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+Project Gutenberg's Current History, A Monthly Magazine, by New York Times
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Current History, A Monthly Magazine
+       The European War, March 1915
+
+Author: New York Times
+
+Release Date: February 6, 2007 [EBook #20521]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CURRENT HISTORY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Linda Cantoni, and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The New York Times
+
+CURRENT HISTORY
+
+A MONTHLY MAGAZINE
+
+_THE EUROPEAN WAR_
+
+MARCH, 1915
+
+
+
+
+Caldron of the Balkans
+
+
+     But little has hitherto been published in English describing
+     from original sources how the Balkan States, out of which
+     the world conflict arose, resolved, in Kipling's phrase, to
+     "stand up and meet the war." The following documents, taken
+     from authoritative Balkan sources, show for the first time
+     the purely Balkan aspect of the great struggle.
+
+
+
+
+How Turkey Went to War
+
+By Ottoman Authorities
+
+
+_Immediately on receiving official notification of the rupture of
+diplomatic relations between Austria and Servia, the Turkish Grand
+Vizier hastened to inform the Diplomatic Corps in Constantinople that
+Turkey would remain neutral in the conflict. Explaining this official
+Turkish declaration, the following editorial article appeared early in
+August in the Ministerial paper, Tasfiri-Efkiar, published in
+Constantinople:_
+
+The declarations made by the Grand Vizier to the Ambassadors of the
+powers, in order to reassure them as to the dispositions of Turkey, do
+not constitute from a legal point of view a declaration of neutrality,
+according to the stipulations of The Hague Conventions; likewise the
+Austrian ultimatum to Servia, viewed in the same light, is not
+tantamount to a declaration of war. In fact, The Hague Conventions
+demand a formal declaration in both cases. But if the formal
+declaration of Turkish neutrality cannot be made before she has
+received an official notification of the existing war, it is
+nevertheless true that the head of the Government, in his
+conversations with the Ambassadors, has given them to understand what
+the opinion of the people is here. And even without this, the efforts
+of the Turkish Government, the desire, and the policy of Turkey, are
+so explicit that there is no ground for doubt as to the significance
+of the declarations of the Grand Vizier.
+
+Turkey has never asked for war, as she always has worked toward
+avoiding it. But we must not misunderstand the meaning of certain
+terms. Neutrality does not mean indifference. The present
+Austro-Servian conflict is to a supreme degree interesting to us. In
+the first place, one of our erstwhile opponents is fighting against a
+much stronger enemy. In the natural course of things Servia, which
+till lately was expressing, in a rather open way, her solidarity as a
+nation, still provoking us, and Greece will be materially weakened. In
+the second place, the results of this war may surpass the limits of a
+conflict between two countries, and in that case our interests will be
+just as materially affected.
+
+We must therefore keep our eyes open, as the circumstances are
+momentarily changing, and do not permit us to let escape certain
+advantages which we can secure by an active and rightly acting
+diplomacy.
+
+The policy of neutrality will impose on us the obligation of avoiding
+to side with either of the belligerents, but the same policy will
+force us to take all the necessary measures for safeguarding our
+interests and our frontiers. If it be true, as reported, that the
+pacificist tendencies of Turkey constitute one of the safest
+guarantees of peace in the Balkans, then we must hope that on the day
+when a general settlement of accounts will be made Europe will be
+willing to recognize the important part played by Turkey in the
+preservation of peace in the Near East, and will be eager to rectify,
+if not all, at least one part of the wrongs she has caused to our
+country.
+
+
+TURKEY LEARNS OF THE WAR.
+
+_Turkish mobilization was still at its first stages when the European
+war began on Aug. 1, 1914. The Turkish Government in particular and
+the Turkish population in general were overwhelmed by the unexpected
+turn of European events, and it was at the height of the crisis that
+Turkey received the news of her two battleships building in British
+yards being taken over by England. A correspondent of The Daily
+Atlantis of New York, writing in Constantinople on Aug. 10, said:_
+
+The European war makes the Turks think that this is their golden
+opportunity for turkifying the empire from the one end to the other.
+All non-Moslems, mere boys and young men of 25 to 30 years of age and
+grown men up to 45, are being arrested by the police and secret
+service force, and dragged to the barracks, like convicts, and if they
+fail to pay the fifty or eighty pounds Turkish ($230 or $350) for
+exemption from military service, they are forced to work as
+"assistant-soldiers."
+
+The soldiers thus designated are not given rifles, nor are they
+trained for service, but are simply employed as servants to the
+regular soldiers. It is easy to understand that no one can endure such
+conditions of military life, the result being that each and every one
+of these non-Moslems sells whatever property he has in order to pay
+the ransom and get away from the army, and from Turkey as well. In ten
+days, since this peculiar recruiting began, fully ten thousand Greeks
+found a way of escaping from Constantinople, many of them finding a
+refuge in the free and hospitable United States. This getting away is
+not so easy, writes the same correspondent, because officials of the
+various ports are exacting heavy sums from the fugitives before
+letting them go. Graft and extortion in this case reign supreme, and
+it costs anywhere from three to fifteen pounds ($13 to $70) to "buy" a
+police or port official. This process, originating in Constantinople,
+is widespread in the provinces, and the sums paid in this way by the
+non-Moslems to escape military service amount to millions. "Let the
+infidels pay!" say the Turkish officials. "They have taken our ships,
+and they have to pay for it."
+
+The popular feeling against England in these first days of the
+European war is fierce. Numerous manifestations, in which the younger
+element was largely represented, proceeded to attack the British
+stores and British subjects, and there have been serious attempts
+against the British Embassy in Constantinople and the British
+Consulate at Smyrna.
+
+[Illustration: H.R.H. PRINCESS MARIE JOSE
+
+Only Daughter of the King of the Belgians.
+
+(_Photo from Underwood & Underwood._)]
+
+[Illustration: HIS EMINENCE, CARDINAL MERCIER
+
+Archbishop of Mechlin, Primate of Belgium.]
+
+
+CONSTANTINOPLE IN AUGUST.
+
+_Another letter from the same source, dated Constantinople, Aug. 6,
+gives the following picture of the Turkish capital in the early
+days of the European war:_
+
+It is impossible to describe the way in which the Porte is trying to
+put the country on a war footing, notwithstanding the terrible odds
+she has to fight against. God only knows what the Turks are expecting
+if the Austro-Servian conflict turns out according to their desires,
+or if the European conflict takes the form of a decisive Austro-German
+victory. We now have ample proof to show that the Turkish mobilization
+is in such a way conducted as to be ready to act in common with
+Bulgaria, in a simultaneous attack against Greek and Servian
+Macedonia, as soon as the Austrians have a first decisive victory over
+the Servians. This scheme, however, seems to be doomed since the entry
+of Great Britain into the general war, and there are indications that
+Turkey, warned by England and Russia, will disband her already
+mobilized army. On the other hand, the news reaches Constantinople
+that the Russian forces have crossed the frontier into Turkish
+Armenia, and occupied Erzeroum, while Enver Pasha was seen yesterday,
+(Aug. 5,) paying hasty visits to the Russian and British Embassies.
+While such is the political situation, matters are still worse in the
+business world of the Turkish capital. It is almost impossible to give
+an idea of the general upheaval brought about by greedy speculators,
+who are taking advantage of this anomalous situation, and by the
+Government itself, requisitioning everything they can lay their hands
+on, regardless of reason or necessity.
+
+Policemen and Sheriffs, followed by military officers, are taking by
+force everything in the way of foodstuffs, entering the bakeries and
+other shops selling victuals, boarding ships with cargoes of flour,
+potatoes, wheat, rice, &c., and taking over virtually everything,
+giving in lieu of payment a receipt which is not worth even the paper
+on which it is written.
+
+In this way many shops are forced to close, bread has entirely
+disappeared from the bakeries, and Constantinople, the capital of a
+neutral country, is already feeling all the troubles and privations
+of a besieged city. Prices for foodstuffs have soared to inaccessible
+heights as provisions are becoming scarce. Actual hand-to-hand combats
+are taking place in the streets outside the bakeries for the
+possession of a loaf of bread, and hungry women with children in their
+arms are seen crying and weeping in despair.
+
+Many merchants, afraid lest the Government requisition their goods,
+hastened to have their orders canceled, the result being that no
+merchandise of any kind is coming to Constantinople either from Europe
+or from Anatolia.
+
+Both on account of the recruiting of their employes and of shortage of
+coal the companies operating the electric tramways of the city have
+reduced their service to the minimum, as no power is available for the
+running of the cars.
+
+Heartrending scenes are witnessed in front of the closed doors of the
+various banking establishments, where large posters are to be seen,
+bearing the inscription: _Closed temporarily, by order of the
+Government._ The most popular of these institutions is the Wiener
+Bankverein. This bank, by making special inducements to small
+depositors and by paying a higher interest than the others, succeeded
+in concentrating the savings of many people of the working classes,
+and as this institution is in imminent danger the rush to its doors is
+exceptionally great and riotous.
+
+The municipality has issued a number of ordinances fixing the prices
+of all necessary commodities, and the Government, after the first
+panic, declared that no further requisitions are to be made. At the
+same time the authorities took special pains in order to induce the
+various merchants to import goods from abroad, thus relieving the
+extremely strained situation of the market; but it is doubtful whether
+such measures will have any calming effect on the scared population.
+
+Immediately after war was declared between Germany and Russia the
+Porte ordered the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles closed to every kind
+of shipping, at the same time barring the entrances of these channels
+with rows of mines. The first boat to suffer from this measure was a
+British merchantman, which was sunk outside the Bosphorus, while
+another had a narrow escape in the Dardanelles. A large number of
+steamers of every nationality are waiting outside the straits for the
+special pilot boats of the Turkish Government, in order to pass in
+safety through the dangerous mine field. This measure of closing the
+straits was suggested to Turkey by Austria and Germany, and was
+primarily intended against Russia, as it was feared that her Black Sea
+fleet might force its way into the Sea of Marmora and the Aegean.
+
+
+TURKISH PARLIAMENT PROROGUED.
+
+_On Sunday, Aug. 2, the Medjlissi-Meboussan, or Parliament of Turkey,
+was urgently called together, and the Speaker of the House addressed
+the members as follows:_
+
+Dear Colleagues: The imperial proclamation ordering the last elections
+has produced some uneasiness both within and without the empire. It
+was said at that time that the Chamber was to be convened only to give
+vent to partisan feeling and to disturb the quiet of the country. The
+elections, however, proceeded in as orderly a way as possible, and the
+Chamber performed its duty with great order and solicitude, having
+voted the budget and many other laws. The country accordingly is
+convinced that the Chamber has fulfilled its duty with relative calm,
+in view of the circumstances. We part today in order to meet again in
+November. The war between Austria-Hungary and Servia has a tremendous
+importance in the general European situation. While until yesterday
+Europe was kept in a state of watchful waiting, now we are informed
+that war has been declared between Germany and Russia. In face of such
+an international situation, it behooves all us Ottomans to rally in a
+spirit of harmony around the imperial throne, and to act with the
+moderation characteristic of our race for the preservation of our
+country.
+
+Hoping that the great example given by Parliament to the nation as
+regards the working in a spirit of harmony and order will have its due
+influence on the country at large, I salute you and bid you farewell.
+
+
+THE MOBILIZATION.
+
+_One of the first schemes of the German General, Liman von Sanders,
+for the reorganization of the Turkish Army was to provide a system
+whereby a speedier mobilization of the forces could be made possible.
+According to this scheme, as far back as the first days of May, 1914,
+every Mayor and village President of the empire was provided with a
+sealed envelope, under orders to open it only on telegraphic notice
+from the Central Administration. These envelopes were opened on Aug.
+3, and were found to contain the papers constituting the order of
+general mobilization, including a large poster in colors, bearing,
+under the imperial monogram, or "Tougrah," two crossed green Turkish
+flags, with crossed sword and rifle, and underneath a gun and its
+carriage, and lastly the imperial edict in large letters, reading as
+follows:_
+
+A general mobilization was ordered to
+start on ........................
+         (To be dated on notice.)
+
+Those liable for duty must report at
+their respective headquarters. First day
+of mobilization is on ........................
+                      (To be dated on notice.)
+
+
+DIPLOMATIC SITUATION AND PRESS OPINIONS.
+
+_While Turkey in this way was preparing for war, Talaat Bey, the
+Turkish Minister of the Interior, and Halil Bey, President of the
+Chamber, were leaving Constantinople for Bucharest, where they
+intended meeting the representatives of the Greek Government, in order
+to find a way of settling the outstanding Greco-Turkish differences
+regarding the Aegean Islands and the question of refugees. The object
+of this political move was twofold. First, Turkey was bent on giving
+to Europe a proof of her pacific intentions, and, second, she was
+trying to convince the Hellenic Government of her willingness to reach
+an understanding regarding their mutual differences, and begin anew
+the friendly relations of yore. The following extract is from an
+editorial article published in the Ikdam of Constantinople on Aug.
+17:_
+
+From today the regeneration of our fleet begins. From today Ottoman
+hearts must again rejoice. We must work hard now for the strengthening
+of our navy. We must know that our fleet, which till yesterday was
+lifeless, is no longer in incompetent hands and under the leadership
+of lazy minds. New Turkey has intrusted her navy to iron hands. At the
+head of our fleet is Dj�mal Pasha, whose naval successes it is
+unnecessary to mention. The commander of the fleet is the Chief of the
+Naval Staff, Arif Bey, and in command of the light flotilla is Capt.
+Muzzafer Bey. Likewise the commanders and the other officers of the
+two new battleships are chosen among the fittest. This is the
+beginning of a new era for our navy. In addition to this we must say
+that we are expecting good results from our political activity. Talaat
+Bey and Halil Bey have left for Bucharest, where they will try to find
+a solution of outstanding serious questions. At the same time they
+will have an opportunity to exchange views with Rumanian statesmen. It
+is unnecessary, in our belief, to exalt the significance of this
+mission. We think, however, that a wise and moderate policy,
+strengthened by a good army and navy, will go far in bringing good
+results.
+
+_On Sept. 10 an official announcement from the Sublime Porte was
+handed to the representatives of the powers in Constantinople, and
+communicated to the press. This declaration ran as follows:_
+
+As an expression of the sentiments of hospitality and friendship on
+the part of the Ottoman Government toward the European populations of
+the empire, there were instituted long ago certain regulations to
+which Europeans coming to the Levant for commerce would be subjected,
+these same regulations having been duly communicated to the respective
+Governments of those Europeans.
+
+These regulations, adopted by the Porte on its own initiative, and
+considered entirely as privileges, and having been strengthened and
+made more general through certain acts, have continued to be in force
+up to this time under the name "Old Treaties," (in Turkish "Ouhout-i
+Atikah.") These privileges, however, are wholly incompatible with the
+legal status of recent years, and especially with the principle of
+national sovereignty. In the first place, they became a hindrance to
+the progress and development of the Imperial Government, while in the
+second, by creating misunderstandings in its relations with the
+foreign Governments, they formed a barrier preventing these relations
+from becoming more harmonious and more sincere.
+
+The Ottoman Empire continues to advance in the path of regeneration
+and of reforms, overleaping many obstacles, and in order to acquire
+the position due to it in the civilized family of Europe, it adopted
+modern principles of government, and has not deviated from its
+programme of having the State conducted on these principles.
+
+The founding of the constitutional form of government is in itself a
+proof that the efforts of the Ottoman Empire for its regeneration have
+been fully crowned with success. Certain exceptions, however, based on
+the capitulations, such as the participation of foreigners in the
+administration of justice, which is an all-important prerogative of
+national sovereignty, the limitations imposed on the legislative
+rights of the State, based on the argument that certain laws cannot be
+applied to foreigners, the injustice inflicted on common right from
+the impossibility of convicting a delinquent who disturbs the safety
+of the country merely because he happens to be a foreigner, or because
+the prosecution against him must be subjected to certain limitations
+and particular conditions; and likewise the difference in the
+competency of the various courts dealing with cases where the
+capitulations are involved; all these constitute impregnable barriers
+against every effort of the country toward progress in the
+administration of justice.
+
+From another point of view, the fact that foreigners living in the
+Ottoman Empire are exempt from taxation, in accordance with the
+capitulations, makes it impossible for the Sublime Porte to procure
+the indispensable means for the carrying out, not only of the reforms
+but of its everyday needs.
+
+The impossibility of increasing the indirect taxation is bringing
+about the increase of direct taxes, and therefore makes the burden on
+the Ottoman tax-payers all the heavier. The fact that foreigners who
+enjoy in the Ottoman Empire every protection and every privilege as
+well as freedom in their business transactions are exempt from
+taxation constitutes in itself an intolerable injustice and creates at
+the same time a situation detrimental to the independence and prestige
+of the Government.
+
+While the Imperial Government was firm in its resolution to continue
+its efforts regarding the reforms, the general war broke and increased
+the financial difficulties of the country in such a degree that all
+the innovations and all the reforms which have been decided upon and
+actually begun are threatened to remain without effect.
+
+The Sublime Porte feels convinced that the only way toward salvation
+for the Ottoman Government lies in the realization of the necessary
+reforms in the least possible time. In the same way the Porte feels
+that every encouragement will be shown her in the decisive steps to be
+undertaken for this end.
+
+Convinced of this, the Imperial Government has decided to abolish, on
+Oct. 1, 1914, the capitulations, and all conventions, concessions, and
+privileges emanating therefrom, which have become an iron ring around
+the State, making it impossible for it to progress.
+
+At the same time the Ottoman Government engages to treat with foreign
+countries in accordance with the rules of international law. While I
+have the honor of communicating to your Excellency this decision,
+which opens a new and happy era in the life of the Ottoman Empire, an
+event which undoubtedly will please your Excellency, I consider it my
+duty to add that the Porte in abolishing the capitulations does not
+harbor any hostile feeling against any of the foreign States, but is
+acting solely in the highest interests of the empire. At the same
+time, the Porte is ready to begin pourparlers for the conclusion of
+commercial treaties in accordance with the principles of international
+law.
+
+_The Turkish press made little mention of the manner in which Europe
+took notice of the important step taken by the Porte, and the
+Ministerial Tasfiri Efkiar was the only one to express the feelings of
+the Government on this occasion, saying:_
+
+It is not proper for us to expect a unanimous and speedy satisfaction
+from all the European powers; but, on the other hand, we must welcome
+every objection and every discussion from whatever source it comes, as
+in this way we shall know who are our friends and who our enemies.
+
+
+APPROACHING THE CRISIS.
+
+_The events covering the period from Sept. 10, when the abolition of
+the capitulations was decided upon, till Oct. 29, when the Turkish
+fleet attacked Russian ports and shipping in the Black Sea, were
+confined mostly to hasty and all-absorbing warlike preparations on the
+part of the Turkish Government, assisted by the German military
+mission. The Constantinople correspondent of The Daily Atlantis of New
+York wrote on Sept. 17:_
+
+We are daily approaching a crisis. The Government has not swerved from
+its warlike attitude, and is threatening not only Greece, but Russia
+and the Triple Entente as well, while, on the other hand, it has
+failed to secure Rumanian or Bulgarian co-operation in its militant
+policy. At the same time, the Porte has learned that efforts are being
+made in the Balkans for common action against Turkey. It also became
+known that the Governments of London and Petrograd agreed to indemnify
+Bulgaria by giving her Adrianople and Thrace, while Greece was to have
+Smyrna, with a considerable hinterland.
+
+During this period the Turkish press maintained an active campaign
+against England and the Allies. The following extract from an
+editorial article published in the Terdjumani-Hakkikat thus
+characterizes the situation:
+
+     Everybody knows that the Balkan States are traversing a
+     period of doubts, and that the belligerent parties are doing
+     their best in order to secure the sympathies and the
+     assistance of the Balkan States.
+
+     To begin with, the idea of reconstructing the Balkan League
+     came under consideration. In this way the Balkan States
+     think they will become strong enough to impose their will at
+     the final settlement that will follow the war. This idea,
+     however, based as it is on the nullification of the Treaty
+     of Bucharest, and on certain sacrifices on the part of
+     Rumania and Greece, proved to be a failure. In the course of
+     the discussion between the two States it was shown that
+     neither Greece nor Rumania was willing to make any sacrifice
+     in favor of Bulgaria. The Balkan Alliance, being thus
+     unpracticable, the belligerent powers of Europe attempted to
+     attract Rumania and Bulgaria only, and to this end they made
+     every sort of promise to the two Governments of Sofia and
+     Bucharest. The President of the London Balkan Committee, Mr.
+     Noel Buxton, went to Bulgaria and made certain promises to
+     Mr. Radoslavoff, the Bulgarian Premier, in the name of Sir
+     Edward Grey. He promised the restitution to Bulgaria of the
+     Enos-Midia line, including Adrianople. The Bulgarians,
+     however, are not to be fooled in this way by promises at the
+     expense of third parties, and especially when the eventual
+     cost of these gifts might be a heavy one. We must not forget
+     that Bulgaria wants not Thrace, but Macedonia. If Great
+     Britain had promised Bulgaria Macedonia, including Saloniki,
+     and the Bulgarian Government was convinced beforehand of the
+     fulfillment of the promise, then it is certain that the
+     proposal would be accepted. But this is not in line with
+     England's interests, because in that case she would lose her
+     two other customers--Greece and Servia. And so there goes
+     Mr. Buxton making offers out of our own pocket.
+
+     But we Turks have been used to injustices; and it has become
+     an axiom in history that whenever there is trouble in any
+     part of the world we must be the ultimate sufferers. It
+     seems that this time, too, "our friends" felt like repeating
+     the same story; but now we are not to be caught napping, and
+     the Government, having in time mobilized the army, is ready
+     for every emergency.
+
+_On Sept. 27 a Turkish destroyer having been stopped by a British
+destroyer outside the Dardanelles, the Turkish Government ordered the
+straits closed to all shipping._
+
+_The Turkish Government tried to justify in the official press of
+Constantinople the measure of closing the straits by declaring that
+this important step was undertaken only after a Franco-British fleet
+had established an actual blockade of the straits to the detriment of
+Turkish commerce and neutral navigation. The Government organ, The
+Tasfiri-Efkiar, said:_
+
+The powers are trying to justify the mobilization of Switzerland, and
+are making a great case of Belgian neutrality, but meantime they
+consider our mobilization as having no other purpose than an
+aggression against our neighbors.
+
+Now, if the neutrality of Switzerland, which is guaranteed by all the
+powers, is likely to be endangered, how is it possible for us to
+remain calm and undisturbed in this universal upheaval, so long as we
+know that to annoy and continually harass Turkey according to the
+fancies of Europe has well-nigh become a sort of fashion?
+
+Those powers that are dissatisfied at our mobilization are eager to
+find our anxiety as without foundation for the mere reason that our
+territorial integrity remains under the guarantee of all the powers.
+But where was that guarantee when Tripoli and Cyrenaica were attacked
+in a way little differing from open brigandage? And was it not the
+same powers who forgot their guaranties in the Balkan Peninsula when
+they abolished the famous status quo? With such facts before us is it
+not ridiculous to speak of European guaranties? While we have now
+before us what happened to Belgium, why should our mobilization excite
+such widespread indignation? All we are trying to do is to safeguard
+and protect our interests and protect ourselves from aggression on the
+part of the Balkan States.
+
+
+WAR DECLARED.
+
+_On Oct. 29, 1914, the attack of the Turkish forces upon Russia and
+England was delivered. Following is the official Turkish version of
+the events leading to the rupture of diplomatic relations between
+Turkey and the Triple Entente, contained in the first Turkish
+communiqu� of the war, appearing in the Turkish press on Oct. 31,
+1914:_
+
+While on the 27th of October a small part of the Turkish fleet was
+manoeuvring in the Black Sea, the Russian fleet, which at first
+confined its activities to following and hindering every one of our
+movements, finally, on the 29th, unexpectedly began hostilities by
+attacking the Ottoman fleet.
+
+During the naval battle which ensued the Turkish fleet, with the help
+of the Almighty, sank the mine-layer Pruth, displacing 5,000 tons and
+having a cargo of 700 mines; inflicted severe damage on one of the
+Russian torpedo boats, and captured a collier.
+
+A torpedo from the Turkish torpedo boat Gairet-i-Millet sank the
+Russian destroyer Koubanietz, and another from the Turkish torpedo
+boat Mouavenet-i-Millet inflicted serious damage on a Russian
+coastguard ship.
+
+Three officers and seventy-two sailors, rescued by our men and
+belonging to the crews of the damaged and sunken vessels of the
+Russian fleet, have been made prisoners. The Ottoman imperial fleet,
+glory be given to the Almighty, escaped injury, and the battle is
+progressing favorably for us.
+
+The Imperial Government will no doubt protest most energetically
+against this hostile action of the Russian fleet against a small part
+of our fleet.
+
+Information received from our fleet now in the Black Sea is as
+follows: From accounts of Russian sailors taken prisoners and from the
+presence of a mine-layer among the Russian fleet, evidence is gathered
+that the Russian fleet intended closing the entrance to the Bosphorus
+with mines and destroying entirely the imperial Ottoman fleet after
+having split it in two. Our fleet, believing that it had to face an
+unexpected attack, and supposing that the Russians had begun
+hostilities without a formal declaration of war, pursued the scattered
+Russian fleet, bombarded the port of Sebastopol, destroyed in the city
+of Novorosiysk fifty petroleum depots, fourteen military transports,
+some granaries, and the wireless telegraph station.
+
+In addition to the above, our fleet has sunk in Odessa a Russian
+cruiser and damaged severely another. It is believed that this second
+boat was likewise sunk. Five other steamers full of cargoes lying in
+the same port were seriously damaged. A steamship belonging to the
+Russian volunteer fleet was also sunk, and five petroleum depots were
+destroyed.
+
+In Odessa and Sebastopol, the Russians from the shore opened fire
+against our fleet.
+
+The officers and crews of the mine-layer Pruth were subjected to a
+rigid examination.
+
+Eight or ten days ago the Pruth, lying in the roadstead of Sebastopol,
+received a cargo of mines and was put under the command of officers
+who for a number of years past had been training on board the Russian
+depot ship in Constantinople and therefore had become familiar with
+the ins and outs of the Bosphorus.
+
+As soon as it became known that a small part of the Turkish fleet went
+out to the Black Sea, the Russian fleet sailed from Sebastopol,
+leaving only an adequate squadron for the protection of the city, and
+on Oct. 27 put to sea, taking a southerly direction with the rest of
+its forces. On the next day the mine-layer Pruth left Sebastopol and
+steamed southward.
+
+The Russian fleet, acting in different ways, intended to fill with
+mines the entrance of the Bosphorus, attack the weak squadron of the
+Ottoman fleet, at that time on the high seas, and cause the
+destruction of the rest of the Turkish fleet, which, being left in the
+Bosphorus, would rush to the assistance of the light flotilla, and,
+encountering the mines, would be destroyed.
+
+Our warships manoeuvring on the high seas met the mine-layer Pruth as
+well as the torpedo boats accompanying her, and thus took place the
+events already known from previous communications.
+
+The rescued Russian officers are five in number, one of them a
+Lieutenant Commander. The prisoners have been sent to Ismid.
+
+This successful action on the part of our squadron, which only by
+chance came to be on the high seas at the time of the naval battle, is
+itself one of the utmost importance for us, as it assures the future
+of our fleet.
+
+
+THE SULTAN'S PROCLAMATION.
+
+_As soon as war was declared against Russia, England, and consequently
+France, the Sultan issued the following proclamation to his troops:_
+
+To my army! To my navy!
+
+Immediately after the war between the Great powers began, I called you
+to arms in order to be able in case of trouble to protect the
+existence of empire and country from any assault on the part of our
+enemies, who are only awaiting the chance to attack us suddenly and
+unexpectedly as they have always done.
+
+While we were thus in a state of armed neutrality, a part of the
+Russian fleet, which was going to lay mines at the entrance of the
+straits of the Black Sea, suddenly opened fire against a squadron of
+our own fleet at the time engaged in manoeuvres.
+
+While we were expecting reparation from Russia for this unjustified
+attack, contrary to international law, the empire just named, as well
+as its allies, recalled their Ambassadors and severed diplomatic
+relations with our country.
+
+The fleets of England and France have bombarded the straits of the
+Dardanelles, and the British fleet has shelled the harbor of Akbah on
+the Red Sea. In the face of such successive proofs of wanton hostility
+we have been forced to abandon the peaceful attitude for which we
+always strove, and now in common with our allies, Germany and Austria,
+we turn to arms in order to safeguard our lawful interests.
+
+The Russian Empire during the last three hundred years has caused our
+country to suffer many losses in territory, and when we finally arose
+to that sentiment of awakening and regeneration which would increase
+our national welfare and our power, the Russian Empire made every
+effort to destroy our attempts, either with war or with numerous
+machinations and intrigues. Russia, England, and France never for a
+moment ceased harboring ill-will against our Caliphate, to which
+millions of Mussulmans, suffering under the tyranny of foreign
+domination, are religiously and whole-heartedly devoted, and it was
+always these powers that started every misfortune that came upon us.
+
+Therefore, in this mighty struggle which now we are undertaking, we
+once for all will put an end to the attacks made from one side against
+the Caliphate, and from the other against the existence of our
+country.
+
+The wounds inflicted, with the help of the Almighty, by my fleet in
+the Black Sea, and by my army in the Dardanelles, in Akbah, and on the
+Caucasian frontiers against our enemies, have strengthened in us the
+conviction that our sacred struggle for a right cause will triumph.
+The fact, moreover, that today the countries and armies of our enemies
+are being crushed under the heels of our allies is a good sign, making
+our conviction as regards final success still stronger.
+
+My heroes! My soldiers! In this sacred war and struggle, which we
+began against the enemies who have undermined our religion and our
+holy fatherland, never for a single moment cease from strenuous effort
+and from self-abnegation.
+
+Throw yourselves against the enemy as lions, bearing in mind that the
+very existence of our empire, and of 300,000,000 Moslems whom I have
+summoned by sacred Fetwa to a supreme struggle, depend on your
+victory.
+
+The hearty wishes and prayers of 300,000,000 innocent and tortured
+faithful, whose faces are turned in ecstasy and devotion to the Lord
+of the universe in the mosques and the shrine of the Kaabah, are with
+you.
+
+My children! My soldiers! No army in the history of the world was ever
+honored with a duty as sacred and as great as is yours. By fulfilling
+it, show that you are the worthy descendants of the Ottoman Armies
+that in the past made the world tremble, and make it impossible for
+any foe of our faith and country to tread on our ground, and disturb
+the peace of the sacred soil of Yemen, where the inspiring tomb of our
+prophet lies. Prove beyond doubt to the enemies of the country that
+there exist an Ottoman Army and Navy which know how to defend their
+faith, their country and their military honor, and how to defy death
+for their sovereign!
+
+Right and loyalty are on our side, and hatred and tyranny on the side
+of our enemies, and therefore there is no doubt that the Divine help
+and assistance of the just God and the moral support of our glorious
+Prophet will be on our side to encourage us. I feel convinced that
+from this struggle we shall emerge as an empire that has made good the
+losses of the past and is once more glorious and powerful.
+
+Do not forget that you are brothers in arms of the strongest and
+bravest armies of the world, with whom we now are fighting shoulder to
+shoulder. Let those of you who are to die a martyr's death be
+messengers of victory to those who have gone before us, and let the
+victory be sacred and the sword be sharp of those of you who are to
+remain in life.
+
+MEHMED-RESHAD.
+
+On the 22 Djilhidje, 1332.
+Or October 29, 1914.
+
+
+VERBATIM TERMS OF THE FETWA
+
+(Sultan's Proclamation of a Holy War.)
+
+_The issuance by the Sultan of the Fetwa, or proclamation, announcing
+a holy war, called upon all Mussulmans capable of carrying arms--and
+even upon Mussulman women--to fight against the powers with whom the
+Sultan was at war. In this manner, according to Constantinople
+newspapers, the holy war became a duty not only for all Ottoman
+subjects, but for the 300,000,000 Moslems of the earth. The Turkish
+newspaper Ikdam called upon the people as follows:_
+
+Mussulmans, open your eyes! Grasp your weapons; trust to God. Hurl
+yourselves with full might against the foe! As the Caliph has said,
+the Divine help will be with us. Forward! Sons of Islam! There is no
+longer a difference of nationality; there is no longer a difference of
+culture. All Mussulmans are united and have but a single wish--to
+destroy our foes!
+
+_The wording of the Fetwa itself, however, is less fiery in tone than
+the impassioned newspaper appeal. The Fetwa reads as follows:_
+
+First Question--If lands of Islam are subjected to attack by enemies,
+if danger threatens Islam, must in that case young and old, infantry
+and mounted men, in all parts of the earth inhabited by Mohammedans,
+take part in the holy war, with their fortune and their blood, in case
+the Padisha declares the war to all Mohammedans? Answer--Yes.
+
+Second Question--Since Russia, England, France, and other States
+supporting these three powers against the Islamitic Caliphate have
+opened hostilities against the Ottoman Empire by means of their
+warships and their land troops, is it necessary that all Mohammedans
+also who live in the countries named shall rise against their
+Government and take part in the holy war? Answer--Yes.
+
+Third Question--Under all circumstances, since the attainment of the
+goal depends upon the participation of all Mohammedans in the holy
+war, will those who refuse to join in the general uprising be punished
+for conduct so abhorrent? Answer--Yes.
+
+Fourth Question--Mohammedans who live in lands of the enemy may, under
+threats against their own lives and the lives of their families, be
+forced to fight against the soldiers of the States of Islam. Can such
+conduct be punished as forbidden under the Sheriat, and those guilty
+thereof be regarded as murderers and punished with the fires of hell?
+Answer--Yes.
+
+Fifth Question--Inasmuch as it will be detrimental to the Mohammedan
+Caliphate of the Mohammedans who live in Russia, France, England,
+Servia, and Montenegro fight against Germany and Austria-Hungary,
+which are the saviors of the great Mohammedan Empire, will therefore
+those who do so be punished with heavy penalties? Answer--Yes.
+
+
+BRITAIN'S ANSWER.
+
+[From The London Times, Nov. 6, 1914.]
+
+_A supplement to The London Gazette published yesterday morning
+contains the following:_
+
+     NOTICE.
+
+     Owing to hostile acts committed by Turkish forces under
+     German officers, a state of war exists between Great Britain
+     and Turkey as from today.
+
+     Foreign Office, Nov. 5, 1914.
+
+Following this notice is a proclamation extending to the war with
+Turkey the Proclamations and Orders in Council now in force relating
+to the war, other than the Order in Council of Aug. 4, 1914, with
+reference to the departure from British ports of enemy vessels which,
+at the outbreak of hostilities, were in such ports or subsequently
+entered the same.
+
+The Gazette also contains an Order in Council, dated Nov. 5, annexing
+the Island of Cyprus.
+
+The order, after reciting the Convention of June 4, 1878, the Annex
+thereto, and the Agreement of Aug. 14, 1878, by which the Sultan of
+Turkey assigned the Island of Cyprus to be occupied and administered
+by England, and affirming that by reason of the outbreak of
+hostilities with Turkey the Convention, Annex, and Agreement have
+become annulled, asserts that it has seemed expedient to annex the
+island. His Majesty, with the advice of his Privy Council, has
+therefore ordered:
+
+     From and after the date hereof the said island shall be
+     annexed to and form part of his Majesty's dominions, and the
+     said island is annexed accordingly.
+
+
+EGYPT'S NEW SULTAN.
+
+_The New Sultan of Egypt, Hussein I., made his State entry on Dec. 20,
+1914, into the Abdin Palace, in Cairo. The streets were lined with
+troops and the progress of their new ruler was watched by thousands of
+enthusiastic spectators. The King of England sent a telegram to the
+Sultan, to which his Highness replied thanking his Majesty for the
+promised British support. A new Cabinet had already been formed.
+Rushdi Pasha retained the position of Prime Minister and the portfolio
+of the Interior. Following is King George's telegram to the Sultan:_
+
+On the occasion when your Highness enters upon your high office I
+desire to convey to your Highness the expression of my most sincere
+friendship and the assurance of my unfailing support in safeguarding
+the integrity of Egypt and in securing her future well-being and
+prosperity.
+
+Your Highness has been called upon to undertake the responsibilities
+of your high office at a grave crisis in the national life of Egypt,
+and I feel convinced that you will be able, with the co-operation of
+your Ministers and the Protectorate of Great Britain, successfully to
+overcome all the influences which are seeking to destroy the
+independence of Egypt and the wealth, liberty, and happiness of its
+people.
+
+GEORGE R. AND I.
+
+
+_The Sultan telegraphed the following reply:_
+
+To his Majesty the King, London.
+
+I present to your Majesty the expression of my deepest gratitude for
+the feelings of friendship with which you see fit to honor me and for
+the assurance of your valuable support in safeguarding the integrity
+and independence of Egypt.
+
+Conscious of the responsibilities I have just assumed, and resolved to
+devote myself, in entire co-operation with the Protectorate, to the
+progress and welfare of my people, I am happy to be able to count in
+this task on your Majesty's protection and on the assistance of your
+Government.
+
+HUSSEIN KAMEL.
+
+
+
+
+Servia and Her Neighbors
+
+     The utterances of Servia's statesmen and people since the
+     war began have not appeared in English. Only accounts of
+     fighting by the nation from which the great conflagration
+     started have been printed. How Servia has judged the issues
+     while conducting her struggle against annihilation, and how
+     the neighboring Balkan States regard her, are
+     authoritatively presented below.
+
+
+_Premier Pashitch spoke in the Skuptschina, or Servian Parliament, on
+Aug. 4, 1914, and made the following declaration given to the press by
+the Official Servian Bureau:_
+
+Mr. Pashitch laid stress on the fact that the Serajevo affair was used
+as pretext for the war, desired long ago by the Austrian Monarchy,
+which did not look on Pan-Serbism with a favorable eye, while the
+aspirations of other countries of Rumania, Germany, and Italy were
+tolerated. The Austro-Hungarian Monarchy wished to crush Servian
+aspirations by curbing the Servian prestige.
+
+In answering the Austrian note, Mr. Pashitch said, we reached the
+extreme limits of submission to her demands. We did everything in
+order to avoid the conflict and prove that we were peaceful. Now, all
+united, we will defend our rights.
+
+We rely on the sympathy and support of great and sisterly Russia, who
+knows that our foes have been conspiring against our independence and
+our progress, and who will not permit our prestige to be crushed. At
+the side of Russia we have other friends.
+
+(Long live Russia! Long live England! Long live France! Long live the
+Triple Entente!)
+
+I thank the Opposition--continued Mr. Pashitch--because she has united
+with us in these critical moments, forgetting in the face of danger
+party lines and the dissension of opinions.
+
+_From Nish the following official communication was telegraphed to the
+foreign press by the Government Bureau on Aug. 9, 1914:_
+
+The Servian mobilization was effected with marvelous order, and once
+more it proved the good military organization of Servia, and how much
+the country can rely on the patriotic devotion of her soldiers.
+
+Notwithstanding the erroneous statements of a part of the foreign
+press, notwithstanding the speedy development of events,
+notwithstanding the season of work in the fields, fully 80 per cent.
+of the reserves presented themselves on the first day of mobilization,
+which was completed amid general enthusiasm.
+
+For a long time the Servians knew that the main struggle would be
+turned against Austria. The Montenegrin and Servian peoples enter the
+war against the common foe with an equal confidence in their armies.
+The enthusiasm of these two countries is all the stronger from the
+fact that they are fighting simultaneously with the aid of the
+Russians, French, and English. Numerous manifestations have taken
+place in Servian and Montenegrin cities in favor of Russia, France,
+and England.
+
+
+THE BULGARIAN MENACE.
+
+_Following is the account of the declaration of the Servian Minister
+of Commerce, Mr. Paul Maringovich, published in the Bulgarian
+newspaper Mir of Sofia in November, 1914:_
+
+Mr. Maringovich's declarations are characteristic of the
+Serbo-Bulgarian relations. This Servian statesman at first spoke of
+the trials of the Servian Nation on account of the war, and then
+expressed the belief that these trials will pass and Servia will see
+better days with the realization of her ideals. Mr. Maringovich
+predicts that the differences between Servia and Bulgaria will be
+settled in the future and that the two peoples will live in perfect
+harmony.
+
+Regarding the Serbo-Bulgarian relations Mr. Maringovich said in the
+Mir:
+
+"I am sorry to hear that Bulgaria demands concessions from us. In
+exchange for her friendship she demands concessions in Macedonia. But
+in this case that cannot be called friendship.
+
+"Bulgaria demands this today because we are at war with Austria, and
+we cannot accordingly oppose her. But in doing this she simply betrays
+her weakness because it is a certain proof of weakness to strike one
+from behind while he is struggling with another. If Bulgaria is proud
+and strong she can measure herself with us as soon as the war with
+Austria is over. A strong Bulgaria must measure herself with the
+strong and not with the weak.
+
+"Why do people in Bulgaria today insist on concessions? Do you know
+how many difficulties there are today in the granting of such
+territorial concessions? You felt the pain of similar action.
+Silistria was taken from you while your army was victoriously marching
+on Constantinople. Do not insist on implanting deep in the Servian
+heart a mortal hatred against yourselves.
+
+"Do not ask the reason of our dissensions of today, in a difference of
+interests, because such difference does not exist, but try to find it
+in the arrogance and the conceit of the two nations. We do not
+recognize you as a nation. But this recognition must be made with the
+understanding that you drop your conceit.
+
+"In Bulgaria people think that at this moment we have the support of
+Russia. But there is a mistake even in this, as we are further than
+you from Russia. If today Russia offers to us her support she is doing
+that because we are struggling against Austria and preventing her from
+invading the Balkans.
+
+"To this argument you oppose the treaty of Bucharest. But that treaty
+is not our work. By not accepting the Czar's wish in his telegram of
+May 5, (18,) 1913, you lost his support. This example from the past
+can show you how far you can go when you oppose Russia. But in no case
+are you entitled to blame those who are not guilty of your misfortune.
+
+"When Russia undertakes to do something for the Slavs, she always does
+it in a way beneficial to the party to which she promised her support.
+
+"When this war is over, when the whole of Slavdom shall be freed, when
+in a special congress all the interests of the Slavs shall be
+discussed and the services rendered by each and every one of them
+shall be weighed, Bulgaria must fear that decisions will be taken
+which will be contrary to her and that her interests will be
+sacrificed.
+
+"A country must not act always according to her interests. Does not
+the Bulgarian people have any obligations toward Russia? Duty always
+stands above mere interest.
+
+"When the war is over an entirely different atmosphere will rule in
+the souls of the peoples, and it will then be possible to weigh the
+actual interests with more equanimity and more calm. At least we
+Servians have this opinion."
+
+_The following statement was made by the Servian Minister at
+Petrograd, Mr. Spalaikowich, in the Russkoye Slovo:_
+
+What is Bulgaria going to do in the present circumstances? To which
+side will she cling? Is not her people going to take the arms against
+their secular enemy, the Turks?
+
+This solution would be the most satisfactory for Bulgaria. Now a
+chance is given her to fulfill her obligations to Russia, who made her
+free. Let the Bulgarian sword be thrust against the secular enemy of
+Slavdom and the petty differences be forgotten.
+
+Bulgaria, under the Russian wing, will enter the Slav family united,
+strong, and beloved. If she remains inactive she will drag herself
+poor and forgotten by all and full of regrets.
+
+
+A PEASANT'S ANSWER.
+
+_As illustrating the popular feeling in Bulgaria the following letter
+from a peasant to Mr. Maringovich appeared in the official organ of
+the Bulgarian Government, Echo de Bulgarie, published in French:_
+
+Your Excellency: I am a plain peasant from the Danube country. While
+born on the shores of the beautiful blue Lake of Ochrida, and really,
+I cannot understand what is the meaning of your factum, (sic.) What
+have you come to do among us? Nobody knows you any more in Sofia. You
+are Servian and consequently a foreigner to us Bulgarians. There are
+certain pains that nothing can alleviate, nor heal, and there are
+wounds that nothing can cicatrize.
+
+Since your entry in Ochrida, in my father's house, you, the Servian
+Army, behaved like enemies. You profaned the church, that Bulgarian
+church where I took my first communion. You have despoiled the
+archives and burned our libraries; you ordered closed our national
+school where I learned to mumble the alphabet of my mother tongue.
+
+I have seen the epic struggle of my compatriots against Greeks and
+Turks, and I took part with them in order to obtain these national
+institutions. And did you come there in Ochrida, and everywhere in
+Macedonia protected by our valiant army of Lul� Bourgas and Chataldja,
+to perform the duty of allies--of Slav brethren?
+
+You established yourselves as conquerors of the country, as vandals,
+with the manifest purpose of extinguishing every vestige of our
+national culture. You associated yourselves with the non-Slavs
+(Rumanians and Greeks) against us, your allies, in order to reach your
+end. Why, then, do you call us Slavs? We were called Tartars until
+just before you arrived in Sofia.
+
+You treated as villains our Bishops, whom the Turks and the Greeks
+were forced to restore us after a struggle of seventy-five years. You
+burned our Bulgarian books, and you forbade, under penalty of death,
+our people from calling themselves Bulgars. You tortured my parents
+with all the refinements of torture that you have invented.
+
+Why, I beg of you? Because you were Servians? I will not go so far as
+to injure you with the belief that the Servians are capable of crimes
+against nature. Then, because we were Bulgarians; because those poor
+people, taking you for their brethren, for Christians, for Slavs, at
+least had the courage to say they were Bulgarians and to think
+themselves such.
+
+And this continues today with increased intensity. Ah, Mr.
+Maringovich! You have committed there and you persist in committing a
+crime against humanity that nothing will ever efface. You stabbed us
+to the heart, with premeditation, and the wound is still bleeding; you
+killed our faith in the Slav brotherhood. You morally assassinated us.
+
+In the face of these crimes, Bregainitza and Slivnitza are pale
+figures. These odious crimes will not be left unpunished. The day of
+chastisement will come whether you look for it or not.
+
+Your Excellency, I permit myself to repeat the question: What have you
+come to do among us?
+
+Really you must have a good cheek--permit me this undiplomatic
+expression--and a Servian cheek, in order to have the audacity to come
+here and tell us tales. It is not only this; but you make sport of our
+sacredest and deepest sentiments, you reopen our wounds, and you
+purely and simply abuse us. You ought to have thought of all this
+before you set out for Sofia. Today there is an abyss dividing Serbs
+and Bulgars. It is an open precipice which will serve for you as a
+grave. You wish to fill it? To succeed you must employ other means
+than words.
+
+Sir: You are a foreigner to us; there is not an honest man in all
+Bulgaria who can consider you a welcome guest. Nobody knows you. For
+every Bulgar there is only one word and one gesture for you. We stake
+our liberty in giving you the answer and in making the gesture.
+
+Sir: You may take the train which brought you here from Nish. There is
+the depot. Farewell! Kindly accept the assurance of my consideration
+for your person, whom I had not the advantage to know.
+
+
+THE MINISTRY'S POSITION.
+
+_The statement by the new Servian Cabinet in the Skuptschina on Dec.
+8, 1914, follows:_
+
+The new Ministry has made in the Skuptschina the following
+declarations: The Government that has the honor to appear before you
+has been constituted with the purpose of manifesting to the end of
+this great crisis the union of the wills, the forces, and the
+intentions of all political parties of our country.
+
+This Government is convinced of the confidence of the Skuptschina, as
+it puts all of its forces to the service of the great cause of the
+Servian Nation, and of the Serbo-Croatian-Slovenian family.
+
+The Government considers its first duty to bow low before the heroic
+sacrifices voluntarily made on the altar of the fatherland.
+
+The Government sends to the entire army and to all the military, from
+commanders down to simple privates, the expression of its confidence,
+its admiration and its gratitude for their efforts and their
+sacrifices to the common fatherland.
+
+Our little and young army, conserving the good reputation it had
+acquired in the past years, has put itself worthily on the side of the
+glorious and veteran armies of our great allies, who are struggling
+together with us for the cause of justice and liberty.
+
+There is no doubt that in the end of these painful days of war our
+historic nation will be recognized and appreciated.
+
+The Government is convinced that all the Servian people are united
+until the end of this hallowed war, to defend their hearths and their
+liberty; that their sole duty is to assure an army proportionate to
+this great war, which from the very beginning has been a struggle for
+the emancipation and the union of all our brother Serbo-Croato-Slovaks,
+who now suffer under foreign rule.
+
+The brilliant success which will crown this war will compensate
+largely the great sacrifices of the present Servian generation. In
+this struggle the Servian people have not to choose, because in a
+question of life and death there is no choice.
+
+This people is forced to struggle and will do its duty with the same
+unflinching energy of a century ago for the redemption of the tomb of
+Kossovo.
+
+The Government will try faithfully to represent this national
+decision; and, faithful to its powerful and heroic allies, it will
+with confidence await the hour of victory.
+
+The Government, conscious of the pains and hardships suffered by the
+army and in large part by the nation, will do all that human strength
+can do for the amelioration of the present situation and will
+energetically try all measures for refitting the army and bettering
+the sanitary service, as in this cause no sacrifices shall be spared.
+
+In concert with you, gentlemen, the Government will take all the
+necessary measures for helping the population to recuperate after the
+war.
+
+Now, while the enemy is yet at the gates of our country, the
+Government cries: Forward, with God's help, against the enemy! Forward
+in the struggle against the enemy!
+
+[All the Deputies, without party distinction, repeated the last words
+of Premier Nicola Pashitch, and immense applause greeted the
+manifesto.]
+
+
+STATEMENT TO GREECE.
+
+_The Servian Minister at Athens, Mr. Baluhtchich, caused this
+announcement to be made on Nov. 29, 1914:_
+
+On Nov. 29 the Servian Minister at Athens declared that all talk of
+Servian concessions of any kind in favor of Bulgaria was premature.
+
+The Servian Government, the Minister said, finds it impossible to
+proceed to any concession territorial or moral, so long as Servia is
+in a state of war.
+
+The Bulgarian Government has not made, and it is impossible to
+formulate, her demands directly to Servia, because it is impossible to
+foresee the outcome of a struggle so violent and apparently destined
+to be long. For Servia it is impossible to enter negotiations of
+indemnity or concessions for the neutrality of Bulgaria before an end
+is put to the present situation. The only certain thing is that the
+Governments of the Triple Entente are endeavoring to reconstitute the
+Balkan League, which is to be made of three Balkan States, namely,
+Servia, Greece, and Bulgaria.
+
+But, as I had the occasion of stating some time ago, the Bulgarian
+territorial demands, with regard to the reconstitution of the league,
+have been so preposterous that neither Greece nor Servia could begin
+discussions on such a basis.
+
+I deny, in the most emphatic manner, Mr. Baluhtchich said, the news
+that Servia was to cede, or that Bulgaria directly and formally
+demanded from my Government, any strip whatever of Macedonian
+territory, at least for the time being.
+
+Likewise it is untrue that the Bulgarian Prime Minister, Mr.
+Radoslavoff, demanded from the Ambassadors of the Triple Entente that
+the compensation for her neutrality be guaranteed to her from now for
+the future. It is true that a disturbing political ferment is going on
+now in the Balkan Peninsula, the Servian Minister said in conclusion,
+but it is a difficult thing to express opinions at this time.
+
+However, before the war is over, neither concessions nor discussion
+can be made, at least as far as Servia is concerned, and it seems that
+the Triple Entente concurs in this view.
+
+
+BULGARIA AND KULTUR.
+
+_In the semi-official Servian daily, Samouprava, published in Belgrade
+and now at Nish, the following editorial article appeared early in the
+first week of October, 1914:_
+
+The Bulgarians are a queer people. Those of the foreigners who
+sympathize with them are apt to call them realists, positivists, and
+calculants, but we Servians, knowing them, understand that such
+definitions applied to them are flattering euphemisms and nothing
+more. The Bulgarian people are really laborious and thrifty.
+Unfortunately the cultured members of Bulgarian society, who studied
+abroad, bear in their social and political life the fundamental
+characteristics of the German intellect.
+
+The cultured Bulgarians have absorbed the German Kultur, although they
+do not owe Germany even the hundredth part of what they owe to Russia.
+
+All these are facts that need not proofs. Bulgaria, therefore, could
+not more wantonly accuse Servia than by saying that we allied
+ourselves with the enemies of Slavdom. The cynicism of these
+accusations is proved by the following officially registered Bulgarian
+actions:
+
+The Sto�lof Ministry has concluded an alliance with Servia and also an
+understanding which the Bulgarians sold to Turkey for eight Bishoprics
+in Macedonia.
+
+During the crisis which followed the annexation of Servian Bosnia and
+Herzegovina to Austria, and when Russia was mortally insulted,
+Bulgaria, in common understanding with Austria, proclaimed her
+independence and definitely annexed Oriental Rumelia. These profits
+Bulgaria secured to the detriment of Servian interests.
+
+During the Balkan war, and notwithstanding all that Servia had done
+for Bulgaria, the Bulgarian attitude was once more treacherous,
+culminating in the wanton attack upon her allies at the instigation of
+Austria.
+
+Today, when Russia fights a life-and-death struggle, Bulgaria is
+keeping neutral, and every one knows what kind of neutrality is this
+when such a multitude of Germans is passing through Bulgarian
+territory in order to arm and lead the Turks against Russia. And, last
+but not least, immediately after the present war between Austria and
+Servia, the Bulgarians proposed an alliance to Rumania.
+
+After all this it is a wonder how the Bulgarians dare to invoke Slav
+sympathies, which they always sold to Austria, and which the Bulgarian
+press is now trying to sell at auction. Lucky he who buys them.
+
+[Illustration: A YOUTHFUL BELGIAN HERO
+
+Joseph Lessen, a Boy Scout, 18 Years of Age, Who So Distinguished
+Himself That He Was Decorated on the Field by King Albert.]
+
+[Illustration: THE CROWN PRINCE OF BELGIUM
+
+H.R.H. Prince Leopold, Eldest Son of the King of the Belgians.
+
+(_Photo from Underwood & Underwood._)]
+
+
+AFTER FIVE MONTHS' FIGHTING.
+
+_On Dec. 17, (30, New Style,) 1914, Crown Prince Alexander of Servia,
+in his quality of Commander in Chief of the Army, issued the following
+order of the day to his troops:_
+
+Soldiers! It is now five months since the day when the enemy attacked
+our beloved country. Notwithstanding the fact that we had suffered
+the trials of two heroic but hard wars, nevertheless firm and
+undaunted we have stood the attack. Having routed the enemy in Tchar
+and Zadar we gave him, after heroic and sanguinary battles, the
+biggest blow of all.
+
+Thousands of prisoners, hundreds of guns, a quantity of war booty,
+which came to our hands, are witnesses of his defeat and our glory.
+
+Soldiers! I feel proud in announcing to you that not a single enemy
+remains on the soil of the Servian Kingdom. We cast him out with great
+losses.
+
+At this sacred moment, when on the heroic City of Belgrade anew waves
+the victorious Servian flag, I desire to fulfill a great duty of
+gratitude. In our ranks, in this third war, are fighting our brothers
+which we have liberated from the Turkish yoke. The soldiers of
+Kossovo, of Vardar, of Hekligovatz, of Bregalnitsa, of Bitolie, and of
+Porets, have shown themselves worthy of their brothers of Shumadia and
+the Danube, of Poutrin and Morava, of Timok and Usjitsa.
+
+They have shown themselves worthy of the heroes Milaten and Dughan,
+who for long have carried the glory and the good name of the Servian
+arms.
+
+I want to give to these new soldiers of ours conspicuous proofs of the
+gratitude of the fatherland. In the face of the undeniable proof of
+their fulfillment of their duty, in the face of their enthusiasm I
+declare that these soldiers shall have the political and
+constitutional rights of Servia, their liberatrix! The Skuptschina, in
+its first sitting after peace is signed, will take all the necessary
+measures in order that full liberties be given to our brethren.
+
+Soldiers! The iron ring of our powerful allies is fastening tighter
+every day around our common enemy. And he, (the enemy,) feeling that
+his defeat is well nigh at hand and dreading its dire consequences,
+fights desperately and strenuously. But in vain. The number of their
+soldiers is diminishing daily, and our allies are strengthened with
+new troops on the fields of battle.
+
+The end of this gigantic struggle is from now known, although not yet
+accomplished. We must, therefore, for some time to come, fulfill our
+difficult duty and stay by the side of our big and powerful allies,
+who are fighting for us, till our enemy is annihilated on the
+battlefield.
+
+And then peace will come to crown worthily those who have been
+sacrificed for our great fatherland, and then our country will be much
+enlarged, much stronger, and much happier than she ever has been. And
+for this, oh, my heroic Servia will be grateful to you.
+
+
+RUSSIAN CONGRATULATIONS.
+
+_On Dec. 18, 1914, the new Russian Minister to Servia, Prince
+Troubetzko�, presented his credentials to the Servian Crown Prince
+Alexander, whom he addressed as follows:_
+
+Illustrious Sir: I have the honor to hand to your Royal Highness the
+letter by which his Majesty the Emperor of Russia has deigned to
+accredit me by his Majesty the King of Servia.
+
+My august master has charged me to express to you the vivid sympathy
+and the sincere admiration which his Majesty feels for the valiant
+people of Servia, her heroic army, and her venerable chief.
+
+Allow me to express to your Highness the joy that I feel in fulfilling
+the imperial commission today when your army has covered itself with
+immortal glory and has written in Servian history the most beautiful
+page that a people may desire.
+
+Separated by a long distance, but, attracted by the heart of her elder
+sister, Servia may say that in this terrible struggle against an
+enemy, numerically stronger but morally weaker, she is not alone and
+will not be forsaken.
+
+I pray that this conviction may double the unflinching courage of the
+Servians and lead them always to new victories.
+
+In assuming today the duties incumbent upon me after the death of my
+lamented predecessor, Hartwig, I take the courage, illustrious Sir, to
+express the hope that your Highness will not deprive me of his
+assistance, which will be absolutely necessary to me in order that I
+may work to the best of my abilities for the common good of the two
+countries, and also for the consummation of peace in the Balkan
+Peninsula, this peace that Russia considers as the essential aim of
+her efforts and her sacrifices.
+
+_Crown Prince Alexander answered as follows:_
+
+The expression of the vivid sympathy and admiration which his Majesty
+the Emperor has addressed through you to the people and army of Servia
+are so much the more welcome as I personally witnessed the hard
+conditions under which my valiant army is struggling and the heavy
+burdens oppressing my brave people.
+
+The fact that, although separated by a long distance from Russia, her
+elder sister, Servia can find in her bosom a heart having the same
+sentiments as hers, has encouraged our army and our people to persist
+in the heroic struggle that they are waging against a more numerous
+enemy. This certainty will give us new strength to carry the struggle
+to the end.
+
+In the fulfillment of your mission, after the death of your
+predecessor, a mission which the late Hartwig performed with such love
+and such devotion to the true Slav interests, you can rest on my
+absolute confidence and the continued support of my Government, being
+sure that the greatness and the power of Servia are in full accord
+with the greatness and the power of holy Russia.
+
+The lamented Hartwig made many trips for the mutual benefit of both
+countries, Russia and Servia, and his efforts had resulted in creating
+stable conditions and securing the peace of the Balkans.
+
+In accepting the letters, by which his Majesty the Emperor has
+accredited you by his Majesty the King of Servia, my beloved father, I
+bid you, Mr. Minister, welcome, and I wish you success in your
+mission.
+
+
+BULGARIA'S SENTIMENT.
+
+_The following Bulgarian view of the Servian victory that resulted in
+the recapture of Belgrade is presented from an editorial article of
+the Dnevnik of Sofia:_
+
+The Austro-Hungarian action against Servia seems to have failed. It
+goes without saying that the return of the Servians to Belgrade does
+not mean yet that the handful of the starving and half-naked Servian
+Army has been victorious against its strong opponent.
+
+The Servian success, according to latest information, is due to means
+that are very little laudable in themselves.
+
+The commander of the advance posts of the Austro-Hungarian Army, being
+a native of Dalmatia, became intimate with the Servians and committed
+an odious treason. He disclosed to them the dispositions of the
+Austro-Hungarian forces, and he himself, with the sections forming the
+guard, surrendered to the Servians.
+
+From the Austrian rearguard one part scattered to various villages,
+another was sleeping. They were not ready and, caught unexpectedly,
+were dispersed.
+
+Austro-Hungarian prestige is severely wounded. The shameful treason
+shows how dangerous is the Pan-Servian propaganda to the integrity of
+the Austrian Empire, when corruption has reached even the officers
+standing in high command.
+
+The Austro-Hungarian General Staff, as we are informed, has already
+taken those measures imposed by the situation. The Generals, Frank and
+Potiorek, have been recalled and will be probably court-martialed. And
+it seems that the "brilliant" Servian victories are the beginning of
+the end of the "Slav Belgium."
+
+
+GREECE ACCLAIMS.
+
+_The following editorial article, headed "A New Marathon" on the
+Servian victory, appeared in the Greek newspaper Patris of Athens on
+Dec. 3, (16, New Style,) 1914, expressing the views of the Hellenic
+Government:_
+
+The reoccupation of Belgrade by the Servians is one of those military
+feats which amount to historical phenomena. The Servians not only
+contributed the greatest feat of the European war, as far as results
+are concerned, but won for themselves an immortal page in the world's
+history.
+
+Greece alone has to show an analogous achievement, although greater,
+when she expelled the Persian invasion.
+
+Only the achievements of Arhangelovatz, Ouzhitse, and Lazarevats can
+compare in a certain degree to the brilliancy of Marathon and Plateae.
+And the Servian achievement appears all the more Hellenic if analogies
+are to be considered.
+
+The Servians, until yesterday a little people, with an army almost
+insignificant in face of the masses of the Austrian columns,
+submissive in times of peace, in the face of the most oppressive
+demands of Austrian diplomacy--considered like all the small peoples
+to be living at the mercy of the great--when the hour of supreme
+defense for altars and hearths struck, and in the face of an enemy
+threatening to swallow their country, they arose, terrible in their
+vengeance, and repeated the feat of the routing of Goliath by their
+small but invincible power.
+
+This was possible because their regiments were not moved by the hope
+of effectively beating the enemy, which hope springs from the
+consciousness of numerical superiority, but they were enlivened and
+strengthened before death by the undying fire of freedom, national
+pride, and the conviction that they were thrust into the most honored
+struggle, after which there would not be left for them anything but to
+live or die.
+
+And the Austrians, who considered their campaign against Servia as
+mere child's play; the Austrians with their German military
+organization; the Austrians, who constitute one-sixth of the entire
+European military power, started against Servia with the same logic,
+the same haughtiness, the same bombastic prediction of the result of
+the unequal war with which the Persian masses moved against
+Greece....
+
+
+
+
+Little Montenegro Speaks
+
+
+_The following Montenegrin message to Italy appeared in La Gazetta del
+Popolo of July 21, (Aug. 3,) 1914:_
+
+This terrible European war, if one takes away from it the diplomatic
+ornaments with which the Chancelleries are wont to decorate it, dates
+from a century back. It is, let us hope, the final revolt of the
+nations oppressed by the unjust work of the Congress of Vienna.
+
+The nationalities of which the powers of the Triple Entente, and
+especially Russia, have made themselves the champions have not
+provoked this bloody struggle. It was imposed on them by the
+reactionary spirit of the Germanic world, which desired to consolidate
+its hegemony, based on the sufferings of the weak, impossible to
+describe, and on the contempt of right, which was proclaimed as a
+system of government.
+
+The neutrality observed up to now by your august Italian country has
+been a powerful assistance to the cause of right against the cause of
+oppression.
+
+We Serbs of Montenegro and Servia are now on the point of conquering
+that national unity, which our poets, our thinkers, and our sovereigns
+have sung, implored, and prepared, and, following the trail opened by
+Mazzini, Cavour, and Garibaldi, we put our confidence in Italy, this
+mother of civilization, who by her smile embellishes the sun-kissed
+Slav shores of the Adriatic.
+
+Help us in conquering the place which is awaiting us at the altar of
+justice! We firmly believe that Italy, when at the price of new
+sacrifices she shall have all of her exiled sons united under her
+glorious standard, will inaugurate a new era of friendly and intimate
+connections with the young Slav world, who from her hands received so
+many benefits and who in exchange offers her the collaboration of
+young and enthusiastic people in the great task undertaken by our
+protectors in the name of civilization and liberty.
+
+
+
+
+Bulgaria's Attitude
+
+Speech From the Throne
+
+By Tsar Ferdinand I.
+
+
+_The following speech by Tsar Ferdinand I. of Bulgaria was read at the
+opening of the Bulgarian Parliament, called the Sobranje, on Oct. 15,
+(28,) 1914, by the Prime Minister, Mr. Radoslavoff._
+
+With the ending last year of a long and exhausting struggle which we
+conducted with incomparable self-denial, the Bulgarian people and my
+Government directed again their efforts toward the healing of the
+wounds of the recent past and the remodeling of the national forces,
+and likewise toward creating new resources and prosperity for the
+country.
+
+Our common peaceful activity was interrupted by the breaking out of
+the greatest and most terrible of all wars that history has up to this
+day recorded. In face of this mighty struggle of the European nations
+my Government has deemed it its duty before the nation, and the course
+imposed on it, to declare the neutrality of Bulgaria and to maintain
+this attitude sternly and honestly according to international
+obligations and the interests of the fatherland.
+
+Thanks to this process, my Government maintains good and friendly
+relations with all the great powers; has succeeded in giving to our
+relations with our neighbors a color of greater confidence, so
+necessary after the crisis of the last year, and in the midst of the
+events that lie heavy today on the whole of Europe.
+
+_A supplemental statement of the royal position was made by the
+Bulgarian Premier, Mr. Radoslavoff, in the Sobranje at the sitting of
+Nov. 12, (25,) 1914, which follows:_
+
+With the proclamation of the state of siege, taken in accordance with
+the decision of Parliament, as a measure of further security,
+everything is moving along according to the laws and the Constitution
+of the country. And the Government is endeavoring that the internal
+administration may proceed in as orderly a way as possible.
+
+You remember very well that on the 16th (29th) of July, when war was
+declared by Austria-Hungary, I came here and told you that the
+decision of the Government was to maintain strict neutrality.
+
+One day before the closing of the extra session of Parliament I
+repeated the declarations of the Government, that no matter what kind
+of political combinations were formed around us the Government is
+resolved to maintain absolute neutrality to the end.
+
+It was with pleasure that I heard at that time the assurances of all
+the party leaders that if I were to keep this attitude they would help
+me maintain the absolute neutrality of Bulgaria.
+
+I do not know why after a few days there have been published various
+statements signed by the different party leaders.
+
+Nothing in particular had been done on our side up to that time. There
+was nothing irregular, but, notwithstanding all this, complaints have
+been lodged against the Bulgarian Government that its neutrality was
+one-sided, that the Government was favoring one group of the powers
+while hostile to the other, that through Bulgaria arms and ammunition
+were sent from a belligerent country [Germany] to a non-belligerent,
+[Turkey,] and this moved the leaders of the parties to turn to the
+nation and denounce the sincerity of your Government.
+
+The silence of the nation and the attitude of the powers gave us full
+justification for the fairness and loyalty with which we keep our
+neutrality.
+
+Two months ago the nation had witnessed a manifesto, signed by all the
+party leaders with the exception of the narrow Socialists, which means
+that the opposition has not been united on this question, as it is
+said in the manifesto that all the opposition was united in a fear
+lest the Government abandon its neutrality. In the manifesto addressed
+to the Bulgarian nation the desire was expressed for the formation of
+a Ministry in which all the political parties were to be represented.
+
+But the silence of the nation has given ample proof of its confidence
+in the present Ministry. The declaration of the Government on July 13
+(26) holds today, as it held then. We are keeping the strict
+neutrality of Bulgaria. Those that were supposed to have grievances
+against us have no proofs to show our breach of neutrality. Every side
+was satisfied with our assurances.
+
+Notwithstanding the difficulties with which the path of the Government
+is strewn today, I, supported by the majority of the Parliament, will
+follow the same policy. Bulgaria has remained neutral, and up to now
+she is in excellent relations with all neighboring countries.
+
+Bulgaria is in most friendly relations with Rumania, Greece, and
+Servia, which is at war. Bulgaria keeps the most sincere relations
+with Turkey. Bulgaria remains neutral and loyal in her position. I
+make the declaration so that the entire nation may be informed that
+the present Government has assured the territorial integrity of
+Bulgaria.
+
+Our policy meets with the approval of all the great powers without
+exception. If we ever are led by the force of circumstances to enter
+some arrangement whereby Bulgaria will obtain something more in the
+way of territory, this will come from the will of the entire
+Bulgarian concert, with which we desire to remain up to the end in
+good relations.
+
+This is what I can and what I must say today in the National
+Parliament. [Cheers and applause.]
+
+
+BULGARIAN PARLIAMENT REPLIES.
+
+[As voted on Nov. 12, (25,) 1914.]
+
+Your Majesty: The national representation considers it an agreeable
+duty to express its satisfaction for the statements addressed to it
+and to offer its collaboration to the Tsar and the Government for the
+safeguard of the dear interests of the fatherland.
+
+Your Majesty!
+
+The breaking out of the terrible war which today oppresses and
+exhausts the nations has stopped the peaceful activity in which the
+Bulgarian Nation and your Government were engaged for the regeneration
+of the national forces and the creation of new resources for the
+prosperity of the country and the healing of the wounds of the long
+and heroic war which the nation, with unflinching self-sacrifice, has
+waged in the past year.
+
+Your Majesty!
+
+In the face of the momentous and far-reaching events now taking place
+in Europe and around Bulgaria, the national representation has noted
+with delight that the Government, having at heart the future of the
+country when it declared the neutrality of Bulgaria, is maintaining
+this attitude strictly and loyally, as the international necessities
+and the most vital interests of the country demand.
+
+Your Majesty!
+
+The national representation has learned with joy that, thanks to this
+attitude, the Government of your Majesty has preserved good and
+friendly relations with all the great powers and has improved our
+relations with our neighbors, which good relations are so necessary
+for Bulgaria after the crisis of the last year, and during the events
+of which we are the witnesses.
+
+Your Majesty!
+
+The great events that are shaking Europe are apt to call for our
+attention, but, in spite of this, they will not stop us in the way of
+the peaceful development of our culture, to which Bulgaria after the
+war devoted her energies.
+
+We will carefully examine and heartily approve of all the measures
+which the Government may take for the progress of the country and will
+give them our support.
+
+Long live his Majesty the Tsar!
+
+Long live her Majesty the Tsarina!
+
+Long live his Royal Highness the Crown Prince!
+
+_Following is the allocution of Tsar Ferdinand I., on Dec. 2, (15,)
+1914, to the Delegation of the Sobranje, which brought to him the
+Bulgarian Parliament's answer to the speech from the throne._
+
+Gentlemen: It has always been agreeable to me to meet the
+representatives of the National Parliament and exchange with them
+ideas on the situation and the administration of the country. In the
+present year, however, during the development of the events around us
+this contact with the representatives of the people is not without
+some importance for the Chief of the State.
+
+I desire to hear from you, gentlemen, what are the concerns of the
+nation and to partake of them with you. The thought that I am
+nourishing, and my hope is, that, thanks to the stability and the
+wisdom of the Bulgarians, the country will emerge from the new trials
+untouched and without being threatened in the future.
+
+I am really proud in duly acknowledging the virtues of the Bulgarian
+people. When, in 1912, this people, moved by a single impulse, arose
+and crushed a strong opponent by a force and ardor unsurpassed till
+now, the whole world recognized its military virtues. But the
+Bulgarian Nation has also displayed unique virtues in its reverses by
+valiantly enduring the blows of misfortune.
+
+This nation will warmly undertake its mission in order to achieve its
+destiny, when it will win more respect on the part of foreigners than
+it won by its victory; and the hearts of its sons, so devoted to the
+fatherland, will be warmed anew.
+
+Today, when the whole of Europe is burning and the conflagration is
+approaching us, when all the nations around us are moving and making
+ready for action, the Bulgarian Nation, duly appreciating the
+situation, has established its attitude with an equanimity and a
+reserve which constitute the undeniable proofs of its wisdom and its
+political maturity.
+
+The eyes of the Czar and of the people are turned toward you. In the
+advices that you are giving, in the opinions that you express, I
+observe your care for the national prosperity and your resolution to
+sacrifice everything on the altar of the fatherland and for the
+interests of the nation. This sets me at rest and inspires me with the
+hope that in the future also complete harmony will prevail between the
+nation and the Crown, and that from this harmony we shall draw the
+necessary strength for the assurance of the future of Bulgaria.
+
+May God watch over the fortunes of our fatherland and may He crown
+with success our common efforts.
+
+
+BULGARIA'S NEUTRALITY.
+
+_In the last sitting of the Bulgarian Sobranje, just before the
+Christmas holidays, the Premier, Mr. Radoslavoff, made the following
+statements as they appear in the semi-official organ, Narodni Prava,
+of Sofia:_
+
+Since last July Bulgaria has maintained strict neutrality. Whatever
+accusations have been addressed to her from abroad as to her alleged
+breaches of neutrality, on the part of one or other of the belligerent
+groups, are without any foundation whatever. It is recognized that
+such insinuations come from our enemies, who have every interest in
+our breaking neutrality.
+
+The Government maintains and will maintain its neutral policy to the
+end, and in this case we declare that we will adhere to it, and,
+supported by the country, we will try to take as much advantage of it
+as is possible.
+
+Whether we are going to have or not to have a Ministry in which all
+the political parties will be represented, this does not at all
+interest those from abroad, where the dignified attitude of our
+Government is recognized. Do not ask us to negotiate what the Triple
+Entente is willing to give us, or to say to the central
+powers--Austria and Germany--"You, what are you going to give us?"
+
+Because in that case they would answer: "Why should we give you
+anything? For your inactivity? Because you keep tranquil, watching us
+shedding our blood? Is it for this that we must give you something?"
+
+I, for myself, have repeated on another occasion that during these
+critical moments, when new States are being founded while others are
+falling to the ground, to safeguard and preserve the present frontiers
+of Bulgaria is the greatest service that can be rendered her. We know
+what we have asked and what was offered to us. But who guarantees that
+we shall have what was orally promised to us? We ourselves cannot
+guarantee it. I declare that we are on good terms with our neighbors
+so long as they respect the interests of Bulgaria. If I knew that we
+would receive Macedonia and Cavalla and Dobrudja, be sure that I,
+first among all, would advise the formation of a coalition Ministry.
+
+_Representative Tchandref_ (interrupting)--Go ahead and take them
+alone.
+
+_Radoslavoff_--But now we may not, neither in Chataldja nor in Cavalla
+nor in Dobrudja. The Bulgarian Government is pursuing the absolute
+preservation of peace and is watching developments. The friends that
+we have, notwithstanding all evil machinations, have not deserted us.
+Bulgaria still has friends, but friends and enemies tell us, Keep
+quiet, Bulgarians! In this lies your safety!
+
+
+A MILITARY ESTIMATE.
+
+_The subjoined statement by the Bulgarian General, Savoff, appeared in
+the Vienna Reichspost of Dec. 20, 1914:_
+
+Taking into account the military operations up to this date, it is
+easy to conclude that the two central monarchies are holding the
+advantage of the Allies. Germany has demonstrated to the world her
+enormous strength, while Austria-Hungary has shown herself to be
+really a great power. Austria-Hungary must be proud of her army and of
+the brilliant successes it has won against the colossal Russian
+military organization.
+
+_So far as the neutral States are concerned, Gen. Savoff said:_
+
+Bulgaria will keep neutral as long as she can. The responsible factors
+of the country will face every influence, and will act according to
+the best interests of the fatherland. We must insist on the correction
+of the mistakes made by the Treaty of Bucharest. We are resolved, in
+case this should prove necessary, to take back by force of arms the
+territories that belong to us and that have been snatched from us. The
+Bulgarian Army is ready and will do its duty up to the end when the
+interests of the country demand it.
+
+
+OPPOSITION PARTY'S STATEMENT.
+
+_Following is an editorial article published Oct. 15, (28,) 1914, in
+the Mir, the organ of the Nationalists, and signed by A. Bouroff,
+ex-Minister and ex-Vice President of the Bulgarian Parliament, or
+Sobranje._
+
+The Government knows that the Bulgarian people will never forgive it,
+should the Ministry let pass the present historical opportunity
+without securing important advantages for Bulgaria.
+
+These advantages the Government is endeavoring to obtain by keeping a
+pro-Austro-German neutrality. In order not to disclose this policy,
+the Government avoids a discussion with Austria and Germany. In order
+to render service to Austria the Government is courting Turkey,
+provoking Russia through its action and its press, avoids the
+constitution of a council of State demanded by the opposition, and
+objects to the formation of a Ministry in which all the political
+parties were to be represented. Perhaps the Government would go even
+further, but it is prevented from doing so, on one hand by Rumania,
+who maintained a puzzling position, and the probable surprises that
+her "friendly" Turkey has in store, and on the other by the explicit
+and general unwillingness of the Bulgarian people to jeopardize its
+existence through adventurous actions that are so contrary to its
+national character and sentiments. The result of these contradictory
+inclinations and influences is shown in our present political
+weakness, which I am afraid will be fruitless in the end.
+
+What is to be expected from this policy? In case of victory of the
+Triple Entente, Bulgaria can hope for nothing good. If the Dual
+Alliance is victorious we shall have certain compensations that to my
+deep conviction will be far from satisfying our national aspirations.
+The Austro-German alliance, first of all, will think of itself; that
+is to say, to realize the greatest ideals of pan-Germanism, the
+debouching of Austria in the Aegean Sea through Saloniki, which
+necessarily comprises the occupation by Austria of all Macedonia west
+of the Vardar. In the second place, Turkey will have to be compensated
+and strengthened, as in the future her army will be a more obedient
+organ in the hands of German diplomacy and more amenable than Slav
+Bulgaria, whose troops, in the opinion of the most prominent German
+papers, cannot fight the Russians, while Turkey at any time is ready
+to serve Germany. But Turkey can be compensated in Europe only at the
+expense of Bulgarian Thrace. To Bulgaria will be given, at most,
+Istip, Kotchana, Radovich, Serr�s Drama, and Cavalla to make good the
+losses in Thrace.
+
+To obtain such a meagre result, the Government of Bulgaria maintains a
+policy contrary to popular sentiment and to the racial bonds of the
+people, and a policy contrary to the further interests of Bulgaria,
+which are incompatible with the building up of a strong Turkey in the
+Balkans, a Turkey that would be the bulwark of Germany. The most
+essential part of it is that this policy is based on a most
+improbable hypothesis, that is to say, the final triumph of the
+Austro-German arms. If the Bulgarian Government had left prejudices to
+one side and looked clearly at the events, they would not have been
+slow to understand that from the moment England stepped into the war
+and Italy abandoned her allies, the Austro-German alliance politically
+lost the game. Each passing day diminishes more and more the hopes of
+success of the Dual Alliance, and permits England and Russia to expand
+their inexhaustible forces. It is not difficult to foresee from now
+the terms of peace that England and Russia will impose. Any policy
+which expects to profit from the defeat of these two powers is doomed
+to failure, and because such is the policy of the Bulgarian
+Government, we think that it is against the interests of the country.
+
+This policy, among its other disadvantages, opens forever a gap
+between little Bulgaria and great Russia, which power, even if
+defeated, will never cease to play an active part in the Balkans.
+Against this policy, which is risking much to obtain little, we
+propose the policy of coming to an agreement with the Triple Entente,
+on the basis of a Bulgarian neutrality favorable to it, which surely
+and without sacrifices is expected to bring to us greatest results.
+The only thing that the powers of the Triple Entente are demanding
+from us is to open negotiations with them. This does not abolish our
+neutrality, because other States, too, such as Italy, Rumania, Greece,
+and Turkey, are negotiating at the present time.
+
+
+BALKAN ALLIANCE OPPOSED.
+
+_An editorial article which appeared in the Bulgarian paper Volja of
+the Stamboulovist Party, on Dec. 20, 1914, appears below._
+
+The question has been raised whether in reality negotiations are being
+conducted between the Balkan States, that is to say, Bulgaria and
+Servia, Greece and Bulgaria, Bulgaria and Rumania. How much of this is
+true?
+
+Such negotiations are not being conducted, neither do we believe that
+it is possible for them to exist, because we do not know what our
+neighbors demand from us. The only true part of this story is that the
+powers of the Triple Entente are endeavoring to drag into the war
+Greece, Bulgaria, and Rumania, a thing that would be not only
+profitable to them, but even necessary for these same powers of the
+Triple Entente.
+
+And as long as Bulgaria is not any longer inhabited by imbeciles, who
+will undertake once more a war for the promotion of the glory and the
+interests of those who by every means endeavored to ruin us, these
+powers are thinking today, being moved by some sentiment of humanity,
+that certain concessions must be made to Bulgaria, but on condition of
+military support.
+
+And so far as concerns Servia, who only a few days ago was on the
+brink of the precipice, and who, in a little while from now, will find
+herself in a worse position, it is apparent that, without the
+assistance of Bulgaria, her ruin will be certain. This, however, does
+not prevent Servia as well as the Triple Entente from insisting on
+giving us as little as possible, and then only after the Serbs have
+taken Bosnia and Herzegovina.
+
+Rumania and Greece desire an understanding for the sake of their
+tranquillity. And it was said that Rumania is giving Dobrudja, but
+Greece does not want even to hear of the cession of Cavalla Drama and
+Serr�s, but, on the contrary, demands, in case Bulgaria gets Servian
+Macedonia, to obtain for her (Greece's) account Do�rani, Ghevgeli, and
+Monastir. Greece and Rumania agree on one point--themselves to stay
+out of the war, while inducing Bulgaria to fight.
+
+But Bulgaria insists on getting compensation, not by war but by her
+neutrality. The aspirations therefore of the interested States are
+totally different, and, under such circumstances, no understanding is
+possible. The object of the Triple Entente is clear. But this is no
+concern of ours, nor of any of the other Balkan States, with the
+exception of Servia.
+
+Therefore, to speak plainly, the understanding will be possible only
+when interests are taken into account. And on this basis some means to
+an understanding with our neighbors will be found, whether they want
+it or not.
+
+
+
+
+THE TURK IN EGYPT'S EYES.
+
+[Special Cable to THE NEW YORK TIMES.]
+
+
+Cairo, Jan. 31, (Dispatch to The London Daily News.)--In order to
+understand the bearing of the latest news upon Moslem opinion,
+particularly in Cairo and Alexandria, it must be borne in mind that
+Turkey still enjoys considerable military prestige here. Tens of
+thousands of Egyptians continue to regard her one of the great powers.
+They never believed the news of her defeat in the Balkans and the
+reoccupation of Adrianople confirmed them in their skepticism. At the
+same time, a secret German propaganda for some years before the war
+did much to spread abroad the doctrine of German invincibility. It is
+not to be wondered at, therefore, that a section of the population
+holds entirely erroneous views as to the present balance of power and
+requires unmistakable evidence of Turkish defeat to open their eyes.
+
+
+
+
+Greece's Watchful Waiting
+
+Grecian Neutrality Defined
+
+[From the Athenae, Athens, July 23, (Aug. 3,) 1914.]
+
+
+Yesterday at 10 A.M. the Council of Ministers met at the Premier's
+house and took cognizance of a number of dispatches from the Hellenic
+representatives of the Governments of the great powers relating to the
+European war which has just begun. At 11 A.M. the Ministers went in a
+body to the palace, where, under the Presidency of the King, a council
+was held which discussed the position of Greece in the European
+conflict. His Majesty, having listened to the Premier, who
+communicated all the latest news regarding the situation, agreed on
+all points as to the attitude of Greece in the Austro-Servian
+conflict, which attitude would be one of absolute neutrality as long
+as Bulgaria and Turkey remained neutral.
+
+During this council the Chief of Staff of the army, Gen. v. Dousmanis,
+was sent for, and he gave the Ministers some information of a military
+character regarding the position of Greece. Gen. Dousmanis assured
+them that the army was in excellent condition and that all preliminary
+preparations for a mobilization were already taken.
+
+
+FRENCH, GREEKS, AND GERMANS.
+
+[_Editorial comment of the Athenae of Aug. 9 (Sept. 21)_]:
+
+... In Greece there does not exist a discrimination between those who
+love France and those who do not, because as a rule the entire nation
+worships France. The Hellenic world, from the most uneducated citizen
+to the one who represents all the development of intellect, worships
+France.
+
+It was always with admiration that the discerning Hellenic intellect
+looked upon the French Nation, which is the leader in every progress.
+French letters, French art, and French industry have found in Greece
+sincere admirers and enthusiastic heralds. The French heroism, the
+devotion that every Frenchman feels for the ideals of the fatherland,
+the superiority of the French woman, whom certain malevolent writers
+have so misrepresented to the world; the virtue of the French
+housewife, the French mother, and the French patriot, have always been
+splendid examples to those who are apt to think on the world's
+progress. The birthplace of the forerunners of the modern social and
+civic spirit and the mother of the most genuine philhellenism, the
+France of Rabelais, Moli�re and Voltaire and B�ranger and Hugo has
+always been an object of respectful sympathy for those in Greece who
+are admirers of the beautiful, the liberal, and the ideal.
+
+Every one of us knows that, if France has not been able to help
+materialize the Greek's rightful aspirations, this is not due to lack
+of good intentions on her part, but rather to the French compliance
+with the interests of the Slav; and we know that France had to
+cultivate those interests by her own wealth, and contrary to her
+democratic principles, only in order to have an alliance against her
+neighboring enemy, against whom she meditated revenge for a defeat and
+the vindication of her subjugated children.
+
+For the German people, this people of progress and civilization, which
+has never aspired to a world hegemony by the subjugation of other
+peoples, outside of the needs of their frontiers, Greece feels the
+same admiration and sympathy. And when such French patriots as Jules
+Huret and Georges Bourdon, in voluminous works, have cited the German
+progress and German social civilization as an example to their own
+country, it would be almost a reversal of logic if we outsiders were
+to deny these things, at the sight of two friends who have come to
+blows.
+
+If there is anything that grieves the Greek soul, which has always
+been used to appreciate virtue disinterestedly, it is the fratricidal
+woe of two nations who ought to be, hand in hand, forerunners and
+co-workers in the great enterprises of science and civilization!
+
+
+PRIME MINISTRY'S ATTITUDE.
+
+_Premier Venizelos set forth the Government's neutral policy in his
+speech to Parliament on Sept. 15, (28,) 1914. A translation appears
+below._
+
+_After speaking of the Greco-Turkish relations and the efforts being
+made at the time for the settlement of the outstanding questions of
+the refugees and the Aegean Islands, Mr. Venizelos said:_
+
+Unfortunately the labors of the new session are beginning amid the
+clangor of the great European war. The Government has declared that
+during this war Greece is to remain neutral, but at the same time it
+did not conceal the fact that it has obligations toward one of the
+belligerents, Servia, and that said obligation it was resolved to
+fulfill faithfully should the _casus foederis_ arise.
+
+Greece, however, wishes nothing more than that such an occasion should
+not arise, as it desires that the conflagration which is gradually
+enveloping Europe should not spread over the Balkans, whose peoples,
+after two wars, so much need rest.
+
+So far as it depends upon the initiative of Greece, every one may be
+assured that the European conflagration will not spread in the Balkan
+Peninsula. And if its other peoples are inspired by the same thoughts,
+then we can feel sure that peace will be preserved in the Levant up to
+the end of the war.
+
+But even for the neutrals there are obligations. The position of the
+neutrals is not so easy as one might think, and the Government has
+endeavored and is still endeavoring to fulfill as perfectly as
+possible the various obligations imposed by neutrality. I must
+acknowledge at this time that my task has been rendered easier by
+public opinion, which notwithstanding its sympathies, has done nothing
+to hurt any one of the belligerents. I regret that I cannot say the
+same as regards the press, because the press, not confining itself to
+the expression of so many natural sentiments, has often indulged in
+violent attacks against the belligerents, and especially at the time
+when, owing to the peculiar psychological condition in which the
+latter find themselves, every such attack touches them most deeply.
+And I again entreat you, from this official tribune, to avoid any such
+attack. I hope my advice will be more willingly complied with at this
+time.
+
+
+WHERE GREECE STANDS.
+
+_The following statement by Premier Venizelos was published in the
+Corriere della Sera of Milan on Oct. 29, 1914._
+
+The Greek Government has declared its neutrality and will abide by
+this policy. Notwithstanding this, she did not deny her treaty
+obligations to Servia, and is resolved to fulfill all the terms of
+this treaty should the _casus foederis_ arise.
+
+It is understood that Greece does not desire this _casus foederis_ to
+arise.
+
+Our relations with Turkey have been strained for some months. But
+after the negotiations of Bucharest some agreement was reached
+regarding the refugees. Those in Europe will learn that the Greeks
+expelled two hundred thousand persons from Thrace and Asia Minor. One
+portion of them we have settled in the islands. Besides those there
+are about fifty thousand Turkish refugees--though not persecuted--in
+Macedonia. A mixed committee was to arrange the exchange of these
+refugees at the beginning of the war. As to the question of the
+ownership of the Aegean islands, the Hellenic Government considers the
+question settled from an international standpoint, not only by the
+treaties of London and Athens, but also by the unanimous decision of
+all the European powers.
+
+The Government declared that it was ready to satisfy Turkey regarding
+this question, under the _sine qua_ condition that the islands would
+continue to be occupied and administered by Greece in the same way as
+all the other provinces of the Hellenic Kingdom. After an exchange of
+views on the subject, it was decided that I should meet the Grand
+Vizier in Brussels, but the war prevented this.
+
+Afterward, this desire was again expressed, that the negotiations
+which originally were to take place in Brussels should open elsewhere.
+To this end both parties sent delegates to Bucharest in order to find
+some solution of the island question, but again this meeting failed to
+accomplish anything.
+
+Turkey proposed an adjournment of the negotiations to a more
+propitious time, alleging that the general conditions in Europe, and
+her internal troubles, made it impossible for her delegates to
+continue the discussions on the island question. Unfortunately the
+plight of the Greek populations in Turkey is becoming worse every day,
+and large numbers of refugees are coming daily to Greece.
+
+Regarding Bulgaria, I can say nothing, except that she keeps repeating
+her intention of remaining neutral. At the same time Bulgaria did not
+mobilize, therefore we have not taken this measure ourselves.
+
+But naturally--and this must be taken in its widest meaning--when the
+flames of a conflagration are licking one's door one must take all the
+precautionary measures. Is it not right?
+
+Regarding Epirus, we declared clearly that we have no designs upon
+Avlona.
+
+
+OCCUPATION OF EPIRUS.
+
+_The subjoined statement by Premier Venizelos appeared in The London
+Morning Post._
+
+ATHENS, Oct. 27.
+
+In the Chamber of Deputies this evening, in reply to an
+interpellation, M. Venizelos, the Premier, stated that Greece had
+reoccupied Northern Epirus solely to restore order and security to
+those districts already cruelly tried by prolonged bloodshed and
+anarchy. The Premier emphasized the provisional character of this
+reoccupation, inasmuch as Greece continued to respect the
+international agreements regarding Albania.
+
+M. Venizelos was followed by M. Zographos, the late President of the
+Epirote Provisional Government, and now Deputy for Attica, who, amid
+profound attention and great enthusiasm, recounted the enormous
+sacrifices of blood and treasure by the Epirotes for their freedom,
+and declared that the liberation of Epirus must this time be final. M.
+Rallis, one of the leaders of the Opposition, declared that Epirus was
+resolved to remain united with Greece.
+
+I am informed from a diplomatic source that the great powers have
+received the announcement of the reoccupation in a friendly spirit,
+and no protests have thus far been received from quarters whence they
+might have been expected.
+
+
+RELATIONS WITH BULGARIA.
+
+_Following is an editorial article from the semi-official newspaper
+Patris of Athens of Dec. 12, (25,) 1914._
+
+With Bulgaria not one of the Balkan States can come to any
+understanding. The neighboring Balkan peoples, at least the
+Christians, cannot agree with them--not because they are lacking good
+intentions, but because the Bulgarians in their demands are
+unreasonable, unjust, insatiable, monstrous, and treacherous; because
+the Bulgarians always demand the impossible; because they are pursuing
+profits at the expense of third parties, whom they invite to cede
+rights obtained by sacrifices and based on the right of war; because,
+while they can demand compensations at the expense of a non-Christian
+neighbor--to which no one would object--they turn on their
+co-religionists, struggling to take away from them what they lawfully
+and with sacrifices have acquired.
+
+On account of this policy of the Bulgarians, not one of the Christian
+peoples of the Balkan Peninsula believes in the possibility of an
+understanding with them. That, also, is Rumania's position.
+Accordingly it should be unnecessary to deny the news from Sofia
+announcing the attainment of an alleged Rumano-Bulgarian
+rapprochement. In order to reach this understanding, the Bulgarians
+would not confine themselves to the rules of present Rumano-Bulgarian
+practice, which in itself is a question of secondary importance.
+
+The Bulgarians turn eager eyes to the whole of Dobrondja, which might
+perhaps be the dowry of the royal Rumano-Bulgarian match so impudently
+heralded in Sofia, although the whole thing was a monstrous lie,
+without any appearance of respect for the family affairs of the royal
+throne of Rumania.
+
+But, as in our own case, neither the Servians can cede even an acre of
+land to Bulgaria nor Rumania give back Dobrudja, because all of these
+territories belong to their present owners by right of war. For the
+same reason the Serbo-Bulgarian relations failed a month ago; likewise
+no ground was found for an understanding between Bulgaria and Greece;
+and for the same reason the negotiations between Rumania and Bulgaria
+are failing today.
+
+The Bulgarians have turned from one to another of the peoples of the
+Balkans in order to cheat them. But this attempt, made once too often,
+at length has failed. But will this final failure bring to reason the
+hotheads of Sofia? After the cruel disappointment they received at the
+hands of Rumania, the Bulgarian politicians must understand that
+whatever is won by war by war only is given back. No one is so stupid
+as to give them willingly his dominions.
+
+Do they wish to take them? Let them come. Let them declare war.
+Because so long as they are not doing this, and so long as they
+persist in their present methods, they are offering the spectacle of a
+childish if not a demented people.
+
+
+GRECO-RUMANIAN FRIENDSHIP.
+
+_The Rumanian Minister, Mr. Filidor, presented his new credentials to
+King Constantine on Dec. 14. His speech appears below._
+
+Your Majesty! I have the honor to deliver to your Majesty the letters
+with which his Majesty, my august sovereign, has deigned to confirm my
+quality as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to your
+Majesty, a mission which I had already the honor of filling under the
+glorious reign of the great King Carol I., the founder of the Rumanian
+dynasty.
+
+I happened to be a witness of the most brilliant period of the history
+of new Greece, during which your Majesty at the head of his Government
+has succeeded, by his military talents, in bringing into realization
+the great achievements of ancient Greece, whose majestic relics are
+serving still as an inimitable example to the whole of mankind.
+
+The military effort of your Majesty has been crowned by the Treaty of
+Bucharest, which was a common pacifying work of Greece and Rumania,
+and which was so instrumental in strengthening the bonds of friendship
+and interests which so happily unite the two peoples.
+
+Deeply impressed by the conviction that my mission consists in working
+for this latter end, I dare pray your Majesty to grant me his august
+favor, as in the past, and I assure you that I will employ all my
+energy for the fulfillment of this effort, so necessary for the future
+fortunes of both countries.
+
+
+
+
+Where Rumania Stands in the Crisis
+
+Declaration of Neutrality
+
+
+BUCHAREST, Aug. 5, 1914.
