains at present six promising youths, of
+whose piety we have in some cases undoubted evidence, in others
+considerable ground for hope.  The class will shortly be increased
+to twelve, but none will be continued in it who do not manifest
+undeniable piety and devotedness to the cause of missions.  As we
+propose to allow each student to remain on an average four years, we
+may calculate upon the acquisition of two, and perhaps three,
+additional labourers annually, who will be eminently fitted for
+active service in the cause of missions by their natural familiarity
+with the language and their acquisitions at college.  This
+arrangement will, we trust, secure the speedy accomplishment of the
+plan we have long cherished, that of placing one missionary in each
+province in Bengal, and eventually, if means be afforded, in
+Hindostan.
+
+"As the completion of the buildings requires no public contribution,
+the sole expense left on the generosity of its friends is that of
+its existing establishment.  Our subscriptions in India, with what
+we receive as the interest of money raised in Britain and America,
+average £1000 annually; about £500 more from England would cover
+every charge, and secure the efficiency of the institution.  Nor
+shall we require this aid beyond a limited period.
+
+"Of the three objects connected with the College, the education of
+non-resident heathen students, the education of resident Christian
+students, and the preparation of missionaries from those born in the
+country, the first is not strictly a missionary object, the two
+latter are intimately connected with the progress of the good cause.
+The preparation of missionaries in the country was not so much
+recommended as enforced by the great expense which attends the
+despatch of missionaries from Europe.  That the number of labourers
+in this country must be greatly augmented, before the work of
+evangelising the heathen can be said to have effectively commenced,
+can admit of no doubt.
+
+"The education of the increasing body of Native Christians likewise,
+necessarily became a matter of anxiety.  Nothing could be more
+distressing than the prospect of their being more backward in mental
+pursuits than their heathen neighbours.  The planting of the gospel
+in India is not likely to be accomplished by the exertions of a few
+missionaries in solitary and barren spots in the country, without
+the aid of some well-digested plan which may consolidate the
+missionary enterprise, and provide for the mental and religious
+cultivation of the converts.  If the body of native Christians
+required an educational system, native ministers, who must gradually
+take the spiritual conduct of that body, demanded pre-eminent
+attention.  They require a knowledge of the ingenious system they
+will have to combat, of the scheme of Christian theology they are to
+teach, and a familiarity with the lights of modern science.  We
+cannot discharge the duty we owe as Christians to India, without
+some plan for combining in the converts of the new religion, and
+more especially in its ministers, the highest moral refinement of
+the Christian character, and the highest attainable progress in the
+pursuits of the mind.
+
+"During the last ten years of entire independence the missionary
+cause has received from the product of our labour, in the erection
+of the college buildings, in the support of stations and schools,
+and in the printing of tracts, much more than £23,000.  The
+unceasing calumny with which we have been assailed, for what has
+been called 'our declaration of independence' (which, by the bye,
+Mr. Fuller approved of our issuing almost with his dying breath), it
+is beneath us to notice, but it has fully convinced us of the
+propriety of the step.  This calumny is so unreasonable that we
+confidently appeal from the decision of the present age to the
+judgment of posterity."
+
+Under Carey, as Professor of Divinity and Lecturer on Botany and
+Zoology, Mack and John Marshman, with pundits and moulavies, the
+college grew in public favour, even during Dr. Marshman's absence,
+while Mrs. Marshman continued to conduct the girls' school and
+superintend native female education with a vigorous enthusiasm which
+advancing years did not abate and misrepresentation in England only
+fed.  The difficulties in which Carey found himself had the happy
+result of forcing him into the position of being the first to
+establish practically the principle of the Grant in Aid system.  Had
+his Nonconformist successors followed him in this, with the same
+breadth of view and clear distinction between the duty of aiding the
+secular education, while giving absolute liberty to the spiritual,
+the splendid legacy which he left to India would have been both
+perpetuated and extended.  As it is, it was left to his young
+colleague, John Marshman, and to Dr. Duff, to induce Parliament, by
+the charter of 1853, and the first Lord Halifax in the Educational
+Despatch of 1854, to sanction the system of national education for
+the multifarious classes and races of our Indian subjects, under
+which secular instruction is aided by the state on impartial terms
+according to its efficiency, and Christianity delights to take its
+place, unfettered and certain of victory, with the Brahmanical and
+aboriginal cults of every kind.
+
+In 1826 Carey, finding that his favourite Benevolent Institution in
+Calcutta was getting into debt, and required repair, applied to
+Government for aid.  He had previously joined the Marchioness of
+Hastings in founding the Calcutta School Book and School Society,
+and had thus been relieved of some of the schools.  Government at
+once paid the debt, repaired the building, and continued to give an
+annual grant of £240 for many years.  John Marshman did not think it
+necessary, "to defend Dr. Carey from the charge of treason to the
+principles of dissent in having thus solicited and accepted aid from
+the state for an educational establishment; the repudiation of that
+aid is a modern addition to those principles."  He tells us that
+"when conversation happened to turn upon this subject at Serampore,
+his father was wont to excuse any warmth which his colleague might
+exhibit by the humorous remark that renegades always fought hardest.
+There was one question on which the three were equally
+strenuous--that it was as much the duty of Government to support
+education as to abstain from patronising missions."
+
+A letter written in 1818 to his son William, then one of the
+missionaries, shows with what jealous economy the founder of the
+great modern enterprise managed the early undertakings.
+
+"MY DEAR WILLIAM--Yours of the 3rd instant I have received, and must
+say that it has filled me with distress.  I do not know what the
+allowance of 200 rupees includes, nor how much is allotted for
+particular things; but it appears that Rs. 142:2 is expended upon
+your private expenses, viz., 78:2 on table expenses, and 64 on
+servants.  Now neither Lawson nor Eustace have more than 140 rupees
+for their allowance, separate from house rent, for which 80 rupees
+each is allowed, and I believe all the brethren are on that, or a
+lower allowance, Brother Yates excepted, who chooses for himself.  I
+cannot therefore make an application for more with any face.  Indeed
+we have no power to add or diminish salaries, though the Society
+would agree to our doing so if we showed good reasons for it.  I
+believe the allowances of the missionaries from the London Society
+are about the same, or rather less--viz. £200 sterling, or 132
+rupees a month, besides extra expenses; so that your income, taking
+it at 140 rupees a month, is quite equal to that of any other
+missionary.  I may also mention that neither Eustace nor Lawson can
+do without a buggy, which is not a small expense.
+
+"I suppose the two articles you have mentioned of table expenses and
+servants include a number of other things; otherwise I cannot
+imagine how you can go to that expense.  When I was at Mudnabati my
+income was 200 per month, and during the time I stayed there I had
+saved near 2000 rupees.  My table expenses scarcely ever amounted to
+50 rupees, and though I kept a moonshi at 20 rupees and four
+gardeners, yet my servants' wages did not exceed 60 rupees monthly.
+I kept a horse and a farmyard, and yet my expenses bore no
+proportion to yours.  I merely mention this without any reflection
+on you, or even a wish to do it; but I sincerely think your expenses
+upon these two articles are very greater.--I am your affectionate
+father, W. CAREY."
+
+In 1825 Carey completed his great Dictionary of Bengali and English
+in three quarto volumes, abridged two years afterwards.  No
+language, not even in Europe, could show a work of such industry,
+erudition, and philological completeness at that time.  Professor H.
+H. Wilson declared that it must ever be regarded as a standard
+authority, especially because of its etymological references to the
+Sanskrit, which supplies more than three-fourths of the words; its
+full and correct vocabulary of local terms, with which the author's
+"long domestication amongst the natives" made him familiar, and his
+unique knowledge of all natural history terms.  The first copy which
+issued from the press he sent to Dr. Ryland, who had passed away at
+seventy-two, a month before the following letter was written:--
+
+"June 7th, 1825.--On the 17th of August next I shall be sixty-four
+years of age; and though I feel the enervating influence of the
+climate, and have lost something of my bodily activity, I labour as
+closely, and perhaps more so than I have ever done before.  My
+Bengali Dictionary is finished at press.  I intend to send you a
+copy of it by first opportunity, which I request you to accept as a
+token of my unshaken friendship to you.  I am now obliged, in my own
+defence, to abridge it, and to do it as quickly as possible, to
+prevent another person from forestalling me and running away with
+the profits.
+
+"On Lord's day I preached a funeral sermon at Calcutta for one of
+our deacons, who died very happily; administered the Lords' Supper,
+and preached again in the evening.  It was a dreadfully hot day, and
+I was much exhausted.  Yesterday the rain set in, and the air is
+somewhat cooled.  It is still uncertain whether Brothers Judson and
+Price are living.  There was a report in the newspaper that they
+were on their way to meet Sir Archibald Campbell with proposals of
+peace from the Burman king; but no foundation for the report can be
+traced out.  Living or dead they are secure."
+
+On hearing of the death of Dr. Ryland, he wrote:--"There are now in
+England very few ministers with whom I was acquainted.  Fuller,
+Sutcliff, Pearce, Fawcett, and Ryland, besides many others whom I
+knew, are gone to glory.  My family connections also, those excepted
+who were children when I left England, or have since that time been
+born, are all gone, two sisters only excepted.  Wherever I look in
+England I see a vast blank; and were I ever to revisit that dear
+country I should have an entirely new set of friendships to form.
+I, however, never intended to return to England when I left it, and
+unless something very unexpected were to take place I certainly
+shall not do it.  I am fully convinced I should meet with many who
+would show me the utmost kindness in their power, but my heart is
+wedded to India, and though I am of little use I feel a pleasure in
+doing the little I can, and a very high interest in the spiritual
+good of this vast country, by whose instrumentality soever it is
+promoted."
+
+By 1829 the divinity faculty of the College had become so valuable a
+nursery of Eurasian and Native missionaries, and the importance of
+attracting more of the new generation of educated Hindoos within its
+influence had become so apparent that Oriental gave place to English
+literature in the curriculum.  Mr. Rowe, as English tutor, took his
+place in the staff beside Dr. Carey, Dr. Marshman, Mr. Mack, and Mr.
+John Marshman.  Hundreds of native youths flocked to the classes.
+Such was the faith, such the zeal of Carey, that he continued to
+add new missions to the ten of which the College was the life-giving
+centre; so that when he was taken away he left eighteen, under
+eleven European, thirteen Eurasian, seventeen Bengali, two
+Hindostani, one Telugoo, and six Arakanese missionaries.  When Mr.
+David Scott, formerly a student of his own in Fort William College,
+and in 1828 Commissioner of Assam (then recently annexed to the
+empire), asked for a missionary, Carey's importunity prevailed with
+his colleagues only when he bound himself to pay half the cost by
+stinting his personal expenditure.  Similarly it was the generous
+action of Mr. Garrett, when judge of Barisal, that led him to send
+the best of his Serampore students to found that afterwards famous
+mission.
+
+Having translated the Gospels into the language of the Khasias in
+the Assam hills, he determined in 1832 to open a new mission at the
+village of Cherra, which the Serampore Brotherhood were the first to
+use as a sanitarium in the hot season.  For this he gave up £60 of
+his Government pension and Mr. Garrett gave a similar sum.  He sent
+another of his students, Mr. Lisk, to found the mission, which
+prospered until it was transferred to the Welsh Calvinists, who have
+made it the centre of extensive and successful operations.  Thus the
+influence of his middle age and old age in the Colleges of Fort
+William and of Serampore combined to make the missionary patriarch
+the father of two bands--that of the Society and that of the
+Brotherhood.
+
+Dr. Carey's last report, at the close of 1832, was a defence of what
+has since been called, and outside of India and of Scotland has too
+often been misunderstood as, educational missions or Christian
+Colleges.  To a purely divinity college for Asiatic Christians he
+preferred a divinity faculty as part of an Arts and Science
+College,29 in which the converts study side by side with their
+inquiring countrymen, the inquirers are influenced by them as well
+as by the Christian teaching and secular teaching in a Christian
+spirit, and the Bible consecrates the whole.  The United Free Church
+of Scotland has, alike in India, China and Africa, proved the
+wisdom, the breadth, and the spiritual advantage of Carey's policy.
+When the Society opposed him, scholars like Mack from Edinburgh and
+Leechman from Glasgow rejoiced to work out his Paul-like conception.
+When not only he, but Dr. Marshman, had passed away Mack bravely
+held aloft the banner they bequeathed, till his death in 1846.  Then
+John Marshman, who in 1835 had begun the Friend of India as a weekly
+paper to aid the College, transferred the mission to the Society
+under the learned W. H. Denham.  When in 1854 a new generation of
+the English Baptists accepted the College also as their own, it
+received a Principal worthy to succeed the giants of those days, the
+Rev. John Trafford, M.A., a student of Foster's and of Glasgow
+University.  For twenty-six years he carried out the principles of
+Carey.  On his retirement the College as such was suspended in the
+year 1883, and in the same building a purely native Christian
+Training Institution took its place.  There, however, the many
+visitors from Christendom still found the library and museum; the
+Bibles, grammars, and dictionaries; the natural history collections,
+and the Oriental MSS.; the Danish Charter, the historic portraits,
+and the British Treaty; as well as the native Christian classes--all
+of which re-echo William Carey's appeal to posterity.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV
+
+CAREY'S CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY FOR THE PEOPLE OF INDIA
+
+The Danish charter--The British treaty--Growth of native Christian
+community--Lord Minto's concession of self-governing
+privileges--Madras Decennial Conference and Serampore
+degrees--Proposed reorganisation of College so as to teach and
+examine for B.D. and other degrees--Appeal for endowments of Carey's
+Christian University
+
+Attention has already been directed to the far-seeing plans which
+Carey laid down for Serampore College.  It is a pleasure to record
+that while this volume is in the press (1909), a scheme is being
+promoted by the College Council for the reorganisation of the
+College on the lines of Carey's ideal, with a view to making it a
+centre of higher ministerial training for all branches of the Indian
+Church.
+
+It will be remembered that in 1827 the College received from
+Friedrich VI. a Royal Charter, empowering it to confer degrees, and
+giving to it all the rights which are possessed by Western
+Universities.  Under Treaty dated the 6th October, 1845, the King of
+Denmark agreed to transfer to the Governor-General of India, Lord
+Hardinge, G.C.B., for the sum of £125,000, the towns of Tranquebar,
+Frederiksnagore or Serampore,30 and the old factory site at
+Balasore.  Article 6 of this treaty provides that "the rights and
+immunities granted to the Serampore College by Royal Charter, of
+date 23rd of February, 1827, shall not be interfered with, but
+continue in force in the same manner as if they had been obtained by
+a Charter from the British Government, subject to the General Law of
+British India."31
+
+For lack of an endowment sufficient to maintain the teaching staff
+required, and to establish the necessary scholarships, the College
+has never been fully developed on University lines.  Since 1883 it
+has been used as a training Institution for preachers and teachers
+for the Bengal field of the Baptist Missionary Society.  Meanwhile
+in the century since Carey's statesman-like ideal was sketched,
+under the providence of God there have been two notable developments
+in the conditions of Indian life--(1) the educated Christian natives
+of India, from Cape Comorin to Peshawar, have grown, and continue to
+grow, in numbers, in character, and in influence, with a rapidity
+pronounced marvellous by the official report of the Census of 1901;
+(2) the three hundred millions of the peoples of India have, by the
+frank concession of the Earl of Minto and his advisers, and the
+sanction of Viscount Morley and Parliament, received a virtual
+constitution, which recognises their fitness for self-governing
+rights under the benevolent rule of King Edward VII. and his Viceroy
+in Council.  Christianity, and the leaven of the more really
+educated Christian natives, will alone moralise and loyalise the
+peoples of India, and prepare future generations for a healthy
+independence, material and political.
+
+As they have watched the lines along which these developments have
+proceeded, the leaders of the missionary enterprise have become more
+and more convinced that the realisation of Carey's ideal has been
+too long delayed, and that the influence of the Christian community
+on the great movements of Indian thought has suffered in
+consequence.  In particular, while the need for highly-equipped
+Indian preachers, evangelists and leaders, is far more urgent now
+even than it was in Carey's day, the most experienced missionaries
+of all societies are far from satisfied with the present level of
+theological education in the Indian Church.  They are convinced that
+the time has come to reorganise the whole system of ministerial
+training, and to secure for the study of Christian Theology in India
+that academic recognition which it has enjoyed for centuries in
+Western lands.  Since the British Government is pledged to
+neutrality in religious matters, it is unable to sanction the
+establishment of Divinity faculties, in any of the State
+Universities, Hence the Decennial Missionary Conference,
+representing all the Protestant Missionary Societies working in
+India, meeting in Madras in December 1902, appointed a Committee "to
+confer with the Council of the Serampore College, through the
+Committee of the London Baptist Missionary Society, to ascertain
+whether they are prepared to delegate the degree-conferring powers
+of the Charter of that College to a Senate or Faculty,
+representative of the various Protestant Christian Churches and
+Societies working in India."
+
+The College Council (of which Meredith Townsend, Esq., is Master,
+and Alfred Henry Baynes, Esq., F.R.G.S., is Secretary), has taken
+this request into careful consideration, and after being assured by
+the highest legal opinion that the Charter is still valid, has
+resolved to do everything in its power to carry out the suggestions
+of the Decennial Conference.  They realise, however, that if the
+degree-conferring powers of the Charter are to be used, the College
+itself must be raised to the highest standard of efficiency as a
+Teaching Institution, and its permanence must be guaranteed by an
+adequate endowment.
+
+The Council has felt that the attainment of these two objects is
+possible only through a union of the forces of the various
+Protestant Christian Churches working in India.  The result has been
+the adoption of a wise and catholic project of reorganisation, under
+which it is hoped that Serampore will become a great
+interdenominational College of University rank, giving a theological
+training up to the standard of the London B.D., conferring its own
+divinity degrees, and maintaining an Arts and Science department,
+for the present at least affiliated to the Calcutta University.  It
+is justly claimed that such a Christian University at Serampore will
+both unify and raise the standard of theological education in the
+Indian Church, helping to build the Eastern structure of Christian
+thought and life on the one Foundation of Jesus Christ, the Word of
+God.
+
+The scheme which the Council has sanctioned contemplates the
+permanent endowment of the requisite professorships and
+scholarships.  The College building will provide sufficient
+class-room accommodation, but it will be necessary to secure
+additional land, and to erect houses for the staff and hostels for
+the students.  An immediate endowment of £250,000 is aimed at with a
+view of establishing a well-equipped theological faculty, with a
+preliminary department in Arts and Sciences.  The Council, however,
+is not without hope that in due time Carey's noble vision of a great
+Christian University at Serampore conferring its own degrees, not
+only in theology but in all branches of useful learning, may
+powerfully appeal to some of the merchant princes of the West. It is
+estimated that the sum of £2,000,000 would be required for this
+equipment and endowment of the University on this larger scale.  The
+great missionary Churches and Societies look favourably on the
+proposal, initiated by their own missionaries, to co-operate with
+Carey's more immediate representatives in realising and applying his
+ideal which is bound to expand and grow as India becomes
+Christianised.
+
+The members of the College Council maintain that, in view of the
+world-wide influence of the modern missionary movement, inaugurated
+by William Carey, a movement that has been so beneficial both to the
+Church at home and to non-Christian nations, there is no institution
+that has greater historical and spiritual claims upon modern
+philanthropy than Serampore, and they believe that there are large
+numbers of men and women in Great Britain, America, India and other
+lands who will consider it a sacred privilege to have their names
+inscribed with those of Carey, Marshman and Ward on the walls of
+Serampore College as its second founders.
+
+The Council is doing all within its power to reorganise the College
+on the broadest possible basis, believing that an institution with
+such inspiring traditions and associations should be utilised in the
+interests, not merely of one denomination, but of the whole Church
+in India and the nation.  Up to the present, the Council, though
+legally an entirely independent body, has worked in the closest
+association with the Baptist Missionary Society's Committee.  But
+now with the fullest sympathy both of the Baptist Missionaries on
+the field and the Committee in England, it is also inviting the
+co-operation of all evangelical Christian bodies in the work of
+Serampore College.  It is prepared to welcome as full professors of
+the College, in Arts and Theology, representatives of other
+evangelical missions, who shall have special superintendence of the
+students belonging to their respective denominations, and be free to
+give them such supplementary instruction as may be thought
+necessary.  All professors without distinction of denomination will
+share equally in the local management of the affairs of the College.
+The final authority must, in accordance with the Charter, remain in
+the hands of the College Council, but in order to admit of the due
+representation upon the Council of the various evangelical bodies
+which may co-operate, the present members of Council have, with the
+hearty concurrence of the Baptist Missionary Society's Committee,
+approved the suggestion that application should be made to the
+Indian Legislature for powers to enlarge its membership.
+
+The Honorary Secretary of the College Council, A. H. Baynes, Esq.,
+19 Furnival Street, London, E.C., will be glad to supply further
+information, or to receive contributions towards the Fund for the
+endowment and equipment of the College.
+
+In view of the conditions at present existing in India, this appeal
+should be of interest not only to friends of Christian missions, but
+to philanthropists generally, for a Christian University, conducted
+on the broad and catholic principles laid down by Carey,
+supplementary but in no way antagonistic to the existing
+Universities, will be a most effective instrument for permeating the
+political and social ideals of the youth of India with the spirit of
+Christ.  This is a matter that deeply concerns, not only the
+Missionary, but also the statesman, the merchant, and all true
+friends of India of whatever race or creed.
+
+In all the romance of Christian Missions, from Iona to Canterbury,
+there is no more evident example of the working of the Spirit of God
+with the Church, than the call of Carey and the foundation of
+Serampore College under Danish Charter and British treaty, making it
+the only University with full powers to enable the whole Reformed
+Church in India to work out its own theological system and Christian
+life.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI
+
+CAREY'S LAST DAYS
+
+1830-1834
+
+The college and mission stripped of all their funds--Failure of the
+six firms for sixteen millions--Carey's official income reduced from
+£1560 to £600--His Thoughts and Appeal published in England--His
+vigour at seventy--Last revision of the Bengali Bible--Final edition
+of the Bengali New Testament--Carey rejoices in the reforms of Lord
+William Bentinck's Government--In the emancipation of the
+slaves--Carey sketched by his younger contemporaries--His latest
+letters and last message to Christendom--Visits of Lady William
+Bentinck and Bishop Daniel Wilson--Marshman's affection and promise
+as to the garden--The English mail brings glad news a fortnight
+before his death--His last Sabbath--He dies--Is buried--His tomb
+among his converts--His will--The Indian press on his poverty and
+disinterestedness--Dr. Marshman and Mack, Christopher Anderson and
+John Wilson of Bombay on his character--His influence still as the
+founder of missions--Dr. Cox and Robert Hall on Carey as a
+man--Scotland's estimate of the father of the Evangelical Revival
+and its foreign missions.
+
+The last days of William Carey were the best.  His sun went down in
+all the splendour of a glowing faith and a burning self-sacrifice.
+Not in the penury of Hackleton and Moulton, not in the hardships of
+Calcutta and the Soondarbans, not in the fevers of the swamps of
+Dinapoor, not in the apprehensions twice excited by official
+intolerance, not in the most bitter sorrow of all--the sixteen
+years' persecution by English brethren after Fuller's death, had the
+father of modern missions been so tried as in the years 1830-1833.
+Blow succeeded blow, but only that the fine gold of his trust, his
+humility, and his love might be seen to be the purer.
+
+The Serampore College and Mission lost all the funds it had in
+India.  By 1830 the financial revolution which had laid many houses
+low in Europe five years before, began to tell upon the merchant
+princes of Calcutta.  The six firms, which had developed the trade
+of Northern India so far as the Company's monopolies allowed, had
+been the bankers of the Government itself, of states like
+Haidarabad, and of all the civil and military officials, and had
+enriched a succession of partners for half a century, fell one by
+one--fell for sixteen millions sterling among them.  Palmer and Co.
+was the greatest; the house at one time played a large part in the
+history of India, and in the debates and papers of Parliament.  Mr.
+John Palmer, a personal friend of the Serampore men, had advanced
+them money at ten per cent. four years previously, when the
+Society's misrepresentation had done its worst.  The children in the
+Eurasian schools, which Dr. and Mrs. Marshman conducted with such
+profit to the mission, depended chiefly on funds deposited with this
+firm.  It suddenly failed for more than two millions sterling.