+
+The Council of the Crown has decided on the neutrality of
+Rumania--Agence Roumaine.
+
+
+THE SITUATION IN RUMANIA.
+
+[From the Paris Temps of Aug. 23, 1914.]
+
+From an occasional correspondent we receive the following letter:
+
+The departure of the mobilized French soldiers who were in Bucharest
+has been the occasion for sympathetic manifestations toward France.
+
+Among the population and in the streets there was not a single voice
+which was not heartily and enthusiastically for the Triple Entente in
+general and France in particular.
+
+Certain personages, such as the General Pilot who in 1870 fought on
+the side of France, and certain newspaper editors who, yielding to
+national aspirations, have carried on since the first day of the war a
+violent campaign against Austria, are enthusiastically cheered by the
+public in the caf�s and by the majority of the army officers who
+assisted in uniform at these scenes.
+
+More than that, there were imposing manifestations in the streets;
+other meetings, still more effective, were held in secret, at which
+Generals and superior officers assisted. But notwithstanding this
+public sentiment the police are on the lookout; the orders they have
+received are particularly severe, as entire regiments are kept in
+readiness in the public parks and Government buildings. All those
+functionaries who are suspected of being openly hostile to Austria are
+closely followed and watched.
+
+What is the reason of this? One may put the question to himself, as
+really this sentiment of the nations corresponds too well with a
+secular and inevitable policy. Despite all contrary reasoning, one
+fact remains, and this is summed up in Transylvania and Bukowina and
+the five million Rumanians who are under Austro-Hungarian rule. There
+is for the Rumanians of the kingdom the unforgettable series of
+persecutions of every kind to which their brethren on the other side
+of the mountains are subjected--persecutions dating from yesterday and
+which are continued today. Only the day before the Austrian
+mobilization fifty students from the Rumanian Kingdom who happened to
+be in Brassow (Hungary) on an excursion were arrested and brought
+before the police authorities, and actually thrown into prison,
+because they dared display badges with Rumanian colors in their
+buttonholes.
+
+"If I were to march into Moldavia," a Rumanian was telling me,
+"against the enemies of Austria, I would have to begin by sabring all
+the Moldavian peasants, who are crying, 'Down with Austria!' Of
+course, I never could do this!"
+
+Under such conditions, if the waverings of the Government were to be
+explained, the task would be a hard one. In our opinion, they may be
+ascribed to different causes, the more important factor being the
+opinion of the King himself; but this alone would not suffice.
+
+The King (Carol) is first of all bound to Emperor Francis Joseph by an
+old friendship. King Carol has never admitted that the diminution of
+his kingdom after Plevna was a right thing, and the toasts in
+Constanza (during the Czar's visit to Rumania early in the Summer of
+1914) have demonstrated, for those who could read between the lines,
+in both the politeness of the Czar and the reserved tone of King
+Carol, that this sentiment had not yet disappeared.
+
+In the face of this disposition, so firmly expressed, the Ministers
+and the party leaders of Rumania felt rather uncomfortable. It must be
+borne in mind that a parliamentary r�gime, properly speaking, does not
+exist; the Ministries do not fall by vote of the chambers of
+Parliament. When the King estimates that a Ministry has been too long
+in power, when he hears distinctly the murmur of the Opposition, then
+he calls a new President of the Council, who has Parliament prorogued
+and a new one formed--this is the exact procedure--according to his
+liking. By reason of this process, and also by reason of a special
+attraction which the Court exercises over a small, refined, and
+elegant society, the counsels of the King are inspired by the advices
+of his counselors.
+
+But there are also other reasons that plead for this uncertain
+attitude, and by which it is attempted to justify a policy of
+indifference.
+
+The successes of last year--of which the Rumanians have not understood
+the causes, because they never tried to understand them--have troubled
+them in a certain way.
+
+Their statesmen persist perhaps a little too much in playing
+Machiavelli, and in exalting abstention to a system. Their fondest
+desire at the present moment is not, we are persuaded, to march on
+Austria, but, on the contrary, not to march at all, and not to
+intervene in the war up to the day of the final liquidation.
+
+What is this policy worth? The chances are that it may not always be
+good, particularly in the present state of things. Rumania is still a
+small country by reason of its area. In addition to this, her
+neighbors, on which she was wont to exercise a moderating influence,
+are bound to change in density of population. And it is very likely
+that Rumania, on the next day after the war, might find herself
+suddenly surrounded by homogeneous peoples, who in the meantime would
+become distinctly more important than she is, and that these people
+might have against her certain slight grievances which they would make
+her feel. Moreover, even if Austria by chance is victorious, and even
+if the Government at Bucharest helped her, is it not clear that her
+(Rumania's) Hungarian neighbor, becoming stronger, would make her
+(Rumania) suffer the same as she made the Servians suffer when they
+were feeble?
+
+Rumania may well protest her friendship, but this will not prevent
+her, if only by her presence, from being a danger to the tranquillity
+of the Hungarian subjects in Transylvania. And then who is going to
+defend her?
+
+Here is what the good sense of the people says, and it is this common
+sense which will triumph in the end over all vacillation, and will, in
+spite of everything, assert its way of seeing things.
+
+
+THE ATTITUDE OF RUMANIA.
+
+[From the Paris Temps of Sept. 25, 1914.]
+
+Mr. Diamandy, Rumanian Minister at Petrograd and an ardent advocate of
+Rumanian intervention, has returned to the Russian capital after a
+voyage to Bucharest, where he went in order to explain his views to
+his Government.
+
+The return of Mr. Diamandy to Petrograd is regarded as a favorable
+omen, as this diplomat had expressed previous to his departure that he
+would not come back to his post if he were not successful in placing
+Rumania on the side of the Triple Entente.
+
+On the other hand, l'Agence de Balkans is in receipt of the following
+dispatch from Bucharest, Sept. 19, 1914:
+
+"The semi-official papers of the Rumanian Government have published
+the following statement with regard to the Treaty of Bucharest: The
+viewpoint of Rumania on the subject of the Treaty of Bucharest, and of
+its connection with the European war, has been discussed and
+established in a council of the Crown, held on the 21st of July, (Aug.
+3, N.S.) In the Treaty of Bucharest the Rumanian interest was not
+bound to fixed frontier lines, except so long as these assured an
+equilibrium necessary to Rumania. Rumania was not obliged to protect
+this equilibrium in its actual form any longer than in her mind this
+could be possibly maintained.
+
+"If the European war, in its future consequences, should bring about
+certain modifications in the actual frontiers of one or the other of
+the Balkan States, the interest of Rumania requires that the Balkan
+equilibrium be established in accordance with the changes made to
+correspond with the purpose of maintaining the real equilibrium in its
+new form, no matter what the frontier lines will be in their final
+re-establishment. In connection with the attitude of Rumania in the
+presence of the European war no new decision has been taken. All the
+political parties are subjecting their attitude to the action of the
+Government. Mr. von Busch, the new Minister of Germany, has arrived
+and was received yesterday in confidence by King Charles."
+
+
+DEATH OF KING CHARLES.
+
+[From The London Times, Oct. 12, 1914.]
+
+King Charles of Rumania died of heart failure early on Saturday
+morning at the Castle of Pelesh, Sin�ia.
+
+Yesterday Parliament was convoked, and the new King took the oath of
+allegiance. Subsequently the Government issued a proclamation stating
+that the new King would follow in the footsteps of his predecessor and
+realize the ideals of the Rumanian race.
+
+Both in itself and as an episode of the present European
+conflagration, the death of the King of Rumania is an event of
+singular importance. The late King was in many respects the maker of
+his adopted country. When, in March, 1866, he accepted the crown the
+condition of the Danubian principalities, Moldavia and Wallachia, was
+little better than that of a misgoverned Turkish province. They still
+owned Ottoman suzerainty, their army was non-existent, their financial
+resources were precarious, the condition of their people was wretched,
+their means of communication were primitive, and their public affairs
+were in a condition bordering on anarchy. With the support of the
+French Emperor, to whom he was distantly related, Prince Charles of
+Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen faced one of the most difficult tasks ever
+allotted to an inexperienced ruler, and carried it to triumphal
+completion.
+
+He created an army, introduced railways, won independence for his
+realm and for himself. He evolved order out of chaos, secured military
+renown at Plevna as commander of the joint Russo-Rumanian forces in
+the Russo-Turkish war, established national finance on a sound basis,
+built up a considerable export trade, extended the frontiers of the
+principality and raised it to the rank of a kingdom, and watched with
+untiring vigilance over every aspect of national development. Not only
+as the first recognized and independent sovereign of modern Rumania,
+but as her creator, King Charles will ever hold a foremost place in
+Rumanian history.
+
+In this great work the late ruler derived advantage, not only from his
+eminent personal qualities, but from his foreign origin. As a German
+Prince, powerfully connected, he stood outside and above Rumanian
+party factions, and succeeded gradually in imposing his will on them
+all. Born on April 20, 1839, at Sigmaringen, near the source of the
+Danube, he was barely 27 when he accepted the call to rule an unknown
+country with which his only connection was that, like the estates of
+his family, it, too, was watered by the Danube. Of middle height, well
+built, pronounced features, and clear, gray eyes, his personality
+expressed quiet energy. His statecraft he learned by experience and
+from the excellent counsel of his father, Prince Charles Anthony of
+Hohenzollern, head of the senior and Roman Catholic branch of the
+Hohenzollerns. Only once did he falter. In March, 1871, when the
+French sympathizers of his subjects exposed him as a German Prince and
+a Hohenzollern to great unpopularity, while the bankruptcy of the
+Jewish speculator to whom his railway schemes had been intrusted threw
+discredit upon his ideas of economic development, he summoned the
+members of the Provisional Government from whom he had accepted the
+crown and announced to them his decision to abdicate. Fortunately for
+Rumania, they succeeded in dissuading him from his purpose. The
+famous Conservative statesman, Lascar Catargi, formed a Ministry which
+held office for five years and enabled the ruler to turn the most
+dangerous corner of his reign. Thenceforward the path was
+comparatively clear, though by no means easy. It led to Rumanian
+participation in the Russo-Turkish war, to the conquest of national
+independence, and eventually, on May 22, 1881, to his coronation as
+King of Rumania, with a crown made of steel from a Turkish gun
+captured by Rumanian troops at Plevna.
+
+Yet the Rumanian triumph was not unalloyed. Russia injudiciously and
+ungratefully insisted on depriving Rumania of the portion of Rumanian
+Bessarabia of which Russia had been deprived after the Crimean war,
+and allotted the Dobrudja, a swampy region south of the Danube, to the
+principality as compensation. The indignation in Rumania was
+indescribable and has never entirely subsided. The Senate in the
+Chamber declared the resolve of the country to defend its integrity by
+force. The Czar threatened to disarm the Rumanian Army--a threat which
+drew from Prince Charles the proud reply: "The Rumanian Army, which
+fought so gallantly before Plevna under the eyes of the Czar, may be
+annihilated, but will never be disarmed." But he nevertheless
+recognized the futility of resistance to the Russian demand, and
+exerted himself to calm the national excitement. In later years the
+breach was partially if not wholly healed.
+
+Of the more material achievements of his reign there is little space
+to speak. The best record of his life is to be found in the present
+condition of the country--_si monumentum requiris circumspice_. His
+furtherance of the petroleum industry, of the export of grain, timber
+and other agricultural produce, the building of the great bridge over
+the Danube at Tchernavoda, and the extensive harbor at Constanza, the
+network of railways, the immense system of fortifications defending
+the capital, and the line Fokshani-Galatz--all these and much more are
+mainly his work.
+
+Little is yet known of the action of King Charles in the last crisis
+of his life. It is a strange coincidence that just as the
+Franco-German war of 1870-71 brought him into conflict with the
+Francophil tendencies of his subjects and led to his offer of
+abdication, so the present war should again have engendered rumors of
+his abdication on account of his alleged antagonism to the national
+desire for the acquisition of Transylvania and the Southern Bukovina,
+which are peopled by more than 3,000,000 Hungarian and Austrian
+Rumanes. The Rumanian people felt that the hour for the liberation of
+their kindred had struck. Russia is understood to have invited Rumania
+to occupy the desired territory. But King Charles, who brought and
+kept Rumania within the orbit of the Triple Alliance, was, as a
+Hohenzollern and a German Prince, averse to hostile action against the
+German Emperor and the Emperor Francis Joseph. It is, moreover, stated
+that he was bound by his word of honor never to take the field against
+a Hohenzollern cause.
+
+The late King Charles married, in November, 1869, Princess Elizabeth
+of Wied, the gifted "Carmen Sylva," whose brilliant literary and
+artistic talents have gained her a worldwide reputation. The only
+child of the marriage, the infant Princess Marie, died in 1874--a
+bereavement that ever left a note of sadness in the lives of her
+parents.
+
+
+THE NEW KING.
+
+King Ferdinand, who now succeeds his uncle on the throne of Rumania,
+was born in August, 1865, and, like his predecessor, is a Hohenzollern
+and a Roman Catholic.
+
+Among his near relatives are the King of the Belgians and his
+namesake, Tsar Ferdinand of the Bulgarians, who are both first
+cousins, and his niece, Queen Augustina Victoria, the consort of Dom
+Manoel. Through his mother, the Princess Antonia, who was born an
+Infanta of Portugal, King Ferdinand is kin with all the house of
+Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, to which his consort, the new Queen Mary,
+belongs as daughter of the late Duke of Edinburgh.
+
+Her Majesty is thus first cousin to King George and to the Czar, as
+also to Princess Nicholas of Greece. Her three sisters are married
+respectively to the Grand Duke Cyril of Russia, Prince Ernest, the
+eldest son of the mediatized Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, and to
+the Infante Alfonso d'Orl�ans of Spain.
+
+Their Majesties have six children, of whom the Crown Prince Carol, who
+celebrates his 21st birthday this week, and the Princess Elizabeth,
+born in 1894, are of marriageable age. The youngest, Prince Mircea,
+who bears a historic Rumanian name closely connected with Silistria,
+was born during the Balkan war at the beginning of 1913. King
+Ferdinand's family is a remarkable example of religious
+differences--his Majesty is a Roman Catholic, the Queen is a Lutheran,
+and their children are members of the Orthodox Church of Rumania.
+
+The Rumanian Minister has received a copy of a proclamation published
+in The Official Gazette stating that the new King will follow in the
+footsteps of the late monarch and will accomplish the ideals of the
+Rumanian race.
+
+
+IN RUMANIA'S PARLIAMENT.
+
+[From The Messaggero of Rome.]
+
+BUCHAREST, Dec. 17.
+
+The intention of the Government to avoid in Parliament any discussion
+of the political action of the Ministry was reaffirmed yesterday by
+Premier Braliano, who, in a brief declaration in the Chamber, prayed
+the parties to waive any discussion whatever upon the answer of
+Parliament to the speech from the throne, and to have confidence in
+those governing the country.
+
+The independent Deputies, however, have shown themselves determined to
+provoke a discussion. Among the others, Mr. Couza, a Nationalist,
+demanded permission to express his personal admiration for the valor
+of the Servians, and insisted on ample measures being taken for
+preventing the exportation of articles of which in due time there will
+be an absolute deficiency in the country.
+
+Constantin Mille, an independent, and proprietor of the newspaper
+Adeverul, delivered a long speech in which he declared himself
+dissatisfied with the policy of the Government, which ought to have
+taken a decisive stand at the beginning of the conflict. Instead of
+doing this, the Government has put us in the position of not knowing
+to which side we must turn, as long as our only intention is to turn
+first to this side and then to that, without having the necessary
+guarantees.
+
+After paying high tribute to the valor of the Servian Army and the
+heroism of Belgium, the speaker demonstrated that Rumania, since the
+beginning of the conflict, ought to enter the war on the side of the
+Triple Entente.
+
+He afterward protested against certain facts that the expressed
+neutrality of the country cannot tolerate; such as the passage through
+Rumanian territory of guns and ammunition from Germany for Turkey; the
+taking over by Germany of certain medical supplies originally intended
+for the Rumanian Army, and exchanging the same for grain.
+
+He then assailed the propaganda carried out by German emissaries
+through certain news agencies, and the corruption of certain papers of
+the Rumanian press.
+
+And during all this time, concluded Mr. Mille, our brethren in
+Transylvania are being exterminated by war while expecting our
+intervention. The Government must break its silence, which is becoming
+more and more suspicious, and frankly affirm its intention.
+
+
+RUMANIA'S POLICY.
+
+[From The London Daily Telegraph of Dec. 29, 1914.]
+
+BUCHAREST, Dec. 28.
+
+Today, in the debate on the address in reply to the message from the
+throne, the Prime Minister repeated the declaration made in the
+Chamber asking the majority to waive discussion and the Opposition to
+leave the Government full liberty of action to fulfill its great duty.
+
+The Conservative Party, by the mouth of its chief, expressed its
+willingness to do this. M. Disesco, on behalf of the Conservative
+Democrats, repeated the declaration made by M. Take Jonesco, in the
+Chamber, according to which Rumania ought to abandon her neutral
+position and make an immediate alliance with the Triple Entente.
+
+M. Disesco added that the Rumano-Austro-German alliance ceased to
+exist from the day when the Crown Council was held at Sin�ia; that
+council settled the matter of Rumania's neutrality. The speaker laid
+stress on the ingratitude of Austria toward Rumania in 1913, and
+alluded to the statements made recently by M. Take Jonesco concerning
+the threat of Austria against Rumania in 1913 should that country
+attack Bulgaria.
+
+He concluded by observing that the two sections of the Opposition,
+Conservative and Conservative-Democrat, had declared for abandonment
+of neutrality and an alliance with the Triple Entente, and expressed
+the hope that presently this policy will be adopted officially. The
+address was afterward agreed to unanimously.
+
+A large number of Senators telegraphed to the President of the
+Italo-Rumanian League at Rome expressing their happiness at witnessing
+the realization of the league's initiative, and requesting the
+President to consider them members of the Rumanian section of the
+league, which, being convinced of the profound significance and great
+usefulness of closer relations between the two countries, they joined
+with enthusiasm.
+
+
+"LEAGUE OF UNITY."
+
+BUCHAREST, Dec. 27.
+
+At a special session today the League for the National Unity of All
+Rumanians acclaimed with grand enthusiasm the new committee, which has
+as President the Rev. Father Lucaci, the great propagandist of and
+martyr for the Rumanian cause in Transylvania and a member of the
+Rumanian National Committee of Hungary. There were also elected MM.
+Take Jonesco, Nicolas Filipescu, and Delavrance Gradischteano, all
+former Ministers. The committee is charged with the hastening of
+action by Rumania for the conquest of the Rumanian provinces of
+Austria-Hungary.
+
+
+RUMANIAN STATISTICS.
+
+[From Le Messager d'Athenes, Nov. 28, 1914.]
+
+According to statistics published in a Rumanian paper, when the
+foreign press speaks of Rumanian aspirations it sums up the whole
+question in the word Transylvania.
+
+It is not unnecessary perhaps to remark that this word has in this
+case a significance rather political and ethnological than purely
+geographical. This word comprises all the Austro-Hungarian territories
+occupied by Rumanians, with the understanding that Transylvania is the
+most important as regards area and Rumanian popularity.
+
+Actually the Rumanian claims on the Austro-Hungarian territories are
+the following:
+
+Transylvania--57,250 square kilometers, 2,850,000 inhabitants, of whom
+1,750,000 are Rumanians.
+
+Banat--28,510 square kilometers area, and 1,730,000 inhabitants, of
+whom 700,000 are Rumanians.
+
+Chrishana--Area, 41,338 square kilometers, and 2,920,000 inhabitants,
+of whom 1,100,000 are Rumanians.
+
+Mamoaresh--Area, 9,720 square kilometers, and 360,000 inhabitants, of
+whom 120,000 are Rumanians.
+
+Bukowina--Area, 10,471 square kilometers, and 900,000 inhabitants, of
+whom 300,000 are Rumanians.
+
+Total area, 147,280 square kilometers, and 8,760,000 inhabitants, of
+whom 3,970,000 are Rumanians.
+
+In consequence, of 8,760,000 inhabitants of trans-Carpathian Rumania,
+nearly 4,000,000 are Rumanians, 2,200,000 Hungarians, 1,000,000
+Serbo-Croatians, 730,000 Germans, and so on.
+
+
+RUMANIA'S CLAIMS.
+
+[From The London Times, Nov. 25, 1914.]
+
+SOFIA, Nov. 23.
+
+The efforts made by Germany and Austria-Hungary to win over Rumania,
+or at least to induce her to refrain from prosecuting her claims to
+Transylvania, are being pursued with indefatigable energy and
+perseverance. The same methods are being employed in Bucharest as
+here, but on an even larger scale. The issues involved seem to be more
+fully realized by the Central European powers than by their opponents,
+and no pains are being spared to draw Rumania and Bulgaria within the
+orbit of their influence.
+
+The campaign in Bucharest was at first attended by a certain measure
+of success, owing to the attitude of M. Bratiano, the Premier; of M.
+Carp, a former Prime Minister, and of M. Marghiloman, the present
+leader of the Conservative Opposition. But many influential Liberals
+have already associated themselves with the programme of the action
+advocated by M. Take Jonesco, the chief of the Conservative-Democratic
+Party, and of M. Filipescu, a former Conservative Minister, whose
+advocacy of a forward policy threatens to cause a split in the
+Conservative camp. The great bulk of the political world desires to
+profit by the European crisis to secure Transylvania, the only
+difference of opinion being with regard to the advisability of
+immediate action. The consultative committee of the Conservative Party
+has passed a resolution demanding the abandonment of neutrality.
+
+The concessions offered by Count Tisza, the Hungarian Premier, in the
+hope of averting the coming storm, make no impression on the Rumanians
+either within or without the monarchy. He promises to allow the
+teaching of Rumanian in the schools, the use of the language in the
+public services, and increased Rumanian representation in the
+Hungarian Parliament. But the time for concessions has gone by. The
+Austrian advance into Servia threatens to cut off Rumania from
+Southern and Western Europe and to prevent the arrival from the
+United States of the large supplies of stores and medicaments ordered
+there.
+
+It is evident that neither Rumania nor Bulgaria can long maintain
+their present attitudes. It remains for the powers of the Entente to
+devise a means for securing the co-operation of both States.
+
+Servia recently inquired in Bucharest whether Rumania would oppose
+territorial concessions to a neighboring State, evidently indicating
+Bulgaria. Rumania replied that she would be happy to see all the
+quarrels of her neighbors arranged. The Government at Nish,
+appreciating the necessities of the situation, is now disposed toward
+a policy of concession. Servia's only hope of maintaining an
+independent existence lies in the success of the Entente powers. She
+is, therefore, bound to consent to any course they may deem necessary
+at the present juncture.
+
+
+UTTERANCES OF STATESMEN.
+
+_The New York Daily Greek Atlantis, in its issue of Nov. 21, 1914,
+reports as follows the statement of three Rumanian leaders to a Greek
+paper in Constantinople. The Rumanian Foreign Minister, Mr. Purumbaru,
+said:_
+
+Rumania is inspired by a sincere desire not to displease either of the
+two European Georges. Having adopted a policy of neutrality, she will
+maintain it to the end. Russia has expressed her satisfaction with the
+present attitude of Rumania, while Austria, since the beginning of the
+war, has avoided taking any oppressive measures against the Rumanians
+of Transylvania. As regards Italy, the Rumanian people harbor the
+friendliest intentions toward her. The Italo-Rumanian relations are
+most cordial. In Rumania the policy of Italy is followed with much
+attention. The relations of Rumania toward the other Balkan States,
+and especially toward Servia and Greece, are good. It is true that the
+Bulgarian intentions are not very clear. It appears, however, that the
+desire for peace is strong in Sofia, where it is felt that the
+interest of Bulgaria lies in adapting rather the country to the
+present situation than in throwing it into a struggle whose results
+would be unknown beforehand.
+
+As for Servia, Rumania has not intervened on her behalf in this war,
+as it had not its origin in the Treaty of Bucharest.
+
+In accordance with the common understanding of all the Balkan States,
+Rumania is always in favor of a union of them all, but opposes any
+combination between two or more Balkan States to the detriment of
+another.
+
+_M. Jonesco, leader of the Opposition, spoke on the Balkan situation
+as follows:_
+
+I always believed and still believe that the Balkan States cannot
+secure their future otherwise than by a close understanding among
+themselves, whether this understanding shall or shall not take the
+form of a federation. No one of the Balkan States is strong enough to
+resist the pressure from one or another of the European powers.
+
+For this reason I am deeply grieved to see in the Balkan coalition of
+1912 Rumania not invited. If Rumania had taken part in the first one,
+we should not have had the second. I did all that was in my power and
+succeeded in preventing the war between Rumania and the Balkan League
+in the Winter of 1912-1913.
+
+I risked my popularity, and I do not feel sorry for it. I employed all
+my efforts to prevent the second Balkan war, which, as is well known,
+was profitable to us. I repeatedly told the Bulgarians that they ought
+not to enter it because in that case we would enter it too. But I was
+not successful in my efforts.
+
+During the second Balkan war I did all in my power to end it as
+quickly as possible. At the conference of Bucharest I made efforts, as
+Mr. Pashich and Mr. Venizelos know very well, to secure for beaten
+Bulgaria the best terms. My object was to obtain a new coalition of
+all the Balkan States, including Rumania. Had I succeeded in this the
+situation would be much better. No reasonable man will deny that the
+Balkan States are neutralizing each other at the present time, which
+in itself makes the whole situation all the more miserable.
+
+In October, 1913, when I succeeded in facilitating the conclusion of
+peace between Greece and Turkey, I was pursuing the same object of the
+Balkan coalition. On my return from Athens I endeavored, though
+without success, to put the Greco-Turkish relations on a basis of
+friendship, being convinced that the well understood interest of both
+countries lies not only in friendly relations, but even in an alliance
+between them.
+
+The dissensions that exist between the Balkan States can be settled in
+a friendly way without war. The best moment for this would be after
+the general war, when the map of Europe will be remade. The Balkan
+country which would start war against another Balkan country would
+commit, not only a crime against her own future, but an act of folly
+as well.
+
+The destiny and the future of the Balkan States, and of all the small
+European peoples as well, will not be regulated by fratricidal wars,
+but, with this great European struggle, the real object of which is to
+settle the question whether Europe shall enter an era of justice, and
+therefore happiness for the small peoples, or whether we will face a
+period of oppression more or less gilt edged. And as I always believed
+that wisdom and truth will triumph in the end, I want to believe, too,
+that, in spite of the pessimistic news reaching me from the different
+sides of the Balkan countries, there will be no war among them in
+order to justify those who do not believe in the vitality of the small
+peoples.
+
+
+RUMANIANS IN HUNGARY.
+
+_N. Filipescu, ex-Minister of War, said:_
+
+The position of the Rumanians in Hungary is not so bad after all.
+Since the beginning of the general war the Rumanians of Hungary gave
+proofs of their faith and devotion to Hungary.
+
+We hoped to see this country appreciating the fact. Our belief is
+strengthened every day. I am convinced that if from this war Hungary
+should emerge victorious she would show less good-will toward the
+Rumanians of Transylvania. It is the first time that I have expressed
+in this way my opinion as a seeming threat. I hoped that the
+Hungarians would in the end take to the right path. But I see that we
+have nothing to hope from that side, and I only regret our former
+amicable relations with Germany.
+
+Two Balkan States--Servia and Greece--are nearer to us on account of
+the recent past. But in saying this I do not mean that our relations
+in the future will be less friendly. With the other States, and
+especially Bulgaria, our relations might become better. This is our
+sincerest desire. As for Turkey, we never ceased to be on good terms
+with her, and I hope the same will hold good in the future.
+
+
+
+
+Exit Albania?
+
+Departure of Prince William of Wied--After the Revolution of July,
+1914.
+
+[From Il Corriere della Sera of Milan, Italy, of Sept. 3, 1914.]
+
+
+DURAZZO, Sept. 3.
+
+An hour ago the Italian yacht Misurata, flying the Albanian ensign on
+the foremast and the Italian colors aft, weighed anchor and proceeded
+to Venice. Aboard the Misurata were Prince William of Wied, Princess
+Sophie, Tourkhan Pasha, (the Albanian Premier,) Akis Pasha, and other
+members of the Court.
+
+Princess Sophie, coming aboard the launch which took them to the
+Misurata, was weeping. Prince William looked calm. The Italian marines
+and the Rumanian volunteers cheered, and the cruiser Libia saluted the
+Prince with the regular number of salvos. The square near the seashore
+was by that time full of refugees.
+
+Prince William bade Durazzo good-bye, but every one is convinced that
+he will never come back.
+
+Last Monday (Aug. 31) the Ministers of the powers met in the Italian
+Legation to consider the taking of certain measures, in case of
+trouble, which was already brewing on account of the non-payment of
+the apportionments to the men of the garrison.
+
+On the morning of the next day the Minister of Rumania brought to the
+palace a letter from the insurgents addressed to the representatives
+of the powers and announcing that the patience of the insurgents was
+exhausted, and that they were resolved to enter Durazzo by any means.
+An identical letter was addressed to the inhabitants of the city.
+
+It was then that the Prince decided to abandon Durazzo.
+
+The Ministers, having received the message of the insurgents and
+having been notified of the intention of the Prince to leave the
+place, met again in the palace in order to find a way of settlement of
+the vexing financial problem. At the same time the International
+Commission of Control decided to call on the insurgent camp at Shiak,
+(outside of Durazzo,) give them the news of the imminent departure of
+the Prince, and invite them to the city.
+
+The insurgents replied assuring the commission of their good
+intentions toward the city and the foreigners. They added that they
+had not taken any decision regarding the new form of government,
+because some of their chiefs were at that time in Avlona, and they
+promised to make their decision known after the departure of the
+Prince from Durazzo. On the other hand, they left it to be understood
+that there was already established in Albania a mutual national
+confidence between all the Musselman Albanians.
+
+On its return to Durazzo the International Commission of Control found
+itself face to face with another surprise. The gendarmerie had
+mutinied. The men belonging to this corps were opposing the departure
+of the Prince before he had paid their wages, and threatened to make
+use of their weapons.
+
+The commission sent the French delegate to the gendarmerie barracks,
+and it was with great trouble that the men were dissuaded from their
+original designs. Yesterday the Prince distributed decorations freely.
+Today at 7 A.M. he left the palace, and, saluted by the Diplomatic
+Corps, he repaired to the waterfront.
+
+After the Prince and Princess embarked, the adjoining square was
+filled with great crowds of people. Malissor and Kotsovessi tribesmen
+and all those who were yet in Durazzo as protectors of the Prince went
+to the waterfront in order to embark on an Italian mail steamer bound
+for San Giovanni di Medua.
+
+These people looked desperate and gave the impression of being in the
+last degree of poverty. Each one had from two to three pistols, and no
+one was unarmed. There might have been nearly 2,000 men there, all
+eager to leave, but this proved impossible, as their chiefs, Issa
+Boletinotz and Ba�ram Zouri, had not provided them with the necessary
+tickets.
+
+At last, with the help of the Almighty, order was re-established, and,
+after two hours of trouble impossible to describe, these 2,000
+refugees embarked on the steamer Citta di Bori.
+
+The Italian marines re-embarked on the cruiser Libia, and the
+International Commission took charge of the Government.
+
+
+LAST PROCLAMATION OF PRINCE OF WIED.
+
+_Before leaving Durazzo, the Prince of Wied addressed the following
+proclamation to the Albanian people:_
+
+Albanians, when your delegates came to offer me the crown of Albania,
+I answered with confidence to the appeal of this noble and chivalrous
+people who were asking me to aid them in the work of their national
+regeneration. I came to you animated by the most ardent desire to help
+you in this patriotic task.
+
+You have seen me, from the beginning, devoting all my efforts for the
+reorganization of the country, and desirous of giving you a good
+administration and justice for all. But ill-omened events occurred to
+destroy our common labors. In fact, certain souls, blinded by passion,
+have misunderstood the scope of our reforms and have not given credit
+to a Government just born. On the other hand, the war which broke out
+in Europe has all the more complicated our position.
+
+I therefore thought that, in order not to leave unfinished the work to
+which I wish to consecrate my forces and my life, I must just for a
+little while go to the Occident.
+
+But know that, from afar as from near, I will have but one thought--to
+work for the prosperity of our noble and chivalrous Albanian
+fatherland. During my absence the International Commission of Control,
+deriving its powers from Europe, which created our country, will
+assume the Government.
+
+
+ESSAD PASHA PRESIDENT.
+
+[From Le Temps, Paris.]
+
+DURAZZO, Oct. 4.
+
+Essad Pasha was today named President of the temporary Government. The
+time limit for taking possession of the Government expired at 2 P.M. A
+short time before this hour Essad Pasha occupied the strategic points
+of the city with his forces of 10,000 Ottomans.
+
+The members of the Albanian Senate elected him President, and
+expressed to him their congratulations for the confidence the nation
+has in him.
+
+
+ALBANIA UNDER MANY RULERS.
+
+[From The Times of London, Oct. 30.]
+
+BUCHAREST, Oct. 27.
+
+There are now six Italian warships at Avlona, where a sanitary station
+will be established for the relief of Albanian refugees driven from
+Epirus by the Greek "sacred bands." The duty of maintaining the
+decisions of the conference in London will apparently be intrusted to
+Italy as the only neutral power among the signatories to the Albanian
+settlement. The consent of Austria to this arrangement would seem to
+have been secured.
+
+At present Albania is under six different r�gimes. Scutari and its
+neighborhood is governed by a local commission composed of Moslems and
+Christians. Avlona is also administered by a commission. The Mirdites
+form a separate State under Prenk Bib Doda. The Malissors remain
+isolated under their patriarchal institutions. The southern districts
+have been appropriated by the Greek invaders. Durazzo and the central
+regions obey Essad Pasha, who enjoys the title of Prime Minister and
+is recognized by the International Commission. That shadowy body, now
+reduced to four members, personates the ghost of the European concert.
+Except in the south the country is remarkably tranquil under its
+indigenous institutions.
+
+After he had left Albania Prince William of Wied received a telegram
+from the King of Italy assuring him of support in the future. His
+subsequent inclusion, however, in the German General Staff is regarded
+as seriously compromising to his prospects as sovereign of Albania.
+
+
+ITALY'S SANITARY MISSION.
+
+[From The London Morning Post, Oct. 28, 1914.]
+
+ROME, Oct. 27.
+
+The dispatch of the battleship Dandolo, the Climene and other Italian
+warships to Valona is due to the Government's knowledge of a scheme
+for starting an agitation tending to infringe the decision of the
+London Conference, which declared Albania neutral. Ismail Kemal Bey,
+whom I have just seen, expressed his satisfaction at Italy's action at
+Valona on both political and humanitarian grounds. He did not think
+that the step would lead to complications, and described the condition
+of the people at Valona as very miserable.
+
+The Tribuna, commenting on the Government announcement, declares that
+Italy's aim is for the present solely humanitarian, since the
+miserable conditions of Valona necessitate sanitary aid. A few
+companies of marines will land from the Dandolo to protect the
+Sanitary Mission. With regard to coast surveillance, the British and
+French Governments have warned Italy of a suspicious Moslem movement
+in the harbor of Smyrna, whence a thousand rabid young Turks have
+started or are starting on two steamers hired by the committee for
+Albania, with the intention of hoisting the Turkish flag and
+reannexing Albania to Turkey. Italy, in perfect accord with all the
+signatories of the London Conference, proposes to thwart the attempt.
+
+The Giornale d'Italia considers that what has been done at Valona is
+sufficient affirmation of Italian interests. Italy never meditated
+expeditions into the interior or a protectorate over Albania. The
+Government's intention is to show that whoever touches Valona touches
+Italian interests, which are that no power shall establish a naval
+base there.
+
+
+SASENO OCCUPIED.
+
+[From The London Times, Oct. 30, 1914.]
+
+ROME, Oct. 30.
+
+The Italian occupation of the rocky and desolate islet of Saseno
+which, from a strategic point of view, completely dominates the sea
+approaches to Avlona, is a logical consequence of the occupation of
+that town for the purpose of establishing a hospital and maintaining
+order. The islet itself was for some months in 1913 and 1914 a bone
+of contention between the Italians, who insisted on obtaining it for
+the Principality of Albania, and the Greeks, who were equally anxious
+to retain it in their own possession. With Saseno under the control of
+a foreign power, the possessor of Avlona could never make the town
+into a place of arms.
+
+Saseno, as one of the Ionian Islands, became a British protectorate in
+virtue of the Treaty of Paris of Nov. 5, 1815, but was given to Greece
+by the Treaty of London of March 29, 1864. The Ambassadors' Conference
+decided in the Autumn of last year that it was illogical to allow the
+chief harbor of Albania to be dominated by the territory of a foreign
+power, and by the Protocol of Florence, Dec. 19, 1913, it was
+definitely included in Albania. This decision was ratified by
+legislative enactment in Greece, to which effect was given by King
+Constantine's proclamation of June 13, 1914, shortly after which the
+Hellenic garrison was withdrawn. During the Greek r�gime, the island,
+being neutralized by the Treaty of 1864, was quite unimportant, and at
+one time the Turks by arrangement with the Hellenic Government,
+maintained a lighthouse there.
+
+
+GREEK TROOPS IN EPIRUS.
+
+[From The Morning Post, London, Oct. 28, 1914.]
+
+ATHENS, Oct. 26.
+
+In view of the continuous Albanian attacks and the growing insecurity
+in Northern Epirus the Greek Government today ordered Greek troops to
+occupy the districts of Argyrocastro and Premeti. The official
+communiqu� just issued declares this to be an entirely provisional
+measure to restore order and security in a country already exhausted
+by prolonged sanguinary conflicts, and Greece proposes to continue to
+adhere to the international arrangements regarding Epirus. It goes
+without saying that this reoccupation coincides entirely with public
+opinion, which has long been exercised over the sufferings of the
+Epirotes.
+
+
+ASSENT OF THE POWERS.
+
+[From The London Morning Post, Oct. 30, 1914.]
+
+Following are the replies of the great powers (states Reuter's Agency)
+to the Greek note announcing the intention of Greece to reoccupy
+Epirus:
+
+France declared that she saw no objection to the course proposed by M.
+Venizelos's note.
+
+Russia intimated that she would gladly accept whatever decision in the
+matter was reached by Great Britain and France.
+
+The British Government accepted M. Venizelos's note.
+
+Germany and Austria-Hungary replied that they accepted the declaration
+of the Greek Government that the occupation would not be contrary to
+the decisions of the London Conference.
+
+Italy declared that she, for the same purpose as set forth in the
+Greek note, namely, the maintenance of order and security, was taking
+similar steps at Valona, and that she had adopted this course while
+fully respecting the decisions of the powers. She raised no objection
+to M. Venizelos's proposal.
+
+
+ITALIAN OCCUPATION OF AVLONA.
+
+[From the Messaggero of Rome, Dec. 28, 1914.]
+
+AVLONA, Dec. 26.
+
+_The following proclamation addressed to the population was posted
+here:_
+
+The grave disorders that become apparent from time to time in this
+country have paralyzed commerce, work, and initiative, and are
+endangering the life and property of the inhabitants.
+
+The Italian Government, a watchful guardian of Albanian fortunes,
+desires that your tranquillity, so cruelly tried, shall be assured.
+Invoked by your wishes the marines of Italy are disembarking from the
+ships to establish order and defend you.
+
+(Signed) ADMIRAL PATRIS.
+
+
+THE LAST WORD.
+
+[From the Messaggero of Rome, Jan. 6, 1915.]
+
+DURAZZO, Jan. 4.
+
+Yesterday the rebels by a letter signed "The Mussulman Committee"
+demanded that the Ministers of Servia and France be consigned to them.
+
+At 6:30 o'clock the attack against the city began.
+
+Essad Pasha visited the trenches, notified the Italian Legation that
+there was great danger, and demanded all possible assistance.
+
+At 2:30 a few cannon shots from the Misurata and the Sardegna made
+themselves heard, defending the city, silencing in this way the rebel
+musket fire.
+
+The Italian colony and the legations of Italy, France, and Servia are
+embarked on the ships Sardegna and Misurata.
+
+
+
+
+TO BELGIUM
+
+By EDEN PHILLPOTTS.
+
+[From King Albert's Book.]
+
+
+     Champion of human honor, let us lave
+       Your feet and bind your wounds on bended knee,
+     Though coward hands have nailed you to the tree
+       And shed your innocent blood and dug your grave,
+     Rejoice and live! Your oriflamme shall wave
+       While man has power to perish and be free--
+     A golden flame of holiest liberty,
+       Proud as the dawn and as the sunset brave.
+
+     Belgium, where dwelleth reverence for right
+       Enthroned above all ideals; where your fate
+     And your supernal patience and your might
+       Most sacred grow in human estimate,
+     You shine a star above this stormy night,
+       Little no more, but infinitely great.
+
+[Illustration: The Balkan States, After the Second Balkan War.]
+
+
+
+
+The War in the Balkans
+
+General Aspect of the Near East on Aug. 1, 1914.
+
+By Adamantios Th. Polyzoides, Editor The Atlantis.
+
+
+The opening of the great European war found the Balkan Peninsula in
+the political shape given to it by the Treaty of Bucharest, Aug. 10,
+(old style, July 28,) 1913.
+
+This treaty was signed in the Rumanian capital immediately after the
+second Balkan war by Greece, Rumania, Bulgaria, Servia, and
+Montenegro, and, considered in its essential points, was the handiwork
+of European diplomacy, at whose instance Rumania had entered the war,
+with the avowed purpose to re-establish the destroyed Balkan
+equilibrium. Europe had two reasons for interfering in what was then
+considered as the final settlement of the Balkan question. In the
+first place, she wanted to reaffirm her authority and predominance
+over the Balkan States, and, in the second, she considered it as an
+indispensable part of her Near Eastern policy never to allow much
+freedom of movement on the part of these same States, which in two
+successive wars had proved their ability to safeguard and promote
+their vital interests in spite of all European opposition. To explain
+this course of European diplomacy one must bear in mind that the
+Balkan States, since their constitution as such, have always been
+considered as prot�g�s of Europe, or, to put it more plainly, as not
+being of age, and therefore deprived of the right and privilege to
+deal directly with their ancient master, Turkey, in all serious
+matters in which their most vital interests were involved.
+
+In the Treaty of Berlin after the Russo-Turkish war of 1877 a
+congress, in which all of the Great European powers participated, most
+emphatically affirmed that Turkey was responsible to Europe for any
+complaints that the Balkan States might have against the Ottoman
+Government regarding the treatment of their connationals, still left
+under the Sultan. At the same time the Balkan States received due
+warning regarding their dealings with Turkey, and were made to take a
+pledge that whenever they had troubles with the Porte the powers and
+not themselves were to be the arbiters. All the world knows how
+Turkey, by constant wire-pulling, secured immunity from Europe for not
+fulfilling the obligations incumbent on her by the Treaty of Berlin,
+and how one of the Balkan States, namely, Greece, was left alone and
+unprotected, to be chastised by Turkey in 1897 for not leaving to the
+powers the settlement of the Cretan question which had brought about
+the war.
+
+The European powers, having done practically nothing during
+thirty-five years for the betterment of the conditions under which the
+non-Moslem populations had to live in Turkey, were overwhelmed to hear
+in the Autumn of 1912 the news of a series of alliances concluded at
+Sofia on June 12 between Bulgaria and Servia, and between Bulgaria and
+Greece, for the purpose of settling once for all the perennial Balkan
+question. European diplomacy was slow, as usual, in grasping the
+meaning of the new alliance, and when, on Oct. 5, 1912, Montenegro
+suddenly declared war on Turkey, with Servia, Bulgaria, and Greece
+following suit on the 18th, there was consternation in London, Paris,
+Berlin, Vienna, Rome, and, to a certain degree, in Petrograd.
+
+An idea of the unpreparedness of European diplomacy in the face of the
+sudden Balkan war can be had by simply glancing at the records of the
+British House of Commons of the first weeks after the war was
+declared.
+
+Sir Edward Grey, then and now Foreign Secretary of State for Great
+Britain, making the first announcement of the rupture between Turkey
+and the Balkan States, said--exposing the views not only of his
+Government but of the European concert as well--that Europe, being
+taken unawares, would not permit any alteration of the Balkan
+frontiers as the result of the war. After the first victories of the
+Balkan allies we see Great Britain changing her policy. "The Balkan
+victors shall not be deprived of the fruits of their victories,"
+Premier Asquith was declaring in Parliament less than a fortnight
+after Sir Edward spoke. In both these instances the British statesmen
+were voicing the policy of the European concert taken as a whole. In
+the first place, the Foreign Secretary was led into believing that
+Turkey might prove victorious against the Balkan coalition, and the
+warning about the immutability of the Balkan frontiers was only for
+Turkey, in case her victorious armies were to cross the boundaries
+into Bulgaria, Servia, Montenegro, and Greece.
+
+When events marked the utter collapse of the Turkish campaign, Premier
+Asquith came out with the declaration that Europe had agreed on a
+policy safeguarding the interests of the victorious Balkan allies.
+This policy was maintained as long as the Balkan victories were
+confined in their first progress toward Ottoman territory, at the same
+time leaving the great European interests unharmed. But when Servian
+troops arrived at Durazzo, and Montenegro entered Scutari while Greece
+kept pushing on to Avlona and Bulgaria stood before Tchataldja, the
+European concert was no longer unanimous in safeguarding the interests
+of the victors.
+
+Austria, seeing her secular dream of a descent on Saloniki definitely
+destroyed, and feeling at the same time the imperative need of making
+impossible a Servian occupation of the Adriatic littoral, raised her
+voice in favor of the creation of an autonomous Albania at the expense
+of Servia, Montenegro, and Greece.
+
+Italy, and then Germany, joined their ally in support of Albania.
+Russia, at the same time not wishing to give any greater impetus to
+the Bulgarian campaign, dexterously manipulated Rumania, which raised
+at that time her first claims on Dobrudja. France, who for the last
+twenty-five years has subjected her Near Eastern policy to the
+exigencies of the Petrograd statesmen, agreed to the Albanian
+proposals of the four powers, and finally Great Britain, fearing
+complications, declared abruptly through Sir Edward Grey that the
+Balkan war was one of conquest, and for that reason subject to
+European intervention. In this way European diplomacy stepped into the
+Balkan conflict and took charge of the final settlement of the first
+war.
+
+The resolution to interfere in the war once taken, the European powers
+lost no time in finding a way to end the conflict, and with this
+object in mind they forced on the belligerents two successive
+armistices, culminating in the two peace conferences of London. These
+armistices served two purposes from the diplomatic point of view;
+first, they exhausted financially the little Balkan countries; and,
+secondly, they prepared public opinion for the acceptance of any peace
+terms. The second conference in London succeeded in forcing a peace
+treaty on the Balkan States. With the exception of Bulgaria, who hoped
+to retain most of the Turkish territory won by the Balkan coalition,
+every one was dissatisfied with the way the London conference ended.
+
+Turkey, on one hand, was losing more territory than at first imagined,
+as the result of her defeat, and the loss of Adrianople was especially
+hard for every Turk.
+
+Greece was obliged to sign a peace treaty giving her vague and
+indefinite boundaries and leaving out the question of the Aegean
+Islands and Epirus, to be settled at a later date by another
+conference of the Ambassadors of the six great powers in London.
+
+Servia also had to wait for the realization of her fondest hope, which
+was to obtain a free commercial access to the Adriatic by way of
+Durazzo or San Giovanni di Medua. That question also was to be decided
+by the Ambassadorial conference. Montenegro was to lose Scutari, for
+which she had shed her heart's blood, without getting at the same time
+any adequate compensation. Such was the Peace of London, from the
+strictly Balkan point of view, and its conclusion in May, 1913, was
+the signal for the disruption of the Balkan League and the forerunner
+of the second war. One month later Bulgaria, having fallen under
+Austrian influences, quarreled with Servia and Greece over the
+division of certain Macedonian territories, and on June 16 (29, new
+style) all of a sudden attacked her erstwhile allies, thereby bringing
+about the second Balkan conflict, with Greece, Servia, and Montenegro
+united against her. The outcome of this war, the entry of Rumania and
+Turkey into the field against Bulgaria, the tearing up of the London
+Treaty, and the settlement of Bucharest are too well known to need an
+extensive mention here.
+
+The Treaty of London once torn to pieces by the second Balkan war, it
+remained for the great powers to find a new way of forcing their terms
+on the recalcitrant Balkan States, and this they succeeded in doing by
+adroitly using Rumania as the representative of European diplomacy.
+Thus the Rumanian Army, without any provocation from Bulgaria, took
+the field against her neighbor, and acted as a mediator and arbiter of
+the second Balkan conflict.
+
+The Greek, Servian, Montenegrin, and Bulgarian delegates who went to
+Bucharest at the close of the war knew beforehand that behind the
+actions of the Rumanian Government stood united the whole of European
+diplomacy, again striving to put down once for all these insolent
+little States who thought themselves emancipated from European
+guardianship. These delegates knew quite well that there was no
+escape, but they went, trying and hoping for the best. The Rumanian
+"Green Papers," published a short time after the Treaty of Bucharest
+and covering a period between Sept. 20, 1912, and Aug. 1, 1913, give a
+vivid and true story of the whole proceedings, showing once more what
+a powerful instrument diplomacy is in the hands of the strong for
+cheating the weak.
+
+On Aug. 1, 1914, we see the Balkan Peninsula presenting the following
+aspect:
+
+From the erstwhile European Turkey, of six vilayets, or departments,
+namely, those of Adrianople, Saloniki, Monastir, Uskub, Jannina, and
+Scutari, only one, and that mutilated, remains, the Vilayet of
+Adrianople. Greece, Bulgaria, Servia, Montenegro, and Albania
+appropriated the rest. Gone is Crete, and gone are the twenty-six
+Aegean Islands, twelve of them permanently united to their Hellenic
+motherland, while Italy temporarily occupies fourteen as a result of
+the Tripolitan war of 1911. Thus Turkey, from an area of 168,500
+square kilometers, and 5,000,000 to 6,000,000 inhabitants, forming her
+European dominions, was reduced to about 30,000 square kilometers and
+nearly 3,000,000 inhabitants, including the population of
+Constantinople, amounting, according to the only available foreign
+statistics, to 1,203,000 inhabitants. Of course Turkey has in Asia an
+area of more than 2,000,000 square kilometers, with a population
+approximating 20,000,000, but that, properly speaking, does not enter
+into Balkan considerations.
+
+Greece, after her two victorious wars, approximates 120,000 square
+kilometers in territory, with more than 5,000,000 population.
+
+Rumania has 139,690 square kilometers of area and 7,601,660 of
+population.
+
+Servia has an area of 87,300 square kilometers and a population of
+4,256,000.
+
+Bulgaria's area is 114,000 square kilometers, with 4,766,900 of
+population.
+
+Montenegro has an area of 14,180 square kilometers and half a million
+in population, and, lastly, Albania, the newborn State, with its
+scant hope of future political life, has an area of about 17,600
+square kilometers, with an approximate population of 800,000
+inhabitants.
+
+Were the Balkan States satisfied with the above arrangement when the
+great European war broke? To this question we have the following
+answer from those concerned:
+
+Turkey never forgave the European powers the treatment accorded to her
+in the London peace conference, and proved her dissatisfaction by
+entering Thrace and occupying Adrianople immediately she saw Bulgaria
+engaged in the second war. But Turkey desired also the Aegean islands
+occupied by Greece, and these, all but two at the entrance to the
+Dardanelles, the powers allotted to Greece, not securing thereby an
+increase of Turkish sympathies.
+
+Greece was disappointed in two instances by the European powers;
+first, because they did not make their decision regarding the islands
+binding upon Turkey, thus creating a series of unending controversies
+between the Porte and the Government of Athens, one result of which
+was the wholesale expulsions and persecutions of the Greek element in
+Turkey, and especially in the Vilayets of Adrianople and Smyrna. The
+question of settling in a friendly way the Greco-Turkish differences
+was to be discussed between the Grand Vizier, Prince Said Halim, and
+the Premier of Greece, E.K. Venizelos, in a meeting of the two
+statesmen in Brussels, when the great European war broke.
+
+Bulgaria, who for a moment saw her most cherished dream of Balkan
+hegemony realized and had all her fondest hopes shattered by the
+second war and the Treaty of Bucharest, cannot help regarding her
+neighbors as the robbers of what she considers her national patrimony,
+and at the same time she does not forget that in all their proceedings
+against her, Greek, Servian, Rumanian, and Montenegrin acted with the
+tacit approval of the great powers.
+
+Servia for years had struggled to get an outlet on the Adriatic, and
+when, after a glorious war, she attained her goal, she found Austria
+opposing her, and behind Austria the whole of the European concert.
+
+Montenegro in the same way cannot forget the disappointment of being
+cast out of Scutari after one of the most strenuous and glorious
+campaigns of her history, and lastly Albania, poor and helpless,
+without any support from her creators, feels all that a weak and
+wretched foundling has to feel toward those responsible for its
+misfortunes and miseries. In contrast with these feelings, Rumania was
+the only Balkan State perfectly satisfied with the new arrangement. In
+fact, Rumania, having played in the war the part of a great power,
+came out of it not only with increased prestige but also with the
+richest of all the Bulgarian provinces, Dobrudja, as a sort of
+deserved payment for serving the ends of European diplomacy.
+
+From this general dissatisfaction of the Balkan States with European
+diplomacy and European intrigue sprang Gavrilo Prinzip and the murder
+at Serajevo that plunged Europe and the world into the greatest and
+most disastrous war of all time.
+
+In fairness, however, to the Balkan States it must be said at this
+juncture that war, in whatever form and character, was far from the
+Balkan mind on June 28, 1914, when the Austrian Archduke and heir to
+the throne, Franz Ferdinand, and his consort were assassinated by the
+Servian youth Prinzip in the capital of Bosnia.
+
+The years 1912 and 1913 had been too costly for the whole of the
+Balkan Peninsula, and the necessity of a continued peace for a good
+number of years was universally recognized, with the exception of
+Constantinople, in Athens, Bucharest, Sofia, Belgrade, Cettinge, and
+even Durazzo. To prove this we have the opinions of all the Balkan
+leaders and the views expressed in the Balkan press up to Aug. 1,
+1914.
+
+A single point yet calls for a few remarks, and this covers the mutual
+relations of the Balkan States just before the European war.
+
+We have seen in what a degree the question of the ownership of the
+Aegean Islands had divided the Governments of Athens and
+Constantinople. In fact, if any war in the Near East were to be
+feared, this was one between the two secular enemies, Greek and Turk,
+and when in May, 1913, the anti-Greek agitation in the Ottoman Empire
+reached its climax it was only through the tremendous influence of the
+Greek Premier on Hellenic public opinion and his extreme moderation
+that a new diplomatic rupture between the two countries was averted.
+
+In anticipation of this eventuality Turkey secured two battleships of
+the dreadnought type, the Brazilian Rio de Janeiro (then Sultan Osman
+I. and afterward H.M.S. Erin, England having taken over the ship on
+Aug. 5, 1914) and the Reshadieh, (likewise taken over by England and
+renamed H.M.S. Agincourt,) and was preparing for war in such haste
+that Greece did not hesitate to buy at the original cost price the two
+old American battleships Idaho and Mississippi, (now Limnos and
+Kilkis.)
+
+This was in July, 1914, just a few weeks before the European war.
+Since that time Greco-Turkish relations have been neither better nor
+worse. It must be said here that these relations had their origin, not
+in the obsolete London Treaty of May, 1913, but in the Treaty of
+Athens, signed in December, 1913, between the two countries, and
+covering in a general way the more essential points of the outstanding
+questions between the two parties, excluding, however, the Aegean
+Islands controversy.
+
+After signing the Treaty of Bucharest Bulgaria turned her attention
+exclusively to Turkey, and, letting bygones be bygones, concluded the
+Peace Treaty of Constantinople in October, 1913, and inaugurated the
+most friendly relations with her erstwhile opponent. Since that time
+the report has spread that an alliance, both offensive and defensive,
+had been signed by the two countries, but this has been repeatedly
+denied both from Constantinople and Sofia.
+
+The diplomatic relations between Servia and Turkey and Montenegro and
+Turkey were re-established a short time before the European war, but
+these countries, being now in no direct contact with Turkish
+territory, their relations with the Porte are of little importance.
+
+Between Bulgaria on one hand and Rumania, Greece, Servia, and
+Montenegro on the other, the diplomatic relations have been
+re-established, but gone is the old friendship, for reasons already
+explained. Greece, Servia, and Montenegro are the best of friends,
+and, according to unofficial and confidential reports, a defensive and
+offensive alliance for the maintenance of the Balkan status quo,
+exists between the three countries. Between Rumania and Greece
+friendly relations exist, and for some time it was said that a
+marriage was to be arranged between the Greek Crown Prince, George,
+and the Princess Elizabeth, daughter of the Rumanian King, Ferdinand
+I., who succeeded to the throne after the death of his uncle, King
+Charles. This match, however, seems to have been abandoned, perhaps
+for political reasons, and more so because Greco-Rumanian relations
+have not as yet reached that firmness which only might justify such a
+rapprochement of the two royal families.
+
+Between Servia and Rumania there is some courtesy but scarcely any
+friendship, and this is not surprising, especially now, when each side
+is aiming to an aggrandizement (at the expense of Austria) in a way
+injurious to the other. Montenegro naturally follows Servia's course,
+and as for Albania, what we said previously of her applies now, with
+this particular observation, that the only neighborly interest shown
+her is from Italy, trying to play the game of Tripoli at the expense
+of the Skipetars, while all the other European powers are busily
+engaged in the great war.
+
+In conclusion we may note that of all the Balkan States only Rumania
+and, to a certain degree, Greece have any money to run their affairs.
+This, however, has nothing to do with the matter of their entrance in
+the war, as in that case there will be one or the other European
+combination to pay the freight.
+
+Such was the aspect of the Balkan Peninsula at the beginning of the
+great European war.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: (_From The Bystander, London._)
+
+How the Famous Bernhardi Wrote the Eulogy of Germany's Culture.]
+
+THE EUROPEAN WAR AS SEEN BY CARTOONISTS
+
+_A SELECTION OF NOTABLE CARTOONS FROM LEADING ENGLISH, FRENCH,
+ITALIAN, AND GERMAN PUBLICATIONS, SHOWING HOW THE KNIGHTS OF THE PEN
+AND BRUSH ARE WAGING THE WAR OF CARICATURE AGAINST THE FOES OF THEIR
+RESPECTIVE ALLIANCES_
+
+ENGLISH CARTOONS, PAGE 1073
+
+FRENCH CARTOONS, PAGE 1084
+
+ITALIAN CARTOONS, PAGE 1088
+
+GERMAN CARTOONS, PAGE 1091
+
+
+
+
+Still Not Letting Go--and Still Breathing!
+
+[Illustration: (_From The Sketch, London._)
+
+THE PRUSSIAN EAGLE: "This is no good to me. That pup's growing every
+minute. I've half a mind to fly away."]
+
+
+
+
+Going! Going! ----?
+
+[Illustration: (_From The Tatler, London._)
+
+The Barbarian Finds His "Place in the Sun" Too Hot for Him.]
+
+
+
+
+The God in the Cart
+
+(AN UNREHEARSED EFFECT.)
+
+[Illustration: (_From Punch, London._)
+
+TURKEY: "I'm getting a bit fed up with this. I shall kick soon."
+
+AUSTRIA: "Well, I was thinking of lying down."]
+
+
+
+
+The Great Illusion
+
+[Illustration: (_From Punch, London._)
+
+KAISER: "My poor bird, what _has_ happened to your tail feathers?"
+
+GERMAN EAGLE: "Can you bear the truth, Sire?"
+
+KAISER: "If it's not for publication."
+
+GERMAN EAGLE: "It's like this, then. You told me the British lion was
+contemptible. Well--he wasn't!"]
+
+
+
+
+What Punch Thinks Is Awaiting the Kaiser
+
+[Illustration: (_From Punch, London._)]
+
+
+
+
+The Man Behind the Kaiser
+
+[Illustration: (_From the Bystander, London._)]
+
+
+
+
+Nothing Doing
+
+[Illustration: (_From Punch, London._)
+
+IMPERIAL DACHSHUND: "Here I've been sitting up and doing tricks for
+the best part of seven weeks, and you take no more notice of me than
+if--"
+
+UNCLE SAM: "Cut it out!"]
+
+
+
+
+As Between Friends
+
+[Illustration: (_From Punch, London._)
+
+BRITISH LION: "Please don't look at me like that, Sam. _You_'re not
+the eagle I'm up against."]
+
+
+
+
+Kultur
+
+[Illustration: (_From The Sketch, London._)
+
+Making the German Officers' Mess a Success.]
+
+
+
+
+Homers
+
+[Illustration: (_From The Sketch, London._)
+
+THE POLICEMAN: "What have you got there? Pigeons?"
+
+THE ENGLISHMAN (_naturalized_): "No; they vos singing-birds."
+
+THE POLICEMAN: "What song do they sing?"
+
+THE ENGLISHMAN (_naturalized_): "Home, sveet home."]
+
+
+
+
+The New Year's Present That We Are Wishing For
+
+[Illustration: (_From La Vie Parisienne, Paris._)
+
+A Million English Soldiers to Help Us Drive the Germans from France
+and Belgium.]
+
+
+
+
+"His" Christmas Sabots
+
+[Illustration: (_From La Vie Parisienne, Paris._)
+
+(The conspicuous place taken by children's stockings at Christmas time
+in English-speaking countries is usurped by the youngsters' shoes in
+France.)]
+
+
+
+
+"Sire, Your Soup's Getting Cold"
+
+[Illustration: (_From La Vie Parisienne, Paris._)
+
+How about that famous dinner that the Kaiser ordered in one of the big
+Paris hotels! Isn't the bill of fare a trifle out of season by this
+time?]
+
+
+
+
+Chaffing the French Censor
+
+(_From La Vie Parisienne, Paris._)
+
+[Illustration: "At the same instant, happily, a furious gallop
+resounded along the road from ----, and, full of joy, our Colonel
+cried: 'They are the ----.' They were, as a matter of fact, the
+----."]
+
+[Illustration: "Despite this reinforcement, it was hot work. Capt.
+---- of the ---- Company of the ---- Regiment especially distinguished
+himself, leading his men in an irresistible charge. We lost ---- men,
+but the enemy left ---- dead in the ruins of the village of ----."]
+
+[Illustration: "At the end of the ---- ---- victory ---- ---- ----
+important strategic point ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----. 'I am very
+pleased with you,' said our General to us."]
+
+
+
+
+The Under-Study
+
+[Illustration: (_From Numero, Turin._)
+
+The Triple Alliance Revised and Corrected.]
+
+
+
+
+A Substitute for Belgian Blocks
+
+[Illustration: (_From Numero, Turin._)
+
+A New Form of Paving for French and Belgian Cities.]
+
+
+
+
+What Italy Thinks of "Guglielmo"
+
+(A SERIES OF ITALIAN POSTCARDS.)
+
+[Illustration: HIMSELF TO GOD: "If I were not afraid of Thee I would
+declare war upon Thee also!"]
+
+[Illustration: GUGLIELMO'S DREAM. The map bears the inscription, "The
+Great German Empire."]
+
+[Illustration: "Isn't there somebody else to declare war upon?"
+
+"There's the Republic of San Marino, your Majesty."]
+
+[Illustration: GUGLIELMO (bearing the European war): "Heavens! It's
+beginning to get heavy."]
+
+
+
+
+You Can't Bluff the Turk
+
+(_From Simplicissimus, Munich._)
+
+[Illustration: "Will you restore the capitulations immediately?"]
+
+[Illustration: "No."]
+
+[Illustration: "Will you give up the Goeben and the Breslau
+immediately?"]
+
+[Illustration: "No."]
+
+[Illustration: "In respect to the Dardanelles, will you immediately
+----?"
+
+"No. And now suppose you just put up that revolver."]
+
+[Illustration: "With pleasure! The thing wasn't loaded at all!"]
+
+
+
+
+The Mistress of the Sea
+
+(_From Lustige Blaetter, Berlin._)
+
+[Illustration: Behold, O World, How I Stand Here!
+
+Look Out, Britannia!]
+
+
+
+
+The "Prize-Taker"
+
+[Illustration: (_From Lustige Blaetter, Berlin._)
+
+"How long will you allow this brute to tread on your corns?"
+
+[The allusion is to England's attitude toward neutral shipping.]]
+
+
+
+
+The Face at the Window
+
+[Illustration: (_From Lustige Blaetter, Berlin._)]
+
+
+
+
+Novel Coastwise Scenery
+
+[Illustration: (_From Jugend, Munich._)
+
+Since it was given out that the German barbarians were refusing to
+fire on cathedrals, England has worked out a jolly little plan for
+coast defense.]
+
+
+
+
+The Dancers
+
+[Illustration: (_From Lustige Blaetter, Berlin._)
+
+How the Germans Conduct the English Ballet.]
+
+
+
+
+The English Spider
+
+[Illustration: (_From Jugend, Munich._)]
+
+
+
+
+The Jap-Infested British Lion
+
+[Illustration: (_From Simplicissimus, Munich._)
+
+"Goddam! What kind of fleas have I got in my mane anyway!"]
+
+
+
+
+The Englishman and His Globe
+
+[Illustration: (_From Simplicissimus, Munich._)
+
+"Curses! Blood is more slippery than water!"
+
+[The original was in black and red and vividly represented a dripping
+globe.]]
+
+
+
+
+The German Watch in Kiao-Chau
+
+[Illustration: (_From Simplicissimus, Munich._)
+
+[A superb cartoon published before the fall of the German stronghold
+in China.]]
+
+
+
+
+GERMANY vs. BELGIUM
+
+_Case of the Secret Military Documents Presented by Both Sides_
+
+     [The Belgo-British plot alleged by Germany is thoroughly
+     aired in the following communications. The text of the
+     secret documents, which, according to the German contention,
+     prove that the Allies did not intend to respect Belgian
+     neutrality--that Belgium herself conspired with England to
+     break it--was discovered in the archives of the Belgian
+     Government after the German occupation of Brussels, and is
+     embodied on Pages 1105 to 1109 in the subjoined article,
+     published in behalf of Germany by Dr. Bernhard Dernburg.
+
+     The article, called by Dr. Dernburg "The Case of Belgium,"
+     as reproduced below, and published between gray covers like
+     the Belgian "Gray Book," prompted publications in rejoinder
+     by the Belgian Legation at Washington. The first of these,
+     entitled "The Innocence of Belgium," appears on Page 1110;
+     it states that the secret documents show in their own
+     statements the "clearest proof of the innocence of Belgium."
+     The second Belgian article, headed "Why Belgium Was
+     Devastated," and appearing on Page 1115, embodies the German
+     proclamations establishing military rule in the violated
+     territory.--EDITOR.]
+
+
+"THE CASE OF BELGIUM"
+
+"In the Light of Official Reports Found in the Secret Archives of the
+Belgian Government after the Occupation of Brussels"
+
+Remarks Introductory to the Secret Documents
+
+By Dr. Bernhard Dernburg
+
+Herewith are published facsimiles of papers found among the documents
+of the Belgian General Staff at Brussels, referring to arrangements
+between the English Military Attach� and the Belgian Minister of War
+regarding British intervention in Belgium.
+
+It will be remembered from the British "White Book" that in November,
+1912, a correspondence passed between Sir Edward Grey and the French
+Minister in London, in which it was stated that British and French
+military and naval experts had consulted together from time to time as
+to plans to be followed in case of war, and it was stated in this
+correspondence that in accordance with such prearranged plans the
+French fleet would stay in the Mediterranean to safeguard the joint
+interests there, whereas the British fleet would safeguard their
+interests in the north. Of this correspondence the members of the
+British Cabinet remained ignorant until the Cabinet meeting
+immediately preceding the written statement by Great Britain on Aug. 2
+that in case a German fleet attacked the French coast or passed into
+the Channel, England would give all the assistance in her power,
+(British "White Papers," No. 148,) and it was also, of course,
+concealed from the British public until the speech of Sir Edward Grey
+on Aug. 3. It will be remembered that in consequence of this
+revelation the British Minister of Commerce, Mr. John Burns, and two
+other members, Lord Morley and Mr. Trevelyan, left the British Cabinet
+under protest; that the leader of the British Labor Party, Mr. Ramsey
+Macdonald, resigned from the leadership and that Mr. Arthur Ponsonby
+in his famous letter denounced Sir Edward Grey's practices.
+
+Mr. Ponsonby said that time and again they had been assured that there
+were no obligations whatsoever on the part of Great Britain to come to
+France's assistance and yet they found themselves now so hopelessly
+entangled that as a matter of fact the British Government could not
+back out.
+
+The fact of these consultations, by which, of course, all the plans of
+mobilization of both the British and French armies were disclosed to
+the two allies and which include the landing of English troops in
+France, is now fully established by the annexed documents. They show
+that these conversations were also held with Belgium, that plans had
+been concerted to invade Belgium with an army of 100,000 men by way of
+three French ports--viz., Dunkirk, Calais, and Boulogne--and that the
+British plans even considered a landing by way of the Scheldt, thus
+violating also Dutch neutrality.
+
+The documents, giving all the details as translated and showing that
+Belgian railway cars were to be sent to the named French ports in
+order to transport the British troops into Belgium, are dated from
+1906.
+
+The Belgian Minister at Berlin, Baron Greindl, a well-known Belgian
+patriot, protested to his Government. The heading of his protest is
+also given in facsimile. In it he said that it was not quite safe to
+trust to the British and French to keep the Belgian neutrality, that
+it was not wise to take all measures only against a German infraction
+of Belgian neutrality and that the British spirit was clearly shown by
+the words of Col. Barnardiston that the Scheldt might be used for
+transporting troops into Belgium.
+
+Furthermore, it will be remembered that the British and French
+Governments violently protested when the plans were made public that
+the Dutch Government intended to fortify the mouth of the Scheldt in
+1906. But in 1912, when the Balkan crisis became acute, the British
+went one step further. When Col. Bridges, in a conversation with Gen.
+Jungbluth, the Chief of the Belgian General Staff, said that England
+was ready to strike, that 160,000 men were ready to be landed and that
+they would land them as soon as any European conflict should break
+out, Gen. Jungbluth protested that for such a step the permission of
+Belgium was necessary. The cool reply was that the English knew it,
+but thought that, as Belgium was not strong enough alone to protect
+herself, England would land troops anyway. Gen. Jungbluth answered
+that Belgium felt strong enough to protect herself, which is in
+keeping with her declaration to France, when she offered to protect
+Belgium by five army corps, as reported in the British "White Book."
+The position of England was therefore that, while in 1906 they had
+already concerted plans for a joint action, in 1912 England intended
+action in any case, should a European conflagration break out.
+
+Now, it must be recollected that as early as July 28, 1914, Sir Edward
+Grey said to Prince Lichnowsky, as mentioned in his communication to
+Sir E. Goschen: "The situation was very grave. While it was restricted
+to the issues at present actually involved, we had not thought of
+interfering in it. But if Germany became involved in it and then
+France, the issue might be so great that it would involve all European
+interests, and I did not wish him to be misled by the friendly tone of
+our conversation--which I hoped would continue--into thinking that we
+should stand aside." (British "White Papers," No. 89.)
+
+This was at a time when the Belgian issue had not been raised at all.
+It only came about by Sir Edward Grey's notes written on July 31. Thus
+the British entanglement with France, as evidenced by the British
+"White Book," prevented England taking the same attitude in 1914 which
+she had taken in 1870, when she made a treaty with France as against
+the German invasion of Belgium and with Germany as against the French
+invasion of Belgium. A similar agreement was suggested by Prince
+Lichnowsky to Sir Edward Grey on Aug. 1, 1914, as reported in the
+English "White Book," No. 123, when the former asked Sir Edward Grey
+whether if Germany gave a promise not to violate Belgian neutrality
+England would engage to remain neutral, upon which Grey replied that
+he could not say that.
+
+It is therefore perfectly evident, in the first place, that in case of
+a German war, that was sure to be brought about by Russia's
+mobilization against Germany, England would go to war against Germany,
+and it has been proved that the English assurance to that effect has
+strengthened the hands of the Russian war party, which thereupon got
+the upper hand and forced the Russian Czar into the war, (see report
+of Belgian Charg� d'Affaires at St. Petersburg to the Minister of
+Foreign Affairs at Brussels, July 30.)
+
+In the second place, it is shown that England meant, with or without
+Belgium's will, to land her troops, in violation of Belgium's
+neutrality, in Belgium, irrespective of whether German troops were
+marching through Belgium or not, because no such declaration had been
+made in 1912 or any time thereafter until Aug. 4 in the German
+Reichstag. It is further evident that as soon as Russia mobilized,
+Germany would have to fight Russia as well as France and England, and
+that in such a fight she was forced to draw quickly when she saw her
+enemies reaching for their hip pockets. And only the prompt action at
+Li�ge that put this important railway centre commanding the railway
+connections to France and Germany into German hands prevented the
+English landing and invading Belgium.
+
+The guilt of the Belgian Government in this matter consists, in the
+first place, in making and concerting plans with the English and
+French Governments as to what steps to take in case of war. A plan of
+the French mobilization was found in the same docket, and it cannot be
+presumed that the conference between British and French experts was
+unknown to the British Military Attach� in Brussels. It is furthermore
+impossible to believe that the French railway for the shipping of
+British troops from Calais, Dunkirk, and Boulogne into Belgium in
+Belgian cars could have been used without the knowledge of the French
+authorities. Secondly, that Belgium did not heed the advice of Baron
+Greindl and did not try to insure her independence in the same way by
+approaching Germany and making a similar contract with her. This
+disposes of the contention that the Belgian conversation had a purely
+defensive character as against all comers. It shows the one-sidedness
+of the inclination, which is evidenced also by the placing of all
+Belgium's fortresses on the eastern frontier.
+
+The Belgian people had been told at the beginning of the war that
+Germany demanded that the Belgian forces should fight with the Germans
+against the French and the English, and the truth had become known
+only three full months later, when the Belgian "Gray Book" was
+published. Then Belgium was practically occupied territory. While
+Belgium pretended neutrality and friendship toward Germany, it was
+secretly planning for her defeat in a war which was considered
+unavoidable. The poor Belgian people, however, must suffer because of
+the large ambitions of King Leopold of Congo fame and of a broken-down
+diplomacy.
+
+The Imperial Chancellor has declared that there was irrefutable proof
+that if Germany did not march through Belgium, her enemies would. This
+proof, as now being produced, is of the strongest character. So the
+Chancellor was right in appealing to the law of necessity, although he
+had no regret that it violated international law. This law of
+necessity has been recognized as paramount by nearly every prominent
+statesman, including Gladstone, and by all teachers of international
+law, even by the United States Supreme Court's decision, Vol. 130,
+Page 601, stating in regard to the treaty with China concerning
+Chinese immigration into the United States: "It will not be presumed
+that the legislative department of the Government will lightly pass
+laws which are in conflict with the treaties of the country, but that
+circumstances may arise which would not only justify the Government in
+disregarding their stipulations, but demand in the interests of the
+country that it should do so, there can be no question. Unexpected
+events may call for a change in the policy of the country." And to
+strengthen this opinion another decision by Justice Curtis, rendered
+in 1908, may be cited, stating that, "while it would be a matter of
+the utmost gravity and delicacy to refuse to execute a treaty, the
+power to do so was a prerogative of which no country could be deprived
+without deeply affecting its independence."
+
+We now let these Belgian documents speak for themselves.
+
+
+Summary of the Secret Documents
+
+I. The first document is a report of the Chief of the Belgian General
+Staff, Major Gen. Ducarme, to the Minister of War, reporting a series
+of conversations which he had had with the Military Attach� of the
+British Legation, Lieut. Col. Barnardiston, in Brussels. It discloses
+that, as early as January, 1906, the Belgian Government was in
+consultation with the British Government over steps to be taken by
+Belgium, Great Britain, and France against Germany. A plan had been
+fully elaborated for the landing of two British army corps in French
+ports to be transferred to the point in Belgium necessary for
+operations against the Germans. Throughout the conversation the
+British and Belgian forces were spoken of as "allied armies"; the
+British Military Attach� insisted on discussing the question of the
+chief command; and he urged the establishment, in the meantime, of a
+Belgian spy system in Germany.
+
+II. When in the year 1912 Lieut. Col. Barnardiston had been succeeded
+by Lieut. Col. Bridges as British Military Attach� in Brussels, and
+the Chief of the Belgian General Staff, Major Gen. Ducarme, had been
+succeeded by Gen. Jungbluth as Chief of the Belgian General Staff, the
+conversations proceeded between the two latter officials. That is to
+say, these were not casual conversations between individuals, but a
+series of official conversations between representatives of their
+respective Governments, in pursuance of a well-considered policy on
+the part of both Governments.
+
+III. The above documents are given additional significance by a report
+made in 1911 by Baron Greindl, Belgian Minister in Berlin, to the
+Belgian Minister for Foreign Affairs, from which it appears that this
+representative of the Belgian Government in Berlin was familiar with
+the plans above set forth and protested against them, asking why like
+preparations had not been made with Germany to repel invasion by the
+French and English.
+
+Taken together, these documents show that _the British Government had
+the intention, in case of a Franco-German war, of sending troops into
+Belgium immediately--that is, of doing the very thing which, done by
+Germany, was used by England as a pretext for declaring war on
+Germany_.
+
+They show also that the Belgian Government took, in agreement with the
+English General Staff, military precautions against a hypothetical
+German invasion of Belgium. On the other hand, the Belgian Government
+never made the slightest attempt to take, in agreement with the German
+Government, military precautions against an Anglo-French invasion of
+Belgium, though fully informed that it was the purpose of the British
+Government to land and dispatch, across French territory into Belgium,
+160,000 troops, without asking Belgium's permission, on the first
+outbreak of the European war. _This clearly demonstrates that the
+Belgian Government was determined from the outset to join Germany's
+enemies._
+
+[Illustration: MR. AND MRS. WINSTON SPENCER CHURCHILL
+
+A Recent Photograph of the Head of the British Admiralty.]
+
+[Illustration: QUARTERMASTER GENERAL VON STEIN
+
+Germany's Official War News Is Issued Through the Office of the
+Quartermaster General.
+
+(_Photo from Brown Bros._)]
+
+
+DOCUMENT NO. 1
+
+Report of Gen. Ducarme, Chief of the Belgian General Staff, to the
+Belgian Minister of War
+
+"_Confidential_
+Letter to the Minister
+Concerning the Confidential Conversations.
+
+"BRUSSELS, April 10, 1906.
+
+"Mr. Minister:
+
+"I have the honor to report to you briefly about the conversations
+which I had with Lieut. Col. Barnardiston and which have already been
+the subject of my oral communications.
+
+"The first visit took place in the middle of January. Mr. Barnardiston
+referred to the anxieties of the General Staff of his country with
+regard to the general political situation, and because of the
+possibility that war may soon break out. In case Belgium should be
+attacked, the sending of about 100,000 troops was provided for.
+
+"The Lieutenant Colonel asked me how such a measure would be regarded
+by us. I answered him, that from a military point of view it could not
+be but favorable, but that this question of intervention was just as
+much a matter for the political authorities, and that, therefore, it
+was my duty to inform the Minister of War about it.
+
+"Mr. Barnardiston answered that his Minister in Brussels would speak
+about it with our Minister of Foreign Affairs.
+
+"He proceeded in the following sense: The landing of the English
+troops would take place at the French coast in the vicinity of Dunkirk
+and Calais, so as to hasten their movements as much as possible. The
+entry of the English into Belgium would take place only after the
+violation of our neutrality by Germany. A landing in Antwerp would
+take much more time, because larger transports would be needed, and
+because, on the other hand, the safety would be less complete.
+
+"This admitted, there would be several other points to consider, such
+as railway transportation, the question of requisitions which the
+English army could make, the question concerning the chief command of
+the allied forces.
+
+"He inquired whether our preparations were sufficient to secure the
+defense of the country during the crossing and the transportation of
+the English troops--which he estimated to last about ten days.
+
+"I answered him that the places Namur and Li�ge were protected from a
+coup de main and that our field army of 100,000 men would be capable
+of intervention within four days.
+
+"After having expressed his full satisfaction with my explanations, my
+visitor laid emphasis on the following facts: (1) That our
+conversation was entirely confidential; (2) that it was not binding on
+his Government; (3) that his Minister, the English General Staff, he
+and I were, up to the present, the only ones[1] informed about the
+matter; (4) that he did not know whether the opinion of his sovereign
+had been consulted....
+
+[Footnote 1: This is similar to the manner in which the English
+entente with France was arranged. The British Parliament and the
+British Cabinet were kept in ignorance of the fact that English and
+French naval experts were consulting together. The British Minister
+for Foreign Affairs, Sir Edward Grey, repeatedly assured the country
+that Great Britain's hands were free. Yet, when the crisis came, this
+quite unofficial exchange of military views and plans, this mere
+gentleman's agreement, revealed itself, of course, as a binding
+obligation. Nations do not reveal their military secrets to each other
+except on the clear understanding that an alliance is in force.]
+
+"In a following discussion Lieut. Col. Barnardiston assured me that he
+had never received confidential reports of the other Military Attach�s
+about our army. He then gave the exact numerical data of the English
+forces; we could depend on it, that in twelve or thirteen days two
+army corps, four cavalry brigades, and two brigades of horse infantry
+would be landed.
+
+"He asked me to study the question of the transport of these forces to
+that part of the country where they would be useful, and he promised
+to give me for this purpose details about the composition of the
+landing army.
+
+"He reverted to the question concerning the effective strength of our
+field army, and he emphasized that no detachments should be sent from
+this army to Namur and Li�ge, because these places were provided with
+garrisons of sufficient strength.
+
+"He asked me to direct my attention to the necessity of granting the
+English Army the advantages which the regulations concerning the
+military requisitions provided for. Finally he insisted upon the
+question of the chief command.
+
+"I answered him that I could say nothing with reference to this last
+point and promised him that I would study the other questions
+carefully....
+
+"Later on the English Military Attach� confirmed his former
+calculations: twelve days would at least be necessary to carry out the
+landing at the French coast. It would take a considerably longer time
+(1 to 2-1/2 months) to land 100,000 men in Antwerp.
+
+"Upon my objection that it would be unnecessary to await the end of
+the landing in order to begin with the railway transportations, and
+that it would be better to proceed with these when the troops arrived
+at the coast, Lieut. Col. Barnardiston promised to give me exact data
+as to the number of troops that could be landed daily.
+
+"As regards the military requisitions, I told my visitor that this
+question could be easily regulated....
+
+"The further the plans of the English General Staff progressed, the
+clearer became the details of the problem. The Colonel assured me that
+one-half of the English Army could be landed within eight days; the
+rest at the conclusion of the twelfth or thirteenth day, with the
+exception of the horse infantry, which could not be counted upon until
+later.
+
+"In spite of this I thought I had to insist again upon the necessity
+of knowing the exact number of the daily shipments, in order to
+regulate the railway transportation for every day.
+
+"The English Military Attach� conversed with me about several other
+questions, namely:
+
+"(1) The necessity of keeping the operations secret and of demanding
+strict secrecy from the press;
+
+"(2) The advantages which would accrue from giving one Belgian officer
+to each English General Staff, one interpreter to each commanding
+officer, and gendarmes to each unit of troops, in order to assist the
+British police troops....
+
+"In the course of another interview Lieut. Col. Barnardiston and I
+studied the combined operations to take place in the event of a German
+offensive with Antwerp as its object and under the hypothesis of the
+German troops marching through our country in order to reach the
+French Ardennes.
+
+"In this question, the Colonel said he quite agreed with the plan
+which I had submitted to him, and he assured me also of the approval
+of Gen. Grierson, Chief of the English General Staff.
+
+"Other secondary questions which were likewise settled had particular
+reference to intermediary officers, interpreters, gendarmes, maps,
+photographs of the uniforms, special copies, translated into English,
+of some Belgian regulations, the regulations concerning the import
+duties on English provisions, to the accommodation of the wounded of
+the allied armies, &c. Nothing was resolved on as regards the activity
+which the Government or the military authorities might exert on the
+press....
+
+"During the final meetings which I had with the British Attach�, he
+informed me about the numbers of troops which would be daily
+disembarked at Boulogne, Calais, and Cherbourg. The distance of the
+last place, which is necessary for technical considerations, will
+involve a certain delay. The first corps would be disembarked on the
+tenth day, and the second on the fifteenth day. Our railways would
+carry out the transportation so that the arrival of the first corps,
+either in the direction of Brussels-Louvain or of Namur-Dinant, would
+be assured on the eleventh day, and that of the second on the
+sixteenth day.
+
+"I again, for a last time, and as emphatically as I could, insisted on
+the necessity of hastening the sea transports so that the English
+troops could be with us between the eleventh and twelfth day. The
+happiest and most favorable results can be reached by a convergent and
+simultaneous action of the allied forces. But if that co-operation
+should not take place, the failure would be most serious. Col.
+Barnardiston assured me that everything serving to this end would be
+done....
+
+"In the course of our conversations, I had occasion to convince the
+British Military Attach� that we were willing, so far as possible, to
+thwart the movements of the enemy and not to take refuge in Antwerp
+from the beginning.
+
+"Lieut. Col. Barnardiston on his part told me that, at the time, he
+had little hope for any support or intervention on the part of
+Holland. At the same time he informed me that his Government intended
+to transfer the basis of the British commissariat from the French
+coast to Antwerp as soon as all German ships were swept off the North
+Sea....
+
+"In all our conversations the Colonel regularly informed me about the
+secret news which he had concerning the military circumstances and the
+situation of our eastern neighbors, &c. At the same time he emphasized
+that Belgium was under the imperative necessity to keep herself
+constantly informed of the happenings in the adjoining Rhinelands. I
+had to admit that with us the surveillance service abroad was, in
+times of peace, not directly in the hands of the General Staff, as our
+legations had no Military Attach�s. But I was careful not to admit
+that I did not know whether the espionage service which is prescribed
+in our regulations was in working order or not. But I consider it my
+duty to point out this position which places us in a state of evident
+inferiority to our neighbors, our presumable enemies.
+
+"Major General, Chief of the General Staff. (Initials of Gen.
+Ducarme.)
+
+"Note.--When I met Gen. Grierson at Compi�gne, during the manoeuvres
+of 1906, he assured me the result of the reorganization of the English
+Army would be that the landing of 150,000 would be assured and, that,
+moreover, they would stand ready for action in a shorter time than has
+been assumed above.
+
+"Concluded September, 1906."
+
+(Initials of Gen. Ducarme.)
+
+
+DOCUMENT NO. 2
+
+Minutes of a Conference Between the Belgian Chief of the General
+Staff, Gen. Jungbluth, and the British Military Attach� Lieut. Col.
+Bridges
+
+(Lieut. Col. Barnardiston, British Military Attach� in Brussels, was
+succeeded in his office by Lieut. Col. Bridges. Likewise, Gen. Ducarme
+was succeeded, as Chief of the Belgian Staff, by Gen. Jungbluth. A
+conversation between Col. Bridges and Gen. Jungbluth was committed to
+writing, and that writing was also found at the Belgian Foreign
+Office. The document, which is dated April 23 and is presumed to
+belong to the year 1912, is marked "confidentielle" in the handwriting
+of Graf v.d. Straaten, the Belgian Foreign Secretary. This is the
+translation:)
+
+"_Confidential._
+
+"The British Military Attach� asked to see Gen. Jungbluth. The two
+gentlemen met on April 23.
+
+"Lieut. Col. Bridges told the General that England had at her disposal
+an army which could be sent to the Continent, composed of six
+divisions of infantry and eight brigades of cavalry--together 160,000
+troops. She has also everything which is necessary for her to defend
+her insular territory. Everything is ready.
+
+"At the time of the recent events the British Government would have
+immediately effected a disembarkment in Belgium (chez nous) even if we
+had not asked for assistance.
+
+"The General objected that for that our consent was necessary.
+
+"The Military Attach� answered that he knew this, but that--since we
+were not able to prevent the Germans from passing through our
+country--England would have landed her troops in Belgium under all
+circumstances (en tout �tat de cause).
+
+"As for the place of landing, the Military Attach� did not make a
+precise statement; he said that the coast was rather long, but the
+General knows that Mr. Bridges, during Easter, has paid daily visits
+to Zeebrugge from Ostend.
+
+"The General added that we were, besides, perfectly able to prevent
+the Germans from passing through."
+
+
+DOCUMENT NO. 3
+
+Report of Baron Greindl, Belgian Minister in Berlin, to the Belgian
+Minister of Foreign Affairs
+
+
+[On the 23d of December, 1911, Baron Greindl, then and for many years
+Belgian Minister in Berlin, made a report to the Belgian Minister of
+Foreign Affairs. There was found in Brussels a copy of this report.
+Although a copy, the official character of this third document found
+in Brussels is evident from the official imprint on the paper on which
+the copy stands. The first page reads:]
+
+....... SECTION
+No. ...........
+..... ENCLOSURE     COPY
+
+Reply to No.
+General department
+Office of ........
+
+BERLIN, Dec. 23, 1911.
+
+Belgian Legation,
+No. 3,022--1,626.
+
+Strictly Confidential.
+
+What is Belgium to do in case of war?
+
+Mr. Minister:
+
+I have had the honor to receive the dispatch of the 27th November
+last, P without docket number, registration number 1,108....
+
+[Baron Greindl's report is an extremely long one. Extracts from it
+were published in The North German Gazette of Oct. 13. A facsimile has
+been made of the first page only of the document, because of its great
+length.
+
+The writer reveals with great astuteness the ulterior motives
+underlying the English proposal and draws attention to the danger of
+the situation in which Belgium had become involved by a one-sided
+partisanship in favor of the powers of the Entente. In this very
+detailed report, dated Dec. 23, 1911, Baron Greindl explains that the
+plan of the General Army Staff for the defense of Belgian neutrality
+in a Franco-German war as communicated to him only concerned the
+question as to what military measures should be adopted in case
+Germany violated Belgian neutrality. The hypothesis of a French attack
+on Germany through Belgium had, however, just as much probability in
+itself. The diplomat then goes on in the following manner:]
+
+"From the French side danger threatens not only in the south of
+Luxemburg, it threatens us on our entire joint frontier. We are not
+reduced to conjectures for this assertion. We have positive evidence
+of it.
+
+"Evidently the project of an outflanking movement from the north forms
+part of the scheme of the entente cordiale. If that were not the case,
+then the plan of fortifying Flushing would not have called forth such
+an outburst in Paris and London. The reason why they wished that the
+Scheldt should remain unfortified was hardly concealed by them. Their
+aim was to be able to transport an English garrison, unhindered, to
+Antwerp, which means to establish in our country a basis of operation
+for an offensive in the direction of the Lower Rhine and Westphalia,
+and then to make us throw our lot in with them, which would not be
+difficult, for, after the surrender of our national centre of refuge,
+we would, through our own fault, renounce every possibility of
+opposing the demands of our doubtful protectors after having been so
+unwise as to permit their entrance into our country. Col.
+Barnardiston's announcements at the time of the conclusion of the
+entente cordiale, which were just as perfidious as they were na�ve,
+have shown us plainly the true meaning of things. When it became
+evident that we would not allow ourselves to be frightened by the
+pretended danger of the closing of the Scheldt, the plan was not
+entirely abandoned, but modified in so far as the British Army was not
+to land on the Belgian coast, but at the nearest French harbors.
+
+"The revelations of Capt. Faber, which were denied as little as the
+newspaper reports by which they were confirmed or completed in several
+respects, also testify to this. This British Army, at Calais and
+Dunkirk, would by no means march along our frontier to Longwy in order
+to reach Germany. It would directly invade Belgium from the northwest.
+That would give it the advantage of being able to begin operations
+immediately, to encounter the Belgian Army in a region where we could
+not depend on any fortress, in case we wanted to risk a battle.
+Moreover, that would make it possible for it to occupy provinces rich
+in all kinds of resources and, at any rate, to prevent our
+mobilization or only to permit it after we had formally pledged
+ourselves to carry on our mobilization to the exclusive advantage of
+England and her allies.
+
+"It is therefore of necessity to prepare a plan of battle for the
+Belgian Army also for that possibility. This is necessary in the
+interest of our military defense as well as for the sake of the
+direction of our foreign policy, in case of war between Germany and
+France."
+
+     [The text of the documents presented above is not disputed
+     by the Belgian Government. Instead it is made the basis of
+     the Belgian reply, beginning on the next page.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE BELGIAN BATTLEGROUND
+
+By the HON. WILLIAM H. TAFT.
+
+[From King Albert's Book.]
+
+The heart of the world should go out to the poor people of Belgium.
+Without being in any respect a party to the controversies of the war,
+their country has been made the battleground of the greatest and in
+some respects the most destructive war in history. Any movement to
+relieve their distress has my profound sympathy.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     [The following letter from the Belgian Legation at
+     Washington certifies the official character of the documents
+     presented below.--EDITOR.]
+
+     LEGATION DE BELGIQUE,
+
+     WASHINGTON, D.C.
+
+     Jan. 25, 1915.
+
+     _To the Editor of The New York Times Current History:_
+
+     In accordance with the request, in your letter of December
+     10th addressed to the Belgian Minister, for official
+     documents published by the Legation, I have the pleasure of
+     sending you, herewith, by the Minister's instructions, a
+     copy of a pamphlet entitled "The Innocence of Belgium,"
+     dealing with the Military Documents published recently in
+     THE NEW YORK TIMES.
+
+     I also take this opportunity to transmit you a copy of a
+     pamphlet entitled "Why Belgium Was Devastated," containing
+     translations of the German Proclamations issued in Belgium.
+
+     I have the honor to be, Sir,
+
+     Your obedient servant,
+
+     JAMES GUSTAVUS WHITELEY.
+
+
+[BELGIAN LEGATION ARTICLE NO. 1.]
+
+"INNOCENCE OF BELGIUM"
+
+"Reply to Publication of Military Documents by Germany"
+
+The German Government has at last decided to publish the documents
+which it says were found in Brussels, and which it claims prove that
+Belgium violated her neutrality.
+
+As a matter of fact these documents are the clearest proof of the
+innocence of Belgium.
+
+Document No. 1 refers to a conversation between Major Gen. Ducarme and
+the English Military Attach�, Lieut. Col. Barnardiston.
+
+The English Military Attach� _went to call_ on the Belgian General and
+told him of the anxiety on the part of the English General Staff in
+regard to the general political situation and the possibility of war.
+"_In case Belgium should be attacked_, the sending of about 100,000
+troops was provided for."
+
+He (the British Military Attach�) proceeded in the following terms:
+
+"The landing of the British troops would take place on the French
+coast.... The entry of the English into Belgium would take place only
+_after the violation of our (Belgian) neutrality by Germany_."
+
+It almost seems as if Col. Barnardiston had foreseen the future.
+
+The document continues as follows: "My visitor laid emphasis on the
+following fact: that it (the conversation) was not binding on his
+Government ... and that he did not know whether the opinion of his
+Sovereign had been consulted." It was thus clearly shown by the
+British Military Attach� that his communication was simply a
+conversation; it is, moreover, perfectly well known that Military
+Attach�s have no power to make conventional agreements.
+
+The document further continues: "In the course of another interview,
+Lieut. Col. Barnardiston and I studied the combined operations to take
+place in the event of a _German offensive_, with Antwerp as its
+object, _and under the hypothesis of the German troops marching
+through our (Belgian) country_, in order to reach the French
+Ardennes"--an additional proof that the object of the conversation was
+solely to prevent a violation of Belgian neutrality.
+
+Document No. 2 refers to a conversation between the British Military
+Attach� and Gen. Jungbluth, in which the former said that the British
+troops would effect a landing "even if we (the Belgians) did not ask
+for assistance." This is an additional proof that no agreement or
+convention had been made.
+
+To this the Belgian General replied that "our (Belgium's) consent was
+necessary," and he added that "we (the Belgians) were, moreover,
+perfectly able to prevent the Germans from passing through Belgium,"
+thus showing his anxiety to preserve the neutrality of Belgium.
+
+Dr. B. Dernburg claims that England would have sent troops into
+Belgium in any event, even if Germany had not invaded Belgium.
+Affirmations which are not based upon any evidence cannot destroy the
+text itself of the documents.
+
+In a letter of Sir Edward Grey, Secretary for Foreign Affairs of
+England, addressed to the British Minister to Belgium, on the 7th of
+April, 1913, the British statesman declares in the most formal way,
+that: "As long as Belgium's neutrality was not violated by any other
+power, we (the British) should certainly not send troops ourselves
+into their territory."
+
+The full text of this important letter is as follows:
+
+     In speaking to the Belgian Minister today I said, speaking
+     unofficially, that it had been brought to my knowledge that
+     there was apprehension in Belgium lest we should be the
+     first to violate Belgian neutrality. I did not think that
+     apprehension could have come from a British source.
+
+     The Belgian Minister informed me that there had been talk,
+     from a British source which he could not name, of the
+     landing of troops in Belgium by Great Britain, in order to
+     anticipate a possible dispatch of German troops through
+     Belgium to France.
+
+     I said that I was sure that this Government would not be the
+     first to violate the neutrality of Belgium, and I did not
+     believe that any British Government would be the first to do
+     so, nor would public opinion here ever approve of it. What
+     we had to consider, and it was a somewhat embarrassing
+     question, was what it would be desirable and necessary for
+     us, as one of the guarantors of Belgian neutrality, to do if
+     Belgian neutrality was violated by any power. For us to be
+     the first to violate it and to send troops into Belgium
+     would be to give Germany, for instance, justification for
+     sending troops into Belgium also. What we desired in the
+     case of Belgium, as in that of other neutral countries, was
+     that their neutrality should be respected, and, as long as
+     it was not violated by any other power, we would certainly
+     not send troops ourselves into their territory. I am, &c.,
+
+     (Signed) E. GREY.
+
+Document No. 3 contains, according to Dr. B. Dernburg, the personal
+views of the Belgian Minister in Berlin, but it does not, in any way,
+indicate the existence of an agreement between Belgium and England
+against Germany.
+
+It is impossible to say that these documents constitute a proof of an
+agreement between England and Belgium against Germany, unless one
+accepts the idea that Germany had a right to violate Belgium's
+neutrality and that all measures taken as a precaution against
+violation of neutrality must therefore have been taken against
+Germany.
+
+The documents contain merely conversations between military officers
+in regard to a possible future co-operation of their armies in the
+event of violation of Belgian territory by Germany. They never even
+resulted in an agreement between those Governments; Military Attach�s
+have no authority to make such agreements.
+
+The events that happened last August and the sudden invasion of
+Belgium by Germany show that the British Government was fully
+justified in fearing the violation of Belgian territory by Germany. It
+seems incredible, after what has passed, that the German Government
+should denounce the British Government for approaching Belgian
+military officers and taking precautions against the very thing which
+eventually happened.
+
+If further proof should be necessary, the documents published in the
+"Gray Book" show as clearly as possible that, when the war broke out,
+Belgium had no such agreement with any of the powers.
+
+On July 24 the following letter was sent by the Belgian Minister for
+Foreign Affairs to the various Belgian Legations concerned, with
+instructions to communicate the same to the powers as soon as said
+Legations should have received telegraphic orders to do so:
+
+     Mr. Minister:
+
+     The international situation is serious; the eventuality of a
+     conflict between several powers cannot be set aside from the
+     anxieties of the Government of the King.
+
+     Belgium has observed with the most scrupulous exactness the
+     duties of a neutral State which are imposed on her by the
+     Treaties of April 19, 1839. These duties, whatever the
+     circumstances may be, _will be resolutely fulfilled by her_.
+
+     The friendly disposition of the powers toward her has been
+     so often affirmed that Belgium has the confidence that her
+     territory will be untouched by any attack if hostilities
+     should break out on her frontiers.
+
+     All the necessary measures have nevertheless been taken, in
+     order to assure the observance of her neutrality.... It is
+     scarcely necessary to insist upon their character.... These
+     measures _are not and can not have been inspired by a design
+     to participate in an armed struggle of the powers, nor by
+     any sentiment of defiance toward any one of them_.
+
+Belgium declared that she would not fail to fulfill all of her duties,
+that she had not a single agreement of alliance with any one, and that
+she wanted to remain absolutely neutral.
+
+Seven days later the Belgian Minister for Foreign Affairs communicated
+to the Belgian Legations his answer to the question which Sir Edward
+Grey had asked Belgium in the name of England:
+
+"Mr. Minister:
+
+"The British Minister requested to see me very urgently and
+communicated to me the following:
+
+"'Sir Edward Grey has asked the French and German Governments,
+separately, whether each of them was prepared to respect the
+neutrality of Belgium.
+
+"'In view of the existing treaties, I am also instructed to inform the
+Minister for Foreign Affairs of Belgium that _Sir Edward Grey presumes
+that Belgium will do her utmost to maintain her neutrality_.'
+
+"I immediately thanked Sir Francis Villiers for this communication,
+which the Belgian Government appreciates very highly, and I added that
+Great Britain and the other nations, guarantors of our independence,
+might be sure that we would neglect no effort to maintain our
+neutrality, and that we were convinced that the other powers, in view
+of the excellent relations of friendship and confidence which we have
+always enjoyed with them, would observe and maintain this neutrality."
+
+At the decisive moment, the attitude of Belgium was thus
+irreproachable. She was not bound to any other nation; she had her
+hands free. She declared that she was ready to make the necessary
+sacrifices to defend her neutrality and to resist any aggression from
+whatever source, and she added that, trusting in her friendly
+relations with the powers, she was unwilling to believe that any of
+them would violate her neutrality.
+
+On Aug. 3, at 7 A.M., after having received the ultimatum from
+Germany, Belgium declared that she refused to repudiate her
+engagements.
+
+The next day, the 4th of August, at 3 P.M., the Belgian Minister for
+Foreign Affairs received from Sir F. Villiers, Minister of England in
+Brussels, the following note:
+
+     BRUSSELS, Aug. 4, 1914.
+
+     I am instructed to inform the Belgian Government that if
+     Germany exercises pressure for the purpose of compelling
+     Belgium to abandon her position of a neutral country, the
+     Government of his Britannic Majesty expects Belgium to
+     resist by every possible means. The Government of his
+     Britannic Majesty is ready, in that event, to join with
+     Russia and France, _if desired by Belgium_, to offer to the
+     Belgian Government, at once, common action for the purpose
+     of resisting the use of force by Germany against Belgium,
+     and at the same time to offer a guarantee to maintain the
+     independence and the integrity of Belgium in the future.
+
+England offered her help _but did not impose it_. She did not intend
+to send troops into Belgian territory as a preventive measure. She
+expressly subordinated her assistance _to the desire of Belgium_.
+
+It was only on the 4th of August, during the evening, after having
+vainly hoped and waited for a change in the attitude of Germany, that
+Belgium called England, France, and Russia to co-operate, as guarantor
+powers, in the defense of her territory.
+
+In the preface published by Dr. B. Dernburg, with the documents, it is
+said that "only the prompt action at Li�ge that put this important
+railway centre, commanding the railway connections to France and
+Germany, into German hands, prevented the English landing and invading
+Belgium."
+
+It is impossible to conceive how the taking of Li�ge prevented the
+English from landing and invading Belgium. That statement is hardly a
+compliment to the intelligence or the geographical knowledge of the
+American people. The fact is that Li�ge was taken a long time before
+the British troops landed at Calais, and it is still today in the
+hands of the Germans without in the least interfering with the arrival
+of British reinforcements in France and in the territory still left in
+the possession of Belgium. The fact is that Li�ge was not taken to
+prevent the British from entering Belgium, but because it was part of
+the plan of the German General Staff to invade Belgium at once, to
+march across her territory, to crush the army of France as soon as
+possible, and then to turn and attack the Russians on the east.
+
+It is interesting to recall here the famous conversation held between
+the British Ambassador in Berlin, on one side, and the Chancellor of
+the Empire, Mr. Bethmann-Hollweg, and the German Secretary for Foreign
+Affairs, Mr. von Jagow, on the other side, at the time of the invasion
+of Belgium by the German troops. These conversations prove,
+indisputably, the premeditated intention of Germany to violate
+Belgium's neutrality:
+
+     To the request of Sir Edward Goschen, the English Ambassador
+     in Berlin, to be allowed to know if Germany would pledge
+     herself to respect the neutrality of Belgium, the German
+     Secretary of State replied that "this neutrality had already
+     been violated by Germany." Herr von Jagow went again into
+     the "reasons why the Imperial Government had been obliged to
+     take this step, namely, that they had to advance into France
+     by the quickest and easiest way so as to be able to get well
+     ahead with their operations and endeavor to strike some
+     decisive blow as early as possible. It was a matter of life
+     and death to them, for, if they had gone by the more
+     southern route, they could not have hoped, in view of the
+     paucity of the roads and the strength of the fortresses, to
+     have got through without formidable opposition entailing
+     great loss of time. This loss of time would mean time gained
+     by the Russians for the bringing up of their troops to the
+     German frontier. Rapidity of action was the great German
+     asset, while that of Russia was the inexhaustible supply of
+     troops." (Official report of the British Ambassador in
+     Berlin to the British Government.)
+
+This conversation preceded by a few minutes that in which the German
+Chancellor, giddy at the sight of the abyss into which Germany was
+falling, uttered these celebrated words: "Just for a word, NEUTRALITY,
+a word which in war times has been so often disregarded; just for A
+SCRAP OF PAPER, Great Britain is going to make war on a kindred
+nation. At what price would that compact (neutrality) have been kept?
+Has the British Government thought of that?" Sir Edward Goschen
+replied that fear of consequences would hardly be regarded as an
+excuse for breaking a solemn engagement. (Official report of the
+British Ambassador in Berlin to his Government.)
+
+Finally, the solemn avowal of the German Chancellor, during the
+sitting of the Reichstag on Aug. 4, 1914, settles this question
+definitely: "We are in a state of legitimate defense. NECESSITY KNOWS
+NO LAW. Our troops have occupied Luxemburg and have perhaps already
+penetrated into Belgium. This is against the law of nations."
+
+The truth is that every step taken by Germany was a clear indication
+of her intentions against Belgium. Her strategic railroads are
+concentrated on the Belgian frontier, and her military writers, von
+Bernhardi, von Schliefenbach, and von der Goltz, made no secret of her
+plan to carry on her war by means of an invasion of Belgium's neutral
+country. Events have shown how, long before the war, preparations had
+been made to carry this plan into effect.
+
+Dr. B. Dernburg says that the one-sidedness of the Belgian inclination
+is indicated by the placing of all Belgian fortresses on the eastern
+frontier. The distinguished statesman (apparently confused by the
+ardor of discussion) has already in another article, published in The
+Independent of Dec. 7, 1914, placed Antwerp at the mouth of the Rhine;
+today he places Namur on the German frontier, whereas that fortress is
+situated near the frontier of France. There are three fortresses in
+Belgium--Antwerp, Li�ge, and Namur. Antwerp is in the north, Li�ge in
+the east, and Namur in the south. Namur, being near the French
+frontier, could menace Germany only in case the Germans should have
+penetrated about one-third of Belgium. It is, in fact, a fortress
+against France.
+
+Nothing has been brought forward to show that, if Germany had not
+invaded Belgium, France or England would have done so. The exact
+contrary is clearly indicated by the documents.
+
+Dr. B. Dernburg cites a decision of the Supreme Court of the United
+States and attempts to apply it to the case of Germany's violation of
+Belgian neutrality and to justify Germany by the law of necessity. The
+example chosen (the Chinese question) does not involve massacres,
+bombardments, nor the burning of towns. It is not an analogous case.
+The following would be a closer analogy to Germany's action in regard
+to Belgium: A man pretending that he has been attacked in the street
+by a powerful enemy, claims that he is justified in killing an
+innocent person, if by doing so he can gain an advantage over his
+adversary.
+
+It would be difficult for any one to produce a decision of the Supreme
+Court justifying a crime on the plea that the perpetration of the
+crime was advantageous to the culprit who committed it.
+
+When a nation has to resort to such arguments to defend its actions it
+must realize that its case is desperate.
+
+Germany has converted smiling and peaceful Belgium into a land of
+sorrow, of mourning, and of ruins. There is not a family that does not
+mourn one of its dear ones. In the face of the indignation which has
+aroused the world, Germany, today, endeavors to refute the accusation
+which rises against her from so many tombs, and she endeavors to throw
+upon the innocent the terrible responsibility of her own crimes.
+
+It is not probable that this course of action will win back to Germany
+the sympathy which she has lost throughout the world.
+
+The foregoing documents show clearly that Belgium had made no
+agreement with England for attacking Germany, nor even an agreement
+for British military defense of Belgian neutrality.
+
+     [Having replied to the representations made in the German
+     indictment drawn by Dr. Dernburg, the Belgian authorities
+     proceeded to compile a pamphlet, the contents of which are
+     reproduced on the following pages, purporting to show from
+     original documents the manner of the German violation of
+     Belgium's neutralized territory.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE BIG AND THE GREAT
+
+By WILLIAM ARCHER.
+
+[From King Albert's Book.]
+
+     The Big and the Great
+       When they to History's judgment seat shall come,
+       Which will shine glorious in the eyes of men,
+     Huge Germany or heroic BELGIUM?
+       Which will be hailed Great, Wilhelm or ALBERT, then?
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     [The following title and article are reproduced from the
+     second pamphlet referred to in the letter from the Belgian
+     Legation at Washington to THE NEW YORK TIMES CURRENT
+     HISTORY, appearing on Page 1110.--EDITOR.]
+
+[BELGIAN LEGATION ARTICLE NO. 2.]
+
+"Why Belgium Was Devastated"
+
+"As Recorded in Proclamations of the German Commanders in Belgium"
+
+     "_Necessity knows no law_."
+
+     --BETHMANN-HOLLWEG.
+
+     "_The wrong that we are committing we will endeavor to
+     repair as soon as our military goal has been reached._"
+
+     --BETHMANN-HOLLWEG.
+
+
+EXTRACT FROM A PROCLAMATION TO THE MUNICIPAL AUTHORITIES OF THE CITY
+OF LI�GE.
+
+Aug. 22, 1914.
+
+The inhabitants of the town of Andenne, after having declared their
+peaceful intentions, have made a surprise attack on our troops.
+
+It is with my consent that the Commander in Chief has ordered the
+whole town to be burned and that about one hundred people have been
+shot.
+
+I bring this fact to the knowledge of the City of Li�ge, so that
+citizens of Li�ge may realize the fate with which they are menaced if
+they adopt a similar attitude.
+
+The General Commanding in Chief.
+(Signed) VON BUELOW.
+
+
+NOTICE POSTED AT NAMUR, AUGUST THE 25TH, 1914.
+
+(1) French and Belgian soldiers must be surrendered as prisoners of
+war at the prison before 4 o'clock. _Citizens who do not obey will be
+condemned to enforced labor for life in Germany._
+
+_A rigorous inspection of houses will begin at 4 o'clock. Every
+soldier found will be immediately shot._
+
+(2) Arms, powder, dynamite, must be surrendered at 4 o'clock. Penalty:
+death by shooting.
+
+The citizens who know where a store of arms is located must inform the
+Burgomaster, _under penalty of enforced labor for life_.
+
+(3) Each street will be occupied by a German guard who will take ten
+hostages in each street, whom they will keep in custody.
+
+If any outrage is committed in the street, _the ten hostages will be
+shot_.
+
+(4) Doors must not be locked, and at night after 8 o'clock three
+windows must be lighted in each house.
+
+(5) It is forbidden to remain in the street after 8 o'clock. The
+people of Namur must understand that there is no greater nor more
+horrible crime than to endanger the existence of the city and the life
+of its inhabitants by attacks upon the German Army.
+
+The Commandant of the City.
+(Signed) VON BUELOW.
+
+Namur, 25th of August, 1914. (Imprimerie Chantraine.)
+
+
+LETTER ADDRESSED ON AUG. 27, 1914, BY LIEUT. GEN. VON NIEBER TO THE
+BURGOMASTER OF WAVRE.
+
+On Aug. 22, 1914, the General commanding the Second Army, Herr von
+B�low, imposed upon the City of Wavre a war levy of three million
+francs, to be paid before Sept. 1, as expiation for its unqualifiable
+behavior (contrary to the law of nations and the usages of war) in
+making a surprise attack on the German troops.
+
+The General in command of the Second Army has just given to the
+General commanding this station of the Second Army the order to send
+in without delay, this contribution which it should pay on account of
+its conduct.
+
+I order and command you to give to the bearer of the present letter
+the two first installments, that is to say, two million francs in
+gold.
+
+Furthermore, I require that you give the bearer a letter, duly sealed
+with the seal of the city, stating that the balance, that is to say,
+one million francs, will be paid, without fail, on the 1st of
+September.
+
+I draw the attention of the city to the fact that in no case can it
+count on further delay, as the civil population of the city has put
+itself outside the law of nations by firing on the German soldiers.
+
+_The City of Wavre will be burned and destroyed if the levy is not
+paid in due time, without regard for any one; the innocent will suffer
+with the guilty._
+
+
+PROCLAMATION POSTED AT GRIVEGNEE, Sept. 8, 1914.
+
+_Commune of Grivegnee.
+Very Important Notice._
+
+The Major Commandant Dieckmann, at the Ch�teau des Bruyeres, requests
+me to bring the following statement to the knowledge of the
+inhabitants:
+
+Dieckmann Battalion,
+Ch�teau des Bruyeres, Sept. 6, 1914.
+
+Present at the discussion:
+
+(1) The Cur� Fryns of Bois de Breux.
+(2) The Cur� Franssen of Beyne.
+(3) The Cur� Lepropres of Heusay.
+(4) The Cur� Paquay of Grivegnee.
+(5) The Burgomaster Dejardin of Beyne.
+(6) The Burgomaster Hodeige of Grivegnee.
+(7) Major Dieckmann.
+(8) Lieut. R. Reil.
+
+Major Dieckmann brought to the knowledge of the persons present the
+following orders:
+
+"(1) Before the 6th of September, 1914, at 4 o'clock in the afternoon,
+all arms, munitions, explosives, and fireworks which are still in the
+hands of the citizens must be surrendered at the Ch�teau des Bruyeres.
+_Those who do not obey will render themselves liable to the death
+penalty. They will be shot on the spot, or given military execution,
+unless they can prove their innocence._
+
+"(2) All inhabitants of houses in Beyne-Heusay, Grivegnee, Bois de
+Greux, and Fleron must remain at home after sunset, (at present 7
+o'clock P.M., German time.) The aforesaid houses must be lighted as
+long as any one remains up. The entrance door must be shut. Those who
+do not conform to the regulations expose themselves to severe
+penalties. Any resistance to these orders will be followed by sentence
+of death.
+
+"(3) The Commandant should meet no opposition whatever in these
+domiciliary visits. Each inhabitant must open all the rooms of his
+house without even a summons. Whoever makes any opposition will be
+severely punished.
+
+"(4) Beginning Sept. 7, at 9 o'clock in the morning, I will permit the
+houses of Beyne-Heusay, Grivegnee, Bois de Breux, to be occupied by
+persons formerly dwelling in them as long as no formal prohibition to
+frequent these places shall have been issued against the inhabitants
+above referred to.
+
+"(5) In order to be sure that this permission is not abused, the
+Burgomasters of Beyne-Heusay and of Grivegnee shall immediately draw
+up a list of persons who shall be held as hostages, at the fort of
+Fleron, in twenty-four-hour shifts; on Sept. 6, for the first time,
+from 6 o'clock in the evening until midday, Sept. 7.
+
+"_The life of these hostages will depend upon the population of the
+aforesaid communes remaining pacific under all circumstances._
+
+"During the night it is strictly prohibited to make any luminous
+signal whatever. The circulation of bicycles is only allowed from 7
+A.M. until 5 P.M., German time.
+
+"(6) I will designate from the lists submitted to me the persons who
+will be detained as hostages from noon of one day to noon of the next
+day. If the substitute does not arrive in time, the hostage will
+remain another twenty-four hours. _After this second period of
+twenty-four hours, the hostage incurs the penalty of death if the
+substitution is not made._
+
+"(7) Hostages will be chosen, primarily, from among priests,
+Burgomasters, and other members of the civic administration.
+
+"(8) I demand that all civilians living in the vicinity, especially in
+Beyne-Heusay, Fleron, Bois de Breux, and Grivegnee, shall show
+deference toward the German officers by taking off their hats and by
+carrying the hand to the head in military salute. In case of doubt,
+every German soldier must be saluted. If any one refuses to do so, he
+must expect the German soldiers to make themselves respected by any
+means they may select.
+
+"(9) The German soldiers have the right to visit any wagon or package
+belonging to the inhabitants of the surrounding country. Any
+opposition will be severely punished.
+
+"(10) _Any one knowing of the location of a store of more than one
+hundred litres of petroleum, benzine, benzol, or other similar liquids
+in the aforesaid communes, and who does not report same to the
+military commander on the spot, incurs the penalty of death, provided
+there is no doubt about the quantity and the location of the store.
+Quantities of 100 litres are alone referred to._
+
+"(11) Any one who does not instantly obey the command of 'hands up'
+becomes guilty (sic) of the death penalty.
+
+"(12) _The entrance to the Ch�teau des Bruyeres_ and to the park _is
+prohibited under the penalty of death_ from dark till dawn, (6 P.M. to
+6 A.M., German time,) to all who are not soldiers of the German Army.
+
+"(13) During daytime entrance to the Ch�teau des Bruyeres is allowed
+only by the northeast entrance, where there is a guard, and only to
+the people to whom cards of admission have been given. Any gathering
+near the guard is prohibited in the interest of the population.
+
+"(14) Any one who by spreading false news prejudicial to the morale of
+the German troops or who by any means tries to take measures against
+the German Army renders himself a suspect and incurs the risk of
+being shot immediately.
+
+"(15) Whereas by the above regulations the inhabitants in the vicinity
+of the fortress are threatened with severe penalties if they violate
+these regulations in any way, on the other hand these same
+inhabitants, if they remain peaceful, may rely upon the most
+benevolent protection and help on all occasions when wrong is done
+them.
+
+"(16) The requisition of cattle in specified quantities will take
+place daily from 10 A.M. until noon and from 2 P.M. to 3 P.M. at the
+Ch�teau des Bruyeres before the Cattle Commission.
+
+"(17) Any one who under the protection of the insignia of the Swiss
+(Red Cross) Convention harms, or even tries to harm, the German Army
+and is discovered shall be hung."
+
+(Signed) DIECKMANN,
+Major in Command.
+
+Grivegnee, Sept. 8, 1914.
+
+For certified copy: The Burgomaster,
+(Signed) VICTOR HODEIGE.
+
+
+SUMMONS TO CAPITULATE.
+
+Sept. 4, 1914.
+
+To the Commander of Termonde and, at the same time, to the Burgomaster
+of Termonde:
+
+The Germans have taken Termonde. We have placed the heaviest siege
+artillery all around the town. Still, at the present time, one dares
+shoot from houses upon German soldiers. The town and the fortress are
+summoned to hoist immediately the white flag and to stop fighting. If
+you do not yield to this summons immediately the town will be razed to
+the ground within a quarter of an hour by a heavy bombardment. All the
+armed forces of Termonde will immediately lay down their arms at the
+Porte de Bruxelles (Brussels Gate) at the south exit from Termonde.
+Arms held by the inhabitants will be deposited at the same time and at
+the same place.
+
+The General Commanding the German Forces Before Termonde,
+(Signed) VON BOEHN.
+
+
+PROCLAMATION POSTED IN BRUSSELS SEPT. 25, 1914.
+
+General Government in Belgium.
+
+It has happened recently in some places which are not at the present
+time occupied by strong forces of German troops, military convoys or
+patrolling parties have been attacked by surprise by the inhabitants.
+
+I draw the attention of the public to the fact that _a record_ is kept
+of the towns and villages in the vicinity in which such attacks have
+taken place and that they must expect their punishment as soon as
+German troops pass near by.
+
+The Governor General of Belgium,
+(Signed) BARON VON DER GOLTZ,
+Field Marshal.
+
+Brussels, 25th September.
+
+
+NOTICE POSTED AT BRUSSELS OCT. 5, 1914, AND PRESUMABLY IN MOST OF THE
+COMMUNES IN THE COUNTRY.
+
+On the evening of Sept. 25 the railway and telegraph lines were
+destroyed on the Lovenjoul-Vertryck line.
+
+Consequently the two above-mentioned places on the morning of Sept. 30
+had to give an account and to furnish hostages.
+
+In the future the communities in the vicinity of a place where such
+things happen (_no matter whether or not they are accomplices_) will
+be punished without mercy.
+
+To this end hostages have been taken from all places in the vicinity
+of railroad lines menaced by such attacks, and at the first attempt to
+destroy the railroad tracks or the telegraph or telephone wires they
+will be immediately shot.
+
+Furthermore, all troops in charge of the protection of the railroad
+lines have received orders to shoot any person approaching in a
+suspicious manner the railroad tracks or the telegraph or telephone
+lines.
+
+The Governor General of Belgium,
+(Signed) BARON VON DER GOLTZ,
+Field Marshal.
+
+
+NOTICE POSTED AT BRUSSELS, NOV. 1, 1914.
+
+A legally constituted court-martial has pronounced, the 28th of
+October, 1914, the following condemnations:
+
+"(1) Upon Policeman de Ryckere for attacking, in the exercise of his
+legal functions, an agent vested with German authority, for willfully
+inflicting bodily injury on two occasions in concert with other
+persons, for facilitating the escape of a prisoner on one occasion,
+and for attacking a German soldier--_Five years' imprisonment_.
+
+"(2) Upon Policeman Seghers for attacking, in the exercise of his
+legal functions, an agent vested with German authority, for willfully
+inflicting bodily injury upon said German agent, and for facilitating
+the escape of a prisoner (all these offenses constituting a single
+act)--_Three years' imprisonment_."
+
+These sentences have been confirmed by Gov. Gen. Baron von der Goltz
+on Oct. 31, 1914.
+
+The City of Brussels, excluding suburbs, has been punished for the
+crime committed by its policeman de Ryckere against a German soldier
+by an additional fine of 5,000,000 francs.
+
+The Governor of Brussels,
+(Signed) BARON VON LUETTWITZ,
+General.
+
+Brussels, Nov. 1, 1914.
+
+
+EXTRACT FROM THE SIXTH REPORT OF THE BELGIUM COMMISSION OF INQUIRY.
+
+After such proclamations, who will be surprised at the murders,
+burnings, pillage, and destruction committed by the German Army
+wherever they have met with resistance?
+
+If a German corps or patrolling party is received at the entrance to a
+village by a volley from soldiers of the regular troops who are
+afterward forced to retire the whole population is held responsible.
+The civilians are accused of having fired or having co-operated in the
+defense and, without inquiry, the place is given over to pillage and
+flames, and a part of the inhabitants are massacred.
+
+The Commission of Inquiry has already mentioned these facts in its
+report of Sept. 10, (third report.)
+
+The facts which have been gathered since then have confirmed its
+conclusions.
+
+The odious acts which have been committed in all parts of the country
+have a general character, throwing the responsibility upon the whole
+German Army. It is simply the application of a preconceived
+system--the carrying out of instructions--which has made of the
+enemy's troops in Belgium "a horde of barbarians and a band of
+incendiaries."
+
+The reports which the commission has had the honor of submitting to
+you up to the present, Mr. Minister, concern especially events of
+which the towns of Aerschot and Louvain and the communes in the
+Provinces of Antwerp and Brabant have been the theatre. New reports
+will be sent you shortly which will permit you to take cognizance of
+the gravity of acts committed by the invaders in other parts of the
+country, notably in the Provinces of Li�ge, Namur, Hainault, and
+Flanders.
+
+The President,
+(Signed) COOREMAN.
+
+The Vice President,
+(Signed) COUNT GOBLET D'ALVIELLA.
+
+The Secretaries,
+(Signed) CHEVALIER ERNEST DE BUNSWYCK,
+(Signed) ORTS.
+
+
+
+
+"FROM THE BODY OF THIS DEATH"
+
+By SIDNEY LOW.
+
+[From King Albert's Book.]
+
+     She is not dead! Although the spoiler's hand
+       Lies heavy as death upon her; though the smart
+       Of his accursed steel is at her heart,
+     And scarred upon her breast his shameful brand;
+     Though yet the torches of the vandal band
+       Smoke on her ruined fields, her trampled bones,
+       Her ravaged homes and desolated fanes,
+     She is not dead but sleeping, that wronged land.
+
+     O little nation, valorous and free,
+       Thou shalt o'erlive the terror and the pain;
+     Call back thy scattered children unto thee,
+       Strong with the memory of their brothers slain,
+     And rise from out thy charnel-house, to be
+       Thine own immortal, radiant self again.
+
+
+[Illustration: H.I.M. AUGUSTA VICTORIA
+
+The Most Recent Photograph of the German Empress.
+
+(_Photo from American Press Association._)]
+
+[Illustration: A WAR-TIME PICTURE OF THE KAISER
+
+The Effects of the Stress of War Are Noticeable in This Photograph of
+the War Lord, Taken in His Winter Campaign Uniform.
+
+(_Photo from Underwood & Underwood._)]
+
+
+
+
+"A Scrap of Paper"
+
+Recent Versions of the German Chancellor's Reference to the Belgian
+Treaty of Neutrality[2]
+
+By Chancellor von Bethmann-Hollweg and Sir Edward Grey.
+
+[Footnote 2: The report of Sir Edward Goschen, British Ambassador to
+Berlin, on the severance of diplomatic connections between England and
+Germany, was published by the British Foreign Office as a "White
+Paper" on Aug. 27, 1914. Sir Edward said that in pursuance of
+instructions from Downing Street, he went on Aug. 3 to see Gottlieb
+von Jagow, the German Foreign Minister, and asked if Germany would
+promise to respect Belgian neutrality. Herr von Jagow replied that it
+was too late, as German troops had already crossed the Belgian border,
+and explained the military necessity of this step.
+
+After remonstrance, Sir Edward withdrew, but made another visit the
+same afternoon and warned von Jagow that unless the German Government
+at once withdrew its troops from Belgian soil he must demand his
+passports. Herr von Jagow repeated that withdrawal was impossible;
+and, seeing that war was now certain, expressed his deep regret at the
+failure of the policy by which he and the Chancellor, Dr. von
+Bethmann-Hollweg, had been trying to get into more friendly relations
+with England and through her with France.
+
+The Ambassador, after mutual expressions of personal regard, withdrew
+and visited the Imperial Chancellor, who, according to Sir Edward's
+story, "began a harangue, which lasted about twenty minutes. Just for
+a word, 'neutrality'--a word which in war was so often disregarded--just
+for a scrap of paper, Great Britain was going to make war on a kindred
+nation. The policy to which he had devoted himself had tumbled like a
+house of cards. What Great Britain had done was unthinkable--it was
+like striking a man in the back when he was fighting for his life
+against two assailants."
+
+Sir Edward said that he protested strongly against this and told the
+Chancellor that, while an advance through Belgium might be a matter of
+life and death for Germany, the defense of Belgian neutrality, in
+compliance with her solemn engagement, was a matter of life and death
+for the honor of Great Britain.
+
+"The Chancellor said," Sir Edward continued: "'But at what a price
+will that compact have been kept! Has the British Government thought
+of that?' I hinted to his Excellency as plainly as I could that fear
+of consequences could hardly be regarded as an excuse for breaking a
+solemn engagement. But his Excellency was so excited, so little
+disposed to hear reason, so evidently overcome by the news of our
+action, that I refrained from adding fuel to the flame by further
+argument."]
+
+
+I.
+
+General Field Headquarters of the German Armies in France, via Berlin
+and London, Jan. 24.--"I am surprised to learn that my phrase, 'a
+scrap of paper,' which I used in my last conversation with the British
+Ambassador in reference to the Belgian neutrality treaty, should have
+caused such an unfavorable impression in the United States. The
+expression was used in quite another connection and the meaning
+implied in Sir Edward Goschen's report and the turn given to it in the
+biased comment of our enemies are undoubtedly responsible for this
+impression."
+
+The speaker was Dr. Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg, the German Imperial
+Chancellor, and the conversation with a representative of The
+Associated Press occurred at the German Army Field Headquarters, in a
+town of Northern France, and in a villa serving as the office and
+dwelling for the Imperial Chancellor, for the Foreign Minister,
+Gottlieb von Jagow, and for the members of the diplomatic suite
+accompanying Emperor William afield.
+
+The Chancellor apparently had not relished the subject until his
+attention was called to the extent to which the phrase had been used
+in discussion on the responsibility of the war. He then volunteered to
+give an explanation of his meaning, which in substance was that he had
+spoken of the treaty not as "a scrap of paper" for Germany, but as an
+instrument which had become obsolete through Belgium's forfeiture of
+its neutrality, and that Great Britain had quite other reasons for
+entering into the war, compared with which the neutrality treaty
+appeared to have only the value of a scrap of paper.
+
+"My conversation with Sir Edward Goschen," said the Chancellor,
+"occurred Aug. 4. I had just declared in the Reichstag that only dire
+necessity and only the struggle for existence compelled Germany to
+march through Belgium, but that Germany was ready to make compensation
+for the wrong committed.
+
+"When I spoke I already had certain indications, but no absolute proof
+upon which to base a public accusation, that Belgium long before had
+abandoned its neutrality in its relations with England. Nevertheless,
+I took Germany's responsibilities toward the neutral State so
+seriously that I spoke frankly of the wrong committed by Germany.
+
+"What was the British attitude on the same question?" continued the
+Chancellor. "The day before my conversation with Ambassador Goschen,
+Sir Edward Grey had delivered his well-known speech in Parliament, in
+which, while he had not stated expressly that England would take part
+in the war, he had left the matter in little doubt.
+
+"One needs only to read this speech through carefully to learn the
+reason for England's intervention in the war. Amid all his beautiful
+phrases about England's honor and England's obligations we find it
+over and over again expressed that England's interests--its own
+interests--call for participation in the war, for it is not in
+England's interests that a victorious and therefore stronger Germany
+should emerge from the war.
+
+"This old principle of England policy--to take as the sole criterion
+of its actions its private interests regardless of right, reason, or
+considerations of humanity--is expressed in that speech of Gladstone's
+in 1870 on Belgian neutrality, from which Sir Edward quoted.
+
+"Mr. Gladstone then declared that he was unable to subscribe to the
+doctrine that the simple fact of the existence of a guarantee is
+binding on every party thereto, irrespective altogether of the
+particular position in which it may find itself at a time when the
+occasion for action on the guarantee arrives; and he referred to such
+English statesmen as Aberdeen and Palmerston as supporters of his
+views.
+
+"England drew the sword," continued the Chancellor, "only because it
+believed its own interests demanded it. Just for Belgian neutrality it
+would never have entered the war.
+
+"That is what I meant when I told Sir Edward Goschen in that last
+interview, when we sat down to talk the matter over privately as man
+to man, that among the reasons which had impelled England to go into
+the war the Belgian neutrality treaty had for her only the value of a
+scrap of paper.
+
+"I may have been a bit excited and aroused," said the Chancellor. "Who
+would not have been at seeing the hopes and the work of the whole
+period of my Chancellorship going for nought? I recalled to the
+Ambassador my efforts for years to bring about an understanding
+between England and Germany; an understanding which, I reminded him,
+would have made a general European war impossible, and which
+absolutely would have guaranteed the peace of Europe.
+
+"Such an understanding," the Chancellor interjected parenthetically,
+"would have formed the basis on which we could have approached the
+United States as a third partner; but England had not taken up this
+plan, and through its entry into the war had destroyed forever the
+hope of its fulfillment.
+
+"In comparison with such momentous consequences was the treaty not a
+scrap of paper? England ought really to cease harping on this theme of
+Belgian neutrality," said the Chancellor. "Documents on the
+Anglo-Belgian military agreement which we have found in the meantime
+show plainly enough how England regarded this neutrality. As you know,
+we found in the archives of the Belgian Foreign Office documents which
+showed that England in 1911 was determined to throw troops into
+Belgium without the assent of the Belgian Government if war had then
+broken out--in other words, to do exactly the same thing for which,
+with all the pathos of virtuous indignation, it now reproaches
+Germany.
+
+"In some later dispatch Sir Edward Grey, I believe, informed Belgium
+that he did not believe England would take such a step because he did
+not think English public opinion would justify that action. And still
+people in the United States wonder that I characterized as a scrap of
+paper the treaty whose observance, according to responsible British
+statesmen, should be dependent on the pleasure of British public
+opinion--a treaty which England itself had long since undermined with
+its military agreements with Belgium!
+
+"Remember, too, that Sir Edward Grey expressly refused to assure us of
+England's neutrality even in the event that Germany respected Belgian
+neutrality.
+
+"I can understand, therefore, the English displeasure at my
+characterization of the Treaty of 1839 as a scrap of paper, for this
+scrap of paper was for England extremely valuable, furnishing an
+excuse before the world for embarking in the war.
+
+"I hope, however, that in the United States you will see clearly
+enough that England in this matter, too, acted solely on the principle
+of 'right or wrong, my interest.'"
+
+The Chancellor during the conversation had twice risen to take a few
+impatient steps about the room. He spoke calmly enough, but with an
+undercurrent of deep feeling, particularly when he mentioned his
+efforts for an understanding with England and the world peace which he
+had hoped would come from them based on an agreement between Great
+Britain, Germany, and the United States, and with a note of thorough
+conviction as to the justice of the German position toward Belgium.
+
+
+II.
+
+SIR EDWARD GREY'S REPLY.
+
+London, Jan. 26.--Sir Edward Grey, the British Secretary of State for
+Foreign Affairs, today authorized the following statement in reply to
+an interview obtained with Dr. von Bethmann-Hollweg, the German
+Imperial Chancellor, by a representative of The Associated Press and
+published in London on Jan. 26 and in the United States on Jan. 25:
+
+"The Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs authorizes the publication
+of the following observations upon the report of an interview recently
+granted by the German Chancellor to an American correspondent. It is
+not surprising that the German Chancellor should show anxiety to
+explain away his now historic phrase about a treaty being a mere
+'scrap of paper.'
+
+"The phrase has made a deep impression because the progress of the
+world largely depends upon the sanctity of agreements between
+individuals and between nations, and the policy disclosed in Herr von
+Bethmann-Hollweg's phrase tends to debase the legal and moral currency
+of civilization.
+
+"What the German Chancellor said was that Great Britain in requiring
+Germany to respect the neutrality of Belgium 'was going to make war
+just for a word, just for a scrap of paper'--that is, that Great
+Britain was making a mountain out of a molehill. He now asks the
+American public to believe that he meant the exact opposite of what he
+said; that it was Great Britain who really regarded the neutrality of
+Belgium as a mere trifle, and that it was Germany who 'took her
+responsibilities toward the neutral States so seriously.'
+
+"The arguments by which Herr von Bethmann-Hollweg seeks to establish
+the two sides of this case are in flat contradiction of the plain
+facts.
+
+"First, the German Chancellor alleges that 'England in 1911 was
+determined to throw troops into Belgium without the assent of the
+Belgian Government.' This allegation is absolutely false. It is based
+upon certain documents found in Brussels which record conversations
+between British and Belgian officers in 1906, and again in 1911.
+
+"The fact that there is no note of these conversations at the British
+War Office or the Foreign Office shows that they were of a purely
+informal character and that no military agreement of any sort was at
+either time made between the two Governments. Before any conversations
+took place between the British and the Belgian officers it was
+expressly laid down on the British side that discussion of the
+military possibilities was to be addressed to the manner in which, in
+case of need, British assistance could be most effectually afforded to
+Belgium for the defense of her neutrality, and on the Belgian side a
+marginal note upon the record explains that 'the entry of the English
+into Belgium would only take place after the violation of our
+(Belgium's) neutrality by Germany.'
+
+"As regards the conversation of 1911, the Belgian officer said to the
+British officer: 'You could only land in our country with our
+consent'; and in 1913 Sir Edward Grey gave the Belgian Government a
+categorical assurance that no British Government would violate the
+neutrality of Belgium and that 'so long as it was not violated by any
+other power we should certainly not send troops ourselves into their
+territory.'
+
+"The Chancellor's method of misusing documents may be illustrated in
+this connection. He represents Sir Edward Grey as saying, 'he did not
+believe England would take such a step because he did not think
+English public opinion would justify such action.'
+
+"What Sir Edward Grey actually wrote was: 'I said that I was sure
+that this Government would not be the first to violate the neutrality
+of Belgium, and I did not believe that any British Government would be
+the first to do so, nor would public opinion here ever approve of it.'
+
+"If the German Chancellor wishes to know why there were conversations
+on military subjects between British and Belgian officers he may find
+one reason in a fact well known to him--namely, that Germany was
+establishing an elaborate network of strategical railways leading from
+the Rhine to the Belgian frontier through a barren, thinly populated
+tract. The railways were deliberately constructed to permit of a
+sudden attack upon Belgium, such as was carried out in August last.
+
+"This fact alone was enough to justify any communications between
+Belgium and the other powers on the footing that there would be no
+violation of Belgian neutrality, unless it was previously violated by
+another power. On no other footing did Belgium ever have any such
+communications.
+
+"In spite of these facts the German Chancellor speaks of Belgium as
+having thereby 'abandoned and forfeited' her neutrality, and he
+implies that he would not have spoken of the German invasion as a
+'wrong' had he then known of the conversations of 1906 and 1911.
+
+"It would seem to follow that according to Herr von Bethmann-Hollweg's
+code wrong becomes right if the party which is to be the subject of
+the wrong foresees the possibility and makes preparations to resist
+it.
+
+"Those who are content with older and more generally accepted
+standards are likely to agree rather with what Cardinal Mercier said
+in his pastoral letter: 'Belgium was bound in honor to defend her own
+independence. She kept her oath. The other powers were bound to
+respect and to protect her neutrality. Germany violated her oath.
+England kept hers. These are the facts.'
+
+"In the second part of the German Chancellor's thesis, namely, that
+Germany 'took her responsibilities toward the neutral States
+seriously,' he alleges nothing except that 'he spoke frankly of the
+wrong committed by Germany' in invading Belgium.
+
+"That a man knows the right while doing the wrong is not usually
+accepted as proof of his serious conscientiousness. The real nature of
+Germany's view of her 'responsibilities toward the neutral States'
+may, however, be learned on authority which cannot be disputed by
+reference to the English 'White Paper.'
+
+"If those responsibilities were in truth taken seriously why, when
+Germany was asked to respect the neutrality of Belgium if it were
+respected by France, did Germany refuse? France, when asked the
+corresponding question at the same time, agreed. This would have
+guaranteed Germany from all danger of attack through Belgium.
+
+"The reason of Germany's refusal was given by Herr von
+Bethmann-Hollweg's colleague, (the German Foreign Secretary, Herr von
+Jagow.) It may be paraphrased in the well-known gloss upon
+Shakespeare: 'Thrice is he armed that hath his quarrel just, but four
+times he that gets his blow in fust.'
+
+"'They had to advance into France,' said Herr von Jagow, 'by the
+quickest and easiest way so as to be able to get well ahead with their
+operations and endeavor to strike some decisive blow as early as
+possible.'
+
+"Germany's real attitude toward Belgium was thus frankly given by the
+German Foreign Secretary to the British Ambassador, and the German
+Chancellor in his speech to the Reichstag claimed the right to commit
+a wrong in virtue of the military necessity of hacking his way
+through. The treaty which forbade the wrong was by comparison a mere
+scrap of paper.
+
+"The truth was spoken in these first statements by the two German
+Ministers. All the apologies and arguments which have since been
+forthcoming are afterthoughts to excuse and explain away a flagrant
+wrong. Moreover, all the attacks upon Great Britain in regard to this
+matter and all talk about 'responsibilities toward neutral States'
+come badly from the man who, on July 29, asked Great Britain to enter
+into a bargain to condone the violation of the neutrality of Belgium.
+
+"The German Chancellor spoke to the American correspondent of his
+'efforts for years to bring about an understanding between England and
+Germany.' An understanding, he added, which would have 'absolutely
+guaranteed the peace of Europe.'
+
+"He omitted to mention what Mr. Asquith made public in his speech at
+Cardiff,[3] that Germany required as the price of an understanding an
+unconditional pledge of England's neutrality. The British Government
+were ready to bind themselves not to be parties to any aggression
+against Germany. They were not prepared to pledge their neutrality in
+case of aggression by Germany.
+
+[Footnote 3: In his address at Cardiff, appearing in Vol. 1, No. 2, of
+THE NEW YORK TIMES CURRENT HISTORY, Premier Asquith said:
+
+     In a communication to the German Government in 1912
+     regarding her future policy Great Britain declared that she
+     would neither make nor join in any unprovoked attack upon
+     Germany. But that was not enough for German statesmanship.
+
+     Germany wanted us to go further and pledge ourselves to
+     absolute neutrality in the event of Germany being engaged in
+     war. To that demand there was but one answer, and that was
+     the answer which the Government gave.]
+
+"An Anglo-German understanding on the latter terms would not have
+meant an absolute guarantee for the peace of Europe, but it would have
+meant an absolutely free hand for Germany, so far as England was
+concerned, for Germany to break the peace of Europe.
+
+"The Chancellor says that in his conversation with the British
+Ambassador in August last he 'may have been a bit excited at seeing
+the hopes and work of the whole period of his Chancellorship going for
+nought.'
+
+"Considering that at the date of the conversation, Aug. 4, Germany had
+already made war on France, the natural conclusion is that the
+shipwreck of the Chancellor's hopes consisted not in a European war,
+but in the fact that England had not agreed to stand out of it.
+
+"The sincerity of the German Chancellor's professions to the American
+correspondent may be brought to a very simple test, the application of
+which is more apposite because it serves to recall one of the leading
+facts which produced the present war.
+
+"Herr von Bethmann-Hollweg refused the proposal which England put
+forward and in which France, Italy, and Russia concurred, for a
+conference at which the dispute would have been settled on fair and
+honorable terms without war. If he really wished to work with England
+for peace why did he not accept that proposal? He must have known
+after the Balkan conference in London that England could be trusted to
+play fair. Herr von Jagow had given testimony in the Reichstag to
+England's good faith in those negotiations.
+
+"The proposal for the second conference between the powers was made by
+Sir Edward Grey with the same straightforward desire for peace as in
+1912 and 1913. The German Chancellor rejected this means of averting
+the war. He who does not will the means must not complain if the
+conclusion is drawn that he did not will the end.
+
+"The second part of the interview with an American newspaper
+correspondent consists of a discourse upon the ethics of the war. The
+things which Germany has done in Belgium and France have been placed
+on record by those who have suffered from them and who know them at
+first hand. After this it does not lie with the German Chancellor to
+read to the other belligerents a lecture upon the conduct of the
+war."
+
+
+
+
+THE KAISER AT DONCHERY.
+
+[By The Associated Press.]
+
+
+Berlin, Jan. 29, (via London.)--The Lokalanzeiger has published some
+further accounts of the visit of Dr. Ludwig Ganghofer, the author, to
+Emperor William at the German Field Headquarters. It tells of a trip
+made by the Emperor and Dr. Ganghofer to Donchery, in the region of
+the Sedan battlefield. Here the Emperor, in speaking of the unity of
+the German people, is quoted as saying to Dr. Ganghofer: "It is my
+greatest pleasure that I could live to see it."
+
+The Emperor pointed out to the author where his father had stood at
+Sedan, where Napoleon and Bismarck met, and other historic spots.
+
+The trip by automobile finally brought the party to the headquarters
+of Crown Prince Frederick William, where, after luncheon had been
+eaten, the Emperor turned smiling to his son and said:
+
+"One gets better things to eat at your headquarters than at mine. I
+shall consider whether I shall not requisition your cook."
+
+The Emperor here had an opportunity to see a thousand French prisoners
+march by. He was greatly pleased when some of them doffed their caps
+to him and he returned their salute. During this review he turned to a
+photographer who was taking pictures, and said:
+
+"Photograph the prisoners and not always me."
+
+The party later climbed a steep ascent to get a view of the
+surrounding region. When descending, Dr. Ganghofer slipped, but the
+Emperor quickly grasped him by the arm and saved him from a fall,
+saying at the same time:
+
+"Soldiers and citizens must help each other all they can."
+
+
+
+
+HAIL!
+
+A HYMN TO BELGIUM
+
+POEM BY
+
+JOHN GALSWORTHY
+
+MUSIC BY
+
+FREDERIC H. COWEN.
+
+(_From King Albert's Book._)
+
+[Music illustration:
+
+     1. Men of Belgium! Honour's own!
+     Ye who saved the Holy Grail,
+     Ye who died for Freedom's Crown,
+     Hail, ye brave, for ever hail!
+
+     2. Wives of Belgium! who to Death
+     Paid the toll of Mother's wail,
+     Bound with widowed sorrow's wreath
+     The brows of Death, ye dear saints: hail!
+
+     3. Maids of Belgium! ye who gazed
+     At worse than sullen Death, and pale
+     In terror, yet with eyes undazed,
+     Smiled on at Hope--ye sweethearts--Hail!
+     Maids of Belgium! Sweethearts, Hail!
+
+     4. Land of Belgium! earth and sky
+     For evermore shall tell thy tale.
+     The morning comes! Thou shalt not die!
+     Hail! Thou Sad Immortal: Hail!
+     Hail! Thou Sad Immortal: Hail!
+
+N.B.--If it is desired to sing this as a simple Hymn, the Melody of
+the 3rd verse should be omitted and the words sung to the opening
+eight bars, as in the 1st and 2nd verses]
+
+
+
+
+Holland's Future
+
+By H.G. Wells.
+
+(_Copyright by The New York Times Company._)
+
+     The article which follows was written by H.G. Wells for
+     publication in England. The British censor, however, refused
+     to permit its appearance there, and thus it was printed in
+     the United States for the first time by THE NEW YORK TIMES
+     on Feb. 7, 1915. In the development of his argument Mr.
+     Wells points out that "the Dutch hold a sword at the back of
+     Germany." That Holland has no intention of sheathing this
+     sword, so removing a menace from Germany, is indicated by
+     the recent cable from The Hague telling of the message sent
+     by the Government to the Second Chamber of the Legislature
+     dealing with pending legislation to prolong the term of
+     enlistment in the regular army, in which this language is
+     used: "The position of our country demands today, as it did
+     in August, that our entire military force should be at all
+     times available."
+
+
+What changes for Holland are likely to result from the present war?
+
+Let me, as an irresponsible journalist, try to estimate them, and try
+to forecast what Holland is likely to do in the next few months. I do
+not want for a moment to suggest what Dutchmen ought to do; this
+preaching to highly intelligent neutrals is not a writer's business,
+but I want to imagine how things must look in the private mind of a
+wary patriotic Hollander, and to guess what may be the outcome.
+Because in many ways Holland does seem to hold the key to the present
+situation.
+
+It is clear that whatever fears may have been felt for the integrity
+of Holland at the beginning of the war must now be very much abated.
+The risk of Germany attacking Holland diminishes with each day of
+German failure, and the whole case and righteousness of the Allies
+rests upon their respect for Holland. Holland's position as regards
+Germany now is extraordinarily strong materially, and as regards the
+Allies it is overwhelmingly strong morally. She has behaved patiently
+and sanely through a trying crisis. She has endured much almost
+inevitable provocation and temptation with dignity and honesty. Were
+she now subjected to any German outrage she could strike with her
+excellent army of 400,000 men at Aix-la-Chapelle, and turn repulse
+into rapid disaster.
+
+That is the interesting thing about the Dutch position now. The Dutch
+hold a sword at the back of Germany. Were they to come into the war on
+the German side, they would, no doubt, provide a most effective but
+certainly not a decisive reinforcement to the German western front,
+but they would also lay open a convenient way for the Allies to the
+vital part of Germany, Westphalia. But were they to come in on the
+side of the Allies they would at once deliver a conclusive blow. They
+could cut the main communications of the German army in Flanders, they
+could round up and assist to capture a very large portion of the
+German western forces, and they could open the road not only to attack
+but to turn the Rhine defenses. In fact, they could finish Germany.
+
+This situation is already fairly obvious; I betray no strategic
+secret; it must become manifest to every Dutchman before many more
+weeks. One has but to look at the map. Every day now diminishes the
+possibility of Germany being able to make any effective
+counterattack, any Belgian destruction, in Holland, and every day
+increases the weight of the blow that Holland may deliver. What are
+the chances that Holland may not ultimately realize to the full the
+possibilities of that blow and join the Allies?
+
+Against her doing so is the consideration that she is doing very well
+as she is. She keeps her freedom. Practically the Allies fight to
+secure it for her. The dread of Germanization which has hung over
+Holland for forty years seems to recede.
+
+And, of course, as a secondary restraining force there is the
+reasonable fear of devastation. The "good German" vindictiveness might
+make one last supreme effort.
+
+But, on the other hand, is she really doing as well as it seems?
+Unless she intervenes this war will probably last for another full
+year. She wants it to end. It is a terrible oppression. Her army must
+remain mobilized, even if it does not fight. Her trade stagnates. She
+is incumbered by refugees. What if she struck to end the war and get
+the tension over? Not now, perhaps, but presently. Simultaneously with
+the Franco-British counter-stroke that now draws near.
+
+And what if she struck also for a hatred of what has happened to
+Belgium? Suppose the Dutch are not so much frightened by the horrible
+example of Belgium as indignant. My impression of the Dutch--and we
+English know something of the Dutch spirit--is that they are a people
+not easily cowed. Suppose that they have not only a reasonable fear
+but a reasonable hatred of "frightfulness." Suppose that an
+intelligent fellow-feeling for a small nation has filled them with a
+desire to give Germany a lesson. There, it may be, is a second reason
+why Holland should come in.
+
+And by coming in, there is something more than the mere termination of
+a strain and the vindication of international righteousness to
+consider. There is the possibility, and not only the possibility but
+the possible need, that Holland should come out of this world war
+aggrandized. I want to lay stress upon that, because it may prove a
+decisive factor in this matter.
+
+The Dutch desire aggrandizement for the sake of aggrandizement as
+little as any nation in Europe. But what if the path of aggrandizement
+be also the path of safety?
+
+It is clear that both France and Belgium will demand and receive
+territorial compensation for these last months of horror. It is
+ridiculous to suppose that the Germans may fling war in its most
+atrocious and filthy form over Belgium and some of the sweetest parts
+of France without paying bitterly and abundantly for the freak.
+
+Quite apart from indemnities, France and Belgium must push forward
+their boundaries so far that if ever Germany tries another rush she
+will have to rush for some days through her own lost lands. The only
+tolerable frontier against Germans is a day's march deep in Germany.
+Of course, Li�ge will have to be covered in the future by Belgian
+annexations in the Aix region and stretching toward Cologne, and
+France will go to the Rhine. I think Belgium as well as France will be
+forced to go to the Rhine.
+
+It is no good talking now of buffer States, because the German
+conscience cannot respect them. Buffer States are just anvil States.
+At any rate, very considerable annexations of German territory by
+Belgium and France are now inevitable, and Holland must expect a much
+larger and stronger Belgium to the south of her, allied firmly to
+France and England.
+
+And to the north is it very likely that the British will be able to
+tolerate the continued German possession of the Frisian Islands? These
+islands, and the coast of East Friesland, have had but one use in
+German hands, and that use has been the preparation of attacks on
+England. Clearly the British may decide to have no more of such
+attacks. Every advance in scientific warfare may make them more
+dangerous and exasperating. The British intend soberly and sanely to
+do their utmost to make a repetition of the present war impossible. To
+secure this they may find it necessary to have Germany out of the
+North Sea. But they have no desire whatever to take either the Frisian
+Islands or East Friesland, if Holland will save them that trouble.
+
+Now, suppose the Dutch will not think of this now. Suppose, for the
+want of their aid, the Allies are unable to press the war to the
+complete regimentation of Germany, what will be the position of
+Holland in twenty years' time?
+
+[Illustration: [map]]
+
+She will stand between England and Germany. A Germany incompletely
+beaten means an Anglophobe Germany. Belgium and France expanded,
+recuperated, allied, linked by a common literature and language, may
+be too formidable for another German attack. So that there is the
+possibility that in twenty years' time or so Germany, recovering and
+vindictive, may in some way contrive to hold off France and Belgium,
+and try her luck against England alone. By that time submarine and
+aeroplane may be so developed as to render a German attack on England
+much more hopeful than it is at present, especially by way of the
+Rhine mouth. What, in the light of the Belgian experience and the new
+doctrine of a "right of way," will be the outlook for a little
+isolated Holland, as small as she is now, as a buffer State in such a
+case.
+
+She has always been claimed as a part of the great Pan-German scheme,
+and at any time she may find the German heel upon her face,
+vindictively punishing her for her lack of enthusiasm for Teutonic
+brotherhood. Hadn't she better get herself a little larger and
+stronger now; hadn't she better help to make the ending of the German
+threat more conclusive, and link herself definitely with the grand
+alliance of the Western Powers? Now she could make a very good bargain
+indeed. If she inquired she would find Britain ready enough to
+guarantee the integrity and protection of Holland's colonial empire
+forever by the British fleet. All the four Western Powers, France,
+Belgium, Holland, Britain, would be willing to make the most binding
+pledges for such mutual protection. It is the manifest common-sense of
+the settlement that they should set up such a collective guarantee.
+And, in addition, there are those Frisian Islands, and East Friesland,
+and that dangerous wedge that Germany drives into Holland along the
+Rhine. It is not difficult to map a very much improved Dutch frontier
+along the Ems, and thence striking down to the Rhine and meeting the
+iron country on the left bank of the Rhine, whose annexation and
+exploitation is Belgium's legitimate compensation for her devastation
+and sufferings. Here are the makings of a safer Greater Holland!
+Thousands of Dutchmen must be looking on the map at the present time
+and thinking such things as this. There, clearly and attractively, is
+the price of alliance.
+
+The price of neutrality is an intact Holland--and a certain isolation
+in the years ahead. But still, I admit, a not unhappy Holland, Dutch
+and free. Until a fresh Anglo-German struggle begins. Yet, be it
+noted, a Holland a little helpless and friendless if some renascent
+Asiatic Power should presently covet her Eastern possessions.
+
+The price of participation with Germany, on the other hand, is
+complete envelopment in the warm embrace of the "good German
+brotherhood"--the gradual substitution of the German language for the
+Dutch, and a Germanization of such colonies as the Allies may still
+leave for Holland, frequent State visits from Kaisers, and the
+subordination of Dutch mercantile interests to those of Hamburg and
+Altona and (Germanized) Antwerp. And--the everlasting howling
+everywhere of "Deutschland, Deutschland �ber Alles."
+
+(No! No! They will never fight for the Germans. No sane people will
+ever fight for the Germans if they can possibly avoid it. Not even our
+press censorship, not even the Maximilian Krafts in our silliest
+weekly papers will provoke Holland to that.)
+
+But I have a sort of feeling, for the reasons I have stated, that even
+without any serious breach of Dutch neutrality by the Germans, Holland
+may decide presently to put her troops beside the Belgians. And if, as
+is always possible, the Germans do make some lumpish onslaught upon
+Dutch neutrality, then I am convinced that at once that sturdy little
+country will up and fight like the very devil. And do remarkably well
+by it.
+
+And I have a much stronger feeling that presently the Dutch Government
+will ask the Germans to reconsider their proposed annexation of
+Belgium. Upon that point Holland has absolutely dictatorial power at
+the present moment. She could secure the independence of Belgium at
+the cost of a little paper and ink, she could force Germany to
+evacuate her sister country by the mere movement of her army.
+
+_Copyright in U.S.A._
+
+
+
+
+French Official Report on German Atrocities
+
+     Having been instructed to investigate atrocities said to
+     have been committed by the Germans in portions of French
+     territory which had been occupied by them, a commission
+     composed of four representatives of the French Government
+     repaired to these districts in order to make a thorough
+     investigation. The commission was composed of M. Georges
+     Payelle, First President of the Cour des Comptes; Armand
+     Mollard, Minister Plenipotentiary; Georges Maringer,
+     Counselor of State, and Edmond Paillot, Counselor of the
+     Cour de Cassation.
+
+     They started on their mission late in September last and
+     visited the Departments of Seine-et-Marne, Marne, Meuse,
+     Meurthe-et-Moselle, Oise, and Aisne. According to the
+     report, they made note only of those accusations against the
+     invaders which were backed up by reliable testimony and
+     discarded everything that might have been occasioned by the
+     exigencies of war.
+
+
+_Presented to the President of the Council by the commission
+instituted with a view to investigating acts committed by the enemy in
+violation of international law. Decree of Sept. 23, 1914. MM. Georges
+Payelle, First President of the Cour des Comptes; Armand Mollard,
+Minister Plenipotentiary; Georges Maringer, Counselor of State, and
+Edmond Paillot, Counselor at the Court of Appeal._
+
+To the President of the Council of Ministers:
+
+Sir: Having been appointed by virtue of a decree of the 23d of last
+September to carry out on the spot an inquiry in relation to acts
+committed in violation of international law in the portions of French
+territory occupied by the enemy which have been reconquered by the
+armies of the republic, we have the honor to lay before you the first
+results of our mission.
+
+We have already a full harvest of information to submit. It includes,
+however, a very limited part of the findings at which we should have
+been able to arrive if we had not submitted all the evidence which was
+laid before us to severe criticism and rigorous examination. We have
+indeed believed it to be our duty only to place on record those facts
+which, being established beyond dispute, constitute with absolute
+certainty what may be clearly termed crimes, omitting those the proofs
+of which were, in our view, insufficient, or which, however
+destructive or cruel they were, might have been the result of acts of
+war properly so-called, rather than of willful excesses, attributable
+to the enemy.
+
+Thus we are convinced that none of the incidents which we have
+investigated could be disputed in good faith. In addition the proof of
+each of them does not depend only on our personal observations; it is
+founded chiefly on photographs and on a mass of evidence received in
+judicial form, with the sanction of an oath.
+
+The lamentable sights which we have had before our eyes have made the
+task to which we all four addressed ourselves, with a close
+association of ideas and feelings, a very grievous one. It would
+indeed have been too painful, if we had not found a powerful support
+in the sight of the wonderful troops whom we met at the front, in the
+welcome of the military leaders whose kind assistance has never failed
+us, and in the sight of the population who bear unprecedented
+calamities with the most dignified resignation. In the districts which
+we crossed, and particularly in that country of Lorraine which was so
+frequently the victim of the scourge of war, not one entreaty for
+help, not one moan, reached our ears; and yet the terrible misery of
+which we have been witness surpasses in extent and horror anything
+which the imagination can conceive. On every side our eyes rested on
+ruin. Whole villages have been destroyed by bombardment or fire; towns
+formerly full of life are now nothing but deserts full of ruins; and,
+in visiting the scenes of desolation where the invader's torch has
+done its work, one feels continually as though one were walking among
+the remains of one of those cities of antiquity which have been
+annihilated by the great cataclysms of nature.
+
+In truth it can be stated that never has a war carried on between
+civilized nations assumed the savage and ferocious character of the
+one which at this moment is being waged on our soil by an implacable
+adversary. Pillage, rape, arson, and murder are the common practice of
+our enemies; and the facts which have been revealed to us day by day
+at once constitute definite crimes against common rights, punished by
+the codes of every country with the most severe and the most
+dishonoring penalties, and which prove an astonishing degeneration in
+German habits of thought since 1870.
+
+Crimes against women and young girls have been of appalling frequency.
+We have proved a great number of them, but they only represent an
+infinitesimal proportion of those which we could have taken up. Owing
+to a sense of decency, which is deserving of every respect, the
+victims of these hateful acts usually refuse to disclose them.
+Doubtless fewer would have been committed if the leaders of an army
+whose discipline is most rigorous had taken any trouble to prevent
+them; yet, strictly speaking, they can only be considered as the
+individual and spontaneous acts of uncaged beasts. But with regard to
+arson, theft, and murder the case is very different; the officers,
+even those of the highest station, will bear before humanity the
+overwhelming responsibility for these crimes.
+
+In the greater part of the places where we carried on our inquiry we
+came to the conclusion that the German Army constantly professes the
+most complete contempt for human life, that its soldiers, and even its
+officers, do not hesitate to finish off the wounded, that they kill
+without pity the inoffensive inhabitants of the territories which they
+have invaded, and they do not spare in their murderous rage women, old
+men, or children. The wholesale shootings at Lun�ville, Gerb�viller,
+Nomeny, and Senlis are terrible examples of this; and in the course of
+this report you will read the story of scenes of carnage in which
+officers themselves have not been ashamed to take part.
+
+The mind refuses to believe that all these butcheries should have
+taken place without justification. Still, it is so! It is true that
+the Germans have always advanced the same pretext for them, alleging
+that civilians had begun by firing upon them. This allegation is a
+lie, and those who advance it have been unable to give it any
+probability, even by firing rifle shots in the neighborhood of houses,
+as they are accustomed to do in order to be able to state that they
+have been attacked by an innocent population on whose ruin or massacre
+they have resolved. We have many times ascertained the truth of this;
+here is one among others:
+
+One evening the Abb� Colin, Cur� of Croismare, was standing near an
+officer when the report of a gun rang out. The latter cried, "Monsieur
+le Cur�, that is enough to cause you to be shot as well as the
+Burgomaster, and for a farm to be burned; look, there is one on fire."
+"Sir," replied the priest, "you are too intelligent not to recognize
+the sharp sound of your German rifle. For my part, I recognize it."
+The German did not press the point.
+
+Personal liberty, like human life, is the object of complete scorn on
+the part of the German military authorities. Almost everywhere
+citizens of every age have been dragged from their homes and led into
+captivity, many have died or been killed on the way.
+
+Arson, still more than murder, forms the usual procedure of our
+adversaries. It is employed by them either as a means of systematic
+devastation or as a means of terrorism. The German Army, in order to
+provide for it, possesses a complete outfit, which comprises torches,
+grenades, rockets, petrol pumps, fuse-sticks, and little bags of
+pastilles made of compressed powder which are very inflammable. The
+lust for arson is manifested chiefly against churches and against
+monuments which have some special interest, either artistic or
+historical.
+
+In the departments through which we have gone thousands of houses have
+been burned, but we have only investigated in our inquiry fires which
+have been occasioned by exclusively criminal intention, and we have
+not believed it our duty to deal with those that have been caused by
+shells in the course of violent fighting, or due to circumstances
+which it has not been possible to determine with absolute certainty,
+such as those at Villotte-devant-Louppy, Rembercourt, Mogn�ville,
+Amblaincourt, Pretz, Louppy-le-Ch�teau, and other places. The few
+inhabitants who remained among the ruins furnished us with information
+in absolute good faith on this subject.
+
+We have constantly found definite evidence of theft, and we do not
+hesitate to state that where a body of the enemy has passed it has
+given itself up to a systematically organized pillage, in the presence
+of its leaders, who have even themselves often taken part in it.
+Cellars have been emptied to the last bottle, safes have been gutted,
+considerable sums of money have been stolen or extorted; a great
+quantity of plate and jewelry, as well as pictures, furniture, objets
+d'art, linen, bicycles, women's dresses, sewing machines, even down to
+children's toys, after having been taken away, have been loaded on
+vehicles to be taken toward the frontier.
+
+The inhabitants have had no redress against all these exactions, any
+more than they have for the crimes already described; and if some
+wretched inhabitant dared to beg an officer to be good enough to
+intervene to spare a life or to protect his goods he received no
+other reply (when he was not greeted by threats) than the one
+invariable formula, accompanied by a smile, describing these most
+abominable cruelties as the inevitable results of war.
+
+As you have already learned from reading the documents of which we
+have sent you copies, we proceeded first to the Department of
+Seine-et-Marne. We there collected proofs of numerous abuses of the
+laws of war, as well as of crimes committed against common rights by
+the enemy, some of which exhibited features of special gravity.
+
+At Chauconin the Germans set fire to five dwelling houses and to six
+buildings used for agricultural purposes with the assistance of
+grenades, which they threw on to the roofs, and with sticks of resin
+which they placed under the doors. M. Lagrange asked an officer the
+reason of such acts and the latter merely replied: "It is war." Then
+he ordered M. Lagrange to point out to him the situation of the
+property known as the Farm Proffit, and a few moments later the
+buildings of this farm were in flames.
+
+At Congis a body of the enemy were engaged in burning a score of
+houses, into which they had thrown straw and poured petrol, when the
+arrival of a French detachment prevented them from carrying out their
+design.
+
+At Penchard, where three houses had been burned, Mme. Marius Ren� saw
+a soldier carrying a torch which, stuck in his belt, appeared to form
+part of his equipment.
+
+At Barcy an officer and soldier made their way to the Mairie, and,
+after having taken all the blankets belonging to the schoolmaster, set
+fire to the muniment room.
+
+At Douy-la-Ram� the Germans set fire to a mill, whose situation they
+had ascertained by inquiry in the neighborhood. A workman 66 years old
+had a narrow escape from being thrown into the flames. By struggling
+violently and clutching on to a wall he was able to avoid the fate
+with which he was threatened. Finally, at Courta�on, after having
+compelled the inhabitants to furnish them with matches and faggots,
+they sprinkled a great number of houses with petrol and set them
+ablaze. The village, a great part of which is in ruins, presents a
+lamentable appearance.
+
+Together with these crimes against property, we have been able to
+place on record in the Department of Seine-et-Marne many grave
+offenses against the person.
+
+Early in September a German cavalryman arrived one day at about 5
+o'clock in the afternoon at the house of M. Laforest, at
+May-en-Multien, and asked for a drink. M. Laforest hurried off to draw
+some wine from the cask, but the German, no doubt annoyed at not being
+served quickly enough, fired his rifle at the wife of his host, who
+was seriously wounded. Taken to Livry-sur-Ourcq, Mme. Laforest was
+there cared for by a German doctor and had her left arm amputated. She
+died recently in the hospital at Meaux.
+
+On Sept. 8 eighteen inhabitants of Vareddes, among whom was the
+priest, were arrested without cause and led away by the enemy. Three
+of them escaped. None of the others had returned up to Sept. 30, the
+day we were there. From information collected, three of these men were
+murdered. Anyhow, the death of one of the oldest among them, M.
+Jourdain, aged 73, is certain.
+
+Dragged as far as the village of Coulombs and being unable to walk
+further, the unfortunate man received a bayonet wound in the forehead
+and a revolver bullet through the heart.
+
+At about the same time a man of 66, named Dalissier, living at Congis,
+was ordered by the Germans to give up his purse to them. When he
+proved unable to give them any money, he was tied up with a halter and
+ruthlessly shot. The marks of about fifteen bullets were found on his
+dead body.
+
+On the 3d of September, at Mary-sur-Marne, M. Mathe, terrified at the
+arrival of the German troops, attempted to hide himself under the
+counter of a wine shop. He was found in his hiding place and killed by
+a thrust of a knife or bayonet in the chest.
+
+At Sancy-les-Provins, on the 6th of September, about 9 o'clock at
+night, about eighty people were summarily arrested and imprisoned in a
+sheep pen. On the next day thirty of them were taken by an officer's
+order some five kilometers from the village to the barn called
+"Pierrelez," where a German Red Cross ambulance was established. There
+an army doctor (m�decin-major) addressed some words to the wounded
+under his charge, who at once proceeded to load four rifles and two
+revolvers, their intention being obvious. Moreover, a French hussar,
+who had been wounded in the arm and taken prisoner, said to the
+priest, while asking him for absolution: "I am going to be shot, and
+it will be your turn next." After having done as the soldier asked
+him, the priest, unbuttoning his cassock, went and took his place
+between the Mayor and another of his fellow-citizens, against a wall
+along which the hostages were lined up; but at this moment two French
+_chasseurs � cheval_ suddenly arrived, and the doctors, with their
+ambulance staff, surrendered to these soldiers, near whom the hussar
+had hastened to place himself.
+
+As showing the responsibility of officers of high rank for these
+proceedings, it is interesting to note that the schoolmaster at Sancy,
+when he was about to be taken off with the others, was allowed to
+retain his freedom as a favor by General von Dutag, who was quartered
+on him.
+
+On the 6th of the same month, after having set on fire some of the
+houses in Courta�on, a body of soldiers, believed to belong to the
+Imperial Guard, took five men and a child of thirteen out into the
+fields, and exposed them to the French fire so long as the engagement
+lasted. In the confines of the same commune, Edmond Rousseau, liable
+to serve in the 1914 class, was arrested for the sole reason that his
+age marked him out as being on the eve of being called up to the
+colors, and was murdered under tragic circumstances.
+
+The Mayor, who was one of the hostages, when questioned as to the
+position of this youth from the military point of view, replied that
+Rousseau had passed the medical examination, that he had been declared
+fit for service, but that his class had not yet been called up. The
+Germans thereupon made the prisoner strip, in order to satisfy
+themselves of his physical condition, then put his trousers on again,
+and shot him within fifty meters of his fellow-citizens.
+
+The town of Coulommiers has suffered considerable pillage. Plate,
+linen, and boots were taken away, principally from empty houses, and a
+large number of bicycles were loaded on motor wagons. The Germans
+occupied this place from the 5th to the 7th of September. On this day
+before they left they arrested, without any pretext, the Mayor and the
+Procureur de la R�publique, and an officer grossly insulted them.
+These two officials were kept in custody until the next morning,
+together with the Secretary of the Mairie. Guards were set over the
+Procureur during the night, and did their best to persuade him by
+remarks exchanged between them that his execution was imminent.
+
+It is generally believed at Coulommiers that criminal attempts have
+been made on many women of that town, but only one crime of this
+nature has been proved for certain. A charwoman, Mme. X., was the
+victim. A soldier came to her house on the 6th of September, toward
+9:30 in the evening, and sent away her husband to go and search for
+one of his comrades in the street. Then, in spite of the fact that two
+small children were present, he tried to rape the young woman. X.,
+when he heard his wife's cries, rushed back, but was driven off with
+blows of the butt of the man's rifle into a neighboring room, of which
+the door was left open, and his wife was forced to suffer the
+consummation of the outrage. The rape took place almost under the eyes
+of the husband, who, being terrorized, did not dare to intervene, and
+used his efforts only to calm the terror of his children.
+
+In the same way, Mme. X., at Sancy-les-Provins, and Mme. Z., at
+Beton-Bazoches, were the victims of similar outrages. The former was
+forced to submit to the will of a soldier with a revolver at her
+throat; the second, in spite of her resistance, was thrown upon a bed
+and outraged in the presence of her little daughter, aged 3. The
+husbands of these two women have been with the army since the
+commencement of the war.
+
+On the 6th of September, at Gu�rard, where two workmen, Maitrier and
+Didelot, had been killed at the outposts, the enemy took possession of
+six hostages. One only was able to escape and return to his village.
+
+At Mauperthuis, on the same day, four Germans who had already gone in
+the morning to the house of M. Roger, presented themselves there again
+at 2 o'clock in the afternoon. "There were three of you here this
+morning, and now you are only two. Come out," said one of them.
+Immediately Roger and a refugee named M. Denet, who was a guest in the
+house, were seized and led away. The next day, at the end of the
+village, Mme. Roger found the body of her husband, pierced by two
+bullets. Denet had also been shot, and his body was discovered some
+little time afterward in such a state of decomposition as to make it
+impossible to ascertain the nature of the wounds which the unfortunate
+man had received.
+
+In a hamlet in the same commune, M. Fournier, caretaker of a farm at
+Champbrisset, resided with a Swiss named Knell. The Germans took them
+on a cart as far as Vaudoy and murdered them. An inhabitant of
+Voinsles, named Cartier, suffered the same fate. As he passed on his
+bicycle along a road a little way from Vaudoy, he was stopped by the
+Germans, who searched his bag, in which was a revolver. Cartier,
+without any resistance, gave up his weapon of his own accord. His eyes
+were bandaged, and he was shot then and there.
+
+On the 8th of September at Sablonni�res, where there were scenes of
+general pillage, M. Delaitre, who had left his house during the battle
+to take refuge under a culvert, was discovered in his hiding place by
+a German soldier, who fired at him five times; he died the same day.
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL CASTELNAU
+
+One of the Most Conspicuous of the French Commanders.]
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL DUBAIL
+
+Commanding the French Forces Operating Around Verdun.
+
+(_Photo_ � _International News Service._)]
+
+At the same place, M. Jules Griffaut, 66 years of age, was herding his
+cows peacefully in a field, when a detachment of the enemy passed 150
+meters from him. A soldier who was alone in the rear of the column
+took aim at him, and shot him in the face. It is proper to add that a
+German officer took the trouble to have the wounded man attended to by
+a German army doctor, and that Griffaut recovered fairly soon.
+
+At Rebais, on the 4th of September, at 11 in the evening, the Germans,
+after pillaging the jeweler's shop of M. Pantereau and loading the
+goods which they had taken on to a cart, set fire to the house. They
+also burned three private houses in the Rue de l'Etang by throwing
+lighted straw into them.
+
+In this little town serious acts of violence were committed. M.
+Auguste Griffaut, 79 years of age, was treated with horrible
+brutality. They repeatedly struck him on the head with their fists. A
+revolver shot grazed his head. His watch and his purse, containing 800
+francs, were stolen from his person.
+
+On the same day, some German soldiers grossly ill-treated Mme. X., a
+wine-shop keeper, aged 29, on the pretense that she was hiding English
+soldiers. They undressed her and kept her in the middle of them
+completely naked for one and a half hours; then they tied her to her
+counter, giving her to understand that they were going to shoot her.
+They were, however, called out just then, and went away, leaving their
+victim in charge of an Alsatian soldier, who untied her and restored
+her to liberty.
+
+Again, on the 4th of September, other soldiers attempted to rape Mme.
+Z., 34 years of age, after having sacked her grocery shop. Angered by
+her resistance, they tried to hang her, but she cut the rope with a
+knife which was open in her pocket. She was then beaten mercilessly
+until the arrival of an officer, who was fetched by a witness of the
+scene.
+
+At St. Denis-les-Rebais, on the 7th of September, a Uhlan obliged Mme.
+X. to undress, threatening her with his rifle; then he threw her on a
+mattress and raped her while her mother-in-law, powerless to
+intervene, endeavored to keep her grandson, 8 years old, from this
+revolting sight.
+
+On the same day, at the hamlet of Marais, in the Commune of
+Jouv-sur-Morin, the three daughters of Mme. X., aged respectively 18,
+15, and 13, were with their sick mother when two German soldiers
+entered, seized the eldest, dragged her into the next room and raped
+her in succession; while one committed his crime, the other watched
+the door and with his weapons kept back the half-maddened mother.
+
+Frightful scenes occurred at the Ch�teau de ---- in the neighborhood
+of La Fert�-Gaucher. There lived there an old gentleman, M. X., with
+his servant, Mlle. Y., 54 years old. On Sept. 5 several Germans, among
+whom was a non-commissioned officer, were in occupation of this
+property. After they had been supplied with food, the non-commissioned
+officer proposed to a refugee, a Mme. Z., that she should sleep with
+him; she refused. M. X., to save her from the designs of which she was
+the object, sent her to his farm, which was in the neighborhood. The
+German ran there to fetch her, dragged her back to the ch�teau and led
+her to the attic; then, having completely undressed her, he tried to
+violate her. At this moment M. X., wishing to protect her, fired
+revolver shots on the staircase and was immediately shot.
+
+The non-commissioned officer then made Mme. X. come out of the attic,
+obliged her to step over the corpse of the old man, and led her to a
+closet, where he again made two unsuccessful attempts upon her.
+Leaving her at last, he threw himself upon Mlle. Y., having first
+handed Mme. Z. over to two soldiers, who, after having violated her,
+one once and the other twice, in the dead man's room, made her pass
+the night in a barn near them, where one of them twice more had sexual
+connection with her.
+
+As for Mlle. Y., she was obliged, by threats of being shot, to strip
+herself completely naked and lie on a mattress with the
+non-commissioned officer, who kept her there until morning.
+
+We have also taken note of the fact that, as appears from declarations
+made by a municipal councilor of Rebais, two English cavalrymen who
+were surprised and wounded in this commune were finished off with
+gunshots by the Germans when they were dismounted and when one of them
+had thrown up his hands, showing thus that he was unarmed.
+
+
+MARNE.
+
+In the Department of the Marne, as everywhere else, the German troops
+gave themselves up to general pillage, which was carried out always
+under similar conditions and with the complicity of their leaders. The
+Communes of Heiltz-le-Maurupt; Suippes, Marfaux, Fromenti�res, and
+Esternay suffered especially in this way. Everything which the invader
+could carry off from the houses was placed on motor lorries and
+vehicles. At Suippes, in particular, they carried off in this way a
+quantity of different objects, among these sewing machines and toys.
+
+A great many villages, as well as important country towns, were burned
+without any reason whatever. Without doubt these crimes were committed
+by order, as German detachments arrived in the neighborhood with their
+torches, their grenades, and their usual outfit for arson.
+
+At L�pine, a laborer named Caqu�, in whose house two German cyclists
+were billeted, asked the latter if the grenades which he saw in their
+possession were destined for his house. They answered: "No, L�pine is
+finished with." At that moment nine houses in the village were burned
+out.
+
+At Marfaux nineteen private houses were burned.
+
+At le Gault-la-For�t seven or eight houses were burned. Of the Commune
+of Glannes practically nothing remains. At Somme-Tourbe the entire
+village has been destroyed, with the exception of the Mairie, the
+church, and two private buildings.
+
+At Auve nearly the whole town has been destroyed. At Etrepy
+sixty-three families out of seventy are homeless. At Huiron all the
+houses, with the exception of five, have been burned. At
+Sermaize-les-Bains only about forty houses out of 900 remain. At
+Bignicourt-sur-Saultz thirty houses out of thirty-three are in ruins.
+
+At Suippes, the big market town which has been practically burned out,
+German soldiers carrying straw and cans of petrol have been seen in
+the streets. While the Mayor's house was burning, six sentinels with
+fixed bayonets were under orders to forbid any one to approach and to
+prevent any help being given.
+
+All this destruction by arson, which only represents a small
+proportion of the acts of the same kind in the Department of
+Seine-et-Marne, was accomplished without the least tendency to
+rebellion or the smallest act of resistance being recorded against the
+inhabitants of the localities which are today more or less completely
+destroyed. In some villages the Germans, before setting fire to them,
+made one of their soldiers fire a shot from his rifle so as to be able
+to pretend afterward that the civilian population had attacked them,
+an allegation which is all the more absurd since at the time when the
+enemy arrived the only inhabitants left were old men, sick persons, or
+people absolutely without any means of aggression.
+
+Numerous crimes against the person have also been committed. In the
+majority of the communes hostages have been taken away; many of them
+have not returned. At Sermaize-les-Bains, the Germans carried off
+about 150 people, some of whom were decked out with helmets and coats
+and compelled, thus equipped, to mount guard over the bridges.
+
+At Bignicourt-sur-Saulx thirty men and forty-five women and children
+were obliged to leave with a detachment. One of the men--a certain
+Emile Pierre--has not returned nor sent any news of himself. At
+Corf�lix, M. Jacquet, who was carried off on the 7th of September with
+eleven of his fellow-citizens, was found five hundred meters from the
+village with a bullet in his head.
+
+At Champuis the cur�, his maid-servant, and four other inhabitants,
+who were taken away the same day as the hostages of Corf�lix, had not
+returned at the time of our visit to the place.
+
+At the same place an old man of 70, named Jacquemin, was tied down in
+his bed by an officer and left in this state without food for three
+days. He died a little time after.
+
+At Vert-la-Gravelle a farm-hand was killed. He was struck on the head
+with a bottle and his chest was run through with a lance.
+
+The garde champ�tre Brulefer of le Gault-la-For�t was murdered at
+Maclaunay, where he had been taken by the Germans. His body was found
+with his head shattered and a wound on his chest.
+
+At Champguyon, a commune which has been fired, a certain Verdier was
+killed in his father-in-law's house. The latter was not present at the
+execution, but he heard a shot and next day an officer said to him,
+"Son shot. He is under the ruins." In spite of the search made the
+body has not been found among them. It must have been consumed in the
+fire.
+
+At Sermaize, the roadmaker Brocard was placed among a number of
+hostages. Just at the moment when he was being arrested with his son,
+his wife and his daughter-in-law in a state of panic rushed to throw
+themselves into the Saulx. The old man was able to free himself for a
+moment and ran in all haste after them and made several attempts to
+save them, but the Germans dragged him away pitilessly, leaving the
+two wretched women struggling in the river. When Brocard and his son
+were restored to liberty, four days afterward, and found the bodies,
+they discovered that their wives had both received bullet wounds in
+the head.
+
+At Montmirail a scene of real savagery was enacted. On the 5th of
+September a non-commissioned officer flung himself almost naked on the
+widow Naud�, on whom he was billeted, and carried her into his room.
+This woman's father, Fran�ois Fontaine, rushed up on hearing his
+daughter's cry. At once fifteen or twenty Germans broke through the
+door of the house, pushed the old man into the street, and shot him
+without mercy. Little Juliette Naud� opened the window at this moment
+and was struck in the stomach by a bullet, which went through her
+body. The poor child died after twenty-four hours of most dreadful
+suffering.
+
+On the 6th of September at Champguyon, Mme. Louvet was present at the
+martyrdom of her husband. She saw him in the hands of ten or fifteen
+soldiers, who were beating him to death before his own house, and ran
+up and kissed him through the bars of the gate. She was brutally
+pushed back and fell, while the murderers dragged along the unhappy
+man covered with blood, begging them to spare his life and protesting
+that he had done nothing to be treated thus. He was finished off at
+the end of the village. When his wife found his body it was horribly
+disfigured. His head was beaten in, one of his eyes hung from the
+socket, and one of his wrists was broken.
+
+At Esternay, on the 6th of September, toward 3 in the afternoon,
+thirty-five or forty Germans were leading away M. Lauranceau, when he
+made a sharp movement as if to free himself. He was immediately shot
+down.
+
+In the same town the following facts have been laid before us:
+
+During the night, between Sunday, the 6th of September, and Monday,
+the 7th, the soldiers who were scattered among the houses pillaging,
+discovered the widow Bouch�, her two daughters, and Mmes. Lhomme and
+Mac�, who had taken refuge under the cellar staircase. They ordered
+the two young girls to undress, then, as their mother tried to
+intervene, one of the soldiers, bringing his rifle to his shoulder,
+fired in the direction of the group of women. The bullet, after having
+struck Mme. Lhomme near the left elbow, broke the right arm of Mlle.
+Marcelle Bouch� at the armpit. During the following day the young girl
+died as a result of her wound. According to the declarations made by
+witnesses, the wound was horrible to behold.
+
+Further, our inquiry in the Department of the Marne established other
+crimes of which women were the victims.
+
+On the 3rd of September, at Suippes, Mme. X., 72 years of age, was
+seized by a German soldier, who pushed the barrel of his revolver
+under her chin and brutally flung her on her bed. Her son-in-law
+rushed up at the noise, fortunately for her, at the moment when the
+rape was about to be consummated.
+
+At the same place and time little ----, 11 years old, was for three
+hours the prey of a licentious soldier, who, having found her with her
+sick grandmother, dragged her to a deserted house and stopped her
+mouth with a handkerchief to prevent her crying out.
+
+On the 7th of September, at Vitry-en-Perthois, Mme. X., aged 45, and
+Mme. Z., aged 89, were both raped; the latter died a fortnight later.
+
+At Jussecourt-Minecourt, on the 8th of September, toward 9 in the
+evening, Mlle. X. was violated by four soldiers, who broke in the door
+of her room with the help of a billhook. All four flung themselves on
+this young girl, who was 21 years old, and ravished her in succession.
+
+As the bombardment of open towns constitutes without doubt a violation
+of international law, we thought it necessary to go to Rheims, which
+was for eighty days bombarded by the Germans. We received a sworn
+statement from the Mayor, from which we learned that about 300 of the
+civilian population had already been killed; we saw that in different
+parts of the town numerous buildings had been destroyed, and we took
+note of the enormous and irreparable damage which had been inflicted
+on the cathedral. The bombardment has continued since the 7th of
+October, the day of our visit; the number of the victims, therefore,
+must now be very considerable. Every one knows how the unhappy town
+has suffered, and that the attitude of the municipality has been above
+all praise.
+
+While we were working at the H�tel de Ville, six shells were fired in
+the direction of this building. The fifth fell only a short distance
+from the principal front, and the sixth burst fifteen or twenty meters
+from the bureau.
+
+Next day we went to the Ch�teau of Baye and witnessed the traces of
+the sack which this building has suffered. On the first floor a door
+which leads into a room next to a gallery, where the owner had
+collected valuable works of art, has been broken in; four glass
+cabinets have been broken and another has been opened. According to
+the declarations of the caretaker who, in the absence of her masters,
+was unable to acquaint us of the full extent of the damage, the
+principal objects stolen were jewels of Russian origin and gold
+medals. We noticed that the mounts covered with black velvet, which
+must have been taken out of the cases, were stripped of a part of the
+jewels which had previously been affixed to them.
+
+Baron de Baye's room was in the greatest disorder. Numerous objects
+were strewn on the floor from the drawers which remained open. A
+writing table had been broken open. A Louis XVI. commode and a bureau
+� cylindre of the same period had been ransacked.
+
+This room must have been occupied by a person of very high rank, for
+on the door there still remains a chalk inscription, "J.K. Hoheit." No
+one could give us exact information as to the identity of this
+"Highness"; however, a General who lodged in the house of M. Houllier,
+Town Councilor, told his host that the Duke of Brunswick and the staff
+of the Tenth Corps had occupied the ch�teau.
+
+The same day we visited the Ch�teau of Beaumont, which is near
+Montmirail, and belongs to the Comte de la Rochefoucauld-Doudeauville.
+The wife of the caretaker declared that this house had been sacked by
+the Germans in the absence of its owners during an occupation which
+lasted from the 4th to the 6th of September. The invaders left it in
+an indescribable state of disorder and filth. The writing tables,
+bureaus, and safes had been broken open. The jewel boxes had been
+taken from the drawers and emptied.
+
+On the doors of the rooms we could read inscriptions in chalk, among
+which we took note of the following: "Excellenz," "Major von Ledebur,"
+"Graf Waldersee."
+
+
+MEUSE.
+
+The Department of the Meuse, a great part of which the German armies
+still occupy, has suffered cruelly. Important communes there have been
+destroyed by fires lighted willfully by the Germans in the absence of
+any kind of military necessity, and without the population's having
+given any provocation for such atrocities by their attitude. This is
+the case particularly at Revigny, Sommeilles, Triaucourt, Bulainville,
+Clermont-en-Argonne, and Villers-aux-Vents.
+
+The Germans having completely sacked the houses of Revigny and carried
+off their booty on vehicles, burned two-thirds of the town during
+three consecutive days from the 6th to the 9th of September,
+sprinkling the walls with petrol by means of hand pumps, and throwing
+into the houses little bags full of compressed powder in tablets. We
+have been furnished with specimens of these little bags and these
+tablets, as well as with fuse sticks of inflammable matter which had
+been left by the incendiaries.
+
+The church, which was classed as a historical monument, and the Mairie
+with all its archives, have been destroyed.
+
+Many inhabitants, among whom were children, have been taken away as
+hostages. They were, however, set at liberty next day, with the
+exception of M. Wladimir Thomas.
+
+Few localities in the Department of the Meuse have suffered as much as
+the Commune of Sommeilles. It is nothing but a heap of ruins, having
+been completely burned on the 6th of September by a regiment of German
+infantry bearing the number fifty-one. The place was set on fire with
+help of machinelike bicycle pumps with which many of the soldiers were
+furnished.
+
+This unhappy village was the scene of a terrible drama. At the
+commencement of the fire Mme. X., whose husband is with the colors,
+took refuge in the cellar of M. et Mme. Adnot, together with these
+latter and their four children, aged respectively 11, 5, 4, and 1-1/2
+years. A few days afterward the bodies of all these unfortunate people
+were discovered in the middle of a pool of blood. Adnot had been shot,
+Mme. X. had her breast and right arm cut off; the little girl of 11
+had a foot severed, the little boy of 5 had his throat cut. The woman
+X. and the little girl appeared to have been raped.
+
+At Villers-aux-Vents, on the 8th of September, German officers invited
+the inhabitants who had not yet fled to leave their dwellings, warning
+them that the village was about to be burned, because, they alleged,
+three French soldiers had dressed themselves in civilian clothes;
+others gave the pretext that an installation of wireless telegraphy
+had been found in a house. The threat was carried out so rigorously
+that one house alone remains standing.
+
+At Vaubecourt, where six dwelling houses were burned by the
+W�rttemburgers, fire was set to a barn with straw piled up by the
+soldiers.
+
+At Triaucourt the Germans gave themselves up to the worst excesses.
+Angered doubtless by the remark which an officer had addressed to a
+soldier, against whom a young girl of 19, Mlle. H�l�ne Proc�s, had
+made complaint on account of the indecent treatment to which she had
+been subjected, they burned the village and made a systematic massacre
+of the inhabitants. They began by setting fire to the house of an
+inoffensive householder, M. Jules Gand, and by shooting this
+unfortunate man just as he was leaving his house to escape the flames;
+then they dispersed among the houses in the streets, firing their
+rifles on every side. A young man of 17, Georges Lecourtier, who tried
+to escape, was shot. M. Alfred Lallemand suffered the same fate; he
+was pursued into the kitchen of his fellow-citizen, Tautelier, and
+murdered there, while Tautelier received three bullets in his hand.
+
+Fearing, not without reason, for their lives, Mlle. Proc�s, her
+mother, her grandmother of 71, and her old aunt of 81, Mlle. Laure
+Mennehand, tried with the help of a ladder to cross the trellis which
+separates their garden from a neighboring property. The young girl
+alone was able to reach the other side and to avoid death by hiding in
+the cabbages. As for the other women, they were struck down by rifle
+shots. The village cur� collected the brains of Mlle. Mennehand on the
+ground on which they were strewn, and had the bodies carried into
+Proc�s's house. During the following night the Germans played the
+piano near the bodies.
+
+While the carnage raged, the fire rapidly spread and devoured
+thirty-five houses. An old man of 70, Jean Lecourtier, and a child of
+two months perished in the flames. M. Igier, who was trying to save
+his cattle, was pursued for 300 meters by soldiers, who fired at him
+ceaselessly. By a miracle this man had the good fortune not to be
+wounded, but five bullets went through his trousers. When the cur�,
+Viller, expressed his indignation at the treatment inflicted upon his
+parish to the Duke of W�rttemburg, who was lodged in the village, the
+latter replied: "What would you have? We have bad soldiers just as you
+have."
+
+In the same commune an attempt at rape was made which was unsuccessful
+by reason of the obstinate and courageous resistance of the victim.
+Three Germans made the attempt on Mme. D., 47 years old. Further, an
+old woman of 75, Mme. Maupoix, was kicked so violently that she died a
+few days afterward. While some of the soldiers were ill-treating her
+others were ransacking her wardrobes.