+Although the catastrophe exposed the rottenness of the system of
+credit on which commerce and banking were at that time conducted, in
+the absence of a free press and an intelligent public opinion, the
+alarm soon subsided, and only the more business fell to the other
+firms.  But the year 1833 had hardly opened when first the house of
+Alexander and Co., then that of Mackintosh and Co., and then the
+three others, collapsed without warning.  The English in India,
+officials and merchants, were reduced to universal poverty.  Capital
+disappeared and credit ceased at the very time that Parliament was
+about to complete the partial concession of freedom of trade made by
+the charter of 1813, by granting all Carey had argued for, and
+allowing Europeans to hold land.
+
+The funds invested for Jessor and Delhi; the legacy of Fernandez,
+Carey's first convert and missionary; his own tenths with which he
+supported three aged relatives in England; the property of the
+partner of his third marriage, on whom the money was settled, and
+who survived him by a year; the little possessed by Dr. Marshman,
+who had paid all his expenses in England even while working for the
+Society--all was swept away.  Not only was the small balance in hand
+towards meeting the college and mission expenditure gone, but it was
+impossible to borrow even for a short time.  Again one of Dr.
+Carey's old civilian students came to the rescue.  Mr. Garrett,
+grandson of Robert Raikes who first began Sunday schools, pledged
+his own credit with the Bank of Bengal, until Samuel Hope of
+Liverpool, treasurer of the Serampore Mission there, could be
+communicated with.  Meanwhile the question of giving up any of the
+stations or shutting the college was not once favoured. "I have seen
+the tears run down the face of the venerable Dr. Carey at the
+thought of such a calamity," wrote Leechman; "were it to arrive we
+should soon have to lay him in his grave."  When the interest of the
+funds raised by Ward in America ceased for a time because of the
+malicious report from England that it might be applied by Dr.
+Marshman to the purposes of family aggrandisement, Carey replied in
+a spirit like that of Paul under a similar charge: "Dr. Marshman is
+as poor as I am, and I can scarcely lay by a sum monthly to relieve
+three or four indigent relatives in Europe.  I might have had large
+possessions, but I have given my all, except what I ate, drank, and
+wore, to the cause of missions, and Dr. Marshman has done the same,
+and so did Mr. Ward."
+
+Carey's trust in God, for the mission and for himself, was to be
+still further tried.  On 12th July 1828 we find him thus writing
+from Calcutta to Jabez:--"I came down this morning to attend Lord W.
+Bentinck's first levée.  It was numerously attended, and I had the
+pleasure of seeing there a great number of gentlemen who had
+formerly studied under me, and for whom I felt a very sincere
+regard.  I hear Lady Bentinck is a pious woman, but have not yet
+seen her.  I have a card to attend at her drawing-room this evening,
+but I shall not go, as I must be at home for the Sabbath, which is
+to-morrow."  It soon fell to Lord William Bentinck to meet the
+financial consequences of his weak predecessor's administration.
+The College of Fort William had to be sacrificed.  Metcalfe and
+Bayley, Carey's old students whom he had permanently influenced in
+the higher life, were the members of council, and he appealed to
+them.  They sent him to the good Governor-General, to whose sympathy
+he laid bare all the past and present of the mission's finance.  He
+was told to have no fear, and indeed the Council held a long sitting
+on this one matter.  But from June 1830 the college ceased to be a
+teaching, and became an examining body.  When the salary was reduced
+one-half, from Rs. 1000 a month, the Brotherhood met to pray for
+light and strength.  Mr. Robinson, the Java missionary who had
+attached himself to Serampore, and whose son long did good service
+as a Bengali scholar and preacher, gives us this glimpse of its
+inner life at this time:--
+
+"The two old men were dissolved in tears while they were engaged in
+prayer, and Dr. Marshman in particular could not give expressions to
+his feelings.  It was indeed affecting to see these good old men,
+the fathers of the mission, entreating with tears that God would not
+forsake them now grey hairs were come upon them, but that He would
+silence the tongue of calumny, and furnish them with the means of
+carrying on His own cause."
+
+They sent home an appeal to England, and Carey himself published
+what is perhaps the most chivalrous, just, and weighty of all his
+utterances on the disagreeable subject--Thoughts upon the
+Discussions which have arisen from the Separation between the
+Baptist Missionary Society and the Serampore Missions. "From our age
+and other circumstances our contributions may soon cease.  We have
+seen a great work wrought in India, and much of it, either directly
+or indirectly, has been done by ourselves.  I cannot, I ought not to
+be indifferent about the permanency of this work, and cannot
+therefore view the exultation expressed at the prospect of our
+resources being crippled otherwise than being of a character too
+satanic to be long persisted in by any man who has the love of God
+in his heart."
+
+The appeal to all Christians for "a few hundred pounds per annum"
+for the mission station closed thus: "But a few years have passed
+away since the Protestant world was awakened to missionary effort.
+Since that time the annual revenues collected for this object have
+grown to the then unthought-of sum of £400,000.  And is it
+unreasonable to expect that some unnoticeable portion of this should
+be intrusted to him who was amongst the first to move in this
+enterprise and to his colleagues?"  The Brotherhood had hardly
+despatched this appeal to England with the sentence, "Our present
+incomes even are uncertain," when the shears of financial reduction
+cut off Dr. Carey's office of Bengali translator to Government,
+which for eight years had yielded him Rs. 300 a month.  But such was
+his faith this final stroke called forth only an expression of
+regret that he must reduce his contributions to the missionary cause
+by so much.  He was a wonder to his colleagues, who wrote of him:
+"Though thus reduced in his circumstances the good man, about to
+enter on his seventieth year, is as cheerful and as happy as the day
+is long.  He rides out four or five miles every morning, returning
+home by sunrise; goes on with the work of translation day by day;
+gives two lectures on divinity and one on natural history every week
+in the college, and takes his turn of preaching both in Bengali and
+in English."
+
+When the Christian public responded heartily to his appeal Carey was
+loud and frequent in his expressions of gratitude to God, who, "in
+the time of our great extremity, appeared and stirred up His people
+thus willingly to offer their substance for His cause."  With
+respect to myself, I consider my race as nearly run.  The days of
+our years are three score years and ten, and I am now only three
+months short of that age, and repeated bilious attacks have weakened
+my constitution.  But I do not look forward to death with any
+painful anticipations.  I cast myself on and plead the efficacy of
+that atonement which will not fail me when I need it."
+
+Dr. Marshman gives us a brighter picture of him. "I met with very
+few friends in England in their seventieth year so lively, as free
+from the infirmities of age, so interesting in the pulpit, so
+completely conversible as he is now."  The reason is found in the
+fact that he was still useful, still busy at the work he loved most
+of all.  He completed his last revision of the entire Bible in
+Bengali--the fifth edition of the Old Testament and the eighth
+edition of the New--in June 1832.  Immediately thereafter, when
+presiding at the ordination of Mr. Mack as co-pastor with Dr.
+Marshman and himself over the church at Serampore, he took with him
+into the pulpit the first copy of the sacred volume which came from
+the binder's hands, and addressed the converts and their children
+from the words of Simeon--"Lord now lettest Thou Thy servant depart
+in peace, for mine eyes have seen Thy salvation."  As the months
+went on he carried through the press still another and improved
+edition of the New Testament, and only then he felt and often said
+that the work of his heart was done.
+
+He had other sources of saintly pleasure as he lay meditating on the
+Word, and praising God for His goodness to the college and the
+mission stations increased to nineteen by young Sir Henry Havelock,
+who founded the church at Agra. Lord William Bentinck, having begun
+his reign with the abolition of the crime of suttee, was, with the
+help of Carey's old students, steadily carrying out the other
+reforms for which in all his Indian career the missionary had prayed
+and preached and published.  The judicial service was reorganised so
+as to include native judges.  The uncovenanted civil service was
+opened to all British subjects of every creed.  The first act of
+justice to native Christians was thus done, so that he wrote of the
+college:--"The students are now eligible to every legal appointment
+in India which a native can hold; those who may possess no love for
+the Christian ministry have the prospect of a profitable profession
+as advocates in the judicial courts, and the hope of rising to posts
+of honourable distinction in their native land."  The Hindoo law of
+inheritance which the Regulating Act of Parliament had so covered
+that it was used to deprive converts to Christianity of all civil
+rights, was dealt with so far as a local regulation could do so, and
+Carey, advised by such an authority as Harington, laid it on his
+successor in the apostolate, the young Alexander Duff, to carry the
+act of justice out fully, which was done under the Marquis of
+Dalhousie.  The orders drawn up by Charles Grant's sons at last, in
+February 1833, freed Great Britain from responsibility for the
+connection of the East India Company with Temple and mosque
+endowments and the pilgrim tax.
+
+His son Jonathan wrote this of him two years after his death:--
+
+"In principle my father was resolute and firm, never shrinking from
+avowing and maintaining his sentiments.  He had conscientious
+scruples against taking an oath; and condemned severely the manner
+in which oaths were administered, and urged vehemently the propriety
+of altogether dispensing with them.  I remember three instances in
+which he took a conspicuous part in regard to oaths, such as was
+characteristic of the man.  On one occasion, when a respectable
+Hindoo servant of the college of Fort William, attached to Dr.
+Carey's department, was early one morning proceeding to the Ganges
+to bathe, he perceived a dead body lying near the road; but it being
+dark, and no person being present, he passed on, taking no further
+notice of the circumstance.  As he returned from the Ganges after
+sunrise, he saw a crowd near the body, and then happened to say to
+one of the watchmen present that in the morning he saw the body on
+the other side of the road.  The watchman took him in custody, as a
+witness before the coroner; but, when brought before the coroner, he
+refused to take an oath, and was, consequently, committed to prison
+for contempt.  The Hindoo being a respectable person, and never
+having taken an oath, refused to take any nourishment in the prison.
+In this state he continued a day and a half, my father being then
+at Serampore; but upon his coming to Calcutta, the circumstances
+were mentioned to him.  The fact of the man having refused to take
+an oath was enough to make him interest himself in his behalf.  He
+was delighted with the resolution the man took--rather to go to
+prison than take an oath; and was determined to do all he could to
+procure his liberation.  He first applied to the coroner, but was
+directed by him to the sheriff.  To that functionary he proceeded,
+but was informed by him that he could make no order on the subject.
+He then had an interview with the then chief judge, by whose
+interference the man was set at liberty.
+
+"Another instance relates to him personally.  On the occasion of his
+last marriage, the day was fixed on which the ceremony was to take
+place--friends were invited--and all necessary arrangements made;
+but, three or four days prior to the day fixed, he was informed that
+it would be necessary for him to obtain a licence, in doing which,
+he must either take an oath or have banns published.  To taking an
+oath he at once objected, and applied to the then senior judge, who
+informed him that, as he was not a quaker, his oath was
+indispensable; but, rather than take an oath, he applied to have the
+banns published, and postponed the arrangements for his marriage for
+another three weeks.
+
+"The third instance was as follows:--It was necessary, in a certain
+case, to prove a will in court, in which the name of Dr. Carey was
+mentioned, in connection with the Serampore missionaries as
+executors.  An application was made by one of his colleagues, which
+was refused by the court, on account of the vagueness of the terms,
+'Serampore missionaries;' but as Dr. Carey's name was specifically
+mentioned, the court intimated that they would grant the application
+if made by him.  The communication was made: but when he was
+informed that an oath was necessary, he shrunk with abhorrence from
+the idea; but after much persuasion, he consented to make the
+application, if taking an oath would be dispensed with.  He did
+attend, and stated his objections to the then chief judge, which
+being allowed, his affirmation was received and recorded by the
+court.
+
+"The duties connected with the College of Fort William afforded him
+a change of scene, which relieved his mind, and gave him
+opportunities of taking exercise, and conduced much to his health.
+During the several years he held the situation of professor to the
+college, no consideration would allow him to neglect his attendance;
+and though he had to encounter boisterous weather in crossing the
+river at unseasonable hours, he was punctual in his attendance, and
+never applied for leave of absence.  And when he was qualified by
+the rules of the service to retire on a handsome pension, he
+preferred being actively employed in promoting the interests of the
+college, and remained, assiduously discharging his duties, till his
+department was abolished by Government.  The business of the college
+requiring his attendance in Calcutta, he became so habituated to his
+journeys to and fro, that at his age he painfully felt the
+retirement he was subjected to when his office ceased.  After this
+circumstance his health rapidly declined; and though he occasionally
+visited Calcutta, he complained of extreme debility.  This increased
+daily, and made him a constant sufferer; until at length he was not
+able to leave his house."
+
+Nor was it in India alone that the venerable saint found such causes
+of satisfaction.  He lived long enough to thank God for the
+emancipation of the slaves by the English people, for which he had
+prayed daily for fifty years.