+
+The little town of Clermont-en-Argonne, on the slope of a picturesque
+hill in the middle of a pleasant landscape, used to be visited every
+year by numerous tourists. On the 4th of September, at night, the
+121st and 122d W�rttemburg Regiments entered the place, breaking down
+the doors of the houses and giving themselves up to unrestrained
+pillage, which continued during the whole of the next day. Toward
+midday a soldier set fire to the dwelling of a clockmaker by
+deliberately upsetting the contents of an oil lamp which he used for
+making coffee. An inhabitant, M. Monternach, at once ran to fetch the
+town fire engine, and asked an officer to lend him men to work it.
+Brutally refused and threatened with a revolver, he renewed his
+request to several other officers, with no greater success. Meanwhile
+the Germans continued to burn the town, making use of sticks on the
+top of which torches were fastened. While the houses blazed the
+soldiers poured into the church, which stood by itself on the height,
+and danced there to the sound of the organ. Then, before leaving, they
+set fire to it with grenades as well as with vessels full of
+inflammable liquid, containing wicks.
+
+After the burning of Clermont, bodies of the Mayor of Vauquois, M.
+Poinsignon, (which was completely carbonized,) and that of a young boy
+of 11, who had been shot at point-blank range, were found.
+
+When the fire was out pillage recommenced in the houses which the
+flames had spared. Furniture carried off from the house of M.
+Desforges and stuffs stolen from the shop of M. Nordmann, a draper,
+were heaped together in motor cars. An army doctor (m�dicine-major)
+took possession of all the medical appliances in the hospital, and an
+officer of superior rank, after having put up a notice forbidding
+pillage on the entrance door of the house of M. Lebondidier, had a
+great part of the furniture of this house carried away on a carriage,
+intending it, as he boasted without any shame, for the adornment of
+his own villa.
+
+At the time when this happened the town of Clermont-en-Argonne was
+occupied by the Thirteenth W�rttemburg Corps, under the command of
+Gen. von Durach, and by a troop of Uhlans, commanded by Prince von
+Wittenstein.
+
+On the 7th of September half a score of German cavalrymen entered the
+farm of Lamermont in the Commune of Lisle-en-Barrois, and, after
+having milk given to them, went away apparently satisfied. After their
+departure rifle shots were heard in the distance. A little later a
+second troop, composed of about thirty men, presented themselves in
+their turn, and accused the farm people of having killed a German
+soldier. Immediately the farmer, Elly, and one of his guests, M.
+Javelot, were seized and taken to a place near, where, in spite of
+their protestations of innocence, they were mercilessly shot.
+
+At Louppy-le-Ch�teau the Germans gave themselves over to immorality
+and disgusting brutality during the night of the 8th and 9th in a
+cellar where several women had taken refuge from the bombardment. All
+these unhappy women were vilely ill-treated. Mlle. X., aged 71; Mme.
+Y., aged 44, and her two daughters, one aged 13 and the other 8, and
+Mme. Z. were violated.
+
+Hostages have been taken away from many communes. At the beginning of
+September, at Laimont, eight persons were obliged to follow the German
+troops, and on the 27th of October none of them had returned. The cur�
+of Nub�court, who was carried off on the 5th of September, has not yet
+reappeared in his parish.
+
+At Saint-Andr�, M. Havette, who was among the number of persons
+arrested, obtained from an officer permission to watch over the body
+of his wife, who had been killed on the previous day by a fragment of
+a shell. In the evening the inhabitants were ordered to collect
+together in a barn. Havette believed that he was exempt from this
+order by reason of the authority he had received, and remained at his
+house until 11 in the evening. When he left his house he was struck
+down by a rifle bullet.
+
+Of the other villages besides those whose burning we have related,
+Vassincourt and Brabant-le-Roi were more or less completely burned. Up
+to now it has not been possible for us to ascertain completely the
+circumstances of their destruction. Our inquiry so far as it concerns
+them will be further pursued.
+
+It has been brought to our knowledge that in the Department of the
+Meuse the enemy has committed acts of cruelty toward the French
+soldiers who were wounded and prisoners. We will set out the facts of
+this at the end of the present report.
+
+
+MEURTHE-ET-MOSELLE.
+
+We arrived in the Department of Meurthe-et-Moselle on the 26th of
+October, and visited a great number of communes in the arrondissements
+of Nancy and Lun�ville.
+
+Nancy, an open town into which the German Army has not been able to
+enter, was bombarded without formal warning during the night of the
+9th and 10th of September. About sixty shells fell into the middle of
+the town and in the southern cemetery--that is, in places where there
+is no military establishment. Three women, a young girl, and a little
+girl were killed; thirteen people were wounded; the material damage
+done was considerable.
+
+The enemy's aviators have flown over the town twice. On the 4th of
+September one of them dropped two bombs, by one of which a man and a
+little girl were killed and six people wounded, in the Place de la
+Cath�drale. On the 13th of October three bombs were thrown on the
+goods station. Four persons employed by the Eastern Railway Company
+were wounded.
+
+When we reached Pont-�-Mousson, on the morning of the 10th of
+November, seven shells had just been fired by the German batteries a
+few hours before. It was the 24th day of the bombardment, which began
+on the 11th of August. The evening before a young girl of 19 and a
+child of 4 had been killed in their beds by fragments of shells. On
+the 14th of August the Germans took as their special objective the
+hospital, from whose towers floated Red Cross flags, visible from a
+great distance. No less than seventy shells fell on to this building,
+and we have witnessed the damage they have caused.
+
+About eighty houses were damaged by the different bombardments, all of
+which took place without any warning. Fourteen civilians, mainly women
+and children, were killed. There were about the same number of
+wounded. Pont-�-Mousson is not fortified. Only the bridge over the
+Moselle had been put in a state of defense, on the outbreak of
+hostilities, by the Twenty-sixth Battalion of Chasseurs, who were then
+quartered in the town.
+
+We experienced real horror when we found ourselves before the
+lamentable ruins of Nomeny. With the exception of some few houses
+which still stood near the railway station in a spot separated by the
+Seille from the principal group of buildings, there remains of this
+little town only a succession of broken and blackened walls in the
+midst of ruins, in which may be seen here and there the bones of a few
+animals partially charred and the carbonized remains of human bodies.
+The rage of a maddened soldiery has been unloosed there without pity.
+
+Nomeny, on account of its proximity to the frontier, received from the
+beginning of the war the visits of German troopers from time to time.
+Skirmishes took place in its neighborhood, and on Aug. 14, in the
+courtyard of the farm de la Borde, which is a little distance off, a
+German soldier, without any motive, killed by a rifle shot the young
+farm servant, Nicholas Michel, aged 17.
+
+On Aug. 20, when the inhabitants sought refuge in the cellars from the
+bombardment, the Germans came up after having fired upon each other by
+mistake and entered the town toward midday.
+
+According to the account given by one of the inhabitants, the German
+officers asserted that the French were torturing the wounded by
+cutting off their limbs and plucking out their eyes. They were then in
+a state of terrible excitement. That day and part of the next the
+German soldiers gave themselves over to the most abominable excesses,
+sacking, burning and massacring as they went. After they had carried
+off from the houses everything which seemed worth taking away, and
+after they had dispatched to Metz the product of their rifling, they
+set fire to the houses with torches, pastilles of compressed powder
+and petrol which they carried in receptacles placed on little carts.
+Rifle shots were fired on every side; the unhappy inhabitants, who
+had been driven from the cellars before the firing, were shot down
+like game--some in their dwellings and others in the public streets.
+
+MM. Sanson, Pierson, Lallemand, Adam Jeanpierre, Meunier, Schneider,
+Raymond, Duponcel, and Hazotte, father and son, were killed by rifle
+shots in the streets. M. Killian, seeing himself threatened by a sabre
+stroke, protected his neck with his hand. He had three fingers cut off
+and his throat gashed. An old man aged 86, M. Petitjean, who was
+seated in his armchair, had his skull smashed by a German shot. A
+soldier showed the corpse to Mme. Bertrand, saying: "Do you see that
+pig there?" M. Chardin, Town Councilor, who was Acting Mayor, was
+required to furnish a horse and carriage. He had promised to do all he
+could to obey, when he was killed by a rifle shot. M. Prevot, seeing
+the Bavarians breaking into a chemist's shop of which he was
+caretaker, told them that he was the chemist, and that he would give
+them anything they wanted, but three rifle shots rang out and he fell,
+heaving a deep sigh. Two women who were with him ran away and were
+pursued to the neighborhood of the railway station, beaten all the way
+with the butts of rifles, and they saw many bodies heaped together in
+the station garden and on the road.
+
+Between 3 and 4 o'clock in the afternoon the Germans entered the
+butcher shop of Mme. Fran�ois. She was then coming out of her cellar
+with her boy Stub, and an employee named Contal. As soon as Stub
+reached the threshold of the entrance to the door he fell severely
+wounded by a rifle shot. Then Contal, who rushed into the street, was
+immediately murdered. Five minutes afterward, as Stub was still
+groaning, a soldier leaned over him and finished him off with a blow
+of a hatchet on the back.
+
+The most tragic incident in this horrible scene occurred in the house
+of M. Vass�, who had collected a number of people in his cellar in the
+Faubourg de Nancy. Toward 4 o'clock about fifty soldiers rushed into
+the house, beat in the door and windows, and set it on fire. The
+refugees then made an effort to flee, but they were struck down one
+after the other as they came out. M. Mentr� was murdered first; then
+his son L�on fell with his little sister, aged 8, in his arms. As he
+was not killed outright, the end of a rifle barrel was placed on his
+head and his brains blown out. Then it was the turn of the Kieffer
+family. The mother was wounded in the arm and shoulder. The father and
+little boy aged 10 and little girl aged 3 were shot. The murderers
+went on firing on them after they had fallen. Kieffer, stretched on
+the ground, received another bullet in the forehead, and his son had
+the top of his head blown off by a shot. Last of all M. Strieffert and
+one of the sons of Vass� were murdered, while Mme. Mentr� received
+three bullets, one in the left leg, another in the arm on the same
+side, and one on her forehead, which was only grazed. M. Guillaume was
+dragged into the street and there found dead. Simonin, a young girl of
+17, came out last from the cellar, with her sister Jeanne, aged 3. The
+latter had her elbow almost carried away by a bullet. The elder girl
+flung herself on the ground and pretended to be dead, remaining for
+five minutes in terrible anguish. A soldier gave her a kick, crying
+"Capout."
+
+An officer arrived at the end of this butchery, and ordered the women
+who were still alive to get up, and shouted to them: "Go to France!"
+
+While all these people were being massacred, others, according to an
+expression used by an eyewitness, were driven like sheep into the
+fields under the threat of immediate execution. The cur�, in
+particular, owed his escape from being shot to extraordinary
+circumstances.
+
+According to the depositions which we have received, all these
+abominations were committed chiefly by the Second and Fourth Regiments
+of Bavarian infantry. To explain them, the officers have alleged that
+civilians had fired on their troops. As our inquiry has established
+formally, this allegation is a lie, for at the moment when the enemy
+arrived all arms had been deposited at the Mairie, and the part of the
+population which had not quitted the country had hidden itself in the
+cellars, a prey to the greatest terror. Besides, the reason alleged,
+even were it true, would assuredly be insufficient to excuse the
+destruction of a whole city, the murder of women, and the massacre of
+children.
+
+A list of persons who were killed in the course of the burning and the
+shootings has been drawn up by M. Bi�velot, Conseiller d'Arrondissement.
+The list includes no less than 50 names. We have not quoted all of
+them. For one thing, among the people whose death has been proved,
+some died under conditions which are not stated with sufficient
+precision; on the other hand, the dispersal of the inhabitants of the
+town which has now been destroyed made our inquiry very difficult. Our
+efforts will be continued. In any case, what we have already been able
+to establish beyond dispute is enough to give an idea of what was, on
+the day of Aug. 20, the martyrdom of Nomeny.
+
+Lun�ville was occupied by the Germans from Aug. 27 to Sept. 11. During
+the first few days they were content to rob the inhabitants without
+molesting them in any other way. Thus, in particular on Aug. 24, the
+house of Mme. Jeaumont was plundered. The objects stolen were loaded
+on to a large vehicle in which were three women, one of them dressed
+in black and the two others wearing military costumes and appearing,
+as we were told, to be canteen women.
+
+On Aug. 25 the attitude of the invaders suddenly changed. M. Keller,
+the Mayor, went to the hospital about 3:30 o'clock in the afternoon
+and saw soldiers firing in the direction of the attic of a neighboring
+house, and heard the whistling of the bullets, which appeared to him
+to come from behind. The Germans declared to him that the inhabitants
+had fired on them. He protested, and offered to go around the town
+with them in order to prove the absurdity of this allegation. His
+proposal was accepted, and as at the beginning of the circuit they
+came across in the street the body of M. Crombez, the officer
+commanding the escort said to M. Keller, "You see this body. It is
+that of a civilian who has been killed by another civilian who was
+firing on us from a house near the synagogue. Thus, in accordance with
+our law, we have burned the house and executed the inhabitants." He
+was speaking of the murder of a man whose timid character was known to
+all, the Jewish officiating minister, Weill, who had just been killed
+in his house, together with his 16-year-old daughter. The same officer
+added, "In the same way we have burned the house at the corner of the
+Rue Castara and the Rue Girardet, because civilians fired shots from
+there." It is from this dwelling that the Germans alleged shots had
+been fired on to the courtyard of the hospital, but the position of
+the building makes it impossible for such a statement to be true.
+
+While the Mayor and the soldiers who accompanied him were pursuing
+their investigation the fire broke out on different sides; the H�tel
+de Ville was burned as well as the synagogue, and a number of houses
+in the Rue Castara, and the Faubourg d'Einville was in flames. The
+massacres, which were continued until the next day, began at the same
+time. Without counting M. Crombez, the officiating minister, Weill,
+and his daughter, whose deaths we have already mentioned, the victims
+were MM. Hamman, Binder, Balastre, (father and son,) Vernier, Dujon,
+M. Kahn and his mother, M. Steiner and his wife, M. Wingerstmann and
+his grandson, and, finally, MM. Sibille, Monteils, and Colin.
+
+The murders were committed in the following circumstances:--
+
+On Aug. 25, after having fired two shots into the Worms Tannery to
+create the belief that they were being attacked from there, the
+Germans entered a workshop in this factory, in which the workman,
+Goeury, was working, in company with M. Balastre, father and son.
+Goeury was dragged into the street, robbed there and brutally
+ill-treated, while his two companions, who were found trying to hide
+themselves in a lavatory, were killed by rifle shots.
+
+On the same day soldiers came to summon M. Steiner, who had hidden in
+his cellar. His wife, fearing some misfortune, tried to keep him back.
+As she held him in her arms she received a bullet in the neck. A few
+moments after, Steiner, having obeyed the order which had been given
+to him, fell mortally wounded in his garden. M. Kahn was also murdered
+in his garden. His mother, aged 98, whose body was burned in the fire,
+had first been killed in her bed by a bayonet thrust, according to the
+account of an individual who acted as interpreter to the enemy. M.
+Binder, who was coming out to escape the flames, was also struck down.
+The German by whom he was killed realized that he had shot him without
+any motive, at the moment when the unfortunate man was standing
+quietly before a door. M. Vernier suffered the same fate as Binder.
+
+Toward 3 o'clock the Germans broke into a house in which were Mme.
+Dujon, her daughter aged 3, her two sons, and M. Gaumier, by breaking
+the windows and firing shots. The little girl was nearly killed; her
+face was burned by a shot. At this moment, Mme. Dujon, seeing her
+youngest son, Lucien, 14 years old, stretched on the ground, asked him
+to get up and escape with her. She then saw that his intestines were
+protruding from a wound, and that he was holding them in. The house
+was on fire; the poor boy was burned, as well as M. Gaumier, who had
+not been able to escape.
+
+M. Wingerstmann and his grandson, aged 12, who had gone to pull
+potatoes a little way from Lun�ville, at the place called Les Mossus,
+in the District of Chanteheux, were unfortunate enough to meet
+Germans. The latter placed them both against a wall and shot them.
+
+Finally, toward 5 o'clock in the evening, soldiers entered the house
+of the woman Sibille, in the same place, and without any reason took
+possession of her son, led him 200 meters from the house and murdered
+him there, together with M. Vallon, to whose body they had fastened
+him. A witness, who had seen the murderers at the moment when they
+were dragging their victim along, saw them return without him and
+noticed that their saw bayonets were covered with blood and bits of
+flesh.
+
+On the same day a hospital attendant named Monteils, who was looking
+after a wounded enemy officer at the hospital of Lun�ville, was struck
+down by a bullet in the forehead while he was looking through a window
+at a German soldier who was firing.
+
+The next day, the 26th, M. Hamman and his son, aged 21, were arrested
+in their own house and dragged out by a band of soldiers who had
+entered by breaking down the door. The father was beaten unmercifully;
+as for the young man, as he tried to struggle, a non-commissioned
+officer blew out his brains with a revolver shot.
+
+At 1 o'clock in the afternoon M. Riklin, a chemist, having been
+informed that a man had fallen about thirty meters from his shop, went
+to the spot indicated and recognized in the victim his brother-in-law,
+M. Colin, aged 68, who had been struck in the stomach by a bullet. The
+Germans alleged that this old man fired upon them. M. Riklin denied
+this statement. Colin, we are told, was a harmless person, absolutely
+incapable of an aggressive act, and completely ignorant of the means
+of using a firearm.
+
+It appeared to us desirable to deal also at Lun�ville with acts which
+are less grave, but which throw a peculiar light on the habits of
+thought of the invader. On Aug. 25 M. Lenoir, 67 years of age,
+together with his wife, were led into the fields with their hands tied
+behind their backs. After both had been cruelly ill-treated, a
+non-commissioned officer took possession of 1,800 francs in gold which
+M. Lenoir carried on him. As we have already stated, the most impudent
+theft seems to have formed part of the customs of the German Army, who
+practiced it publicly. The following is an interesting example:
+
+During the burning of a house belonging to Mme. Leclerc, the safes of
+two inhabitants resisted the flames. One, belonging to M. George,
+Sub-Inspector of Waters and Forests, had fallen into the ruins; the
+other safe, belonging to M. Goudchau, general dealer, remained fixed
+to a wall at the height of the second story. The non-commissioned
+officer, Weiss, who was well acquainted with the town, where he had
+often been welcomed when he used to come before the war to carry on
+his business of hop merchant, went with the soldiers to the place and
+ordered that the piece of wall which remained standing should be blown
+up with dynamite, and saw that the two safes were taken to the
+station, where they were placed on a truck destined for Germany. This
+Weiss was particularly trusted and esteemed by the persons in command.
+It was he who, installed at Headquarters, was given the duty of
+administering the commune in some sense, and was in charge of the
+requisitioning.
+
+After having committed numerous acts of pillage at Lun�ville, after
+having burned about seventy houses with torches, petrol, and various
+incendiary machines, and after having massacred peaceful inhabitants,
+the German military authorities thought it well to put up the
+following proclamation, in which they formulated ridiculous
+accusations to justify the extortion of enormous contributions in the
+form of an indemnity:
+
+     NOTICE TO THE POPULATION.
+
+     On Aug. 25, 1914, the inhabitants of Lun�ville made an
+     attack by ambuscade against the German columns and
+     transports. On the same day the inhabitants fired on
+     hospital buildings marked with the Red Cross. Further, shots
+     were fired on the German wounded and the military hospital
+     containing a German ambulance. On account of these acts of
+     hostility a contribution of 650,000 francs is imposed on the
+     commune of Lun�ville. The Mayor is ordered to pay this
+     sum--50,000 francs in silver and the remainder in gold--on
+     Sept. 6, at 9 o'clock in the morning, to the representative
+     of the German military authority. No protest will be
+     considered. No extension of time will be granted. If the
+     commune does not punctually obey the order to pay 650,000
+     francs all the goods which are available will be seized. In
+     case payment is not made domiciliary searches will take
+     place, and all the inhabitants will be searched. Any one who
+     shall have deliberately hidden money or shall have attempted
+     to hide his goods from the seizure of the military
+     authorities, or who seeks to leave the town, will be shot.
+     The Mayor and hostages taken by the military authorities
+     will be made responsible for the exact execution of the
+     above order. The Mayor is ordered to publish these
+     directions to the commune at once.
+
+     H�nam�nil, Sept. 3, 1914.
+
+     Commander in Chief,
+     Von FOSBENDER.
+
+On reading this extraordinary document one is justified in asking
+whether the arson and murders committed at Lun�ville on Aug. 25 and 26
+by an army which was not acting under the excitement of battle, and
+which during its preceding days had abstained from killing, were not
+ordered on purpose to make more plausible the allegation which was to
+serve as a pretext for the exaction of an indemnity.
+
+The village of Chanteheux, situated quite close to Lun�ville, was not
+spared either. The Bavarians, who occupied it from the 22d of August
+to the 12th of September, burned there 20 houses in the customary
+manner and massacred 8 persons on the 25th of August, MM. Lavenne,
+Toussaint, Parmentier, and Bacheler, who were killed, the first three
+by rifle shots, the fourth by two shots and a blow with a bayonet;
+young Schneider, aged 23, who was murdered in a hamlet of the commune;
+M. Wingerstmann and his grandson, whose death we have recorded above
+in setting out the crimes committed at Lun�ville; lastly, M. Reeb,
+aged 62, who certainly died as the result of the ill-treatment which
+he suffered. This man had been taken as hostage with some 42 of his
+fellow-citizens who were kept for 13 days. After having received
+terrible blows from the butt of a rifle in his face and a bayonet
+wound in his side, he continued to follow the column, although he lost
+much blood and his face was so bruised that he was almost
+unrecognizable, when a Bavarian, without any reason, gave him a great
+wound by throwing a wooden pail at his forehead. Between H�nam�nil and
+Bures his companions saw that he was no longer with them; no doubt he
+fell by the way.
+
+If this unhappy man was to suffer the most cruel martyrdom of all, the
+hostages taken with him in the commune had also to suffer violence and
+insult. Before setting fire to the village, the hostages were set with
+their backs to the parapet of the bridge while the troops passed by
+ill-treating them. As an officer accused them of firing on the
+Germans, the schoolmaster gave him his word of honor that it was not
+so. "Pig of a Frenchman," replied the officer, "do not speak of honor;
+you have none."
+
+At the moment when her house was burning Mme. Cherrier, who was coming
+out of the cellar to escape suffocation, was drenched with an
+inflammable liquid by some soldiers who were sprinkling the walls. One
+of them told her that it was benzine. She then ran behind a dunghill
+to hide herself with her parents, but the fire raisers dragged her by
+force in front of the blaze and she was obliged to witness the
+destruction of her dwelling.
+
+Like Nomeny, the pretty town of Gerb�viller, on the banks of the
+Mortagne, fell a victim to the fury of the Germans under terrible
+circumstances. On the 24th August the enemy's troops hurled themselves
+against some sixty chasseurs � pied, who offered heroic resistance,
+and who inflicted heavy loss upon them. They took a drastic vengeance
+upon the civilian population. Indeed, from the moment of their
+entrance into the town, the Germans gave themselves up to the worst
+excesses, entering the houses, with savage yells, burning the
+buildings, killing or arresting the inhabitants, and sparing neither
+women nor old men. Out of 475 houses, 20 at most are still habitable.
+More than 100 persons have disappeared, 50 at least have been
+massacred. Some were led into the fields to be shot, others were
+murdered in their houses or struck down in passing through the streets
+as they were trying to escape from the conflagration. Up to now 36
+bodies have been identified. They are those of MM. Barth�lemy, Blosse
+(Senior), Robinet, Chr�tien, R�my, Bourguignon, Perrin, Guillaume,
+Bernasconi, Gauthier, Menu, Simon, Lingenheld (father and son),
+Benoit, Calais, Adam, Caille, Lhuillier, Regret, Plaid (aged 14),
+Leroi, Bazzolo, Gentil, Victor Dehan, Charles Dehan, Dehan the
+Younger, Brennevald, Parisse, Yong, Fran�ois, Secretary of the Mairie;
+Mmes. Perrot, Courtois, Gauthier, and Guillaume, and Mlles. Perrin and
+Miquel.
+
+Fifteen of these poor people were executed at a place called "La
+Pr�le." They were buried by their fellow-citizens on Sept. 12 or 15.
+Almost all had their hands tied behind their backs; some were
+blindfolded; the trousers of the majority were unbuttoned and pushed
+down to their feet. This fact, as well as the appearance of the
+bodies, made the witnesses think that the victims had been mutilated.
+We did not think we ought to adopt this view, the bodies being in such
+an advanced state of decomposition that a mistake on the subject might
+be made. Besides, it is possible that the murderers unbuttoned the
+trousers of the prisoners so as to incumber their legs, and thus make
+it impossible for them to escape.
+
+On Oct. 16, at a place called Le Haut-de-Vormont, buried under fifteen
+to twenty centimeters of earth, we found the bodies of ten civilians
+with the marks of bullets upon them. On one of them was found a
+laissez passer in the name of Edward Seyer, of Badonviller. The other
+nine victims are unknown. It is believed that they were inhabitants of
+Badonviller, who had been taken by the Germans into the neighborhood
+of Gerb�viller to be shot there.
+
+In the streets and houses, during the day of the sacking, the most
+tragic scenes took place.
+
+In the morning the enemy entered the house of M. and Mme. Lingenheld,
+seized the son, 36 years of age, who wore the brassard of the Red
+Cross, tied his hands behind his back, dragged him into the street,
+and shot him. They then returned to look for the father, an old man of
+70. Mme. Lingenheld then took to flight. On her way she saw her son
+stretched on the ground, and as the unhappy man was still moving some
+Germans drenched him with petrol, to which they set fire in the
+presence of the terrified mother. In the meantime M. Lingenheld was
+led to La Pr�le, where he was executed.
+
+At the same time the soldiers knocked at the door of the house
+occupied by M. Dehan, his wife, and his mother-in-law, the widow
+Guillaume, aged 78. The latter, who opened the door, was shot
+point-blank, and fell into the arms of her son-in-law, who ran up
+behind her. "They have killed me!" she cried. "Carry me into the
+garden." Her children obeyed and laid her at the end of the garden
+with a pillow under her head and a blanket over her legs, and then
+stretched themselves at the foot of the wall to avoid shells. At the
+end of an hour the widow Guillaume was dead. Her daughter wrapped her
+in a blanket and placed a handkerchief over her face. Almost
+immediately the Germans broke into the garden. They carried off Dehan
+and shot him at La Pr�le, and led his wife away on to the Fraimbois
+road, where she found about forty people, principally women and
+children, in the enemy's hands, and heard an officer of high rank say:
+"We must shoot these women and children. We must make an end of them."
+However, the threat was not carried into effect. Mme. Dehan was set at
+liberty next day, and was able to return twenty-one days later to
+Gerb�viller. She is convinced, and all those who saw the body share
+her opinion, that her mother's body had been violated. In fact, the
+body was found stretched on its back with the petticoats pushed up,
+the legs separated, and the stomach ripped open.
+
+When the Germans arrived M. Perrin and his two daughters, Louise and
+Eug�nie, had taken refuge in a stable. The soldiers entered, and one
+of them, seeing young Louise, fired a shot point-blank at her head.
+Eug�nie succeeded in escaping, but her father was arrested as he fled,
+placed among the victims who were being taken to La Pr�le and shot
+with them.
+
+M. Yong, who was going out to exercise his horse, was struck down
+before his own house. The Germans in their fury killed the horse after
+the master, and set fire to the house. Some others raised the
+trap-door of a cellar in which several people were hidden and fired
+several shots at them. Mme. Denis Bernard and the boy, Parmentier, 7
+years of age, were wounded.
+
+At 5 in the evening Mme. Rozier heard an imploring voice crying,
+"Mercy! Mercy!" These cries came from one of two neighboring barns
+belonging to MM. Poinsard and Barbier. A man who was acting as
+interpreter to the Germans declared to a certain Mme. Thi�baut that
+the Germans boasted that they had burned alive in one of these barns,
+in spite of his entreaties and appeals to their pity, a man who was
+the father of five children. This declaration carries all the more
+conviction, since the remains of a burned human body have been found
+in the barn belonging to Poinsard.
+
+Side by side with this carnage, innumerable acts of violence were
+committed. The wife of a soldier, Mme. X., was raped by a German
+soldier in the passage of the house of her parents, while her mother
+was obliged to flee at the bayonet's point.
+
+On Aug. 29 Sister Julie, Mother Superior of the hospital, whose
+devotion has been admirable, went to the parish church with a
+mobilized priest to examine the state of the interior of the building,
+and found that an attempt had been made to break through the steel
+door of the tabernacle. The Germans had fired shots around the lock in
+order to get possession of the ciborium. The door was broken through
+in several places, and the bullets had caused almost symmetrical
+holes, which proved that the shots had been fired point blank. When
+Sister Julie opened the tabernacle she found the ciborium pierced with
+bullet holes.
+
+The excesses and crimes which were committed at Gerb�viller were
+principally the work of the Bavarians. The troops which committed them
+were under the command of the German General, Clauss, whose brutality
+has been brought to our notice in other places.
+
+On the 22d of August the Germans burned part of the village of Cr�vic,
+using torches and rockets. Seventy-six houses were burned, including
+in particular that of Gen. Lyautey, which the fire-raisers had
+entered, led by an officer, crying aloud: "We want Mme. and Mlle.
+Lyautey in order to cut their throats." A Captain, leveling his
+revolver at M. Voigin's throat, threatened to shoot him and throw him
+into the flames, together with one of his fellow-citizens, "whose
+brains," he said, "we have already blown out." He was alluding to the
+death of an old gentleman, M. Li�gey, 78 years of age, whose body was
+found in the ruins with a bullet wound under his chin. The officer
+added, "Come and see the property of Gen. Lyautey, who is in
+Morocco--it is burning." Meanwhile a workman named G�rard was forced
+at the bayonet's point to go up to his garret. The Germans set fire to
+a heap of forage and obliged G�rard to remain near the blaze. When the
+soldiers were driven out by the intolerable heat, G�rard was able to
+escape through a little opening, but he had had one cheek already
+badly burned.
+
+At Deuxville, where the enemy willfully set fire to fifteen houses,
+the Mayor, Bajole, and the cur�, Thiriet, were arrested. L'Abb�
+Marchal, cur� of Crion, saw them both in his parish in the hands of
+the Germans; he approached his colleague and asked the reason of his
+arrest. The latter replied, "I made signs." L'Abb� Marchal gave him a
+little bread and went away; but he had scarcely gone thirty paces when
+he heard the sound of a volley. The two prisoners had just been
+executed. The next day an officer who spoke our language perfectly,
+and said that for eight years he had been attached to the German
+Embassy in Paris, told L'Abb� Marchal that the cur� of Deuxville had
+made signs and had admitted it. "As for the Mayor," he added, "I do
+not believe the poor devil had done anything."
+
+At Maixe the Germans burned thirty-six houses and murdered MM. Gau�on,
+Demange, Jacques, Thomas, Marchal, Chaudre, Grand, Simonin, Vaconet,
+and Mme. Beurton on the pretext that they had been firing at them.
+Gau�on was dragged from his own house and thrown on a dunghill where a
+soldier killed him with a rifle shot in the stomach. Demange, who was
+wounded in both knees while in his cellar, succeeded in dragging
+himself as far as the kitchen. The Germans set fire to the house and
+prevented Mme. Demange from rescuing her husband, and left their
+victims to be burned in the blazing house.
+
+Mme. Beurton was also in her cellar with her family when two soldiers
+came down into it; one of them carried a lantern and the other a
+rifle. The latter fired haphazard on to the group and hit the unhappy
+woman. Vaconet was struck by a bullet in the side at the foot of M.
+Rediger's staircase; as for Simonin, he was taken away in the
+direction of Drouville. A few days afterward a German officer handed
+to M. Thouvenin, Municipal Councilor of the commune, a note stating
+that Simonin had been shot and that his last wishes were expressed in
+a document which was in the hands of the General commanding the Third
+Bavarian Division. On this document, of which a copy has been sent to
+us, appears the signature of an officer of the Third Regiment of the
+Chevauxl�gers. The other victims at Maixe met their deaths under
+conditions which we have been unable to ascertain.
+
+In the same village, Mlle. X., aged 23 years, was raped by nine
+Germans during the night of Aug. 23-24. An officer was sleeping in the
+room above that in which this revolting scene was being enacted, but
+he did not consider it necessary to intervene, though he must
+certainly have heard the cries of the young girl and the noise made
+by the German soldiers.
+
+The Ch�teau of Beauzemont was broken into on the 22d of August. On the
+fifteenth day of its occupation, the wives of several German staff
+officers arrived in motor cars. Everything that had been stolen from
+the Ch�teau, especially plate, hats, and silk dresses, was loaded on
+the motor cars. On the 21st of October the Lieutenant Colonel
+commanding the ---- French Infantry Regiment took possession of this
+ch�teau. He found it in a state of disorder and revolting filth. The
+drawers of most of the furniture had been broken into and left open,
+and the floor of the billiard room was in a filthy condition. There
+was a disgusting smell in the bedroom occupied by the German General
+commanding the Seventh Reserve Division. The cupboard at the head of
+the bed contained body linen and muslin curtains full of excrements.
+
+At Baccarat the enemy did not massacre anybody, but on the 25th of
+August they carried out a systematic pillage, and in order to be able
+to do this undisturbed they had ordered the population to assemble at
+the railway station. The pillage was carried out under the supervision
+of the officers. Clocks and various articles of furniture and objets
+d'art were carried off. When the inhabitants returned home they were
+ordered out again an hour later and informed that the town was to be
+burned. Indeed, the centre of the town was ablaze. The conflagration,
+which was started by torches and pastilles, destroyed 112 houses; only
+four or five were burned by shells. After the fire sentinels were
+placed, who prevented the owners from approaching the ruins of their
+houses, and when the blaze had abated the Germans ransacked the ruins
+themselves in order to gain access to the cellars. After this
+operation Gen. Fabricius, commanding the artillery of the Fourteenth
+Baden Corps, said to M. Renaud, the Acting Mayor: "I did not think
+that Baccaret contained such a quantity of fine wine. We found more
+than 100,000 bottles." One must, however, add that at the glass works
+the enemy really displayed comparative honesty, inasmuch as they only
+exacted, at the revolver's point, a reduction of 60 to 75 per cent. on
+the goods which they bought.
+
+At Jolivet, on the 22d of August, M. Villemin was leaving M. Cohan's
+house with the latter and a M. Richard when German soldiers fell upon
+M. Richard. Struck on the head by the butt of a rifle, Richard fell.
+Cohan rushed back to his house. Villemin went to look after his
+cattle, after having followed Richard for a short distance as the
+latter was being led away by his aggressors. At about 5 o'clock in the
+evening he went out to see a neighbor, but was immediately arrested
+and shot. His assassins threw his body over a fence into a garden.
+
+On the 25th of August, in the same commune, Mme. Morin's house was
+pillaged. The Germans took linen, plate, furs and hats. The next day
+the house was set on fire by lighting bits of wood found in packing
+cases.
+
+At Bonvillers, on the 21st, 23d, and 25th of August, twenty-six houses
+were set on fire by the Germans, who made use of squibs and candles.
+
+At Einville, on the 22d of August, the day the Germans arrived, they
+shot a Town Councilor, M. Pierson, whom they wrongfully accused of
+having fired on them. They also executed, without reason, MM. Bouvier
+and Barbelin, whom they had taken away a short distance from the
+village. They also massacred a poacher called Pierrat, whom they had
+found carrying a sack containing a small net and a gun in pieces. The
+wretched man was terribly tortured by them. Having dragged him beyond
+the village, they brought him back in front of Mme. Fam�se's house.
+This lady saw him pass by in the midst of the Germans. His nose was
+nearly cut off. His eyes were haggard and, to quote the witness's
+remark, he seemed to have aged ten years in a quarter of an hour. At
+this moment an officer gave an order and eight soldiers went off with
+the prisoner. When they returned ten minutes later without him one of
+them said in French, "He was already dead."
+
+On the 12th of September M. Dieudonn�, Mayor of Einville, was taken
+off as a hostage with his assistant and another of his townsmen by the
+enemy at the time of their retreat. He and his companions were taken
+to Alsace, then into Germany, where they were kept until the 24th of
+October. Before his arrest, and during a fight which took place around
+his commune, M. Dieudonn� had been forced, notwithstanding his
+protests, to commandeer several of his townsmen in order to bury the
+dead. Three of the inhabitants of Einville thus forcible employed on
+this duty were wounded by bullets; another, M. No�l, was killed by a
+fragment of a shell.
+
+The farm of Remonville, situated within the boundaries of the same
+village, was burned down. The women were able to escape. Four men who
+were working on this estate must have been all killed. The bodies of
+two of them, Victor Chaudre and Thomas Prosper, were discovered two
+months later buried together near the buildings which had been burned.
+Both had been decapitated, and Thomas's head was smashed to pieces.
+
+At Sommerviller the enemy's course on the 23d of August was marked by
+the sack of the caf�s and grocers' shops and of several private
+houses, and by the murder of M. Robert, aged 70, and M. Harau, aged
+65, who were killed by rifle shots. The latter at the moment when he
+received his death wound was quietly eating a piece of bread.
+
+At Rehainviller, on the 26th of August, the Germans seized the cur�,
+Barbot, and M. Noircler in the street. The bodies of these two men
+were found a long time afterward buried in the fields a few hundred
+meters from the village. Their bodies were in an advanced state of
+decomposition, and it was therefore impossible to ascertain the wounds
+which the cur� had received; as for Noircler, his head was found in
+the grave by the side of the rest of his body, in a line with his hip.
+
+[Illustration: AVIATOR-COMMANDANT MARCONNAY
+
+One of the Oldest and Best Known French Military Aviators Killed
+During a Reconnoissance.
+
+(_Photo from Underwood & Underwood._)]
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL SIR DOUGLAS HAIG
+
+Commanding the First British Army, One of the Six Armies Recently
+Incorporated.
+
+(_Photo_ � _American Press Association._)]
+
+In this commune twenty-seven houses have been burned. No one saw
+the fire lighted, but after the disaster a certain number of little
+fuse-sticks which the Germans frequently use for the purpose of
+fire-raising, and which the peasants call "macaronis," were collected.
+
+At Lamath, on the 24th of August, the Bavarians shot an old man of 70,
+M. Louis, who had come out of his house to relieve the needs of
+nature. The unhappy man received at least ten bullets in the chest.
+His son-in-law, who was in an advanced stage of tuberculosis, was
+taken and led away. No news has been received of him. Two other
+inhabitants of the commune who were made prisoners at the same time as
+this man are still in captivity in Bavaria.
+
+The Abb� Mathieu, cur� of Fraimbois, was arrested on the 29th of
+August on the false allegation that shots had been fired at the
+Germans in his parish. In the course of his captivity, which lasted
+sixteen days, he was present at the murder of two of our
+fellow-countrymen, M. Poissonnier of Gerb�viller and M. Victor-Meyer
+of Fraimbois; the former, an invalid who could scarcely stand, was
+accused of having followed the armies as a spy. The latter had been
+arrested because his little girl had picked up a bit of telephone wire
+broken by shrapnel. One morning toward 6 o'clock the Bavarian officers
+went through a travesty of justice, reading documents drawn up in
+German, collecting the votes of eight or nine young Lieutenants to
+whom voting papers had been given. The two men were condemned
+unanimously and warned that they were about to die, and the priest was
+requested to give them the consolations of religion. They protested
+their innocence with prayers and tears, but they were compelled to
+kneel down against the embankment of the road, and a platoon of
+twenty-four soldiers drawn up in double file fired twice at them.
+
+The village of Fraimbois was pillaged, and the objects stolen were
+loaded on to vehicles. The Abb� Mathieu complained to Gens. Tanner and
+Clauss of the burning of his bee-house, and received from the former
+the simple reply, "What do you expect? It is war!" The latter did not
+even reply.
+
+At Mont three houses were burned with petrol. At H�rim�nil, on the
+29th of August, the enemy, who had arrived on the 24th, were guilty of
+monstrous acts. The inhabitants were asked to come to church and were
+kept there for four days, while their houses were sacked and the
+French bombarded the village. Twenty-four people were killed inside
+the church by a shell. As a woman, who had succeeded with great
+trouble in leaving the church for a moment, was returning with a
+little milk for the children, a Captain, furious at seeing that this
+prisoner had been allowed to pass, cried out, "I meant that the door
+should not be opened! I meant the French to fire on their own people."
+This same Captain, a short time before, had been guilty of a revolting
+cruelty. He was present, eyeglass in eye, when Mme. Winger, a young
+woman of 23, was going to church in obedience to the general order,
+together with her servants, a girl and two young men, each of them 18
+years old, and, considering their progress too slow, with a word he
+directed the soldiers to fire, and the four victims fell mortally
+wounded. The Germans left the corpses in the street for two days.
+
+Next day they shot M. Bocquel, who was ignorant of the orders which
+had been given and had remained in his house. They also killed in his
+own house M. Florentin, aged 77. This old man, who received several
+bullets in the chest, was probably killed in consequence of his
+deafness, which prevented him from understanding what the enemy had
+ordered.
+
+In this commune twenty-two houses were burned with petrol. Before
+setting fire to Mme. Combeau's house the soldiers dug up the floor of
+a cellar and distinterred the sum of 600 francs, which they
+appropriated.
+
+On the 23d of August young Simonin, aged 15-1/2, living at Hadiviller,
+was going back from Dombasle when the Germans threatened him with
+their rifles and took him prisoner. They began by beating him
+unmercifully. Then on the orders of an officer, he was led away by a
+soldier. As he went along he saw his father about 50 meters off
+calling to him. The soldier then tied him to a telegraph pole, and
+fired on Simonin's father, who fell vomiting blood, and soon after
+died as he lay. Meanwhile, the young man was able to free himself from
+his bonds, and succeeded in running the gauntlet of several shots, one
+of which tore his coat.
+
+At Magni�res, where one house only was burned, a German armed with a
+rifle entered, toward the end of August, the house of M. Laurent and
+compelled a girl of 12, young ----, who had taken refuge there, to
+accompany him into a room, where he raped her twice, in spite of her
+ceaseless cries and groans. The poor girl was absolutely terrorized.
+In addition, the soldier was so threatening that M. Laurent did not
+dare to interfere.
+
+At Croismare on the 25th of August, when the Germans were forced to
+beat a retreat, maddened by their check, they began to fire on
+everybody they met. A Uhlan officer killed with a rifle shot M.
+Kriegel, who had gone into the field to pull potatoes. He then saw MM.
+Matton and Barbier returning from their work. He rode up to them and
+ordered them to stop and stand up against an embankment. The two
+peasants thought at first that he was anxious to see them sheltered
+from the rifle shots that were being fired all round. But their
+delusion was soon dispelled when they saw him load his revolver. In
+the course of this operation three cartridges were dropped, and the
+officer ordered Matton and Barbier to pick them up. Barbier handed him
+one of the cartridges back with the words, "Do not do us any harm; we
+have just been working in the fields." "Nicht pardon, cochon de
+franzose, capout," replied the officer, and fired twice. Matton ducked
+quickly, and thanks to this movement was only hit in the right
+shoulder instead of full in the chest. As for Barbier, a bullet went
+through both his thumbs and ripped open his left forefinger.
+
+At R�m�r�ville on the 7th of September the enemy, alleging falsely
+that the inhabitants had fired on them from the steeple, set fire to
+the houses with the assistance of rockets. A few houses only escaped
+the flames. Before being burned the village had been bombarded by the
+Germans, who had taken as their objective an ambulance, whose flag
+they saw perfectly.
+
+The commune of Drouville, which was twice occupied, was absolutely
+sacked on the 5th of September. The invaders burned thirty-five
+houses, using torches and doubtless petrol also, for they left on the
+spot a can which contained twenty-five to thirty liters.
+
+At Courbesseaux arson and pillage were also committed on the 5th of
+September. Nineteen houses were burned, and M. Alix, who was trying to
+put out a fire in a stack of luzerne on his property, was shot at
+several times and obliged to flee.
+
+Finally, on the 23d of August, at Erb�viller, a Saxon Captain found a
+very practical means of getting money for himself. He collected the
+men in the village and tried vainly, by threatening to shoot them, to
+obtain a declaration from them that the sentries had been shot at,
+although he knew perfectly well that it was untrue. Then he shut them
+up in a barn. In the evening he had brought before him the wife of M.
+Jacques, a retired schoolmaster, who was one of the prisoners, and
+said to her, "I am not certain that these are the men who fired. They
+will be set at liberty tomorrow morning if you can give me a thousand
+francs in the next few minutes." Mme. Jacques gave him the amount, and
+in reply to her request he gave her a receipt for it, and the hostages
+were set at liberty.
+
+The receipt drawn up by the officer reads as follows:
+
+     Erb�viller, 23d August, 1914.
+
+     RECEIPT.
+
+     _As a punishment for being suspected_ of having fired on
+     German sentries during the night of August 22d and 23d I
+     have received from the Commune of Erb�viller one thousand
+     francs, (1,000 fr.)
+
+     BARON ---- (illegible).
+
+     haupt. reit. regim.
+
+In a commune of the Department of Meurthe-et-Moselle two nuns were for
+several hours exposed without defense to the lust of a soldier. By
+terrorizing them he obliged them to undress, and after having
+compelled the elder to pull off his boots, he committed obscenities on
+the younger. We undertook not to publish the names of the victims of
+this abominable scene, or of that of the village in which it took
+place, but the facts were laid before us under the sanction of an oath
+by witnesses who deserve the fullest confidence, and we take the
+responsibility of pledging ourselves as to their accuracy.
+
+During our stay at Nancy and Lun�ville, we had the opportunity of
+receiving a good deal of evidence with reference to crimes committed
+by the Germans in districts which were still occupied by their troops,
+and which the majority of the inhabitants had been forced to evacuate.
+The most cruel of these acts took place at the village of Emberm�nil.
+At the end of October or the beginning of November, an enemy patrol
+met near this commune a young woman, Mme. Masson, who was obviously
+pregnant, and questioned her as to whether there were French soldiers
+at Emberm�nil. She replied that she did not know, which was true. The
+Germans then entered the village and were received by our soldiers
+with rifle fire. On the 5th of November a detachment of the Fourth
+Bavarian Regiment arrived and collected all the inhabitants in front
+of the church. An officer then asked which person it was who had
+betrayed them. Suspecting that he referred to her meeting with the
+Germans some days before, and realizing the danger that all her
+fellow-citizens ran, Mme. Masson with great courage stepped forward
+and repeated what she had said, and declared that in saying it she had
+acted in good faith. She was immediately seized and forced to sit down
+on a bench beside young Dime, aged 24, who had been taken haphazard as
+a second victim. The whole population begged for mercy for the unhappy
+woman, but the Germans were inflexible. "One woman and one man," they
+said, "must be shot. Those are the Colonel's orders. What will you?
+It is war." Eight soldiers drawn up in two ranks fired three times at
+the two martyrs in the presence of the whole village. The house of
+Mme. Masson's father-in-law was then set on fire. That of M. Blanchin
+had been burned a few moments before.
+
+Mme. Millot of Dom�vre-sur-Vezouze has described to us the murder of
+her nephew, Maurice Claude, aged 17, of which she was an eyewitness.
+On the 24th of August, at the moment when the Germans arrived at
+Dom�vre, this young lad was with his family in his father's house, at
+the foot of a staircase, when he saw that soldiers were aiming at him
+from the street. He stepped aside to shield himself, but was not able
+to find shelter, and was struck by three bullets. Wounded in the
+stomach, in the buttock, and in the thigh, he died three days later,
+after having displayed admirable resignation. When he knew that he was
+dying he said to his disconsolate mother, "I can well die for my
+country."
+
+The same day MM. Auguste Claude and Adolphe Claude, the latter aged
+75, were also killed, and 136 houses in the village were burned by
+means of incendiary cartridges. Further, two inhabitants, MM. Bretton
+and Labart, were taken as hostages. It is not known what has become of
+them since.
+
+M. V�ron, retired schoolmaster, at Audun-le-Roman, in the
+arrondissement of Briey, made a deposition before us which runs as
+follows:
+
+"On the 21st of August, toward 5 in the evening, the Germans who had
+occupied for seventeen days the village of Audun-le-Roman, began
+without any reason to fire upon the houses with rifles and machine
+guns. Four women, Mlle. Roux, Mlle. Tr�fel, Mme. Zapolli, and Mme.
+Giglio, were wounded. Mlle. Tr�fel was struck while she was giving a
+drink to a German soldier. Three men were killed: M. Martin, an
+agriculturist, aged 68, whose house was burned, was led out and shot
+in the street in the presence of his wife and children. M. Chary, aged
+55, foreman roadmaker, was escaping from the conflagration, holding
+his wife by the hand, when he was killed by rifle shots. I have seen
+his body, which was riddled with wounds. M. Ernest Samen was struck by
+five revolver bullets at the moment when he was shutting the door of
+his coach house.
+
+"I saw the enemy set fire to the Caf� Matte with petrol. Mme. Matte
+went out with a little bag in her hand containing her savings, about
+two thousand francs. She was robbed by a German officer, who snatched
+the bag away."
+
+The witness added that the Mayor must have been carried off by a
+patrol, but in any case he had disappeared.
+
+At Arracourt, M. Maillard was killed in the fields by a bullet which
+went right through him; five houses were burned.
+
+The village of Brin-sur-Seille was almost entirely destroyed by fire
+lighted by cartridges and round fuses. Further, the wife of a man at
+Raucourt who is with the colors, Mme. X., declared to us that she had
+been raped in her own house in the presence of her little boy, aged
+3-1/2, by a soldier who had placed the point of his bayonet on her
+breast to overcome the resistance which she opposed to him.
+
+
+OISE.
+
+In the Department of Oise we have ascertained the following facts:
+
+When on the 31st of August the Germans entered the village of
+Monchy-Humi�res a group of about fifteen people were in the street
+looking at them as they entered. No act of provocation was committed,
+but an officer believed that he heard some one say the word
+"Prussian." At once he directed three dragoons to fall out and ordered
+them to fire. Young Gaston Dupuis was killed, M. Grandvalet was
+wounded in the right shoulder by a bullet, and a little girl of 4 who
+belonged to a family of refugees from Verdun was slightly wounded in
+the neck.
+
+Next day the commune of Ravenel was sacked, and the stolen objects
+were taken away in a carriage. A man named Vilette, while bicycling on
+the road near the village, met a motor car in which were several
+Germans. They began to fire at him without any reason. He jumped down
+from his machine and took to flight across country, but a bullet
+stopped him on his way. He died a few hours afterward, leaving a widow
+and two children.
+
+On the same day, near M�ry, the enemy opened fire on some English guns
+which were drawn up at the place called Le Bout de la Ville, and an
+engagement began between the cavalry of the two armies. At this moment
+the Germans entered the sugar factory, which is situated in a hamlet
+of the commune. They seized the manager, his family, and all the staff
+of the factory, and, during the three hours which the engagement
+lasted, made them walk in a parallel line to themselves in order to
+protect themselves against the fusillade which was catching them on
+the flank. Among the twenty-five people who were thus exposed to grave
+danger were women and children. A work girl, Mme. Jeansenne, was
+killed, and a foreman, Courtois, had a bullet through his left arm. At
+10 in the evening, the enemy returned in force to the village. They
+left the next day after having burned the houses and carried out a
+general sack.
+
+On the 2d of September the Germans entered Senlis, where they were
+greeted by rifle fire from African troops. Alleging that they had been
+fired on by civilians, they set fire to two quarters of the town. One
+hundred and five houses were burned in the following manner: The
+Germans marched along the streets in a column; at a whistle from an
+officer, some of them fell out, and proceeded to break in the doors of
+the houses and the shop fronts; then others came along and lit the
+fire with grenades and rockets; patrols who followed them fired
+incendiary bullets with their rifles into those houses in which the
+fire was not taking hold fast enough.
+
+While our soldiers were firing in the outskirts of the town, the
+hostages who had been taken into the streets by the Germans were
+forced to walk in the middle of the road, while the Germans prudently
+kept to the footpaths. M. Levasseur, Mme. Dauchy and her little girl
+aged 5, MM. Pinchaux, Minouflet, and Leymarie were among the number of
+the hostages who were thus exposed to death. Near the hospital
+Levasseur was killed. Soon Leymarie in his turn fell mortally wounded.
+As he was carrying him to lay him at the foot of a wall, Minouflet was
+struck by a bullet on the knee. An officer approached him, and told
+him to show his wound, and then suddenly fired with his revolver into
+his shoulder. At the same spot a witness saw another officer in the
+act of torturing a French wounded soldier by beating him in the face
+with a stick.
+
+Meanwhile several murders were committed. M. Simon was dragged out of
+his house and killed by a rifle shot in the side. At 2 o'clock the
+Germans broke in the door of M. M�gret's house. The latter came
+forward, promised to give them everything they asked for, and brought
+them ten bottles of wine. He was murdered by a shot full in the chest.
+MM. Ramu, Vilcoq, Chambellant and Gaudet, drawn by curiosity, went to
+look at the burning forage store to which the French troops had set
+fire as they retired. Enemy soldiers fired on them several times. Ramu
+was wounded, Gaudet was killed on the spot, Chambellant received two
+bullets, one in his right hand and the other below the groin, and died
+a week later. MM. Simon, Ecker, Chery, Leblond, Rigauld, Louis, and
+Momus were also killed in Senlis.
+
+At 3 o'clock the Mayor, M. Odent, was arrested at the H�tel de Ville
+on the allegation, against which he protested, that civilians had
+fired on the German troops. While he was being led away the Secretary
+of the Mairie joined him near the H�tel du Grand Cerf, and proposed
+that he should go and fetch his Deputies. "It is useless," he replied,
+"one victim is enough." The Magistrate was taken to Chamant, and
+during the journey was the butt of hateful brutality. His gloves were
+torn from him and thrown in his face; his stick was taken from him and
+he was violently beaten with it on the head. Finally, toward 11
+o'clock, he was made to appear before three officers. One of them
+questioned him, persisting in accusing him of having fired or caused
+others to fire on the Germans, and warned him that he was about to
+die. M. Odent then went to his fellow-captives, handed them his papers
+and money, shook hands with them, and with great dignity made his last
+adieu. He then returned to the officers. On their order, two soldiers
+dragged him ten meters away and sent two bullets through his head. The
+murderers made a little hollow in the ground, and flung over the
+corpse a layer of earth so thin that it did not cover the victim's
+feet. A few hours before, 200 meters off, six other inhabitants of
+Senlis, MM. Pommier, Barbier, Aubert, Cottereau, Arthur Rigault, and
+Dewert, had already been shot and buried.
+
+The same evening M. Jeandin, a baker, who had been arrested at 3 or 4
+in the afternoon without any reason, and then taken by the Forty-ninth
+Pomeranian Regiment of Infantry to Villers-Saint-Frambourg, was
+fastened to a stake in a field and pierced repeatedly with the point
+of a bayonet.
+
+It is unnecessary to say that the town of Senlis was pillaged. While
+the enemy sacked the houses they took pleasure in exciting the worst
+instincts of the populace by offering part of the booty to women in
+wretched circumstances.
+
+At Villers-Saint-Frambourg the woman X. was raped by a soldier who got
+into her house. After the crime she took refuge in a neighboring
+house. The precaution was a wise one, for numerous comrades of the
+aggressor broke into her house and, furious at not finding the victim
+they sought, smashed the windows and seized the chickens, rabbits, and
+pig which they found in an outhouse.
+
+On Sept. 3 at Creil, under the orders of a Captain who tried to force
+MM. Guillot and Demonts to show him the houses of the richest
+inhabitants, the Germans scattered among the houses, breaking in doors
+and windows, and gave themselves up to pillage with the complicity of
+their leaders, to whom they came constantly to show the jewelry which
+they had stolen. Demonts and Guillot were then led into the country,
+where they found about 100 inhabitants of Creil and Nogent-sur-Oise
+and the neighborhood. All these persons were forced to suffer the
+shame and grief of working against the defense of their country by
+cutting down a field of maize which hindered the firing of the enemy
+and by digging trenches intended to shelter the Germans. For seven
+days the enemy kept them there without giving them food. Some women of
+the neighborhood were, fortunately, able to give them a little.
+
+Meanwhile in the town several people were put to death. M. Parent, who
+was escaping, was killed in the Rue Victor Hugo by a shot by a Uhlan.
+As soon as he fell, troopers hurled themselves upon him to search his
+clothes. M. Alexandre had his head shattered, at the intersection of
+the Rue Gambetta and the Rue Carnot. Germans entered the shop of M.
+Br�che, wine seller. Thinking, no doubt, that he was not serving them
+quickly enough, they dragged him into the courtyard of Mme. Egasse,
+his neighbor, where an officer accused him of having fired on the
+soldiers, and ordered, in spite of his denial, that he should be shot
+at once. Mme. Egasse tried to soften the murderers, but she was
+brutally ordered off. From the room to which she went she heard the
+reports, and through the window she saw Br�che's body stretched on the
+ground. When she came down she could not prevent herself from
+expressing her grief. The officer then said to her: "A dead man! We
+see too many to take any notice. Besides, wherever we are fired upon,
+we kill and burn."
+
+A young man named Odener, carrying a bag of rice, had been taken from
+Liancourt of Creil. When he reached the Place de l'Eglise, worn out by
+fatigue and the ill-treatment which he had received, he put down his
+load and tried to escape. Two soldiers took aim at him, fired, and
+struck him down. A certain Leboeuf, who had been his fellow-prisoner,
+died at Creil a few days afterward in consequence of a wound which he
+had received on the way.
+
+Gen. von Kluck's army arrived at Cr�py-en-Valois on the 2d of
+September, and took four days to march through. The town was
+completely sacked under the eyes of the officers. In particular the
+jewelers' shops were ransacked.
+
+Thefts of jewelry and body linen were committed in a house in which
+lodged a General commanding with some twelve officers of the General
+Staff. Almost all the safes in Cr�py were gutted.
+
+On the 3d of the same month, at Baron, an artist of great talent,
+Prof. Alb�ric Magnard, fired two shots from a revolver on a troop
+which was entering his property. One soldier was killed and another
+wounded. The Germans, who in so many places have committed the worst
+cruelties without any motive, here contented themselves with burning
+the property of their aggressor. The latter committed suicide to avoid
+falling into their hands. None the less the commune was sacked. M.
+Robert, notary, was robbed of his jewelry, his linen, and of 1,471
+bottles of wine, and forced to open his safe and allow an officer to
+take 8,300 francs which were locked up there. In the evening he saw
+another officer who wore on his finger nine women's rings, and whose
+arms were adorned with six bracelets. Two soldiers told him, besides,
+that they received a premium of four marks whenever they brought their
+commanding officers a piece of jewelry.
+
+In this commune, Mme. X., a most respectable young woman, was violated
+by two soldiers in succession in the absence of her husband, who is
+with the colors. One of these two men ransacked a chest of drawers
+while his comrade was committing his crime.
+
+At Mesnil-sur-Bulles on the evening of the 4th of September two
+Germans arrived in a carriage and one on a bicycle and went to the
+house of the Deputy Mayor, M. Gustave Queste. As the latter did not
+understand them, he asked his cousin, M. Queste, Professor at the
+Lyc�e of Amiens, to act as interpreter for him. After having fulfilled
+this office the professor returned home. A few minutes afterward,
+hearing a shot, he went out to ascertain what was happening. He found
+himself in the presence of one of the three soldiers to whom he had
+just spoken in his cousin's house. This man, who was drunk, fired at
+him and killed him.
+
+The same three soldiers, passing through Nourard-le-Franc, set fire to
+seven houses with torches which they had brought with them in their
+carriage. A few hours before their arrival at Mesnil-sur-Bulles a
+Uhlan patrol had already made a reconnoissance in this commune.
+Troopers entered the house of M. Am�d�e Queste, burst open a door,
+broke the furniture, and stole a quantity of jewelry as well as a sum
+of 60 francs.
+
+At Choisy-au-Bac the Germans, who had been in the village since the
+31st of August, willfully set fire on the 1st and 2d of September to
+forty-five houses under the grossly false allegation that they had
+been fired upon, and previously, in the presence of their officers,
+gave themselves up to a general pillage, the product of which was
+carried away in vehicles stolen from the inhabitants. Two army
+doctors, wearing the brassards of the Red Cross, themselves pillaged
+the house of Mme. Binder.
+
+M. Morel, working carpenter, who was in his garden, was shot in the
+groin by a soldier who was passing on the road. He died next day. Four
+young men were taken as hostages and led away on the 8th of September.
+One of them was able to escape. His comrade, Ren� Leclere, is said to
+have been shot at Besme, in the Department of the Aisne; as for the
+other two, no one knows what has become of them.
+
+At Compi�gne, which was occupied by the enemy from the 31st of August
+to the 12th of September, the ch�teau suffered comparatively little;
+the thefts there were not very important. But a great number of houses
+were pillaged. The house of Comte d'Orsetti, which is situated
+opposite to the palace, was literally sacked, principally by
+non-commissioned officers. Plate, jewelry, and valuables were
+collected in the courtyard of the ch�teau, examined, inventoried, and
+packed up, and were then loaded in two removal vans on which had been
+placed the Red Cross flag.
+
+Application was made to Capt. Schroeder to put an end to the burglary
+and the scandalous orgy which was going on in the villa, and at last
+he went to the place; but after having glanced at the interior of the
+pillaged houses he went off again, saying, "It is war, and besides I
+have no time."
+
+On Sept. 4 a soldier, who had gone to pass the night at the house
+where Mme. X. was concierge, drove the husband with several of the
+former's relations out of the house, threatening them with his rifle,
+and then obliged Mme. X. to pass the night with him.
+
+At Trumilly, where they remained from the 2d to the 4th of September,
+the Germans pillaged the commune and carried off the product of their
+theft in artillery wagons as well as in carriages. The first day, Mme.
+Huet, on whom were billeted a part of the staff of the Nineteenth
+Regiment of Hanover Dragoons and a great number of soldiers, saw a
+non-commissioned officer take possession of a box containing her
+jewels to the value of about 10,000 francs. She went to complain to
+the Colonel, who contented himself with saying, with a smile, "I am
+sorry, Madame, it is war."
+
+On the 3d of September the advance troops had left, but stragglers
+remained in the country. One of them, a soldier of the Ninety-first
+Regiment of Infantry, on whose medal was engraved the name of "Ahne,"
+stole in Mme. Huet's house 115 francs from the servants, 300 francs
+from the mistress of the house, and 400 francs from M. Cornillet. This
+man then went to the house of Mme. X., whose husband was with the
+colors, and forced this woman to submit to him by threatening her with
+his revolver.
+
+During the occupation of the commune by the Germans M. Cornillet, the
+victim of one of the thefts of which we have just spoken, had an
+officer billeted upon him. After the departure of this guest he
+discovered that the sum of 150 francs, which had been placed in the
+wardrobe of the room in which the German had slept, had disappeared.
+Finally M. Colas, an old man of 70, was searched in the street by a
+soldier, and robbed of about 30 francs.
+
+One of the most serious acts of which we have been informed in the
+Department of the Oise was committed near Marqu�glise, by an officer
+of high rank. Two young men of Saint Quentin, named Charlet and Gabet,
+who had left Paris to return to their native place with the object of
+obeying the summons to be enrolled for military service, met on the
+road two Belgian subjects making their way to Jemmapes, where they
+lived. The latter offered them a lift in their carriage, and the four
+men journeyed together as far as the village of Ressons, where they
+were arrested by a German detachment. They were bound, and then taken
+to the District of Marqu�glise, and brought before a superior officer,
+who questioned them. When he learned that two of them were natives of
+Belgium this officer declared that the Belgians were "sales gens";
+then without any explanation he took his revolver and fired on each of
+the prisoners in turn. The two Belgians and young Gabet fell dead,
+struck in the head. As for Charlet, who was wounded in the neck and
+right shoulder, he pretended to be killed, and after the departure of
+the murderer, was able to drag himself a certain distance. Before
+being taken to Compi�gne, where he died next day, the unfortunate man
+was able to describe to the Abb� Boulet, cur� of Marqu�glise, the
+cowardly deed of which his companions and himself had been the
+victims.
+
+
+AISNE.
+
+In the communes of the Department of the Aisne which we have been able
+to visit we have everywhere found evidences of acts of pillage and
+numerous crimes against women.
+
+At Connigis on the 8th of September at about 8 o'clock in the evening
+Mme. X. was the victim of grievous violence at the hands of two
+Germans, who had gone to her parents-in-law's house, where she was
+living in the absence of her husband, who had been mobilized. One of
+the Germans held M. X., the father, in front of the door while the
+other, threatening the young woman with his rifle, committed acts of
+revolting obscenity upon her in the presence of the mother-in-law.
+When he had accomplished his crime he took the place of his comrade,
+mounting guard over M. X., while the former in his turn outraged the
+young woman.
+
+At Brumetz, where the occupation by the enemy lasted from the 3d to
+the 10th, the village was pillaged. One house, as well as the ch�teau
+of M. de Maleyssie, a Captain on the staff of the Sixth French Army
+Corps, were burned.
+
+At Chierry, the Ch�teau of Varolles was burned with torches with
+petrol. The Ch�teau of Sparre was also set on fire after it had been
+completely pillaged, pictures taken from their frames, and the
+tapestries cut up with blows of the sword.
+
+At Jaulgonne, between the 3d and 10th of September, the Prussian Guard
+emptied the cellars, stole the linen, and did 250,000 francs' worth of
+damage. In addition, they burned a house on the allegation that the
+owner had fired on them when in reality he was hiding in terror in his
+cellar.
+
+Two inhabitants of this commune were killed. One, M. Rempenault, aged
+87, was found in the fields killed by a bullet; the other, named
+Blanchard, aged 61, had been arrested because the Prussians had seen
+him talking in a street with a French chasseur-�-pied, who, after
+having delayed in the village, had succeeded in taking to flight on a
+bicycle and escaped a rifle fusillade which was aimed at him.
+Blanchard was led into an outlying part of Jaulgonne and wounded with
+a bayonet by a soldier and then finished off by an officer, who
+shattered his head with a revolver shot.
+
+At Charmel the Germans, from the moment of their arrival, entered the
+houses by breaking in the doors. They did not leave a bottle of wine
+in the cellars and they pillaged chiefly the empty houses, carrying
+away linen, money, jewelry, and other articles. At the house of the
+schoolmaster they took the funds of the School Savings Bank, which
+amounted to 240 francs. On the 3d of September, at 11 o'clock at
+night, they set fire to the ch�teau of Mme. de Roug�, and the same day
+one of them entered the house of Mme. X., seized her by the throat and
+violated her.
+
+At Coincy, on the 3d and 4th of September, they emptied the cellars
+and sacked the empty houses and committed outrages on several women in
+the village.
+
+At Bezu-St.-Germain, on the 8th of September, two soldier cyclists
+came to the farm of ---- and passed part of the night there. Having
+obliged the inhabitants to go to bed, and having forbidden them on
+pain of death to move, whatever sounds they might hear, one of them
+went into the room of the little servant girl, aged 13, and, putting
+his hand on her mouth, committed a complete rape upon her. Hearing a
+loud cry, the farmer's daughter escaped through her window and called
+some officers who were lodging with a neighbor. One of them came down,
+had the two cyclists, who at that moment were coming from the farm,
+arrested, and marched to headquarters. The next day, when the victim
+was asked to recognize the culprit and point him out, he had
+disappeared.
+
+On the 3d of September, at Cr�zancy, the soldiers made young Lesaint,
+aged 18, come out of his house, and an officer killed him with a
+revolver shot. One of the murderer's comrades declared later that this
+murder had been committed because Lesaint was a soldier, and when a
+man to whom he was speaking denied this, he added, "He was on the way
+to be one." He said also that the young man had stupidly caused his
+own death, because, with the intention of escaping, he had put out the
+candle which was lighted in his room. Now this candle had not been put
+out by the unfortunate Lesaint, but had been removed by a soldier who
+wished to visit the house. In any case, the officer reluctantly
+admitted that his comrade had fired too soon.
+
+In the same locality M. Dupont, "g�rant du familist�re," was arrested
+on the 4th of September because he had tried to protect his till
+against a soldier who was in the act of ransacking it. With a
+trooper's cap on his head, which they had drawn down to his chin, and
+both his hands tied behind his back, he was made the butt of the
+Germans, who amused themselves by forcing him to go on to a very high
+slope, raining blows upon him and pricking him with bayonets every
+time he fell down. He was taken on the 6th to Charly-sur-Marne with a
+convoy of military prisoners, and on the 8th of September, in the
+morning, his murderers in their retreat forced him to follow the
+column. As he could not drag himself along in consequence of the
+violence which he had suffered, the Germans struck him with redoubled
+vigor and pushed him along, holding him under the arms. A kilometer
+further on they killed him with a blow from a lance or bayonet through
+the heart.
+
+At Ch�teau-Thierry, where the German troops remained from the 2d to
+the 9th of September, the pillage was carried out under the eyes of
+the officers. Later on army doctors who remained in the town after the
+departure of the army were included in an exchange of prisoners, and
+their canteens were opened. They contained articles of clothing which
+were the product of the sack of the shops.
+
+On the 5th of September the girl ----, aged 14, met a soldier as she
+was coming back from fetching some bread for her parents. She was
+dragged into the shop of a shoemaker, and from there into a room where
+two other Germans joined the first. She was threatened with a bayonet,
+thrown on to a bed, and violated by two of these men. The third was
+prepared to follow his comrades' example, but allowed himself to be
+moved by the child's entreaties.
+
+The aunt of this young girl was also the victim of serious crimes at
+Verdilly, where her family have the farm ----. After having bound her
+husband four soldiers belonging to the heavy artillery chased her to
+the house of a neighbor, whom they terrorized with threats, and while
+one of them held her the others violated her in succession.
+
+At Hartennes-et-Taux, in the Arrondissement of Soissons, the Germans,
+as everywhere else, pillaged the houses. At the hamlet of Taux they
+set fire to the straw with which they had stopped up the openings of
+an isolated cellar in which were three of the inhabitants whom they
+had taken for soldiers. The three men were suffocated by the smoke.
+
+
+ACTS OF A MILITARY NATURE.
+
+Acts committed in the violation of the laws of war and affecting
+combatants, murder of wounded or prisoners, stratagems forbidden by
+international conventions, attacks on doctors and stretcher bearers,
+have been innumerable in all the places in which there has been
+fighting. We have not been able to verify the majority of them because
+the witnesses are for the most part soldiers, who are obliged to move
+from place to place continually. Besides, these acts have been set
+forth in reports addressed by corps leaders to the military
+authorities, who may add them to the documents of our inquiry if they
+think fit to do so. Many are also attested by evidence collected by
+magistrates in hospitals, and we are engaged at this moment in
+analyzing them with a view to drawing up a supplementary report. A
+certain number, however, have been laid before us in the course of our
+investigation.
+
+At Bar-le-Duc M. Ferry, the head surgeon, gave us a report of
+depositions made to him in the course of his duties. Sergt. Lemerre of
+the --th Infantry Regiment told him that on the 6th of September, when
+he was wounded in the leg at Rembercourt by a fragment of a shell, he
+had been left on the battlefield eight days by the German Red Cross
+people although they knew quite well that he was there. On the fourth
+day this non-commissioned officer received a further wound by a
+soldier, who fired at him on the order of an officer who was going
+over the scene of action with his revolver in his hand. Moreover, he
+repeatedly saw near him German stretcher bearers firing on our
+wounded.
+
+The soldier Dreyfus of the --th Infantry Regiment related the
+following story to Dr. Ferry:
+
+"On the 10th of September at Somaine, as he was leaving the
+battlefield, wounded, he met three Germans. He told them in German
+that he had just been wounded, but these men answered that this was no
+reason why he should not receive another bullet, and they thereupon
+shot him point blank in the eye."
+
+At Vaubecourt an infantry sergeant and two soldiers were shot by the
+enemy. They alleged that one of the latter was found on the church
+tower in the village, from which he would have been able to exchange
+signals with our troops.
+
+On the 22d of August a detachment of Germans arrived in the vicinity
+of Bouvillers in the Department of Meurthe-et-Moselle at the farm of
+La Petite Rochelle, where the owner, M. Houillon, had lodged some
+French wounded soldiers. The officer in command ordered four of his
+men to go and finish off nine wounded who were lying in the barn. Each
+one was shot in the ear. Mme. Houillon begged mercy for them, and the
+officer, placing the barrel of his revolver to her breast, told her to
+be silent.
+
+On the 25th of August the Abb� Denis, cur� of R�m�r�ville, tended in
+the evening Lieut. Toussaint, who last July headed the list of
+candidates who left the School of Forestry. As he fell wounded on the
+battlefield this young officer was struck with bayonets by all the
+Germans who passed near him. His body was covered with wounds from
+head to foot.
+
+At the hospital at Nancy we saw the soldier Voyer of the --th Infantry
+Regiment, who still bore traces of German barbarity, having been badly
+wounded in the backbone outside the Forest of Champenoux on the 24th
+of August, and paralyzed in both legs as the result of his wound. He
+was lying on his face when a German soldier turned him over brutally
+with his gun and hit him three times on the head with the butt of his
+rifle. Other soldiers passing by kicked him and hit him also with the
+butts of their guns. Finally one of them with a single blow caused a
+wound of about three or four centimeters under each eye with what Dr.
+Weiss, head doctor and Professor of Faculty at Nancy, thinks must have
+been a pair of scissors.
+
+A hussar who was treated by the same doctor relates that, having
+fractured his leg falling off his horse, and being unable to extricate
+himself, he was assaulted by Uhlans, who stole his watch and chain
+after having taken his carbine and shot him in the eye with it.
+
+Seven French soldiers, also treated by Dr. Weiss, told him that they
+had seen the enemy finish off the wounded on the battlefield. As they
+had feigned death to escape massacre, the Germans belabored them with
+the butts of their guns to see if they were still alive.
+
+In the same hospital a German soldier wounded in the stomach told Dr.
+Rohmer that his wound had been caused by a revolver shot fired by his
+own officer because he had refused to finish off a French wounded
+soldier. Again, another German, wounded in the back, the result of a
+shot fired point-blank, told Dr. Weiss that a soldier had fired at him
+by order of an officer to punish him for having carried into a village
+near the battlefield several French wounded soldiers.
+
+On the 25th of August, at Einvaux, the Germans fired at a distance of
+300 yards at Dr. Millet, army doctor, belonging to the --th Colonial
+Regiment, just as, together with two stretcher bearers, he was
+attending to a man lying on a stretcher. As his left side was turned
+toward them, the enemy could perfectly see his brassard. And,
+furthermore, they could not mistake the nature of the work upon which
+these three men were engaged.
+
+On the same day Capt. Perraud of the same regiment, having noticed
+that the soldiers of a section of men upon whom his mitrailleuses were
+firing were wearing red trousers, ordered the firing to cease.
+Immediately this section fired on him and on his men. They were
+Germans in disguise.
+
+Believe us, &c.,
+
+G. PAYELLE, President.
+ARMAND MOLLARD.
+G. MARINGER.
+PAILLOT, Rapporteur.
+
+Paris, Dec. 17, 1914.
+
+
+
+
+A FRENCH MAYOR'S PUNISHMENT.
+
+[By The Associated Press.]
+
+
+Nancy, (via Paris,) Jan. 30.--The Mayor of a large township in the
+vicinity of Nancy has been suspended from office for a fortnight for
+shooting at a German aeroplane as it was flying over his town.
+
+In taking this measure the authorities of Nancy held that a civilian
+had no right to act as a combatant, as by so doing he only brought
+upon the heads of the civilian population severe reprisals.
+
+
+
+
+We Will Fight to the End
+
+By Premier Viviani of France.
+
+
+_Premier Viviani recently delivered to Parliament an address upon the
+war which attracted worldwide attention. Viviani served notice on
+Germany and Austria that France will not lay down her arms until she
+and her allies have won such a victory that they can dictate terms.
+Premier Viviani's speech was delivered by himself in the Chamber of
+Deputies on Dec. 22, while on the same day the speech was read in the
+Senate by M. Briand, Minister of Justice. It is as follows:_
+
+Gentlemen: This is not the usual communication in which a Government
+presenting itself for the first time before Parliament sets forth its
+policy. Just now there is only one policy--a relentless fight until we
+attain definite freedom for Europe by gaining a victory which shall
+guarantee peace.
+
+Gentlemen, that was the cry uttered by all when, in the sitting of
+Aug. 4, a sacred union arose, as the President of the Republic has so
+well said, which will throughout history remain an honor to the
+country. It is the cry which all Frenchmen will repeat after having
+put an end to the disagreements that have so often embittered our
+hearts and which a blind enemy took for irremediable division. It is
+the cry that rises from the glorious trenches into which France has
+thrown all her youth, all her manhood.
+
+Before this unexpected uprising of national feeling, Germany has been
+troubled in the intoxication of her dream of victory. On the first day
+of the conflict she denied right, appealed to force, flouted history,
+and, in order to violate the neutrality of Belgium and to invade
+France, invoked the law of self-interest alone.
+
+Since then her Government, learning that it had to reckon with the
+opinion of the world, has recently attempted to put her conduct in a
+better light by trying to throw the responsibility for the war upon
+the Allies. But through all the gross falsehoods, which fail to
+deceive even the most credulous, the truth has become apparent.
+
+All the documents published by the nations interested, and the
+remarkable speech made the other day at Rome by one of the most
+illustrious representatives of the noble Italian Nation, demonstrate
+that for a long time our enemy has intended a coup de force. If it
+were necessary, a single one of these documents would suffice to
+enlighten the world.
+
+When, on July 31, 1914, at the suggestion of the English Government
+all the nations concerned were asked to suspend their military
+preparations and enter into negotiations in London, France and Russia
+adhered to this proposal. But Germany precipitated matters. She
+declared war on Russia on Aug. 1, and made an appeal to arms
+inevitable. And if Germany by her diplomacy killed the germ of peace
+it is because for more than forty years she had untiringly pursued her
+aim, which was to crush France in order to achieve the enslavement of
+the world.
+
+All the revelations are brought before the tribunal of history, where
+corruption has no place, and as France and her allies, despite their
+attachment to peace, have been obliged to endure war they will pursue
+it to the uttermost.
+
+Faithful to the signature which she attached to the treaty of Sept. 4,
+1914, and by which she engaged her honor, that is to say, her life,
+France, in accord with her allies, will not lay down her arms until
+she has avenged outraged right and regained forever the provinces
+which were torn from her by force, restored heroic Belgium to the
+fullness of her material prosperity and political independence, and
+broken Prussian militarism so that the Allies may eventually
+reconstruct a regenerated Europe founded upon justice and right.
+
+We are not inspired, gentlemen, in this plan of war and of peace by
+any presumptuous hope, for we have the certainty of success. We owe
+this certitude to our army of all ranks and to our sailors, who,
+joined to the British Navy, secure for us the control of the seas, and
+to the troops who have repulsed in Morocco incessant aggressions.
+
+We owe it also to the soldiers who defend our flag in those far-off
+French colonies, who from the very first outbreak of the war hastened
+back with their tender solicitude for the mother country.
+
+We owe it to our army, whose heroism has been guided by incomparable
+leaders throughout the victory of the Marne, the victory of Flanders,
+and in many fights, and we owe it to the nation, which has equaled
+this heroism by a corresponding demonstration of silence and serenity
+during the critical hours through which the country has passed.
+
+Thus we have shown to the world that an organized democracy can serve
+by its vigorous action the ideal of liberty and equality which
+constitute its greatness. Thus we have shown to the world, to use the
+words of our Commander in Chief, who is both a great soldier and a
+noble citizen, that "the republic may well be proud of the army that
+she has prepared." And thus, this impious war has brought out all the
+virtues of our race, both those with which we were credited--of
+initiative, �lan, bravery, and fearlessness--and those which we were
+not supposed to possess--endurance, patience, and stoicism.
+
+Let us do honor to all these heroes. Glory to those who have fallen
+before the victory, and to those also who through it will avenge them
+tomorrow! A nation which can arouse such enthusiasm can never perish.
+
+Sheltered by this heroism the nation has lived and labored, accepting
+all the consequences of the war, and domestic tranquillity has never
+been troubled.
+
+The Minister of Finance has laid before you in a masterly statement
+the financial situation and has explained the resources that we have
+obtained from the issue of Treasury bonds and advances from the Bank
+of France, which have enabled us to bear the expenditure imposed by
+the war, so that we have not had any need to resort to a loan. The
+Bank of France is in a position, thanks to its excellent condition, to
+furnish resources to the Treasury and to aid in the resumption of the
+economic life of the country.
+
+Everything serves to demonstrate the vitality of France, the security
+of her credit, the confidence which she inspires in all, despite the
+war which is shaking and impoverishing the world. The state of her
+finances is such that she can continue the war until the day when the
+necessary reparation has been obtained.
+
+Gentlemen, it is not sufficient for us to salute the victims who have
+fallen on the field of battle. We must uncover also before the civil
+non-combatants and innocent victims who up to now have been protected
+by the laws of war, but whom, in order to terrify a nation which is
+and will ever remain unshaken, the enemy either captured or massacred.
+The Government has done its duty toward their families, but the debt
+of the country is not yet discharged.
+
+Under the force of invasion, departments have been occupied and the
+ruins in them have accumulated. The Government solemnly undertakes
+before you--it has already partly carried it out, and has asked for a
+first credit of $70,000,000--that France will rebuild again those
+ruins, and the carrying out of this work will certainly be borne in
+mind in the indemnities which we shall exact.
+
+The day of a definite victory has not yet come. Our task until then
+will be heavy, and it may be long. Let us bring all our strength to
+bear in the carrying out of this task. Our allies know that we will do
+so, as well as the neutral nations, and it is in vain that a wild
+campaign of false news has been set on foot. If Germany at the outset
+pretended to have any doubt as to the attitude of France, she no
+longer doubts.
+
+Let Germany bear witness now that when the French Parliament reopened
+after over four months of war, it has renewed before the world the
+spectacle it offered on the day when, in the name of the nation, it
+took up the challenge.
+
+To conquer, heroism at the frontier will not suffice. It is necessary
+also to have internal union. Let us continue to preserve this sacred
+union from any blemish today, as in the past, and in the future. Let
+us keep before our minds the one cry of victory, the vision of our
+motherland, and the ideal of right.
+
+That is what we are fighting for and what Belgium is still fighting
+for, Belgium, who is giving to this ideal all the blood in her veins,
+and what also unshakable England is fighting for, as also faithful
+Russia, intrepid Servia, and the audacious Japanese Navy.
+
+Nothing more sublime has ever presented itself before the eyes of men
+than this struggle against barbarism and despotism, against a system
+of provocation and continual threats, which Germany called peace,
+against a system of murders and collective pillage, which Germany
+called war, against the insolent hegemony of a military caste. France
+with her allies has let loose the scourge of war against all these.
+France the emancipator and avenger has sprung up at one bound.
+
+That is the issue at stake. It goes beyond the life of the present
+generation. Let us continue to have but one soul and one mind, and
+tomorrow, when peace is restored and when our opinions, now
+voluntarily enthralled, are again given their liberty, we will recall
+with pride these tragic days, for they have tended to make us more
+valiant and better men.
+
+
+
+
+NUITS BLANCHES
+
+By H.S. HASKINS.
+
+     _The diminishing of lights in Paris houses as a precaution
+     against a raid by the enemy's aeroplanes is the new
+     rule.--Cable Dispatch._
+
+
+     The gaslights cast a saffron glow,
+     The ghostly tapers sputter low,
+     The lampwicks smolder, dimly red.
+     (Beware the gray shapes overhead!)
+     Lock tight the windows, bar the door!
+     Have done with laughter, sing no more,
+     For fear lays hand upon the throat.
+     (Beneath the stars the airmen float.)
+     Hush, hush, my babe, lest fiends that fly
+     Shall come to still your hunger cry.
+     Let grief not speak its tale aloud!
+     (Black death is racing with a cloud.)
+     Through heav'n's eternal window panes,
+     Far, far above the swift air lanes,
+     God's starlight shines forever more.
+     (How restless glide the ships of war!)
+
+
+
+
+Unconquered France
+
+Story of Two Months' Combat with 2,000,000 Invaders.
+
+[From the Bulletin Fran�ais.]
+
+     Two million men were engaged on the German side in October
+     and November when the Kaiser's forces hammered at the
+     Allies' lines in an attempt to break through to Dunkirk and
+     Calais. Around Ypres alone the invaders' losses were more
+     than 120,000 men. These statements are made in a
+     semi-official account of the fighting in Flanders, which
+     takes up three pages of the Bulletin Fran�ais, copies of
+     which reached THE NEW YORK TIMES on Jan. 11, 1915. As
+     translated, the article in the December Bulletin appears
+     below.
+
+
+The hour has arrived when the balance of these last weeks can be
+established and the results clearly seen. The formidable attempt by
+the Germans, first to turn the left of ourselves and our allies, and
+then, that having been prevented, to break through, has entirely
+failed. By the effort the enemy tried to repair the defeats of the
+Marne, and they have only added another check to the failure of
+September.
+
+Meanwhile, in order to invade our territory, according to their old
+plans the Germans have neglected nothing. On the front that extends
+from Lys to the sea they massed, in the beginning of October, fifteen
+army corps, including four divisions of cavalry. Their army heads, the
+Crown Prince of Bavaria, Gen. Deemling, the Duke of W�rttemburg, have
+multiplied their exhortations and appeals to the troops in the effort
+to maintain the morale of their men.
+
+We have found their orders on dead officers and prisoners, and always
+they are the same. It is a question of "a decisive action against the
+French left" or a question of "piercing the line at Dupres or Ypres,"
+for, as one of these orders stated, "the decisive coup remains to be
+struck, and to accomplish this the allied line must be pierced." This,
+the orders stated, had to be accomplished at any price and in all
+haste. They wanted a decision in the western theatre of war before
+turning to the east.
+
+Then the Emperor himself was with his troops, hoping to animate the
+German soldiers with his presence. He announced to them that he would
+be at Ypres on Nov. 1, and that was the date fixed for the annexation
+of Belgium. In fact, everything had been taken into account, except,
+of course, the victorious resistance of the allied armies.
+
+To make possible this effective resistance it was necessary for the
+Allies to oppose the enemy with a force which if not equal to theirs
+was nevertheless sufficient for the purpose in view.
+
+What was the situation at the beginning of Oct. 1? The Belgian Army
+came out of Antwerp intact, but too exhausted to participate in the
+actions then pending. The English Army had left the Aisne to operate
+in the north. The army of Gen. de Castelnau did not extend on its left
+south of Arras. The army of Gen. Maudhuy stretched out from that point
+to the south of Lille. Further on were the territorial cavalry and the
+marines. This was not a sufficient force to meet the German advance.
+
+Gen. Joffre, the Commander in Chief, ordered Gen. Foch to the command
+of the armies of the north. Reinforcements were sent him in the
+ensuing three weeks, and during that period the rail and automobile
+services operated day and night, hurrying up reinforcements. They
+arrived on time by divisions and by corps, every man being animated by
+an admirable spirit.
+
+About Oct. 20 our battle line was from Nieuport to Dixmude, between
+which places one of our divisions and the marines held the railroad.
+Meanwhile, just back of them, the Belgian Army was being reorganized.
+South of Dixmude, and along the canal, our line stretched to the east,
+forming before Ypres a vast half circle occupied by four French and
+one British army corps. The line then descended toward the south of
+Messines to Armienti�res, forming two sections, the first held by the
+English and the second by the French.
+
+The German attack had as its object the seizure of Dunkirk, which was
+necessary if Calais and Boulogne were to be reached. The purpose was
+to envelop us and cut the British lines of communication to the sea.
+All the heavy artillery was brought up from Antwerp and made ready for
+use against the Allies. What happened?
+
+On Nov. 3 the attack was made and repulsed, crushing the enemy, who
+had managed to gain the left bank of the river. We then pushed the
+German rear guard into the water, and to this day German cannon and
+the carcasses of their animals can be seen half buried in the water
+and mud.
+
+Finding it impossible to turn our left, the enemy tried to break
+through our lines. This was the battle of Ypres, a furious and savage
+struggle, with the German commanders hurling their organizations in
+enormous masses, regardless of the life of their men, sacrificing all
+for the end they hoped to attain.
+
+This end was not attained. During the following three weeks we
+suffered and withstood their repeated and frantic attacks. All these
+attacks were repulsed, and this despite the fact that our front, with
+its circular form, was not easy to maintain.
+
+In these actions about Ypres the armies of France and England worked
+in the closest union, and this union, in which co-operation was so
+splendidly maintained, is worthy to be recorded on the brightest pages
+of military history.
+
+On Nov. 12 the Germans were successful to the north of Ypres and
+crossed the canal in two places. A day passed and they were thrown
+back to the other side. On the 12th also they gained a little ground
+south of Ypres, but this loss was quickly regained, and by the 15th
+their attacks had become fewer and our position by then was
+practically impregnable.
+
+Subsequent actions by the Germans were likewise repulsed, and in these
+encounters we were brilliantly supported by our Allies. These actions
+have sealed the fraternity of the allied troops, and the energy of our
+resistance has likewise encouraged and strengthened the confidence of
+the Belgians.
+
+The losses of the Germans certainly exceed 120,000 men. In certain
+trenches of 1,200 meters length as many as 2,000 bodies have been
+found, and this is impressive when we take into consideration that the
+Germans take advantage of every opportunity to remove their dead from
+the fields of battle. These great losses explain the recent formation
+of new army corps in Germany.
+
+The numerous artillery commands that we have put in action south of
+Ypres have opened great chasms in the German masses. All this marks
+the importance of our successes, and significance is added by the fact
+that the Germans have always regarded the taking of Ypres as one of
+the decisive features of the campaign.
+
+If Dunkirk, Calais, and Boulogne had been taken, England would have
+found her lines of communication with her armies in France gravely
+endangered. In maintaining her lines from the sea to Arras we have
+obtained at the same time the best guarantee against the return of the
+enemy to Paris.
+
+To measure the extent of the allied successes we must compare the line
+occupied by our left and the German right at the beginning of
+September and since the middle of November. When we consider this, it
+is plain that our successes were not temporary, but have been a
+constant progress, rendering vain the attacks of the Germans.
+
+It has been demonstrated by facts that Gen. Joffre has read the plans
+of the German commanders and is ready for them everywhere and always.
+As for the allied troops, they have gained the qualities they perhaps
+lacked most in the beginning, particularly as regards rapid
+organization for the defensive and the digging of trenches. Today our
+troops are as expert in trench work as are the soldiers of the enemy.
+
+France remains unconquered. Since Sept. 6 she has registered only
+successes, in spite of the massing against her of fifty German army
+corps. These fifty German corps, it must be said, and said again, for
+such is the truth, are still facing us. Fifteen German army corps and
+the whole of the Austrian force are facing Russia. Yet the formidable
+mass which assails us has not made us flinch in any part of our line,
+and in many cases our enemy has drawn back under the weight of the
+Allies' efforts.
+
+
+
+
+Four Months of War
+
+[From the Official Bulletin des Arm�es, Dec. 6, 1914.]
+
+     The Bulletin des Arm�es, the newspaper published by the
+     French Government for the soldiers at the front, in the
+     issue of Dec. 6, 1914, contains an article bearing the
+     title, "Four Months of War," which is a summary account of
+     the events that have taken place since the outbreak of
+     hostilities. This document estimates as fifty-two army corps
+     and ten cavalry divisions the military forces which Germany
+     hurled against France. In a chapter entitled "Our Reverses
+     in August," it sums up the events that preceded the battle
+     of the Marne, as presented below.
+
+
+Our concentration had to be flexible enough to enable us to bring our
+chief effort to bear upon the spot where the enemy would prove most
+active. The violation of Belgium made us acquainted with the
+intentions of the German staff--the great conflict would take place in
+the north.
+
+As we were obliged, before engaging in it, to wait for the coming into
+line of the English army, which was to take place only on Aug. 20, we
+at once took measures to retain the greatest possible number of German
+troops in Alsace and in Lorraine.
+
+In Alsace, our first attack, which was badly conducted, took us to
+M�lhausen, but we could not hold the city (Aug. 7.)
+
+A second attack, led by General Pau, brought us back there. On Aug. 20
+we held the road to Colmar through the Vosges and the plain. The enemy
+had sustained great losses.
+
+But from that time the unfortunate events in Lorraine and Belgium
+forced us to limit the field of operations in Alsace as well as the
+intensity of our efforts (Aug. 20.)
+
+In Lorraine our offensive had first been brilliantly successful. On
+Aug. 19 we had reached Sarrebourg, Les Etangs, Dieuze, Morhange,
+Delme, and Ch�teau-Salins.
+
+But on the 20th the enemy, strongly intrenched on thoroughly fortified
+territory, resumed the offensive.
+
+On the 22d, 23d, and 24th we were compelled to fall back on
+Grand-Courenne de Nancy and south of Lun�ville.
+
+On the 25th simultaneous counterattacks from the armies of Gens.
+Dubail and Castelnau greatly strengthened our positions.
+
+But seven or eight German army corps and four divisions of cavalry had
+overcome the magnificent resistance of Li�ge. Every one knows of the
+conditions under which the French took the offensive in Belgium with
+the armies of Gens. Ruffey and Langle de Cary.
+
+As soon as the English Army was ready in the region of Mons we took
+the offensive in Belgian Luxemburg with the armies of Gens. Ruffey and
+Langle de Cary. This offensive was at once checked, with great losses
+on our side.
+
+Here again the ground had been strongly fortified by the enemy. There
+was also, in some of our army corps, a failure to transmit and carry
+out orders (Aug. 21-23.)
+
+On the left of these two armies and in conjunction with the English
+army Gen. Lanrezac's army, anxious for its right wing, then fell back
+(Aug. 24) on the line that stretches between Beaumont and Givet.
+
+On the 25th and 26th the English army, kept in check at Landrecies and
+Le Cateau, withdrew toward the Marne.
+
+These days were marked by bloody contests. The enemy lost heavily, but
+constantly gained ground.
+
+At that time we either had to hold the ground under the perilous
+conditions resulting from the retreat of our left wing or else retreat
+along the whole front until it were possible to resume the offensive
+under favorable conditions.
+
+The Commander in Chief decided upon the latter alternative.
+
+_The first object to attain was withdrawing in good order while
+weakening and delaying the enemy by constant attacks. Several of these
+attacks were brilliantly conducted, especially those of Lanrezac's
+army at Saint-Quentin and Guise, of Langle's army on the Meuse, and of
+Ruffey's army further east. They were supported from Nancy to the
+Vosges by Castelnau's and Dubail's armies. In order to prepare for the
+offensive a new army had been formed, that of Gen. Maunoury. It was
+to be concentrated in the last days of August in the vicinity of
+Amiens._
+
+But the advance of the enemy, by stages of forty-five kilometers a
+day, was so swift that Gen. Joffre, in order to realize his plan for
+the offensive, had to order the retreat to be continued.
+
+The army should withdraw to the Aube, and as far as the Seine if
+necessary; everything should be subordinated to preparing a successful
+offensive.
+
+On Sept. 5 the conditions which the General in Chief sought to realize
+were fulfilled--our left wing (Maunoury's army, the English Army, the
+army of Lanrezac which was now d'Esp�ray's army) was no longer in
+danger of being cut off.
+
+On the contrary, the German right, (Gen. von Kluck,) marching to the
+south toward Meaux and Coulommiers, was exposing its right wing to
+Maunoury's army.
+
+On the evening of the 5th the General in Chief ordered a general
+advance, adding: "The hour has come to advance at any cost and to die
+rather than fall back."
+
+
+VICTORY OF THE MARNE.
+
+As early as Sept. 8 the menace directed by Gen. Maunoury against the
+German right was beginning to tell.
+
+The enemy brought back from the south to the north two army corps and
+wheeled about facing west.
+
+Thus it presented a weak point to the English Army, which, having
+advanced from the line stretching from Rozoy to Lagny, (on the 6th,)
+straightened its line toward the north, crossed the Marne on the 9th,
+thus flanking the German Army already battling with Gen. Maunoury.
+
+On the right of the British d'Esp�ray's army also crossed the Marne,
+forcing the enemy to retreat, and at the same time supporting the
+action of its neighbors, that is to say, the English Army on the left
+and Foch's army on the right.
+
+[Illustration: Map of Operations in France During First Four Months of
+the War
+
+(1) Point where Germans failed to hold Nancy, Sept. 12, 1914.
+
+(2) Extreme limits of the dash to Paris, terminating Sept. 8, 1914.
+
+(3) Point to which the first unsuccessful flanking movement against
+the French left wing extended, Aug. 30, 1914.
+
+(4) Point of extension of similar flanking operations, balked Nov. 12,
+1914.
+
+(5) Scene of frustrated efforts to break through French centre, Sept.
+26, 1914.
+
+(6) Line of attacks upon Calais and Dunkirk, defeated Oct. 18, 1914.
+
+(7) Ypres, where desperate and fruitless assaults, ending Nov. 15,
+1914, were made by the Germans.
+
+(8) Intrenched line of battle, Feb. 1, 1915.]
+
+For it was on our centre, made up of Foch's army, which had been
+constituted on Aug. 20, that the Germans were going to seek revenge
+for the check of their right wing; if they had succeeded in cutting us
+off between S�zanne and Mailly, the situation would have been reversed
+with the advantage on their side.
+
+From Sept. 6 to Sept. 9 Foch's army met with repeated assaults, but on
+the evening of the 9th the left of his army, shifting from west to
+east toward F�re-Champenoise, flanked the Prussian Guard and the
+Saxons who were advancing southeast of this town.
+
+This bold manoeuvre insured success. The Germans withdrew in great
+haste, and on the 11th in the morning Gen. Foch entered
+Ch�lons-sur-Marne.
+
+On his right Langle de Gary's army had also moved forward, and on the
+12th, after spirited encounters, it joined, and added to, the line of
+Gen. Foch's army.
+
+Meanwhile Ruffey's army (now Darrail's) had succeeded in stretching
+its lines north, and, although meeting with a stubborn resistance,
+hastened the German retreat, which was accelerated by the offensive
+taken by Castelnau's and Dubail's armies from Nancy to the Vosges.
+
+Thanks to this strategic offensive, the campaign turned in our favor.
+We have maintained this advantage over the enemy ever since.
+
+
+THE RACE FOR THE COAST.
+
+_After Sept. 13 the German resistance, strengthened by strong
+defensive works prepared in advance, checked the French and English
+pursuit; then began the "race for the sea." During this long battle
+the German staff never lost the hope of turning the allied left wing,
+while we hoped to be able to outflank their right wing. The result was
+a race which at the end of October extended the fronts of the opposing
+armies as far as the North Sea._
+
+In this race the Germans had an advantage over us, namely, the
+concentric shape of their front which simplified the problem of
+carrying troops and supplies.
+
+In spite of this advantage, the turning movement attempted by their
+right with twelve army corps, six reserve corps, and four corps of
+cavalry, utterly failed.
+
+This failure confirmed the victory of the Marne.
+
+As early as Sept. 11 Gen. Joffre had directed the effort of Maunoury's
+army against the German right wing. But this army was not large enough
+to cope with the situation.
+
+So about Sept. 20 a new army was formed on the left of Maunoury's army
+and intrusted to Gen. de Castelnau.
+
+This army strongly intrenched itself in the district which stretches
+over Lassigny, Roye, and P�ronne. It was supported on its left by the
+territorial divisions of Gen. Brug�re. (Sept. 21-26.)
+
+But still it was inadequate to achieve our end, and on Sept. 30
+further north than the army of Castelnau, Maudhuy's army came to the
+front, and occupied the region of Arras and Lens, extending toward the
+north to co-operate with the divisions coming from Dunkirk.
+
+Nevertheless, all these troops, in presence of the strenuous exertions
+of the enemy, formed too thin a line, a line too extended to allow any
+breaking.
+
+At that time and at the request of Field Marshal French the
+transportation of the English Army from the Aisne to the Lys region
+was decided upon.
+
+The valiant Belgian Army which had left Antwerp on Oct. 9 thanks to
+the protection of the British and French marines was also on its way
+to the Yser region to reinforce the barrier which had to be created
+and maintained.
+
+These moves took time. The English Army was only to come into action
+by Oct. 20. On the other hand, the Belgian Army, which had been
+fighting for three months, was momentarily lacking ammunition. Gen.
+Joffre ordered a new effort.
+
+On Oct. 4 he had intrusted to Gen. Foch the mission of co-ordinating
+the operations of the armies in the north.
+
+On the 18th he placed at his disposal reinforcements which,
+continually increasing until Nov. 12, were to form the French army of
+Belgium under the command of Gen. d'Urbal.
+
+This army, in conjunction with the Belgians and an English corps, was
+henceforth to fight between the sea and the Lys River.
+
+The Journal de Gen�ve, judging this phase of the war, has written that
+the French General Staff, by shifting so swiftly such huge bodies of
+troops, gave evidence that it had the situation splendidly in hand.
+
+The result of this effort was a total failure of the German attack in
+Flanders.
+
+
+GERMAN OFFENSIVE CHECKED.
+
+_This attack was especially violent; twelve army corps and four
+cavalry corps were massed between the Lys and the sea._
+
+_The Emperor was at the head of his armies. He addressed his men,
+stating that a "decisive blow" was to be delivered. For three weeks
+the German staff hurled furious assaults in mass formation. But as
+early as Nov. 12 we were in a position to state that the outcome of
+these assaults had been a victory for the Allies._
+
+From the sea to Dixmude the Belgian Army, Gen. Grossetti and Admiral
+Ronarc'h held first the railroad from Nieuport to Dixmude, then the
+left bank of the Yser.
+
+A hostile army corps, which had succeeded in reaching the left bank,
+was forced to withdraw. It has never been able to go further than
+Dixmude.
+
+More to the south, from Dixmude to the north of Ypres, a like
+situation.
+
+The Germans, on Nov. 12, had crossed the river at two points, were
+pushed back to the other bank, thus giving Gen. Humbert the command of
+the bridges.
+
+East of Ypres, Gens. Dubois, Balfourrier, and Douglas Haig had not
+yielded an inch of ground.
+
+Further south the German attack, aiming at our lines of communication,
+had been particularly violent, but the English and the French regained
+all the ground that had been momentarily lost and made it impregnable.
+
+During the second half of November the shattered German attacks
+weakened. The infantry engaged us less frequently and the artillery
+showed less activity.
+
+The enemy, in the battle of Ypres alone, had lost at least 120,000
+men.
+
+Never had such a thoroughly prepared and spirited offensive undergone
+such a complete failure.
+
+
+A WAR OF SIEGE.
+
+_Meanwhile, from the banks of the Lys to the ridges of the Vosges a
+war of siege was ceaselessly raging. The Bulletin des Arm�es says:_
+
+It is hardly necessary to emphasize the meritorious behavior of our
+troops in waging this war inch by inch, never yielding, progressing
+often in spite of the added difficulty of transporting important
+French and English contingents to the north.
+
+In close conjunction with the armies of the north the armies of Gen.
+Maudhuy and Gen. de Castelnau held without flinching in the slightest
+the line between the Lys and Noyon, from the middle of October till
+the end of November.
+
+Their progress has been continuous since the end of October; our
+positions in Arras and La Bass�e have been strengthened,
+Quesnoy-en-Santerre has been captured, and in all the encounters with
+the enemy our artillery and infantry have constantly made gains.
+
+Between the Oise and the Argonne the armies of Maunoury, d'Esp�ray,
+and Langle de Cary were confronted with very strong positions, viz.,
+the heights of the Aisne, of Berru, Nogent-l'Abbesse, Moronvilliers,
+and the wooded hills of Western Argonne.
+
+In September they had to resist a very violent general attack. This
+attack was a failure, especially east of Rheims, (Sept. 26.)
+
+The Emperor had witnessed this check of his troops just as a week
+later he was to witness the failure at Ypres.
+
+Our armies, that is to say, Sarrail's and Dubail's, fulfilled with
+method and success the task intrusted to them, viz., to protect our
+right flank against attacks on the line from Metz to Thionville; to
+retain in front of them the greatest possible number of German army
+corps; to free as far as practicable, the national territory that had
+been invaded, especially in the Woevre region and around Verdun.
+
+In a first period (Sept. 13-29) the enemy had the upper hand,
+fortified themselves in St. Mihiel, reached the Hauts-de-Meuse, and
+threatened Verdun.
+
+In the second period (Oct. 1 to Nov. 30) we regained the advantage.
+
+We cleared the vicinity of Verdun. We advanced east of Nancy, which is
+now quite safe from German shells, to the north of Lun�ville, and to
+the northeast and east of Saint-Di�.
+
+In November we had recovered almost in its integrity the invaded
+territory between Belfort and the Moselle.
+
+_In brief, the situation on Dec. 1 was as follows:_
+
+In number of men, the French Army is equal to what it was on Aug. 2,
+as all the gaps have been filled up.
+
+The quality of the troops is infinitely better. Our men now fight like
+veterans. All are deeply convinced of their superiority and have
+absolute faith in the final victory.
+
+Several necessary changes were made among the commanding officers, and
+in the last three months none of those mistakes was committed that had
+been observed and punished in August.
+
+Our supply in artillery ammunition has been largely increased. The
+heavy artillery which we lacked has been provided for and seen at work
+on the battlefield.
+
+The English Army has been very heavily reinforced in November. It is
+numerically stronger than at the outset of the campaign. The Indian
+troops have completed their apprenticeship in European warfare.
+
+The Belgian Army has been reorganized into six divisions. It is ready
+and eager to reconquer the national territory.
+
+
+A SERIES OF GERMAN REVERSES.
+
+The enemy have failed in their abrupt attack upon Nancy.
+
+They failed in their swift march on Paris.
+
+They failed to envelop our left wing in August.
+
+They failed in the same attempt in November.
+
+They failed to pierce through our centre in September.
+
+They failed in their attack by way of the coast on Dunkirk and Calais.
+
+They failed in their attack on Ypres.
+
+_The Bulletin des Arm�es concludes its account in these words:_
+
+Germany has exhausted its reserves in this fruitless effort. Her newly
+formed troops are raw.
+
+Russia more and more asserts her superiority against Germany, as well
+as against Austria.
+
+The German armies after this check are fatally doomed to retreat.
+
+All this has been accomplished during the last four months. The moment
+had come to sum up these operations; the press is now free to comment
+upon them.
+
+
+
+
+LONG LIVE THE ALLIES!
+
+By CLAUDE MONET.
+
+[From King Albert's Book.]
+
+
+I feel myself greatly honored by the opportunity given me to express
+all my admiration of heroic Belgium, and to offer a like admiration to
+the noble and valiant King of the Belgians.
+
+Long live Belgium! Long live the Allies! Long live France!
+
+
+
+
+United States Fair to All
+
+Disclaimer of Bias Against Germany and Austria
+
+By William J. Bryan, American Secretary of State
+
+     The following letter is the most exhaustive document that
+     has come from the Administration at Washington since the
+     outbreak of the war dealing with any aspect of the relations
+     of this country toward that conflict. Its length is due to
+     the fact that it is intended as a categorical denial of the
+     different charges that have been made and of the arguments
+     current in German circles accusing the Administration of
+     unfriendliness to Germany and Austria-Hungary. Senator Stone
+     was interested in having these charges answered for two
+     reasons: First, there is a large German population in St.
+     Louis, the chief city of his State, and, second, he is
+     Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations. Senator
+     Stone wrote his letter of inquiry on Jan. 8, saying that he
+     had received many letters from sympathizers with Germany and
+     Austria who believed the United States Government had been
+     showing partiality to England, France, and Russia.
+
+
+WASHINGTON, Jan. 20, 1915.
+
+_Hon. William J. Stone, Chairman Committee on Foreign Relations,
+United States Senate, Washington, D.C._
+
+Dear Mr. Stone: I have received your letter of the 8th inst. referring
+to frequent complaints or charges made in one form or another through
+the press that this Government has shown partiality to Great Britain,
+France, and Russia against Germany and Austria during the present war
+and stating that you have received numerous letters to the same effect
+from sympathizers with the latter powers. You summarize the various
+grounds of these complaints and ask that you be furnished with
+whatever information the department may have touching these points of
+complaint in order that you may be informed as to what the true
+situation is in regard to these matters.
+
+In order that you may have such information as the department has on
+the subjects referred to in your letter, I will take them up seriatim.
+
+_(1) Freedom of communication by submarine cables versus censored
+communication by wireless._
+
+The reason that wireless messages and cable messages require different
+treatment by a neutral Government is as follows:
+
+Communication by wireless cannot be interrupted by a belligerent. With
+a submarine cable it is otherwise. The possibility of cutting the
+cable exists, and if a belligerent possesses naval superiority the
+cable is cut, as was the German cable near the Azores by one of
+Germany's enemies, and as was the British cable near Fanning Island by
+a German naval force. Since a cable is subject to hostile attack, the
+responsibility falls upon the belligerent, and not upon the neutral,
+to prevent cable communication.
+
+A more important reason, however, at least from the point of view of a
+neutral Government, is that messages sent out from a wireless station
+in neutral territory may be received by belligerent warships on the
+high seas. If these messages, whether plain or in cipher, direct the
+movements of warships or convey to them information as to the location
+of an enemy's public or private vessels, the neutral territory becomes
+a base of naval operations, to permit which would be essentially
+unneutral.
+
+As a wireless message can be received by all stations and vessels
+within a given radius, every message in cipher, whatever its intended
+destination, must be censored, otherwise military information may be
+sent to warships off the coast of a neutral. It is manifest that a
+submarine cable is incapable of becoming a means of direct
+communication with a warship on the high seas; hence its use cannot,
+as a rule, make neutral territory a base for the direction of naval
+operations.
+
+_(2) Censorship of mails and in some cases repeated destruction of
+American letters on neutral vessels._
+
+As to the censorship of mails, Germany, as well as Great Britain, has
+pursued this course in regard to private letters falling into their
+hands. The unquestioned right to adopt a measure of this sort makes
+objection to it inadvisable.
+
+It has been asserted that American mail on board of Dutch steamers has
+been repeatedly destroyed. No evidence to this effect has been filed
+with the Government, and therefore no representations have been made.
+Until such a case is presented in concrete form this Government would
+not be justified in presenting the matter to the offending
+belligerent. Complaints have come to the department that mail on board
+neutral steamers has been opened and detained, but there seem to be
+but few cases where the mail from neutral countries has not been
+finally delivered. When mail is sent to belligerent countries open and
+is of a neutral and private character it has not been molested so far
+as the department is advised.
+
+_(3) Searching of American vessels for German and Austrian subjects on
+the high seas and in territorial waters of a belligerent._
+
+So far as this Government has been informed, no American vessels on
+the high seas, with two exceptions, have been detained or searched by
+belligerent warships for German and Austrian subjects. One of the
+exceptions to which reference is made is now the subject of a rigid
+investigation, and vigorous representations have been made to the
+offending Government. The other exception, where certain German
+passengers were made to sign a promise not to take part in the war,
+has been brought to the attention of the offending Government with a
+declaration that such procedure, if true, is an unwarranted exercise
+of jurisdiction over American vessels in which this Government will
+not acquiesce.
+
+An American private vessel entering voluntarily the territorial waters
+of a belligerent becomes subject to its municipal laws, as do the
+persons on board the vessel.
+
+There have appeared in certain publications the assertion that failure
+to protest in these cases is an abandonment of the principle for which
+the United States went to war in 1812. If the failure to protest were
+true, which it is not, the principle involved is entirely different
+from the one appealed to against unjustifiable impressment of
+Americans in the British Navy in time of peace.
+
+_(4) Submission without protest to British violations of the rules
+regarding absolute and conditional contraband as laid down in The
+Hague Conventions, the Declaration of London, and international law._
+
+There is no Hague Convention which deals with absolute or conditional
+contraband and, as the Declaration of London is not in force, the
+rules of international law only apply. As to the articles to be
+regarded as contraband, there is no general agreement between nations.
+It is the practice of a century, either in time of peace or after the
+outbreak of war, to declare the articles which it will consider as
+absolute or conditional contraband. It is true that a neutral
+Government is seriously affected by this declaration, as the rights of
+its subjects or citizens may be impaired. But the rights and interests
+of belligerents and neutrals are opposed in respect to contraband
+articles and trade and there is no tribunal to which questions of
+difference may be readily submitted.
+
+The record of the United States in the past is not free from
+criticism. When neutral this Government has stood for a restricted
+list of absolute and conditional contraband. As a belligerent, we have
+contended for a liberal list, according to our conception of the
+necessities of the case.
+
+The United States has made earnest representations to Great Britain in
+regard to the seizure and detention by the British authorities of all
+American ships or cargoes bona fide destined to neutral ports, on the
+ground that such seizures and detentions were contrary to the existing
+rules of international law. It will be recalled, however, that
+American courts have established various rules bearing on these
+matters. The rule of "continuous voyage" has been not only asserted by
+American tribunals, but extended by them.
+
+They have exercised the right to determine from the circumstances
+whether the ostensible was the real destination. They have held that
+the shipment of articles of contraband to a neutral port "to order,"
+from which, as a matter of fact, cargoes had been transshipped to the
+enemy, is corroborative evidence that the cargo is really destined to
+the enemy, instead of to the neutral port of delivery. It is thus seen
+that some of the doctrines which appear to bear harshly upon neutrals
+at the present time are analogous to or outgrowths from policies
+adopted by the United States when it was a belligerent. The
+Government, therefore, cannot consistently protest against the
+application of rules which it has followed in the past, unless they
+have not been practiced as heretofore.
+
+_(5) Acquiescence without protest to the inclusion of copper and other
+articles in the British lists of absolute contraband._
+
+The United States has now under consideration the question of the
+right of a belligerent to include "copper unwrought" in its list of
+absolute contraband instead of in its list of conditional contraband.
+As the Government of the United States has in the past placed "all
+articles from which ammunition is manufactured" in its contraband
+list, and has declared copper to be among such materials, it
+necessarily finds some embarrassment in dealing with the subject.
+
+Moreover, there is no instance of the United States acquiescing in
+Great Britain's seizure of copper shipments. In every case in which it
+has been done vigorous representations have been made to the British
+Government, and the representatives of the United States have pressed
+for the release of the shipments.
+
+_(6) Submission without protest to interference with American trade to
+neutral countries in conditional and absolute contraband._
+
+The fact that the commerce of the United States is interrupted by
+Great Britain is consequent upon the superiority of her navy on the
+high seas. History shows that whenever a country has possessed that
+superiority our trade has been interrupted and that few articles
+essential to the prosecution of the war have been allowed to reach its
+enemy from this country. The department's recent note to the British
+Government, which has been made public, in regard to detentions and
+seizures of American vessels and cargoes, is a complete answer to this
+complaint.
+
+Certain other complaints appear aimed at the loss of profit in trade,
+which must include at least in part trade in contraband with Germany,
+while other complaints demand the prohibition of trade in contraband,
+which appears to refer to trade with the Allies.
+
+_(7) Submission without protest to interruption of trade in
+conditional contraband consigned to private persons in Germany and
+Austria, thereby supporting the policy of Great Britain to cut off all
+supplies from Germany and Austria._
+
+As no American vessel, so far as known, has attempted to carry
+conditional contraband to Germany or Austria-Hungary, no ground of
+complaint has arisen out of the seizure or condemnation by Great
+Britain of an American vessel with a belligerent destination. Until a
+case arises and the Government has taken action upon it, criticism is
+premature and unwarranted. The United States in its note of Dec. 28 to
+the British Government strongly contended for the principle of freedom
+of trade in articles of conditional contraband not destined to the
+belligerent's forces.
+
+_(8) Submission to British interference with trade in petroleum,
+rubber, leather, wool, &c._
+
+Petrol and other petroleum products have been proclaimed by Great
+Britain as contraband of war. In view of the absolute necessity of
+such products to the use of submarines, aeroplanes, and motors, the
+United States Government has not yet reached the conclusion that they
+are improperly included in a list of contraband. Military operations
+today are largely a question of motive power through mechanical
+devices. It is therefore difficult to argue successfully against the
+inclusion of petroleum among the articles of contraband. As to the
+detention of cargoes of petroleum going to neutral countries, this
+Government has, thus far, successfully obtained the release in every
+case of detention or seizure which has been brought to its attention.
+
+Great Britain and France have placed rubber on the absolute contraband
+list, and leather on the conditional contraband list. Rubber is
+extensively used in the manufacture and operation of motors, and, like
+petrol, is regarded by some authorities as essential to motive power
+today. Leather is even more widely used in cavalry and infantry
+equipment. It is understood that both rubber and leather, together
+with wool, have been embargoed by most of the belligerent countries.
+It will be recalled that the United States has in the past exercised
+the right of embargo upon exports of any commodity which might aid the
+enemy's cause.
+
+_(9) The United States has not interfered with the sale to Great
+Britain and her allies of arms, ammunition, horses, uniforms, and
+other munitions of war, although such sales prolong the conflict._
+
+There is no power in the Executive to prevent the sale of ammunition
+to the belligerents. The duty of a neutral to restrict trade in
+munitions of war has never been imposed by international law or by
+municipal statute. It has never been the policy of this Government to
+prevent the shipment of arms or ammunition into belligerent territory,
+except in the case of neighboring American republics, and then only
+when civil strife prevailed. Even to this extent the belligerents in
+the present conflict, when they were neutrals, have never, so far as
+the records disclose, limited the sale of munitions of war. It is only
+necessary to point to the enormous quantities of arms and ammunition
+furnished by manufacturers in Germany to the belligerents in the
+Russo-Japanese war, and in the recent Balkan wars, to establish the
+general recognition of the propriety of the trade by a neutral nation.
+
+It may be added that on the 15th of December last, the German
+Ambassador, by direction of his Government, presented a copy of a
+memorandum of the Imperial German Government which, among other
+things, set forth the attitude of that Government toward traffic in
+contraband of war by citizens of neutral countries. The Imperial
+Government stated that "under the general principles of international
+law, no exception can be taken to neutral States, letting war material
+go to Germany's enemies from or through neutral territory," and that
+the adversaries of Germany in the present war are, in the opinion of
+the Imperial Government, authorized to "draw on the United States
+contraband of war, and especially arms worth billions of marks."
+
+These principles, as the Ambassador stated, have been accepted by the
+United States Government in the statement issued by the Department of
+State on Oct. 15 last, entitled "Neutrality and Trade in Contraband."
+Acting in conformity with the propositions there set forth, the United
+States has itself taken no part in contraband traffic, and has, so far
+as possible, lent its influence toward equal treatment for all
+belligerents in the matter of purchasing arms and ammunition of
+private persons in the United States.
+
+_(10) The United States has not suppressed the sale of dumdum bullets
+to Great Britain._
+
+On Dec. 5 last the German Ambassador addressed a note to the
+department stating that the British Government had ordered from the
+Winchester Repeating Arms Company 20,000 "riot guns," Model 1897, and
+50,000,000 "buckshot cartridges" for use in such guns. The department
+replied that it saw a published statement of the Winchester Company,
+the correctness of which the company has confirmed to the department
+by telegraph. In this statement the company categorically denies that
+it has received an order for such guns and cartridges from or made any
+sales of such material to the British Government, or to any other
+Government engaged in the present war. The Ambassador further called
+attention to "information, the accuracy of which is not to be
+doubted," that 8,000,000 cartridges fitted with "mushroom bullets" had
+been delivered since October of this year by the Union Metallic
+Cartridge Company for the armament of the English Army.
+
+In reply the department referred to the letter of Dec. 10, 1914, of
+the Remington Arms-Union Metallic Cartridge Company of New York to the
+Ambassador, called forth by certain newspaper reports of statements
+alleged to have been made by the Ambassador in regard to the sales by
+that company of soft-nosed bullets. From this letter, a copy of which
+was sent to the department by the company, it appears that instead of
+8,000,000 cartridges having been sold only a little over 117,000 were
+manufactured and 109,000 were sold.
+
+The letter further asserts that these cartridges were made to supply a
+demand for a better sporting cartridge with a soft-nosed bullet than
+had been manufactured theretofore, and that such cartridges cannot be
+used in the military rifles of any foreign powers. The company adds
+that its statements can be substantiated and that it is ready to give
+the Ambassador any evidence that he may require on these points. The
+department further stated that it was also in receipt from the company
+of a complete detailed list of the persons to whom these cartridges
+were sold, and that from this list it appeared that the cartridges
+were sold to firms in lots of 20 to 2,000 and one lot each of 3,000,
+4,000, and 5,000. Of these only 960 cartridges went to British North
+America and 100 to British East Africa.
+
+The department added that if the Ambassador could furnish evidence
+that this or any other company is manufacturing and selling for the
+use of the contending armies in Europe cartridges whose use would
+contravene The Hague Conventions, the department would be glad to be
+furnished with this evidence, and that the President would, in case
+any American company is shown to be engaged in this traffic, use his
+influence to prevent so far as possible sales of such ammunition to
+the powers engaged in the European war, without regard to whether it
+is the duty of this Government upon legal or conventional grounds to
+take such action.
+
+The substance of both the Ambassador's note and the department's reply
+have appeared in the press.
+
+The department has received no other complaints of alleged sales of
+dumdum bullets by American citizens to belligerent Governments.
+
+_(11) British warships are permitted to lie off American ports and
+intercept neutral vessels._
+
+The complaint is unjustified from the fact that representations were
+made to the British Government that the presence of war vessels in the
+vicinity of New York Harbor was offensive to this Government, and a
+similar complaint was made to the Japanese Government as to one of its
+cruisers in the vicinity of the Port of Honolulu. In both cases the
+warships were withdrawn.
+
+It will be recalled that in 1863 the department took the position that
+captures made by its vessels after hovering about neutral ports would
+not be regarded as valid. In the Franco-Prussian war President Grant
+issued a proclamation warning belligerent warships against hovering in
+the vicinity of American ports for purposes of observation or hostile
+acts. The same policy has been maintained in the present war, and in
+all of the recent proclamations of neutrality the President states
+that such practice by belligerent warships is "unfriendly and
+offensive."
+
+_(12) Great Britain and her allies are allowed without protest to
+disregard American citizenship papers and passports._
+
+American citizenship papers have been disregarded in a comparatively
+few instances by Great Britain, but the same is true of all the
+belligerents. Bearers of American passports have been arrested in all
+the countries at war. In every case of apparent illegal arrest the
+United States Government has entered vigorous protests with request of
+release. The department does not know of any cases except one or two,
+which are still under investigation, in which naturalized Germans have
+not been released upon representations by this Government. There have,
+however, come to the department's notice authentic cases in which
+American passports have been fraudulently obtained and used by certain
+German subjects.
+
+The Department of Justice has recently apprehended at least four
+persons of German nationality who, it is alleged, obtained American
+passports under pretense of being American citizens, and for the
+purpose of returning to Germany without molestation by her enemies
+during the voyage. There are indications that a systematic plan had
+been devised to obtain American passports through fraud for the
+purpose of securing safe passage for German officers and reservists
+desiring to return to Germany.
+
+Such fraudulent use of passports by Germans themselves can have no
+other effect than to cast suspicion upon American passports in
+general. New regulations, however, requiring among other things the
+attaching of a photograph of the bearer to his passport, under the
+seal of the Department of State, and the vigilance of the Department
+of Justice, will doubtless prevent further misuse of American
+passports.
+
+_(13) Change of policy in regard to loans to belligerents._
+
+War loans in this country were disapproved because inconsistent with
+the spirit of neutrality. There is a clearly defined difference
+between a war loan and the purchase of arms and ammunition. The policy
+of disapproving of war loans affects all Governments alike, so that
+the disapproval is not an unneutral act. The case is entirely
+different in the matter of arms and ammunition because prohibition of
+export not only might not, but, in this case, would not, operate
+equally upon the nations at war. Then, too, the reason given for the
+disapproval of war loans is supported by other considerations which
+are absent in the case presented by the sale of arms and ammunition.
+The taking of money out of the United States during such a war as this
+might seriously embarrass the Government in case it needed to borrow
+money, and it might also seriously impair this nation's ability to
+assist the neutral nations which, though not participants in the war,
+are compelled to bear a heavy burden on account of the war, and,
+again, a war loan, if offered for popular subscription in the United
+States, would be taken up chiefly by those who are in sympathy with
+the belligerents seeking the loan.
+
+The result would be that great numbers of the American people might
+become more earnest partisans, having material interest in the success
+of the belligerent whose bonds they hold. These purchasers would not
+be confined to a few, but would spread generally throughout the
+country, so that the people would be divided into groups of partisans,
+which would result in intense bitterness and might cause an
+undesirable if not a serious situation. On the other hand, contracts
+for and sales of contraband are mere matters of trade. The
+manufacturer, unless peculiarly sentimental, would sell to one
+belligerent as readily as he would to another. No general spirit of
+partisanship is aroused--no sympathies excited. The whole transaction
+is merely a matter of business.
+
+This Government has not been advised that any general loans have been
+made by foreign Governments in this country since the President
+expressed his wish that loans of this character should not be made.
+
+_(14) Submission to arrest of native-born Americans on neutral vessels
+and in British ports and their imprisonment._
+
+The general charge as to the arrest of American-born citizens on board
+neutral vessels and in British ports, the ignoring of their passports,
+and their confinement in jails, requires evidence to support it. That
+there have been cases of injustice of this sort is unquestionably
+true, but Americans in Germany have suffered in this way, as Americans
+have in Great Britain. This Government has considered that the
+majority of these cases resulted from overzealousness on the part of
+subordinate officials in both countries. Every case which has been
+brought to the attention of the Department of State has been properly
+investigated, and if the facts warranted a demand for release has been
+made.
+
+_(15) Indifference to confinement of non-combatants in detention camps
+in England and France._
+
+As to the detention of non-combatants confined in concentration camps,
+all the belligerents, with perhaps the exception of Servia and Russia,
+have made similar complaints, and those for whom this Government is
+acting have asked investigations, which representatives of this
+Government have made impartially. Their reports have shown that the
+treatment of prisoners is generally as good as possible under the
+conditions in all countries, and that there is no more reason to say
+that they are mistreated in one country than in another country, or
+that this Government has manifested an indifference in the matter. As
+this department's efforts at investigations seemed to develop
+bitterness between the countries, the department on Nov. 20 sent a
+circular instruction to its representatives not to undertake further
+investigation of concentration camps.
+
+But at the special request of the German Government that Mr. Jackson,
+former American Minister at Bucharest, now attached to the American
+Embassy at Berlin, make an investigation of the prison camps in
+England, in addition to the investigations already made, the
+department has consented to dispatch Mr. Jackson on this special
+mission.
+
+_(16) Failure to prevent transshipment or British troops and war
+materials across the territory of the United States._
+
+The department has had no specific case of the passage of convoys or
+troops across American territory brought to its notice. There have
+been rumors to this effect, but no actual facts have been presented.
+The transshipment of reservists of all belligerents who have requested
+the privilege has been permitted on condition that they travel as
+individuals and not as an organized, uniformed, or armed bodies. The
+German Embassy has advised the department that it would not be likely
+to avail itself of the privilege, but Germany's ally, Austria-Hungary,
+did so.
+
+Only one case raising the question of the transit of war material
+owned by a belligerent across United States territory has come to the
+department's notice. This was a request on the part of the Canadian
+Government for permission to ship equipment across Alaska to the sea.
+The request was refused.
+
+_(17) Treatment and final internment of German S.S. Geier and the
+collier Locksun at Honolulu._
+
+The Geier entered Honolulu on Oct. 15 in an unseaworthy condition. The
+commanding officer reported the necessity of extensive repairs which
+would require an indefinite period for completion. The vessel was
+allowed the generous period of three weeks, to Nov. 7, to make repairs
+and leave the port, or, failing to do so, to be interned. A longer
+period would have been contrary to international practice, which does
+not permit a vessel to remain for a long time in a neutral port for
+the purpose of repairing a generally run-down condition due to long
+sea service. Soon after the German cruiser arrived at Honolulu a
+Japanese cruiser appeared off the port, and the commander of the Geier
+chose to intern the vessel rather than to depart from the harbor.
+
+Shortly after the Geier entered the Port of Honolulu the steamer
+Locksun arrived. It was found that this vessel had delivered coal to
+the Geier en route and had accompanied her toward Hawaii. As she had
+thus constituted herself a tender or collier to the Geier, she was
+accorded the same treatment and interned on Nov. 7.
+
+_(18) Unfairness to Germany in rules relative to coaling of warships
+in Panama Canal Zone._
+
+By proclamation of Nov. 13, 1914, certain special restrictions were
+placed on the coaling of warships or their tenders or colliers in the
+Canal Zone. These regulations were framed through the collaboration of
+the State, Navy, and War Departments and without the slightest
+reference to favoritism to the belligerents. Before these regulations
+were proclaimed war vessels could procure coal of the Panama Railway
+in the Zone ports, but no belligerent vessels are known to have done
+so.
+
+Under the proclamation fuel may be taken on by belligerent warships
+only with the consent of the canal authorities and in such amounts as
+will enable them to reach the nearest accessible neutral port; and the
+amount so taken on shall be deducted from the amount procurable in
+United States ports within three months thereafter. Now it is charged
+that the United States has shown partiality, because Great Britain and
+not Germany happens to have colonies in the near vicinity where
+British ships may coal, while Germany has no such coaling facilities.
+Thus it is intimated the United States should balance the inequalities
+of geographical position by refusal to allow any warships of
+belligerents to coal in the Canal Zone until the war is over. As no
+German warship has sought to obtain coal in the Canal Zone the charge
+of discrimination rests upon a possibility which during several
+months of warfare has failed to materialize.
+
+_(19) Failure to protest against the modifications of the Declaration
+of London by the British Government._
+
+The German Foreign Office presented to the diplomats in Berlin a
+memorandum dated Oct. 10 calling attention to violations of and
+changes in the Declaration of London by the British Government, and
+inquiring as to the attitude of the United States toward such action
+on the part of the Allies. The substance of the memorandum was
+forthwith telegraphed to the department on Oct. 22, and was replied to
+shortly thereafter to the effect that the United States had withdrawn
+its suggestion, made early in the war, that for the sake of uniformity
+the Declaration of London should be adopted as a temporary code of
+naval warfare during the present war, owing to the unwillingness of
+the belligerents to accept the declaration without changes and
+modifications, and that thenceforth the United States would insist
+that the rights of the United States and its citizens in the war
+should be governed by the existing rules of international law.
+
+As this Government is not now interested in the adoption of the
+Declaration of London by the belligerents, the modifications by the
+belligerents in that code of naval warfare are of no concern to it,
+except as they adversely affect the rights of the United States and
+those of its citizens as defined by international law. In so far as
+those rights have been infringed the department has made every effort
+to obtain redress for the losses sustained.
+
+_(20) Generally unfriendly attitude of Government toward Germany and
+Austria._
+
+If any American citizens, partisans of Germany and Austria-Hungary,
+feel that this Administration is acting in a way injurious to the
+cause of those countries, this feeling results from the fact that on
+the high seas the German and Austro-Hungarian naval power is thus far
+inferior to the British. It is the business of a belligerent operating
+on the high seas, not the duty of a neutral, to prevent contraband
+from reaching an enemy.
+
+Those in this country who sympathize with Germany and Austria-Hungary
+appear to assume that some obligation rests upon this Government, in
+the performance of its neutral duty, to prevent all trade in
+contraband, and thus to equalize the difference due to the relative
+naval strength of the belligerents. No such obligation exists; it
+would be an unneutral act, an act of partiality on the part of this
+Government to adopt such a policy if the Executive had the power to
+do so. If Germany and Austria-Hungary cannot import contraband from
+this country it is not, because of that fact, the duty of the United
+States to close its markets to the Allies. The markets of this country
+are open upon equal terms to all the world, to every nation,
+belligerent or neutral.
+
+The foregoing categorical replies to specific complaints is sufficient
+answer to the charge of unfriendliness to Germany and Austria-Hungary.
+I am, my dear Senator, very sincerely yours,
+
+W.J. BRYAN.
+
+
+
+
+THE HOUSE WITH SEALED DOORS
+
+By EDITH M. THOMAS.
+
+
+     _... "A house with sealed doors, where a family of 7,000,000
+     sits in silence around a cheerless hearth.... America opened
+     the window ... and slipped a loaf of bread into the
+     larder."--Frederick Palmer, in_ THE NEW YORK TIMES.
+
+     Merchant ships many are on the main.
+     This that we send plies not for gain--
+     Ship of the loaves! May her course be straight,
+     When the starving millions her coming wait!
+
+     In a "Happy Province" beyond the sea
+     ("Happy" by fiat--a monarch's decree!)
+     They have seized their lands, they have taken their stores,
+     They have shut them up, they have sealed the doors!
+
+     The folk within--their table is bare.
+     But why should the lords of the "Province" care?--
+     Myrmidons, myrmidons, first to feed;
+     Afterwards think of the people's need.
+
+     Let the arm'd men eat, let the people wait,
+     (Say the lords of the "Province" who parcel out fate,)
+     Let the arm'd men feed--that their strength endure,
+     That their hearts be lusty, their grasp be sure!
+
+     In that "Happy Province" beyond the sea
+     They are not bond and they are not free:
+     In silence they sit by their smoldered hearth;
+     But the winds bear their burden around the earth!
+
+     The winds and the waters are rolling along
+     The rune of their sorrow (too cruel for song!) ...
+     Bring food for the family robbed of its stores;
+     Open a window where sealed are the doors!
+
+     Merchant ships many are on the main.
+     This that we send plies not for gain--
+     Ship of the loaves!... Ye have given them lead,
+     Ye lords of the "Province," but we give bread!
+
+
+
+
+Seizures of American Cargoes
+
+By William J. Bryan, American Secretary of State
+
+     By agreement between the Governments of the United States
+     and Great Britain the text of the American note, printed
+     below, setting forth the views of this Government in
+     opposition to British interference with American trade, was
+     made public in Washington on Dec. 31, 1914, and
+     simultaneously in London. At the same time copies of the
+     American communication were for the first time delivered to
+     the Ambassadors and Ministers of all the powers at
+     Washington, and the note was cabled by them to their
+     respective Governments. The American communication--it is
+     not a note, strictly speaking, because all notes are sent by
+     mail in diplomacy and never by telegraph--sets forth clearly
+     the conditions of which the American Government and people
+     complain resulting from the frequent seizures and detentions
+     by the British of American cargoes destined to neutral
+     European ports.
+
+
+_The Secretary of State to the American Ambassador at London._
+
+Department of State,
+WASHINGTON, Dec. 26, 1914.
+
+The present condition of American foreign trade resulting from the
+frequent seizures and detentions of American cargoes destined to
+neutral European ports has become so serious as to require a candid
+statement of the views of this Government in order that the British
+Government may be fully informed as to the attitude of the United
+States toward the policy which has been pursued by the British
+authorities during the present war.
+
+You will therefore communicate the following to his Majesty's
+principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, but in doing so you
+will assure him that it is done in the most friendly spirit and in the
+belief that frankness will better serve the continuance of cordial
+relations between the two countries than silence, which may be
+misconstrued into acquiescence in a course of conduct which this
+Government cannot but consider to be an infringement upon the rights
+of American citizens.
+
+The Government of the United States has viewed with growing concern
+the large number of vessels laden with American goods destined to
+neutral ports in Europe which have been seized on the high seas, taken
+into British ports, and detained sometimes for weeks by the British
+authorities. During the early days of the war this Government assumed
+that the policy adopted by the British Government was due to the
+unexpected outbreak of hostilities and the necessity of immediate
+action to prevent contraband from reaching the enemy.
+
+For this reason it was not disposed to judge this policy harshly, or
+protest it vigorously, although it was manifestly very injurious to
+American trade with the neutral countries of Europe. This Government,
+relying confidently upon the high regard which Great Britain has so
+often exhibited in the past for the rights of other nations,
+confidently awaited amendment of a course of action which denied to
+neutral commerce the freedom to which it was entitled by the law of
+nations.
+
+[Illustration: COUNT LADISLAUS STADNICKI
+
+Founder of the Polish Legion of the German Army.
+
+(_Photo from Engelbrecht._)]
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL VON KROBATKIN
+
+Chief of the Austrian General Staff.
+
+(_Photo from Paul Thompson._)]
+
+This expectation seemed to be rendered the more assured by the
+statement of the Foreign Office early in November that the British
+Government was satisfied with guarantees offered by the Norwegian,
+Swedish, and Danish Governments as to non-exportation of contraband
+goods when consigned to named persons in the territories of those
+Governments, and that orders had been given to the British fleet and
+customs authorities to restrict interference with neutral vessels
+carrying such cargoes so consigned to verification of ship's papers
+and cargoes.
+
+It is therefore a matter of deep regret that, though nearly five
+months have passed since the war began, the British Government has not
+materially changed its policy and do not treat less rigorously ships
+and cargoes passing between neutral ports in the peaceful pursuit of
+lawful commerce, which belligerents should protect rather than
+interrupt. The greater freedom from detention and seizure which was
+confidently expected to result from consigning shipments to definite
+consignees rather than "to order" is still awaited.
+
+It is needless to point out to his Majesty's Government, usually the
+champion of the freedom of the seas and the rights of trade, that
+peace, not war, is the normal relation between nations and that the
+commerce between countries which are not belligerents should not be
+interfered with by those at war unless such interference is manifestly
+an imperative necessity to protect their national safety, and then
+only to the extent that it is a necessity.
+
+It is with no lack of appreciation of the momentous nature of the
+present struggle in which Great Britain is engaged and with no selfish
+desire to gain undue commercial advantage that this Government is
+reluctantly forced to the conclusion that the present policy of his
+Majesty's Government toward neutral ships and cargoes exceeds the
+manifest necessity of a belligerent and constitutes restrictions upon
+the rights of American citizens on the high seas which are not
+justified by the rules of international law or required under the
+principle of self-preservation.
+
+The Government of the United States does not intend at this time to
+discuss the propriety of including certain articles in the lists of
+absolute and conditional contraband which have been proclaimed by his
+Majesty. Open to objection as some of these seem to this Government,
+the chief ground of present complaint is the treatment of cargoes of
+both classes of articles when bound to neutral ports.
+
+Articles listed as absolute contraband, shipped from the United States
+and consigned to neutral countries, have been seized and detained on
+the ground that the countries to which they were destined have not
+prohibited the exportation of such articles. Unwarranted as such
+detentions are, in the opinion of this Government, American exporters
+are further perplexed by the apparent indecision of the British
+authorities in applying their own rules to neutral cargoes.
+
+For example, a shipment of copper from this country to a specified
+consignee in Sweden was detained because, as was stated by Great
+Britain, Sweden had placed no embargo on copper. On the other hand,
+Italy not only prohibited the export of copper, but, as this
+Government is informed, put in force a decree that shipments to
+Italian consignees or "to order" which arrive in ports of Italy cannot
+be exported or transshipped. The only exception Italy makes is of
+copper which passes through that country in transit to another
+country. In spite of these decrees, however, the British Foreign
+Office has thus far declined to affirm that copper shipments consigned
+to Italy will not be molested on the high seas. Seizures are so
+numerous and delays so prolonged that exporters are afraid to send
+their copper to Italy, steamship lines decline to accept it, and
+insurers refuse to issue policies upon it. In a word, a legitimate
+trade is being greatly impaired through uncertainty as to the
+treatment which we may expect at the hands of the British authorities.
+
+We feel that we are abundantly justified in asking for information as
+to the manner in which the British Government propose to carry out the
+policy which they have adopted in order that we may determine the
+steps necessary to protect our citizens engaged in foreign trade in
+their rights and from the serious losses to which they are liable
+through ignorance of the hazards to which their cargoes are exposed.
+
+In the case of conditional contraband, the policy of Great Britain
+appears to this Government to be equally unjustified by the
+established rules of international conduct. As evidence of this,
+attention is directed to the fact that a number of the American
+cargoes which have been seized consist of foodstuffs and other
+articles of common use in all countries which are admittedly relative
+contraband. In spite of the presumption of innocent use because
+destined to neutral territory, the British authorities made these
+seizures and detentions without, so far as we are informed, being in
+possession of facts which warranted a reasonable belief that the
+shipments had in realty a belligerent destination, as that term is
+used in international law.
+
+Mere suspicion is not evidence, and doubts should be resolved in favor
+of neutral commerce, not against it. The effect upon trade in these
+articles between neutral nations resulting from interrupted voyages
+and detained cargoes is not entirely cured by reimbursement of the
+owners for the damages which they have suffered, after investigation
+has failed to establish an enemy destination. The injury is to
+American commerce with neutral countries as a whole through the hazard
+of the enterprise and the repeated diversion of goods from
+establishing markets.
+
+It also appears that cargoes of this character have been seized by the
+British authorities because of a belief that, though not originally so
+intended by the shippers, they will ultimately reach the territory of
+the enemies of Great Britain. Yet this belief is frequently reduced to
+a mere fear in view of the embargoes which have been decreed by the
+neutral countries to which they are destined on the articles composing
+the cargoes.
+
+That a consignment "to order" of articles listed as conditional
+contraband and shipped to a neutral port raises a legal presumption of
+enemy destination appears to be directly contrary to the doctrines
+previously held by Great Britain and thus stated by Lord Salisbury
+during the South African war:
+
+"Foodstuffs, though having a hostile destination, can be considered as
+contraband of war only if they are for the enemy forces; it is not
+sufficient that they are capable of being so used, it must be shown
+that this was in fact their destination at the time of their seizure."
+
+With this statement as to conditional contraband the views of this
+Government are in entire accord, and upon this historic doctrine,
+consistently maintained by Great Britain when a belligerent as well as
+a neutral, American shippers were entitled to rely.
+
+The Government of the United States readily admits the full right of a
+belligerent to visit and search on the high seas the vessels of
+American citizens or other neutral vessels carrying American goods and
+to detain them WHEN THERE IS SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE TO JUSTIFY A BELIEF
+THAT CONTRABAND ARTICLES ARE IN THEIR CARGOES; but his Majesty's
+Government, judging by their own experience in the past, must realize
+that this Government cannot without protest permit American ships or
+American cargoes to be taken into British ports and there detained for
+the purpose of searching generally for evidence of contraband or upon
+presumptions created by special municipal enactments which are clearly
+at variance with international law and practice.
+
+This Government believes and earnestly hopes his Majesty's Government
+will come to the same belief, that a course of conduct more in
+conformity with the rules of international usage, which Great Britain
+has strongly sanctioned for many years, will in the end better serve
+the interests of belligerents as well as those of neutrals.
+
+Not only is the situation a critical one to the commercial interests
+of the United States, but many of the great industries of this country
+are suffering because their products are denied long-established
+markets in European countries, which, though neutral, are contiguous
+to the nations at war. Producers and exporters, steamship and
+insurance companies, are pressing, and not without reason, for relief
+from the menace to transatlantic trade which is gradually but surely
+destroying their business and threatening them with financial
+disaster.
+
+The Government of the United States, still relying upon the deep sense
+of justice of the British Nation, which has been so often manifested
+in the intercourse between the two countries during so many years of
+uninterrupted friendship, expresses confidently the hope that his
+Majesty's Government will realize the obstacles and difficulties which
+their present policy has placed in the way of commerce between the
+United States and the neutral countries of Europe and will instruct
+its officials to refrain from all unnecessary interference with the
+freedom of trade between nations which are sufferers, though not
+participants, in the present conflict; and will in their treatment of
+neutral ships and cargoes conform more closely to those rules
+governing the maritime relations between belligerents and neutrals
+which have received the sanction of the civilized world and in which
+Great Britain has in other wars so strongly and successfully
+advocated.
+
+In conclusion, it should be impressed upon his Majesty's Government
+that the present condition of American trade with the neutral European
+countries is such that, if it does not improve, it may arouse a
+feeling contrary to that which has so long existed between the
+American and British people. Already it is becoming more and more the
+subject of public criticism and complaint. There is an increasing
+belief, doubtless not entirely unjustified, that the present British
+policy toward American trade is responsible for the depression in
+certain industries which depend upon European markets. The attention
+of the British Government is called to this possible result of their
+present policy, to show how widespread the effect is upon the
+industrial life of the United States and to emphasize the importance
+of removing the cause of complaint.
+
+WILLIAM J. BRYAN,
+Secretary of State.
+
+
+
+
+GERMAN CROWN PRINCE TO AMERICA
+
+[By The Associated Press.]
+
+
+Geneva, (via Paris,) Jan. 29.--Crown Prince Frederick William of
+Germany has sent to the local correspondent of The Associated Press,
+in response to a request for a statement on the war, the following
+reply, dated near Verdun, Jan. 22:
+
+"You ask me to send a message to the American people. Being an officer
+and no diplomat, I have no right to do so, but if you like I will tell
+you three things:
+
+"First--Every single German and Austrian is quite certain that we will
+come out on top, and will give his last drop of blood to this end.
+
+"Second--We are convinced that the day will come when the people of
+Russia and France will find out that they are only doing the dirty
+work for England.
+
+"Third--We expect from America absolutely fair play in all questions.
+
+"These are my personal ideas, but a good many of my countrymen feel
+the same. Greetings.
+
+"WILHELM, Kronprinz."
+
+
+
+
+The Official British Explanation
+
+By Sir Edward Grey, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs of Great
+Britain
+
+     The State Department in Washington and the Foreign Office in
+     London, by agreement, made public simultaneously on Jan. 10,
+     1915, the British reply to the American protest against the
+     undue detention of American ships and cargoes seized for
+     search for contraband. The answer, signed by Sir Edward
+     Grey, the British Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs,
+     was addressed to Walter Hines Page, the American Ambassador
+     in London, who cabled it to Washington on Jan. 7. The note
+     is preliminary, and was to be followed by a more detailed
+     reply.
+
+
+_The British Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs to the American
+Ambassador._
+
+FOREIGN OFFICE, Jan. 7, 1915.
+
+Your Excellency: I have the honor to acknowledge receipt of your note
+of the 28th of December. It is being carefully examined and the points
+raised in it are receiving consideration, as the result of which a
+reply shall be addressed to your Excellency dealing in detail with the
+issues raised and the points to which the United States Government
+have drawn attention. This consideration and the preparation of the
+reply will necessarily require some time, and I therefore desire to
+send without further delay some preliminary observations which will, I
+trust, help to clear the ground and remove some misconceptions that
+seem to exist.
+
+Let me say at once that we entirely recognize the most friendly spirit
+referred to by your Excellency and that we desire to reply in the same
+spirit and in the belief that, as your Excellency states, frankness
+will best serve the continuance of cordial relations between the two
+countries.
+
+His Majesty's Government cordially concur in the principle enunciated
+by the Government of the United States that a belligerent, in dealing
+with trade between neutrals, should not interfere unless such
+interference is necessary to protect the belligerent's national
+safety, and then only to the extent to which this is necessary. We
+shall endeavor to keep our action within the limits of this principle
+on the understanding that it admits our right to interfere when such
+interference is not with "bona-fide" trade between the United States
+and another neutral country, but with trade in contraband destined for
+the enemy's country; and we are ready, whenever our action may
+unintentionally exceed this principle, to make redress.
+
+We think that much misconception exists as to the extent to which we
+have, in practice, interfered with trade. Your Excellency's note seems
+to hold his Majesty's Government responsible for the present condition
+of trade with neutral countries, and it is stated that, through the
+action of his Majesty's Government, the products of the great
+industries of the United States have been denied long-established
+markets in European countries which, though neutral, are contiguous to
+the seat of war. Such a result is far from being the intention of his
+Majesty's Government, and they would exceedingly regret that it should
+be due to their action.
+
+I have been unable to obtain complete or conclusive figures showing
+what the state of trade with these neutral countries has been
+recently, and I can, therefore, only ask that some further
+consideration should be given to the question whether United States
+trade with these neutral countries has been so seriously affected. The
+only figures as to the total volume of trade that I have seen are
+those for the exports from New York for the month of November, 1914,
+and they are as follows, compared with the month of November, 1913:
+
+Exports from New York for November, 1913, and November, 1914,
+respectively: Denmark, $558,000, $7,101,000; Sweden, $377,000,
+$2,858,000; Norway, $477,000, $2,318,000; Italy, $2,971,000,
+$4,781,000; Holland, $4,389,000, $3,960,000.
+
+It is true that there may have been a falling off in cotton exports,
+as to which New York figures would be no guide, but his Majesty's
+Government have been most careful not to interfere with cotton, and
+its place on the free list has been scrupulously maintained.
+
+We do not wish to lay too much stress upon incomplete statistics; the
+figures above are not put forward as conclusive, and we are prepared
+to examine any further evidence with regard to the state of trade with
+these neutral countries, which may point to a different conclusion or
+show that it is the action of his Majesty's Government in particular
+and not the existence of a state of war and consequent diminution of
+purchasing power and shrinkage of trade, which is responsible for
+adverse effects upon trade with the neutral countries.
+
+That the existence of a state of war on such a scale has had a very
+adverse effect upon certain great industries, such as cotton, is
+obvious, but it is submitted that this is due to the general cause of
+diminished purchasing power of such countries as France, Germany, and
+the United Kingdom rather than to interference with trade with neutral
+countries. In the matter of cotton it may be recalled that the British
+Government gave special assistance through the Liverpool Cotton
+Exchange to the renewal of transactions in the cotton trade of not
+only the United Kingdom, but of many neutral countries.
+
+Your Excellency's note refers in particular to the detention of
+copper. The figures taken from official returns for the export of
+copper from the United States for Italy for the months during which
+the war has been in progress up to the end of the first three weeks of
+December are as follows:
+
+1913--Fifteen million two hundred and two thousand pounds.
+
+1914--Thirty-six million two hundred and eighty-five thousand pounds.
+
+Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and Switzerland are not shown separately for
+the whole period in the United States returns, but are included in the
+heading "Other Europe"; that is, Europe other than the United Kingdom,
+Russia, France, Belgium, Austria, Germany, Holland, and Italy. The
+corresponding figures under this heading are as follows:
+
+1913--Seven million two hundred and seventy-one thousand pounds.
+
+1914--Thirty-five million three hundred and forty-seven thousand
+pounds.
+
+With such figures the presumption is very strong that the bulk of
+copper consigned to these countries has recently been intended not for
+their own use, but for that of a belligerent who cannot import it
+direct. It is therefore an imperative necessity for the safety of this
+country while it is at war that his Majesty's Government should do all
+in its power to stop such part of this import of copper as is not
+genuinely destined for neutral countries.
+
+Your Excellency does not quote any particular shipment of copper to
+Sweden which has been detained. There are, however, four consignments
+to Sweden at the present time of copper and aluminium which, though
+definitely consigned to Sweden, are, according to positive evidence in
+the possession of his Majesty's Government, definitely destined for
+Germany.
+
+I cannot believe that, with such figures before them and in such cases
+as those just mentioned, the Government of the United States would
+question the propriety of the action of his Majesty's Government in
+taking suspected cargoes to a prize court, and we are convinced that
+it cannot be in accord with the wish either of the Government or of
+the people of the United States to strain the international code in
+favor of private interests so as to prevent Great Britain from taking
+such legitimate means for this purpose as are in her power.
+
+With regard to the seizure of foodstuffs, to which your Excellency
+refers, his Majesty's Government are prepared to admit that foodstuffs
+should not be detained and put into a prize court without the
+presumption that they are intended for the armed forces of the enemy
+or the enemy Government. We believe that this rule has been adhered to
+in practice hitherto, but if the United States Government have
+instances to the contrary we are prepared to examine them, and it is
+our present intention to adhere to the rule, though we cannot give an
+unlimited and unconditional undertaking, in view of the departure by
+those against whom we are fighting from hitherto accepted rules of
+civilization and humanity and the uncertainty as to the extent to
+which such rules may be violated by them in future.
+
+From the 4th of August last to the 3d of January the number of
+steamships proceeding from the United States for Holland, Denmark,
+Norway, Sweden, and Italy has been 773. Of these there are 45 which
+have had consignments of cargoes placed in the prize court, while of
+the ships themselves only eight have been placed in the prize court,
+and one of these has since been released.
+
+It is, however, essential under modern conditions that where there is
+real ground for suspecting the presence of contraband the vessel
+should be brought into port for examination. In no other way can the
+right of search be exercised, and but for this practice it would have
+to be completely abandoned.
+
+Information was received by us that special instructions had been
+given to ship rubber from the United States under another designation
+to escape notice, and such cases have occurred in several instances.
+Only by search in a port can such cases, when suspected, be discovered
+and proved.
+
+The necessity for examination in a port may also be illustrated by a
+hypothetical instance connected with cotton, which has not yet
+occurred. Cotton is not specifically mentioned in your Excellency's
+note, but I have seen public statements made in the United States that
+the attitude of his Majesty's Government with regard to cotton has
+been ambiguous and thereby responsible for depression in the cotton
+trade.
+
+There has never been any foundation for this allegation. His Majesty's
+Government have never put cotton on the list of contraband; they have
+throughout the war kept it on the free list, and on every occasion
+when questioned on the point they have stated their intention of
+adhering to this practice. But information has reached us that,
+precisely because we have declared our intention of not interfering
+with cotton, ships carrying cotton will be specially selected to carry
+concealed contraband, and we have been warned that copper will be
+concealed in bales of cotton.
+
+Whatever suspicions we have entertained we have not so far made these
+a ground for detaining any ship carrying cotton, but should we have
+information giving us real reason to believe in the case of a
+particular ship that the bales of cotton concealed copper or other
+contraband the only way to prove our case would be to examine and
+weigh the bales, a process that could be carried out only by bringing
+the vessel into a port. In such a case, if examination justifies the
+action of his Majesty's Government, the case shall be brought before a
+prize court and dealt with in the ordinary way.
+
+That the decisions of British prize courts hitherto have not been
+unfavorable to neutrals is evidenced by the decision in the Miramichi
+case. This case, which was decided against the Crown, laid down that
+the American shipper was to be paid even when he had sold a cargo,
+cost, insurance, and freight, and when the risk of loss after the
+cargo had been shipped did not apply to him at all.
+
+It has further been represented to his Majesty's Government, though
+this subject is not dealt with in your Excellency's note, that our
+embargoes on the export of some articles, more especially rubber, have
+interfered with commercial interests in the United States. It is, of
+course, difficult for his Majesty's Government to permit the export of
+rubber from British dominions to the United States at a time when
+rubber is essential to belligerent countries for carrying on the war,
+and when a new trade in exporting rubber from the United States in
+suspiciously large quantities to neutral countries has actually sprung
+up since the war.
+
+It would be impossible to permit the export of rubber from Great
+Britain unless the right of his Majesty's Government were admitted to
+submit to a prize court cargoes of rubber exported from the United
+States which they believed to be destined for an enemy country and
+reasonable latitude of action for this purpose were conceded. But his
+Majesty's Government have now provisionally come to an arrangement
+with the rubber exporters in Great Britain which will permit of
+licenses being given under proper guarantees for the export of rubber
+to the United States.
+
+We are confronted with the growing danger that neutral countries
+contiguous to the enemy will become, on a scale hitherto
+unprecedented, a base of supplies for the armed soldiers of our
+enemies and for materials for manufacturing armament. The trade
+figures of imports show how strong this tendency is, but we have no
+complaint to make of the attitude of the Governments of those
+countries, which, so far as we are aware, have not departed from
+proper rules of neutrality. We endeavor in the interest of our own
+national safety to prevent this danger by intercepting goods really
+destined for the enemy without interfering with those which are "bona
+fide" neutral.
+
+Since the outbreak of the war the Government of the United States have
+changed their previous practice and have prohibited the publication of
+manifests till thirty days after the departure of vessels from the
+United States ports. We had no "locus standi" for complaining of this
+change and did not complain. But the effect of it must be to increase
+the difficulty of ascertaining the presence of contraband and to
+render necessary in the interests of our national safety the
+examination and detention of more ships than would have been the case
+if the former practice had continued.
+
+Pending a more detailed reply I would conclude by saying that his
+Majesty's Government do not desire to contest the general principles
+of law on which they understand the note of the United States to be
+based, and desire to restrict their action solely to interferences
+with contraband destined for the enemy.
+
+His Majesty's Government are prepared, whenever a cargo coming from
+the United States is detained, to explain the case on which such
+detention has taken place, and would gladly enter into any arrangement
+by which mistakes can be avoided and reparation secured promptly, when
+any injury to the neutral owners of a ship or cargo has been
+improperly caused, for they are most desirous, in the interest both of
+the United States and of other neutral countries, that British action
+should not interfere with the normal importation and use by the
+neutral countries of goods from the United States.
+
+I have the honor to be, with the highest consideration, your
+Excellency's most obedient humble servant,
+
+E. GREY.
+
+
+
+
+Italy and the War
+
+By William Roscoe Thayer
+
+[From THE NEW YORK TIMES, Jan. 17, 1915.]
+
+     William Roscoe Thayer, author of the article printed below,
+     is one of the leading authorities on Italy in this country.
+     His works on Italian history include "The Dawn of Italian
+     Independence," "Italica," "A Short History of Venice," and
+     "The Life and Times of Cavour." The last named, published
+     three years ago, made a marked impression and won for its
+     author an enviable place as a historian. Mr. Thayer is a
+     graduate of Harvard and has edited the Harvard Graduates'
+     Magazine since 1892. Since 1913 he has been a member of the
+     Board of Overseers of Harvard College.
+
+
+Too little has been said about Italy's refusal to join Germany and
+Austria in their war for world power. During the past five months we
+have heard German apologists offer the most contradictory arguments to
+prove, first, that Russia, next, that France and Belgium, and,
+finally, that England began the struggle. The Kaiser himself, with
+that disdain of fact which is the privilege of autocrats, declared
+that the sword was forced into his hands. And all the while the mere
+abstention of Italy from supporting Germany and Austria gave the lie
+to the Germanic protestations and excuses.
+
+By the terms of the Triple Alliance every member of it is bound to
+communicate at once to the other members all international diplomatic
+transactions which concern the alliance. Germany and Austria failed to
+do this during the earlier stages in July, when they were preparing
+for the war. Only after they had laid their train so surely that an
+explosion was almost inevitable did they communicate the documents to
+Italy and call upon her to take her place in the field with them. But
+Italy refused; because, after examining the evidence, she concluded
+that Germany and Austria were the aggressors. Now, the terms of the
+Triple Alliance bind its members to stand by each other only in case
+of attack.
+
+Italy's verdict, therefore, threw the guilt of the war on Germany and
+Austria. She had testimony before her which does not appear even in
+the "White Papers" and other official diplomatic correspondence; and
+all the efforts of German zealots and casuists have not subtracted one
+iota from the meaning of her abstention. Germany and Austria were the
+aggressors--that is the Italian verdict which history will confirm.
+
+On this side of the water the German apologists made as little as
+possible of Italy's withdrawal--they were too busy trying to persuade
+the American public that trivialities like the passage of a French
+aeroplane or of a French automobile with two French officers in it,
+across a corner of Belgium, thirty minutes before the German Army
+invaded Belgium, proved that the French and Belgians began the war.
+They sneered a little at Italian honor; they implied that scuttling
+off was all that could be expected of a decadent Latin people; and
+they hinted that, after the Kaiser had disposed of France, Belgium,
+England, and Russia, he would punish Italy for her "flight."
+
+At Berlin, however, the importance--military, political, and naval--of
+Italy's withdrawal from the Triple Alliance was appraised at its true
+value. The German Foreign Office employed alternately threats and
+blandishments upon her. They warned her that, if she refused to back
+up her allies, she would be treated without mercy at the end of
+hostilities. When the policy of terrorizing failed, seductive promises
+were held out--suggestions of an addition to Italian territory and of
+a subsidy for military expenses. These also failed. Italy could not be
+induced to send her million soldiers against the Allies. Then Germany
+labored to prevent her from actively joining the Allies--and this
+effort Germany is keeping up at the present moment, under the
+direction of the sleek Prince von B�low.
+
+The Italians, who have in large measure a sense of humor, that
+clarifying quality which Prussianization has destroyed in the Germans,
+must have smiled when they heard the German envoys expatiate on the
+beauties of neutrality, and, although they are a polite people, they
+must have found it hard to keep from laughing when the agents of Dr.
+Bethmann-Hollweg, who had just declared that a treaty is only a scrap
+of paper, to be torn up at pleasure, tried to impress upon Italy the
+sacredness of the treaty which bound her to the Triple Alliance.
+
+Not content with these official, or officious, manoeuvres, the German
+Government sent Socialist leaders into Italy to urge the Italian
+Socialists not to consent to a war in behalf of the Allies; but they,
+too, seem to have met with a chilly reception. The Italian Socialists,
+like the rest of the world, wondered why it was that 5,000,000
+Socialists in Germany should allow themselves to be commandeered,
+apparently without a murmur, to uphold a war waged to preserve and
+extend military despotism.
+
+In addition to these direct efforts to win Italy to their side, or at
+least to keep her from going over to the enemy, the Germans have been
+busy since early in August with their Press Bureau, which has pursued
+methods there similar to those they have made us familiar with here.
+But in Italy they have been more guarded and less truculent, and they
+have not, like the preposterous Bernstorff and his associates, assumed
+that the public they were addressing was not only ignorant of the
+simplest facts of recent European history, but were also morally
+imbecile.
+
+Although the Italians are not less susceptible than are other peoples
+to be swayed by sudden political gusts, they were not at the end of
+July, 1914, taken by surprise. For a long time past their King and
+statesmen had deliberated as to what ought to be Italy's course in
+case Germany should carry out her well-understood purpose of humbling
+England. The Italians were not deceived by the increase from year to
+year of the German Army. They knew perfectly well what the tremendous
+efforts of the Germans to create a great navy meant. They had no
+illusions as to the purpose of the strategic railways to the Belgian
+frontier on the west or to the Russian border on the east. They knew
+how narrowly a European war was averted during the Balkan cataclysm
+two years ago. They did not wrong the Kaiser by supposing that the
+immense fund which he had recently raised from "voluntary" 5 per cent.
+contributions on incomes was to be given to The Hague Tribunal to
+promote the cause of universal peace. They logically and honorably
+decided that, if Germany provoked war, Italy would not support her.
+The bond of the Triple Alliance called for no other action on her
+part. Germany and Austria provoked the war; Italy stood by her
+agreement.
+
+But a still further consideration influenced her. It was understood
+that, _if the war in which Germany and Austria engaged should involve
+England as an enemy, Italy's obligation to support the Triple Alliance
+would cease_. Since it would be suicidal for Italy to accept the
+liability of a _casus foederis_ which should expose her to attack by
+the English and French Navies, her participation in the Triple
+Alliance always carried the proviso that it did not bind her to fight
+England.
+
+Such is the substance of the statement made by the dean of Italian
+statesmen, in a letter I received from him two months ago. No Italian
+could speak from a more thorough knowledge of the facts than he
+possessed, and that it has long been surmised that the Triplice could
+not drive Italy against England appears in various publications. Gen.
+Bernhardi, for instance, who knew so accurately the intentions of the
+German General Staff and the secrets of the German Foreign Office,
+intimates more than once that Germany and Austria, in their war for
+world power, need not hope for Italy's support. Referring to Col.
+Boucher's book, "L'Offensive contre L'Allemagne," he says: "Modern
+French writers are already reckoning so confidently on the withdrawal
+of Italy from the Triple Alliance that they no longer think it
+necessary to put an army in the field against Italy, but consider that
+the entire forces of France are available against Germany."[4]
+
+[Footnote 4: Bernhardi: "Germany and the Next War." English popular
+edition, Page 138.]
+
+[Illustration: [map]]
+
+Why Italy made the reservation in the case of England will appear when
+we glance at the origin of the Triple Alliance.
+
+In 1871 Bismarck thought that the Franco-Prussian war, by the military
+losses and by the immense indemnity which it inflicted on the French
+people, had rendered France powerless for a generation. But within
+four years she paid the indemnity and had so far recovered in her
+armament, commerce, and prosperity, that the Iron Chancellor prepared
+to attack her again, and this time, to quote his butcher's phrase, "to
+bleed her white." Only the certainty that the other powers would
+interfere stayed his hand then.
+
+So he set about circumventing France by other means. A league of the
+three Emperors of Germany, Austria, and Russia was the combination he
+preferred; but Russia proved an uncertain partner, as she feared
+Germanization, on the one hand, and, on the other, she was the
+encourager of pro-Slavic aspirations which ran counter to the Germans'
+ambition. Bismarck, therefore, looked about him for an alternative
+plan.
+
+He would keep the friendship of Russia--even though Russia declined a
+formal league--and he would lure Italy into the Germanic alliance.
+England, he knew, could not be persuaded to enter a Continental
+combination. Her commercial interests pointed elsewhere, and she still
+clung to her policy of splendid isolation. But Italy was unattached;
+and while she was the least formidable of the six great powers,
+Bismarck saw that he could make good use of her for his own purposes.
+The adroitness by which he drew her into his net is in direct contrast
+to the bovine diplomacy by which Kaiser William II. and his
+subservient Chancellors have succeeded, during the past twenty years,
+in smashing all their alliances and in alienating the sympathy of the
+civilized world.
+
+After the completion of Italian unity in 1870, the new Italian Kingdom
+found itself harassed not only by the many details of solidifying the
+civil Government, but also by the perplexities of international
+relations. The abolition of the Pope's temporal power made her, in
+theory at least, an object of odium to zealous Roman Catholics
+throughout the world. Her nearest neighbors--France and
+Austria--having long been the most loyal supporters of the head of the
+Roman Church, Italy could not be sure that either or both of them
+might not intrigue against her in behalf of the restoration of the
+Papacy. There was also in Italy a group of patriotic Jingoes--the
+Irredentists--bent on "redeeming" from Austria territory whose
+inhabitants they claimed were Italian in language, ideals, and
+situation. The Irredentist propaganda naturally increased the rancor
+which Austria felt toward the Italians over whom she had recently
+despotized.
+
+When Crispi, who was passing from his earlier character of conspirator
+and Radical to that of constitutional statesman, made the tour of the
+European Chancelleries, in 1877, he found Bismarck profuse in his
+expression of good-will toward Italy. If we are to believe Crispi, the
+Chancellor was ready then to draw up a treaty with her, and went so
+far as to hint that he approved of Italy's aspirations. Among these
+were the possession of Tunis and a foothold on the east coast of the
+Adriatic. The next year, at the Berlin Congress, however, Italy's
+interests were ignored, and, instead, Austria was encouraged to extend
+her dominion south of the Balkans, and the French were at least not
+discouraged from coveting a stronger position in the Mediterranean.
+
+Finally, in 1882, France seized Tunis, to the immense indignation of
+the Italians, who had come to regard that as their predestined
+province. For it lay only a few hours by steamer from the southern
+coast of Sicily; it commanded the passage between the western and
+eastern Mediterranean; and, above all, it was the symbol of Italy's
+colonial ambition. To have a colony, if not several, was then regarded
+as the sign of being a first-class power; and that Italy should be
+tricked out of Tunis seemed to advertise to the world that she was not
+a first-class power. For her protests availed nothing.
+
+The Italians did not know then, nor for a long time afterward, that
+_the French seizure of Tunis was directly due to Bismarck's
+instigation_. Lord Salisbury, also, who seems to have been in the
+plot, approved it for his own reasons. Bismarck's motives were
+plain--he wished to entangle France further in African colonial
+ventures. It had taken forty years, many thousand soldiers' lives, and
+great expenditures for France to make Algiers reasonably safe. As
+Tunis would increase the French burdens, it followed that every
+regiment needed there would diminish the strength of the armies with
+which France guarded herself from a German attack on her eastern
+frontier.
+
+Having roused the Italians to wrath by this ruse, Bismarck had no
+difficulty in persuading them to join the Triple Alliance. He hardly
+needed to suggest that, if they had felt anxious at the possibility of
+French hostile pressure before, they had an even greater reason for
+such anxiety now that the French controlled the Mediterranean south of
+them. We may suspect also that Bismarck pointed out, as a special
+inducement, that, if Italy joined the alliance, she would be free from
+the likelihood of an attack by Austria.
+
+Accordingly, in 1882, Italy entered into partnership with Germany and
+Austria for mutual defense. The only powers likely to assail them at
+that time were France and Russia; for England was still isolated, and
+Bismarck, although he felt a strong antipathy toward the English, was
+too shrewd a statesman either to scorn or to provoke them. As late as
+1889, he approved of Italy's seeking an _entente_ with England.
+
+At the time Italy joined the Triplice she felt, no doubt, an unwonted
+sense of security. Were not two powerful empires standing by, ready
+to defend her? Her wounded pride, also, was solaced by her admission
+on equal terms into such a league. Neither France nor any other could
+henceforth taunt her with being a second-rate power.
+
+The immediate result of the alliance was the spread of German
+commercial and financial enterprises throughout the peninsula, and the
+steady growth of Italian bad feeling toward France. A large group of
+Italians made Gallophobia their guiding principle. They remembered
+that, in the sixties, Napoleon III. had maintained at Rome that French
+garrison which prevented them from emancipating the States of the
+Church from Papal control, and from completing the unification of
+Italy. They remembered that Napoleon annexed Nice--Garibaldi's
+birthplace--to France, and that the French _chassepots_ at Mentana
+dispersed Garibaldi and his red shirts bent on capturing the Eternal
+City. In the eighties, the Italians had good reason to suspect that
+the French Clericals were busy devising some imbroglio through which
+the Pope might be restored to the temporal power.
+
+A convinced Gallophobe and crafty intriguer like Crispi, therefore,
+easily inflamed Italian indignation, so recently excited by the
+seizure of Tunis and by Clerical intrigues, and he counted it a gay
+feather in his cap when, in 1889, he declared a tariff war on France.
+Hard times for Italy followed; the commerce of the country was
+dislocated, and although Crispi tried to get compensation by
+negotiating special terms for trade with Germany and Austria, the new
+customers did not make up for the old. Germany could not furnish
+capital as France had done. Paris was, and is, the financial capital
+of the European Continent.
+
+On this side Italy lost and Bismarck gained by the Triple
+Alliance--for he had attained his purpose of splitting France and
+Italy apart. What advantage did the Italians derive from the
+agreement? The reply commonly given is, protection. But, we ask,
+protection from whom? Not from France, because it is clear enough
+that, whether the Triplice existed or not, Germany would have attacked
+the French, if they had attacked the Italians; so that Italy had in
+Germany a logical protector, to whom she need not have sacrificed her
+initiative.
+
+Her only other possible assailant was Austria, and it may fairly be
+argued that the alliance restrained Austria from attack; but Austria
+permitted herself every other unfriendly act toward Italy except open
+war; and Germany looked placidly on.
+
+The fact that Germany, the chief Protestant nation in Europe, was the
+ally of Italy, might also be regarded as a support to the Italians in
+their long conflict with Papal pretensions; but how little Germany
+cared for Italy's welfare in this struggle appeared in 1903, when
+Kaiser Wilhelm prevented the election of Cardinal Rampolla as Pope.
+Rampolla, if not a Liberal, was a devoted Italian; Sarti, who defeated
+him, was a Reactionary, controlled by the Jesuits, hostile to Italy.
+
+When we look at Germany's action in other affairs we find pleasant
+words but no tangible profit. From her geographical position Italy
+claimed an interest in the status of the Balkan Peninsula, and
+particularly in the eastern shore of the Adriatic. Germany pretended
+to favor her interests--according to Crispi, Bismarck even went so far
+as to ask, "Why don't you take Albania?"--but it was Austria that
+Germany steadily pushed on into the Balkans; and in 1908, when
+Austria, with Germany's connivance, appropriated Bosnia and
+Herzegovina, the Italians realized that they had been tricked again,
+as they were in the case of Tunis.
+
+Since 1908 the Teutonic partners, growing more and more arrogant, have
+shown indifference to the concerns of their Italian ally, who, seeing
+no future for her in Europe, swooped down on Tripoli, the only stretch
+of North African littoral not already possessed by the French and by
+the English. Persons on the inside at Rome whispered that, if Italy
+had not occupied Tripoli when she did, Germany would have forestalled
+her; for the Kaiser, furious at being thwarted in Morocco and at
+having failed to bully France into submission, as he had done in 1905,
+had determined to seize Tripoli, come what might. More than one
+Foreign Office has ample proof to settle this assertion. Its
+plausibility is patent--Germany was already in close league with
+Turkey, and, looking forward to a war on England, she saw the
+advantage of owning territory and a naval base within easy reach of
+the Suez Canal.
+
+Certain it is that both Germany and Austria frowned on Italy's Libyan
+enterprise, and that, in their intrigues in the Balkan Peninsula, in
+1912 and 1913, they ignored their Italian partner.
+
+And yet as long ago as 1895 Germany admitted that Italy was hardly
+getting a fair return from her bargain with her Teutonic allies. On
+March 5, 1895, Senator Lanza reported an interview he had just had
+with Emperor William, who said; "He had found Count K�lnoky (the
+Austrian Premier) ... still uneasy lest we (Italy) may come to
+consider the Triple Alliance insufficiently advantageous, merely
+because it cannot supply us, at once and in times of peace, with the
+necessary means of satisfying our desires with regard to the
+territories of Northern Africa and others as well. His Majesty ...
+added: 'Wait patiently. Let the occasion but present itself and you
+shall have whatever you wish.'"[5]
+
+[Footnote 5: Crispi's "Memoirs," iii., 326-7.]
+
+In spite of the Kaiser's assurance, Italy has got less and less return
+from the Triple Alliance every year since 1895.
+
+It appears, therefore, that Italy long ago opened her eyes as to the
+real profit the alliance brought her. When England loomed up as the
+objective which Germany resolved to destroy, Italy quite logically let
+it be understood that she would not engage in a fight against England.
+Over thirty years of political alliance had created no sympathy among
+the Italians for the Germans. Like all other Europeans, they resented
+the arrogance of the Teutons who strode over their country.
+
+But deeper, far deeper than personal dislike of bad manners was the
+fundamental antagonism between the Italian and the Prussian ideal. The
+Italians were pledged to Liberty, the Germans to Autocracy, bulwarked
+by militarism. In their long struggle for independence the Italians
+had had the sympathy of the best Englishmen, and in Palmerston, and
+especially in Lord John Russell, they found very powerful political
+helpers. But never since Bismarck took the helm of Prussia had one
+word in behalf of Democracy and Freedom been lisped by Monarch or
+Minister. For Italy to abandon her democratic ideal and to revert to
+the feudal-despotic ideal of the Pan-Germanists is unthinkable.
+
+If she goes into the war, as now seems probable, it will be to uphold
+the Allies, who are fighting against Teutonic ambition inspired by
+despotic aims. Self-preservation demands that choice--because, should
+Germany win, she will not spare Italy. A stronger reason than
+self-interest, or than fear, however, will guide the Italians. In
+their past civilization and in their modern ideals they belong with
+the Western powers. They know the origin of their national
+independence. And if any Ministry should attempt to send them to
+replenish the wasting armies of Germany and of Austria, they would
+invoke the memory of Victor Emmanuel and of Garibaldi, of Mazzini and
+of Cavour, and refuse to be partners in schemes to aggrandize the
+Hapsburgs and the Hohenzollerns.
+
+"I am the son of Liberty," said Cavour; "to her I owe all that I am."
+That, too, is Italy's motto, which she will not deny.
+
+
+
+
+HE HEARD THE BUGLES CALLING
+
+BY CAREY C.D. BRIGGS
+
+
+     There's an old red mill at the foot of the hill;
+       Hear the mill-wheel turning, turning
+     To the drip of tears through the long, long years
+       Of my heart's relentless yearning--
+     Oh, the tender note of the catch in his throat,
+       Oh, the tear that he dried with laughter;
+         "I'll be back some day--
+           Mind the mill while I'm away,"
+       And he waved one last kiss floating after.
+         Gone is the miller boy,
+           Gone from the mill;
+         Gone up the winding road,
+           Gone o'er the hill;
+     Gone with the drum-beat up over the hill,
+       Where he heard the bugles calling.
+
+     There's no grist for the mill or siller for the till,
+       But I've kept the mill-wheel turning
+     To the rumble and the beat of a million marching feet,
+       And my sad heart's muffled yearning.
+     Oh, the road his brave feet trod, lit with glory up to God,
+       Oh, the courage of his call shames my sorrow;
+         "I'll be back some day--
+           Mind the mill while I'm away,"
+       And I caught one last kiss for tomorrow.
+         Gone is the miller boy,
+           Gone from the mill;
+         Gone up the winding road,
+           Gone o'er the hill;
+     Gone with the drum-beat up over the hill,
+       Where he heard the bugles calling.
+
+
+
+
+German Soldiers Write Home
+
+Letter of Prince Joachim
+
+     The following letter was written by Prince Joachim of
+     Prussia, son of the Kaiser, to Sergt. Karl Kummer of a
+     Prussian Regiment of Guards, who had been sent, badly
+     wounded, to his sister at Teplitz, and whom the Prince had
+     known for years.
+
+
+My Dear Kummer: How sincerely I rejoiced to receive your very
+solicitous letter. I was sure of Kummer for that--that no one could
+hold him back when the time came to do some thrashing! God grant that
+you may speedily recover, so that you can enter Potsdam, crowned with
+glory, admired and envied. Who is nursing you?
+
+The old proud First Guard Regiment has proved that it was ready to
+conquer and to die. Kummer, if I can in any way help you I shall
+gladly do so by providing anything that will make you comfortable. You
+know how happy I have always been for your devotion to the service,
+and how we two always were for action (Schwung.) I, too, am proud to
+have been wounded for our beloved Fatherland, and I regret only that I
+am not permitted to be with the regiment. Well, may God take care of
+you. Your devoted,
+
+JOACHIM OF PRUSSIA.
+
+
+
+
+Letter of Rudolf Herzog
+
+     The following letter, written from the field by Rudolf
+     Herzog, one of the leading German novelists and poets, was
+     published in rhymed verse in No. 41 of Die Woche.
+
+
+It had been a wild week. The storm wind swept with its broom of rain;
+it lashed us and splashed us, thrashed noses and ears, whistled
+through our clothing, penetrated the pores of our skin. And in the
+deluge--sights that made us shudder--gaunt skeleton churches, cracked
+walls, smoking ruins, piled hillock high; cities and villages--judged,
+annihilated.
+
+Over there a stone pit; faces grown like the faces of beasts, a
+picked-up rabble of assassins. A short command. A howling of death.
+Squarely across the road we surge. A bloody grappling coil; batteries
+broken and shattered; iron and wood and bits of clothing and bones.
+
+And upon the just and the unjust alike, the lashing rain for days and
+nights.
+
+We rushed through the gray Ardennes woods, the Chief Lieutenant and I,
+racing along day after day, wrapped up tightly, our rifles ready,
+through wood and marsh. No time to lose! No time to lose! Down into
+the valley of the Meuse!
+
+Of twenty bridges, there remained but beams rolled up by the
+waters--and yawning gaps.
+
+Now comes the order: In three days new bridges must be finished!
+
+Haste, men! Haste! Rain or no rain, it must be done!
+
+Pioneers and railway builders working together, hunt up material, drag
+and hammer and ram it together; take the rain for the sweat of their
+brows; look like fat toiling devils; hang along the banks, lie in the
+water--after all, in this weather, no one can get any wetter! They
+speak very little, and never laugh. Three days are short. Nothing,
+nothing but duty!
+
+Not a thought remained for the distant homeland and dear ones far
+away; the only thought, by day and by night--on to the enemy, come
+what may! No mind intent on any other goal. No time to lose! No time
+to lose! Haste! Haste!
+
+And forward and backward and criss-cross through the gray Ardennes,
+the Chief Lieutenant and I, racing day after day. Laughter, when we
+tried it, died sickly on our lips. The bridges! the bridges! and
+nothing but the bridges! Empty belly, and limbs like lead. Once more,
+now; all together for a last great heave!
+
+There lies Fumay on the smooth-flowing river; and next to the old
+bridge, a newly built one stretches from shore to shore--a German
+roadway, a roadway to good fortune!
+
+Captain of the Guard! You? From the Staff Headquarters?
+
+He shouts my name as he approaches.
+
+"Congratulations! Congratulations!"
+
+And he waves a paper above a hundred heads.
+
+"Telegram from home! Make way there, you rascal! At the home of our
+poet--I've just learned it--a little war girl has arrived!"
+
+I hold the paper in my outstretched hand. Has the sun broken suddenly
+into the enemy's land? Light and life on all the ruins?...
+
+I see a new bridge reaching on--
+
+Springtime scatters the shuddering Autumn dreariness.
+
+My little girl! I have a little girl in my home!...
+
+You bring back my smile to me in a heavy time....
+
+I gaze up at the sky and am silent. And far and near the busy, noisy
+swarm of workers is silent. Every one looks up, seeking some point in
+the far sky. Officers and men for a single heart-throb listen as to a
+distant song from the lips of children and from a mother's
+mouth--stand there and smile around me, in blissful pensiveness, as if
+there were no longer an enemy. Every one seems to feel the sun, the
+sun of olden happiness.
+
+And yet, it had merely chanced that on the German Rhine, in an old
+castle lost amid trees, a dear little German girl was born.
+
+(Written Sept. 17, 1914, in the field.)
+
+
+
+
+Letter of the Duke of Altenburg
+
+     From a letter written from the front by the Duke of
+     Altenburg on Sept. 5, and published in the Altenburger
+     Zeitung.
+
+
+We have lived through a great deal and done a great deal, marching,
+marching continually, without rest or respite. On Aug. 10 we reached
+Willdorf, near J�lich, by train, and from the 12th of August we
+marched without a single day of rest except Aug. 16, which we spent in
+a Belgian village near Li�ge, until today, when we reached ----. Those
+have been army marches such as history has never known.
+
+[Illustration: DJEMAL PASHA
+
+The Turkish Minister of Marine, Who Shares with Enver Pasha the
+Control of Turkish Affairs.
+
+(_Photo_ � _International News Service._)]
+
+[Illustration: EMIR ALI PASHA
+
+Vice President of the Turkish Parliament, Who Was Sent to Berlin to
+Take Back to Turkey Mohammedan Prisoners Captured from the Allies.
+
+(_Photo from Press Illustrating Co._)]
+
+The weather was fine, except that a broiling heat blazed down upon us.
+The regiment can point back to several days' marches of fifty
+kilometers ----. Everywhere our arrival created great amazement, in
+Louvain as well as in Brussels, into which the entire ---- marched
+at one time. At first we were taken for Englishmen in almost every
+village, and we still are, because the inhabitants cannot realize that
+we have arrived so early. The Belgians, moreover, in the last few days
+almost invariably set fire to their own villages.
+
+On Aug. 24 we first entered battle; I led a combined brigade
+consisting of ----. The regiment fought splendidly, and in spite of
+the gigantic strain put upon it, it is in the best of spirits and full
+of the joy of battle. On that day I was for a long time in the
+sharpest rifle and artillery fire. Since that time there have been
+almost daily skirmishes and continual long marches; the enemy stalks
+ahead of us in seven-league boots. On Aug. 26 we put behind us a
+march of exactly twenty-three hours, from 6:30 o'clock in the morning
+till 5:30 the next morning. With all that, I was supposed to lead my
+regiment across a bridge to take a position guarding a new bridge in
+course of construction; but the bridge, as we discovered in the nick
+of time, was mined; twenty minutes later it flew into the air.
+
+After resting for three hours in a field of stubble, and after we had
+all eaten in common with the men in a field kitchen--as we usually
+do--we continued marching till dark.
+
+The spirit among our men is excellent. Tonight I am to have a real
+bed--the fourth, I believe, since the war began. Today I undressed for
+the first time in eight days.
+
+
+
+
+Letter of Paul Oskar H�cker
+
+     The German novelist, Paul Oskar H�cker is a Captain of the
+     Landwehr.
+
+
+I wanted to write to you from the village of D., which we captured by
+storm. Hundreds of Frenchmen, upon the retreat of their troops,
+preferred to flee to the cellars, where they promptly transformed
+themselves into civilians. Our battalion had orders to conduct
+investigations, arrest those apparently liable to military service,
+and to take possession of all arms. Unexpectedly large stores of
+ammunition thus fell into our hands. Among these seizures were many
+chests containing dumdum bullets and bearing the stamp of the
+ammunition factory where they were made. The cartridges were intended
+for use in carabines. Accordingly, it would seem to be chiefly a
+question of the unlawful use of these missiles, repulsive to the laws
+of nations, by bicycle and scout corps.
+
+These bullets lay also in a factory package in a writing desk next to
+a draft of the last will and testament which Monsieur le Capitaine
+wrote out on the first day of mobilization: He bequeathed his cash
+fortune of 110,000 francs, as well as his household furniture and his
+two hunting dogs, to Mme. Isabelle H. The forsaken Mme. Isabelle, who
+sought distant and clearer skies two days before our entry into the
+village, does not, however, seem to have been very fond of animals;
+for out of the forsaken house there rose piteously the whimpering and
+whining of the half-starved setters.
+
+But what are the thousand bright recollections of the captured town,
+what are all the experiences of this campaign, compared to the heavy,
+heavy days of fighting which our battalion had to battle through near
+L.!
+
+On Sunday, Oct. 4 the detachment marched from D. in the direction of
+L. It had been known for some time that the enemy was attempting a
+movement around our extreme right flank. Continual detrainments of
+French troops were taking place at L. A further advance was to be
+permitted to them under no conditions. The march toward L. took place
+on various roads. A cavalry division cleared the territory north of
+the city, and dispatched, simultaneously with our own advance, a
+company of Jaegers and a company of bicycle men against L.
+
+At 1 o'clock we received fire. The point of our column returns it. As
+ever in small towns and suburbs the skill of the French is great in
+street fighting, turning to best advantage every protruding corner and
+extension of a building, and utilizing every alley of trees for firing
+attacks. Then the Frenchman clears these spaces quickly and hurries
+for protection to the next block of houses, till he has lured the foe
+far enough forward to surprise him with a carefully prepared fire from
+the side.
+
+By leaps and bounds we advance along the broad road to the heights of
+the two suburbs F. and R. Here for the first time there is a matching
+of fighting forces. Undoubtedly the foe is far superior to us
+numerically; and he seems firmly determined not to allow himself to be
+crowded out of his excellent sheltered positions.
+
+Our battery rolls up, and lets her brazen tongue speak. The infantry
+fight ceases, until the foremost buildings are set aflame on all three
+sides. Troop at a time, the French now take to flight, most of them
+abandoning their cartridges, as is evidenced by the rattle of
+exploding ammunition on every floor of the buildings.
+
+But R. holds out, while F., at the right of the roadway, and the
+houses afire on the road toward Lille itself are quickly cleared of
+the enemy. The bicycle patrol, which has undertaken a determined
+advance to F., meets no further foe.
+
+But upon the two companies engaged on my right there is poured a
+murderous fire that presently exacts heavy toll; and in the rough
+country hereabout it is impossible to discover the masked positions of
+the sharpshooters and machine guns. The Frenchman is an expert in the
+location of excellent hiding places, wire entanglements, and the like.
+He even puts forth infinite efforts to make his fortified positions
+extremely comfortable nests from which he can enjoy a view of all the
+points at which, in the irregular lay of the land, the enemy must
+necessarily halt; and thereupon the Frenchman meets the hesitating
+column of attack with his concentrated fire.
+
+Four guns are nibbling at the edge of the village with their shells.
+Perhaps the machine guns, whose monotonous rattle lashes our nerves to
+the snapping point, may be hidden there in the church tower. But the
+battery commander hesitates to damage the house of God. So he leaves a
+gap there, and sweeps the smaller houses. Suddenly one of the machine
+guns ceases--it must have been concealed in the hedge close to the
+church; the gun squad serving it must have been found by the fire of
+our gunners; for presently there is noticeable in that quarter a foot
+race of red-trousered infantrymen. In the moaning of the shells there
+mingles the rattling of shrapnel. A whole group tumbles pell-mell;
+yonder one of them dashes madly this way and that, until a new load
+strikes him--they move like dolls in a miniature theatre; it is hard
+to realize at this distance that human lives are being crushed out
+here.
+
+But an hour later we entered R. Night has fallen. Through the mighty
+gaps in the gabled roofs of the houses of the narrow street on which
+we enter shines the moon. Four men of the bicycle corps stand silent
+at the entrance to the village; the prisoners in their midst,
+infantrymen in uniform or in rapidly donned civil garb--the tell-tale
+red of the trousers shows under the short vest of one of them. In the
+streets lie curious bundles, the corpses of those who have fallen
+here. A wounded soldier drags wearily up to the subaltern officer's
+post, with hands raised above his head; it is a Frenchman who has
+thrown away his blue coat, but still wears his cap. The steps of the
+incoming battalion ring out on the village pavement. Otherwise an icy
+silence, night, and the smell of blood and burning.
+
+And now horror creeps over us. We greet Death. He greets us.
+
+In R. scarcely a single house is still inhabited. All have fled to L.
+In the street that has been assigned to my company, I must have almost
+every house opened by force, in order that the men, worn out with
+marching and fighting, may rest. Here and there, in answer to
+prolonged knocking, one of the inhabitants comes to the door. When the
+shell fire began they took refuge in their cellars.
+
+In the brightly tiled hall of a pretty house that has escaped damage I
+sit with the gentlemen for several hours over glasses of mulled wine.
+We are waiting for orders for the next day. The orders reach us at 1
+o'clock that night; the detachment is to take its stand at 7 o'clock
+beside the church at R., in order to continue the advance toward L.
+
+But during the hours of the night many changes have taken place. The
+troops driven out of R. have sent their patrols, the black scouts, to
+the very edge of the suburb again, under cover of darkness; and
+reports of our cavalry and bicycle men tell that during the night
+heavy detachments of troops sent from the north have reached L. They
+talk of 40,000 to 50,000 men, chiefly newly enlisted forces and
+territorials; but Englishmen, too, are said to be among them. Our
+assigned task does not include fighting a destructive battle. We are
+simply to compel the enemy to unfold his forces, for certain strategic
+reasons the nature of which, of course, we do not know. Accordingly,
+our small detachment must risk everything in order to lure upon itself
+as many as possible of the enemy's troops. That, too, is just what
+happened.
+
+We take our former positions. The cavalry division has departed, with
+its artillery, its bicycle corps, its Jaegers, and its machine guns.
+New problems are in store on the right wing for the brave division
+which has already distinguished itself throughout the entire campaign.
+We remain alone with our battery--the third battalion of the active
+regiment and our provincial Landwehr battalion.
+
+It is going to be a heavy, heavy, heavy day of fighting.
+
+Patrols establish the fact that F. is free of the enemy's forces. But
+as we enter the road toward L. the French machine guns at once
+announce themselves. They sing and whistle and whirr above our heads.
+After yesterday's losses (half a column of the Fifth Company is still
+busy burying our dead, laying our wounded in automobiles and wagons to
+be sent to the hospitals) our artillery will first shoot breaches in
+the enemy's lines before we advance.