+
+We have many sketches of the Father of English Missions in his later
+years by young contemporaries who, on their first arrival in Bengal,
+sought him out.  In 1824 Mr. Leslie, an Edinburgh student, who
+became in India the first of Baptist preachers, and was the means of
+the conversion of Henry Havelock who married Dr. Marshman's youngest
+daughter, wrote thus of Carey after the third great illness of his
+Indian life:--
+
+"Dr. Carey, who has been very ill, is quite recovered, and bids fair
+to live many years; and as for Dr. Marshman, he has never known
+ill-health is, during the whole period of his residence in India.
+They are both active to a degree which you would think impossible
+in such a country.  Dr. Carey is a very equable and cheerful old
+man, in countenance very like the engraving of him with his pundit,
+though not so robust as he appears to be there.  Next to his
+translations Botany is his grand study.  He has collected every
+plant and tree in his garden that will possibly grow in India, and
+is so scientific withal that he calls everything by its classical
+name.  If, therefore, I should at any time blunder out the word
+Geranium, he would say Pelargonium, and perhaps accuse me of
+ignorance, or blame me for vulgarity.  We had the pleasure of
+hearing him preach from Rom. vii. 13, when he gave us an excellent
+sermon.  In manner he is very animated, and in style very
+methodical.  Indeed he carries method into everything he does;
+classification is his grand hobby, and wherever anything can be
+classified, there you find Dr. Carey; not only does he classify and
+arrange the roots of plants and words, but visit his dwelling and
+you find he has fitted up and classified shelves full of minerals,
+stones, shells, etc., and cages full of birds.  He is of very easy
+access, and great familiarity.  His attachments are strong, and
+extend not merely to persons but places.  About a year ago, so much
+of the house in which he had lived ever since he had been at
+Serampore, fell down so that he had to leave it, at which he wept
+bitterly.  One morning at breakfast, he was relating to us an
+anecdote of the generosity of the late excellent John Thornton, at
+the remembrance of whom the big tear filled his eye.  Though it is
+an affecting sight to see the venerable man weep; yet it is a sight
+which greatly interests you, as there is a manliness in his
+tears--something far removed from the crying of a child."
+
+The house in which for the last ten years he lived, and where he
+died, was the only one of two or three, planned for the new
+professors of the college, that was completed.  Compared with the
+adjoining college it was erected with such severe simplicity that it
+was said to have been designed for angels rather than for men.
+Carey's room and library looked towards the river with the breadth
+of the college garden between.  On the other side, in the upper
+verandah, in the morning he worked at his desk almost to the last,
+and in the evening towards sunset he talked with his visitors.  In
+1826 the London Missionary Society sent out to Calcutta the first of
+its deputations.  Dr. Carey sent his boat for them, and in the
+absence of her husband in England, Mrs. Marshman entertained the
+guests.  They wrote:--
+
+"We found Dr. Carey in his study, and we were both pleased and
+struck with his primitive, and we may say, apostolical appearance.
+He is short of stature, his hair white, his countenance equally
+bland and benevolent in feature and expression.  Two Hindoo men were
+sitting by, engaged in painting some small subjects in natural
+history, of which the doctor, a man of pure taste and highly
+intellectual cast of feeling, irrespective of his more learned
+pursuits, has a choice collection, both in specimens and pictorial
+representations.  Botany is a favourite study with him, and his
+garden is curiously enriched with rarities."
+
+Of all the visits paid to Carey none are now so interesting to the
+historian of the Church of India, as those of the youth who
+succeeded him as he had succeeded Schwartz.  Alexander Duff was
+twenty-four years of age when, in 1830, full of hesitation as to
+carrying out his own plans in opposition to the experience of all
+the missionaries he had consulted, he received from Carey alone the
+most earnest encouragement to pursue in Calcutta the Christian
+college policy so well begun in the less central settlement of
+Serampore.  We have elsewhere32 told the story:--
+
+"Landing at the college ghaut one sweltering July day, the still
+ruddy highlander strode up to the flight of steps that leads to the
+finest modern building in Asia. Turning to the left, he sought the
+study of Carey in the house--'built for angels,' said one, so simple
+is it--where the greatest of missionary scholars was still working
+for India.  There he beheld what seemed to be a little yellow old
+man in a white jacket, who tottered up to the visitor of whom he had
+already often heard, and with outstretched hands solemnly blessed
+him.  A contemporary soon after wrote thus of the childlike saint--
+
+"'Thou'rt in our heart--with tresses thin and grey,
+    And eye that knew the Book of Life so well,
+  And brow serene, as thou wert wont to stray
+    Amidst thy flowers--like Adam ere he fell.'
+
+"The result of the conference was a double blessing; for Carey could
+speak with the influence at once of a scholar who had created the
+best college at that time in the country, and of a vernacularist who
+had preached to the people for half a century.  The young Scotsman
+left his presence with the approval of the one authority whose
+opinion was best worth having...
+
+"Among those who visited him in his last illness was Alexander Duff,
+the Scots missionary.  On one of the last occasions on which he saw
+him--if not the very last--he spent some time talking chiefly about
+Carey's missionary life, till at length the dying man whispered,
+Pray. Duff knelt down and prayed, and then said Good-bye.  As he
+passed from the room, he thought he heard a feeble voice pronouncing
+his name, and, turning, he found that he was recalled.  He stepped
+back accordingly, and this is what he heard, spoken with a gracious
+solemnity: 'Mr. Duff, you have been speaking about Dr. Carey, Dr.
+Carey; When I am gone, say nothing about Dr. Carey--speak about Dr.
+Carey's Saviour.'  Duff went away rebuked and awed, with a lesson in
+his heart that he never forgot."33
+
+When with his old friends he dwelt much on the past.  Writing of May
+1832, Dr. Marshman mentioned: "I spent an hour at tea with dear
+Brother Carey last night, now seventy and nine months.  He was in
+the most comfortable state of health, talking over his first
+feelings respecting India and the heathen, and the manner in which
+God kept them alive, when even Fuller could not yet enter into them,
+and good old John Ryland (the doctor's father) denounced them as
+unscriptural.  Had these feelings died away, in what a different
+state might India now have been!"  In September of that year, when
+burying Mrs. Ward, he seemed, in his address at the grave, to long
+for renewed intercourse with the friends who had preceded him in
+entering into the joy of the Lord.
+
+On Mr. Leechman's arrival from Scotland to be his colleague, he
+found the old man thus vigorous even in April 1833, or if "faint,
+yet pursuing":--
+
+"Our venerable Dr. Carey is in excellent health, and takes his turn
+in all our public exercises.  Just forty years ago, the first of
+this month, he administered the Lord's Supper to the church at
+Leicester, and started on the morrow to embark for India.  Through
+this long period of honourable toil the Lord has mercifully
+preserved him; and at our missionary prayer meeting, held on the
+first of this month, he delivered an interesting address to
+encourage us to persevere in the work of the Lord. We have also a
+private monthly prayer meeting held in Dr. Carey's study, which is
+to me a meeting of uncommon interest.  On these occasions we
+particularly spread before the Lord our public and private trials,
+both those which come upon us from the cause of Christ, with which
+it is our honour and privilege to be connected, and those also which
+we as individuals are called to bear.  At our last meeting Dr. Carey
+read part of the history of Gideon, and commented with deep feeling
+on the encouragement which that history affords, that the cause of
+God can be carried on to victory and triumph, by feeble and
+apparently inefficient means."
+
+Carey's successor, Mack, wrote thus to Christopher Anderson ten
+months later:--
+
+"SERAMPORE, 31st January 1834.--Our venerable father, Dr. Carey, is
+yet continued to us, but in the same state in which he has been for
+the last three months or so.  He is quite incapable of work, and
+very weak.  He can walk but a few yards at a time, and spends the
+day in reading for profit and entertainment, and in occasionally
+nodding and sleeping.  He is perfectly tranquil in mind.  His
+imagination does not soar much in vivid anticipations of glory; and
+it never disquiets him with restless misgivings respecting his
+inheritance in God. To him it is everything that the gospel is true,
+and he believes it; and, as he says, if he can say he knows
+anything, he knows that he believes it.  When his attention is
+turned to his dismissal from earth, or his hope of glory, his
+emotions are tender and sweet.  They are also very simple, and
+express themselves in a few brief and pithy sentences.  His interest
+in all the affairs of the mission is unabated, and although he can
+no longer join us either in deliberation or associated prayer, he
+must be informed of all that occurs, and his heart is wholly with us
+in whatever we do.  I do not conceive it possible that he can
+survive the ensuing hot season, but he may, and the Lord will do in
+this as in all other things what is best.
+
+"When our necessities were coming to their climax I concluded that I
+must leave Serampore in order to find food to eat, and I fixed upon
+Cherra-poonjee as my future residence.  I proposed establishing a
+first-class school there, and then with some warmth of imagination I
+began anticipating a sort of second edition of Serampore up in the
+Khasia hills, to be a centre of diffusing light in the western
+provinces.  I became really somewhat enamoured of the phantom of my
+imagination, but it was not to be.  The brethren here would not see
+it as I did."
+
+This last sketch, by Mr. Gogerly, whom the London Missionary Society
+had sent out in 1819, brings us still nearer the end:--
+
+"At this time I paid him my last visit.  He was seated near his
+desk, in the study, dressed in his usual neat attire; his eyes were
+closed, and his hands clasped together.  On his desk was the
+proof-sheet of the last chapter of the New Testament, which he had
+revised a few days before.  His appearance, as he sat there, with
+the few white locks which adorned his venerable brow, and his placid
+colourless face, filled me with a kind of awe; for he appeared as
+then listening to the Master's summons, and as waiting to depart.  I
+sat, in his presence, for about half an hour, and not one word was
+uttered; for I feared to break that solemn silence, and call back to
+earth the soul that seemed almost in heaven.  At last, however, I
+spoke; and well do I remember the identical words that passed
+between us, though more than thirty-six years have elapsed since
+then.  I said, 'My dear friend, you evidently are standing on the
+borders of the eternal world; do not think it wrong, then, if I ask,
+What are your feelings in the immediate prospect of death?'  The
+question roused him from his apparent stupor, and opening his
+languid eyes, he earnestly replied, 'As far as my personal salvation
+is concerned, I have not the shadow of a doubt; I know in Whom I
+have believed, and am persuaded that He is able to keep that which I
+have committed unto Him against that day; but when I think that I am
+about to appear in the presence of a holy God, and remember all my
+sins and manifold imperfections--I tremble.'  He could say no more.
+The tears trickled down his cheeks, and after a while he relapsed
+into the same state of silence from which I had aroused him.
+
+"Deeply solemn was that interview, and important the lesson I then
+received.  Here was one of the most holy and harmless men whom I
+ever knew--who had lived above the breath of calumny for upwards of
+forty years, surrounded by and in close intimacy with many, both
+Europeans and natives, who would have rejoiced to have witnessed any
+inconsistency in his conduct, but who were constrained to admire his
+integrity and Christian character--whilst thus convinced of the
+certainty of his salvation, through the merits of that Saviour whom
+he had preached, yet so impressed with the exceeding sinfulness of
+sin, that he trembled at the thought of appearing before a holy God!
+A few days after this event, Dr. Carey retired to his bed, from
+which he never rose."
+
+So long before this as 17th March 1802, Carey had thus described
+himself to Dr. Ryland:--"A year or more ago you, or some other of my
+dear friends, mentioned an intention of publishing a volume of
+sermons as a testimony of mutual Christian love, and wished me to
+send a sermon or two for that purpose.  I have seriously intended
+it, and more than once sat down to accomplish it, but have as
+constantly been broken off from it.  Indolence is my prevailing sin,
+and to that are now added a number of avocations which I never
+thought of; I have also so continual a fear that I may at last fall
+some way or other so as to dishonour the Gospel that I have often
+desired that my name may be buried in oblivion; and indeed I have
+reason for those fears, for I am so prone to sin that I wonder every
+night that I have been preserved from foul crimes through the day,
+and when I escape a temptation I esteem it to be a miracle of grace
+which has preserved me.  I never was so fully persuaded as I am now
+that no habit of religion is a security from falling into the
+foulest crimes, and I need the immediate help of God every moment.
+The sense of my continual danger has, I confess, operated strongly
+upon me to induce me to desire that no publication of a religious
+nature should be published as mine whilst I am alive.  Another
+reason is my sense of incapacity to do justice to any subject, or
+even to write good sense.  I have, it is true, been obliged to
+publish several things, and I can say that nothing but necessity
+could have induced me to do it.  They are, however, only grammatical
+works, and certainly the very last things which I should have
+written if I could have chosen for myself."
+
+On 15th June 1833 the old man was still able to rejoice with others.
+He addressed to his son Jonathan the only brief letter which the
+present writer possesses from his pen, in a hand as clear as that of
+a quarter of a century before:--
+
+"MY DEAR JONATHAN--I congratulate you upon the good news you have
+received.  But am sorry Lucy continues so ill.  I am too weak to
+write more than to say your mother is as well as the weather will
+permit us to expect.  I could scarcely have been worse to live than
+I have been the last fortnight.--Your affectionate father, W.
+CAREY."
+
+The hot season had then reached its worst.
+
+His last letters were brief messages of love and hope to his two
+sisters in England.  On 27th July 1833 he wrote to them:--
+
+"About a week ago so great a change took place in me that I
+concluded it was the immediate stroke of death, and all my children
+were informed of it and have been here to see me.  I have since that
+revived in an almost miraculous manner, or I could not have written
+this.  But I cannot expect it to continue.  The will of the Lord be
+done.  Adieu, till I meet you in a better world.--Your affectionate
+brother, "W. CAREY."
+
+Two months later he was at his old work, able "now and then to read
+a proof sheet of the Scriptures."
+
+"SERAMPORE, 25th Sept. 1833.
+
+"MY DEAR SISTERS--My being able to write to you now is quite
+unexpected by me, and, I believe, by every one else; but it appears
+to be the will of God that I should continue a little time longer.
+How long that may be I leave entirely with Him, and can only say,
+'All the days of my appointed time will I wait till my change come.'
+I was, two months or more ago, reduced to such a state of weakness
+that it appeared as if my mind was extinguished; and my weakness of
+body, and sense of extreme fatigue and exhaustion, were such that I
+could scarcely speak, and it appeared that death would be no more
+felt than the removing from one chair to another.  I am now able to
+sit and to lie on my couch, and now and then to read a proof sheet
+of the Scriptures.  I am too weak to walk more than just across the
+house, nor can I stand even a few minutes without support.  I have
+every comfort that kind friends can yield, and feel, generally, a
+tranquil mind.  I trust the great point is settled, and I am ready
+to depart; but the time when, I leave with God.
+
+"3rd Oct.--I am not worse than when I began this letter.--I am, your
+very affectionate brother, WM. CAREY."
+
+His latest message to Christendom was sent on the 30th September,
+most appropriately to Christopher Anderson:--"As everything
+connected with the full accomplishment of the divine promises
+depends on the almighty power of God, pray that I and all the
+ministers of the Word may take hold of His strength, and go about
+our work as fully expecting the accomplishment of them all, which,
+however difficult and improbable it may appear, is certain, as all
+the promises of God are in Him, yea, and in Him, Amen." Had he not,
+all his career, therefore expected and attempted great things?
+
+He had had a chair fixed on a small platform, constructed after his
+own direction, that he might be wheeled through his garden.  At
+other times the chief gardener Hullodhur, reported to him the state
+of the collection of plants, then numbering about 2000.  Dr.
+Marshman saw his friend daily, sometimes twice a day, and found him
+always what Lord Hastings had described him to be--"the cheerful old
+man."  On the only occasion on which he seemed sad, Dr. Marshman as
+he was leaving the room turned and asked why.  With deep feeling the
+dying scholar looked to the others and said, "After I am gone
+Brother Marshman will turn the cows into my garden."  The reply was
+prompt, "Far be it from me; though I have not your botanical tastes,
+the care of the garden in which you have taken so much delight,
+shall be to me a sacred duty."34
+
+Of strangers his most frequent visitor was the Governor-General's
+wife, Lady William Bentinck.  Her husband was in South India, and
+she spent most of her time in Barrackpore Park retreat opposite to
+Carey's house.  From her frequent converse with him, in his life as
+well as now, she studied the art of dying.  Daniel Wilson, Bishop of
+Calcutta, learned to delight in Serampore almost from the beginning
+of his long episcopate, and in later years he lived there more than
+in Calcutta.  On the 14th February 1833 he first visited Carey, "his
+interview with whom, confined as he was to his room, and apparently
+on the verge of the celestial world, was peculiarly affecting."  In
+the last of subsequent visits the young Bishop asked the dying
+missionary's benediction.  With all the talk was the same, a humble
+resignation to the will of God, firm trust in the Redeemer of
+sinners, a joyful gratitude for the wonderful progress of His
+Kingdom.  What a picture is this that his brethren sent home six
+weeks before he passed away. "Our aged and venerable brother feels
+himself growing gradually weaker.  He can scarcely rise from his
+couch, and it is with great difficulty that he is carried out daily
+to take the air.  Yet he is free from all pain as to disease, and
+his mind is in a most serene and happy state.  He is in full
+possession of his faculties, and, although with difficulty, on
+account of his weakness, he still converses with his friends from
+day to day."
+
+The hottest season of the year crept wearily on during the month of
+May and the first week of June.  Each night he slept well, and each
+day he was moved to his couch in the dining-room for air.  There he
+lay, unable to articulate more than a word or two, but expressing by
+his joyful features union in prayer and interest in conversation.
+On the 22nd May the English mail arrived with gladdening
+intelligence from Mr. Hope--God's people were praying and giving
+anew for the mission.  Especially was his own latest station of
+Cherra-poonjee remembered.  As he was told that a lady, anonymously,
+had offered £500 for that mission, £500 for the college, £500 for
+the translations, and £100 for the mission generally, he raised his
+emaciated hands to heaven and murmured praise to God. When the
+delirium of departure came he strove to reach his desk that he might
+write a letter of thanks, particularly for Cherra.  Then he would
+recall the fact that the little church he at first formed had
+branched out into six and twenty churches, in which the ordinances
+of the Gospel were regularly administered, and he would whisper,
+"What has God wrought!"
+
+The last Sabbath had come--and the last full day.  The constant
+Marshman was with him. "He was scarcely able to articulate, and
+after a little conversation I knelt down by the side of his couch
+and prayed with him.  Finding my mind unexpectedly drawn out to
+bless God for His goodness, in having preserved him and blessed him
+in India for above forty years, and made him such an instrument of
+good to His church; and to entreat that on his being taken home, a
+double portion of his spirit might rest on those who remained
+behind; though unable to speak, he testified sufficiently by his
+countenance how cordially he joined in this prayer.  I then asked
+Mrs. Carey whether she thought he could now see me.  She said yes,
+and to convince me, said, 'Mr. Marshman wishes to know whether you
+now see him?'  He answered so loudly that I could hear him, 'Yes, I
+do,' and shook me most cordially by the hand.  I then left him, and
+my other duties did not permit me to reach him again that day.  The
+next morning, as I was returning home before sunrise, I met our
+Brethren Mack and Leechman out on their morning ride, when Mack told
+me that our beloved brother had been rather worse all the night, and
+that he had just left him very ill.  I immediately hastened home,
+through the college in which he has lived these ten years, and when
+I reached his room, found that he had just entered into the joy of
+his Lord--Mrs. Carey, his son Jabez, my son John, and Mrs. Mack
+being present."
+
+It was Monday the 9th June 1834, at half-past five, as the morning
+sun was ascending the heavens towards the perfect day.  The
+rain-clouds burst and covered the land with gloom next morning when
+they carried William Carey to the converts' burial-ground and made
+great lamentation.  The notice was too short for many to come up
+from Calcutta in those days. "Mr. Duff, of the Scottish Church,
+returned a most kind letter."  Sir Charles Metcalfe and the Bishop
+wrote very feelingly in reply.  Lady Bentinck sent the Rev. Mr.
+Fisher to represent the Governor-General and herself, and "a most
+kind and feeling answer, for she truly loved the venerable man,"
+while she sadly gazed at the mourners as they followed the simple
+funeral up the right bank of the Hoogli, past the College and the
+Mission chapel.  Mr. Yates, who had taken a loving farewell of the
+scholar he had been reluctant to succeed, represented the younger
+brethren; Lacroix, Micaiah Hill, and Gogerly, the London Missionary
+Society.  Corrie and Dealtry do not seem to have reached the spot in
+time.  The Danish Governor, his wife, and the members of council
+were there, and the flag drooped half-mast high as on the occasion
+of a Governor's death.  The road was lined by the poor, Hindoo and
+Mohammedan, for whom he had done so much.  When all, walking in the
+rain, had reached the open grave, the sun shone out, and Leechman
+led them in the joyous resurrection hymn, "Why do we mourn departing
+friends?" "I then addressed the audience," wrote Marshman, "and,
+contrary to Brother Mack's foretelling that I should never get
+through it for tears, I did not shed one.  Brother Mack was then
+asked to address the native members, but he, seeing the time so far
+gone, publicly said he would do so at the village.  Brother Robinson
+then prayed, and weeping--then neither myself nor few besides could
+refrain."  In Jannuggur village chapel in the evening the Bengali
+burial hymn was sung, Pœritran Christer Morone, "Salvation by the
+death of Christ," and Pran Krishna, the oldest disciple, led his
+countrymen in prayer.  Then Mack spoke to the weeping converts with
+all the pathos of their own sweet vernacular from the words, "For
+David, after he had served his own generation, by the will of God
+fell on sleep."  Had not Carey's been a royal career, even that of a
+king and a priest unto God?
+
+"We, as a mission," wrote Dr. Marshman to Christopher Anderson,
+"took the expense on ourselves, not suffering his family to do so,
+as we shall that of erecting a monument for him.  Long before his
+death we had, by a letter signed by us all, assured him that the
+dear relatives, in England and France, should have their pensions
+continued as though he were living, and that Mrs. Carey, as a widow,
+should have Rs. 100 monthly, whatever Mackintosh's house might yield
+her."
+
+Twenty-two years before, when Chamberlain was complaining because of
+the absence of stone, or brick, or inscription in the mission
+burial-ground, Carey had said, "Why should we be remembered?  I
+think when I am dead the sooner I am forgotten the better."  Dr.
+Johns observed that it is not the desire of the persons themselves
+but of their friends for them, to which Carey replied, "I think of
+others in that respect as I do of myself."  When his second wife was
+taken from him, his affection so far prevailed that he raised a
+memorial stone, and in his will left this "order" to Mack and
+William Robinson, his executors: "I direct that my funeral be as
+plain as possible; that I be buried by the side of my second wife,
+Charlotte Emilia Carey; and that the following inscription and
+nothing more may be cut on the stone which commemorates her, either
+above or below, as there may be room, viz.:--
+
+WILLIAM CAREY, BORN AUGUST 17, 1761; DIED
+
+   A wretched, poor, and helpless worm,
+   On Thy kind arms I fall."
+
+The surviving brethren seem to have taken the small oblong stone,
+with the inscription added as directed, and to have placed it on the
+south side of the domed square block of brick and white
+plaster--since renewed from time to time--which stands in the left
+corner of the God's-acre, now consecrated by the mingled dust of
+four generations of missionaries, converts, and Christian people.
+Ward's monument stands in the centre, and that of the Marshman
+family at the right hand.  Three and a half years afterwards Joshua
+Marshman followed Carey; not till 1847 was Hannah Marshman laid
+beside him, after a noble life of eighty years.  Mack had gone the
+year before, cut off by cholera like Ward. But the brotherhood
+cannot be said to have ended till John Marshman, C.S.I., died in
+London in 1877.  From first to last the three families contributed
+to the cause of God from their own earnings, ninety thousand pounds,
+and the world would never have known it but for the lack of the
+charity that envieth not on the part of Andrew Fuller's successors.
+
+Carey's last will and testament begins: "I utterly disclaim all or
+any right or title to the premises at Serampore, called the mission
+premises, and every part and parcel thereof; and do hereby declare
+that I never had, or supposed myself to have, any such right or
+title.  I give and bequeath to the College of Serampore the whole of
+my museum, consisting of minerals, shells, corals, insects, and
+other natural curiosities, and a Hortus Siccus; also the folio
+edition of Hortus Woburnensis, which was presented to me by Lord
+Hastings; Taylor's Hebrew Concordance, my collection of Bibles in
+foreign languages, and all my books in the Italian and German
+languages."  His widow, Grace, who survived him a short time, had
+the little capital that was hers before her marriage to him, and he
+desired that she would choose from his library whatever English
+books she valued.  His youngest son, Jonathan, was not in want of
+money.  He had paid Felix and William Rs. 1500 each in his lifetime.