+
+But at midday the field artillery of the Frenchmen already replies to
+ours. They must have transshipped, at night, from their positions on
+the canal to L., in the belief that mighty forces were being assembled
+here for a further tremendous blow. The object of our assignment would
+in that case already have been for the most part accomplished. But all
+of us subordinate officers--who neither possess nor should possess an
+insight into the strategic movement--we have but a single desire:
+Forward!
+
+For a few minutes, after the first thundering crash of the French
+artillery, there is deep silence. It seems as if nature itself were
+holding its breath. The crash had fallen in the alley of poplars along
+the road. The roadway is strewn with branches and twigs. Just beside
+the northern column of our battery the monstrous shell has buried
+itself in the clay soil. A hail of earth-crumbs has rained upon us. We
+cannot note any other damage. But all the companies that are still in
+closed formation spread out in order to offer no compact target.
+
+For hours, now, there continues this terrible cannonading backward and
+forward, this dreadful argument of batteries. Horrible as is the
+devastation which such an instrument of murder can wreak, you
+gradually grow accustomed to the roaring storm. And you almost smile
+because you still lower your head each time. Until you remember: We
+greet Death, and he greets us.
+
+"Near the church tower southeast of L. where the railway bridge can be
+seen, are hostile riflemen, strength several companies."
+
+Our cavalry patrol disappears again--a French machine gun fires at it
+without hitting--and the battalion commander calls to me:
+
+"Company left across the road, right and left of the farmhouse,
+developing a column on each side, with wide intervals between!"
+
+Quickly the right wing column darts across. My Turkish professor, the
+Chief Lieutenant, manages it beautifully. One sharpshooter always
+darts ahead, throws himself on his belly, creeps on; a second follows.
+At one, two kilometers, scarcely a headpiece is visible. The left
+column is less successful. Over the heads of the sharpshooters there
+at once whistle shells. They feel the air pressure; the tremendous
+noise grips them.
+
+"Dodge! Lie down! Forward only one at a time, with long pauses! You'll
+betray our positions, fellows!"
+
+And at this moment there is a clattering sound in the air above. A
+French airman!
+
+"An airman, Captain!"
+
+"Yes, yes, I've heard him."
+
+The only thing that can help us is to keep from looking up. Only the
+rows of flesh-colored oval faces, that immediately turn up to greet
+each flight of an airman, permit the strength of forces to be
+estimated at such great distances.
+
+Beyond any doubt the foe has overestimated our strength tenfold.
+Otherwise he would not have put forth these tremendous efforts. His
+strength, in such fortified positions, would have sufficed to hold an
+entire army corps in check. And our poor weak brigade?
+
+I lie on my belly, creeping forward. To remain standing would be
+suicide.
+
+Sst-sst-teewheet--boom-buzz--tsha! Tacktack-tacktack-tack!
+
+It's a bad music. We are being rained upon with iron. We hear it
+whistle past our ears, we feel it whizz over our helmets. Our
+artillery covers us in front, so that we cannot fire at the single
+bodies of advance riflemen. They are drawing to the left toward the
+entrance to F. Soon the infantry bullets are striking close among us.
+
+Nothing to be seen! Nothing to be seen!
+
+"We must advance further!" I shout into the line of sharpshooters. The
+battalion commander shouts it at the same time. He wouldn't let any
+one rob him of the honor of advancing in the foremost row of riflemen.
+We crawl forward on all fours. After thirty meters, halt. Still
+nothing to be seen. The land rises in front of us. Fifty meters
+further; eighty; a hundred. At last we have a clear view ahead. Rifles
+are advanced.
+
+"Half way to the left, at the entrance to F., sharpshooters, stand!"
+
+A few shots from our ranks. The blue figures falter, fall. But at the
+same time we have betrayed our position. And now the hail begins anew.
+
+"They all shoot too high! Aim well, men! Every shot a bullseye!"
+
+My voice reaches only the rows of riflemen nearest to me. The clatter
+and crashing is tremendous, but even more horrible is this singing and
+whizzing past of shells, especially when the enemy's machine guns
+sweep us.
+
+"Are those some of our men?" my bugler beside me asks. "They're
+already standing half way down the road back of us!"
+
+A shiver of horror creeps over us. Yes, they have enticed and held us
+fast in the midst of their artillery--and on the left their infantry,
+well protected, has advanced under cover to our flank. And now the
+French machine gun patters on our right, in monotonous rhythm, in this
+concert of hell.
+
+Behind us there is no longer a sign of life. Our battery is gone; it
+must have shot away its ammunition.
+
+"Order of the Brigade Commander: Company retire slowly!" A man at the
+end of our serried line near the roadside has called the order to me.
+The order travels by word of mouth along our line. It is a long time
+before it reaches the riflemen furthest left. And as soon as the
+slightest movement is noticeable in the beet fields, the deadly hail
+rattles down upon us again.
+
+My eyeglass is covered with sweat and dirt. I tear it away. Now, as
+the shells strike, clouds of dirt fly into my eyes. I close them. At
+my left, a rifleman crawling along, nudges me:
+
+"The dogs!" he mutters: "Now they've got us in a hell of a pinch!"
+
+I can speak no more. We go crawling along another 500 meters. My
+revolver bangs along on the ground at my left; my fieldglass at my
+right. For a moment I think of the droll problem given to the officer
+at the military examination: "What would you do if you saw artillery
+unfold before you, infantry on your left, and artillery against your
+flank on the right?" Answer: "I'd order: Take off helmets and pray!"
+
+Take off helmets and pray! Yes, there is now no help for it. Now it's
+a case of dying decently like gentlemen.
+
+"No running away, men! We're no Frenchmen!"
+
+A minute's stop to take breath, at yon hay-rick on the left. So, there
+they're advancing, in a gay company, the blue-frocks!
+
+"Left, riflemen, along the church yard wall, stand! Rifle fire!"
+
+And two groups are daring enough to stand upright and fire, although
+the machine gun fire is sweeping us again. The man next to me is
+loading his gun; suddenly he throws up an arm:
+
+"Hell! That's pretty warm!" A bullet has passed midway through the
+cover of his rifle barrel.
+
+"Go on! Slowly! One at a time! Don't crowd!"
+
+On the road we find a man of the second column, pressed against a
+tree.
+
+"Where is the battalion?"
+
+He points in the direction of R.
+
+"There they are, still fighting, Captain."
+
+Yes, there still stand some riflemen in a rifle fight. An officer with
+them.
+
+"Forward!" and I point in their direction.
+
+But over there the witches' caldron is boiling more fiercely. The
+machine guns are nearer there. After a short consultation with the
+leader of the division I order: "Retire. Singly."
+
+The narrow road through which we retire is swept continually with
+fire. I climb up to the ridge. Now nothing further matters. Only not
+to fall alive in the hands of those over there! To die! I stumble over
+a ridge in the field. A few moments of unconsciousness. Then again the
+tacktack-tacktack of the machine guns. God, our Lord, Thou art our
+refuge forever and aye! I pray Thee, I pray Thee, let me die an honest
+soldier's death. And not suffer long. Now, dear Lord, please; now! If
+only my fellows don't begin to run!
+
+"Slowly, men; slowly. Halt at the brown stretch of field."
+
+Panting, we lie there. "Rifles in position! Take aim! Fire!"
+
+As soon as a few shots have been fired, there ensues a pause in the
+firing over there. We make good use of it. Then, "Down on your bellies
+again!"
+
+I cannot go further.
+
+"Go ahead without me, boys. Greet my people for me. God with you.
+You've fought well. Damn you, fellow, run, I tell you! Down on your
+faces! Take breath. Fire!"
+
+When, long ago, I went to my confirmation lesson, the Superintendent
+once said--ah, what a remarkable man that was!--"I would like only to
+take a single look at my little garden. I'm a city child, and have
+grown so fond of the flowers, this little bit of earth!"--Hui! hui!
+there it whistles over our heads again. I greet Death. And my lips
+touch the ridge of the field furrow.
+
+Of dust thou art; to dust thou shalt return.
+
+"Boys, you're not afraid? Eh?" And I try to laugh.
+
+"The apes over there! They don't know how to shoot. Such clowns!
+They'll hit the sky!"
+
+Hui! hui! tack-a-tack-tacktack! Run on! The patent-leathered lackeys
+can't hit us!
+
+But there lies one of the other company. Dead.
+
+"Don't run! Keep halting! Fire!"
+
+From the village a hail of shrapnel. From the opposite side, the same.
+But now nobody runs with lowered head. We are now used to the
+benediction of bullets. Further on, further on!
+
+Of the brigade there's not a trace. When the artillery had shot away
+its ammunition, the order was given: "Retire, all!" It reached me, in
+front there with the rifle lines, fully an hour later than the rest.
+
+Scattered stragglers join me.
+
+"Where is our Chief Lieutenant?"
+
+"Wounded in the neck; only a glancing bullet. Has returned slowly on
+an artillery horse. Midway among the shrapnels. Great fellow."
+
+Nobody knows where the point of reunion is. I lead the rest of the
+battalion after the other companies. Night is falling. Somewhere a
+cavalry patrol tells us: They're to bivouac over there at the fort.
+
+We march toward that. Bicycle men come to meet us. We hear from
+them--no one believed that a single man of us could escape that
+devil's caldron alive. My orderly (Bursche) comes riding to meet me.
+His eyes are wet.
+
+"My Captain! My Captain!"
+
+I must press many hands. I warm myself at the bivouac fire. The
+Quartermaster has brought me a half flask of champagne. There's red
+wine for the men in the baggage division. It has already been mulled.
+A plate of rice soup. The earth-crumb is still sticking to my lips. I
+swallow it down with the first draught of foaming wine: "I greet thee,
+Life! I greet thee, Earth!" And comrades come up and are glad to see
+me, old monster, again.
+
+Thank God, my company has suffered only few losses! When I order the
+Sergeant Major to read the list, only a few are missing. But this one
+or that one has been seen by some one of his comrades after the fight.
+Well, then they are only scattered, and will find their way back by
+and by. The battalion in these two days of fighting lost thirty-eight
+dead and sixty-six wounded. That includes some light wounds from
+glancing bullets.
+
+It all lies behind me like a confused dream. We are bivouacking in the
+casemates of the fort. I awake several times in terror. Deep, deep
+silence. Only the pacing to and fro of the sentinel on guard. To and
+fro, to and fro. He is cold.
+
+I creep deeper into the straw. Poor fellow, the sentinel. How soft
+I've got it! So warm here! I have hot eyes and hot cheeks, but
+ice-cold hands.
+
+I pity all those who know life and death only from books. War is a
+great teacher. We learn to love the earth. And thus our homeland
+becomes so sacred to us.
+
+
+
+
+Damp Humor of the Night Watch
+
+     From a field postcard written by a German soldier in the
+     Franco-Prussian war and sent home by one who recalled it
+     under similar circumstances in the present one.
+
+
+     I guard this shed,
+       But who guards me?
+     Around my head
+       But night I see.
+     This only comfort sweet is mine,
+       To soothe my graveyard cough:
+     "This town will pay a lovely fine
+       If some one picks me off."
+
+
+
+
+War Correspondence
+
+The Place of Tombs
+
+By Perceval Gibbon.
+
+[Special Cable to THE NEW YORK TIMES.]
+
+
+Zyrddow, Poland, Received in London Jan. 19.--There is a spot above
+the river which must not be indicated too explicitly, but whose name
+signifies in Russian the place of tombs. It is thus christened by the
+troops who camp in a great forest which shadows the whole position. It
+is a point at which the new German plan of thrusting toward the
+railway instead of as hitherto toward the road has produced fighting
+of more than Homeric quality.
+
+The Russians, who never misjudge the value of ground, were established
+here in well-made trenches, with the shelter of the forest at their
+backs for reserves and supports. Upon this iron front the Germans
+spent themselves in fruitless attacks, incurring crippling losses. It
+was only after repeated and disastrous failure of these tactics that
+they began a different method of approach.
+
+Here, as everywhere else, they have a large amount of artillery, and
+under incessant shell fire they proceeded to sap their way toward the
+Russian trenches. Incidentally they expended shells enough to last an
+army through the whole of a small war, and where formerly six acres of
+trees projected from the main forest there are now no trees at all.
+
+The parapet of their trench is only thirty-five paces from the Russian
+parapet, and the men crouching behind their shelter can hear the
+voices of their enemies. None dare lift head or hand to even the
+loopholes on the breastworks, since the worst shot in the world can
+send bullet after bullet through any loophole at that distance. The
+Russians are able to throw hand grenades, with which their trenches
+are supplied, clear into the German trenches, while the German
+shelling has had to cease since their own men are in equal danger from
+any shell aimed at the Russian trenches.
+
+I rode down through the forest in an effort to reach one of the
+trenches two nights ago, passing from the pale shine of the snow upon
+the bare fields to sheer darkness. I found the staff established in a
+spacious dugout some 400 yards behind the actual first line. Here, as
+always, was a straw-padded, candle-lit interior, with an orderly
+waiting, with telephone to ear, and all those rough-and-ready
+contrivances by which men live who have death forever at their elbow.
+Here, too, their faces disguised by weeks of beard and grimed with the
+smirch of war, were burly Russian officers, those adequate and quietly
+confident men who are the strength and inspiration of the Russian
+Army.
+
+In all the gloom, where all life was balanced on a hair, one thing was
+steadfast and cordial, and that was the unshaken assurance of these
+cheerful, expert fighting men in their power to hold the Germans and
+presently to resume the offensive, to which each one of them looks
+forward, and advance at last toward the frontier of Germany. None
+underestimates the enemy. They criticise him in a spirit of absolute
+professional impartiality, admiring quite frankly the organization and
+courage of the German infantry, but condemning the artillery and
+pooh-poohing the cavalry.
+
+Yesterday morning the Germans renewed their bombardment of the
+positions at Radziwillow, where the fine Russian trench is practically
+impregnable, and has already cost them huge losses in their attempts
+to assault it.
+
+I had an illustration of their lack of system in artillery fire while
+returning along the rear of this position. Their shells sailed up
+across the woods to the south of the railway, bursting on an empty
+stretch of fields about a thousand yards away, and turned seven or
+eight hundred acres of virgin snow into an inferno of smoke and torn
+earth, but no single shell fell nearer than a thousand yards to any
+living soul.
+
+During the last day or two I have seen a change in the nature of the
+fighting on this front. The German procedure has no longer its old
+character of desperate decision but has become more desultory and
+their pressure flickers up and down the line as though in a panic of
+effort to find some point at which the defense is weak.
+
+I learned here from prisoners that the Germans lately have been
+celebrating victories. Berlin and other cities are said to be gay with
+flags, and Gen. von Hindenburg has been acclaimed as a national hero.
+I can only keep my eyes on the small portion of the long front limited
+by Socahczew on the north and Msczonow on the south, but in regard to
+this region I can offer my personal testimony that at no point have
+the Germans gained anything in the nature of a success nor made any
+attack which has not been immensely more costly in lives to them than
+to the Russians.
+
+
+
+
+Shelled Tsing-tao With Wireless Aid
+
+By Jefferson Jones,
+
+Staff Correspondent of The Minneapolis Journal and Japan Advertiser.
+
+[From THE NEW YORK TIMES, Jan. 24, 1915.]
+
+
+Tokio, Dec. 15.--Far out in the Yellow Sea busy gunners on a Japanese
+battleship aimed a 12-inch gun at one of the German forts in
+Tsing-tao. Opening the breech, they removed the smoking cartridge
+case, put in another loaded one, and waited to learn whether the
+projectile had scattered death among the enemy or exploded harmlessly
+in soft earth. They were five or six miles from their target.
+
+The gunners gazed toward the battleship's wireless masts. Presently
+came a sputter and crackle of electric sparks. An officer appeared in
+the turret and said, perhaps, "Very good. Put some more in the same
+place," or, "That one was fifty feet to the right or sixty feet too
+high." He had received a wireless message from the shore telling
+exactly where the shell had struck, probably for the first time since
+naval warfare began.
+
+At the rear of the Japanese lines, where a naval lookout had been
+erected, I saw several marines focusing horned telescopes on the
+besieged forts. As soon as a shell landed one of the men would
+telephone the exact location to the naval wireless station at Sesheco,
+which relayed the message to the warships.
+
+The fourth day of the siege was the most severe of the whole siege of
+Tsing-tao. Gen. Johoji on the extreme left, with Gen. Barnardiston of
+the British expeditionary force, was pressing the intrenched Germans
+near Moltke Fort. Early in the morning Gen. Johoji had sent a
+detachment against the triangular pumping station fort, as it was
+deemed wise not to turn the siege guns on the place, because the fort
+might be destroyed and the supply of water be cut off in the city
+when the troops entered. The detachment approached the fort without
+any resistance from the Germans, and, surrounding it, discovered that
+there was a small garrison, which had barred itself inside. The
+Japanese commanded the men to surrender, threatening to dynamite the
+place. The steel door was opened and twenty-three Germans walked out.
+
+The capture of this fort was the key for the final attack of the
+Japanese, as it left the central fort and redoubts exposed to fire.
+
+Late in the afternoon the fire became extremely heavy. The Germans
+seemed to be making sharp resistance to the Japanese, lest they
+advance within the quarter-mile zone of the redoubt walls. The
+Japanese infantry, however, were sapping away, and as dusk settled
+over the field we saw the bright flash of bursting shrapnel from the
+German forts. It was the first shrapnel sent out by the Germans during
+the siege.
+
+Ten, twelve, fifteen, and sometimes even twenty shrapnel shells could
+be counted bursting at one time, all in a straight line, over the
+Japanese front line, and then the big German searchlights would flash
+about the field. They would fall on fifteen or twenty Japanese sappers
+on the top of their trenches placing sandbags, and then the flash
+would disappear.
+
+Thursday, Nov. 5, seemed only a repetition of what we had seen the day
+before. All night long the firing kept up, and it was evident that the
+German garrison at Tsing-tao was making stubborn and gallant
+resistance.
+
+That night the Japanese forces advanced 200 yards under a heavy
+shrapnel fire from the Germans. A snowstorm, followed by rain, had
+filled the trenches with water a foot deep, and it was in these that
+the Japanese and British forces found themselves during the closing
+days of the siege.
+
+Friday, Nov. 6, was a bitter morning. A forty-mile gale was blowing
+off the Yellow Sea, and with the thermometer at 2 below zero it was
+not any too comfortable, even for those of us who were fortunate
+enough to get near a charcoal burner.
+
+Toward midnight Gen. Yamada, whose men were intrenched in front of
+Forts 2 and 3, sent out a detachment to learn the condition of the
+German garrison opposing him. The men approached the redoubt walls of
+the forts, climbed ten feet to the bottom, and found themselves face
+to face with wire entanglements twenty yards wide and running the
+length of the wall. No Germans were seen. Reinforcements were called
+for while the scouts were cutting the entanglements. At 1 A.M., Nov.
+7, Gen. Yamada with more than 300 men was behind the redoubt walls of
+Fort 3.
+
+In the meantime, heavily protected on all sides by planks and
+sandbags, a detachment of 200 Germans with machine guns was watching
+the approach of Gen. Barnardiston's men, who had been stationed to the
+right of Gen. Yamada. The Germans were unaware that the Japanese had
+gained the wall, when suddenly a sentry heard Japanese voices. The
+signal was given and the Germans rushed from their sandbag houses into
+the shadow of the wall, hoping to reach their comrades, stationed 500
+yards back along the casement walls. Some, perhaps, reached their
+destination, but the majority of the men were shot down by the
+Japanese infantry.
+
+The capture of Forts 2 and 3 by Gen. Yamada was quickly reported to
+Gen. Horiuchi, and within an hour his men had captured Forts 4 and 5
+with very little resistance. Gen. Johoji, on the extreme left, with
+Gen. Barnardiston of the British force, also advanced with the news of
+the capture of the positions, but the Germans put up a stubborn
+resistance, and it was not until 6:30 A.M. that the attackers gained
+the coast fort and Fort 1.
+
+With the capture of the redoubt fortifications there still remained
+the mountainous forts, Iltis, Bismarck, and Moltke, a quarter of a
+mile back toward Tsing-tao. With detachments of engineers and
+infantrymen, Gens. Horiuchi and Yamada ordered the general attack. The
+men rushed from their trenches for the base of the forts. It was to
+be a hand-to-hand bayonet attack.
+
+But two guns on the Iltis fort had already been silenced, the four big
+28-centimeter mortars on the same fort were useless for use at the
+base of Iltis, while the other guns had been so placed and sandbagged
+at the rear of the fort that they could not be quickly brought forward
+and utilized for work along the steep slopes leading to the forts.
+Rifles and machine guns were resorted to.
+
+The Japanese, as they charged up the slope, were mowed down by the
+machine guns, but on they came from all sides--17,000 men against
+3,800. The German garrison could not hold out, and the white flag was
+hoisted from Fort C, close to Gov. Gen. Meyer Waldeck's residence. The
+surrender came at 7:05 A.M.
+
+
+
+
+THE BROKEN ROSE
+
+(TO KING ALBERT)
+
+By ANNIE VIVANTI CHARTRES.
+
+[From King Albert's Book.]
+
+
+     Shy, youthful, silent--and misunderstood,
+     In the white glare of Kinghood thou didst stand.
+     The sceptre in thy hand
+     Seemed but a flower the Fates had tossed to thee,
+     And thou wert called, perchance half scornfully,
+     Albert the Good.
+
+     Today thou standest on a blackened grave,
+     Thy broken sword still lifted to the skies.
+     Thy pure and fearless eyes
+     Gaze into Death's grim visage unappalled
+     And by the storm-swept nations thou art called
+     Albert the Brave.
+
+     Tossed on a blood-red sea of rage and hate
+     The frenzied world rolls forward to its doom.
+     But high above the gloom
+     Flashes the fulgent beacon of thy fame,
+     The nations thou hast saved exalt thy name--
+     Albert the Great!
+
+            *       *       *       *       *
+
+     Albert the good, the brave, the great, thy land
+     Lies at thy feet, a crushed and morient rose
+     Trampled and desecrated by thy foes.
+     One day a greater Belgium will be born,
+     But what of this dead Belgium wracked and torn?
+     What of this rose flung out upon the sand?
+
+     Behold! Afar where sky and waters meet
+     A white-robed Figure walketh on the sea
+     (Peace goes before Him and her face is sweet.)
+     As once He trod the waves of Galilee
+     He comes again--the tumult sinks to rest,
+     The stormy waters shine beneath His feet.
+
+     He sees the dead rose lying in the sand,
+     He lifts the dead rose in His holy hand
+     And lays it at His breast.
+
+     O broken rose of Belgium, thou art blest!
+
+
+
+
+The Emden at Penang
+
+Pen Picture by a Times Correspondent of the Havoc She Wrought
+
+[From THE NEW YORK TIMES Correspondent in Penang.]
+
+
+Penang, Straits Settlements, Oct. 29.--The German cruiser Emden called
+here yesterday and departed, leaving death and destruction behind her.
+You will doubtless have learned long before this story of her visit,
+carried by the slow mails of the Far East, is read in the United
+States some account of the Emden's raid, but the cable can hardly
+carry a detailed picture of the destruction wrought in a brief hour or
+so yesterday in this busy harbor, and it seems worth while to describe
+for you how this sudden vision of war burst on Penang.
+
+For those who do not know, the City of Penang lies on the western
+coast of the Malay Peninsula, just below the Siamese border. It is the
+shipping point of the Federated Malay States, where 65 per cent. of
+the world's tin is produced, as well as a great amount of rubber and
+copra. With a population of 246,000, it is growing by leaps and bounds
+and gives every indication of soon becoming one of the largest ports
+in the Far East.
+
+The thing that makes this city a point of importance in the present
+war is the fact that it is the last port of call for ships going from
+China and Japan to Colombo and Europe. As a result, it has been made
+more or less of a naval base by the English Government. Large stores
+of Admiralty coal have been collected and all vessels have been
+commanded to stop here for orders before crossing the Bay of Bengal.
+
+It was probably with the idea of crippling this base, from which her
+pursuers were radiating, that the Emden made her raid here. Had she
+found it temporarily undefended she could at one blow seriously have
+embarrassed the English cruisers patrolling these waters and at the
+same time cause a terrific loss to English commerce by sinking the
+many merchantmen at anchor in the harbor.
+
+It was early on Wednesday morning that the Emden, with a dummy fourth
+funnel and flying the British ensign, in some inexplicable fashion
+sneaked past the French torpedo boat Mosquet, which was on patrol duty
+outside, and entered the outer harbor of Penang. Across the channel
+leading to the inner harbor lay the Russian cruiser Jemtchug. Inside
+were the French torpedo boats Fronde and Pistolet and the torpedo boat
+destroyer D'Iberville. The torpedo boats lay beside the long
+Government wharf, while the D'Iberville rode at anchor between two
+tramp steamers.
+
+At full speed the Emden steamed straight for the Jemtchug and the
+inner harbor. In the semi-darkness of the early morning the Russian
+took her for the British cruiser Yarmouth, which had been in and out
+two or three times during the previous week and did not even "query"
+her. Suddenly, when less than 400 yards away, the Emden emptied her
+bow guns into the Jemtchug and came on at a terrific pace, with all
+the guns she could bring to bear in action. When she had come within
+250 yards she changed her course slightly, and as she passed the
+Jemtchug poured two broadsides into her, as well as a torpedo, which
+entered the engine room but did comparatively little damage.
+
+The Russian cruiser was taken completely by surprise and was badly
+crippled before she realized what was happening. The fact that her
+Captain was spending the night ashore and that there was no one on
+board who seemed capable of acting energetically completed the
+demoralization. She was defeated before the battle began. However, her
+men finally manned the light guns and brought them into action.
+
+In the meantime the Emden was well inside the inner harbor and among
+the shipping. She saw the French torpedo boats there, and apparently
+realized at once that unless she could get out before they joined in
+the action her fate was sealed. At such close quarters (the range was
+never more than 450 yards) their torpedoes would have proved deadly.
+Accordingly, she turned sharply and made for the Jemtchug once more.
+
+All the time she had been in the harbor the Russian had been
+bombarding her with shrapnel, but, owing to the notoriously bad
+marksmanship prevalent in the Czar's navy, had succeeded for the most
+part only in peppering every merchant ship within range. As the Emden
+neared the Jemtchug again both ships were actually spitting fire. The
+range was practically point-blank. Less than 150 yards away the Emden
+passed the Russian, and as she did so torpedoed her amidships,
+striking the magazine. There was a tremendous detonation, paling into
+insignificance by its volume all the previous din; a heavy black
+column of smoke arose and the Jemtchug sank in less than ten seconds,
+while the Emden steamed behind the point to safety.
+
+No sooner had she done so, however, than she sighted the torpedo boat
+Mosquet, which had heard the firing and was coming in at top speed.
+The Emden immediately opened up on her, thereby causing her to turn
+around in an endeavor to escape. It was too late. After a running
+fight of twenty minutes the Mosquet seemed to be hit by three shells
+simultaneously and sank very rapidly. The German had got a second
+victim.
+
+It was here that the chivalrous bravery of the Emden's Captain, which
+has been many times in evidence throughout her meteoric career, was
+again shown. If the French boats were coming out, every moment was of
+priceless value to him. Nevertheless, utterly disregarding this, he
+stopped, lowered boats, and picked up the survivors from the Mosquet
+before steaming on his way.
+
+The English here now say of him, admiringly, "He played the game."
+
+Meantime, boats of all descriptions had started toward the place where
+the Russian cruiser had last been seen. The water was covered with
+d�bris of all sorts, to which the survivors were clinging. They
+presented a horrible sight when they were landed on Victoria Pier,
+which the ambulance corps of the Sikh garrison turned into a temporary
+hospital. Almost all of them had wounds of one sort or another. Many
+were covered with them. Their blood-stained and, for the most part,
+naked bodies were enough to send shivers through even the most
+cold-blooded person. It was a sight I shall not forget for many a day.
+Out of a crew of 334 men 142 were picked up wounded. Only 94 were
+found practically untouched. Ninety-eight were "missing." It is not
+yet known how many of the crew of the 78 of the Mosquet were rescued
+by the Emden.
+
+So much of the story I am able to write from personal observation and
+investigation. Here, however, is an account of what occurred from an
+officer who saw it all from closer range and more intimate conditions,
+for he was on the French torpedo boat destroyer Pistolet. I tell his
+story exactly as he told it to me:
+
+"The Captain of the Pistolet had invited Capt. T. and myself to have a
+game of bridge whist on board. His ship was lying alongside the
+Government wharf, just inside the inner harbor. The game proved a most
+interesting one and time flew by unnoticed. Finally, just before 1
+A.M., it came to a close, but, owing to the fact that our going home
+at that hour of the morning would mean a rikisha ride of over two
+miles, the Captain stretched a point and invited us to remain on
+board, which we did. Little did we know what our decision was to mean
+to us.
+
+"At 5:25 the next morning, just as day was breaking, I was awakened by
+a deafening crash, followed by two others in rapid succession. Without
+waiting for more, I pulled my ducks over my pajamas and hurried on
+deck. Right before us, at the entrance to the inner harbor, lay the
+Russian cruiser Jemtchug. Steaming toward her at full speed came the
+German cruiser Emden, her bow guns belching forth vast clouds of
+smoke, through which the flash of the guns could just be
+distinguished. She was less than half a mile away. After what seemed
+to me an interminable delay, the surprised Jemtchug started to reply
+with her small guns, and the din grew greater and greater.
+
+"As the Emden came on she swerved slightly out of her course and
+steamed down the far side of the channel, thus bringing her broadside
+guns to bear on the Jemtchug, which by this time was literally
+spitting fire. The range now was less than 300 yards, and the
+execution being done must have been terrible. We noticed, however,
+that the greater number of the Russian shells were 'carrying over.'
+
+"The Emden now changed her course again, to the right, and disappeared
+behind a group of several tramp steamers so as to enable her to turn
+around without unduly exposing herself. While she was doing this the
+firing diminished greatly, owing to the disinclination on the part of
+either, I imagine, wantonly to damage harmless merchant vessels. No
+sooner had she started on her way out of the harbor, however, than the
+din arose once more.
+
+"Just at this time the French torpedo boat Fronde dropped back from
+her position alongside us and started in to take part in the m�l�e
+with a machine gun. This caused the Emden to devote part of her time
+to us, and we were made the objective of a severe machine-gun fire
+which, owing to our position in the shadow of the pier and of the fact
+that the light was very poor, did little or no damage. Nevertheless,
+it was rather disconcerting to hear the rattle of lead on the
+corrugated iron sheds behind us.
+
+"By this time the Emden must have realized that at such close quarters
+she was subject to the danger of a torpedo attack, (although as a
+matter of fact no effort seemed to have been made along these lines,)
+and she accordingly started up the north channel toward the outer
+harbor at full speed, firing broadside after broadside at the
+Jemtchug, now badly crippled.
+
+"Suddenly, as the two cruisers were abreast and no more than 150 yards
+from one another, there was a tremendous crash. The Jemtchug heaved up
+amidships, there was another detonation even louder than the first,
+and she sank before I could realize what had happened. All that
+remained was a large pillar of smoke to mark the spot where she had
+been. A German torpedo had found its mark, and the Emden sailed around
+the point without firing another shot.
+
+"By this time--less than thirty minutes after the first shot had been
+fired--the Pistolet had cast off and we started across the harbor
+toward the place where we had last seen the Jemtchug, with the Fronde
+close behind us. It was slow work, as we had very little steam.
+
+"As we neared the scene of the disaster I received my first impression
+of the horror of modern naval warfare. The water was strewn with
+wreckage, amid which heads were popping up and down like corks in a
+lily pond. It seemed as if it were alive with men. They were
+everywhere, hanging on to pieces of wood, clutching life preservers,
+clinging to d�bris of all kinds.
+
+"When we reached them we immediately started in getting them aboard by
+means of boats, ropes looped at the end, by hand, and in any way
+possible. They were indeed a most terrible sight. Most of them were
+wounded, and those that were were bleeding profusely. Practically none
+were wearing more than a pair of trousers, and a considerable number
+did not even have that. A few were frightfully lacerated, and we
+recovered one man who had had his leg blown off below the knee--he
+died five minutes after we got him on board. It was like living a
+frightful nightmare. Everywhere you turned you met a groaning, greasy
+mass of humanity.
+
+"Discipline was thrown aside and Captain and men alike toiled in
+their efforts to alleviate the suffering of the Jemtchug's survivors.
+My partner at bridge the previous night, the doctor, asked my
+assistance, and together we went from man to man doing what emergency
+work we could. My pajama-decked costume was rapidly covered with
+blood. It was a case of everybody helping everybody else.
+
+"Finally, when numerous launches of all sizes and makes had put out to
+relieve us, we returned to the Victoria jetty, which the ambulance
+corps of the Sikh garrison, aided by volunteers and local doctors, had
+turned into a temporary hospital. Here were removed what remained of
+the Jemtchug.
+
+"While the last few men were taken off the Pistolet, another
+cannonading was heard. I hurried ashore, with no feeling of regret, I
+might say, and took a rikisha to the outer sea wall to see whatever
+fighting was going on. The ships were so far away that it was hard to
+tell with the naked eye exactly what was going on. We could see the
+little torpedo boat Mosquet trying to get beyond the range of the
+Emden's guns while the shells were throwing up water all around her.
+The chase had kept on for twenty minutes, I should say, when we saw
+the little craft sink by the bow. The Emden lowered boats to pick up
+any possible survivors, but, from the short time they were down, I
+imagine most of the crew were lost.
+
+"I have tried to give you some little idea in the foregoing of the
+frightful encounter I have witnessed. It seemed like a nightmare
+afterward, although while it was actually going on you felt as if you
+were looking at a sham battle. Even when the bullets started in to
+rattle on the iron-covered sheds above our heads there was nothing
+terrifying about it. After the effect of the first few shots had worn
+off I felt as if I were watching a play. That quiet, staid Penang with
+her shaded streets and sampan covered harbor should be the scene of a
+naval engagement such as I witnessed today is almost unbelievable. Yet
+the sordid aftereffects are before our eyes.
+
+"Only the masterly manoeuvring of that gentleman of the German
+fleet--the Captain of the Emden--prevented the city from being the
+scene of a terrible carnage. His refusal to sink unarmed vessels while
+the crews were on board, his refraining from bombarding the town, his
+stopping to pick up the crew of the Mosquet, although every minute was
+valuable to him, at once made him 'that gentleman, the Captain of the
+Emden.' On all sides you heard 'I hope they sink the Emden, but it
+will be a shame if any of her crew are lost.'
+
+"While steaming away from Penang he met the tramp Glen. Instead of
+capturing her, he sent her into Penang with the message: 'I tried not
+to hit the town. If I did so, I am very sorry, indeed.' Well, he
+'played the game,' and he has made me, for one, feel extremely
+doubtful whether the much-talked-of German 'atrocities' are true,
+except where the exigencies of war have made them unavoidable."
+
+Here you have the story of an engagement which will go down in history
+as a demonstration that, even under the conditions of modern naval
+warfare, it is possible for two ships of almost equal armament to
+fight by daylight at almost point-blank range without resulting in the
+disabling of both. A sight similar to that witnessed yesterday would
+be considered by most naval critics as impossible, or, rather,
+suicidal.
+
+The sad, or, rather, disgraceful, part of the story has yet to be
+told. It was true that the Jemtchug was caught unprepared. Her Captain
+was spending the night ashore, her decks were not cleared, she was
+slow to get into action, and when she did so her marksmanship was
+poor. All this could hardly be excused, but it becomes insignificant
+when we consider the case of the French torpedo boats and the
+D'Iberville, whose help the Jemtchug had a right to expect. Here they
+lay in a harbor with fully ten minutes' warning that a hostile ship
+was approaching, yet they allowed that ship to enter the harbor, steam
+around it, turn, and make her escape without so much as firing a shot,
+when, if they had gone into action, the Emden could hardly have
+escaped. The range was everything they could have desired.
+
+What was the matter? Why did they remain silent? The answer is this:
+Although it was a time of war, a large percentage of the officers of
+these ships had been allowed to remain ashore over night. Not one of
+the ships had steam up. Their decks were not even cleared for action.
+Yet, even taking this into consideration, it is inexplicable that,
+when two or three torpedoes from any one of them would have saved the
+day, none was fired. The ships need not have moved an inch to have
+done so. The range was ridiculously short--less than 200 yards at one
+time. But surprise, lack of discipline, and general inefficiency
+seemed to hold them paralyzed.
+
+The prevailing opinion here is that they did not wish to draw the
+Emden's fire on themselves--although one did use her machine gun
+toward the end of the engagement. Whatever is said, however, it is
+impossible to get away from the fact that the French Navy yesterday
+sustained a blow to its efficiency that it will take a long time to
+wipe out. Theirs was a "masterly inaction" caused by something which
+they do not attempt themselves to define. Both army and navy
+commanders here are one in their contemptuous condemnation of such a
+spectacle.
+
+
+
+
+The Belgian Soldier
+
+[From The London Times, Oct. 17, 1914. By its Special Correspondent
+lately in Antwerp.]
+
+
+Before it fades I would like to record my impression of the Belgian
+soldier as I have seen him day after day through the two months ending
+with the fall of Antwerp.
+
+I have seen him on every kind of duty and off, on the roads, in
+cabarets, in camp and barrack, on the march, in trenches, fighting
+from behind all sorts of cover or from none, on foot, on horseback, on
+bicycles, mounted proudly on his auto-mitrailleuse, or running behind
+his gun-team of dogs, each dog pulling and barking as if it would tear
+the whole German Army to pieces. I have seen him wounded on
+battlefields, by the roadside, and in hospitals; I have seen him, in
+the later days at Antwerp, brought back from the forts and from those
+terrible advanced trenches unwounded, but from sheer exhaustion in
+almost more serious plight than any of his comrades whom the shells
+had hit. And I have seen him dead.
+
+As a result there has grown up in me an extraordinary affection for
+him. Greater even than my admiration of his careless courage is my
+liking for the man. For all his manhood he has so much of the child in
+him; he is such a chatterbox and so full of laughter, and never are
+his laugh and badinage so quick as when he has the sternest work on
+hand. Unshaven, mud-bespattered, hungry, so tired that he can hardly
+walk or lift his rifle to his shoulder, he will bear himself with a
+gallant gayety which, I think, is quite his own and is altogether
+fascinating.
+
+As time goes on perhaps it will be the faces of the dead and wounded
+that will live most clearly in the memory, but at present the pictures
+of the Belgian soldier which stand out sharpest are less lugubrious
+and more commonplace.
+
+I walked one day back toward Antwerp, along that awful road which ran
+by Contich and Waerloos to Waelhem. Daily along that road the German
+shells fell nearer to the city, so that whenever one went out to the
+place that he had visited yesterday he was likely to find himself
+disagreeably surprised. One day I found myself, (I would not have
+been there had I known it,) perhaps a mile inside the range of the
+enemy's guns. A Red Cross car had dropped me and picked up wounded men
+instead, and there was nothing for it but to walk back along the road.
+
+Along the road from the foremost trenches came a dozen Belgian
+soldiers, just relieved after twenty-four hours of what it is
+difficult to describe otherwise than as hell. Muddied from head to
+heel, they could hardly drag their feet along, and, glad of any
+company, I fell in and walked with the last straggler of the little
+band, while the shrapnel with its long-drawn scream--whew-ew-ew-ew-bang!--broke
+on either side of us.
+
+At every whew-ew-ew-ew which came too near I dived for cover. If there
+was no friendly wall or vehicle or tree trunk at hand the ditch beside
+the road was always there. And every time I dived my companion stood
+in the middle of the road and shook with laughter--not unkindly, but
+in the utmost friendliness and good humor--waiting till I rejoined him
+and we resumed our walk.
+
+A little man, shockingly bedraggled, worn out almost to the point of
+collapse, utterly indifferent to his own danger, and taking a huge,
+childlike delight in my care for my personal safety, the picture of
+him as he stood and laughed all alone in the bare road amid the
+bursting shells seems to me curiously typical of the whole Belgian
+Army.
+
+Another picture also--a composite photograph--I shall never forget. It
+is the same man--sometimes blonde, sometimes dark, but always the same
+smallish man--as, on picket duty, he stops you to examine your papers.
+He does not understand the papers in the least. The British passport
+begins with the words, "We, Sir Edward Grey, a Baronet of the United
+Kingdom...." Sternly he wrinkles his brow over the formidable
+document, earnestly trying to do his duty. At last, "Votre nom,
+Edouard Gra-ee?" he asks. You explain that you wish that it was and
+call attention to the place where your own insignificant name is
+mentioned lower down. To his immense relief he has mastered the
+central fact, namely, that you are English. And his face lights up
+with the smile which one has come to know so well; a smile of real
+pleasure and good-will.
+
+Sometimes he speaks a word of English, and with what pride he uses it!
+"All ri'!" "Good night!" "How do?" And you go on into the night
+feeling that you are leaving a friend behind whom you would like to
+stop and talk to. And he, you know, has been cheered in his lonely
+duty by the mere contact with an ally.
+
+
+
+
+THE HEROIC LANGUAGE
+
+By ALICE MEYNELL.
+
+[From King Albert's Book.]
+
+
+     When our now living languages are "dead,"
+     Which in the classes shall be treasured?
+       Which will the masters teach?
+     Kepler's, and Shakespeare's, and thy word, thy phrase,
+     Thy grammar, thou heroic, for all days,
+       O little Flemish speech!
+
+
+
+
+Cheerful Spirits in Trench Inferno
+
+[Special Cable to THE NEW YORK TIMES.]
+
+
+Northern France, Dec. 20, (Dispatch to The London Daily News.)--This
+week--a week of many significant things--has ended in the wildest
+whirl of weather imaginable. The rains have been terrific, blinding,
+tropical in their almost ceaseless roar and fury. Surely only madmen
+or fiends would fight in such an elemental maelstrom. We may be both,
+and perhaps we are, now that the whole world is topsy-turvy; for we
+are going savagely on at this dread business, half blind and wholly
+desperate. If the furious sky were to rain red-hot pitchforks the
+contending armies would still be undismayed and would crawl, if not
+fly, at one another's throats.
+
+But there is no romance in trench fighting; it is sickening,
+demoralizing. Ask any soldier who has been at it for a time. He will
+pour a few plain truths into your shocked ear. Down at the railroad
+terminal today I met some of them--a queer mixture. There was a batch
+of German prisoners; there was a squad of wounded Belgians, and there
+were four lost, stolen, or strayed British soldiers from the Seventh
+Division--a Sergeant and three men. They were all so plastered over
+with dirt that it was difficult to sort out their nationality.
+
+What struck me most was their absolute and undisguised cheerfulness. I
+have lively recollection of the first German prisoners I saw in the
+early days of the war. They were in a gray funk, which is several
+degrees more sheer than a blue funk. They absolutely believed that the
+next moment or two would be their last on this woeful earth and that
+they would be shot out of hand.
+
+The young Prussians I met today said that they had been having a very
+thin time recently; that their food was bad, and getting worse and
+more scanty every day; that pneumonia and rheumatism were rife in
+their trenches, to say nothing of the dreaded typhoid, and that they
+were tremendously glad to be out of it all. They understood that they
+were going to England. Anyway, they hoped so fervently.
+
+The Belgian soldiers were all slightly wounded, mostly in the legs and
+arms. The mud and slime of the trenches north of Furnes had not yet
+dried upon their sodden clothes. They were cold and benumbed and
+desperately hungry, for their train had been held up for hours while
+certain private and confidential military scene changing was going on.
+In spite of the pain their hurriedly dressed wounds were giving them
+they, too, were cheerful.
+
+"We are in great heart," said one of them, "for we are moving on
+surely and certainly. This week something new has come to us. The
+knell of retreat no longer sounds in our hearts; the tocsin rings
+there instead. We are marching on; we are driving the barbarians back.
+Every inch of our motherland regained is sweet and precious to us.
+Three days ago I saw our King. He was as muddy and stained, Monsieur,
+as I am now. An officer who was with him wanted to remove the mud from
+his clothes. 'But no,' said the King, 'let it stay. If my own land
+clings thus to me, let it stay; it is better that it should be so,'
+and he laughed as he passed on. We all cheered him, and he laughed the
+more, showing a shining face and bidding us take heart, as a brighter
+day was dawning.
+
+"So we went into the fight that evening, afraid of nothing. In rain
+and mist we charged a small village with a mighty shout. Though our
+numbers were small we charged. We were beaten back, and then we
+charged again. My bayonet broke off short in the breast of a huge
+German, and then in the dark and mist a great crowd swept over us as
+we both went down. I came to in the dawn. Our men were singing the
+chant of victory. The gray enemy had gone. The village, smoking and
+shattered, was ours. Our guns were rattling up the street to take
+another and stronger position.
+
+"A small victory, perhaps, but none the less sweet for that. Alas! I
+could not follow, and they brought me on here. The fortunes of war
+were hard."
+
+He raised himself painfully. The big Sergeant from the lost legion,
+coming along at the moment, picked him up like a baby, hoisted him on
+his shoulders, and bore him along through mud to the clearing house
+beyond the station yard.
+
+"Lucky chap," said the Sergeant. "He is going to have a warm, snug
+Christmas in a snug, warm hospital; and here's me only lorst in this
+bloomin' swamp, an' got to report for duty somewhere in the
+mornin'--Lord knows where!" he grinned ruefully at me.
+
+
+
+
+King George's Visit to the Troops
+
+[From The London Times, Dec. 8, 1914.]
+
+
+_An officer in the Indian Expeditionary Force sends the following
+description of an episode in the King's visit to the front:_
+
+A red-letter day indeed--for the King turned up here at 10:45 this
+morning and stayed quite a long time, inspecting detachments of the
+Indian Army Corps. He only crossed from England last night I believe,
+stayed with the General for breakfast, and saw us all before lunch,
+going on to the next army corps. It was quite the most informal show I
+have ever seen. He strolled up and down the ranks chatting with all
+and sundry. He asked two of our native officers how long they had been
+in the regiment, the General interpreting.
+
+The secret of his visit was well kept. Last night after dinner the
+Adjutant biked over from Headquarters and said he and I and ---- had
+been chosen by lot from the officers, with thirty-three men from each
+of the three squadrons here, to represent the regiment at an
+inspection by the Commander in Chief. Well, we went off this morning,
+and found similar detachments from all the corps not in the trenches.
+It was a dull morning and the mud was awful, and just before his
+Majesty was due a German aeroplane appeared heading straight for us.
+Our guns opened fire on it and it made off north, but it added
+excitement. Otherwise it was a quiet morning and hardly any firing
+from the trenches. The King and Sir James arrived in the first car,
+then the Prince of Wales driving his own car, and a crowd of staff
+officers. The two divisional staffs were presented, and then they
+started walking down the lines. My new horse is a real good 'un, but
+can't stand "Present arms!" under his nose, and he nearly backed into
+his Majesty as he came up from behind.
+
+The Leicesters were in front of us. They had only come up out of the
+trenches at midnight and were in a lovely state of mud and
+unshavedness. The King simply reveled in them. He stopped and chatted
+to quite every one man in three; wanted to know all about trench
+fighting, and didn't seem to mind a bit their being covered with mud
+and unshaved for days. The Prince was just as interested. He wandered
+about at will, paying no attention to his father, and chatting with
+all and sundry. One man was wearing a pair of German boots which
+interested the King very much. He spent quite twenty minutes with the
+Leicesters, and they deserved it. They have done splendidly all
+through.
+
+After that he gave two V.C.s to gunners who had won them very early in
+the war, and then when he ought to have been moving on he began
+strolling up and down the line again, asking all sorts of questions
+and noticing everything. At last they got him into his car to move on
+to the next army corps. The General came back to give us his message.
+It was that he was very pleased with all he had seen and heard; that
+he wanted the troops to know that both he and the Queen always kept
+them in their thoughts, and that he meant to see all of them again,
+with his own eye, as soon as the war was over. The General gave it out
+very well, (he is fluent in Hindustani,) and it made a great
+impression on the men.
+
+It was altogether a wonderful visit, so quiet and informal and
+businesslike; no apparent precautions or rehearsal; the King tramping
+about in the mud as though he were partridge shooting, while the
+Prince wandered about as he listed. My interpreter, a French-Canadian,
+was amazed.
+
+
+_A member of the London Scottish writes:_
+
+IN THE TRENCHES, Nov. 11.
+
+This is our third day in the trenches. We have not had an attack yet,
+though there has been hard fighting on our immediate right and left.
+We are fairly safe here behind barbed wire entanglements, and this
+would be an easy job if one could get used to the row and the watching
+through the night, which is rather nerve-racking. This trench is in a
+bonnie fir wood, just like bonnie Scotland, but the shell fire has
+damaged nearly all the trees. Today, being windy, they are falling in
+all directions. We have not had a hot meal since we came here. We are
+not allowed to build fires, and it is impossible to get anything hot.
+We have lost our blankets again in the meantime. I am just going to
+have my lunch of "bully" and bread and plain water.
+
+Nov. 18.
+
+We have had a pretty rough time lately. Last night was the first for
+ten days that I have had a roof over my head. The weather has been
+atrocious--pouring rain and driving, cutting snow--but it did not get
+through my overcoat, which is richly caked with mud. We have had a
+fortnight's fighting and have marched back now from the firing line
+for a short rest to refit. It meant two days' marching through roads
+and fields ankle deep in clinging, porridgy mud, but we were all glad
+enough to put up with any hardship so long as we got away from the
+strain of flying shells and bullets. In the trenches we lost some more
+of our men, but not many. I just wish you could see our battalion now;
+what a change from the crowd that used to march through London. Every
+man, almost, has a beard, and you could not imagine the dirty,
+bedraggled crowd we are. The strain of watching through the night in
+the trenches is pretty awful. The nights were pitch black, and the
+rain came pouring down, making the trenches an awful mess. One chap
+gave a loud cry in his sleep. Thinking it came from the wood in front,
+I blazed away. We sent a burial party out in front of us one morning.
+There must have been hundreds of Germans lying there, with thousands
+further on. All we could do was just to cover them with earth. It was
+a horrible sight, and it is impossible for you folks at home to
+realize anything of the awfulness of this war. This awful pace surely
+cannot last long. But despite all the discomfort, I would not have
+liked to miss the chance of doing my part here.
+
+Nov. 20.
+
+The Prince of Wales visited us yesterday. We are billeted in a caf�,
+and he came in rubbing his hands with the cold. He looked jolly well,
+and has a fine, healthy, clear complexion. We have been living in the
+lap of luxury lately. Yesterday was just like Christmas Day. We were
+inundated with parcels from home, and the room is one litter of all
+sorts of comforts, and any amount of sweets, shortbread, cake, &c. I
+cannot recollect two such happy days as these have been. You can have
+no idea how all these luxuries are appreciated after living on "bully"
+and biscuits. We have a perfect avalanche of cigarettes and tobacco.
+We had a bit of a panic this morning, as we were under orders to move
+at any moment, but by good luck it did not come off, and we are
+looking forward to a few more days' rest. Our last week in the
+trenches was a picnic compared with our first experience. This is a
+grand, free life, a sight better than mooching around the city. I'm
+just going to have a tot of rum now and turn in--it warms the cockles
+of one's heart and makes one sleep like Rip Van Winkle.
+
+Nov. 29.
+
+I never felt so fit in my life and never had such a good time before.
+This is simply a splendid life, and I am very glad, indeed, I did not
+miss my chance of being here. We were inspected today by Sir John
+French, who is tremendously pleased with us. Rumor has it that we are
+still to be here a few days, which is giving us a fine long rest. Then
+we may be wanted again. One of our fellows has just gone past the
+window with a huge sack on his back. It is most laughable to see
+immaculate city chaps out here doing all sorts of "orra" jobs. We have
+been served out with fur coats, no less; what on earth will they give
+us next, I wonder? We are still living in the lap of luxury and are a
+most happy family. We have a march every morning, which in this fine
+cold weather is delightful.
+
+
+
+
+French Amenities
+
+[From The London Times, Dec. 18, 1914.]
+
+
+_An officer in the R.A.M.C. writes:_
+
+Figure to yourself (as Wells says, isn't it?) a country of flat plowed
+field, pollard willows and deep muddy ditches. Then we come along, and
+in military parlance "dig ourselves in." That is, with the sweat of
+the brows of hundreds of Tommies working by night deep narrow trenches
+five feet deep and at least with the earth thrown up another two and a
+half feet as a bank on top. These trenches are one and a half to two
+feet wide, and curl and twist about in a maddening manner to make them
+safer from shell-fire. Little caves are scooped in the walls of the
+trenches, where the men live about four to a hole, and slightly bigger
+dugouts where two officers live. All the soil is clay, stickier and
+greasier than one could believe possible. It's like almost solid
+paint, and the least rain makes the sides of the trenches slimy, and
+the bottom a perfect sea of mud--pulls the heels off your boots
+almost. One feels like Gulliver walking along a Lilliputian town all
+the time. The front line of trenches--the firing line--have scientific
+loopholes and lookout places in them for seeing and firing from, and a
+dropping fire goes on from both sides all day long, but is very
+harmless.
+
+Dec. 3, 1914.--I was just starting for my daily constitutional "on
+top" when the enemy began their bombarding, nearly one and a half
+hours earlier than usual, so I will postpone my little walk and finish
+this instead. Yesterday we had one man killed and two wounded, the
+first casualties for over a week. The story of one of the wounded is
+worth telling to show you the pluck of these men. He told me he
+noticed some new digging going on on the side of the enemy in front
+of his firing post. One can see the spadefuls of earth coming up from
+below the ground level when new trenches are being dug. Although this
+was in broad daylight, our man thought he would go and see what the
+Germans were up to, so he hops over the side of his trench and runs
+forward thirty yards to a ditch and crawls along it some hundred yards
+or so. He then spots a large shell-hole in the field on one side of
+the ditch, so doubles off and gets into that and has a good look
+around. Not satisfied with the point of view, he sprints to a line of
+willows nearer still to the enemy--within 250 yards of them
+indeed--and proceeds to climb up one of them. While doing this he gets
+shot through the shoulder. He told me he thought he had ricked his arm
+at first, as it felt numb and useless. Meanwhile a great pal of his in
+the regiment, hearing that he had gone out like this, hops over the
+parapet and sets off to look for him, and comes up just as he gets
+hit. The second man upbraids the first roundly for being a fool,
+carries his rifle for him, and brings him back. All this is done quite
+in the day's work and "sub rosa," as they would get punished for
+leaving the trench like that in the daytime if it was spotted. The
+pluck of these men is perfectly extraordinary, and the placid way life
+goes on under the risk of being sniped or shelled any moment is, until
+one gets used to seeing it, quite past belief. I must say the officers
+set the men a magnificent example.
+
+
+_A young officer attached to the Yorkshire Light Infantry writes on
+Dec. 6:_
+
+One wonders when one sees a German face to face, is this really one of
+those devils who wrought such devastation--for devastation they have
+surely wrought. You can hardly believe it, for he seems much the same
+as other soldiers. I can assure you that there is none of that
+insensate hatred that one hears about, out here. We are out to kill,
+and kill we do, at any and every opportunity. But, when all is done
+and the battle is over, the splendid universal "soldier spirit" comes
+over all the men, and we cannot help thinking that Kipling must have
+been in the firing line when he wrote that "East is East and West is
+West" thing. Just to give you some idea of what I mean, the other
+night four German snipers were shot on our wire. The next night our
+men went out and brought one in who was near and getatable and buried
+him. They did it with just the same reverence and sadness as they do
+to our own dear fellows. I went to look at the grave the next morning,
+and one of the most uncouth-looking men in my company had placed a
+cross at the head of the grave, and had written on it:
+
+     Here lies a German,
+     We don't know his name,
+     He died bravely fighting
+     For his Fatherland.
+
+And under that, "got mit uns," (sic,) that being the highest effort of
+all the men at German. Not bad for a bloodthirsty Briton, eh? Really,
+that shows the spirit.
+
+I don't believe there is a man living who, when first interviewing an
+11-inch howitzer shell, is not pink with funk. After the first ten,
+one gets quite used to them, but really, they are terrible! They hit a
+house. You can see the great shell--a black streak--just before it
+strikes, then, before you hear the explosion, the whole house simply
+lifts up into the air, apparently quite silently; then you hear the
+roar, and the whole earth shakes. In the place where the house was
+there is a huge fountain-spout of what looks like pink fluff. It is
+the pulverized bricks. Then a monstrous shoot of black smoke towering
+up a hundred feet or more, and, finally, there is a curious
+willow-like formation, and then--you duck, as huge pieces of shell,
+and house, and earth, and haystack tumble over your head. And yet, do
+you know, it is really remarkable how little damage they do against
+earth trenches. With a whole morning's shelling, not a single man of
+my company was killed, although not a single shell missed what it had
+aimed at by more than fifty yards. That makes all the difference, that
+fifty yards. If you only keep your head down, you are as safe as
+houses; exactly, you will remark, "as safe as houses."
+
+
+
+
+The Things the Wounded Talk About
+
+[A British Surgeon, in The London Times, Dec. 22, 1914.]
+
+
+If you would realize fully what the war, as an event in the procession
+of events, means you must come to France and visit a military
+hospital. You must make this visit not as a sightseer, nor yet in the
+spirit of a philanthropist, but only as a friend. You must come
+prepared to listen to stories that have no relation to war and the
+affairs of war--most soldiers, I think, are reluctant to speak of the
+things they have seen--to stories that concern home ties and the
+doings, real and conjectured, of children--queer, sentimental stories
+woven around old ideas like the Christmas idea and the idea of home.
+
+They will fill you with wonder at first, those unwarlike tales,
+because they belong to the truly unexpected, against which it is
+impossible to be prepared. It would not be an exaggeration to describe
+the first effect of them as startling. They kill so many illusions and
+they discredit so many beliefs. War, rendered thus the background of
+life, assumes a new proportion and a new meaning. Or, rather, it
+becomes vague and meaningless, like a darkness.
+
+A few days ago I sat by the bedside of a wounded sapper--a
+reservist--and heard the story of life in a signal-box on a branch
+line in the North of England. The man was dying. I think he knew it.
+But the zest of his everyday life was still strong in him. He
+described the manner in which, on leaving the army originally, he had
+obtained his post on the railway. He told me that there were three
+trains each way in the day, and mentioned that on Winter nights the
+last train was frequently very late. This meant a late supper, but his
+wife saw to it that everything was kept hot. Sometimes his wife came
+to the box to meet him if it was a dry night.
+
+In the next bed there was a young Scotsman from a Highland district
+which I know very well. We were friends so soon as he learned that I
+knew his home. He was a roadman, and we talked of his roads and the
+changes which had been wrought in them of late years by motor traffic.
+He recalled a great storm, during which the sea wall around a certain
+harbor was washed away and the highway rendered impassable. Then,
+rather diffidently, he confessed that he had lost a foot and would be
+handicapped in his work--"at Ypres."
+
+At the far end of the ward there was a German who spoke a little
+English. He was a married man and came from Saxony. His wife and
+children, he said, would miss him at Christmas. We spoke a long time
+on the subject of Christmas. I suppose by all the orthodox canons that
+this German should have told me that he was glad to be a prisoner or
+else should have declared his conviction that the German Army would
+speedily carry everything before it to victory. But somehow he forgot
+to say these things and I forgot to ask him about them. These things
+seemed far away in the quiet ward, even--and for this I beg
+forgiveness--grotesque and uninteresting.
+
+I had the curiosity to return to the young Scot and to ask him if he
+regretted the decision which had led to his being maimed for life. He
+shook his head. "No, because I've had a good home. A man with a good
+home should fight for it." He added that his father had advised him
+very strongly to enlist.
+
+By the touchstone of the men it has broken this war is judged, and the
+makers of this war. And more than ruined villages and desecrated
+churches these soldiers pronounce condemnation. They, who have given
+so much, are, in a sense, without joy and without enthusiasm; rather
+they shun recollection. There is no zest in the killing of men. Their
+thoughts, especially at this season, are directed away from the dull,
+mechanic force which labors against its bonds across Europe, and dwell
+in the homes it has threatened. The war is revealed as a thing gross
+and dull-witted, a crime even against the ancient, chivalrous spirit
+of war.
+
+
+
+
+Three Dying Foes Made Friends
+
+[From The Hartford Courant, Jan. 14, 1915.]
+
+
+_To the Editor of The Courant:_
+
+_I have read nothing more tender and moving than the subjoined letter
+found by a Red Cross agent at the side of a dead officer and forwarded
+to the person to whom it was addressed. The writer was a French
+cavalry officer engaged to a young American girl in Paris. It was
+written as he lay dying from wounds received in a cavalry charge. Let
+it speak for itself._
+
+_E.P.P._
+
+There are two other men lying near me, and I do not think there is
+much hope for them either. One is an officer of a Scottish regiment
+and the other a private in the Uhlans. They were struck down after me,
+and when I came to myself, I found them bending over me, rendering
+first aid.
+
+The Britisher was pouring water down my throat from his flask, while
+the German was endeavoring to stanch my wound with an antiseptic
+preparation served out to them by their medical corps. The Highlander
+had one of his legs shattered, and the German had several pieces of
+shrapnel buried in his side.
+
+In spite of their own sufferings they were trying to help me, and when
+I was fully conscious again the German gave us a morphia injection and
+took one himself. His medical corps had also provided him with the
+injection and the needle, together with printed instructions for its
+use.
+
+After the injection, feeling wonderfully at ease, we spoke of the
+lives we had lived before the war. We all spoke English, and we talked
+of the women we had left at home. Both the German and the Britisher
+had only been married a year....
+
+I wondered, and I supposed the others did, why we had fought each
+other at all. I looked at the Highlander, who was falling to sleep,
+exhausted, and in spite of his drawn face and mud-stained uniform, he
+looked the embodiment of freedom. Then I thought of the Tricolor of
+France and all that France had done for liberty. Then I watched the
+German, who had ceased to speak. He had taken a Prayer Book from his
+knapsack and was trying to read a service for soldiers wounded in
+battle.
+
+And ... while I watched him, I realized what we were fighting for....
+He was dying in vain, while the Britisher and myself, by our deaths,
+would probably contribute something toward the cause of civilization
+and peace.
+
+[The letter ends with a reference to the failing light and the roar of
+guns.]
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+Chronology of the War
+
+Showing Progress of Campaigns on All Fronts and Collateral Events from
+Jan. 7 to and Including Jan. 31, 1915
+
+
+CAMPAIGN IN EASTERN EUROPE
+
+[Continued from the Last Number.]
+
+Jan. 8--Germans are trying to carry the Russian lines near Bolinow by
+the use of steel shields to protect riflemen.
+
+Jan. 9--Germans renew offensive from direction of Mlawa; fighting on
+the Rawka and in the north; Russians enter Transylvania; Austrians
+meet delays near Nida River.
+
+Jan. 11--Russians are strengthening their lines.
+
+Jan. 12--Russians are pressing the Austrians near the Nida; Austrians
+are fleeing from Bukowina.
+
+Jan. 13--Russians occupy several villages in the Masurian Lake region
+and threaten Mlawa; Austrians state that Russians lost heavily in
+Przemysl siege.
+
+Jan. 14--Russians push north from Warsaw; Germans retake several
+positions on Bzura River; it is reported that Germans are short of
+supplies.
+
+Jan. 15--New Russian army marches north in Poland; Germans near Mlawa
+are in peril; von Hindenburg declared in danger.
+
+Jan. 16--Austrians bring up heavy artillery to hold the Donajec River;
+Germans are on way to Budapest.
+
+Jan. 17--Russians take Kirlibaba Pass and progress along right bank of
+the Vistula; Germans pushed back on Plock.
+
+Jan. 18--Germans occupy Kielce; Russians fall back to Radom; Russian
+capture of Kirlibaba Pass flanks Austrians; Germans out of Plock.
+
+Jan. 20--Russians drive Austrians back in Hungary and march on
+Jacobeni.
+
+Jan. 21--Russians renew offensive against Mlawa; Austrians rout
+Russians from intrenchments on Donajec River.
+
+Jan. 22--New Russian army nears Prussia; invasion of Hungary halted;
+Russian advance is causing alarm in Budapest.
+
+Jan. 23--Germans are massing in Hungary; Russians advance in the
+north.
+
+Jan. 24--Russians checked in Transylvania.
+
+Jan. 25--Armies are deadlocked in Central Poland; Austrians declare
+that Transylvania is safe; fierce fighting in Bukowina; Russians
+forced from trenches south of Tarnow.
+
+Jan. 27--Austrians report the recapture of Uzsok Pass; Russians seize
+Pilkalen; ten army corps are gathered in Southern Hungary, with many
+Germans in them.
+
+Jan. 28--Great struggle for the Carpathians is opening; Austro-German
+forces advance on eighty-mile front.
+
+Jan. 29--Russian wings advance in East Prussia and the Carpathians;
+Russians close in on Insterburg; Tilsit surrounded.
+
+Jan. 30--Russians cut railway between Memel and Tilsit, and enter
+Hungary.
+
+Jan. 31--Russians gain in Carpathians.
+
+
+CAMPAIGN IN WESTERN EUROPE.
+
+Jan. 8--Allies gain north of Soissons, near Rheims, and in Alsace;
+French Alpine troops use skis in gaining an advantage in Alsace.
+
+Jan. 9--Germans retake Steinbach and Burnhaupt; French take Perthes
+and gain near Soupir.
+
+Jan. 10--French cut German railway lines to prevent reserves from
+coming to the relief of Altkirch.
+
+Jan. 11--Allies, attacking from Perthes, are trying to cut German rail
+communications.
+
+Jan. 12--French attempt offensive near Soissons and Perthes; they are
+checked in Alsace; British forces at the front are steadily increasing
+in number.
+
+Jan. 13--Germans, reinforced, win victory at Soissons, forcing French
+to abandon five miles of trenches and to cross the Aisne, leaving guns
+and wounded; heights of Vregny are won in this fight by the Germans
+under the eyes of the Kaiser; Germans take 3,150 prisoners and
+fourteen guns in two days' fighting.
+
+Jan. 15--French are calm over the Soissons defeat; British gain near
+La Bass�e.
+
+Jan. 17--Allies take trenches in Belgium; deadlock at La Bass�e;
+Allies closing on Lille.
+
+Jan. 18--Fierce fighting at La Boisselle; both sides are claiming
+success at Tracy-le-Val.
+
+Jan. 19--French advance in attempt to cut off St. Mihiel.
+
+Jan. 20--French are nearer Metz; British take Freylinghuysen.
+
+Jan. 21--Germans repulsed in Ardennes woods by French and Belgians;
+French retake trenches at Notre Dame de Lorette; Germans retake Le
+Pretre woods; it is learned that the Soissons battle was won by von
+Kluck's veterans, and that the Germans granted a half-hour truce while
+French Red Cross aided wounded.
+
+Jan. 22--Fierce fighting in Hartmanns-Weiler region.
+
+Jan. 23--Germans renew activity near Ypres and bombard left wing of
+Allies; fighting in Argonne region.
+
+Jan. 24--Germans are bombarding Flanders towns; Allies leave St.
+Georges.
+
+Jan. 25--Kaiser sends Prince Eitel Friedrich to capture Thann and
+direct fighting in Alsace; French gain toward Altkirch and destroy
+bridges over the Meuse at St. Mihiel; Germans forced to abandon
+Dixmude trenches because of floods.
+
+Jan. 26--Another battle on at La Bass�e; Germans gain ground by
+vigorous offensive near Craonne and in Alsace.
+
+Jan. 27--Germans attack between La Bass�e and Bethune, this being the
+Kaiser's birthday; the French claim that the German loss is 20,000;
+indecisive fighting near Ypres.
+
+Jan. 28--French defeated at Craonne; Germans make gains in the Vosges
+and Upper Alsace.
+
+Jan. 29--Germans checked in two attempts to cross the Aisne; they
+drain the Yser flood area.
+
+Jan. 30--Germans win in the Argonne.
+
+Jan. 31--Kaiser directs German assault on La Bass�e; zouaves and
+Indians win the Great Dune west of Lombaertzyde.
+
+
+CAMPAIGN IN AFRICA.
+
+Jan. 9--French win in Kamerun.
+
+Jan. 15--British take Swakopmund.
+
+
+CAMPAIGN IN ASIA MINOR AND EGYPT.
+
+Jan. 9--Turks hasten construction of railway lines across Sinai
+peninsula.
+
+Jan. 10--Turks are marching on Egypt; reserve Turkish army, trying to
+save Erzerum, repulsed at frontier.
+
+Jan. 12--Erzerum road is being fought for; Noury Bey captured by
+Russians.
+
+Jan. 13--Turks occupy Tabriz and report Arab victory over British
+troops on the lower Tigris.
+
+Jan. 14--Armenian refugees cross Russian frontier; Turkish invasion of
+Persia continues.
+
+Jan. 15--Turks advance in Persia.
+
+Jan. 17--Turkish corps cut to pieces in the Caucasus.
+
+Jan. 18--Turkish soldiers are being frozen to death.
+
+Jan. 21--Turks are pushing plans for a strategic railway to the
+Egyptian frontier.
+
+Jan. 24--Russians check Turkish advance on Erzerum.
+
+Jan. 27--British defeat Turkish advance guard toward El Kantara on the
+Suez Canal; three Turkish army corps now marching on Egypt; British
+win at Korna.
+
+Jan. 28--Turks, reinforced, attack Russians in the Caucasus.
+
+Jan. 29--Turks fortify Erzerum, and order civilians to depart.
+
+Jan. 30--Russians take Tabriz.
+
+Jan. 31--Turks defeated near Sari-Kamysh.
+
+
+NAVAL RECORD.
+
+Jan. 11--Report from Vienna that French dreadnought Courbet has been
+sunk.
+
+Jan. 12--Japanese cruisers are hunting the German converted cruiser
+Prince Eitel Friedrich off the coast of Peru.
+
+Jan. 13--Dover forts drive off two German submarines; bombardment of
+the Dardanelles by the allied fleets continues.
+
+Jan. 16--French submarine Saphir sunk by Turkish mine at the
+Dardanelles; Italian gunboat Coatit damaged in the Adriatic.
+
+Jan. 20--Dutch naval patrol boat sunk by a mine, five men being lost.
+
+Jan. 21--German cruiser Karlsruhe reported off Porto Rico.
+
+Jan. 22--German submarine U-19 sinks British freighter Durward.
+
+Jan. 23--German supply ship sunk by Australian cruiser.
+
+Jan. 24--British patrolling squadron under Vice Admiral Beatty defeats
+German squadron attempting to reach English coast; German battle
+cruiser Bl�cher sunk and two other German battle cruisers damaged;
+British battle cruisers Lion and Tiger damaged; Germans claim three
+British ships were sunk.
+
+Jan. 28--British Admiralty denies that any British ship was sunk.
+
+Jan. 30--German submarine sinks three British steamers in Irish
+Channel and chases Liverpool passenger boat.
+
+Jan. 31--German submarine sinks two British steamers in English
+Channel; third steamer escapes.
+
+
+AERIAL RECORD.
+
+Jan. 10--German aeroplanes threw thirty bombs on Dunkirk, damaging
+several houses; Belgian aviators give battle to the Germans at great
+altitude and finally drive them off; German aviator shot down by
+French near Amiens.
+
+Jan. 16--German hydroaeroplane lost in North Sea; nine aviators of the
+Allies drop bombs on Ostend.
+
+Jan. 19--German airships drop bombs on Yarmouth, King's Lynn, and
+other English towns; four persons are killed, ten wounded, and
+considerable property damage is done; it is reported that the German
+plant at Friedrichshafen produces a super-Zeppelin every three weeks.
+
+Jan. 21--Allies drop bombs on Essen.
+
+Jan. 22--Holland is to investigate a report that a Zeppelin violated
+her neutrality by flying over her territory.
+
+Jan. 23--Germans drop bombs on Dunkirk; it is reported that the
+American Consulate is damaged.
+
+Jan. 25--It is reported from Amsterdam that 400 German war automobiles
+were destroyed in the raid on Essen.
+
+Jan. 26--Russians bring down German airship that bombarded Libau.
+
+Jan. 28--Crew of German airship that bombarded Libau will be tried by
+military court and will not be treated as prisoners of war; bomb
+dropped on Belgrade.
+
+
+AMERICAN INTERESTS.
+
+Jan. 24--Administration makes public in Washington a letter written by
+Secretary Bryan to Senator Stone of Missouri in which discrimination
+against Germany and Austria-Hungary is denied; twenty charges made by
+pro-Germans are taken up and the Administration's position and action
+on each are stated in detail.
+
+
+AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
+
+Jan. 17--Anti-war demonstrations in Vienna; Czech editor executed for
+treason.
+
+Jan. 20--Governor of Cracow orders partial evacuation of the city.
+
+Jan. 21--Archduke Charles Francis, the Austrian Crown Prince, is in
+Berlin, where he will be joined shortly by Baron Burian, the new
+Austro-Hungarian Minister of Foreign Affairs; plans of campaign
+against Russia are to be discussed with German officials.
+
+Jan. 23--Baron Burian leaves Berlin for German Army Headquarters to
+confer with the Kaiser.
+
+Jan. 25--Riots in many parts of Hungary.
+
+Jan. 28--Riot among Southern Slavs because of mobilization order.
+
+Jan. 29--Prisoners of war are to be employed in farm work.
+
+Jan. 30--Warning is sent to Rumania against agitation among Rumanian
+population of Transylvania.
+
+
+BELGIUM.
+
+Jan. 8--Cardinal Mercier has been placed under restraint by the German
+authorities because of his pastoral, read in the churches on Jan. 3,
+in which he told the Belgians that they owe German authority "neither
+respect, nor attachment, nor obedience."
+
+Jan. 9--It is reported that Cardinal Mercier was arrested, but the
+report is denied by the Military Governor of Belgium; circulation of
+the Mercier pastoral is not being permitted.
+
+Jan. 10--The Mercier pastoral is read in English churches; Belgian
+refugees are proving a problem in England and Holland.
+
+Jan. 11--Admiration for Cardinal Mercier expressed by King Albert in a
+letter to the Pope.
+
+Jan. 12--It is reported from Rome that the Vatican has asked Germany
+for an explanation regarding the acts with reference to Cardinal
+Mercier.
+
+Jan. 22--Full text of the Mercier pastoral is printed in THE NEW YORK
+TIMES.
+
+
+CANADA.
+
+Jan. 22--Major General Hughes, Minister of Militia and Defense,
+arrives in Vancouver to arrange for enlistment of third contingent.
+
+Jan. 30--First detachment of Canadian troops is in France; other
+detachments are en route; nine German prisoners escape from Halifax
+citadel; war fund of $1,500,000 raised in five days in Montreal.
+
+Jan. 31--Six Canadians, including two officers, killed in La Bass�e
+fight.
+
+
+EGYPT.
+
+Jan. 10--Abbas Hilmi, deposed Kh�dive, calls upon Egyptians and
+Sudanese to rise against England.
+
+
+ENGLAND.
+
+Jan. 8--House of Lords adjourns after discussion of recruiting and
+other phases of the war.
+
+Jan. 12--Government appeals to women to induce men to enlist.
+
+Jan. 15--War Office issues statement that letters destined for hostile
+countries will be held up unless they are unsealed.
+
+Jan. 16--Seven British naval officers, interned in Holland, escape,
+but five are recaptured.
+
+Jan. 23--Statement shows that total casualty list of officers up to
+Jan. 12 was 4,344, of whom 1,266 were killed, the rest being wounded
+and missing; many interned Germans and Austrians released on parole.
+
+Jan. 27--Two Hindu soldiers win Victoria Crosses; London financial
+papers deprecate a joint loan for the Allies.
+
+Jan. 28--Many Oxford "blues" are serving in the army.
+
+Jan. 31--There are 178 peers serving in the army.
+
+
+FRANCE.
+
+Jan. 10--Government will surrender German surgeons and nurses held as
+prisoners of war only in equal exchange.
+
+Jan. 14--Socialist Senator demands postponement of war discussion in
+Parliament and says speeches must give way to voice of cannon.
+
+Jan. 18--Paris darkened by police order.
+
+Jan. 22--Capt. Uhde, stated to be a relative of the Kaiser, is sent to
+concentration camp after being accused of having spied on the French
+fleet at Toulon.
+
+Jan. 27--Many doctors have been killed, wounded, and taken prisoner,
+the reason for lengthy casualty list being stated to be that the
+French doctors do not desert their wounded on approach of the enemy.
+
+Jan. 29--Officer stops Mrs. Asquith and party on way to the front for
+a weekend.
+
+
+GERMANY.
+
+Jan. 8--Government charges that San Marino has been encouraging
+espionage by its wireless station.
+
+Jan. 9--Tobacco sent to French prisoners to be admitted free of duty.
+
+Jan. 10--Retired Belgian General and Lieutenant sentenced to life
+imprisonment for aiding Belgians to escape to Holland; it is said that
+the Landsturm can still furnish 5,000,000 men; Socialist meeting
+prohibited in Saxony.
+
+Jan. 11--Reports from Russia state that German women in men's uniform
+have been taken prisoners in bayonet charges recently and that some of
+them are wounded and in hospital; sale of blankets forbidden in Berlin
+and Brandenburg; the stocks are to be placed at the disposal of the
+military authorities; French women and children taken from occupied
+territory are being sent home.
+
+Jan. 12--The Pope is negotiating for better treatment of clerical
+prisoners.
+
+Jan. 17--Official reports state that the prisoners of war held by
+Germany and Austria are now 800,000.
+
+Jan. 22--Escaped British officer charges cruelty toward British
+prisoners.
+
+Jan. 23--Money prizes are offered to the first invaders of England.
+
+Jan. 25--Secretary Bryan makes public the text of German Government's
+notification of cancellation of exequaturs granted by Belgian
+Government to foreign Consular representatives, and the reply of the
+United States.
+
+Jan. 27--Prince von B�low tells Italian statesmen that Italy's
+preparations for war are resented and that an ultimatum may be sent;
+French charge that German soldiers reverse bullets for short-range
+fighting; wife of Greek Consul at Li�ge sentenced to prison for aiding
+Belgians to escape; all neutrals to be expelled from Upper Alsace;
+Gen. von Bissing orders all Englishmen in Belgium sent to Germany.
+
+Jan. 30--Value of French territory occupied by the Germans is
+estimated at $1,900,000,000 by the Inspector General of the Cr�dit
+Foncier, or 7.2 per cent., of the total value of all France; according
+to the census of 1911 3,255,000 persons, or 8.2 per cent. of the
+population of France, live in this territory; Berlin night life is
+under the war ban, yet the opera and theatres are open.
+
+
+ITALY.
+
+Jan. 11--Troops sent to garrison the Italian islands in the Aegean.
+
+Jan. 12--Demonstration when the body of Constantino Garibaldi, killed
+while serving with the French, arrives in Rome; many applications for
+nationality by Germans are being refused; Committee of National
+Defense formed at Milan.
+
+Jan. 13--Italians in all parts of the world are offering to enlist in
+event of war; a special police census shows 700,000 Austrians and
+Germans in the country; embassies advise them to leave.
+
+Jan. 23--Vice Consul at Li�ge dismissed for aiding Belgians; prominent
+Italians appeal to neutral countries to take steps to preserve art
+treasures in belligerent countries.
+
+Jan. 25--Radicals want war.
+
+Jan. 29--Soldiers of the First and Third Categories are called to the
+colors; retired officers fit for service are liable to be recalled.
+
+Jan. 30--Contracts for army and navy supplies are placed in the United
+States.
+
+Jan. 31--Riots in Rome against neutralists.
+
+
+RUMANIA.
+
+Jan. 8--The nation is mobilizing 750,000 men, of whom 500,000 form the
+field army.
+
+Jan. 11--London experts think that Rumania will soon enter war on side
+of Allies, her army linking with the extreme Russian left.
+
+Jan. 16--Students in Switzerland summoned home because of
+mobilization.
+
+Jan. 22--Orders are placed with Swiss firms for medical supplies.
+
+Jan. 26--Exportation of army supplies to Hungary recommenced.
+
+
+RUSSIA.
+
+Jan. 9--Girl fights with Cossacks and wins Cross of St. George.
+
+Jan. 10--Only half the number of this year's recruits liable for
+military service are called out.
+
+Jan. 20--It is reported that some members of the imperial family are
+opposed to the war.
+
+Jan. 21--Troops are warned against bogus proclamations, bearing Czar's
+name, circulated by Austrians.
+
+Jan. 22--Orders issued for expulsion of Austrian and German subjects.
+
+Jan. 26--Foreign Minister Sazonof says there will be no peace while a
+single soldier of the enemy remains on Russian soil.
+
+Jan. 29--Poles form legion at Warsaw.
+
+
+RELIEF WORK.
+
+Jan. 8--California's relief cargo is on the way to Rotterdam.
+
+Jan. 9--To date the value of cargoes of food, clothing, and medical
+supplies delivered, in transit on the Atlantic, or arranged for from
+the United States to Belgium amount to more than $14,000,000; milk and
+sugar are scarce in Belgium, the babies feeling the influence of the
+food crisis.
+
+Jan. 10--Antwerp Council passes resolution of thanks to Americans,
+whose help "is literally saving us."
+
+Jan. 11--American party sent to relieve German and Austrian prisoners
+in Russia is halted by the Russian Government pending negotiations.
+
+Jan. 15--Large consignment of supplies is sent to Saloniki by American
+Red Cross; Virginia and Maryland send Belgian relief ships; Georgia is
+raising funds for a ship.
+
+Jan. 21--American Red Cross issues report of its European activities
+from Aug. 1 to Jan. 9; war fund thus far amounts to $1,188,000;
+forty-five American Red Cross surgeons and 150 nurses are on war duty
+in Europe; Sing Sing prisoners are to knit socks for Polish destitute.
+
+Jan. 23--Mme. Grouitch, wife of the Secretary General for Foreign
+Affairs of Servia, arrives in New York seeking funds for seeds for the
+Servian Spring planting; Dr. Wickliffe Rose and Ernest Bicknell, who
+have been in Russian Poland for the American Red Cross, report from
+Berlin that conditions in Poland are worse, if anything, than those in
+Belgium.
+
+Jan. 24--Commission for Relief in Belgium has thirty-five chartered
+steamships running between American ports and Rotterdam carrying
+supplies.
+
+Jan. 26--American Red Cross ships large consignment of supplies for
+Constantinople and Servia.
+
+Jan. 27--Commission for Relief in Belgium states that 76,000 tons of
+food, in addition to supplies in sight, are needed for next three
+months; there are now 1,400,000 destitute, and the number is
+increasing daily.
+
+Jan. 28--Committee of prominent American educators plans to have the
+20,000,000 children of the United States help war sufferers through a
+new fund, to be called the Children of America's Fund.
+
+Jan. 31--Rockefeller Foundation denies that it has withdrawn from
+Belgium relief work.
+
+
+
+
+TO HIS MAJESTY KING ALBERT
+
+By WILLIAM WATSON.
+
+[From King Albert's Book.]
+
+
+     Receive, from one who hath not lavished praise
+       On many Princes, nor was ever awed
+       By empire such as groveling slaves applaud,
+     Who cast their souls into its altar-blaze--
+     Receive the homage that a freeman pays
+       To Kinghood flowering out of Manhood broad,
+       Kinghood that toils uncovetous of laud,
+     Loves whom it rules, and serves the realm it sways.
+
+     For when Your people, caught in agony's net,
+       Rose as one dauntless heart, their King was found
+     Worthy on such a throne to have been set,
+       Worthy by such as They to have been crowned;
+     And loftier praise than this did never yet
+       On mortal ears from lips of mortals sound.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+Vol. I. From the Beginning to March, 1915
+
+[Titles of articles appear in _italics_.]
+
+
+A
+
+ABBOTT, (Dr.) L., "Militarism and Christianity," 610.
+
+ABOUKIR, 752, 755, 761.
+
+ACLAND, F.D., speech, 277.
+
+ACTORS, Russian, appeal, 817.
+
+ADAMS, Adeline, poems, 593, 1004.
+
+ADCOCK, A. St. J., review of book, "In the Firing Line," 971.
+
+ADLER, Felix, criticism of A. Bennett, 95.
+
+AERONAUTICS, 659, 664, 710, 932.
+
+AERSCHOT, 380, 945.
+
+_After the Russian Advance in Galicia_, 958.
+
+AISNE, Battle of, 635, 650.
+
+ALABAMA Claims, 258.
+
+ALBANIA, 1062.
+
+ALBERT, King of the Belgians, appeal to King George, 287;
+  tributes in poems, 1210, 1228.
+
+_All-Night Attack_, 979.
+
+ALLENBY, (Maj. Gen.) E.H.H., 620-622, 635, 645.
+
+_Along the German Lines Near Metz_, 731.
+
+ALSACE-LORRAINE, 97, 147, 483, 488, 491, 492, 555, 557, 729, 736.
+
+ALTENBURG, Duke of, letter, 1200.
+
+AMERICANS, arrest on neutral vessels, 1181.
+
+_America's Peril in Judging Germany_, 515.
+
+AMMUNITION, sale of, 1178.
+
+ANDENNE, 1115.
+
+ANGELL, Norman, "On the Impending Crisis," 107.
+
+ANGLO-RUSSIAN Treaty, 45.
+
+_Another "Happy Thought"_, 789.
+
+_Answering the "Chant of Hate"_, 988.
+
+_Anti-Christian War_, 129.
+
+ANTWERP, 682, 784, 787.
+
+_Appeal of the German Universities_, 187.
+
+_Appeal to America for Belgium_, 924.
+
+_Appeal to the Civilized World_, 185.
+
+_Apportioning the Blame_, 548.
+
+ARBITRATION, 150;
+  treaties, 50, 225.
+
+ARCHER, William, poem, 1114.
+
+_Are We Barbarians?_ 178
+
+ARIF Bey, 1029.
+
+ARNOLD, Winifred, poem, 789.
+
+ARRAS, Battle of, 707.
+
+ARTISTS, British, protest against vandalism, 130;
+  Russian, appeal of, 817.
+
+_As America Sees the War_, 582.
+
+_As the French Fell Back on Paris_, 689.
+
+"_As They Tested Our Fathers_," 106.
+
+ASHMEAD-BARTLETT, 714.
+
+ASQUITH, (Premier) H.H., criticisms, 23, 29, 62;
+  statements, 278, 279, 291, 292, 299;
+  letter to Mayors, 308;
+  speeches, 309-325.
+
+_At the Kaiser's Headquarters_, 718.
+
+_At the Villa Achilleion Corfu_, 999.
+
+ATROCITIES, German, 104, 129, 185, 192;
+  Allies accused by Bethmann-Hollweg, 223;
+  charges against Belgians, 261, 266;
+  official statements, 374-391;
+  letters of G.H. Putnam and R.F. Thienes, 563;
+  statement by Lord Channing, 592;
+  Aerschot, 945;
+  French official report, 1132.
+
+_Atrocities of the War_, 374.
+
+_Attack on Tsing-tao_, 745.
+
+AUGUSTA Victoria, _see_ GERMANY:--Empress.
+
+AUSTRIA-HUNGARY:--
+  Balkan policy, 227.
+  Conditions in Galicia, 958.
+  Declaration of war on Serbia, 226.
+  Ultimatum to Serbia criticised, 109, 136, 189, 195, 202, 203, 339, 559.
+
+_Austria-Hungary's Version of the War_, 225.
+
+AUSTRO-GERMAN Treaty, 298.
+
+AUTHORS, British, defend England, 82;
+  Russian, appeal of, 817;
+  British, on Russian literature, 819.
+
+AVLONA, 1065.
+
+
+B
+
+BAKHMETEFF, (Ambassador) George, on Russia and the war, 364;
+  authenticity of interview denied, 617.
+
+BALKAN States, 1025-1071.
+
+BALKAN WAR, 247.
+
+BALUHTCHICH, (Serbian Minister,) statement, 1039.
+
+_Baptism of Fire_, 977.
+
+_Barnardiston_, (Col.,) 1104, 1105, 1110.
+
+_Barrie at Bay: Which Was Brown?_ 100.
+
+BARRY, Beatrice, poems, 850, 948, 988.
+
+BASS, J.F., on visit to Russian trench, 963.
+
+BATTLE of Dorking, 13, 61.
+
+BATTLES, _see_ CAMPAIGNS, SEA fights, names of battles.
+
+BAVARIA:--Crown Prince Rupprecht's army orders, 984.
+
+BAZIN, Ren�, appreciation of article in London Times on France, 153.
+
+BECK, J.M., "In the Supreme Court of Civilization," 413;
+  criticisms and replies, 431-448.
+
+BEER, G.L., "What Gladstone Said About Belgium," 448.
+
+BEGBIE, Harold, "As America Sees the War," 582.
+
+_Belgian Battleground_, 1109.
+
+_Belgian Cities Germanized_, 780.
+
+_Belgian Boy Tells Story of Aerschot_, 945.
+
+_Belgian Ruin_, 786.
+
+_Belgian Soldier_, 1215.
+
+BELGIUM:--
+  Army, 725.
+  Claims, 48, 97.
+  Effects of war, 765.
+  "Gray Book," 371, 413-448.
+  Neutrality Violation and Treaty of London, opinion of G.B. Shaw, 25,
+  30, 58;
+    A. Bennett, 62;
+    C. Graham, 65;
+    editorial in New York Times; C. Pankhurst; letter from Shaw to
+    President Wilson, 77;
+    H. Eulenberg, 80;
+    British authors, 82;
+    J. Galsworthy, 102;
+    R. Kipling, 107;
+    G.K. Chesterton, 108, 123;
+    A.C. Doyle, 136;
+    R. Rolland, 174;
+    G. Hauptmann, 175;
+    L. Fulda, 182;
+    German professors, 185;
+    British scholars, 189;
+    Y. Guyot and Professor Bellet, 196;
+    British theologians, 201;
+    von Harnack, 204;
+    Bethmann-Hollweg, 222;
+    German analysis of British "White Papers," 241;
+    "Truth About Germany," 249, 258;
+    Sir E. Grey, 286;
+    Asquith, 292, 321;
+    Lloyd George, 336;
+    statement by Legation at Washington, 365;
+    G.L. Beer on Gladstone's views, 448;
+    J.H. Schiff, 460;
+    Dr. C.W. Eliot, 484;
+    Dr. Dernburg, 488;
+    Prof. Burgess, 511;
+    A. von Briesen, 551;
+    W. Ostwald, 572;
+    Dr. N.D. Hillis, 575;
+    Germany's strategic railways, 1000;
+    "A Scrap of Paper," 1120.
+  Refugees, 48, 614, 776.
+  Treatment of resident Austrian and German citizens, 268.
+
+_Belgium's Bitter Need_, 614.
+
+BELGO-BRITISH Plot, 204, 369-372; 545-547; 990; 1000; 1101-1119.
+
+BELGRADE, 969, 1042.
+
+BELLET, (Prof.), reply to German professor's appeal to civilization, 194.
+
+BELLOC, Hilaire, "Why England Fights Germany," 993.
+
+BENEDICT XV., Pope, on destruction of Rheims, 392;
+ letter to Cardinal Mercier, 923.
+
+BENNETT, Arnold, "Shaw's Nonsense About Belgium," 60;
+  reply from Shaw, 63;
+  "What the German Conscript Thinks," 93;
+  comment of F. Adler, 95;
+  "When Peace Is Seriously Desired," 97.
+
+BERCHTOLD, (Count), on Austria-Hungary, 227.
+
+BERGSON, Henri, "The Vital Energies of France," 152.
+
+BERNHARDI, (Gen.) Friedrich von, criticisms of, 13, 15, 25, 56, 135,
+140, 343.
+
+BERNHEIMER, G.E., reply to J.M. Beck, 431.
+
+BERNSTORFF, (Count) Heinrich von, on peace proposals, 274;
+  on Anglo-Belgian plot, 371.
+
+BETHMANN-HOLLWEG, (Dr.) Theobald von, criticism by G.K. Chesterton, 114;
+  speeches and statements, 219-225;
+  conference with Ambassador Gerard on peace, 273;
+  reply to Asquith, 313;
+  full text of speech in Reichstag, 989;
+  on Belgian neutrality, 1113;
+  "A Scrap of Paper," 1120.
+
+BEVIS, (Dr.), work among the wounded in Belgium, 714.
+
+_Big and the Great_, 1114.
+
+BLACKFORD, (Dr.) C.M., 107.
+
+_Bloodless Capture of German Samoa_, 749.
+
+BODKINSON, H.W., on refugees in Warsaw, 957.
+
+BOEHN, (Gen.) von, 1117.
+
+BOER War, 126, 133, 214.
+
+_Bombardment of Rheims Cathedral_, 392.
+
+BONN, (Prof.) M.J., "Tools of the Russian Juggernaut," 851.
+
+BOON, John, on German entry into Brussels, 679.
+
+BOSPORUS, Strait of, 1027.
+
+BOURTZEFF, (Russian revolutionist), 823.
+
+BOUTROUX, Emile, "Germany's Civilized Barbarism," 160.
+
+BRANDES, Georg, "Fate of the Jews in Poland," 854.
+
+BREZIZINY, Battle of, 740.
+
+BRIDGES, (Col.), 1102, 1107.
+
+BRIDGES, Robert, "An Anti-Christian War," 129.
+
+BRIESEN, Arthur von, "Apportioning the Blame," 548.
+
+BRIGGS, C.C.D., poem, 1198.
+
+_British Authors Defend England's War_, 82.
+
+_Broken Rose_, 1210.
+
+BROQUEVILLE, (Lieut.) de, 714.
+
+BROWN, Cyril, dispatches, 718, 780, 925-938.
+
+BRUSSELS, 679, 780, 1118.
+
+BRYAN, (Sec.) W.J., letter to Sen. Stone disclaiming bias against
+Germany and Austria, 1175;
+  "Seizures of American Cargoes," 1183.
+
+BRYCE, (Viscount) James, on teachings of Bernhardi, 343;
+  appreciation of letter by Dr. C.W. Eliot, 477.
+
+BUCHANAN, (Sir) George, 229-236.
+
+BUELOW, (Gen.) Karl von, 1115.
+
+BULGARIA, England's overtures, 1031;
+  Serbs' view, 1036-1040.
+
+_Bulgaria and Kultur_, 1040.
+
+_Bulgaria's Attitude_, 1044.
+  _See also_ BALKAN States.
+
+BUNSEN, (Sir) Maurice de, 231.
+
+BURGESS, John W., letter on "Truth About Germany," 244;
+  articles on the war and controversy, 507.
+
+BURGESS, William, letter, 973.
+
+BURNS, John, 23.
+
+BUTLER, (Dr.) N.M., "The United States of Europe," 565.
+
+BUXTON, Noel, 1031.
+
+BYNG, (Maj. Gen.) Julian, 649.
+
+
+C
+
+CABLE Censorship, 1175.
+
+_Caldron of the Balkans_, 1025.
+
+CAMBON, Paul, 233-242, 355.
+
+CAMPAIGN in Eastern Europe, 738-744; 957-965.
+
+CAMPAIGN in Western Europe, 620-738; 949-953; 1167-1174.
+
+CARGOES, Amer., seizures, 1183, 1188.
+
+CARNEGIE, Andrew, 206, 208;
+  interview, 451.
+
+CARTOONS, 1073-1100.
+
+CARUTHERS, M.V., poem, 864.
+
+_Case for Germany_, 209.
+
+_Case for the Triple Entente_, 276.
+
+_Case of Belgium_, 1101.
+
+CASTELNAU, (Gen.,) 643, 1170-1173.