+In order to leave a like sum to Jabez, he thus provided: "From the
+failure of funds to carry my former intentions into effect, I direct
+that my library be sold."  In dying as in living he is the
+same--just to others because self-devoted to Him to whom he thus
+formally willed himself, "On Thy kind arms I fall."
+
+The Indian journals rang with the praises of the missionary whose
+childlike humility and sincerity, patriotism and learning, had long
+made India proud of him.  After giving himself, William Carey had
+died so poor that his books had to be sold to provide £187 10s. for
+one of his sons.  One writer asserted that this man had contributed
+"sixteen lakhs of rupees" to the cause of Christ while connected
+with the Serampore Mission, and the statement was everywhere
+repeated.  Dr. Marshman thereupon published the actual facts, "as no
+one would have felt greater abhorrence of such an attempt to impose
+on the Christian public than Dr. Carey himself, had he been living."
+At a time when the old Sicca Rupee was worth half a crown, Carey
+received, in the thirty-four and a half years of his residence at
+Serampore, from the date of his appointment to the College of Fort
+William, £45,000.35 Of this he spent £7500 on his Botanic Garden in
+that period.  If accuracy is of any value in such a question, which
+has little more than a curious biographical interest, then we must
+add the seven years previous to 1801, and we shall find that the
+shoemaker of Hackleton received in all for himself and his family
+£600 from the Society which he called into existence, and which sent
+him forth, while he spent on the Christianisation and civilisation
+of India £1625 received as a manufacturer of indigo; and £45,000 as
+Professor of Sanskrit, Bengali, and Marathi, and Bengali Translator
+to Government, or £46,625 in all.
+
+"It is possible," wrote Dr. Marshman, "that if, instead of thus
+living to God and his cause with his brethren at Serampore, Dr.
+Carey had, like the other professors in the college, lived in
+Calcutta wholly for himself and his family, he might have laid by
+for them a lakh of rupees in the thirty years he was employed by
+Government, and had he been very parsimonious, possibly a lakh and a
+half.  But who that contrasts the pleasures of such a life with
+those Dr. Carey enjoyed in promoting with his own funds every plan
+likely to plant Christianity among the natives around him, without
+having to consult any one in thus doing, but his two brethren of one
+heart with him, who contributed as much as himself to the Redeemer's
+cause, and the fruit of which he saw before his death in Twenty-six
+Gospel Churches planted in India within a surface of about eight
+hundred miles, and above Forty labouring brethren raised up on the
+spot amidst them--would not prefer the latter?  What must have been
+the feelings on a deathbed of a man who had lived wholly to himself,
+compared with the joyous tranquillity which filled Carey's soul in
+the prospect of entering into the joy of his Lord, and above all
+with what he felt when, a few days before his decease, he said to
+his companion in labour for thirty-four years: 'I have no fears; I
+have no doubts; I have not a wish left unsatisfied.'"
+
+In the Danish Church of Serampore, and in the Mission Chapel, and
+afterwards in the Union Chapel of Calcutta, Dr. Marshman and Mr.
+Mack preached sermons on William Carey.  These and the discourse
+delivered in Charlotte Chapel, Edinburgh, on the 30th of November,
+by Christopher Anderson, were the only materials from which a just
+estimate of Carey and his work could be formed for the next quarter
+of a century.  All, and especially the last, were as worthy of their
+theme as éloges pronounced in such circumstances could be.  Marshman
+spoke from the text chosen by Carey himself a few weeks before his
+death as containing the foundation of his hope and the source of his
+calm and tranquil assurance--"For by grace are ye saved."  Mack
+found his inspiration again, as he had done in the Bengali village,
+in Paul's words--"David, after he had served his own generation, by
+the will of God fell on sleep."  The Edinburgh preacher turned to
+the message of Isaiah wherewith Carey used to comfort himself in his
+early loneliness, and which the Revised Version renders--"Look unto
+Abraham your father; for when he was but one I called him and I
+blessed him and made him many."  And in Bombay the young
+contemporary missionary who most nearly resembled Carey in personal
+saintliness, scholarship, and self-devotion, John Wilson, thus
+wrote:--
+
+"Dr. Carey, the first of living missionaries, the most honoured and
+the most successful since the time of the Apostles, has closed his
+long and influential career.  Indeed his spirit, his life, and his
+labours, were truly apostolic...The Spirit of God which was in him
+led him forward from strength to strength, supported him under
+privation, enabled him to overcome in a fight that seemed without
+hope.  Like the beloved disciple, whom he resembled in simplicity of
+mind, and in seeking to draw sinners to Christ altogether by the
+cords of love, he outlived his trials to enjoy a peaceful and
+honoured old age, to know that his Master's cause was prospering,
+and that his own name was named with reverence and blessing in every
+country where a Christian dwelt.  Perhaps no man ever exerted a
+greater influence for good on a great cause.  Who that saw him, poor
+and in seats of learning uneducated, embark on such an enterprise,
+could ever dream that, in little more than forty years, Christendom
+should be animated with the same spirit, thousands forsake all to
+follow his example, and that the Word of Life should be translated
+into almost every language and preached in almost every corner of
+the earth?"
+
+As the Founder and Father of Modern Missions, the character and
+career of William Carey are being revealed every year in the
+progress, and as yet, the purity of the expansion of the Church and
+of the English-speaking races in the two-thirds of the world which
+are still outside of Christendom.  The £13:2:6 of Kettering became
+£400,000 before he died, and is now £5,000,000 a year.  The one
+ordained English missionary is now a band of 20,000 men and women
+sent out by 558 agencies of the Reformed Churches.  The solitary
+converts, each with no influence on his people, or country, or
+generation, are now a community of 3,000,000 in India alone, and in
+all the lands outside of Christendom 5,000,000, of whom 80,000 are
+missionaries to their own countrymen, and many are leaders of the
+native communities.  Since the first edition of the Bengali New
+Testament appeared at the beginning of the century 250,000,000 of
+copies of the Holy Scriptures have been printed, of which one half
+are in 370 of the non-English tongues of the world.  The Bengali
+School of Mudnabati, the Christian College of Serampore, have set in
+motion educational forces that are bringing nations to the birth,
+are passing under Bible instruction every day more than a million
+boys and girls, young men and maidens of the dark races of mankind.
+
+The seventh Earl of Shaftesbury, the greatest and most practical
+Evangelical of the nineteenth century after William Wilberforce,
+wrote thus in his Journal of the class whom Carey headed in the
+eighteenth, and whom Wordsworth commemorated as
+
+   "Not sedentary all, there are who roam
+    To scatter seeds of Life on barbarous shores."
+
+1847. "Aug. 30th--RYDE.--Reading Missionary Enterprises by
+Williams...Zeal, devotion, joy, simplicity of heart, faith, love;
+and we here have barely affection enough to thank God that such
+deeds have been done.  Talk of 'doing good' and being 'useful in
+one's generation,' why, these admirable men performed more in one
+month than I or many others shall perform in a whole life!"
+
+The eloquent Dr. Richard Winter Hamilton, reflecting that sacrifice
+to heroes is reserved until after sunset, recalled William Carey,
+eight years after his death, as "wielding a power to which all
+difficulties yielded, but that power noiseless as a law of nature;
+great in conception as well as in performance; profound as those
+deep combinations of language in which the Indian philosophy and
+polytheism hide themselves, but gentle as the flower which in his
+brief recreation he loved to train; awful as the sage, simple as the
+child; speaking through the Eastern world in as many languages,
+perhaps, as 'the cloven tongues of fire' represented; to be
+remembered and blessed as long as Ganges rolls!"
+
+The historian of the Baptist Missionary Society, and Robert Hall,
+whom Sir James Mackintosh pronounced the greatest English orator,
+have both attempted an estimate of Carey's genius and influence.
+Dr. F. A. Cox remarks:--"Had he been born in the sixteenth century
+he might have been a Luther, to give Protestantism to Europe; had he
+turned his thought and observations merely to natural philosophy he
+might have been a Newton; but his faculties, consecrated by religion
+to a still higher end, have gained for him the sublime distinction
+of having been the Translator of the Scriptures and the Benefactor
+of Asia." Robert Hall spoke thus of Carey in his lifetime:--"That
+extraordinary man who, from the lowest obscurity and poverty,
+without assistance, rose by dint of unrelenting industry to the
+highest honours of literature, became one of the first of
+Orientalists, the first of Missionaries, and the instrument of
+diffusing more religious knowledge among his contemporaries than has
+fallen to the lot of any individual since the Reformation; a man who
+unites with the most profound and varied attainments the fervour of
+an evangelist, the piety of a saint, and the simplicity of a child."
+
+Except the portrait in London and the bust in Calcutta, no memorial,
+national, catholic, or sectarian, marks the work of Carey.  That
+work is meanwhile most appropriately embodied in the College for
+natives at Serampore, in the Lall Bazaar chapel and Benevolent
+Institution for the poor of Calcutta.  The Church of England, which
+he left, like John Wesley, has allowed E. S. Robinson, Esq., of
+Bristol, to place an inscription, on brass, in the porch of the
+church of his native village, beside the stone which he erected over
+the remains of his father, Edmund, the parish clerk:--"To the Glory
+of God and in memory of Dr. Wm. Carey, Missionary and Orientalist."
+
+Neither Baptist nor Anglican, the present biographer would, in the
+name of the country which stood firm in its support of Carey and
+Serampore all through the forty-one years of his apostolate, add
+this final eulogy, pronounced in St. George's Free Church,
+Edinburgh, on the man who, more than any other and before all
+others, made the civilisation of the modern world by the
+English-speaking races a Christian force.36 Carey, childlike in his
+humility, is the most striking illustration in all Hagiology,
+Protestant or Romanist, of the Lord's declaration to the Twelve when
+He had set a little child in the midst of them, "Whosoever shall
+humble himself as this little child, the same is greatest in the
+kingdom of heaven."  Yet we, nigh a century after he went forth with
+the Gospel to Hindostan, may venture to place him where the Church
+History of the future is likely to keep him--amid the uncrowned
+kings of men who have made Christian England what it is, under God,
+to its own people and to half the human race.  These are Chaucer,
+the Father of English Verse; Wyclif the Father of the Evangelical
+Reformation in all lands; Hooker, the Father of English Prose;
+Shakspere, the Father of English Literature; Milton, the Father of
+the English Epic; Bunyan, the Father of English Allegory; Newton,
+the father of English Science; Carey, the Father of the Second
+Reformation through Foreign Missions.
+
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX
+
+I.--CHARTER OF INCORPORATION OF SERAMPORE COLLEGE
+
+WE, Frederick the Sixth, by the Grace of God King of Denmark, the
+Venders and Gothers, Duke of Slesvig Holsten, Stormarn, Ditmarsken,
+Limessborg and Oldenborg, by writings these make known and publicly
+declare, that whereas William Carey and Joshua Marshman, Doctors of
+Divinity, and John Clark Marshman, Esq., inhabitants of our town of
+Fredericksnagore (or Serampore) in Bengal, being desirous of
+founding a College to promote piety and learning particularly among
+the native Christian population of India, have to secure this object
+erected suitable buildings and purchased and collected suitable
+books, maps, etc., and have humbly besought us to grant unto them
+and such persons as shall be elected by them and their successors to
+form the Council of the College in the manner to be hereafter named,
+our Royal Charter of Incorporation that they may the more
+effectually carry into execution the purposes above-mentioned:--We,
+being desirous to encourage so laudable an undertaking, have of our
+special grace and free motion ordained, constituted, granted and
+declared, and by the presents We do for ourselves, our heirs and
+successors ordain, constitute, grant and declare:
+
+1. That the said William Carey, Joshua Marshman and John Clark
+Marshman, and such other person or persons as shall successively be
+elected and appointed the Council of the said College, in the manner
+hereafter mentioned, shall by virtue of the presents be for ever
+hereafter one body politic and incorporate by the name of the
+Serampore College for the purposes aforesaid to have perpetual
+succession and to have a common seal, and by the said name to sue
+and be sued, to implead and be impleaded, and to answer and be
+answered unto in every court and place belonging to us, our heirs
+and successors.