+
+_Cathedrale, La_, 472.
+
+CAUSES of the War, views of T. Niemeyer, 206;
+  Dr. C.W. Eliot, 498;
+  M.J. Bonn, 852;
+  H. Belloc, 993.
+
+CHANNING of Wellingborough, (Lord), "What America Can Do," 588.
+
+"_Chant of Hate Against England_", 984;
+  answer, 988.
+
+CHARLES, King of Rumania, death, career, 1056.
+
+CHARTRES, Annie, poem, 1210.
+
+_Cheerful Spirits in Trench Inferno_, 1217.
+
+CHESTERTON, G.K., "Why England Came to be in It," 108;
+  "Russian or Prussian Barbarism," 111;
+  "Disposing of Germany's Civilizing Mission," 115;
+  "Russia Less Despotic Than Prussia," 119;
+  "The Bond of Teutonism," 122.
+
+CHILD, O.C.A., poem, 764.
+
+CHRONOLOGY of War, 793, 1007, 1224.
+
+CHURCHILL, W.S., criticism, 13;
+  speech, 330.
+
+_Civil Life in Berlin_, 943.
+
+COBB, Irvin S., on effects of war in four countries, 765.
+
+_Commercial Treaties After the War_, 863.
+
+_Common Sense About the War_, 11.
+
+_Commercial Aspects of War_, 526.
+
+_Concerning German Culture_, 542.
+
+_Concerning the German Professors_, 192.
+
+_Confiscation of German Patents_, 849.
+
+CONGO Conference, 259.
+
+CONNAUGHT, (Prince) Arthur of, 646.
+
+CONTRABAND, 1176, 1183, 1188.
+
+COWEN, F.H., music for hymn to Belgium, 1126.
+
+COX, John H., on fighting in Alsace, 736.
+
+_Credo for Keeping Faith_, 102.
+
+CRESSY, 753, 755, 761.
+
+_Crowds See the Niger Sink_, 760.
+
+CULTURE, 160, 178, 193-203; 317, 541, 543, 613, 821.
+
+_Culture vs. Kultur_, 543.
+
+CURZON, (Lord), criticism, 13;
+  speech, 308;
+  letter to London Times, 329.
+
+CYPRUS Island, 1035.
+
+
+D
+
+_Damp Humor of the Night Watch_, 1206.
+
+DANKL, (Gen.), 959.
+
+DARDANELLES, Strait of, 1027, 1031.
+
+DARRAIL, (Gen.), 1172.
+
+DAVIS, R.H., on Rheims Cathedral, 932.
+
+_Dawn of a New Day_, 678.
+
+DAWNAY, (Maj.) Hugh, 649.
+
+DECLARATION of London, 1182.
+
+_Declaration of the Russian Industrial Interests_, 835.
+
+DEFENDER, 973.
+
+_Defense of the Dual Alliance_, 438.
+
+DELCASSE, T., letter denying use of dumdum bullets by French, 376.
+
+DERNBURG, (Dr.) Bernhard, on German review of the evidence, 229;
+  reply to letter by Dr. C.W. Eliot, 487;
+  "The Case of Belgium," 1101.
+
+D'ESPEREY, (Gen.) Franchet, 652.
+
+DETENTION Camps, _see_ PRISON Camps.
+
+_Diary of Lydia Evans_, 981.
+
+D'IBERVILLE, 1211.
+
+DIECKMANN, (Maj.), 1118.
+
+DISARMAMENT, 50, 97, 223.
+
+DIXMUDE, Battle of, 712, 715.
+
+DOUMIC, Ren�, "The Soldier of 1914," 156.
+
+DOYLE, (Sir) A.C., "To Arms!" 132;
+  on British militarism, 140.
+
+DUBAIL, (Gen.), 1173.
+
+DUCARME, (Maj. Gen.), 1104, 1105.
+
+DUMDUM Bullets, sale by Amer. firms, 1179.
+  _See also_ ATROCITIES.
+
+DURYEE, (Mrs.) Nina Larrey, appeal for aid for Belgians, 776.
+
+
+E
+
+ECOB, J.H., on the German Emperor, 510.
+
+ECONOMIC Aspects of War, discussed by F.H. Giddings, 526;
+  article by Prof. I. Fisher, 594;
+  article by R.G. Usher, 600.
+
+_Effects of War in Four Countries_, 765.
+
+_Effects of War on America_, 600.
+
+EGYPT, Sultan, _see_ HUSSEIN KAMEL.
+
+ELIOT, (Dr.) C.W., criticism, 182;
+  letters, 465, 473-506.
+
+EMDEN, poem, 816;
+  at Penang, 1211.
+
+_Emden's Last Fight_, 758.
+
+EMMICH, (Gen.) von, 935.
+
+ENGLAND:--
+  Agreement with France, 239.
+  Army, views of G.B. Shaw, 31, 32, 34;
+    H.G. Wells on need of equipment, 91;
+    recruits, 106, 132, 299, 304, 306, 312-333;
+    reports of officers, 619.
+  Conditions described by I.S. Cobb, 765;
+    interview with F.H. Smith, 772.
+  Declaration of war upon Turkey, 1035.
+  Foreign Office, 13, 19, 28, 30, 61.
+  Invasion by Germans, 89, 92.
+  Labor problem, 49.
+  Labor Party, 31, 33, 36.
+  Navy, 311, 332.
+  Overtures to Bulgaria, 1031.
+  Russian Alliance, 81, 103, 107, 203, 207, 223.
+  Ultimatum to Germany, 291.
+  War Office, 34.
+  "White Paper," 19, 61, 228, 413, 431-448, 548.
+  _See also_ BELGO-BRITISH Plot.
+
+_England Caused the War_, 989.
+
+_English Artists' Protests_, 130.
+
+_Entrance of France Into War_, 350.
+
+EPIRUS, 1052, 1065.
+
+ESCAILLE, de l', 237.
+
+ESCHENBACH, (Councilor,) 986.
+
+ESSAD Pasha, 1063.
+
+ESTOURNELLES DE CONSTANT, (Baron) d', letters, 146.
+
+EUCKEN, (Dr.) Rudolf, defense of Germany, 534.
+
+EULENBERG, Herbert, letter, 80.
+
+EUROPEAN Federation, _see_ UNITED States of Europe.
+
+EVANS, Lydia, diary, 981.
+
+_Exit Albania?_ 1062.
+
+"EYEWITNESS," reports, 650.
+
+
+F
+
+"_Facts About Belgium_," 365.
+
+_Fall of Antwerp_, 682.
+
+_Fate of the Jews in Poland_, 854.
+
+FAY, Frances C., translation of "La Cathedrale," 472.
+
+FERDINAND, King of Rumania, 1057.
+
+FERDINAND, Tsar of Bulgaria, speech from the throne, 1044.
+
+FERGUSSON, (Sir) Charles, 641.
+
+FERRIMAN, Z.D., on Serbians' re-entry into Belgrade, 969.
+
+FICHTE, J.G., 162.
+
+FIELDING, (Lady) Dorothie, 1714.
+
+_Fifteen Minutes on the Yser_, 949.
+
+_Fight to the Bitter End_, 451.
+
+FILIPESCU, N., on Rumanians in Hungary, 1061.
+
+_First Fight at Lodz_, 740.
+
+_First German Prisoners_, 974.
+
+_First Invasion of Serbia_, 742.
+
+_First Warnings of Europe's Peril_, 276.
+
+FISHER, Irving, on probable economic effects of the war, 594.
+
+FITZ CLARENCE, (Brig. Gen.), 649;
+  tribute from Sir J. French, 649.
+
+FLANDERS, Fighting in, 646, 1167.
+
+_Flaws in Shaw's Logic_, 65.
+
+FLEXNER, Hortense, poem, 612.
+
+_Flight Into Switzerland_, 966.
+
+FOCH, (Gen.), 647.
+
+FOSBENDER, (Gen.) von, 1148.
+
+_Four Months of War_, 1169.
+
+_Fourth of August_, 87.
+
+FOWLER, (Col.) J.S., 645.
+
+FOX, Frank, 685, 686.
+
+FRANCE:--
+  Army, 156.
+  Capital moved, 357.
+  General conditions, 146, 765, 767, 770, 772, 982.
+  Invasion of Germany, 221, 261, 264.
+  Treatment of resident German and Austrian citizens, 268.
+  Vital energies of, 152.
+
+_France and England as Seen in War-Time_, 772.
+
+_France Through English Eyes_, 153.
+  _See also_ CAMPAIGN in Western Europe.
+
+FRANCIS JOSEPH, Emperor of Austria, 225, 226.
+
+FRANCKE, (Prof.) Kuno, reply to letter by Dr. C.W. Eliot, 478;
+  "French Hate and English Jealousy," 554.
+
+FRANCO-PRUSSIAN War, 13, 69.
+
+FREDERICK WILLIAM, _see_ GERMANY--Crown Prince.
+
+FRENCH, (Sir) John, tributes, 304, 306;
+  reports, 619;
+  order to troops, 654;
+  arrival in Paris, 768.
+
+FRENCH, W.E.P., poem, 458.
+
+_French Amenities_, 1220.
+
+_French Hate and English Jealousy_, 555.
+
+_French Official Report on German Atrocities_, 1132.
+
+"_From the Body of This Death_," 1119.
+
+FRONDE, 1211.
+
+FULDA, Ludwig, 180.
+
+
+G
+
+GADKE, (Col.), 141.
+
+GALICIA, 958.
+
+GALLIENI, (Gen.), 702.
+
+GALSWORTHY, John, "A 'Credo' for Keeping Faith," 102;
+  poem, 1126.
+
+GEBWEILER, 738.
+
+GEIER (S.S.), 1181.
+
+GEORGE V., King of England, messages and addresses, 294, 298, 307, 1035;
+  visit to troops, 1035.
+
+GERARD, (Ambassador) J.W., report on peace talk in Germany, 273.
+
+_German Airmen_, 932.
+
+_German Attack on Tahiti_, 748.
+
+_German Declarations_, 534.
+
+_German Entry Into Brussels_, 679.
+
+_German Generals Talk of the War_, 934.
+
+_German Review of the Evidence_, 228.
+
+_German Religion of Duty_, 170.
+
+GERMAN Samoa, 749.
+
+_German Story of the Heligoland Fight_, 754.
+
+GERMAN-AMERICANS, 578.
+
+GERMANS, criticisms of, 93, 95, 124, 170.
+
+_Germans as Seen from a Convent_, 981.
+
+GERMANY:--
+  Address to Americans, 533.
+  Army, criticisms, 93, 95, 141;
+    mobilization, 252;
+    strength, 255;
+    officers, 256;
+    reports of correspondents, 718, 731, 925-934;
+    prisoners, 974;
+    commanders' proclamations, 1116.
+  Crown Prince's message to America, 1187.
+  Empress's appeal to German women, 211;
+    birthday celebration, 722.
+  General conditions, 765, 943.
+  Navy, 134, 215, 217, 254, 256.
+  Reichstag, 250.
+  South African intrigues, 127, 133, 214.
+  Treatment of resident citizens of hostile nations, 267.
+  White Book, 189, 413, 431-448.
+  _See also_ CAMPAIGN in Western Europe.
+
+_Germany and World Empire_, 493.
+
+_Germany of the Future_, 606.
+
+_Germany the Aggressor_, 608.
+
+_Germany vs. Belgium_, 1102.
+
+_Germany's Civilized Barbarism_, 160.
+
+_Germany's Strategic Railways_, 1000.
+
+GIBBONS, Perceval, dispatches, 777, 961, 964, 1207.
+
+GIBBS, Philip, dispatches, 691, 704, 714, 729.
+
+GIDDINGS, F.H., "Possible Profits from War," 526.
+
+GILDER, J.B., poem, 501.
+
+GLADSTONE, W.E., 287, 317, 448.
+
+GLEESON, 714.
+
+_Glory of War_, 1004.
+
+GOLTZ, (Baron) von der, 1118.
+
+GOSCHEN, (Sir) E., 230-238.
+
+GOUGH, (Maj. Gen.) H. de La P., 645.
+
+GRADOW, Battle of, 965.
+
+GRAHAM, Cunninghame, criticism of G.B. Shaw, 65.
+
+GRANT, Lawrence, criticism of G.B. Shaw, 74.
+
+GRAY Book, _see under_ BELGIUM.
+
+_Great Britain's Mobilization_, 294.
+
+_Grecian Neutrality Defined_, 1050.
+
+_Greco-Rumanian Friendship_, 1053.
+
+GREECE, 1050.
+  _See also_ BALKAN States.
+
+GREEN, Horace, 686.
+
+GRIENDL, (Baron,) 1102, 1104, 1108.
+
+GREY, (Sir) Edward, criticisms, 13, 18, 19, 61, 67, 232-243;
+  appeal for national unity, 276;
+  letters, speeches, &c., 277, 279, 281, 290, 314, 355, 1111, 1120, 1188.
+
+GRIVEGNEE, 1116.
+
+GUESDE, Jules, 396, 398.
+
+GUYOT, YVES, reply to German professors, 194.
+
+
+H
+
+HAASE, Hugo, speeches, 401.
+
+HAECKEL, (Prof.) Ernst, criticisms, 123, 525;
+  defense of Germany, 534.
+
+HAENISCH, (Gen.) von, 938.
+
+HAESELER, (Gen.) von, 722.
+
+HAGGARD, (Capt.) Mark, 128.
+
+HAGGARD, H.R., "South Africa's Boers and Britons," 126.
+
+HAIG, (Lieut. Gen. Sir) Douglas, 620, 637, 639, 641, 645, 648, 649.
+
+_Hail!_ (Hymn to Belgium), 1126.
+
+HAPSBURG Family, 138.
+
+_Hard Blows, Not Hard Words_, 103.
+
+HARDIE, Kier, on British Socialists and the war; questions Sir E. Grey,
+409.
+
+HARDY, Thomas, poem, 924.
+
+HARNACK, (Prof.) Adolf von, criticism, 123;
+  address to Americans in Germany, 198-203.
+
+HARRISON, Frederic, "Concerning the German Professors," 192.
+
+HASKINS, H.S., poem, 1166.
+
+HAUPTMANN, Gerhart, letter from R. Rolland, 174;
+  reply, 175;
+  "Are We Barbarians?" 178.
+
+HAVENITH, E., on Anglo-Belgian plot, 372.
+
+HAWKE (cruiser), 757.
+
+_He Heard the Bugles Calling_, 1198.
+
+HEIGEL, Edward, 686.
+
+HEINE, Henry, poem, 525.
+
+HELLPACH, (Prof.) W., 986.
+
+HELIGOLAND, battle, 754.
+
+_Helpless Victims_, 776.
+
+HENDERSON, Arthur, on British Socialists and war, 409.
+
+HENDERSON, Barbara, translation of "Chant of Hate Against England," 985.
+
+HENDERSON, (Sir) David, 624, 643, 645.
+
+HENGELMULLER, (Baron) L., defense of Austria, 559.
+
+_Heroic Language_, 1216.
+
+HERZOG, Rudolf, letter, 1199.
+
+HIBBEN, John Grier, address, 503;
+  "The Trespass in Belgium," 545.
+
+HILLIS, (Rev. Dr.) N.D., sermon, 573;
+  interview, 579.
+
+HOECKER, P.O., letter, 1201.
+
+HOGUE (cruiser), 752, 755, 761.
+
+HOHENZOLLERN Family, 138.
+
+HOEHNE, Wilhelm, poem, 987.
+
+HOLLAND'S Future, 1128.
+
+_Hopeful Road to Lasting Peace_, 497.
+
+"_House with Sealed Doors_," 1183.
+
+_How Paris Dropped Gayety_, 767.
+
+_How Prohibition Came to Russia_, 831.
+
+_How Russian Manufacturers Feel_, 838.
+
+_How the Baroness Hid Her Husband on a Vessel_, 956.
+
+_How the Belgians Fight_, 725.
+
+_How the Cressy Sank_, 752.
+
+_How Turkey Went to War_, 1025.
+
+HUDSON, Kate, criticism of G.B. Shaw, 73.
+
+HUGLI, E.T., "The Flight Into Switzerland," 966.
+
+HUGUET, (Col.) Victor, 646.
+
+"_Human Documents_," 679, 939.
+
+HUNT, E.E., 686.
+
+HUSSEIN, Kemal, Sultan of Egypt, letter from King George and reply, 1035.
+
+_Hymn to Belgium_, 1126.
+
+
+I
+
+_I Am for Peace_, 826.
+
+_If the Germans Raid England_, 87.
+
+IMERETINSKY, (Prince), statement to Americans, 362.
+
+_In Defense of Austria_, 436, 559.
+
+_In the Supreme Court of Civilization_, 413.
+
+INCOME Tax, Russia, 850.
+
+_Influence of the War Upon Russian Industry_, 834.
+
+"_Innocence of Belgium_," 1110.
+
+IRELAND, 276, 290, 323.
+
+IRISH-AMERICANS, 585.
+
+ISMAIL Kemal Bey, 1064.
+
+ISWOLSKI, 240.
+
+"_It Is for Us and for France_," 983.
+
+ITALY, 1064.
+
+_Italy and the War_, 1192.
+
+
+J
+
+JAGOW, Gottlieb von, 230, 238, 241, 367, 1113.
+
+JAURES, J.L., 53, 398, 399.
+
+JAWOROWSKI, Kazinirz, on Poland and the war, 360.
+
+_Jeanne d'Arc_, 506.
+
+JEMTCHUG, 1211.
+
+JEROME, J.K., "Hard Blows, Not Hard Words", 103.
+
+JEWS in Russia, 361, 854.
+
+JOACHIM, (Prince), letter, 1199.
+
+JOFFRE, (Gen.) Joseph, 619-642, 1167, 1170.
+
+JONES, Jefferson, dispatches, 745, 1208.
+
+JONESCO, Take, on the Balkan situation, 1061.
+
+JORDAN, (Dr.) D.S., "A War of Dishonor," 502.
+
+JORDAN, (Dr.) Daniel, on German aggression, 490.
+
+JUNGBLUTH, (Gen.), 1102, 1107, 1111.
+
+JUNKERISM, 11, 13, 69, 75.
+
+
+K
+
+_Kaiser and Belgium_, 507.
+
+KALISCH, 957.
+
+KANT, Immanuel, 168.
+
+KAROLYI, (Count) Michael, on Austria-Hungary and the war, 227.
+
+KAUFFMAN, Ruth, on Scarborough raid, 953.
+
+KAUTSKY, Karl, letter, 405.
+
+KENNEDY, J.B., poem, 581.
+
+KIPLING, Rudyard, "As They Tested Our Fathers", 106;
+  letter on "The Truce of the Bear", 107.
+
+KITCHENER, (Lord) H.H., speech, 304.
+
+KLUCK, (Gen.) A. von, 1170.
+
+KONOVALOV, A., appeal for Poles, 825.
+
+KORFF, (Baron,) on causes of the war, 363.
+
+KULTUR, _see_ CULTURE.
+
+
+L
+
+LA FRANCE, Geni, on attack on Tahiti, 748.
+
+LADD, G.T., on judgment of Germany, 524.
+
+LAMBTON, (Gen. Hon.) W., 624, 645.
+
+LANGLE DE CARY, (Gen.), 1170-1173.
+
+LANREZEC, (Gen.,) 1170.
+
+LANSDOWNE, Marquis of, tribute to army, 306.
+
+LAPRADELLE, (Prof.) A.G. de, "Germany of the Future", 606.
+
+LAW, A.B., speeches, 278, 290, 294, 303.
+
+LEIBNITZ, criticism by E. Boutroux, 168.
+
+LETTERS, soldiers', 970;
+  from French girls, 982, 983;
+  soldiers', 1199, 1218.
+
+LICHNOWSKY, (Prince), 233, 237.
+
+LIEBKNECHT, (Dr.) Carl, on German Socialists, 402.
+
+LI�GE, 265, 266.
+
+LISSAUER, Ernst, poem, 984.
+
+_Little Montenegro Speaks_, 1043.
+
+LLOYD GEORGE, David, speeches, 228, 336.
+
+LOANS, _see_ WAR Loans.
+
+LOCKSUN, 1182.
+
+LODGE, (Sir) Oliver, criticism of H.G. Wells, 92.
+
+LODZ, Battle of, 740.
+
+LONG Live the Allies! 1174.
+
+_Lord of Hosts_, 501.
+
+LORRAINE, _see_ ALSACE-LORRAINE.
+
+LOUIS XIV., 26.
+
+LOUVAIN, 130, 171, 183, 185, 196, 369, 381, 385, 388, 390, 783, 916.
+
+LOW, Sidney, poem, 1119.
+
+LUETTWITZ, (Gen.) Baron von, 1118.
+
+LUN�VILLE, 1147.
+
+LUXEMBURG, 222, 280.
+
+
+M
+
+MACDONALD, J.R., speech, 410;
+  criticism, 411, 520.
+
+MACH, (Dr.) Edmund von, defense of dual alliance, 438.
+
+MACK, Louise, 685, 686.
+
+MACNAUGTON, Miss, 714.
+
+MACREADY, (Maj. Gen.) Nevil, 627, 645.
+
+MACURDY, G.H., poem, 587.
+
+MAETERLINCK, Maurice, "The Need of Being Merciless," 144.
+
+MAIL Censorship, 1176.
+
+MARINGOVICH, Paul, on the Bulgarian menace, 1036.
+
+MARNE, Battle of, 627, 1169.
+
+MASLOV, P., "Commercial Treaties After the War", 863.
+
+MATHER, (Prof.) F.J., Jr., letters, 465, 514, 543.
+
+MATTHEWS, Brander, on German culture, 541.
+
+MAUNOURY, (Gen.), 1170-1173.
+
+MAYERHOFF, (Prof.), writes music for "Chant of Hate", 985.
+
+MEHMED-RESHAD, Sultan of Turkey, proclamations, 1033, 1034.
+
+"_Men of the Emden_", 816.
+
+MERCHANT Marine, 602.
+
+MERCIER, (Cardinal) Desideratus, pastoral letter, 913.
+
+MEUSE, Battle of, 691, 731.
+
+MEYNELL, Alice, poem, 1216.
+
+MICKIEWICZ, Adam, 857.
+
+_Might or Right_, 503.
+
+_Mighty Fate of Europe_, 219.
+
+MIGOULIN, (Prof.), on war situation, 836;
+  on Russian loans, 837.
+
+MILLE, Constantin, on Rumania, 1058.
+
+MILITARISM, views of G.B. Shaw, 11, 17, 25, 55, 59;
+  A. Bennett, 61;
+  C. Pankhurst, 69;
+  H. Eulenberg, 80;
+  J. Galsworthy, 102;
+  Sir A.C. Doyle, 138, 140;
+  M. Maeterlinck, 145;
+  d'Estournelles de Constant, 146, 149;
+  H. Bergson, 152;
+  L. Fulda, 181;
+  German professors, 185;
+  Y. Guyot and Prof. Bellet, 197;
+  Dr. C.W. Eliot, 475;
+  W.M. Sloane, 517;
+  A. von Briesen, 552;
+  Dr. N.D. Hillis, 573.
+
+_Militarism and Christianity_, 610.
+
+MOHAMMEDANS, holy war, 1034.
+
+MONET, Claude, "Long Live the Allies!" 1174.
+
+MONS, Battle of, 619, 971.
+
+MONTENEGRO, 1043.
+  _See also_ BALKAN States.
+
+MOROCCO, 258, 282, 283.
+
+MUNRO, (Dr.), 714.
+
+MURRAY, (Lieut. Gen.) Archibald, 624, 645.
+
+MUZZAFER Bey, 1029.
+
+
+N
+
+NAMUR, 1115.
+
+NAPOLEON I., 26, 56.
+
+NAVAL Engagements, _see_ SEA Fights.
+
+NAVAL Situation, 88.
+
+_Need of Being Merciless_, 144.
+
+_Neutrals_, 948.
+
+_New Russia Meets Germany_, 777.
+
+_New Russia Speaks_, 817.
+
+_New Source of Revenue Needed_, 839.
+
+_New World Map_, 571.
+
+_New Year's Day, Battle of_, 961.
+
+NEW ZEALAND, work of expeditionary force, 749.
+
+NEWS Censorship, 791, 1175.
+
+NICHOLAIOVITCH, (Grand Duke) Nicholas, appeal to Poles, 359.
+
+NICHOLAS, Czar of Russia, criticisms, 44, 246, 260;
+  manifesto, speeches, &c., 358;
+  tribute from P. Vinogradoff, 821;
+  interview on prohibition, 832.
+
+NICHOLSON, (Commander) B.W.L., on Cressy, 755.
+
+NICOLSON, A.D., poem, 506.
+
+NIEBER, (Gen.) von, letter, 1115.
+
+NIEMEYER, Theodore, "The Causes of the War," 206;
+  comment, 208.
+
+NIETZSCHE, F.W., 194, 504, 612.
+
+NIEUPORT, Battle of, 951.
+
+NIGER (gunboat), 760.
+
+NORTON, (Commander) R.A., on the Hogue, 755.
+
+
+O
+
+_Officer in Battle Had Little Feeling_, 959.
+
+_On the Impending Crisis_, 107.
+
+_Once Fair Belgrade Is a Skeleton City_, 969.
+
+_Open Letter to Pres. Wilson_, 76.
+
+"ORANGE Book," _see under_ RUSSIA.
+
+OSTWALD, Wilhelm, "A New World Map," 571.
+
+_Our Russian Ally_, 840.
+
+
+P
+
+PAN-SLAVISM, 203.
+
+PANKHURST, Christabel, criticism of G.B. Shaw, 68.
+
+PARIS, 691; 767.
+
+_Paris in October_, 770.
+
+PARKER, (Sir) Gilbert, "Belgium's Bitter Need," 614.
+
+_Parting_, 553.
+
+PASHITCH, (Serbian Premier,) on Serbia and the war, 1036.
+
+PASSPORTS, 1180.
+
+PATENTS, 849.
+
+PATEY, (Sir) George, 750.
+
+_Patriotism and Endurance_, 913.
+
+PAU, (Gene.), 691, 694, 696, 1169.
+
+PEACE, 12, 37, 97, 149, 273, 297.
+
+PENANG, 1211.
+
+PERRIS, G.H., "As the French Fell Back on Paris," 689.
+
+PERSIA, 45.
+
+PHILIP II., 26.
+
+PHILOSOPHERS, German, 129, 606.
+
+PHILLPOTTS, Eden, poem, 1066.
+
+PICK, Edward, defense of Austria, 436.
+
+PIGEONS, homing, 792.
+
+PISTOLET, 1211.
+
+_Ping Pong_, 850.
+
+PITT, William, 316.
+
+PIUS X., Pope, 374.
+
+_Place of Tombs_, 1207.
+
+POEMS:--
+  Adams, Adeline, "To a Cousin German", 593;
+    "Glory of War", 1004.
+  Archer, William, "The Big and the Great", 1114.
+  Arnold, Winifred, "Another 'Happy Thought'", 789.
+  Barry, Beatrice, "Ping Pong", 850;
+    "The Neutrals", 948;
+    answer to "Chant of Hate", 988.
+  Briggs, C.C.D., "He Heard the Bugles Calling", 1198.
+  Caruthers, Mazie V., "The Woman's Part," 864
+  Chartres, A.V., "The Broken Rose", 1210.
+  Child, O.C.A., "The Soliloquy of an old Soldier", 764.
+  Flexner, Hortense, "Vigil", 612.
+  French, W.E.P., "Shot Tell His Mother", 458.
+  Galsworthy, John, "Hail! Hymn to Belgium", 1126.
+  Gilder, J.B., "The Lord of Hosts", 501.
+  Hardy, Thomas, "Appeal to America for Belgium", 924.
+  Haskins, H.S., "Nuits Blanches", 1166.
+  Hohne, Wilhelm, poem to France, 987.
+  Kennedy, John B., "Tipperary", 581.
+  Lissauer, Ernst, "Chant of Hate Against England", 984;
+    answer by B. Barry, 988.
+  Low, Sidney, "From the Body of This Death", 1119.
+  Macurdy, G.H., "To Melos, Pomegranate Isle", 587.
+  Meynell, Alice, "The Heroic Language", 1216.
+  Nicolson, A.D., "Jeanne D'Arc", 506.
+  Phillpotts, E., "To Belgium", 1066.
+  Rostand, Edmond, "La Cathedrale", 472.
+  Sheldon, Lurana, "I Am for Peace!" 826.
+  Simons, K.D.M., "A Song of the Siege Gun", 992.
+  Sudduth, H.T., "At the Villa Achilleion Corfu", 999.
+  Thomas, E.M., "The House with Sealed Doors", 1183.
+  Vose, Edward Neville, "The Dawn of a New Day", 678.
+  Watson, W., "To His Majesty King Albert", 1228.
+  Wetter, Louise von, "Parting", 553.
+  Ybarra, T.R., "The Men of the Emden", 816.
+
+POINCARE, (Pres. of France) Raymond, proclamation on mobilization, 350;
+  address to Parliament, 351;
+  protest to Pres. Wilson against German atrocities, 375.
+
+POLAND, _see_ CAMPAIGN in Eastern Europe.
+
+POLES in Russia, 359, 360, 825, 829, 854, 957.
+
+POLYZOIDES, A.T., "The War in the Balkans," 1068.
+
+PONSONBY, Arthur, 1102.
+
+_Possible Profits from War_, 526.
+
+PRISON Camps, 1181.
+
+_Prayer for Victory_, 212.
+
+_Probable Causes and Outcome of the War_, 473.
+
+PROFESSORS, German, 125, 162, 185-195.
+
+PROHIBITION in Russia, 831.
+
+_Proposed Internal Loans of Russia_, 837.
+
+PRUSSIA, _see_ CHESTERTON, G.K.
+
+PULTENEY, (Lieut. Gen.) W.P., 645.
+
+PURUMBARN, (Rumanian Minister,) statement, 1060.
+
+PUTNAM, G.H., letter on atrocities, 563.
+
+
+R
+
+RADOSLAVOFF, (Bulgarian Premier,) statement, 1044.
+
+_Raid on Scarborough Seen from a Window_, 953.
+
+RAILWAYS, German, 1000.
+
+RAWLINSON, (Sir) Henry, 648.
+
+RED Cross, 33, 714, 765.
+
+REDMOND, J.E., speech, 291.
+
+RELIEF Work, 614, 776, 782.
+
+REMINGTON Arms Co., 1179.
+
+RENNENKAMPF, (Gen.) P.C. von, 738, 778.
+
+RESERVISTS, 1181.
+
+_Retreat to Paris_, 691.
+
+REUTER, Gabriele, "The German Religion of Duty," 170.
+
+RHEIMS, 55, 130, 184, 392, 393, 472, 928, 931.
+
+RITTENHOUSE, Anne, "How Paris Dropped Gayety," 767.
+
+ROBERTS, (Lord) F.S., 14.
+
+ROBERTSON, (Maj. Gen.) William, 624, 645.
+
+ROLLAND, Romain, letter, 174.
+
+ROOSEVELT, (Col.) Theodore, 591.
+
+ROSS, Malcolm, on capture of German Samoa, 749.
+
+ROSTAND, Edmond, poem, 472.
+
+ROUEN, 982.
+
+ROWAN, Edgar, on the Aboukir, Cressy, and Hogue, 752.
+
+RUFFEY, (Gen.), 1170-1173.
+
+RUHL, Arthur, 686.
+
+RUMANIANS in Hungary, 1061.
+
+RUMANIA, 1054-1062.
+  _See also_ BALKAN States.
+
+RUPPRECHT, (Prince), _see_ BAVARIA.
+
+RUSSIA:--
+  Army, 738, 777, 961, 963.
+  Commerce, 362.
+  Duma, message to Britain, 361;
+    criticism, 843.
+  Finance, 837, 839.
+  Industries, 834-838.
+  Mobilization, 220, 228, 249, 263.
+  "Orange Book," 413, 431-448.
+  Progress, 840.
+  Taxes, 850, 863.
+  Treatment of resident Austrians and German citizens, 268.
+  United Russia, 827.
+  _See also_ CHESTERTON, G.K.; CAMPAIGN in Eastern Europe.
+
+_Russia and Europe's War_, 821.
+
+_Russia in Literature_, 819.
+
+_Russia to Blame_, 434.
+
+_Russia to Her Enemy_, 358.
+
+_Russian Appeal for the Poles_, 825.
+
+_Russian Atrocities_, 563.
+
+_Russian Financial Authority on the War_, 836.
+
+_Russian Income Tax_, 850.
+
+
+S
+
+SAMOA, 749.
+
+SANDERS, (Gen.) Liman von, 1028.
+
+SANDERSON, (Dr.) R.L., reply to K. Francke, 557.
+
+SARGENT, (Dr.) Irene, on Alsace-Lorraine and Schleswig-Holstein, 492.
+
+SARRAIL, (Gen.), 1173.
+
+SASENO, 1064.
+
+SAUVEUR, Albert, "Germany the Aggressor," 609.
+
+SAVOFF, (Gen.), on Bulgaria's army and neutral States, 1047.
+
+SAZONOFF, (Count) Sergius, criticism, 19, 21;
+  interviews, 230-237;
+  on war and Russian trade, 362.
+
+SCARBOROUGH raid, 953.
+
+SCHEIDEMANN, Philipp, on German Socialists and the war, 402.
+
+SCHIFF, J.H., interview, the war, 459;
+  correspondence with Dr. Eliot, 465.
+
+SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN, 483, 487, 490, 492.
+
+SCHMOLLER, (Prof.) Gustav von, 194.
+
+SCHOLARS, British, reply to German professors, 188.
+
+"SCRAP OF PAPER," 1120.
+  _See also_ BETHMANN-HOLLWEG, (Dr.) T.
+
+SEA Fights, 745-761;
+  Scarborough raid, 953;
+  Black Sea Battle, 1032.
+
+_Seeing Nieuport Under Shell Fire_, 951.
+
+_Seeking Wounded on Battle Front_, 714.
+
+SEGGEBRUCH, Frank, attack on Russia, 434.
+
+SEIZURES of American cargoes, 1183, 1188.
+
+SERBIA:--
+  Army, "The Wounded Serb," 788;
+    mobilization, 1036.
+  Cabinet's statement, 1039.
+  Crown Prince Alexander's order to troops, 1040;
+    reply to address by Prince Troubetskoi, 1042.
+  Invasion, 742.
+  Russian domination, 204.
+  _See also_ BALKAN States.
+
+_Serbia and Her Neighbors_, 1036.
+
+SHAW, G.B., "Common Sense About the War," 11;
+  replies and criticisms, 60-73;
+  open letter to Pres. Wilson and comment of the nation, 76;
+  criticisms, 80, 775.
+
+SHELDON, Lurana, poem, 826.
+
+_Shelled Tsing-tao with wireless Aid_, 1208.
+
+"Shot. Tell His Mother," 458.
+
+SIMON, (Sir) John, speech, 276.
+
+SIMONS, Katherine Drayton Mayrant, Jr., poem, 992.
+
+_Sinking of the Cressy and the Hogue_, 755.
+
+_Sinking of the Hawke_, 757.
+
+_Slaughter in Alsace_, 736.
+
+SLAVS, 203, 519, 993.
+
+SLOANE, W.M., "America's Peril in Judging Germany," 515.
+
+SMITH, F.H., "France and England as Seen in War-Time," 772.
+
+SMITH-DORRIEN, (Sir) Horace, 622, 624, 645, 648.
+
+SOCIALISM, 31, 46, 54.
+
+SOCIALISTS, 94, 96, 172, 400.
+
+SOCIALISTS' Part, 397.
+
+_Sociological Aspects of War_, 530.
+
+SOKOLOV, A., on Russian finances, 839.
+
+_Soldier of 1914_, 156.
+
+_Soliloquy of an Old Soldier_, 764.
+
+SOLOMON, Abraham, "Nietzsche and German Culture," 612.
+
+SOMBART, (Prof.) Werner, on feeling of Germans toward the French, 986.
+
+_Song of the Siege Gun_, 992.
+
+SORDET, (Gen.), 622, 624.
+
+_South Africa's Boers and Britons_, 125.
+
+SPALAIKOWICH, (Serbian Minister,) on Bulgaria's position, 1037.
+
+_Speculations About Peace_, 273.
+
+SPIES, 104, 262, 780.
+
+_Spy Organization in England_, 790.
+
+STEIN, (Gen.) von, report on Li�ge, 266.
+
+STOLYPIN, 121.
+
+_Story of the "Eyewitness_," 650.
+
+_Story of the Man Who Fired on Rheims Cathedral_, 928.
+
+_Stout and Warlike Breed_, 479.
+
+STRAUS, Oscar S., 274.
+
+STRUVE, (Prof.) Peter, "United Russia," 827.
+
+SUDDUTH, H.T., poem, 999.
+
+_Summons of the Nation to Arms_, 308.
+
+_Supreme Court of Civilization, In the_, 413.
+
+SWIENTOCHOWSKI, Alexander, 858.
+
+_Swift Reversal to Barbarism_, 939.
+
+SWINTON, (Col.) E.D., reports, 650.
+
+SWITZERLAND, refugee problem, 966.
+
+SWOPE, Herbert B., North Sea battle, 761.
+
+SYDNEY (cruiser), 758.
+
+
+T
+
+TAFT, W.H., "The Belgian Battleground," 1109.
+
+TAHITI, 748.
+
+TANKOSITCH, (Capt), 742.
+
+TARDIEU, Charles, on fighting in the trenches, 979.
+
+TCHELISHEFF, M.D., on prohibition in Russia, 831.
+
+_Teachings of Gen. von Bernhardi_, 343.
+
+TERMONDE, 385, 786, 1117.
+
+TEST, Sam, criticism of G.B. Shaw, 75.
+
+THAYER, W.R., "Italy and the War," 1192.
+
+THEOLOGIANS, British, letter, 201.
+
+THIENES, R.F., letter on Russian atrocities, 563.
+
+_Things the Wounded Talk About_, 1222.
+
+THOMAS, Edith M., poem, 1183.
+
+THOMPSON, Donald C., 686.
+
+THOMPSON, Vance, on reversal to barbarism, 939.
+
+_Tipperary_, 581.
+
+TISZA, (Count), 1060.
+
+_To a Cousin German_, 593.
+
+_To Americans from a German Friend_, 180.
+
+_To Americans in Germany_, 198.
+
+"_To Americans Leaving Germany_," 533.
+
+_To Arms!_ 132.
+
+_To Belgium_, 1066.
+
+_To Melos, Pomegranate Isle_, 587.
+
+_Tools of the Russian Juggernaut_, 851.
+
+TRADE Unionism, 31.
+
+TREATY of Bucharest, 1068.
+
+TREATY of London (1839), _see_ BELGIUM--Neutrality.
+
+TREATY of Prague, 40.
+
+TREITSCHKE, (Prof.) Heinrich von, 135, 168, 194.
+
+_Trespass in Belgium_, 545.
+
+TRIPLE Entente, peace pact, 297.
+
+TRIPP, (Gen.) von, 712.
+
+TRUBETSKOI, (Prince) Eugene, on Russia against Germany, 361;
+  appeal for aid for Poles, 829;
+  address to Serbian Crown Prince, 1041.
+
+"_Truce of the Bear_," 107.
+
+"_Truth About Germany_," 244.
+
+TSING-TAO, 745, 1208.
+
+_Turk in Egypt's Eyes_, 1049.
+
+TURKEY:--
+  Diplomatic situation, 1028.
+  General conditions in Constantinople, 1026.
+  Mobilization, 1026, 1028.
+  Parliament prorogued, 1028.
+  Press comments on situation, 1025, 1028-1033.
+  Events leading to declaration of war, 1032.
+  _See also_ BALKAN States; MEHMED-RESHAD.
+
+
+U
+
+_Unburied Dead Strew Lorraine_, 729.
+
+_Unconquered France_, 1167.
+
+_United Russia_, 827.
+
+UNITED States, arbitration treaties, 50.
+
+_United States Fair to All_, 1175.
+
+UNITED States of Europe, 455, 565.
+
+UNIVERSITIES, German, 187.
+
+URBAL, (Gen.) d', 1172.
+
+USHER, Roland G., "Effects of the War on America," 600.
+
+
+V
+
+VALIEVO, 788.
+
+VANDERVELDE, Emil, on Socialists and the war, 397.
+
+VENIZELOS, E., on Greece's attitude, 1051.
+
+_Verdict of the American People_, 573.
+
+VESSELS, American, 1176.
+
+_Vigil_, 612.
+
+VILLIERS, (Sir) Francis, letter, 1112.
+
+VINOGRADOFF, Paul, "Russia and Europe's War," 820.
+
+VISE, 386.
+
+_Visit to the Firing Line in France_, 727.
+
+_Vital Energies of France_, 152.
+
+VIVIANI, (Premier) Ren�, telegram to Ministry in Luxemburg, 350;
+  addresses before Parliament, 351, 1164.
+
+VOLLBEHR, Ernst, paintings done at the battle front, 938.
+
+VOORHAM, (Capt.) 753.
+
+VOSE, E.N., "The Dawn of a New Day," 678.
+
+
+W
+
+WALLACE, (Sir) D.M., "Our Russian Ally," 840.
+
+_War at Home_, 765.
+
+_War in the Balkans_, 1068.
+
+WAR Loans, 1180.
+
+WAR Material, shipment across U.S. territory, 1181.
+
+WAR Pictures, 865-913.
+
+_War of Dishonor_, 502.
+
+_War-Time Scenes in Rouen_, 982.
+
+WARSHIPS, British, off Amer. ports, 1179;
+  coaling in Panama Canal Zone, 1182.
+
+WARBEKE, John, reply to Eucken and Haeckel, 537.
+
+WARINSKI, A., 861.
+
+WARREN, Whitney, on Rheims Cathedral, 393.
+
+_Warsaw Swamped with Refugees_, 957.
+
+_Waste of German Lives_, 964.
+
+WATSON, William, poem, 1228.
+
+_Why England Fights Germany_, 993.
+
+WAVRE, 1115.
+
+_Way to Peace_, 459.
+
+_We Will Fight to the End_, 1164.
+
+WEDDIGEN, (Capt. Lieut.) Otto, on North Sea battle, 761.
+
+WELLS, H.G., criticisms, 22, 61;
+  "Fourth of August," 87;
+  "If the Germans Raid England," 89;
+  comment, 92;
+  "Holland's Future," 1128.
+
+WENGLER, (Lieut.) on Rheims Cathedral, 928;
+  comment, 931.
+
+WETTER, Louise von, poem, 553.
+
+_What America Can Do_, 588.
+
+_What Gladstone Said About Belgium_, 448.
+
+_What the Economic Effects May Be_, 594.
+
+_What the German Conscript Thinks_, 93.
+
+_When Peace Is Seriously Desired_, 97.
+
+_Where Rumania Stands in the Crisis_, 1054.
+
+"WHITE Papers," _see under_ ENGLAND _and_ GERMANY.
+
+WHITEHOUSE, J.H., "The Belgian Ruin," 786.
+
+WHITELEY, J.G., on Belgo-British plot, 1110.
+
+WHITLOCK, Brand, 782.
+
+_Who Began the War and Why?_ 209.
+
+"_Why Belgium Was Devastated_," 1115.
+
+_Why England Came to be in It_, 108.
+
+_Why England Fights Germany_, 993.
+
+_Why Is America Anti-German?_ 482.
+
+WILD, (Gen.) von, 937.
+
+WILLIAM II., German Emperor, criticisms, 13, 56, 77, 94, 112, 115, 117,
+121, 122, 139, 182, 185, 206, 208;
+  speeches and proclamations, 209-213;
+  prayer, 212;
+  telegram to King of Saxony, 213;
+  interview in 1908, 213;
+  letter to Lord Tweedmouth, 216;
+  comment, 218;
+  criticism, 260;
+  protest to Pres. Wilson against Allies' atrocities, 374;
+  criticisms, 508, 510, 576;
+  headquarters, 718;
+  at Donchery, 1125.
+
+WILLIAM, Prince of Wied, 1062, 1063.
+
+WILLIAMSON, (Mrs.) F.B., "Junkers," 75.
+
+WILSON, (Col.) G.C., 649.
+
+WILSON, (Maj. Gen.) Henry, 624, 645.
+
+WILSON, (Pres.) Woodrow, inquiries concerning sentiment in Germany on
+peace, 274;
+  reply to Kaiser's protest against atrocities, 375;
+  address to Belgian Commission, 377;
+  comment of Lord Channing on his utterances on the war, 591.
+
+WINCHESTER Repeating Arms Co., 1179.
+
+WIRELESS messages, 1175.
+
+_With the German Army_, 925.
+
+WOLF, (Baron) H.H. von, 956.
+
+WOLFSKEHL, Karl, reply to R. Rolland, 176.
+
+_Woman and War_, 458.
+
+_Wounded Serb_, 788.
+
+_Wounded Soldiers_, 1222, 1223.
+
+WRIGHT, (Sir) Almroth, 34.
+
+
+Y
+
+YBARRA, T.R., poem, 816.
+
+YPRES, Battle of, 647, 673, 675, 1167.
+
+YSER, Battle of, 711, 725, 948, 951.
+
+
+Z
+
+ZOELLNER, (Gen.), 937.
+
+_Zouave's Story_, 704.
+
+ZWEHL, (Gen.) von, 936.
+
+
+LIST OF MAPS.
+
+AISNE, Battle of the, 638, 640, 644.
+ALSACE-LORRAINE, 730.
+BALKAN States, 1067.
+BELGIUM, beginning of invasion, 681.
+EAST Prussia and Poland, 1006.
+EASTERN Prussia to Galicia, 741.
+FLANDERS and Northern France, 713.
+FRANCE, operations in, 1171.
+HOLLAND, 1130.
+ITALY, 1194.
+MARNE, Battle of the, 626, 628, 630, 634.
+MONS, retreat from, 623, 625.
+RAILROADS, German system that aided invasion of Belgium, 1002.
+SERBIA, 743.
+SOUTHEASTERN theatre of the war, 1024.
+WESTERN Europe, 1004.
+
+
+LIST OF PORTRAITS.
+
+ALBERT, King of the Belgians, 304.
+AMADE, (GEN.) D', 778.
+AUGUSTA VICTORIA, Empress of Germany, 209, 1120.
+BARRIE, J.M., 16.
+BECK, J.M., 413.
+BELGIAN CROWN PRINCE, 1041.
+BELGIAN PRINCESS, 1025.
+BENNETT, ARNOLD, 16.
+BERCHTOLD, (COUNT) LEOPOLD, 240.
+BETHMANN-HOLLWEG, (DR.) T. von, 240, 976.
+BISSING, (GEN.) von, 972.
+BOUTROUX, EMILE, 96.
+BRIESEN, ARTHUR von, 572.
+BRYCE (VISCOUNT) JAMES, 460.
+BUELOW, (GEN.) von, 666.
+BURGESS, J.W., 476.
+BUTLER, (DR.) N.M., 572.
+CARNEGIE, ANDREW, 444.
+CASTELNAU, (GEN.), 1136.
+CHESTERTON, G.K., 64.
+CHURCHILL, W.L.S., 256; with wife, 1104.
+CRADOCK (ADMIRAL SIR) CHRISTOPHER, 832.
+DANKL, (GEN.) VICTOR, 714.
+DE WIART, CARTON, 304.
+DERNBURG, (DR.) BERNHARD, 460.
+DJEMAL PASHA, 1200.
+DOYLE, (SIR) A.C., 64.
+DUBAIL, (GEN.), 1137.
+ELIOT, (DR.) C.W., 412.
+EUCKEN, RUDOLF, 508.
+EMIR ALI PASHA, 1201.
+FISHER, (ADMIRAL SIR) JOHN, 928.
+FREDERICK, (Austrian Archduke), 976.
+FRENCH, (SIR) JOHN, 619.
+FULDA, LUDWIG, 128.
+GALSWORTHY, JOHN, 32.
+GERMAN CROWN PRINCE, 634.
+GIDDINGS, F.H., 508.
+GREY, (SIR) EDWARD, 256.
+GUESDE, JULES, 368.
+GUYOT, YVES, 160.
+HAIG, (SIR) DOUGLAS, 634, 1152.
+HARDIE, KIER, 336.
+HARNACK, ADOLF von, 192.
+HARRISON, FREDERIC, 160.
+HAUPTMANN, GERHART, 128.
+HENRY, Prince of Prussia, 944.
+HIBBEN, (DR.) J.G., 460.
+HILLIS, N.D., 540.
+HINDENBURG, (GEN.) PAUL von, 682, 817.
+JELLICOE, (ADMIRAL SIR) JOHN, 714.
+JOFFRE, (GEN.) JOSEPH, 762.
+JORDAN. (DR.) D.S., 460.
+KAMIO, (GEN.), 992.
+KIPLING, RUDYARD, 32.
+KITCHENER, (EARL), 972.
+KLUCK, (GEN.) von, 682.
+KROBATKIN, (GEN.) von, 1184.
+LEOPOLD, Crown Prince of Belgium, 1041.
+LESSEN, JOSEPH, 1040.
+LOUIS ALEXANDER, Prince of Battenberg, 964.
+MAETERLINCK, MAURICE, 96.
+MARCONNAY, (COMMANDANT), 1152.
+MARIE, JOSE, (Princess), 1025.
+MATTHEWS, BRANDER, 540.
+MERCIER, (CARDINAL) D., 1025.
+MULLER, (CAPT.) KARL von, 762.
+NICHOLAIEVITCH, (GRAND DUKE) NICHOLAS, 730.
+NIEMEYER, THEODORE, 192.
+PANKHURST, CHRISTABEL, 16.
+PAU, (GEN.) PAUL, 778.
+PIUS X., Pope, 272.
+RENNENKAMPF, (GEN.), 730.
+ROBERTS, (LORD), 964.
+RUPPRECHT, Crown Prince of Bavaria, 666.
+SANDERS, (GEN.) LIMAN VON PASHA, 992.
+SAZONOFF, (MINISTER), 256.
+SCHEIDEMANN, PHILIPP, 336.
+SCHIFF, J.H., 445.
+SHAW, G.B., 16.
+SLOANE, W.M., 476.
+SMITH-DORRIEN, (GEN. SIR) HORACE, 619.
+SPEE, (ADMIRAL COUNT) von, 832.
+STADNICKI, (COUNT), LADISLAUS, 1183.
+STEIN, (GEN.) von, 1105.
+STURDEE, (VICE ADMIRAL) FREDERICK, 928.
+TIRPITZ, (ADMIRAL) von, 944.
+VAN DER VELDE, EMIL, 368.
+VIVIANI, RENE, 256.
+WALES, Prince of, 817.
+WILHELM, Crown Prince of Germany, 634.
+WILLIAM II., German Emperor, 209, 1120.
+WILSON, (PRES.) WOODROW, 272.
+YOUTHFUL BELGIAN HERO, 1040.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Current History, A Monthly Magazine, by 
+New York Times
+
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+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of The New York Times Current History, The European War, March, 1915.
+    </title>
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+
+<pre>
+
+Project Gutenberg's Current History, A Monthly Magazine, by New York Times
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Current History, A Monthly Magazine
+       The European War, March 1915
+
+Author: New York Times
+
+Release Date: February 6, 2007 [EBook #20521]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CURRENT HISTORY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Linda Cantoni, and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/logo.png" width="380" height="48" alt="The New York Times" title="The New York Times" /></p>
+
+<h1>CURRENT HISTORY</h1>
+
+<h3>A MONTHLY MAGAZINE</h3>
+
+<h2><i>THE EUROPEAN WAR</i></h2>
+
+<h3>MARCH, 1915</h3>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="#Caldron_of_the_Balkans"><b>CALDRON OF THE BALKANS</b></a><br /><br />
+<a href="#How_Turkey_Went_to_War"><b>HOW TURKEY WENT TO WAR</b></a><br /><br />
+<a href="#Servia_and_Her_Neighbors"><b>SERVIA AND HER NEIGHBORS</b></a><br /><br />
+<a href="#Little_Montenegro_Speaks"><b>LITTLE MONTENEGRO SPEAKS</b></a><br /><br />
+<a href="#Bulgarias_Attitude"><b>BULGARIA'S ATTITUDE</b></a><br /><br />
+<a href="#THE_TURK_IN_EGYPTS_EYES"><b>THE TURK IN EGYPT'S EYES.</b></a><br /><br />
+<a href="#Greeces_Watchful_Waiting"><b>GREECE'S WATCHFUL WAITING</b></a><br /><br />
+<a href="#Where_Rumania_Stands_in_the_Crisis"><b>WHERE RUMANIA STANDS IN THE CRISIS</b></a><br /><br />
+<a href="#Exit_Albania"><b>EXIT ALBANIA?</b></a><br /><br />
+<a href="#TO_BELGIUM"><b>TO BELGIUM</b></a><br /><br />
+<a href="#The_War_in_the_Balkans"><b>THE WAR IN THE BALKANS</b></a><br /><br />
+<a href="#CARTOONISTS"><b>THE EUROPEAN WAR AS SEEN BY CARTOONISTS</b></a><br /><br />
+<a href="#GERMANY_vs_BELGIUM"><b>GERMANY VS. BELGIUM</b></a><br /><br />
+<a href="#THE_CASE_OF_BELGIUM"><b>THE CASE OF BELGIUM</b></a><br /><br />
+<a href="#THE_BELGIAN_BATTLEGROUND"><b>THE BELGIAN BATTLEGROUND</b></a><br /><br />
+<a href="#INNOCENCE_OF_BELGIUM"><b>&quot;INNOCENCE OF BELGIUM&quot;</b></a><br /><br />
+<a href="#BIG_AND_GREAT"><b>THE BIG AND THE GREAT</b></a><br /><br />
+<a href="#Why_Belgium_Was_Devastated"><b>&quot;WHY BELGIUM WAS DEVASTATED&quot;</b></a><br /><br />
+<a href="#FROM_THE_BODY_OF_THIS_DEATH"><b>&quot;FROM THE BODY OF THIS DEATH&quot;</b></a><br /><br />
+<a href="#A_Scrap_of_Paper"><b>&quot;A SCRAP OF PAPER&quot;</b></a><br /><br />
+<a href="#THE_KAISER_AT_DONCHERY"><b>THE KAISER AT DONCHERY.</b></a><br /><br />
+<a href="#HAIL"><b>HAIL!</b></a><br /><br />
+<a href="#Hollands_Future"><b>HOLLAND'S FUTURE</b></a><br /><br />
+<a href="#French_Official_Report_on_German_Atrocities"><b>FRENCH OFFICIAL REPORT ON GERMAN ATROCITIES</b></a><br /><br />
+<a href="#A_FRENCH_MAYORS_PUNISHMENT"><b>A FRENCH MAYOR'S PUNISHMENT.</b></a><br /><br />
+<a href="#We_Will_Fight_to_the_End"><b>WE WILL FIGHT TO THE END</b></a><br /><br />
+<a href="#NUITS_BLANCHES"><b>NUITS BLANCHES</b></a><br /><br />
+<a href="#Unconquered_France"><b>UNCONQUERED FRANCE</b></a><br /><br />
+<a href="#Four_Months_of_War"><b>FOUR MONTHS OF WAR</b></a><br /><br />
+<a href="#LONG_LIVE_THE_ALLIES"><b>LONG LIVE THE ALLIES!</b></a><br /><br />
+<a href="#United_States_Fair_to_All"><b>UNITED STATES FAIR TO ALL</b></a><br /><br />
+<a href="#THE_HOUSE_WITH_SEALED_DOORS"><b>THE HOUSE WITH SEALED DOORS</b></a><br /><br />
+<a href="#Seizures_of_American_Cargoes"><b>SEIZURES OF AMERICAN CARGOES</b></a><br /><br />
+<a href="#GERMAN_CROWN_PRINCE_TO_AMERICA"><b>GERMAN CROWN PRINCE TO AMERICA</b></a><br /><br />
+<a href="#The_Official_British_Explanation"><b>THE OFFICIAL BRITISH EXPLANATION</b></a><br /><br />
+<a href="#Italy_and_the_War"><b>ITALY AND THE WAR</b></a><br /><br />
+<a href="#HE_HEARD_THE_BUGLES_CALLING"><b>HE HEARD THE BUGLES CALLING</b></a><br /><br />
+<a href="#German_Soldiers_Write_Home"><b>GERMAN SOLDIERS WRITE HOME</b></a><br /><br />
+<a href="#Damp_Humor_of_the_Night_Watch"><b>DAMP HUMOR OF THE NIGHT WATCH</b></a><br /><br />
+<a href="#War_Correspondence"><b>WAR CORRESPONDENCE</b></a><br /><br />
+<a href="#Shelled_Tsing-tao_With_Wireless_Aid"><b>SHELLED TSING-TAO WITH WIRELESS AID</b></a><br /><br />
+<a href="#THE_BROKEN_ROSE"><b>THE BROKEN ROSE</b></a><br /><br />
+<a href="#The_Emden_at_Penang"><b>THE EMDEN AT PENANG</b></a><br /><br />
+<a href="#The_Belgian_Soldier"><b>THE BELGIAN SOLDIER</b></a><br /><br />
+<a href="#THE_HEROIC_LANGUAGE"><b>THE HEROIC LANGUAGE</b></a><br /><br />
+<a href="#Cheerful_Spirits_in_Trench_Inferno"><b>CHEERFUL SPIRITS IN TRENCH INFERNO</b></a><br /><br />
+<a href="#King_Georges_Visit_to_the_Troops"><b>KING GEORGE'S VISIT TO THE TROOPS</b></a><br /><br />
+<a href="#French_Amenities"><b>FRENCH AMENITIES</b></a><br /><br />
+<a href="#The_Things_the_Wounded_Talk_About"><b>THE THINGS THE WOUNDED TALK ABOUT</b></a><br /><br />
+<a href="#Three_Dying_Foes_Made_Friends"><b>THREE DYING FOES MADE FRIENDS</b></a><br /><br />
+<a href="#Chronology_of_the_War"><b>CHRONOLOGY OF THE WAR</b></a><br /><br />
+<a href="#TO_HIS_MAJESTY_KING_ALBERT"><b>TO HIS MAJESTY KING ALBERT</b></a><br /><br />
+<a href="#INDEX"><b>INDEX</b></a>
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h1><a name="Caldron_of_the_Balkans" id="Caldron_of_the_Balkans"></a>Caldron of the Balkans</h1>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>But little has hitherto been published in English describing
+from original sources how the Balkan States, out of which
+the world conflict arose, resolved, in Kipling's phrase, to
+&quot;stand up and meet the war.&quot; The following documents, taken
+from authoritative Balkan sources, show for the first time
+the purely Balkan aspect of the great struggle.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="How_Turkey_Went_to_War" id="How_Turkey_Went_to_War"></a>How Turkey Went to War</h2>
+
+<h3>By Ottoman Authorities</h3>
+
+
+<p><i>Immediately on receiving official notification of the rupture of
+diplomatic relations between Austria and Servia, the Turkish Grand
+Vizier hastened to inform the Diplomatic Corps in Constantinople that
+Turkey would remain neutral in the conflict. Explaining this official
+Turkish declaration, the following editorial article appeared early in
+August in the Ministerial paper, Tasfiri-Efkiar, published in
+Constantinople:</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">T</span>HE declarations made by the Grand Vizier to the Ambassadors of the
+powers, in order to reassure them as to the dispositions of Turkey, do
+not constitute from a legal point of view a declaration of neutrality,
+according to the stipulations of The Hague Conventions; likewise the
+Austrian ultimatum to Servia, viewed in the same light, is not
+tantamount to a declaration of war. In fact, The Hague Conventions
+demand a formal declaration in both cases. But if the formal
+declaration of Turkish neutrality cannot be made before she has
+received an official notification of the existing war, it is
+nevertheless true that the head of the Government, in his
+conversations with the Ambassadors, has given them to understand what
+the opinion of the people is here. And even without this, the efforts
+of the Turkish Government, the desire, and the policy of Turkey, are
+so explicit that there is no ground for doubt as to the significance
+of the declarations of the Grand Vizier.</p>
+
+<p>Turkey has never asked for war, as she always has worked toward
+avoiding it. But we must not misunderstand the meaning of certain
+terms. Neutrality does not mean indifference. The present
+Austro-Servian conflict is to a supreme degree interesting to us. In
+the first place, one of our erstwhile opponents is fighting against a
+much stronger enemy. In the natural course of things Servia, which
+till lately was expressing, in a rather open way, her solidarity as a
+nation, still provoking us, and Greece will be materially weakened. In
+the second place, the results of this war may surpass the limits of a
+conflict between two countries, and in that case our interests will be
+just as materially affected.</p>
+
+<p>We must therefore keep our eyes open, as the circumstances are
+momentarily changing, and do not permit us to let escape certain
+advantages which we can secure by an active and rightly acting
+diplomacy.</p>
+
+<p>The policy of neutrality will impose on us the obligation of avoiding
+to side with either of the belligerents, but the same policy will
+force us to take all the necessary measures for safeguarding our
+interests and our frontiers. If it be true, as reported, that the
+pacificist tendencies of Turkey constitute one of the safest
+guarantees of peace in the Balkans, then we must hope that on the day
+when a general settlement of accounts will be made Europe will be
+willing to recognize the important part played by Turkey in the
+preservation of peace in the Near East, and will be eager to rectify,
+if not all, at least one part of the wrongs she has caused to our
+country.</p>
+
+
+<h3>TURKEY LEARNS OF THE WAR.</h3>
+
+<p><i>Turkish mobilization was still at its first stages when the European
+war began on Aug. 1, 1914. The Turkish Government in particular and
+the Turkish population in general were overwhelmed by the unexpected
+turn of European events, and it was at the height of the crisis that
+Turkey received the news of her two battleships building in British
+yards being taken over by England. A correspondent of The Daily
+Atlantis of New York, writing in Constantinople on Aug. 10, said:</i></p>
+
+<p>The European war makes the Turks think that this is their golden
+opportunity for turkifying the empire from the one end to the other.
+All non-Moslems, mere boys and young men of 25 to 30 years of age and
+grown men up to 45, are being arrested by the police and secret
+service force, and dragged to the barracks, like convicts, and if they
+fail to pay the fifty or eighty pounds Turkish ($230 or $350) for
+exemption from military service, they are forced to work as
+&quot;assistant-soldiers.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The soldiers thus designated are not given rifles, nor are they
+trained for service, but are simply employed as servants to the
+regular soldiers. It is easy to understand that no one can endure such
+conditions of military life, the result being that each and every one
+of these non-Moslems sells whatever property he has in order to pay
+the ransom and get away from the army, and from Turkey as well. In ten
+days, since this peculiar recruiting began, fully ten thousand Greeks
+found a way of escaping from Constantinople, many of them finding a
+refuge in the free and hospitable United States. This getting away is
+not so easy, writes the same correspondent, because officials of the
+various ports are exacting heavy sums from the fugitives before
+letting them go. Graft and extortion in this case reign supreme, and
+it costs anywhere from three to fifteen pounds ($13 to $70) to &quot;buy&quot; a
+police or port official. This process, originating in Constantinople,
+is widespread in the provinces, and the sums paid in this way by the
+non-Moslems to escape military service amount to millions. &quot;Let the
+infidels pay!&quot; say the Turkish officials. &quot;They have taken our ships,
+and they have to pay for it.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The popular feeling against England in these first days of the
+European war is fierce. Numerous manifestations, in which the younger
+element was largely represented, proceeded to attack the British
+stores and British subjects, and there have been serious attempts
+against the British Embassy in Constantinople and the British
+Consulate at Smyrna.</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/marie.jpg" width="372" height="500" alt="Princess Marie Jose" title="Princess Marie Jose" /></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>H.R.H. PRINCESS MARIE JOSE</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>Only Daughter of the King of the Belgians.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>(<i>Photo from Underwood &amp; Underwood.</i>)</b></p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center" class="border">
+<img src="images/mercier.jpg" width="313" height="500" alt="Cardinal Mercier" title="Cardinal Mercier" /></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>HIS EMINENCE, CARDINAL MERCIER</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>Archbishop of Mechlin, Primate of Belgium.</b></p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+
+<h3>CONSTANTINOPLE IN AUGUST.</h3>
+
+<p><i>Another letter from the same source, dated Constantinople, Aug. 6,
+gives the following picture of the Turkish capital in the early
+days of the European war:</i></p>
+
+<p>It is impossible to describe the way in which the Porte is trying to
+put the country on a war footing, notwithstanding the terrible odds
+she has to fight against. God only knows what the Turks are expecting
+if the Austro-Servian conflict turns out according to their desires,
+or if the European conflict takes the form of a decisive Austro-German
+victory. We now have ample proof to show that the Turkish mobilization
+is in such a way conducted as to be ready to act in common with
+Bulgaria, in a simultaneous attack against Greek and Servian
+Macedonia, as soon as the Austrians have a first decisive victory over
+the Servians. This scheme, however, seems to be doomed since the entry
+of Great Britain into the general war, and there are indications that
+Turkey, warned by England and Russia, will disband her already
+mobilized army. On the other hand, the news reaches Constantinople
+that the Russian forces have crossed the frontier into Turkish
+Armenia, and occupied Erzeroum, while Enver Pasha was seen yesterday,
+(Aug. 5,) paying hasty visits to the Russian and British Embassies.
+While such is the political situation, matters are still worse in the
+business world of the Turkish capital. It is almost impossible to give
+an idea of the general upheaval brought about by greedy speculators,
+who are taking advantage of this anomalous situation, and by the
+Government itself, requisitioning everything they can lay their hands
+on, regardless of reason or necessity.</p>
+
+<p>Policemen and Sheriffs, followed by military officers, are taking by
+force everything in the way of foodstuffs, entering the bakeries and
+other shops selling victuals, boarding ships with cargoes of flour,
+potatoes, wheat, rice, &amp;c., and taking over virtually everything,
+giving in lieu of payment a receipt which is not worth even the paper
+on which it is written.</p>
+
+<p>In this way many shops are forced to close, bread has entirely
+disappeared from the bakeries, and Constantinople, the capital of a
+neutral country, is already feeling all the troubles and privations
+of a besieged city. Prices for foodstuffs have soared to inaccessible
+heights as provisions are becoming scarce. Actual hand-to-hand combats
+are taking place in the streets outside the bakeries for the
+possession of a loaf of bread, and hungry women with children in their
+arms are seen crying and weeping in despair.</p>
+
+<p>Many merchants, afraid lest the Government requisition their goods,
+hastened to have their orders canceled, the result being that no
+merchandise of any kind is coming to Constantinople either from Europe
+or from Anatolia.</p>
+
+<p>Both on account of the recruiting of their employes and of shortage of
+coal the companies operating the electric tramways of the city have
+reduced their service to the minimum, as no power is available for the
+running of the cars.</p>
+
+<p>Heartrending scenes are witnessed in front of the closed doors of the
+various banking establishments, where large posters are to be seen,
+bearing the inscription: <i>Closed temporarily, by order of the
+Government.</i> The most popular of these institutions is the Wiener
+Bankverein. This bank, by making special inducements to small
+depositors and by paying a higher interest than the others, succeeded
+in concentrating the savings of many people of the working classes,
+and as this institution is in imminent danger the rush to its doors is
+exceptionally great and riotous.</p>
+
+<p>The municipality has issued a number of ordinances fixing the prices
+of all necessary commodities, and the Government, after the first
+panic, declared that no further requisitions are to be made. At the
+same time the authorities took special pains in order to induce the
+various merchants to import goods from abroad, thus relieving the
+extremely strained situation of the market; but it is doubtful whether
+such measures will have any calming effect on the scared population.</p>
+
+<p>Immediately after war was declared between Germany and Russia the
+Porte ordered the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles closed to every kind
+of shipping, at the same time barring the entrances of these channels
+with rows of mines. The first boat to suffer from this measure was a
+British merchantman, which was sunk outside the Bosphorus, while
+another had a narrow escape in the Dardanelles. A large number of
+steamers of every nationality are waiting outside the straits for the
+special pilot boats of the Turkish Government, in order to pass in
+safety through the dangerous mine field. This measure of closing the
+straits was suggested to Turkey by Austria and Germany, and was
+primarily intended against Russia, as it was feared that her Black Sea
+fleet might force its way into the Sea of Marmora and the Aegean.</p>
+
+
+<h3>TURKISH PARLIAMENT PROROGUED.</h3>
+
+<p><i>On Sunday, Aug. 2, the Medjlissi-Meboussan, or Parliament of Turkey,
+was urgently called together, and the Speaker of the House addressed
+the members as follows:</i></p>
+
+<p>Dear Colleagues: The imperial proclamation ordering the last elections
+has produced some uneasiness both within and without the empire. It
+was said at that time that the Chamber was to be convened only to give
+vent to partisan feeling and to disturb the quiet of the country. The
+elections, however, proceeded in as orderly a way as possible, and the
+Chamber performed its duty with great order and solicitude, having
+voted the budget and many other laws. The country accordingly is
+convinced that the Chamber has fulfilled its duty with relative calm,
+in view of the circumstances. We part today in order to meet again in
+November. The war between Austria-Hungary and Servia has a tremendous
+importance in the general European situation. While until yesterday
+Europe was kept in a state of watchful waiting, now we are informed
+that war has been declared between Germany and Russia. In face of such
+an international situation, it behooves all us Ottomans to rally in a
+spirit of harmony around the imperial throne, and to act with the
+moderation characteristic of our race for the preservation of our
+country.</p>
+
+<p>Hoping that the great example given by Parliament to the nation as
+regards the working in a spirit of harmony and order will have its due
+influence on the country at large, I salute you and bid you farewell.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE MOBILIZATION.</h3>
+
+<p><i>One of the first schemes of the German General, Liman von Sanders,
+for the reorganization of the Turkish Army was to provide a system
+whereby a speedier mobilization of the forces could be made possible.
+According to this scheme, as far back as the first days of May, 1914,
+every Mayor and village President of the empire was provided with a
+sealed envelope, under orders to open it only on telegraphic notice
+from the Central Administration. These envelopes were opened on Aug.
+3, and were found to contain the papers constituting the order of
+general mobilization, including a large poster in colors, bearing,
+under the imperial monogram, or &quot;Tougrah,&quot; two crossed green Turkish
+flags, with crossed sword and rifle, and underneath a gun and its
+carriage, and lastly the imperial edict in large letters, reading as
+follows:</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<pre>A general mobilization was ordered to
+start on ............................
+           (To be dated on notice.)
+
+Those liable for duty must report at
+their respective headquarters. First day
+of mobilization is on ........................
+                      (To be dated on notice.)
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>DIPLOMATIC SITUATION AND PRESS OPINIONS.</h3>
+
+<p><i>While Turkey in this way was preparing for war, Talaat Bey, the
+Turkish Minister of the Interior, and Halil Bey, President of the
+Chamber, were leaving Constantinople for Bucharest, where they
+intended meeting the representatives of the Greek Government, in order
+to find a way of settling the outstanding Greco-Turkish differences
+regarding the Aegean Islands and the question of refugees. The object
+of this political move was twofold. First, Turkey was bent on giving
+to Europe a proof of her pacific intentions, and, second, she was
+trying to convince the Hellenic Government of her willingness to reach
+an understanding regarding their mutual differences, and begin anew
+the friendly relations of yore. The following extract is from an
+editorial article published in the Ikdam of Constantinople on Aug.
+17:</i></p>
+
+<p>From today the regeneration of our fleet begins. From today Ottoman
+hearts must again rejoice. We must work hard now for the strengthening
+of our navy. We must know that our fleet, which till yesterday was
+lifeless, is no longer in incompetent hands and under the leadership
+of lazy minds. New Turkey has intrusted her navy to iron hands. At the
+head of our fleet is Dj&#233;mal Pasha, whose naval successes it is
+unnecessary to mention. The commander of the fleet is the Chief of the
+Naval Staff, Arif Bey, and in command of the light flotilla is Capt.
+Muzzafer Bey. Likewise the commanders and the other officers of the
+two new battleships are chosen among the fittest. This is the
+beginning of a new era for our navy. In addition to this we must say
+that we are expecting good results from our political activity. Talaat
+Bey and Halil Bey have left for Bucharest, where they will try to find
+a solution of outstanding serious questions. At the same time they
+will have an opportunity to exchange views with Rumanian statesmen. It
+is unnecessary, in our belief, to exalt the significance of this
+mission. We think, however, that a wise and moderate policy,
+strengthened by a good army and navy, will go far in bringing good
+results.</p>
+
+<p><i>On Sept. 10 an official announcement from the Sublime Porte was
+handed to the representatives of the powers in Constantinople, and
+communicated to the press. This declaration ran as follows:</i></p>
+
+<p>As an expression of the sentiments of hospitality and friendship on
+the part of the Ottoman Government toward the European populations of
+the empire, there were instituted long ago certain regulations to
+which Europeans coming to the Levant for commerce would be subjected,
+these same regulations having been duly communicated to the respective
+Governments of those Europeans.</p>
+
+<p>These regulations, adopted by the Porte on its own initiative, and
+considered entirely as privileges, and having been strengthened and
+made more general through certain acts, have continued to be in force
+up to this time under the name &quot;Old Treaties,&quot; (in Turkish &quot;Ouhout-i
+Atikah.&quot;) These privileges, however, are wholly incompatible with the
+legal status of recent years, and especially with the principle of
+national sovereignty. In the first place, they became a hindrance to
+the progress and development of the Imperial Government, while in the
+second, by creating misunderstandings in its relations with the
+foreign Governments, they formed a barrier preventing these relations
+from becoming more harmonious and more sincere.</p>
+
+<p>The Ottoman Empire continues to advance in the path of regeneration
+and of reforms, overleaping many obstacles, and in order to acquire
+the position due to it in the civilized family of Europe, it adopted
+modern principles of government, and has not deviated from its
+programme of having the State conducted on these principles.</p>
+
+<p>The founding of the constitutional form of government is in itself a
+proof that the efforts of the Ottoman Empire for its regeneration have
+been fully crowned with success. Certain exceptions, however, based on
+the capitulations, such as the participation of foreigners in the
+administration of justice, which is an all-important prerogative of
+national sovereignty, the limitations imposed on the legislative
+rights of the State, based on the argument that certain laws cannot be
+applied to foreigners, the injustice inflicted on common right from
+the impossibility of convicting a delinquent who disturbs the safety
+of the country merely because he happens to be a foreigner, or because
+the prosecution against him must be subjected to certain limitations
+and particular conditions; and likewise the difference in the
+competency of the various courts dealing with cases where the
+capitulations are involved; all these constitute impregnable barriers
+against every effort of the country toward progress in the
+administration of justice.</p>
+
+<p>From another point of view, the fact that foreigners living in the
+Ottoman Empire are exempt from taxation, in accordance with the
+capitulations, makes it impossible for the Sublime Porte to procure
+the indispensable means for the carrying out, not only of the reforms
+but of its everyday needs.</p>
+
+<p>The impossibility of increasing the indirect taxation is bringing
+about the increase of direct taxes, and therefore makes the burden on
+the Ottoman tax-payers all the heavier. The fact that foreigners who
+enjoy in the Ottoman Empire every protection and every privilege as
+well as freedom in their business transactions are exempt from
+taxation constitutes in itself an intolerable injustice and creates at
+the same time a situation detrimental to the independence and prestige
+of the Government.</p>
+
+<p>While the Imperial Government was firm in its resolution to continue
+its efforts regarding the reforms, the general war broke and increased
+the financial difficulties of the country in such a degree that all
+the innovations and all the reforms which have been decided upon and
+actually begun are threatened to remain without effect.</p>
+
+<p>The Sublime Porte feels convinced that the only way toward salvation
+for the Ottoman Government lies in the realization of the necessary
+reforms in the least possible time. In the same way the Porte feels
+that every encouragement will be shown her in the decisive steps to be
+undertaken for this end.</p>
+
+<p>Convinced of this, the Imperial Government has decided to abolish, on
+Oct. 1, 1914, the capitulations, and all conventions, concessions, and
+privileges emanating therefrom, which have become an iron ring around
+the State, making it impossible for it to progress.</p>
+
+<p>At the same time the Ottoman Government engages to treat with foreign
+countries in accordance with the rules of international law. While I
+have the honor of communicating to your Excellency this decision,
+which opens a new and happy era in the life of the Ottoman Empire, an
+event which undoubtedly will please your Excellency, I consider it my
+duty to add that the Porte in abolishing the capitulations does not
+harbor any hostile feeling against any of the foreign States, but is
+acting solely in the highest interests of the empire. At the same
+time, the Porte is ready to begin pourparlers for the conclusion of
+commercial treaties in accordance with the principles of international
+law.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Turkish press made little mention of the manner in which Europe
+took notice of the important step taken by the Porte, and the
+Ministerial Tasfiri Efkiar was the only one to express the feelings of
+the Government on this occasion, saying:</i></p>
+
+<p>It is not proper for us to expect a unanimous and speedy satisfaction
+from all the European powers; but, on the other hand, we must welcome
+every objection and every discussion from whatever source it comes, as
+in this way we shall know who are our friends and who our enemies.</p>
+
+
+<h3>APPROACHING THE CRISIS.</h3>
+
+<p><i>The events covering the period from Sept. 10, when the abolition of
+the capitulations was decided upon, till Oct. 29, when the Turkish
+fleet attacked Russian ports and shipping in the Black Sea, were
+confined mostly to hasty and all-absorbing warlike preparations on the
+part of the Turkish Government, assisted by the German military
+mission. The Constantinople correspondent of The Daily Atlantis of New
+York wrote on Sept. 17:</i></p>
+
+<p>We are daily approaching a crisis. The Government has not swerved from
+its warlike attitude, and is threatening not only Greece, but Russia
+and the Triple Entente as well, while, on the other hand, it has
+failed to secure Rumanian or Bulgarian co-operation in its militant
+policy. At the same time, the Porte has learned that efforts are being
+made in the Balkans for common action against Turkey. It also became
+known that the Governments of London and Petrograd agreed to indemnify
+Bulgaria by giving her Adrianople and Thrace, while Greece was to have
+Smyrna, with a considerable hinterland.</p>
+
+<p>During this period the Turkish press maintained an active campaign
+against England and the Allies. The following extract from an
+editorial article published in the Terdjumani-Hakkikat thus
+characterizes the situation:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Everybody knows that the Balkan States are traversing a
+period of doubts, and that the belligerent parties are doing
+their best in order to secure the sympathies and the
+assistance of the Balkan States.</p>
+
+<p>To begin with, the idea of reconstructing the Balkan League
+came under consideration. In this way the Balkan States
+think they will become strong enough to impose their will at
+the final settlement that will follow the war. This idea,
+however, based as it is on the nullification of the Treaty
+of Bucharest, and on certain sacrifices on the part of
+Rumania and Greece, proved to be a failure. In the course of
+the discussion between the two States it was shown that
+neither Greece nor Rumania was willing to make any sacrifice
+in favor of Bulgaria. The Balkan Alliance, being thus
+unpracticable, the belligerent powers of Europe attempted to
+attract Rumania and Bulgaria only, and to this end they made
+every sort of promise to the two Governments of Sofia and
+Bucharest. The President of the London Balkan Committee, Mr.
+Noel Buxton, went to Bulgaria and made certain promises to
+Mr. Radoslavoff, the Bulgarian Premier, in the name of Sir
+Edward Grey. He promised the restitution to Bulgaria of the
+Enos-Midia line, including Adrianople. The Bulgarians,
+however, are not to be fooled in this way by promises at the
+expense of third parties, and especially when the eventual
+cost of these gifts might be a heavy one. We must not forget
+that Bulgaria wants not Thrace, but Macedonia. If Great
+Britain had promised Bulgaria Macedonia, including Saloniki,
+and the Bulgarian Government was convinced beforehand of the
+fulfillment of the promise, then it is certain that the
+proposal would be accepted. But this is not in line with
+England's interests, because in that case she would lose her
+two other customers&#8212;Greece and Servia. And so there goes
+Mr. Buxton making offers out of our own pocket.</p>
+
+<p>But we Turks have been used to injustices; and it has become
+an axiom in history that whenever there is trouble in any
+part of the world we must be the ultimate sufferers. It
+seems that this time, too, &quot;our friends&quot; felt like repeating
+the same story; but now we are not to be caught napping, and
+the Government, having in time mobilized the army, is ready
+for every emergency.</p></div>
+
+<p><i>On Sept. 27 a Turkish destroyer having been stopped by a British
+destroyer outside the Dardanelles, the Turkish Government ordered the
+straits closed to all shipping.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>The Turkish Government tried to justify in the official press of
+Constantinople the measure of closing the straits by declaring that
+this important step was undertaken only after a Franco-British fleet
+had established an actual blockade of the straits to the detriment of
+Turkish commerce and neutral navigation. The Government organ, The
+Tasfiri-Efkiar, said:</i></p>
+
+<p>The powers are trying to justify the mobilization of Switzerland, and
+are making a great case of Belgian neutrality, but meantime they
+consider our mobilization as having no other purpose than an
+aggression against our neighbors.</p>
+
+<p>Now, if the neutrality of Switzerland, which is guaranteed by all the
+powers, is likely to be endangered, how is it possible for us to
+remain calm and undisturbed in this universal upheaval, so long as we
+know that to annoy and continually harass Turkey according to the
+fancies of Europe has well-nigh become a sort of fashion?</p>
+
+<p>Those powers that are dissatisfied at our mobilization are eager to
+find our anxiety as without foundation for the mere reason that our
+territorial integrity remains under the guarantee of all the powers.
+But where was that guarantee when Tripoli and Cyrenaica were attacked
+in a way little differing from open brigandage? And was it not the
+same powers who forgot their guaranties in the Balkan Peninsula when
+they abolished the famous status quo? With such facts before us is it
+not ridiculous to speak of European guaranties? While we have now
+before us what happened to Belgium, why should our mobilization excite
+such widespread indignation? All we are trying to do is to safeguard
+and protect our interests and protect ourselves from aggression on the
+part of the Balkan States.</p>
+
+
+<h3>WAR DECLARED.</h3>
+
+<p><i>On Oct. 29, 1914, the attack of the Turkish forces upon Russia and
+England was delivered. Following is the official Turkish version of
+the events leading to the rupture of diplomatic relations between
+Turkey and the Triple Entente, contained in the first Turkish
+communiqu&#233; of the war, appearing in the Turkish press on Oct. 31,
+1914:</i></p>
+
+<p>While on the 27th of October a small part of the Turkish fleet was
+manoeuvring in the Black Sea, the Russian fleet, which at first
+confined its activities to following and hindering every one of our
+movements, finally, on the 29th, unexpectedly began hostilities by
+attacking the Ottoman fleet.</p>
+
+<p>During the naval battle which ensued the Turkish fleet, with the help
+of the Almighty, sank the mine-layer Pruth, displacing 5,000 tons and
+having a cargo of 700 mines; inflicted severe damage on one of the
+Russian torpedo boats, and captured a collier.</p>
+
+<p>A torpedo from the Turkish torpedo boat Gairet-i-Millet sank the
+Russian destroyer Koubanietz, and another from the Turkish torpedo
+boat Mouavenet-i-Millet inflicted serious damage on a Russian
+coastguard ship.</p>
+
+<p>Three officers and seventy-two sailors, rescued by our men and
+belonging to the crews of the damaged and sunken vessels of the
+Russian fleet, have been made prisoners. The Ottoman imperial fleet,
+glory be given to the Almighty, escaped injury, and the battle is
+progressing favorably for us.</p>
+
+<p>The Imperial Government will no doubt protest most energetically
+against this hostile action of the Russian fleet against a small part
+of our fleet.</p>
+
+<p>Information received from our fleet now in the Black Sea is as
+follows: From accounts of Russian sailors taken prisoners and from the
+presence of a mine-layer among the Russian fleet, evidence is gathered
+that the Russian fleet intended closing the entrance to the Bosphorus
+with mines and destroying entirely the imperial Ottoman fleet after
+having split it in two. Our fleet, believing that it had to face an
+unexpected attack, and supposing that the Russians had begun
+hostilities without a formal declaration of war, pursued the scattered
+Russian fleet, bombarded the port of Sebastopol, destroyed in the city
+of Novorosiysk fifty petroleum depots, fourteen military transports,
+some granaries, and the wireless telegraph station.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to the above, our fleet has sunk in Odessa a Russian
+cruiser and damaged severely another. It is believed that this second
+boat was likewise sunk. Five other steamers full of cargoes lying in
+the same port were seriously damaged. A steamship belonging to the
+Russian volunteer fleet was also sunk, and five petroleum depots were
+destroyed.</p>
+
+<p>In Odessa and Sebastopol, the Russians from the shore opened fire
+against our fleet.</p>
+
+<p>The officers and crews of the mine-layer Pruth were subjected to a
+rigid examination.</p>
+
+<p>Eight or ten days ago the Pruth, lying in the roadstead of Sebastopol,
+received a cargo of mines and was put under the command of officers
+who for a number of years past had been training on board the Russian
+depot ship in Constantinople and therefore had become familiar with
+the ins and outs of the Bosphorus.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as it became known that a small part of the Turkish fleet went
+out to the Black Sea, the Russian fleet sailed from Sebastopol,
+leaving only an adequate squadron for the protection of the city, and
+on Oct. 27 put to sea, taking a southerly direction with the rest of
+its forces. On the next day the mine-layer Pruth left Sebastopol and
+steamed southward.</p>
+
+<p>The Russian fleet, acting in different ways, intended to fill with
+mines the entrance of the Bosphorus, attack the weak squadron of the
+Ottoman fleet, at that time on the high seas, and cause the
+destruction of the rest of the Turkish fleet, which, being left in the
+Bosphorus, would rush to the assistance of the light flotilla, and,
+encountering the mines, would be destroyed.</p>
+
+<p>Our warships manoeuvring on the high seas met the mine-layer Pruth as
+well as the torpedo boats accompanying her, and thus took place the
+events already known from previous communications.</p>
+
+<p>The rescued Russian officers are five in number, one of them a
+Lieutenant Commander. The prisoners have been sent to Ismid.</p>
+
+<p>This successful action on the part of our squadron, which only by
+chance came to be on the high seas at the time of the naval battle, is
+itself one of the utmost importance for us, as it assures the future
+of our fleet.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE SULTAN&#8217;S PROCLAMATION.</h3>
+
+<p><i>As soon as war was declared against Russia, England, and consequently
+France, the Sultan issued the following proclamation to his troops:</i></p>
+
+<p>To my army! To my navy!</p>
+
+<p>Immediately after the war between the Great powers began, I called you
+to arms in order to be able in case of trouble to protect the
+existence of empire and country from any assault on the part of our
+enemies, who are only awaiting the chance to attack us suddenly and
+unexpectedly as they have always done.</p>
+
+<p>While we were thus in a state of armed neutrality, a part of the
+Russian fleet, which was going to lay mines at the entrance of the
+straits of the Black Sea, suddenly opened fire against a squadron of
+our own fleet at the time engaged in manoeuvres.</p>
+
+<p>While we were expecting reparation from Russia for this unjustified
+attack, contrary to international law, the empire just named, as well
+as its allies, recalled their Ambassadors and severed diplomatic
+relations with our country.</p>
+
+<p>The fleets of England and France have bombarded the straits of the
+Dardanelles, and the British fleet has shelled the harbor of Akbah on
+the Red Sea. In the face of such successive proofs of wanton hostility
+we have been forced to abandon the peaceful attitude for which we
+always strove, and now in common with our allies, Germany and Austria,
+we turn to arms in order to safeguard our lawful interests.</p>
+
+<p>The Russian Empire during the last three hundred years has caused our
+country to suffer many losses in territory, and when we finally arose
+to that sentiment of awakening and regeneration which would increase
+our national welfare and our power, the Russian Empire made every
+effort to destroy our attempts, either with war or with numerous
+machinations and intrigues. Russia, England, and France never for a
+moment ceased harboring ill-will against our Caliphate, to which
+millions of Mussulmans, suffering under the tyranny of foreign
+domination, are religiously and whole-heartedly devoted, and it was
+always these powers that started every misfortune that came upon us.</p>
+
+<p>Therefore, in this mighty struggle which now we are undertaking, we
+once for all will put an end to the attacks made from one side against
+the Caliphate, and from the other against the existence of our
+country.</p>
+
+<p>The wounds inflicted, with the help of the Almighty, by my fleet in
+the Black Sea, and by my army in the Dardanelles, in Akbah, and on the
+Caucasian frontiers against our enemies, have strengthened in us the
+conviction that our sacred struggle for a right cause will triumph.
+The fact, moreover, that today the countries and armies of our enemies
+are being crushed under the heels of our allies is a good sign, making
+our conviction as regards final success still stronger.</p>
+
+<p>My heroes! My soldiers! In this sacred war and struggle, which we
+began against the enemies who have undermined our religion and our
+holy fatherland, never for a single moment cease from strenuous effort
+and from self-abnegation.</p>
+
+<p>Throw yourselves against the enemy as lions, bearing in mind that the
+very existence of our empire, and of 300,000,000 Moslems whom I have
+summoned by sacred Fetwa to a supreme struggle, depend on your
+victory.</p>
+
+<p>The hearty wishes and prayers of 300,000,000 innocent and tortured
+faithful, whose faces are turned in ecstasy and devotion to the Lord
+of the universe in the mosques and the shrine of the Kaabah, are with
+you.</p>
+
+<p>My children! My soldiers! No army in the history of the world was ever
+honored with a duty as sacred and as great as is yours. By fulfilling
+it, show that you are the worthy descendants of the Ottoman Armies
+that in the past made the world tremble, and make it impossible for
+any foe of our faith and country to tread on our ground, and disturb
+the peace of the sacred soil of Yemen, where the inspiring tomb of our
+prophet lies. Prove beyond doubt to the enemies of the country that
+there exist an Ottoman Army and Navy which know how to defend their
+faith, their country and their military honor, and how to defy death
+for their sovereign!</p>
+
+<p>Right and loyalty are on our side, and hatred and tyranny on the side
+of our enemies, and therefore there is no doubt that the Divine help
+and assistance of the just God and the moral support of our glorious
+Prophet will be on our side to encourage us. I feel convinced that
+from this struggle we shall emerge as an empire that has made good the
+losses of the past and is once more glorious and powerful.</p>
+
+<p>Do not forget that you are brothers in arms of the strongest and
+bravest armies of the world, with whom we now are fighting shoulder to
+shoulder. Let those of you who are to die a martyr's death be
+messengers of victory to those who have gone before us, and let the
+victory be sacred and the sword be sharp of those of you who are to
+remain in life.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">MEHMED-RESHAD.</p>
+
+<p>
+On the 22 Djilhidje, 1332.<br />
+Or October 29, 1914.<br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h3>VERBATIM TERMS OF THE FETWA</h3>
+
+<h4>(Sultan&#8217;s Proclamation of a Holy War.)</h4>
+
+<p><i>The issuance by the Sultan of the Fetwa, or proclamation, announcing
+a holy war, called upon all Mussulmans capable of carrying arms&#8212;and
+even upon Mussulman women&#8212;to fight against the powers with whom the
+Sultan was at war. In this manner, according to Constantinople
+newspapers, the holy war became a duty not only for all Ottoman
+subjects, but for the 300,000,000 Moslems of the earth. The Turkish
+newspaper Ikdam called upon the people as follows:</i></p>
+
+<p>Mussulmans, open your eyes! Grasp your weapons; trust to God. Hurl
+yourselves with full might against the foe! As the Caliph has said,
+the Divine help will be with us. Forward! Sons of Islam! There is no
+longer a difference of nationality; there is no longer a difference of
+culture. All Mussulmans are united and have but a single wish&#8212;to
+destroy our foes!</p>
+
+<p><i>The wording of the Fetwa itself, however, is less fiery in tone than
+the impassioned newspaper appeal. The Fetwa reads as follows:</i></p>
+
+<p>First Question&#8212;If lands of Islam are subjected to attack by enemies,
+if danger threatens Islam, must in that case young and old, infantry
+and mounted men, in all parts of the earth inhabited by Mohammedans,
+take part in the holy war, with their fortune and their blood, in case
+the Padisha declares the war to all Mohammedans? Answer&#8212;Yes.</p>
+
+<p>Second Question&#8212;Since Russia, England, France, and other States
+supporting these three powers against the Islamitic Caliphate have
+opened hostilities against the Ottoman Empire by means of their
+warships and their land troops, is it necessary that all Mohammedans
+also who live in the countries named shall rise against their
+Government and take part in the holy war? Answer&#8212;Yes.</p>
+
+<p>Third Question&#8212;Under all circumstances, since the attainment of the
+goal depends upon the participation of all Mohammedans in the holy
+war, will those who refuse to join in the general uprising be punished
+for conduct so abhorrent? Answer&#8212;Yes.</p>
+
+<p>Fourth Question&#8212;Mohammedans who live in lands of the enemy may, under
+threats against their own lives and the lives of their families, be
+forced to fight against the soldiers of the States of Islam. Can such
+conduct be punished as forbidden under the Sheriat, and those guilty
+thereof be regarded as murderers and punished with the fires of hell?
+Answer&#8212;Yes.</p>
+
+<p>Fifth Question&#8212;Inasmuch as it will be detrimental to the Mohammedan
+Caliphate of the Mohammedans who live in Russia, France, England,
+Servia, and Montenegro fight against Germany and Austria-Hungary,
+which are the saviors of the great Mohammedan Empire, will therefore
+those who do so be punished with heavy penalties? Answer&#8212;Yes.</p>
+
+
+<h3>BRITAIN&#8217;S ANSWER.</h3>
+
+<h4>[From The London Times, Nov. 6, 1914.]</h4>
+
+<p><i>A supplement to The London Gazette published yesterday morning
+contains the following:</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p style="text-align: center">NOTICE.</p>
+
+<p>Owing to hostile acts committed by Turkish forces under
+German officers, a state of war exists between Great Britain
+and Turkey as from today.</p>
+
+<p>Foreign Office, Nov. 5, 1914.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Following this notice is a proclamation extending to the war with
+Turkey the Proclamations and Orders in Council now in force relating
+to the war, other than the Order in Council of Aug. 4, 1914, with
+reference to the departure from British ports of enemy vessels which,
+at the outbreak of hostilities, were in such ports or subsequently
+entered the same.</p>
+
+<p>The Gazette also contains an Order in Council, dated Nov. 5, annexing
+the Island of Cyprus.</p>
+
+<p>The order, after reciting the Convention of June 4, 1878, the Annex
+thereto, and the Agreement of Aug. 14, 1878, by which the Sultan of
+Turkey assigned the Island of Cyprus to be occupied and administered
+by England, and affirming that by reason of the outbreak of
+hostilities with Turkey the Convention, Annex, and Agreement have
+become annulled, asserts that it has seemed expedient to annex the
+island. His Majesty, with the advice of his Privy Council, has
+therefore ordered:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>From and after the date hereof the said island shall be
+annexed to and form part of his Majesty's dominions, and the
+said island is annexed accordingly.</p></div>
+
+
+<h3>EGYPT&#8217;S NEW SULTAN.</h3>
+
+<p><i>The New Sultan of Egypt, Hussein I., made his State entry on Dec. 20,
+1914, into the Abdin Palace, in Cairo. The streets were lined with
+troops and the progress of their new ruler was watched by thousands of
+enthusiastic spectators. The King of England sent a telegram to the
+Sultan, to which his Highness replied thanking his Majesty for the
+promised British support. A new Cabinet had already been formed.