+
+2. And We do hereby ordain, constitute and declare that the persons
+hereby incorporated and their successors shall for ever be competent
+in law to purchase, hold and enjoy for them and their successors any
+goods and chattels whatsoever and to receive, purchase, hold and
+enjoy, they and their successors, any lands, tenements or
+hereditaments whatever, and that they shall have full power and
+authority to sell, exchange or otherwise dispose of any real or
+personal property to be by them acquired as aforesaid, unless the
+sale or alienation of such property be specially prohibited by the
+donor or donors thereof, and to do all things relating to the said
+College or Corporation in as ample a manner or form as any of our
+liege subjects, or any other body politic or corporate in our said
+kingdom or its dependencies may or can do.
+
+3. And We do hereby ordain, grant and declare that the number of
+Professors, Fellows or Student Tutors and Students, shall be
+indefinite and that the said William Carey, Joshua Marshman and John
+Clark Marshman, shall be the first Council of the said College, and
+that in the event of its appearing to them necessary during their
+life-time, or in the case of the death of any one of the three
+members of the said first Council, the survivors or survivor shall
+and may under their respective hands and seals appoint such other
+person or persons to be members of the Council of the College, and
+to succeed each other so as to become Members of the said Council in
+the order in which they shall be appointed, to the intent that the
+Council of the said College shall for ever consist of at least three
+persons.
+
+4. And We do hereby further ordain, grant and declare, that for the
+better government of the said College, and the better management of
+its concerns, the said William Carey, Joshua Marshman and John Clark
+Marshman, the members of the first Council, shall have full power
+and authority for the space of ten years from the date of these
+presents, to make and establish such statutes as shall appear to
+them useful and necessary for the government of the said College, in
+which statutes they shall define the powers to be entrusted to their
+successors, to the Professors, the Fellows or Student Tutors and the
+other Officers thereof, and the duties to be performed by these
+respectively for the management of the estates, lands, revenues and
+goods--and of the business of the said College, and the manner of
+proposing, electing, admitting and removing all and every one of the
+Council, the Professors, the Fellows or Tutors, the officers, the
+students and the servants thereof, and shall make and establish
+generally all such other statutes as may appear to them necessary
+for the future good government and prosperity of the said College,
+provided that these statutes be not contrary to the laws and
+statutes of our realm.
+
+5. And we do hereby further ordain, grant and declare, that the
+statutes thus made and established by the said three members of the
+first Council, and given or left in writing under their respective
+hands, shall be valid and in full force at the expiration of ten
+years from the date of these presents, so that no future Council of
+the College shall have power to alter, change or vary them in any
+manner whatever and that the statutes shall for ever be considered
+the constitution of the said College.  And we do hereby appoint and
+declare that these statutes shall be made and established by the
+said William Carey, Joshua Marshman and John Clark Marshman alone,
+so that in case either of them should die before the expiration of
+ten years, the power of completing or perfecting these statutes
+shall devolve wholly on the survivors or survivor; and that in case
+all three of them should die before the expiration of ten years, the
+statutes which they have left in writing under their hands, or under
+the hand of the last survivor among them shall be considered "The
+Fundamental Statutes and Constitution of Serampore College,"
+incapable of receiving either addition or alteration, and shall and
+may be registered in our Royal Court of Chancery as "The Statutes
+and Constitution of Serampore College."
+
+6. And We do hereby further appoint, grant and declare that from and
+after the completion of the statutes of the said College in the
+above said time of ten years, the said Council of the College shall
+be deemed to consist of a Master or President and two or four
+members who may be Professors or otherwise as the Statutes may
+direct so that the said Council shall not contain less than three,
+nor more than five persons, as shall be defined in the Statutes.
+The Council shall ever be elected as the Statutes of the College
+may direct, yet the said Master or President shall always previously
+have been a Member of the said College; and upon the decease of the
+said Master or President, the Council of the said College shall be
+unable to do any act or deed until the appointment of a new Master
+or President, save and except the appointment of such a Master.
+
+7. And We further appoint, grant and declare, that the said William
+Carey, Joshua Marshman and John Clark Marshman, the members of the
+first Council, and their successors for ever, shall have the power
+of conferring upon the students of the said College, Native
+Christians as well as others, degrees of rank and honour according
+to their proficiency in as ample a manner as any other such College,
+yet the said Serampore College shall only have the power of
+conferring such degrees on the students that testify their
+proficiency in Science and no rank or other special right shall be
+connected therewith in our dominions.  And We do hereby further
+appoint, grant and declare, that after the expiration of the said
+ten years, the said Council of the College and their successors for
+ever shall have power to make and establish such orders and bye-laws
+as shall appear to them useful and necessary for the government of
+the said College, and to alter, suspend or repeal those already
+made, and from time to time make such new ones in their room as
+shall appear to them most proper and expedient provided the same be
+not repugnant to the Statutes of the College, or to the laws of our
+realm, and that after the expiration of these ten years any member
+of the Council shall have power to move the enactment of any new
+bye-law, or the alteration, suspension or repeal of any existing one
+provided notice of such motion shall have been delivered in writing
+to the Master and read from the Chair at one previous meeting of the
+Council of the said College, but that no such motion shall be deemed
+to have passed in the affirmative, until the same shall have been
+discussed and decided by ballot at another meeting summoned
+especially for that purpose, a majority of the members then present
+having voted in the affirmative; and in this, as in all other cases,
+if the votes be equal, the Master or President shall have the
+casting vote.
+
+Given at our Royal Palace in Copenhagen on the twenty-third day of
+February, in the year of our Lord one thousand, eight hundred and
+twenty-seven, in the nineteenth year of our reign.
+
+Under our Royal Hand and Seal.
+
+FREDERICK R.
+
+
+
+II.--STATUTES AND REGULATIONS OF SERAMPORE COLLEGE
+
+June 12th, 1833.
+
+1. Article the Third of the Charter granted by his Danish Majesty,
+having authorised the first Council of Serampore College in their
+lifetime to nominate under their hand and seal such other person or
+persons for colleagues or successors as may to them appear most
+proper, so that the Council shall always consist of at least three
+persons, their successors in the Council shall be competent in like
+manner to nominate in their lifetime, under their separate hand and
+seal, such person or persons as they may deem most proper to fill
+vacancies then existing or which may occur on their demise; members
+thus nominated and chosen shall succeed to the Council in order of
+their nomination.
+
+2. It being fixed in the Charter that the Council must consist of
+the Master or President and at least two, but no more than four
+Members, and that on the demise of the Master no act shall be done
+until another be elected, the Master and Council for the time being
+shall appoint the next Master under their separate hand and seal.
+If on the demise of a Master no one be found thus appointed under
+the hand and seal of a majority of the Council, the Senior Member of
+the Council shall succeed as Master.
+
+3. The Charter having given the casting vote to the Master, in all
+cases when the votes are equal the casting vote shall lie with the
+Master, and if there be no Master, it shall lie with the Senior
+Member of the Council.
+
+4. Learning and piety being peculiar to no denomination of
+Christians, one member of the Council may at all times be of any
+other denomination besides the Baptist, to preserve the original
+design of the Institution; however, if on the election of a Master a
+number of the Council be equally divided, that part which is
+entirely of the Baptist denomination shall have the casting vote,
+whether it includes the Master or not.
+
+5. The management of the College, including its revenues and
+property, the choice of Professor and Tutors, the admission of
+Students, the appointment of all functionaries and servants, and the
+general order and government of the College, shall ever be vested in
+the Master and the Council.  The Master shall see that the Statutes
+and Regulations of the Council be duly carried into effect, and take
+order for the good government of the College in all things.  His
+signature is necessary to the validity of all deeds, instruments,
+documents and proceedings.
+
+6. "The first Council and their successor for ever" being authorised
+by the Charter "to confer such degrees of rank and honour as shall
+encourage learning" in the same manner as other Colleges and
+Universities, they shall from time to time confer degrees in such
+branches of Knowledge and Science as may be studied there, in the
+same manner as the Universities in Denmark, Germany and Great
+Britain.  In doing this the Master and Council shall ad libitum call
+in the aid of any or all the Professors of Serampore College.  All
+such degrees shall be perfectly free of expense to the person on
+whom they may be conferred, whether he be in India, Europe or
+America.
+
+7. No oaths shall be administered in Serampore College, either to
+the Members of Council, the Professors and Tutors, or the Students.
+In all cases a solemn promise, duly recorded and signed by the
+party, shall be accepted instead of an oath.
+
+8. Marriage shall be no bar to any office or situation in Serampore
+College, from that of the Master to that of the lowest student.
+
+9. The salaries of the Professors and Tutors in Serampore College
+shall be appointed, and the means of support for all functionaries,
+students and servants be regulated by the Council in such manner as
+shall best promote the objects of the Institution.
+
+10. It is intended that neither the Master nor any Member of the
+Council in general shall receive any salary.  But any Master who may
+not previously reside in the College shall have a residence there
+free of rent for himself and his family.  And if the Council shall
+elect any one in Europe or in America, whom they deem eminent for
+learning and piety, a Member of the Council, with a view to choosing
+him Master, should they on trial deem him worthy, the Council shall
+be competent to appoint him such salary as they may deem necessary,
+not exceeding, however, the highest given to a Professor.
+
+11. As the founders of the College deem the belief of Christ's
+Divinity and Atonement essential to vital Christianity, the
+promotion of which is the grand object of this Institution, no one
+shall be eligible to the College Council or to any Professorship who
+is known to oppose these doctrines, and should any one of the
+Professors or any member of the Council unhappily so change his
+views after his election as to oppose these fundamental doctrines of
+Christianity, on this being clearly and decidedly proved from his
+teaching or his writings, he shall vacate the office he previously
+held.  But every proceeding of this nature on the part of the
+College Council shall be published to the Christian world, with the
+proofs on which it may rest, as an Appendix to the succeeding
+Report.
+
+12. Members of the Council are eligible from among the Professors of
+the College, or from among any in India, Europe, or America whom the
+College Council may deem suitable in point of learning, piety, and
+talent.
+
+13. Students are admissible at the discretion of the Council from
+any body of Christians, whether Protestant, Roman Catholic, the
+Greek, or the Armenian Church; and for the purpose of study, from
+the Mussulman and Hindu youth, whose habits forbid their living in
+the College.  No caste, colour, or country shall bar any man from
+admission into Serampore College.
+
+14. Expulsion shall be awarded in cases of open immorality,
+incorrigible idleness, neglect of the College Statutes and
+regulations, or repeated disobedience to the officers of the
+College.
+
+15. Any person in India, Europe, or America shall be at liberty to
+found any Professorship, or to attach to Serampore College any
+annual exhibition or prize for the encouragement of learning in the
+same manner as in the Universities of Great Britain, regulating such
+endowment according to their own will; and it shall be duty of the
+College Council to carry such benefactions into effect in strict
+consonance with the will of the donors as far as shall be consistent
+with the Statutes of the College.
+
+16. It shall be lawful for the first Council of the College or their
+successors to make and rescind any bye-laws whatever, provided they
+be not contrary to these Statutes.
+
+17. The Charter having declared that the number of the Professors
+and students in Serampore College remains unlimited, they shall be
+left thus unlimited, the number to be regulated only by the gracious
+providence of God and the generosity of the public in India, Europe
+and America.
+
+
+
+III.--ARTICLE VI., CLAUSE 2, OF THE TREATY OF PURCHASE, TRANSFERRING
+SERAMPORE TO THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT
+
+"The rights and immunities granted to the Serampore College by Royal
+Charter of date, 23rd February, 1827, shall not be interfered with,
+but continue in force in the same manner as if they had been
+obtained by a Charter from the British Government, subject to the
+general law of British India."
+
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES
+
+1 Iphicrates, great Athenian general, who was the son of a
+shoemaker, used this saying, fit motto for Carey, Ýî ïæùí åæò ïæá.
+{Font=Courier New Greek}
+
+2 The shopmate, William Manning, preserved this signboard.  In 1881
+we found a Baptist shoemaker, a descendant of Carey's wife, with
+four assistants, at work in the shed.  Then an old man, who had
+occasionally worked under Carey, had just died, and he used to tell
+how Carey had once flipped him with his apron when he had allowed
+the wax to boil over.
+
+3 In the library of the late Rev. T. Toller of Kettering was a
+manuscript (now in the library of Bristol Baptist College) of nine
+small octavo pages, evidently in the exquisitely small and legible
+handwriting of Carey, on the Psalter.  The short treatise discusses
+the literary character and authorship of the Psalms in the style of
+Michaelis and Bishop Lowth, whose writings are referred to.  The
+Hebrew words used are written even more beautifully than the
+English.  If this little work was written before Carey went to
+India--and the caligraphy seems to point to that--the author shows a
+very early familiarity with the writings of one who was his
+predecessor as a Christian Orientalist, Sir William Jones.  The
+closing paragraph has this sentence:--"A frequent perusal of the
+book of Psalms is recommended to all.  We should permit few days to
+pass without reading in Hebrew one of those sacred poems; the more
+they are read and studied, the more will they delight, edify, and
+instruct."
+
+4 Twice reprinted, in Leicester, and in London (1892) in facsimile.
+
+5 Wealth of Nations, Book IV., Chap. VII.
+
+6 Mr. Thomas Haddon of Clipstone writes: "I recollect when I was
+about ten years old, at my father's house; it was on a Saturday,
+Carey was on his way to Arnsby (which is twenty miles from Moulton)
+to supply there the following Sabbath; he had then walked from
+Moulton to Clipstone, a distance of ten miles, and had ten miles
+further to walk to Arnsby.  My honoured father had been intimately
+acquainted with him for some years before, and he pressed him to
+stay and take an early cup of tea before he went further.  I well
+recollect my father saying to him, 'I suppose you still work at your
+trade?' (which was that of an army and navy shoemaker).  Mr. Carey
+replied: 'No, indeed, I do not; for yesterday week I took in my work
+to Kettering, and Mr. Gotch came into the warehouse just as I had
+emptied my bag.  He took up one of the shoes and said, "Let me see,
+Carey, how much do you earn a week?"  I said, "About 9s., sir."  Mr.
+Gotch then said: "I have a secret to tell you, which is this: I do
+not intend you should spoil any more of my leather, but you may
+proceed as fast as you can with your Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, and I
+will allow you from my own private purse 10s. a week!"  With that
+sum and about 5s. a week which I get from my people at Moulton, I
+can make a comfortable living' (although at that time he had a wife
+and three children to provide for)."
+
+7 Farewell Letters on Returning to Bengal in 1821.
+
+8 Rev. A. T. Clarke succeeded Kiernander in 1789 in the Old or
+Mission Church, according to Miss Blechynden's Calcutta Past and
+Present (1905), p. 84.
+
+9 At this time, and up to 1801, the last survivor of the Black Hole
+tragedy was living in Calcutta and bore his own name, though the
+missionary knew it not.  Mrs. Carey was a country-born woman, who,
+when a girl, had married an officer of one of the East Indiamen, and
+with him, her mother, and sister, had been shut up in the Black
+Hole, where, while they perished, she is said to have retained life
+by swallowing her tears.  Dr. Bishop, of Merchant Taylors'
+School--Clive's School--wrote Latin verses on the story, which thus
+conclude--
+
+        "...Nescit sitiendo perire
+Cui sic dat lacrymas quas bibat ipsa fides."
+--See Echoes from Old Calcutta, by Dr. Busteed, C.I.E.
+
+10 But not its Church.  In October 1796 Mr. A. Johnstone, thirty
+years elder in Lady Yester's congregation, beside the University of
+Edinburgh, began a prayer meeting for Carey's work and for foreign
+missions.  He was summoned to the Presbytery, and there questioned
+as if he had been a "Black-neb" or revolutionary.  This meeting led
+to the foundation of the Sabbath School and Destitute Sick Societies
+in Edinburgh.  See Lives of the Haldanes.
+
+11 Dr. Marshman's English translation is still used, beginning--
+
+"Oh! thou my soul forget no more
+ The Friend who all thy misery bore."
+
+12 The chatookee is a bird which, they say, drinks not at the
+streams below: but when it rains, opening its bill, it catches the
+drops as they fall from the clouds.
+
+13 The sight of the red coat of the military surgeon who attended
+him gave this form to his delirious talk: "I treated him very
+roughly and refused to touch his medicine.  In vain did he retire
+and put on a black coat.  I knew him and was resolved."
+
+14 In a criticism of the three Sanskrit grammars of Carey, Wilkins,
+and Colebrooke, the first number of the Quarterly Review in 1809
+pronounces the first "everywhere useful, laborious, and practical.
+Mr. Wilkins has also discussed these subjects, though not always so
+amply as the worthy and unwearied missionary.  We have been much
+pleased with Dr. Carey's very sensible preface."
+
+15 It was reserved for a young Orientalist, whom the career of Carey
+and Wilson of Bombay attracted to the life of a Christian
+missionary, to do full justice to this book and its literature.  In
+1885 the Hon. Ion Keith-Falconer, M.A., published, at the Cambridge
+University Press, his Kalilah and Dimnah, or The Fables of Bidpai:
+Being an Account of their Literary History, with an English
+Translation of the later Syriac Version of the Same, and Notes.  The
+heroic scholar and humble follower of Christ, having given himself
+and his all to found a Mission to the Mohammedans of South Arabia,
+at Sheikh Othman, near Aden, died there, on 11th May 1887, a death
+which will bring life to Yemen, through his memory, and the Mission
+which he founded, his family support, and the United Free Church of
+Scotland carry on in his name.
+
+16                   THIRTY-SIX BIBLE TRANSLATIONS,
+
+               MADE AND EDITED BY DR. CAREY AT SERAMPORE
+
+   First
+Published in
+    1801. BENGALI--New Testament; Old Testament in 1802-9.
+    1811.   Ooriya       "              "       in 1819.
+    1824.   Maghadi      " only.
+ 1815-19.   Assamese     "              "       in 1832.
+    1824.   Khasi.
+ 1814-24.   Manipoori.
+    1808. SANSKRIT       "              "       in 1811-18.
+ 1809-11. HINDI          "              "       in 1813-18.
+ 1822-32.   Bruj-bhasa   " only.
+ 1815-22.   Kanouji      "   "
+    1820.   Khosali--Gospel of Matthew only.
+    1822.   Oodeypoori--New Testament only.
+    1815.   Jeypoori             "
+    1821.   Bhugeli              "
+    1821.   Marwari              "
+    1822.   Haraoti              "
+    1823.   Bikaneri             "
+    1823.   Oojeini              "
+    1824.   Bhatti               "
+    1832.   Palpa                "
+    1826.   Kumaoni              "
+    1832.   Gurhwali             "
+    1821.   Nepalese             "
+    1811. MARATHI--              "   Old Testament in 1820.
+    1820.   Goojarati            " only.
+    1819.   Konkan               "   Pentateuch in 1821.
+    1815. PANJABI                "       " and Historical Books
+                                                in 1822.
+    1819.   Mooltani--New Testament.
+    1825.   Sindhi--Gospel of Matthew only.
+    1820.   Kashmeeri--New Testament; and Old Testament to 2nd Book
+                                       of Kings.
+ 1820-26.   Dogri--New Testament only.
+    1819. PUSHTOO--New Test. and Old Test. Historical Books.
+    1815. BALOOCHI     "         Three Gospels.
+    1818. TELUGOO      "         and Pentateuch in 1820.
+    1822. KANARESE     "         only.
+          MALDIVIAN--Four Gospels.
+
+                EDITED AND PRINTED ONLY BY CAREY
+
+Persian.                         Singhalese.
+Hindostani.                      Chinese (Dr. Marshman's).
+Malayalam.                       Javanese.
+Burmese--Matthew's Gospel.       Malay.
+
+17 Life and Work in Benares and Kumaon, 1839-77. London, 1884.
+
+18 Mr. John Marshman, in his Life and Times of the three, states
+that Fry and Figgins, the London typefounders, would not produce
+under £700 half the Nagari fount which the Serampore native turned
+out at about £100.  In 1813 Dr. Marshman's Chinese Gospels were
+printed on movable metallic types, instead of the immemorial wooden
+blocks, for the first time in the twenty centuries of the history of
+Chinese printing.  This forms an era in the history of Chinese
+literature, he justly remarks.
+
+19 The fervent printer thus wrote to his Hull friends:--"To give to
+a man a New Testament who never saw it, who has been reading lies as
+the Word of God; to give him these everlasting lines which angels
+would be glad to read--this, this is my blessed work."
+
+20 In 1795 Captain Dodds, a Madras officer front Scotland,
+translated part of the Bible into Telugoo, and, lingering on in the
+country to complete the work, died seven days after the date of his
+letter on the subject in the Missionary Magazines of 1796.
+
+21 Then Editor of the Friend of India.
+
+22 The Chaitanya Charita Amrita, by Krishna Dass in 1557, was the
+first of importance.
+
+23 Nor was his influence confined to the Protestant division of
+Christendom.  When, on the Restoration of 1815, France became once
+more aggressively Romanist for a time, the Association for the
+Propagation of the Faith was founded at Lyons and Paris, avowedly on
+the model of the Baptist Missionary Society, and it now raises a
+quarter of a million sterling a year for its missions.  The
+expression in an early number of its Annales is:--"C'est
+l'Angleterre qui a fourni l'idée modèle," etc. "La Société des
+Anabaptistes a formé pour ses Missions des Sociétés," etc.
+
+24 Life of Alexander Duff, D.D., LL.D., chapter I.
+
+25 Fuller more than once referred to the dying words of Sutcliff--"I
+wish I had prayed more." "I do not suppose he wished he had prayed
+more frequently, but more spiritually.  I wish I had prayed more for
+the influences of the Holy Spirit; I might have enjoyed more of the
+power of vital godliness.  I wish I had prayed more for the
+assistance of the Holy Spirit in studying and preaching my sermons;
+I might have seen more of the blessing of God attending my ministry.
+I wish I had prayed more for the outpouring of the Holy Spirit to
+attend the labours of our friends in India; I might have witnessed
+more of the effects of their efforts in the conversion of the
+heathen."
+
+26 The Baptist missionary, who became an Arian, and was afterwards
+employed by Lord William Bentinck to report on the actual state of
+primary education in Bengal.
+
+27 The first India chaplain of the Church of Scotland,
+superintendent of stationery and editor of the John Bull.--See Life
+of Alexander Duff, D.D.
+
+28 His Majesty's Lord Chamberlain formally expressed to the British
+Minister at Copenhagen, H.E. the Hon. Edmund Monson, C.B., the
+King's high pleasure at "the author's noble expressions of the good
+his pre-possessors of the throne and the government of Denmark tried
+to do for their Indian subjects," when the first edition of this
+Life of William Carey, D.D., was presented to His Majesty.--See
+Taylor and Son's Biographical and Literary Notices of William Carey,
+D.D., Northampton, 1886.
+
+29 In 1834, the year Carey died, there were in the college ten
+European and Eurasian students learning Hebrew, Greek, Latin,
+Bengali, mathematics, chemistry, mental philosophy, and history
+(ancient and ecclesiastical).  There were forty-eight resident
+native Christians and thirty-four Hindoos, sons of Brahmans chiefly,
+learning Sanskrit, Bengali, and English. "The Bengal language is
+sedulously cultivated...The Christian natives of India will most
+effectually combat error and diffuse sounder information with a
+knowledge of Sanskrit.  The communication, therefore, of a
+thoroughly classic Indian education to Christian youth is deemed an
+important but not always an indispensable object."
+
+30 Serampore--Srirampur or place of the worshipful Ram.
+
+31 Aitchison's Collection, vol. i., edition 1892, pp. 81-86
+
+32 Life of Alexander Duff, D.D., LL.D., 1879.
+
+33 William Carey, by James Culross, D.D., 1881.
+
+34 For years, and till the land was sold to the India Jute Company
+in 1875, the Garden was kept up at the expense of John Marshman,
+Esq., C.S.I.
+
+                                                            Sa. Rs.
+35 "From May 1801 to June 1807, inclusive, as Teacher of
+    Bengali and Sanskrit, 74 months at 500 rupees monthly   37,000
+
+    From 1st July 1807 to 31st May 1830, as Professor of
+    ditto, at 1000 rupees monthly                         2,75,000
+
+    From 23rd Oct. to July 1830, inclusive, 300 rupees
+    monthly, as Translator of Government Regulations        24,600
+
+    From 1st July 1830 to 31st May 1834, a pension of 500
+    rupees monthly                                          23,500
+
+                                            "Sicca Rupees 3,60,100"
+
+36 The Evangelical Succession. Third Series. Edinburgh, Macniven and
+Wallace, 1884.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of The Project Gutenberg Etext of Life of William Carey, by Smith
+