+Rushdi Pasha retained the position of Prime Minister and the portfolio
+of the Interior. Following is King George's telegram to the Sultan:</i></p>
+
+<p>On the occasion when your Highness enters upon your high office I
+desire to convey to your Highness the expression of my most sincere
+friendship and the assurance of my unfailing support in safeguarding
+the integrity of Egypt and in securing her future well-being and
+prosperity.</p>
+
+<p>Your Highness has been called upon to undertake the responsibilities
+of your high office at a grave crisis in the national life of Egypt,
+and I feel convinced that you will be able, with the co-operation of
+your Ministers and the Protectorate of Great Britain, successfully to
+overcome all the influences which are seeking to destroy the
+independence of Egypt and the wealth, liberty, and happiness of its
+people.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">GEORGE R. AND I.</p>
+
+
+<p><i>The Sultan telegraphed the following reply:</i></p>
+
+<p>To his Majesty the King, London.</p>
+
+<p>I present to your Majesty the expression of my deepest gratitude for
+the feelings of friendship with which you see fit to honor me and for
+the assurance of your valuable support in safeguarding the integrity
+and independence of Egypt.</p>
+
+<p>Conscious of the responsibilities I have just assumed, and resolved to
+devote myself, in entire co-operation with the Protectorate, to the
+progress and welfare of my people, I am happy to be able to count in
+this task on your Majesty's protection and on the assistance of your
+Government.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">HUSSEIN KAMEL.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h1><a name="Servia_and_Her_Neighbors" id="Servia_and_Her_Neighbors"></a>Servia and Her Neighbors</h1>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The utterances of Servia's statesmen and people since the
+war began have not appeared in English. Only accounts of
+fighting by the nation from which the great conflagration
+started have been printed. How Servia has judged the issues
+while conducting her struggle against annihilation, and how
+the neighboring Balkan States regard her, are
+authoritatively presented below.</p></div>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap"><i>P</i></span><i>REMIER PASHITCH spoke in the Skuptschina, or Servian Parliament, on
+Aug. 4, 1914, and made the following declaration given to the press by
+the Official Servian Bureau:</i></p>
+
+<p>Mr. Pashitch laid stress on the fact that the Serajevo affair was used
+as pretext for the war, desired long ago by the Austrian Monarchy,
+which did not look on Pan-Serbism with a favorable eye, while the
+aspirations of other countries of Rumania, Germany, and Italy were
+tolerated. The Austro-Hungarian Monarchy wished to crush Servian
+aspirations by curbing the Servian prestige.</p>
+
+<p>In answering the Austrian note, Mr. Pashitch said, we reached the
+extreme limits of submission to her demands. We did everything in
+order to avoid the conflict and prove that we were peaceful. Now, all
+united, we will defend our rights.</p>
+
+<p>We rely on the sympathy and support of great and sisterly Russia, who
+knows that our foes have been conspiring against our independence and
+our progress, and who will not permit our prestige to be crushed. At
+the side of Russia we have other friends.</p>
+
+<p>(Long live Russia! Long live England! Long live France! Long live the
+Triple Entente!)</p>
+
+<p>I thank the Opposition&#8212;continued Mr. Pashitch&#8212;because she has united
+with us in these critical moments, forgetting in the face of danger
+party lines and the dissension of opinions.</p>
+
+<p><i>From Nish the following official communication was telegraphed to the
+foreign press by the Government Bureau on Aug. 9, 1914:</i></p>
+
+<p>The Servian mobilization was effected with marvelous order, and once
+more it proved the good military organization of Servia, and how much
+the country can rely on the patriotic devotion of her soldiers.</p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding the erroneous statements of a part of the foreign
+press, notwithstanding the speedy development of events,
+notwithstanding the season of work in the fields, fully 80 per cent.
+of the reserves presented themselves on the first day of mobilization,
+which was completed amid general enthusiasm.</p>
+
+<p>For a long time the Servians knew that the main struggle would be
+turned against Austria. The Montenegrin and Servian peoples enter the
+war against the common foe with an equal confidence in their armies.
+The enthusiasm of these two countries is all the stronger from the
+fact that they are fighting simultaneously with the aid of the
+Russians, French, and English. Numerous manifestations have taken
+place in Servian and Montenegrin cities in favor of Russia, France,
+and England.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE BULGARIAN MENACE.</h3>
+
+<p><i>Following is the account of the declaration of the Servian Minister
+of Commerce, Mr. Paul Maringovich, published in the Bulgarian
+newspaper Mir of Sofia in November, 1914:</i></p>
+
+<p>Mr. Maringovich's declarations are characteristic of the
+Serbo-Bulgarian relations. This Servian statesman at first spoke of
+the trials of the Servian Nation on account of the war, and then
+expressed the belief that these trials will pass and Servia will see
+better days with the realization of her ideals. Mr. Maringovich
+predicts that the differences between Servia and Bulgaria will be
+settled in the future and that the two peoples will live in perfect
+harmony.</p>
+
+<p>Regarding the Serbo-Bulgarian relations Mr. Maringovich said in the
+Mir:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I am sorry to hear that Bulgaria demands concessions from us. In
+exchange for her friendship she demands concessions in Macedonia. But
+in this case that cannot be called friendship.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Bulgaria demands this today because we are at war with Austria, and
+we cannot accordingly oppose her. But in doing this she simply betrays
+her weakness because it is a certain proof of weakness to strike one
+from behind while he is struggling with another. If Bulgaria is proud
+and strong she can measure herself with us as soon as the war with
+Austria is over. A strong Bulgaria must measure herself with the
+strong and not with the weak.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Why do people in Bulgaria today insist on concessions? Do you know
+how many difficulties there are today in the granting of such
+territorial concessions? You felt the pain of similar action.
+Silistria was taken from you while your army was victoriously marching
+on Constantinople. Do not insist on implanting deep in the Servian
+heart a mortal hatred against yourselves.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Do not ask the reason of our dissensions of today, in a difference of
+interests, because such difference does not exist, but try to find it
+in the arrogance and the conceit of the two nations. We do not
+recognize you as a nation. But this recognition must be made with the
+understanding that you drop your conceit.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;In Bulgaria people think that at this moment we have the support of
+Russia. But there is a mistake even in this, as we are further than
+you from Russia. If today Russia offers to us her support she is doing
+that because we are struggling against Austria and preventing her from
+invading the Balkans.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;To this argument you oppose the treaty of Bucharest. But that treaty
+is not our work. By not accepting the Czar's wish in his telegram of
+May 5, (18,) 1913, you lost his support. This example from the past
+can show you how far you can go when you oppose Russia. But in no case
+are you entitled to blame those who are not guilty of your misfortune.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;When Russia undertakes to do something for the Slavs, she always does
+it in a way beneficial to the party to which she promised her support.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;When this war is over, when the whole of Slavdom shall be freed, when
+in a special congress all the interests of the Slavs shall be
+discussed and the services rendered by each and every one of them
+shall be weighed, Bulgaria must fear that decisions will be taken
+which will be contrary to her and that her interests will be
+sacrificed.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;A country must not act always according to her interests. Does not
+the Bulgarian people have any obligations toward Russia? Duty always
+stands above mere interest.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;When the war is over an entirely different atmosphere will rule in
+the souls of the peoples, and it will then be possible to weigh the
+actual interests with more equanimity and more calm. At least we
+Servians have this opinion.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><i>The following statement was made by the Servian Minister at
+Petrograd, Mr. Spalaikowich, in the Russkoye Slovo:</i></p>
+
+<p>What is Bulgaria going to do in the present circumstances? To which
+side will she cling? Is not her people going to take the arms against
+their secular enemy, the Turks?</p>
+
+<p>This solution would be the most satisfactory for Bulgaria. Now a
+chance is given her to fulfill her obligations to Russia, who made her
+free. Let the Bulgarian sword be thrust against the secular enemy of
+Slavdom and the petty differences be forgotten.</p>
+
+<p>Bulgaria, under the Russian wing, will enter the Slav family united,
+strong, and beloved. If she remains inactive she will drag herself
+poor and forgotten by all and full of regrets.</p>
+
+
+<h3>A PEASANT&#8217;S ANSWER.</h3>
+
+<p><i>As illustrating the popular feeling in Bulgaria the following letter
+from a peasant to Mr. Maringovich appeared in the official organ of
+the Bulgarian Government, Echo de Bulgarie, published in French:</i></p>
+
+<p>Your Excellency: I am a plain peasant from the Danube country. While
+born on the shores of the beautiful blue Lake of Ochrida, and really,
+I cannot understand what is the meaning of your factum, (sic.) What
+have you come to do among us? Nobody knows you any more in Sofia. You
+are Servian and consequently a foreigner to us Bulgarians. There are
+certain pains that nothing can alleviate, nor heal, and there are
+wounds that nothing can cicatrize.</p>
+
+<p>Since your entry in Ochrida, in my father's house, you, the Servian
+Army, behaved like enemies. You profaned the church, that Bulgarian
+church where I took my first communion. You have despoiled the
+archives and burned our libraries; you ordered closed our national
+school where I learned to mumble the alphabet of my mother tongue.</p>
+
+<p>I have seen the epic struggle of my compatriots against Greeks and
+Turks, and I took part with them in order to obtain these national
+institutions. And did you come there in Ochrida, and everywhere in
+Macedonia protected by our valiant army of Lul&#233; Bourgas and Chataldja,
+to perform the duty of allies&#8212;of Slav brethren?</p>
+
+<p>You established yourselves as conquerors of the country, as vandals,
+with the manifest purpose of extinguishing every vestige of our
+national culture. You associated yourselves with the non-Slavs
+(Rumanians and Greeks) against us, your allies, in order to reach your
+end. Why, then, do you call us Slavs? We were called Tartars until
+just before you arrived in Sofia.</p>
+
+<p>You treated as villains our Bishops, whom the Turks and the Greeks
+were forced to restore us after a struggle of seventy-five years. You
+burned our Bulgarian books, and you forbade, under penalty of death,
+our people from calling themselves Bulgars. You tortured my parents
+with all the refinements of torture that you have invented.</p>
+
+<p>Why, I beg of you? Because you were Servians? I will not go so far as
+to injure you with the belief that the Servians are capable of crimes
+against nature. Then, because we were Bulgarians; because those poor
+people, taking you for their brethren, for Christians, for Slavs, at
+least had the courage to say they were Bulgarians and to think
+themselves such.</p>
+
+<p>And this continues today with increased intensity. Ah, Mr.
+Maringovich! You have committed there and you persist in committing a
+crime against humanity that nothing will ever efface. You stabbed us
+to the heart, with premeditation, and the wound is still bleeding; you
+killed our faith in the Slav brotherhood. You morally assassinated us.</p>
+
+<p>In the face of these crimes, Bregainitza and Slivnitza are pale
+figures. These odious crimes will not be left unpunished. The day of
+chastisement will come whether you look for it or not.</p>
+
+<p>Your Excellency, I permit myself to repeat the question: What have you
+come to do among us?</p>
+
+<p>Really you must have a good cheek&#8212;permit me this undiplomatic
+expression&#8212;and a Servian cheek, in order to have the audacity to come
+here and tell us tales. It is not only this; but you make sport of our
+sacredest and deepest sentiments, you reopen our wounds, and you
+purely and simply abuse us. You ought to have thought of all this
+before you set out for Sofia. Today there is an abyss dividing Serbs
+and Bulgars. It is an open precipice which will serve for you as a
+grave. You wish to fill it? To succeed you must employ other means
+than words.</p>
+
+<p>Sir: You are a foreigner to us; there is not an honest man in all
+Bulgaria who can consider you a welcome guest. Nobody knows you. For
+every Bulgar there is only one word and one gesture for you. We stake
+our liberty in giving you the answer and in making the gesture.</p>
+
+<p>Sir: You may take the train which brought you here from Nish. There is
+the depot. Farewell! Kindly accept the assurance of my consideration
+for your person, whom I had not the advantage to know.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE MINISTRY&#8217;S POSITION.</h3>
+
+<p><i>The statement by the new Servian Cabinet in the Skuptschina on Dec.
+8, 1914, follows:</i></p>
+
+<p>The new Ministry has made in the Skuptschina the following
+declarations: The Government that has the honor to appear before you
+has been constituted with the purpose of manifesting to the end of
+this great crisis the union of the wills, the forces, and the
+intentions of all political parties of our country.</p>
+
+<p>This Government is convinced of the confidence of the Skuptschina, as
+it puts all of its forces to the service of the great cause of the
+Servian Nation, and of the Serbo-Croatian-Slovenian family.</p>
+
+<p>The Government considers its first duty to bow low before the heroic
+sacrifices voluntarily made on the altar of the fatherland.</p>
+
+<p>The Government sends to the entire army and to all the military, from
+commanders down to simple privates, the expression of its confidence,
+its admiration and its gratitude for their efforts and their
+sacrifices to the common fatherland.</p>
+
+<p>Our little and young army, conserving the good reputation it had
+acquired in the past years, has put itself worthily on the side of the
+glorious and veteran armies of our great allies, who are struggling
+together with us for the cause of justice and liberty.</p>
+
+<p>There is no doubt that in the end of these painful days of war our
+historic nation will be recognized and appreciated.</p>
+
+<p>The Government is convinced that all the Servian people are united
+until the end of this hallowed war, to defend their hearths and their
+liberty; that their sole duty is to assure an army proportionate to
+this great war, which from the very beginning has been a struggle for
+the emancipation and the union of all our brother
+Serbo-Croato-Slovaks, who now suffer under foreign rule.</p>
+
+<p>The brilliant success which will crown this war will compensate
+largely the great sacrifices of the present Servian generation. In
+this struggle the Servian people have not to choose, because in a
+question of life and death there is no choice.</p>
+
+<p>This people is forced to struggle and will do its duty with the same
+unflinching energy of a century ago for the redemption of the tomb of
+Kossovo.</p>
+
+<p>The Government will try faithfully to represent this national
+decision; and, faithful to its powerful and heroic allies, it will
+with confidence await the hour of victory.</p>
+
+<p>The Government, conscious of the pains and hardships suffered by the
+army and in large part by the nation, will do all that human strength
+can do for the amelioration of the present situation and will
+energetically try all measures for refitting the army and bettering
+the sanitary service, as in this cause no sacrifices shall be spared.</p>
+
+<p>In concert with you, gentlemen, the Government will take all the
+necessary measures for helping the population to recuperate after the
+war.</p>
+
+<p>Now, while the enemy is yet at the gates of our country, the
+Government cries: Forward, with God's help, against the enemy! Forward
+in the struggle against the enemy!</p>
+
+<p>[All the Deputies, without party distinction, repeated the last words
+of Premier Nicola Pashitch, and immense applause greeted the
+manifesto.]</p>
+
+
+<h3>STATEMENT TO GREECE.</h3>
+
+<p><i>The Servian Minister at Athens, Mr. Baluhtchich, caused this
+announcement to be made on Nov. 29, 1914:</i></p>
+
+<p>On Nov. 29 the Servian Minister at Athens declared that all talk of
+Servian concessions of any kind in favor of Bulgaria was premature.</p>
+
+<p>The Servian Government, the Minister said, finds it impossible to
+proceed to any concession territorial or moral, so long as Servia is
+in a state of war.</p>
+
+<p>The Bulgarian Government has not made, and it is impossible to
+formulate, her demands directly to Servia, because it is impossible to
+foresee the outcome of a struggle so violent and apparently destined
+to be long. For Servia it is impossible to enter negotiations of
+indemnity or concessions for the neutrality of Bulgaria before an end
+is put to the present situation. The only certain thing is that the
+Governments of the Triple Entente are endeavoring to reconstitute the
+Balkan League, which is to be made of three Balkan States, namely,
+Servia, Greece, and Bulgaria.</p>
+
+<p>But, as I had the occasion of stating some time ago, the Bulgarian
+territorial demands, with regard to the reconstitution of the league,
+have been so preposterous that neither Greece nor Servia could begin
+discussions on such a basis.</p>
+
+<p>I deny, in the most emphatic manner, Mr. Baluhtchich said, the news
+that Servia was to cede, or that Bulgaria directly and formally
+demanded from my Government, any strip whatever of Macedonian
+territory, at least for the time being.</p>
+
+<p>Likewise it is untrue that the Bulgarian Prime Minister, Mr.
+Radoslavoff, demanded from the Ambassadors of the Triple Entente that
+the compensation for her neutrality be guaranteed to her from now for
+the future. It is true that a disturbing political ferment is going on
+now in the Balkan Peninsula, the Servian Minister said in conclusion,
+but it is a difficult thing to express opinions at this time.</p>
+
+<p>However, before the war is over, neither concessions nor discussion
+can be made, at least as far as Servia is concerned, and it seems that
+the Triple Entente concurs in this view.</p>
+
+
+<h3>BULGARIA AND KULTUR.</h3>
+
+<p><i>In the semi-official Servian daily, Samouprava, published in Belgrade
+and now at Nish, the following editorial article appeared early in the
+first week of October, 1914:</i></p>
+
+<p>The Bulgarians are a queer people. Those of the foreigners who
+sympathize with them are apt to call them realists, positivists, and
+calculants, but we Servians, knowing them, understand that such
+definitions applied to them are flattering euphemisms and nothing
+more. The Bulgarian people are really laborious and thrifty.
+Unfortunately the cultured members of Bulgarian society, who studied
+abroad, bear in their social and political life the fundamental
+characteristics of the German intellect.</p>
+
+<p>The cultured Bulgarians have absorbed the German Kultur, although they
+do not owe Germany even the hundredth part of what they owe to Russia.</p>
+
+<p>All these are facts that need not proofs. Bulgaria, therefore, could
+not more wantonly accuse Servia than by saying that we allied
+ourselves with the enemies of Slavdom. The cynicism of these
+accusations is proved by the following officially registered Bulgarian
+actions:</p>
+
+<p>The Sto&#239;lof Ministry has concluded an alliance with Servia and also an
+understanding which the Bulgarians sold to Turkey for eight Bishoprics
+in Macedonia.</p>
+
+<p>During the crisis which followed the annexation of Servian Bosnia and
+Herzegovina to Austria, and when Russia was mortally insulted,
+Bulgaria, in common understanding with Austria, proclaimed her
+independence and definitely annexed Oriental Rumelia. These profits
+Bulgaria secured to the detriment of Servian interests.</p>
+
+<p>During the Balkan war, and notwithstanding all that Servia had done
+for Bulgaria, the Bulgarian attitude was once more treacherous,
+culminating in the wanton attack upon her allies at the instigation of
+Austria.</p>
+
+<p>Today, when Russia fights a life-and-death struggle, Bulgaria is
+keeping neutral, and every one knows what kind of neutrality is this
+when such a multitude of Germans is passing through Bulgarian
+territory in order to arm and lead the Turks against Russia. And, last
+but not least, immediately after the present war between Austria and
+Servia, the Bulgarians proposed an alliance to Rumania.</p>
+
+<p>After all this it is a wonder how the Bulgarians dare to invoke Slav
+sympathies, which they always sold to Austria, and which the Bulgarian
+press is now trying to sell at auction. Lucky he who buys them.</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center" class="border">
+<img src="images/belgianhero.jpg" width="313" height="500" alt="Youthful Belgian Hero" title="Youthful Belgian Hero" /></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>A YOUTHFUL BELGIAN HERO</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>Joseph Lessen, a Boy Scout, 18 Years of Age,
+Who So Distinguished Himself That He Was Decorated on the Field by King Albert.</b></p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center" class="border">
+<img src="images/crownprince.jpg" width="308" height="500" alt="Crown Prince of Belgium" title="Crown Prince of Belgium" /></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>THE CROWN PRINCE OF BELGIUM</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>H.R.H. Prince Leopold, Eldest Son of the King of the Belgians.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>(<i>Photo from Underwood &amp; Underwood.</i>)</b></p>
+
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+
+<h3>AFTER FIVE MONTHS&#8217; FIGHTING.</h3>
+
+<p><i>On Dec. 17, (30, New Style,) 1914, Crown Prince Alexander of Servia,
+in his quality of Commander in Chief of the Army, issued the following
+order of the day to his troops:</i></p>
+
+<p>Soldiers! It is now five months since the day when the enemy attacked
+our beloved country. Notwithstanding the fact that we had suffered
+the trials of two heroic but hard wars, nevertheless firm and
+undaunted we have stood the attack. Having routed the enemy in Tchar
+and Zadar we gave him, after heroic and sanguinary battles, the
+biggest blow of all.</p>
+
+<p>Thousands of prisoners, hundreds of guns, a quantity of war booty,
+which came to our hands, are witnesses of his defeat and our glory.</p>
+
+<p>Soldiers! I feel proud in announcing to you that not a single enemy
+remains on the soil of the Servian Kingdom. We cast him out with great
+losses.</p>
+
+<p>At this sacred moment, when on the heroic City of Belgrade anew waves
+the victorious Servian flag, I desire to fulfill a great duty of
+gratitude. In our ranks, in this third war, are fighting our brothers
+which we have liberated from the Turkish yoke. The soldiers of
+Kossovo, of Vardar, of Hekligovatz, of Bregalnitsa, of Bitolie, and of
+Porets, have shown themselves worthy of their brothers of Shumadia and
+the Danube, of Poutrin and Morava, of Timok and Usjitsa.</p>
+
+<p>They have shown themselves worthy of the heroes Milaten and Dughan,
+who for long have carried the glory and the good name of the Servian
+arms.</p>
+
+<p>I want to give to these new soldiers of ours conspicuous proofs of the
+gratitude of the fatherland. In the face of the undeniable proof of
+their fulfillment of their duty, in the face of their enthusiasm I
+declare that these soldiers shall have the political and
+constitutional rights of Servia, their liberatrix! The Skuptschina, in
+its first sitting after peace is signed, will take all the necessary
+measures in order that full liberties be given to our brethren.</p>
+
+<p>Soldiers! The iron ring of our powerful allies is fastening tighter
+every day around our common enemy. And he, (the enemy,) feeling that
+his defeat is well nigh at hand and dreading its dire consequences,
+fights desperately and strenuously. But in vain. The number of their
+soldiers is diminishing daily, and our allies are strengthened with
+new troops on the fields of battle.</p>
+
+<p>The end of this gigantic struggle is from now known, although not yet
+accomplished. We must, therefore, for some time to come, fulfill our
+difficult duty and stay by the side of our big and powerful allies,
+who are fighting for us, till our enemy is annihilated on the
+battlefield.</p>
+
+<p>And then peace will come to crown worthily those who have been
+sacrificed for our great fatherland, and then our country will be much
+enlarged, much stronger, and much happier than she ever has been. And
+for this, oh, my heroic Servia will be grateful to you.</p>
+
+
+<h3>RUSSIAN CONGRATULATIONS.</h3>
+
+<p><i>On Dec. 18, 1914, the new Russian Minister to Servia, Prince
+Troubetzko&#239;, presented his credentials to the Servian Crown Prince
+Alexander, whom he addressed as follows:</i></p>
+
+<p>Illustrious Sir: I have the honor to hand to your Royal Highness the
+letter by which his Majesty the Emperor of Russia has deigned to
+accredit me by his Majesty the King of Servia.</p>
+
+<p>My august master has charged me to express to you the vivid sympathy
+and the sincere admiration which his Majesty feels for the valiant
+people of Servia, her heroic army, and her venerable chief.</p>
+
+<p>Allow me to express to your Highness the joy that I feel in fulfilling
+the imperial commission today when your army has covered itself with
+immortal glory and has written in Servian history the most beautiful
+page that a people may desire.</p>
+
+<p>Separated by a long distance, but, attracted by the heart of her elder
+sister, Servia may say that in this terrible struggle against an
+enemy, numerically stronger but morally weaker, she is not alone and
+will not be forsaken.</p>
+
+<p>I pray that this conviction may double the unflinching courage of the
+Servians and lead them always to new victories.</p>
+
+<p>In assuming today the duties incumbent upon me after the death of my
+lamented predecessor, Hartwig, I take the courage, illustrious Sir, to
+express the hope that your Highness will not deprive me of his
+assistance, which will be absolutely necessary to me in order that I
+may work to the best of my abilities for the common good of the two
+countries, and also for the consummation of peace in the Balkan
+Peninsula, this peace that Russia considers as the essential aim of
+her efforts and her sacrifices.</p>
+
+<p><i>Crown Prince Alexander answered as follows:</i></p>
+
+<p>The expression of the vivid sympathy and admiration which his Majesty
+the Emperor has addressed through you to the people and army of Servia
+are so much the more welcome as I personally witnessed the hard
+conditions under which my valiant army is struggling and the heavy
+burdens oppressing my brave people.</p>
+
+<p>The fact that, although separated by a long distance from Russia, her
+elder sister, Servia can find in her bosom a heart having the same
+sentiments as hers, has encouraged our army and our people to persist
+in the heroic struggle that they are waging against a more numerous
+enemy. This certainty will give us new strength to carry the struggle
+to the end.</p>
+
+<p>In the fulfillment of your mission, after the death of your
+predecessor, a mission which the late Hartwig performed with such love
+and such devotion to the true Slav interests, you can rest on my
+absolute confidence and the continued support of my Government, being
+sure that the greatness and the power of Servia are in full accord
+with the greatness and the power of holy Russia.</p>
+
+<p>The lamented Hartwig made many trips for the mutual benefit of both
+countries, Russia and Servia, and his efforts had resulted in creating
+stable conditions and securing the peace of the Balkans.</p>
+
+<p>In accepting the letters, by which his Majesty the Emperor has
+accredited you by his Majesty the King of Servia, my beloved father, I
+bid you, Mr. Minister, welcome, and I wish you success in your
+mission.</p>
+
+
+<h3>BULGARIA&#8217;S SENTIMENT.</h3>
+
+<p><i>The following Bulgarian view of the Servian victory that resulted in
+the recapture of Belgrade is presented from an editorial article of
+the Dnevnik of Sofia:</i></p>
+
+<p>The Austro-Hungarian action against Servia seems to have failed. It
+goes without saying that the return of the Servians to Belgrade does
+not mean yet that the handful of the starving and half-naked Servian
+Army has been victorious against its strong opponent.</p>
+
+<p>The Servian success, according to latest information, is due to means
+that are very little laudable in themselves.</p>
+
+<p>The commander of the advance posts of the Austro-Hungarian Army, being
+a native of Dalmatia, became intimate with the Servians and committed
+an odious treason. He disclosed to them the dispositions of the
+Austro-Hungarian forces, and he himself, with the sections forming the
+guard, surrendered to the Servians.</p>
+
+<p>From the Austrian rearguard one part scattered to various villages,
+another was sleeping. They were not ready and, caught unexpectedly,
+were dispersed.</p>
+
+<p>Austro-Hungarian prestige is severely wounded. The shameful treason
+shows how dangerous is the Pan-Servian propaganda to the integrity of
+the Austrian Empire, when corruption has reached even the officers
+standing in high command.</p>
+
+<p>The Austro-Hungarian General Staff, as we are informed, has already
+taken those measures imposed by the situation. The Generals, Frank and
+Potiorek, have been recalled and will be probably court-martialed. And
+it seems that the &quot;brilliant&quot; Servian victories are the beginning of
+the end of the &quot;Slav Belgium.&quot;</p>
+
+
+<h3>GREECE ACCLAIMS.</h3>
+
+<p><i>The following editorial article, headed &quot;A New Marathon&quot; on the
+Servian victory, appeared in the Greek newspaper Patris of Athens on
+Dec. 3, (16, New Style,) 1914, expressing the views of the Hellenic
+Government:</i></p>
+
+<p>The reoccupation of Belgrade by the Servians is one of those military
+feats which amount to historical phenomena. The Servians not only
+contributed the greatest feat of the European war, as far as results
+are concerned, but won for themselves an immortal page in the world's
+history.</p>
+
+<p>Greece alone has to show an analogous achievement, although greater,
+when she expelled the Persian invasion.</p>
+
+<p>Only the achievements of Arhangelovatz, Ouzhitse, and Lazarevats can
+compare in a certain degree to the brilliancy of Marathon and Plateae.
+And the Servian achievement appears all the more Hellenic if analogies
+are to be considered.</p>
+
+<p>The Servians, until yesterday a little people, with an army almost
+insignificant in face of the masses of the Austrian columns,
+submissive in times of peace, in the face of the most oppressive
+demands of Austrian diplomacy&#8212;considered like all the small peoples
+to be living at the mercy of the great&#8212;when the hour of supreme
+defense for altars and hearths struck, and in the face of an enemy
+threatening to swallow their country, they arose, terrible in their
+vengeance, and repeated the feat of the routing of Goliath by their
+small but invincible power.</p>
+
+<p>This was possible because their regiments were not moved by the hope
+of effectively beating the enemy, which hope springs from the
+consciousness of numerical superiority, but they were enlivened and
+strengthened before death by the undying fire of freedom, national
+pride, and the conviction that they were thrust into the most honored
+struggle, after which there would not be left for them anything but to
+live or die.</p>
+
+<p>And the Austrians, who considered their campaign against Servia as
+mere child's play; the Austrians with their German military
+organization; the Austrians, who constitute one-sixth of the entire
+European military power, started against Servia with the same logic,
+the same haughtiness, the same bombastic prediction of the result of
+the unequal war with which the Persian masses moved against
+Greece....</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h1><a name="Little_Montenegro_Speaks" id="Little_Montenegro_Speaks"></a>Little Montenegro Speaks</h1>
+
+
+<p><i>The following Montenegrin message to Italy appeared in La Gazetta del
+Popolo of July 21, (Aug. 3,) 1914:</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">T</span>HIS terrible European war, if one takes away from it the diplomatic
+ornaments with which the Chancelleries are wont to decorate it, dates
+from a century back. It is, let us hope, the final revolt of the
+nations oppressed by the unjust work of the Congress of Vienna.</p>
+
+<p>The nationalities of which the powers of the Triple Entente, and
+especially Russia, have made themselves the champions have not
+provoked this bloody struggle. It was imposed on them by the
+reactionary spirit of the Germanic world, which desired to consolidate
+its hegemony, based on the sufferings of the weak, impossible to
+describe, and on the contempt of right, which was proclaimed as a
+system of government.</p>
+
+<p>The neutrality observed up to now by your august Italian country has
+been a powerful assistance to the cause of right against the cause of
+oppression.</p>
+
+<p>We Serbs of Montenegro and Servia are now on the point of conquering
+that national unity, which our poets, our thinkers, and our sovereigns
+have sung, implored, and prepared, and, following the trail opened by
+Mazzini, Cavour, and Garibaldi, we put our confidence in Italy, this
+mother of civilization, who by her smile embellishes the sun-kissed
+Slav shores of the Adriatic.</p>
+
+<p>Help us in conquering the place which is awaiting us at the altar of
+justice! We firmly believe that Italy, when at the price of new
+sacrifices she shall have all of her exiled sons united under her
+glorious standard, will inaugurate a new era of friendly and intimate
+connections with the young Slav world, who from her hands received so
+many benefits and who in exchange offers her the collaboration of
+young and enthusiastic people in the great task undertaken by our
+protectors in the name of civilization and liberty.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h1><a name="Bulgarias_Attitude" id="Bulgarias_Attitude"></a>Bulgaria&#8217;s Attitude</h1>
+
+<h2>Speech From the Throne</h2>
+
+<h3>By Tsar Ferdinand I.</h3>
+
+
+<p><i>The following speech by Tsar Ferdinand I. of Bulgaria was read at the
+opening of the Bulgarian Parliament, called the Sobranje, on Oct. 15,
+(28,) 1914, by the Prime Minister, Mr. Radoslavoff.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">W</span>ITH the ending last year of a long and exhausting struggle which we
+conducted with incomparable self-denial, the Bulgarian people and my
+Government directed again their efforts toward the healing of the
+wounds of the recent past and the remodeling of the national forces,
+and likewise toward creating new resources and prosperity for the
+country.</p>
+
+<p>Our common peaceful activity was interrupted by the breaking out of
+the greatest and most terrible of all wars that history has up to this
+day recorded. In face of this mighty struggle of the European nations
+my Government has deemed it its duty before the nation, and the course
+imposed on it, to declare the neutrality of Bulgaria and to maintain
+this attitude sternly and honestly according to international
+obligations and the interests of the fatherland.</p>
+
+<p>Thanks to this process, my Government maintains good and friendly
+relations with all the great powers; has succeeded in giving to our
+relations with our neighbors a color of greater confidence, so
+necessary after the crisis of the last year, and in the midst of the
+events that lie heavy today on the whole of Europe.</p>
+
+<p><i>A supplemental statement of the royal position was made by the
+Bulgarian Premier, Mr. Radoslavoff, in the Sobranje at the sitting of
+Nov. 12, (25,) 1914, which follows:</i></p>
+
+<p>With the proclamation of the state of siege, taken in accordance with
+the decision of Parliament, as a measure of further security,
+everything is moving along according to the laws and the Constitution
+of the country. And the Government is endeavoring that the internal
+administration may proceed in as orderly a way as possible.</p>
+
+<p>You remember very well that on the 16th (29th) of July, when war was
+declared by Austria-Hungary, I came here and told you that the
+decision of the Government was to maintain strict neutrality.</p>
+
+<p>One day before the closing of the extra session of Parliament I
+repeated the declarations of the Government, that no matter what kind
+of political combinations were formed around us the Government is
+resolved to maintain absolute neutrality to the end.</p>
+
+<p>It was with pleasure that I heard at that time the assurances of all
+the party leaders that if I were to keep this attitude they would help
+me maintain the absolute neutrality of Bulgaria.</p>
+
+<p>I do not know why after a few days there have been published various
+statements signed by the different party leaders.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing in particular had been done on our side up to that time. There
+was nothing irregular, but, notwithstanding all this, complaints have
+been lodged against the Bulgarian Government that its neutrality was
+one-sided, that the Government was favoring one group of the powers
+while hostile to the other, that through Bulgaria arms and ammunition
+were sent from a belligerent country [Germany] to a non-belligerent,
+[Turkey,] and this moved the leaders of the parties to turn to the
+nation and denounce the sincerity of your Government.</p>
+
+<p>The silence of the nation and the attitude of the powers gave us full
+justification for the fairness and loyalty with which we keep our
+neutrality.</p>
+
+<p>Two months ago the nation had witnessed a manifesto, signed by all the
+party leaders with the exception of the narrow Socialists, which means
+that the opposition has not been united on this question, as it is
+said in the manifesto that all the opposition was united in a fear
+lest the Government abandon its neutrality. In the manifesto addressed
+to the Bulgarian nation the desire was expressed for the formation of
+a Ministry in which all the political parties were to be represented.</p>
+
+<p>But the silence of the nation has given ample proof of its confidence
+in the present Ministry. The declaration of the Government on July 13
+(26) holds today, as it held then. We are keeping the strict
+neutrality of Bulgaria. Those that were supposed to have grievances
+against us have no proofs to show our breach of neutrality. Every side
+was satisfied with our assurances.</p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding the difficulties with which the path of the Government
+is strewn today, I, supported by the majority of the Parliament, will
+follow the same policy. Bulgaria has remained neutral, and up to now
+she is in excellent relations with all neighboring countries.</p>
+
+<p>Bulgaria is in most friendly relations with Rumania, Greece, and
+Servia, which is at war. Bulgaria keeps the most sincere relations
+with Turkey. Bulgaria remains neutral and loyal in her position. I
+make the declaration so that the entire nation may be informed that
+the present Government has assured the territorial integrity of
+Bulgaria.</p>
+
+<p>Our policy meets with the approval of all the great powers without
+exception. If we ever are led by the force of circumstances to enter
+some arrangement whereby Bulgaria will obtain something more in the
+way of territory, this will come from the will of the entire
+Bulgarian concert, with which we desire to remain up to the end in
+good relations.</p>
+
+<p>This is what I can and what I must say today in the National
+Parliament. [Cheers and applause.]</p>
+
+
+<h3>BULGARIAN PARLIAMENT REPLIES.</h3>
+
+<h4>[As voted on Nov. 12, (25,) 1914.]</h4>
+
+<p>Your Majesty: The national representation considers it an agreeable
+duty to express its satisfaction for the statements addressed to it
+and to offer its collaboration to the Tsar and the Government for the
+safeguard of the dear interests of the fatherland.</p>
+
+<p>Your Majesty!</p>
+
+<p>The breaking out of the terrible war which today oppresses and
+exhausts the nations has stopped the peaceful activity in which the
+Bulgarian Nation and your Government were engaged for the regeneration
+of the national forces and the creation of new resources for the
+prosperity of the country and the healing of the wounds of the long
+and heroic war which the nation, with unflinching self-sacrifice, has
+waged in the past year.</p>
+
+<p>Your Majesty!</p>
+
+<p>In the face of the momentous and far-reaching events now taking place
+in Europe and around Bulgaria, the national representation has noted
+with delight that the Government, having at heart the future of the
+country when it declared the neutrality of Bulgaria, is maintaining
+this attitude strictly and loyally, as the international necessities
+and the most vital interests of the country demand.</p>
+
+<p>Your Majesty!</p>
+
+<p>The national representation has learned with joy that, thanks to this
+attitude, the Government of your Majesty has preserved good and
+friendly relations with all the great powers and has improved our
+relations with our neighbors, which good relations are so necessary
+for Bulgaria after the crisis of the last year, and during the events
+of which we are the witnesses.</p>
+
+<p>Your Majesty!</p>
+
+<p>The great events that are shaking Europe are apt to call for our
+attention, but, in spite of this, they will not stop us in the way of
+the peaceful development of our culture, to which Bulgaria after the
+war devoted her energies.</p>
+
+<p>We will carefully examine and heartily approve of all the measures
+which the Government may take for the progress of the country and will
+give them our support.</p>
+
+<p>Long live his Majesty the Tsar!</p>
+
+<p>Long live her Majesty the Tsarina!</p>
+
+<p>Long live his Royal Highness the Crown Prince!</p>
+
+<p><i>Following is the allocution of Tsar Ferdinand I., on Dec. 2, (15,)
+1914, to the Delegation of the Sobranje, which brought to him the
+Bulgarian Parliament's answer to the speech from the throne.</i></p>
+
+<p>Gentlemen: It has always been agreeable to me to meet the
+representatives of the National Parliament and exchange with them
+ideas on the situation and the administration of the country. In the
+present year, however, during the development of the events around us
+this contact with the representatives of the people is not without
+some importance for the Chief of the State.</p>
+
+<p>I desire to hear from you, gentlemen, what are the concerns of the
+nation and to partake of them with you. The thought that I am
+nourishing, and my hope is, that, thanks to the stability and the
+wisdom of the Bulgarians, the country will emerge from the new trials
+untouched and without being threatened in the future.</p>
+
+<p>I am really proud in duly acknowledging the virtues of the Bulgarian
+people. When, in 1912, this people, moved by a single impulse, arose
+and crushed a strong opponent by a force and ardor unsurpassed till
+now, the whole world recognized its military virtues. But the
+Bulgarian Nation has also displayed unique virtues in its reverses by
+valiantly enduring the blows of misfortune.</p>
+
+<p>This nation will warmly undertake its mission in order to achieve its
+destiny, when it will win more respect on the part of foreigners than
+it won by its victory; and the hearts of its sons, so devoted to the
+fatherland, will be warmed anew.</p>
+
+<p>Today, when the whole of Europe is burning and the conflagration is
+approaching us, when all the nations around us are moving and making
+ready for action, the Bulgarian Nation, duly appreciating the
+situation, has established its attitude with an equanimity and a
+reserve which constitute the undeniable proofs of its wisdom and its
+political maturity.</p>
+
+<p>The eyes of the Czar and of the people are turned toward you. In the
+advices that you are giving, in the opinions that you express, I
+observe your care for the national prosperity and your resolution to
+sacrifice everything on the altar of the fatherland and for the
+interests of the nation. This sets me at rest and inspires me with the
+hope that in the future also complete harmony will prevail between the
+nation and the Crown, and that from this harmony we shall draw the
+necessary strength for the assurance of the future of Bulgaria.</p>
+
+<p>May God watch over the fortunes of our fatherland and may He crown
+with success our common efforts.</p>
+
+
+<h3>BULGARIA&#8217;S NEUTRALITY.</h3>
+
+<p><i>In the last sitting of the Bulgarian Sobranje, just before the
+Christmas holidays, the Premier, Mr. Radoslavoff, made the following
+statements as they appear in the semi-official organ, Narodni Prava,
+of Sofia:</i></p>
+
+<p>Since last July Bulgaria has maintained strict neutrality. Whatever
+accusations have been addressed to her from abroad as to her alleged
+breaches of neutrality, on the part of one or other of the belligerent
+groups, are without any foundation whatever. It is recognized that
+such insinuations come from our enemies, who have every interest in
+our breaking neutrality.</p>
+
+<p>The Government maintains and will maintain its neutral policy to the
+end, and in this case we declare that we will adhere to it, and,
+supported by the country, we will try to take as much advantage of it
+as is possible.</p>
+
+<p>Whether we are going to have or not to have a Ministry in which all
+the political parties will be represented, this does not at all
+interest those from abroad, where the dignified attitude of our
+Government is recognized. Do not ask us to negotiate what the Triple
+Entente is willing to give us, or to say to the central
+powers&#8212;Austria and Germany&#8212;&quot;You, what are you going to give us?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Because in that case they would answer: &quot;Why should we give you
+anything? For your inactivity? Because you keep tranquil, watching us
+shedding our blood? Is it for this that we must give you something?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>I, for myself, have repeated on another occasion that during these
+critical moments, when new States are being founded while others are
+falling to the ground, to safeguard and preserve the present frontiers
+of Bulgaria is the greatest service that can be rendered her. We know
+what we have asked and what was offered to us. But who guarantees that
+we shall have what was orally promised to us? We ourselves cannot
+guarantee it. I declare that we are on good terms with our neighbors
+so long as they respect the interests of Bulgaria. If I knew that we
+would receive Macedonia and Cavalla and Dobrudja, be sure that I,
+first among all, would advise the formation of a coalition Ministry.</p>
+
+<p><i>Representative Tchandref</i> (interrupting)&#8212;Go ahead and take them
+alone.</p>
+
+<p><i>Radoslavoff</i>&#8212;But now we may not, neither in Chataldja nor in Cavalla
+nor in Dobrudja. The Bulgarian Government is pursuing the absolute
+preservation of peace and is watching developments. The friends that
+we have, notwithstanding all evil machinations, have not deserted us.
+Bulgaria still has friends, but friends and enemies tell us, Keep
+quiet, Bulgarians! In this lies your safety!</p>
+
+
+<h3>A MILITARY ESTIMATE.</h3>
+
+<p><i>The subjoined statement by the Bulgarian General, Savoff, appeared in
+the Vienna Reichspost of Dec. 20, 1914:</i></p>
+
+<p>Taking into account the military operations up to this date, it is
+easy to conclude that the two central monarchies are holding the
+advantage of the Allies. Germany has demonstrated to the world her
+enormous strength, while Austria-Hungary has shown herself to be
+really a great power. Austria-Hungary must be proud of her army and of
+the brilliant successes it has won against the colossal Russian
+military organization.</p>
+
+<p><i>So far as the neutral States are concerned, Gen. Savoff said:</i></p>
+
+<p>Bulgaria will keep neutral as long as she can. The responsible factors
+of the country will face every influence, and will act according to
+the best interests of the fatherland. We must insist on the correction
+of the mistakes made by the Treaty of Bucharest. We are resolved, in
+case this should prove necessary, to take back by force of arms the
+territories that belong to us and that have been snatched from us. The
+Bulgarian Army is ready and will do its duty up to the end when the
+interests of the country demand it.</p>
+
+
+<h3>OPPOSITION PARTY&#8217;S STATEMENT.</h3>
+
+<p><i>Following is an editorial article published Oct. 15, (28,) 1914, in
+the Mir, the organ of the Nationalists, and signed by A. Bouroff,
+ex-Minister and ex-Vice President of the Bulgarian Parliament, or
+Sobranje.</i></p>
+
+<p>The Government knows that the Bulgarian people will never forgive it,
+should the Ministry let pass the present historical opportunity
+without securing important advantages for Bulgaria.</p>
+
+<p>These advantages the Government is endeavoring to obtain by keeping a
+pro-Austro-German neutrality. In order not to disclose this policy,
+the Government avoids a discussion with Austria and Germany. In order
+to render service to Austria the Government is courting Turkey,
+provoking Russia through its action and its press, avoids the
+constitution of a council of State demanded by the opposition, and
+objects to the formation of a Ministry in which all the political
+parties were to be represented. Perhaps the Government would go even
+further, but it is prevented from doing so, on one hand by Rumania,
+who maintained a puzzling position, and the probable surprises that
+her &quot;friendly&quot; Turkey has in store, and on the other by the explicit
+and general unwillingness of the Bulgarian people to jeopardize its
+existence through adventurous actions that are so contrary to its
+national character and sentiments. The result of these contradictory
+inclinations and influences is shown in our present political
+weakness, which I am afraid will be fruitless in the end.</p>
+
+<p>What is to be expected from this policy? In case of victory of the
+Triple Entente, Bulgaria can hope for nothing good. If the Dual
+Alliance is victorious we shall have certain compensations that to my
+deep conviction will be far from satisfying our national aspirations.
+The Austro-German alliance, first of all, will think of itself; that
+is to say, to realize the greatest ideals of pan-Germanism, the
+debouching of Austria in the Aegean Sea through Saloniki, which
+necessarily comprises the occupation by Austria of all Macedonia west
+of the Vardar. In the second place, Turkey will have to be compensated
+and strengthened, as in the future her army will be a more obedient
+organ in the hands of German diplomacy and more amenable than Slav
+Bulgaria, whose troops, in the opinion of the most prominent German
+papers, cannot fight the Russians, while Turkey at any time is ready
+to serve Germany. But Turkey can be compensated in Europe only at the
+expense of Bulgarian Thrace. To Bulgaria will be given, at most,
+Istip, Kotchana, Radovich, Serr&#233;s Drama, and Cavalla to make good the
+losses in Thrace.</p>
+
+<p>To obtain such a meagre result, the Government of Bulgaria maintains a
+policy contrary to popular sentiment and to the racial bonds of the
+people, and a policy contrary to the further interests of Bulgaria,
+which are incompatible with the building up of a strong Turkey in the
+Balkans, a Turkey that would be the bulwark of Germany. The most
+essential part of it is that this policy is based on a most
+improbable hypothesis, that is to say, the final triumph of the
+Austro-German arms. If the Bulgarian Government had left prejudices to
+one side and looked clearly at the events, they would not have been
+slow to understand that from the moment England stepped into the war
+and Italy abandoned her allies, the Austro-German alliance politically
+lost the game. Each passing day diminishes more and more the hopes of
+success of the Dual Alliance, and permits England and Russia to expand
+their inexhaustible forces. It is not difficult to foresee from now
+the terms of peace that England and Russia will impose. Any policy
+which expects to profit from the defeat of these two powers is doomed
+to failure, and because such is the policy of the Bulgarian
+Government, we think that it is against the interests of the country.</p>
+
+<p>This policy, among its other disadvantages, opens forever a gap
+between little Bulgaria and great Russia, which power, even if
+defeated, will never cease to play an active part in the Balkans.
+Against this policy, which is risking much to obtain little, we
+propose the policy of coming to an agreement with the Triple Entente,
+on the basis of a Bulgarian neutrality favorable to it, which surely
+and without sacrifices is expected to bring to us greatest results.
+The only thing that the powers of the Triple Entente are demanding
+from us is to open negotiations with them. This does not abolish our
+neutrality, because other States, too, such as Italy, Rumania, Greece,
+and Turkey, are negotiating at the present time.</p>
+
+
+<h3>BALKAN ALLIANCE OPPOSED.</h3>
+
+<p><i>An editorial article which appeared in the Bulgarian paper Volja of
+the Stamboulovist Party, on Dec. 20, 1914, appears below.</i></p>
+
+<p>The question has been raised whether in reality negotiations are being
+conducted between the Balkan States, that is to say, Bulgaria and
+Servia, Greece and Bulgaria, Bulgaria and Rumania. How much of this is
+true?</p>
+
+<p>Such negotiations are not being conducted, neither do we believe that
+it is possible for them to exist, because we do not know what our
+neighbors demand from us. The only true part of this story is that the
+powers of the Triple Entente are endeavoring to drag into the war
+Greece, Bulgaria, and Rumania, a thing that would be not only
+profitable to them, but even necessary for these same powers of the
+Triple Entente.</p>
+
+<p>And as long as Bulgaria is not any longer inhabited by imbeciles, who
+will undertake once more a war for the promotion of the glory and the
+interests of those who by every means endeavored to ruin us, these
+powers are thinking today, being moved by some sentiment of humanity,
+that certain concessions must be made to Bulgaria, but on condition of
+military support.</p>
+
+<p>And so far as concerns Servia, who only a few days ago was on the
+brink of the precipice, and who, in a little while from now, will find
+herself in a worse position, it is apparent that, without the
+assistance of Bulgaria, her ruin will be certain. This, however, does
+not prevent Servia as well as the Triple Entente from insisting on
+giving us as little as possible, and then only after the Serbs have
+taken Bosnia and Herzegovina.</p>
+
+<p>Rumania and Greece desire an understanding for the sake of their
+tranquillity. And it was said that Rumania is giving Dobrudja, but
+Greece does not want even to hear of the cession of Cavalla Drama and
+Serr&#233;s, but, on the contrary, demands, in case Bulgaria gets Servian
+Macedonia, to obtain for her (Greece's) account Do&#239;rani, Ghevgeli, and
+Monastir. Greece and Rumania agree on one point&#8212;themselves to stay
+out of the war, while inducing Bulgaria to fight.</p>
+
+<p>But Bulgaria insists on getting compensation, not by war but by her
+neutrality. The aspirations therefore of the interested States are
+totally different, and, under such circumstances, no understanding is
+possible. The object of the Triple Entente is clear. But this is no
+concern of ours, nor of any of the other Balkan States, with the
+exception of Servia.</p>
+
+<p>Therefore, to speak plainly, the understanding will be possible only
+when interests are taken into account. And on this basis some means to
+an understanding with our neighbors will be found, whether they want
+it or not.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="THE_TURK_IN_EGYPTS_EYES" id="THE_TURK_IN_EGYPTS_EYES"></a>THE TURK IN EGYPT&#8217;S EYES.</h2>
+
+<h4>[Special Cable to <span class="smcap">The New York Times</span>.]</h4>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">C</span>AIRO, Jan. 31, (Dispatch to The London Daily News.)&#8212;In order to
+understand the bearing of the latest news upon Moslem opinion,
+particularly in Cairo and Alexandria, it must be borne in mind that
+Turkey still enjoys considerable military prestige here. Tens of
+thousands of Egyptians continue to regard her one of the great powers.
+They never believed the news of her defeat in the Balkans and the
+reoccupation of Adrianople confirmed them in their skepticism. At the
+same time, a secret German propaganda for some years before the war
+did much to spread abroad the doctrine of German invincibility. It is
+not to be wondered at, therefore, that a section of the population
+holds entirely erroneous views as to the present balance of power and
+requires unmistakable evidence of Turkish defeat to open their eyes.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h1><a name="Greeces_Watchful_Waiting" id="Greeces_Watchful_Waiting"></a>Greece&#8217;s Watchful Waiting</h1>
+
+<h2>Grecian Neutrality Defined</h2>
+
+<h4>[From the Athenae, Athens, July 23, (Aug. 3,) 1914.]</h4>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">Y</span>ESTERDAY at 10 A.M. the Council of Ministers met at the Premier's
+house and took cognizance of a number of dispatches from the Hellenic
+representatives of the Governments of the great powers relating to the
+European war which has just begun. At 11 A.M. the Ministers went in a
+body to the palace, where, under the Presidency of the King, a council
+was held which discussed the position of Greece in the European
+conflict. His Majesty, having listened to the Premier, who
+communicated all the latest news regarding the situation, agreed on
+all points as to the attitude of Greece in the Austro-Servian
+conflict, which attitude would be one of absolute neutrality as long
+as Bulgaria and Turkey remained neutral.</p>
+
+<p>During this council the Chief of Staff of the army, Gen. v. Dousmanis,
+was sent for, and he gave the Ministers some information of a military
+character regarding the position of Greece. Gen. Dousmanis assured
+them that the army was in excellent condition and that all preliminary
+preparations for a mobilization were already taken.</p>
+
+
+<h3>FRENCH, GREEKS, AND GERMANS.</h3>
+
+<p>[<i>Editorial comment of the Athenae of Aug. 9 (Sept. 21)</i>]:</p>
+
+<p>... In Greece there does not exist a discrimination between those who
+love France and those who do not, because as a rule the entire nation
+worships France. The Hellenic world, from the most uneducated citizen
+to the one who represents all the development of intellect, worships
+France.</p>
+
+<p>It was always with admiration that the discerning Hellenic intellect
+looked upon the French Nation, which is the leader in every progress.
+French letters, French art, and French industry have found in Greece
+sincere admirers and enthusiastic heralds. The French heroism, the
+devotion that every Frenchman feels for the ideals of the fatherland,
+the superiority of the French woman, whom certain malevolent writers
+have so misrepresented to the world; the virtue of the French
+housewife, the French mother, and the French patriot, have always been
+splendid examples to those who are apt to think on the world's
+progress. The birthplace of the forerunners of the modern social and
+civic spirit and the mother of the most genuine philhellenism, the
+France of Rabelais, Moli&#232;re and Voltaire and B&#233;ranger and Hugo has
+always been an object of respectful sympathy for those in Greece who
+are admirers of the beautiful, the liberal, and the ideal.</p>
+
+<p>Every one of us knows that, if France has not been able to help
+materialize the Greek's rightful aspirations, this is not due to lack
+of good intentions on her part, but rather to the French compliance
+with the interests of the Slav; and we know that France had to
+cultivate those interests by her own wealth, and contrary to her
+democratic principles, only in order to have an alliance against her
+neighboring enemy, against whom she meditated revenge for a defeat and
+the vindication of her subjugated children.</p>
+
+<p>For the German people, this people of progress and civilization, which
+has never aspired to a world hegemony by the subjugation of other
+peoples, outside of the needs of their frontiers, Greece feels the
+same admiration and sympathy. And when such French patriots as Jules
+Huret and Georges Bourdon, in voluminous works, have cited the German
+progress and German social civilization as an example to their own
+country, it would be almost a reversal of logic if we outsiders were
+to deny these things, at the sight of two friends who have come to
+blows.</p>
+
+<p>If there is anything that grieves the Greek soul, which has always
+been used to appreciate virtue disinterestedly, it is the fratricidal
+woe of two nations who ought to be, hand in hand, forerunners and
+co-workers in the great enterprises of science and civilization!</p>
+
+
+<h3>PRIME MINISTRY&#8217;S ATTITUDE.</h3>
+
+<p><i>Premier Venizelos set forth the Government's neutral policy in his
+speech to Parliament on Sept. 15, (28,) 1914. A translation appears
+below.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>After speaking of the Greco-Turkish relations and the efforts being
+made at the time for the settlement of the outstanding questions of
+the refugees and the Aegean Islands, Mr. Venizelos said:</i></p>
+
+<p>Unfortunately the labors of the new session are beginning amid the
+clangor of the great European war. The Government has declared that
+during this war Greece is to remain neutral, but at the same time it
+did not conceal the fact that it has obligations toward one of the
+belligerents, Servia, and that said obligation it was resolved to
+fulfill faithfully should the <i>casus foederis</i> arise.</p>
+
+<p>Greece, however, wishes nothing more than that such an occasion should
+not arise, as it desires that the conflagration which is gradually
+enveloping Europe should not spread over the Balkans, whose peoples,
+after two wars, so much need rest.</p>
+
+<p>So far as it depends upon the initiative of Greece, every one may be
+assured that the European conflagration will not spread in the Balkan
+Peninsula. And if its other peoples are inspired by the same thoughts,
+then we can feel sure that peace will be preserved in the Levant up to
+the end of the war.</p>
+
+<p>But even for the neutrals there are obligations. The position of the
+neutrals is not so easy as one might think, and the Government has
+endeavored and is still endeavoring to fulfill as perfectly as
+possible the various obligations imposed by neutrality. I must
+acknowledge at this time that my task has been rendered easier by
+public opinion, which notwithstanding its sympathies, has done nothing
+to hurt any one of the belligerents. I regret that I cannot say the
+same as regards the press, because the press, not confining itself to
+the expression of so many natural sentiments, has often indulged in
+violent attacks against the belligerents, and especially at the time
+when, owing to the peculiar psychological condition in which the
+latter find themselves, every such attack touches them most deeply.
+And I again entreat you, from this official tribune, to avoid any such
+attack. I hope my advice will be more willingly complied with at this
+time.</p>
+
+
+<h3>WHERE GREECE STANDS.</h3>
+
+<p><i>The following statement by Premier Venizelos was published in the
+Corriere della Sera of Milan on Oct. 29, 1914.</i></p>
+
+<p>The Greek Government has declared its neutrality and will abide by
+this policy. Notwithstanding this, she did not deny her treaty
+obligations to Servia, and is resolved to fulfill all the terms of
+this treaty should the <i>casus foederis</i> arise.</p>
+
+<p>It is understood that Greece does not desire this <i>casus foederis</i> to
+arise.</p>
+
+<p>Our relations with Turkey have been strained for some months. But
+after the negotiations of Bucharest some agreement was reached
+regarding the refugees. Those in Europe will learn that the Greeks
+expelled two hundred thousand persons from Thrace and Asia Minor. One
+portion of them we have settled in the islands. Besides those there
+are about fifty thousand Turkish refugees&#8212;though not persecuted&#8212;in
+Macedonia. A mixed committee was to arrange the exchange of these
+refugees at the beginning of the war. As to the question of the
+ownership of the Aegean islands, the Hellenic Government considers the
+question settled from an international standpoint, not only by the
+treaties of London and Athens, but also by the unanimous decision of
+all the European powers.</p>
+
+<p>The Government declared that it was ready to satisfy Turkey regarding
+this question, under the <i>sine qua</i> condition that the islands would
+continue to be occupied and administered by Greece in the same way as
+all the other provinces of the Hellenic Kingdom. After an exchange of
+views on the subject, it was decided that I should meet the Grand
+Vizier in Brussels, but the war prevented this.</p>
+
+<p>Afterward, this desire was again expressed, that the negotiations
+which originally were to take place in Brussels should open elsewhere.
+To this end both parties sent delegates to Bucharest in order to find
+some solution of the island question, but again this meeting failed to
+accomplish anything.</p>
+
+<p>Turkey proposed an adjournment of the negotiations to a more
+propitious time, alleging that the general conditions in Europe, and
+her internal troubles, made it impossible for her delegates to
+continue the discussions on the island question. Unfortunately the
+plight of the Greek populations in Turkey is becoming worse every day,
+and large numbers of refugees are coming daily to Greece.</p>
+
+<p>Regarding Bulgaria, I can say nothing, except that she keeps repeating
+her intention of remaining neutral. At the same time Bulgaria did not
+mobilize, therefore we have not taken this measure ourselves.</p>
+
+<p>But naturally&#8212;and this must be taken in its widest meaning&#8212;when the
+flames of a conflagration are licking one's door one must take all the
+precautionary measures. Is it not right?</p>
+
+<p>Regarding Epirus, we declared clearly that we have no designs upon
+Avlona.</p>
+
+
+<h3>OCCUPATION OF EPIRUS.</h3>
+
+<p><i>The subjoined statement by Premier Venizelos appeared in The London
+Morning Post.</i></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">ATHENS, Oct. 27.</p>
+
+<p>In the Chamber of Deputies this evening, in reply to an
+interpellation, M. Venizelos, the Premier, stated that Greece had
+reoccupied Northern Epirus solely to restore order and security to
+those districts already cruelly tried by prolonged bloodshed and
+anarchy. The Premier emphasized the provisional character of this
+reoccupation, inasmuch as Greece continued to respect the
+international agreements regarding Albania.</p>
+
+<p>M. Venizelos was followed by M. Zographos, the late President of the
+Epirote Provisional Government, and now Deputy for Attica, who, amid
+profound attention and great enthusiasm, recounted the enormous
+sacrifices of blood and treasure by the Epirotes for their freedom,
+and declared that the liberation of Epirus must this time be final. M.
+Rallis, one of the leaders of the Opposition, declared that Epirus was
+resolved to remain united with Greece.</p>
+
+<p>I am informed from a diplomatic source that the great powers have
+received the announcement of the reoccupation in a friendly spirit,
+and no protests have thus far been received from quarters whence they
+might have been expected.</p>
+
+
+<h3>RELATIONS WITH BULGARIA.</h3>
+
+<p><i>Following is an editorial article from the semi-official newspaper
+Patris of Athens of Dec. 12, (25,) 1914.</i></p>
+
+<p>With Bulgaria not one of the Balkan States can come to any
+understanding. The neighboring Balkan peoples, at least the
+Christians, cannot agree with them&#8212;not because they are lacking good
+intentions, but because the Bulgarians in their demands are
+unreasonable, unjust, insatiable, monstrous, and treacherous; because
+the Bulgarians always demand the impossible; because they are pursuing
+profits at the expense of third parties, whom they invite to cede
+rights obtained by sacrifices and based on the right of war; because,
+while they can demand compensations at the expense of a non-Christian
+neighbor&#8212;to which no one would object&#8212;they turn on their
+co-religionists, struggling to take away from them what they lawfully
+and with sacrifices have acquired.</p>
+
+<p>On account of this policy of the Bulgarians, not one of the Christian
+peoples of the Balkan Peninsula believes in the possibility of an
+understanding with them. That, also, is Rumania's position.
+Accordingly it should be unnecessary to deny the news from Sofia
+announcing the attainment of an alleged Rumano-Bulgarian
+rapprochement. In order to reach this understanding, the Bulgarians
+would not confine themselves to the rules of present Rumano-Bulgarian
+practice, which in itself is a question of secondary importance.</p>
+
+<p>The Bulgarians turn eager eyes to the whole of Dobrondja, which might
+perhaps be the dowry of the royal Rumano-Bulgarian match so impudently
+heralded in Sofia, although the whole thing was a monstrous lie,
+without any appearance of respect for the family affairs of the royal
+throne of Rumania.</p>
+
+<p>But, as in our own case, neither the Servians can cede even an acre of
+land to Bulgaria nor Rumania give back Dobrudja, because all of these
+territories belong to their present owners by right of war. For the
+same reason the Serbo-Bulgarian relations failed a month ago; likewise
+no ground was found for an understanding between Bulgaria and Greece;
+and for the same reason the negotiations between Rumania and Bulgaria
+are failing today.</p>
+
+<p>The Bulgarians have turned from one to another of the peoples of the
+Balkans in order to cheat them. But this attempt, made once too often,
+at length has failed. But will this final failure bring to reason the
+hotheads of Sofia? After the cruel disappointment they received at the
+hands of Rumania, the Bulgarian politicians must understand that
+whatever is won by war by war only is given back. No one is so stupid
+as to give them willingly his dominions.</p>
+
+<p>Do they wish to take them? Let them come. Let them declare war.
+Because so long as they are not doing this, and so long as they
+persist in their present methods, they are offering the spectacle of a
+childish if not a demented people.</p>
+
+
+<h3>GRECO-RUMANIAN FRIENDSHIP.</h3>
+
+<p><i>The Rumanian Minister, Mr. Filidor, presented his new credentials to
+King Constantine on Dec. 14. His speech appears below.</i></p>
+
+<p>Your Majesty! I have the honor to deliver to your Majesty the letters
+with which his Majesty, my august sovereign, has deigned to confirm my
+quality as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to your
+Majesty, a mission which I had already the honor of filling under the
+glorious reign of the great King Carol I., the founder of the Rumanian
+dynasty.</p>
+
+<p>I happened to be a witness of the most brilliant period of the history
+of new Greece, during which your Majesty at the head of his Government
+has succeeded, by his military talents, in bringing into realization
+the great achievements of ancient Greece, whose majestic relics are
+serving still as an inimitable example to the whole of mankind.</p>
+
+<p>The military effort of your Majesty has been crowned by the Treaty of
+Bucharest, which was a common pacifying work of Greece and Rumania,
+and which was so instrumental in strengthening the bonds of friendship
+and interests which so happily unite the two peoples.</p>
+
+<p>Deeply impressed by the conviction that my mission consists in working
+for this latter end, I dare pray your Majesty to grant me his august
+favor, as in the past, and I assure you that I will employ all my
+energy for the fulfillment of this effort, so necessary for the future
+fortunes of both countries.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h1><a name="Where_Rumania_Stands_in_the_Crisis" id="Where_Rumania_Stands_in_the_Crisis"></a>Where Rumania Stands in the Crisis</h1>
+
+<h2>Declaration of Neutrality</h2>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right">BUCHAREST, Aug. 5, 1914.</p>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">T</span>HE Council of the Crown has decided on the neutrality of
+Rumania&#8212;Agence Roumaine.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE SITUATION IN RUMANIA.</h3>
+
+<h4>[From the Paris Temps of Aug. 23, 1914.]</h4>
+
+<p>From an occasional correspondent we receive the following letter:</p>
+
+<p>The departure of the mobilized French soldiers who were in Bucharest
+has been the occasion for sympathetic manifestations toward France.</p>
+
+<p>Among the population and in the streets there was not a single voice
+which was not heartily and enthusiastically for the Triple Entente in
+general and France in particular.</p>
+
+<p>Certain personages, such as the General Pilot who in 1870 fought on
+the side of France, and certain newspaper editors who, yielding to
+national aspirations, have carried on since the first day of the war a
+violent campaign against Austria, are enthusiastically cheered by the
+public in the caf&#233;s and by the majority of the army officers who
+assisted in uniform at these scenes.</p>
+
+<p>More than that, there were imposing manifestations in the streets;
+other meetings, still more effective, were held in secret, at which
+Generals and superior officers assisted. But notwithstanding this
+public sentiment the police are on the lookout; the orders they have
+received are particularly severe, as entire regiments are kept in
+readiness in the public parks and Government buildings. All those
+functionaries who are suspected of being openly hostile to Austria are
+closely followed and watched.</p>
+
+<p>What is the reason of this? One may put the question to himself, as
+really this sentiment of the nations corresponds too well with a
+secular and inevitable policy. Despite all contrary reasoning, one
+fact remains, and this is summed up in Transylvania and Bukowina and
+the five million Rumanians who are under Austro-Hungarian rule. There
+is for the Rumanians of the kingdom the unforgettable series of
+persecutions of every kind to which their brethren on the other side
+of the mountains are subjected&#8212;persecutions dating from yesterday and
+which are continued today. Only the day before the Austrian
+mobilization fifty students from the Rumanian Kingdom who happened to
+be in Brassow (Hungary) on an excursion were arrested and brought
+before the police authorities, and actually thrown into prison,
+because they dared display badges with Rumanian colors in their
+buttonholes.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;If I were to march into Moldavia,&quot; a Rumanian was telling me,
+&quot;against the enemies of Austria, I would have to begin by sabring all
+the Moldavian peasants, who are crying, 'Down with Austria!' Of
+course, I never could do this!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Under such conditions, if the waverings of the Government were to be
+explained, the task would be a hard one. In our opinion, they may be
+ascribed to different causes, the more important factor being the
+opinion of the King himself; but this alone would not suffice.</p>
+
+<p>The King (Carol) is first of all bound to Emperor Francis Joseph by an
+old friendship. King Carol has never admitted that the diminution of
+his kingdom after Plevna was a right thing, and the toasts in
+Constanza (during the Czar's visit to Rumania early in the Summer of
+1914) have demonstrated, for those who could read between the lines,
+in both the politeness of the Czar and the reserved tone of King
+Carol, that this sentiment had not yet disappeared.</p>
+
+<p>In the face of this disposition, so firmly expressed, the Ministers
+and the party leaders of Rumania felt rather uncomfortable. It must be
+borne in mind that a parliamentary r&#233;gime, properly speaking, does not
+exist; the Ministries do not fall by vote of the chambers of
+Parliament. When the King estimates that a Ministry has been too long
+in power, when he hears distinctly the murmur of the Opposition, then
+he calls a new President of the Council, who has Parliament prorogued
+and a new one formed&#8212;this is the exact procedure&#8212;according to his
+liking. By reason of this process, and also by reason of a special
+attraction which the Court exercises over a small, refined, and
+elegant society, the counsels of the King are inspired by the advices
+of his counselors.</p>
+
+<p>But there are also other reasons that plead for this uncertain
+attitude, and by which it is attempted to justify a policy of
+indifference.</p>
+
+<p>The successes of last year&#8212;of which the Rumanians have not understood
+the causes, because they never tried to understand them&#8212;have troubled
+them in a certain way.</p>
+
+<p>Their statesmen persist perhaps a little too much in playing
+Machiavelli, and in exalting abstention to a system. Their fondest
+desire at the present moment is not, we are persuaded, to march on
+Austria, but, on the contrary, not to march at all, and not to
+intervene in the war up to the day of the final liquidation.</p>
+
+<p>What is this policy worth? The chances are that it may not always be
+good, particularly in the present state of things. Rumania is still a
+small country by reason of its area. In addition to this, her
+neighbors, on which she was wont to exercise a moderating influence,
+are bound to change in density of population. And it is very likely
+that Rumania, on the next day after the war, might find herself
+suddenly surrounded by homogeneous peoples, who in the meantime would
+become distinctly more important than she is, and that these people
+might have against her certain slight grievances which they would make
+her feel. Moreover, even if Austria by chance is victorious, and even
+if the Government at Bucharest helped her, is it not clear that her
+(Rumania's) Hungarian neighbor, becoming stronger, would make her
+(Rumania) suffer the same as she made the Servians suffer when they
+were feeble?</p>
+
+<p>Rumania may well protest her friendship, but this will not prevent
+her, if only by her presence, from being a danger to the tranquillity
+of the Hungarian subjects in Transylvania. And then who is going to
+defend her?</p>
+
+<p>Here is what the good sense of the people says, and it is this common
+sense which will triumph in the end over all vacillation, and will, in
+spite of everything, assert its way of seeing things.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE ATTITUDE OF RUMANIA.</h3>
+
+<h4>[From the Paris Temps of Sept. 25, 1914.]</h4>
+
+<p>Mr. Diamandy, Rumanian Minister at Petrograd and an ardent advocate of
+Rumanian intervention, has returned to the Russian capital after a
+voyage to Bucharest, where he went in order to explain his views to
+his Government.</p>
+
+<p>The return of Mr. Diamandy to Petrograd is regarded as a favorable
+omen, as this diplomat had expressed previous to his departure that he
+would not come back to his post if he were not successful in placing
+Rumania on the side of the Triple Entente.</p>
+
+<p>On the other hand, l'Agence de Balkans is in receipt of the following
+dispatch from Bucharest, Sept. 19, 1914:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The semi-official papers of the Rumanian Government have published
+the following statement with regard to the Treaty of Bucharest: The
+viewpoint of Rumania on the subject of the Treaty of Bucharest, and of
+its connection with the European war, has been discussed and
+established in a council of the Crown, held on the 21st of July, (Aug.
+3, N.S.) In the Treaty of Bucharest the Rumanian interest was not
+bound to fixed frontier lines, except so long as these assured an
+equilibrium necessary to Rumania. Rumania was not obliged to protect
+this equilibrium in its actual form any longer than in her mind this
+could be possibly maintained.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;If the European war, in its future consequences, should bring about
+certain modifications in the actual frontiers of one or the other of
+the Balkan States, the interest of Rumania requires that the Balkan
+equilibrium be established in accordance with the changes made to
+correspond with the purpose of maintaining the real equilibrium in its
+new form, no matter what the frontier lines will be in their final
+re-establishment. In connection with the attitude of Rumania in the
+presence of the European war no new decision has been taken. All the
+political parties are subjecting their attitude to the action of the
+Government. Mr. von Busch, the new Minister of Germany, has arrived
+and was received yesterday in confidence by King Charles.&quot;</p>
+
+
+<h3>DEATH OF KING CHARLES.</h3>
+
+<h4>[From The London Times, Oct. 12, 1914.]</h4>
+
+<p>King Charles of Rumania died of heart failure early on Saturday
+morning at the Castle of Pelesh, Sin&#228;ia.</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday Parliament was convoked, and the new King took the oath of
+allegiance. Subsequently the Government issued a proclamation stating
+that the new King would follow in the footsteps of his predecessor and
+realize the ideals of the Rumanian race.</p>
+
+<p>Both in itself and as an episode of the present European
+conflagration, the death of the King of Rumania is an event of
+singular importance. The late King was in many respects the maker of
+his adopted country. When, in March, 1866, he accepted the crown the
+condition of the Danubian principalities, Moldavia and Wallachia, was
+little better than that of a misgoverned Turkish province. They still
+owned Ottoman suzerainty, their army was non-existent, their financial
+resources were precarious, the condition of their people was wretched,
+their means of communication were primitive, and their public affairs
+were in a condition bordering on anarchy. With the support of the
+French Emperor, to whom he was distantly related, Prince Charles of
+Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen faced one of the most difficult tasks ever
+allotted to an inexperienced ruler, and carried it to triumphal
+completion.</p>
+
+<p>He created an army, introduced railways, won independence for his
+realm and for himself. He evolved order out of chaos, secured military
+renown at Plevna as commander of the joint Russo-Rumanian forces in
+the Russo-Turkish war, established national finance on a sound basis,
+built up a considerable export trade, extended the frontiers of the
+principality and raised it to the rank of a kingdom, and watched with
+untiring vigilance over every aspect of national development. Not only
+as the first recognized and independent sovereign of modern Rumania,
+but as her creator, King Charles will ever hold a foremost place in
+Rumanian history.</p>
+
+<p>In this great work the late ruler derived advantage, not only from his
+eminent personal qualities, but from his foreign origin. As a German
+Prince, powerfully connected, he stood outside and above Rumanian
+party factions, and succeeded gradually in imposing his will on them
+all. Born on April 20, 1839, at Sigmaringen, near the source of the
+Danube, he was barely 27 when he accepted the call to rule an unknown
+country with which his only connection was that, like the estates of
+his family, it, too, was watered by the Danube. Of middle height, well
+built, pronounced features, and clear, gray eyes, his personality
+expressed quiet energy. His statecraft he learned by experience and
+from the excellent counsel of his father, Prince Charles Anthony of
+Hohenzollern, head of the senior and Roman Catholic branch of the
+Hohenzollerns. Only once did he falter. In March, 1871, when the
+French sympathizers of his subjects exposed him as a German Prince and
+a Hohenzollern to great unpopularity, while the bankruptcy of the
+Jewish speculator to whom his railway schemes had been intrusted threw
+discredit upon his ideas of economic development, he summoned the
+members of the Provisional Government from whom he had accepted the
+crown and announced to them his decision to abdicate. Fortunately for
+Rumania, they succeeded in dissuading him from his purpose. The
+famous Conservative statesman, Lascar Catargi, formed a Ministry which
+held office for five years and enabled the ruler to turn the most
+dangerous corner of his reign. Thenceforward the path was
+comparatively clear, though by no means easy. It led to Rumanian
+participation in the Russo-Turkish war, to the conquest of national
+independence, and eventually, on May 22, 1881, to his coronation as
+King of Rumania, with a crown made of steel from a Turkish gun
+captured by Rumanian troops at Plevna.</p>
+
+<p>Yet the Rumanian triumph was not unalloyed. Russia injudiciously and
+ungratefully insisted on depriving Rumania of the portion of Rumanian
+Bessarabia of which Russia had been deprived after the Crimean war,
+and allotted the Dobrudja, a swampy region south of the Danube, to the
+principality as compensation. The indignation in Rumania was
+indescribable and has never entirely subsided. The Senate in the
+Chamber declared the resolve of the country to defend its integrity by
+force. The Czar threatened to disarm the Rumanian Army&#8212;a threat which
+drew from Prince Charles the proud reply: &quot;The Rumanian Army, which
+fought so gallantly before Plevna under the eyes of the Czar, may be
+annihilated, but will never be disarmed.&quot; But he nevertheless
+recognized the futility of resistance to the Russian demand, and
+exerted himself to calm the national excitement. In later years the
+breach was partially if not wholly healed.</p>
+
+<p>Of the more material achievements of his reign there is little space
+to speak. The best record of his life is to be found in the present
+condition of the country&#8212;<i>si monumentum requiris circumspice</i>. His
+furtherance of the petroleum industry, of the export of grain, timber
+and other agricultural produce, the building of the great bridge over
+the Danube at Tchernavoda, and the extensive harbor at Constanza, the
+network of railways, the immense system of fortifications defending
+the capital, and the line Fokshani-Galatz&#8212;all these and much more are
+mainly his work.</p>
+
+<p>Little is yet known of the action of King Charles in the last crisis
+of his life. It is a strange coincidence that just as the
+Franco-German war of 1870-71 brought him into conflict with the
+Francophil tendencies of his subjects and led to his offer of
+abdication, so the present war should again have engendered rumors of
+his abdication on account of his alleged antagonism to the national
+desire for the acquisition of Transylvania and the Southern Bukovina,
+which are peopled by more than 3,000,000 Hungarian and Austrian
+Rumanes. The Rumanian people felt that the hour for the liberation of
+their kindred had struck. Russia is understood to have invited Rumania
+to occupy the desired territory. But King Charles, who brought and
+kept Rumania within the orbit of the Triple Alliance, was, as a
+Hohenzollern and a German Prince, averse to hostile action against the
+German Emperor and the Emperor Francis Joseph. It is, moreover, stated
+that he was bound by his word of honor never to take the field against
+a Hohenzollern cause.</p>
+
+<p>The late King Charles married, in November, 1869, Princess Elizabeth
+of Wied, the gifted &quot;Carmen Sylva,&quot; whose brilliant literary and
+artistic talents have gained her a worldwide reputation. The only
+child of the marriage, the infant Princess Marie, died in 1874&#8212;a
+bereavement that ever left a note of sadness in the lives of her
+parents.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE NEW KING.</h3>
+
+<p>King Ferdinand, who now succeeds his uncle on the throne of Rumania,
+was born in August, 1865, and, like his predecessor, is a Hohenzollern
+and a Roman Catholic.</p>
+
+<p>Among his near relatives are the King of the Belgians and his
+namesake, Tsar Ferdinand of the Bulgarians, who are both first
+cousins, and his niece, Queen Augustina Victoria, the consort of Dom
+Manoel. Through his mother, the Princess Antonia, who was born an
+Infanta of Portugal, King Ferdinand is kin with all the house of
+Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, to which his consort, the new Queen Mary,
+belongs as daughter of the late Duke of Edinburgh.</p>
+
+<p>Her Majesty is thus first cousin to King George and to the Czar, as
+also to Princess Nicholas of Greece. Her three sisters are married
+respectively to the Grand Duke Cyril of Russia, Prince Ernest, the
+eldest son of the mediatized Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, and to
+the Infante Alfonso d'Orl&#233;ans of Spain.</p>
+
+<p>Their Majesties have six children, of whom the Crown Prince Carol, who
+celebrates his 21st birthday this week, and the Princess Elizabeth,
+born in 1894, are of marriageable age. The youngest, Prince Mircea,
+who bears a historic Rumanian name closely connected with Silistria,
+was born during the Balkan war at the beginning of 1913. King
+Ferdinand's family is a remarkable example of religious
+differences&#8212;his Majesty is a Roman Catholic, the Queen is a Lutheran,
+and their children are members of the Orthodox Church of Rumania.</p>
+
+<p>The Rumanian Minister has received a copy of a proclamation published
+in The Official Gazette stating that the new King will follow in the
+footsteps of the late monarch and will accomplish the ideals of the
+Rumanian race.</p>
+
+
+<h3>IN RUMANIA&#8217;S PARLIAMENT.</h3>
+
+<h4>[From The Messaggero of Rome.]</h4>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">BUCHAREST, Dec. 17.</p>
+
+<p>The intention of the Government to avoid in Parliament any discussion
+of the political action of the Ministry was reaffirmed yesterday by
+Premier Braliano, who, in a brief declaration in the Chamber, prayed
+the parties to waive any discussion whatever upon the answer of
+Parliament to the speech from the throne, and to have confidence in
+those governing the country.</p>
+
+<p>The independent Deputies, however, have shown themselves determined to
+provoke a discussion. Among the others, Mr. Couza, a Nationalist,
+demanded permission to express his personal admiration for the valor
+of the Servians, and insisted on ample measures being taken for
+preventing the exportation of articles of which in due time there will
+be an absolute deficiency in the country.</p>
+
+<p>Constantin Mille, an independent, and proprietor of the newspaper
+Adeverul, delivered a long speech in which he declared himself
+dissatisfied with the policy of the Government, which ought to have
+taken a decisive stand at the beginning of the conflict. Instead of
+doing this, the Government has put us in the position of not knowing
+to which side we must turn, as long as our only intention is to turn
+first to this side and then to that, without having the necessary
+guarantees.</p>
+
+<p>After paying high tribute to the valor of the Servian Army and the
+heroism of Belgium, the speaker demonstrated that Rumania, since the
+beginning of the conflict, ought to enter the war on the side of the
+Triple Entente.</p>
+
+<p>He afterward protested against certain facts that the expressed
+neutrality of the country cannot tolerate; such as the passage through
+Rumanian territory of guns and ammunition from Germany for Turkey; the
+taking over by Germany of certain medical supplies originally intended
+for the Rumanian Army, and exchanging the same for grain.</p>
+
+<p>He then assailed the propaganda carried out by German emissaries
+through certain news agencies, and the corruption of certain papers of
+the Rumanian press.</p>
+
+<p>And during all this time, concluded Mr. Mille, our brethren in
+Transylvania are being exterminated by war while expecting our
+intervention. The Government must break its silence, which is becoming
+more and more suspicious, and frankly affirm its intention.</p>
+
+
+<h3>RUMANIA&#8217;S POLICY.</h3>
+
+<h4>[From The London Daily Telegraph of Dec. 29, 1914.]</h4>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">BUCHAREST, Dec. 28.</p>
+
+<p>Today, in the debate on the address in reply to the message from the
+throne, the Prime Minister repeated the declaration made in the
+Chamber asking the majority to waive discussion and the Opposition to
+leave the Government full liberty of action to fulfill its great duty.</p>
+
+<p>The Conservative Party, by the mouth of its chief, expressed its
+willingness to do this. M. Disesco, on behalf of the Conservative
+Democrats, repeated the declaration made by M. Take Jonesco, in the
+Chamber, according to which Rumania ought to abandon her neutral
+position and make an immediate alliance with the Triple Entente.</p>
+
+<p>M. Disesco added that the Rumano-Austro-German alliance ceased to
+exist from the day when the Crown Council was held at Sin&#228;ia; that
+council settled the matter of Rumania's neutrality. The speaker laid
+stress on the ingratitude of Austria toward Rumania in 1913, and
+alluded to the statements made recently by M. Take Jonesco concerning
+the threat of Austria against Rumania in 1913 should that country
+attack Bulgaria.</p>
+
+<p>He concluded by observing that the two sections of the Opposition,
+Conservative and Conservative-Democrat, had declared for abandonment
+of neutrality and an alliance with the Triple Entente, and expressed
+the hope that presently this policy will be adopted officially. The
+address was afterward agreed to unanimously.</p>
+
+<p>A large number of Senators telegraphed to the President of the
+Italo-Rumanian League at Rome expressing their happiness at witnessing
+the realization of the league's initiative, and requesting the
+President to consider them members of the Rumanian section of the
+league, which, being convinced of the profound significance and great
+usefulness of closer relations between the two countries, they joined
+with enthusiasm.</p>
+
+
+<h3>&#8220;LEAGUE OF UNITY.&#8221;</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">BUCHAREST, Dec. 27.</p>
+
+<p>At a special session today the League for the National Unity of All
+Rumanians acclaimed with grand enthusiasm the new committee, which has
+as President the Rev. Father Lucaci, the great propagandist of and
+martyr for the Rumanian cause in Transylvania and a member of the
+Rumanian National Committee of Hungary. There were also elected MM.
+Take Jonesco, Nicolas Filipescu, and Delavrance Gradischteano, all
+former Ministers. The committee is charged with the hastening of
+action by Rumania for the conquest of the Rumanian provinces of
+Austria-Hungary.</p>
+
+
+<h3>RUMANIAN STATISTICS.</h3>
+
+<h4>[From Le Messager d&#8217;Athenes, Nov. 28, 1914.]</h4>
+
+<p>According to statistics published in a Rumanian paper, when the
+foreign press speaks of Rumanian aspirations it sums up the whole
+question in the word Transylvania.</p>
+
+<p>It is not unnecessary perhaps to remark that this word has in this
+case a significance rather political and ethnological than purely
+geographical. This word comprises all the Austro-Hungarian territories
+occupied by Rumanians, with the understanding that Transylvania is the
+most important as regards area and Rumanian popularity.</p>
+
+<p>Actually the Rumanian claims on the Austro-Hungarian territories are
+the following:</p>
+
+<p>Transylvania&#8212;57,250 square kilometers, 2,850,000 inhabitants, of whom
+1,750,000 are Rumanians.</p>
+
+<p>Banat&#8212;28,510 square kilometers area, and 1,730,000 inhabitants, of
+whom 700,000 are Rumanians.</p>
+
+<p>Chrishana&#8212;Area, 41,338 square kilometers, and 2,920,000 inhabitants,
+of whom 1,100,000 are Rumanians.</p>
+
+<p>Mamoaresh&#8212;Area, 9,720 square kilometers, and 360,000 inhabitants, of
+whom 120,000 are Rumanians.</p>
+
+<p>Bukowina&#8212;Area, 10,471 square kilometers, and 900,000 inhabitants, of
+whom 300,000 are Rumanians.</p>
+
+<p>Total area, 147,280 square kilometers, and 8,760,000 inhabitants, of
+whom 3,970,000 are Rumanians.</p>
+
+<p>In consequence, of 8,760,000 inhabitants of trans-Carpathian Rumania,
+nearly 4,000,000 are Rumanians, 2,200,000 Hungarians, 1,000,000
+Serbo-Croatians, 730,000 Germans, and so on.</p>
+
+
+<h3>RUMANIA&#8217;S CLAIMS.</h3>
+
+<h4>[From The London Times, Nov. 25, 1914.]</h4>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">SOFIA, Nov. 23.</p>
+
+<p>The efforts made by Germany and Austria-Hungary to win over Rumania,
+or at least to induce her to refrain from prosecuting her claims to
+Transylvania, are being pursued with indefatigable energy and
+perseverance. The same methods are being employed in Bucharest as
+here, but on an even larger scale. The issues involved seem to be more
+fully realized by the Central European powers than by their opponents,
+and no pains are being spared to draw Rumania and Bulgaria within the
+orbit of their influence.</p>
+
+<p>The campaign in Bucharest was at first attended by a certain measure
+of success, owing to the attitude of M. Bratiano, the Premier; of M.
+Carp, a former Prime Minister, and of M. Marghiloman, the present
+leader of the Conservative Opposition. But many influential Liberals
+have already associated themselves with the programme of the action
+advocated by M. Take Jonesco, the chief of the Conservative-Democratic
+Party, and of M. Filipescu, a former Conservative Minister, whose
+advocacy of a forward policy threatens to cause a split in the
+Conservative camp. The great bulk of the political world desires to
+profit by the European crisis to secure Transylvania, the only
+difference of opinion being with regard to the advisability of
+immediate action. The consultative committee of the Conservative Party
+has passed a resolution demanding the abandonment of neutrality.</p>
+
+<p>The concessions offered by Count Tisza, the Hungarian Premier, in the
+hope of averting the coming storm, make no impression on the Rumanians
+either within or without the monarchy. He promises to allow the
+teaching of Rumanian in the schools, the use of the language in the
+public services, and increased Rumanian representation in the
+Hungarian Parliament. But the time for concessions has gone by. The
+Austrian advance into Servia threatens to cut off Rumania from
+Southern and Western Europe and to prevent the arrival from the
+United States of the large supplies of stores and medicaments ordered
+there.</p>
+
+<p>It is evident that neither Rumania nor Bulgaria can long maintain
+their present attitudes. It remains for the powers of the Entente to
+devise a means for securing the co-operation of both States.</p>
+
+<p>Servia recently inquired in Bucharest whether Rumania would oppose
+territorial concessions to a neighboring State, evidently indicating
+Bulgaria. Rumania replied that she would be happy to see all the
+quarrels of her neighbors arranged. The Government at Nish,
+appreciating the necessities of the situation, is now disposed toward
+a policy of concession. Servia's only hope of maintaining an
+independent existence lies in the success of the Entente powers. She
+is, therefore, bound to consent to any course they may deem necessary
+at the present juncture.</p>
+
+
+<h3>UTTERANCES OF STATESMEN.</h3>
+
+<p><i>The New York Daily Greek Atlantis, in its issue of Nov. 21, 1914,
+reports as follows the statement of three Rumanian leaders to a Greek
+paper in Constantinople. The Rumanian Foreign Minister, Mr. Purumbaru,
+said:</i></p>
+
+<p>Rumania is inspired by a sincere desire not to displease either of the
+two European Georges. Having adopted a policy of neutrality, she will
+maintain it to the end. Russia has expressed her satisfaction with the
+present attitude of Rumania, while Austria, since the beginning of the
+war, has avoided taking any oppressive measures against the Rumanians
+of Transylvania. As regards Italy, the Rumanian people harbor the
+friendliest intentions toward her. The Italo-Rumanian relations are
+most cordial. In Rumania the policy of Italy is followed with much
+attention. The relations of Rumania toward the other Balkan States,
+and especially toward Servia and Greece, are good. It is true that the
+Bulgarian intentions are not very clear. It appears, however, that the
+desire for peace is strong in Sofia, where it is felt that the
+interest of Bulgaria lies in adapting rather the country to the
+present situation than in throwing it into a struggle whose results
+would be unknown beforehand.</p>
+
+<p>As for Servia, Rumania has not intervened on her behalf in this war,
+as it had not its origin in the Treaty of Bucharest.</p>
+
+<p>In accordance with the common understanding of all the Balkan States,
+Rumania is always in favor of a union of them all, but opposes any
+combination between two or more Balkan States to the detriment of
+another.</p>
+
+<p><i>M. Jonesco, leader of the Opposition, spoke on the Balkan situation
+as follows:</i></p>
+
+<p>I always believed and still believe that the Balkan States cannot
+secure their future otherwise than by a close understanding among
+themselves, whether this understanding shall or shall not take the
+form of a federation. No one of the Balkan States is strong enough to
+resist the pressure from one or another of the European powers.</p>
+
+<p>For this reason I am deeply grieved to see in the Balkan coalition of
+1912 Rumania not invited. If Rumania had taken part in the first one,
+we should not have had the second. I did all that was in my power and
+succeeded in preventing the war between Rumania and the Balkan League
+in the Winter of 1912-1913.</p>
+
+<p>I risked my popularity, and I do not feel sorry for it. I employed all
+my efforts to prevent the second Balkan war, which, as is well known,
+was profitable to us. I repeatedly told the Bulgarians that they ought
+not to enter it because in that case we would enter it too. But I was
+not successful in my efforts.</p>
+
+<p>During the second Balkan war I did all in my power to end it as
+quickly as possible. At the conference of Bucharest I made efforts, as
+Mr. Pashich and Mr. Venizelos know very well, to secure for beaten
+Bulgaria the best terms. My object was to obtain a new coalition of
+all the Balkan States, including Rumania. Had I succeeded in this the
+situation would be much better. No reasonable man will deny that the
+Balkan States are neutralizing each other at the present time, which
+in itself makes the whole situation all the more miserable.</p>
+
+<p>In October, 1913, when I succeeded in facilitating the conclusion of
+peace between Greece and Turkey, I was pursuing the same object of the
+Balkan coalition. On my return from Athens I endeavored, though
+without success, to put the Greco-Turkish relations on a basis of
+friendship, being convinced that the well understood interest of both
+countries lies not only in friendly relations, but even in an alliance
+between them.</p>
+
+<p>The dissensions that exist between the Balkan States can be settled in
+a friendly way without war. The best moment for this would be after
+the general war, when the map of Europe will be remade. The Balkan
+country which would start war against another Balkan country would
+commit, not only a crime against her own future, but an act of folly
+as well.</p>
+
+<p>The destiny and the future of the Balkan States, and of all the small
+European peoples as well, will not be regulated by fratricidal wars,
+but, with this great European struggle, the real object of which is to
+settle the question whether Europe shall enter an era of justice, and
+therefore happiness for the small peoples, or whether we will face a
+period of oppression more or less gilt edged. And as I always believed
+that wisdom and truth will triumph in the end, I want to believe, too,
+that, in spite of the pessimistic news reaching me from the different
+sides of the Balkan countries, there will be no war among them in
+order to justify those who do not believe in the vitality of the small
+peoples.</p>
+
+
+<h3>RUMANIANS IN HUNGARY.</h3>
+
+<p><i>N. Filipescu, ex-Minister of War, said:</i></p>
+
+<p>The position of the Rumanians in Hungary is not so bad after all.
+Since the beginning of the general war the Rumanians of Hungary gave
+proofs of their faith and devotion to Hungary.</p>
+
+<p>We hoped to see this country appreciating the fact. Our belief is
+strengthened every day. I am convinced that if from this war Hungary
+should emerge victorious she would show less good-will toward the
+Rumanians of Transylvania. It is the first time that I have expressed
+in this way my opinion as a seeming threat. I hoped that the
+Hungarians would in the end take to the right path. But I see that we
+have nothing to hope from that side, and I only regret our former
+amicable relations with Germany.</p>
+
+<p>Two Balkan States&#8212;Servia and Greece&#8212;are nearer to us on account of
+the recent past. But in saying this I do not mean that our relations
+in the future will be less friendly. With the other States, and
+especially Bulgaria, our relations might become better. This is our
+sincerest desire. As for Turkey, we never ceased to be on good terms
+with her, and I hope the same will hold good in the future.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h1><a name="Exit_Albania" id="Exit_Albania"></a>Exit Albania?</h1>
+
+<h2>Departure of Prince William of Wied&#8212;After the<br />
+Revolution of July,
+1914.</h2>
+
+<h4>[From Il Corriere della Sera of Milan, Italy, of Sept. 3, 1914.]</h4>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right">DURAZZO, Sept. 3.</p>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">A</span>N hour ago the Italian yacht Misurata, flying the Albanian ensign on
+the foremast and the Italian colors aft, weighed anchor and proceeded
+to Venice. Aboard the Misurata were Prince William of Wied, Princess
+Sophie, Tourkhan Pasha, (the Albanian Premier,) Akis Pasha, and other
+members of the Court.</p>
+
+<p>Princess Sophie, coming aboard the launch which took them to the
+Misurata, was weeping. Prince William looked calm. The Italian marines
+and the Rumanian volunteers cheered, and the cruiser Libia saluted the
+Prince with the regular number of salvos. The square near the seashore
+was by that time full of refugees.</p>
+
+<p>Prince William bade Durazzo good-bye, but every one is convinced that
+he will never come back.</p>
+
+<p>Last Monday (Aug. 31) the Ministers of the powers met in the Italian
+Legation to consider the taking of certain measures, in case of
+trouble, which was already brewing on account of the non-payment of
+the apportionments to the men of the garrison.</p>
+
+<p>On the morning of the next day the Minister of Rumania brought to the
+palace a letter from the insurgents addressed to the representatives
+of the powers and announcing that the patience of the insurgents was
+exhausted, and that they were resolved to enter Durazzo by any means.
+An identical letter was addressed to the inhabitants of the city.</p>
+
+<p>It was then that the Prince decided to abandon Durazzo.</p>
+
+<p>The Ministers, having received the message of the insurgents and
+having been notified of the intention of the Prince to leave the
+place, met again in the palace in order to find a way of settlement of
+the vexing financial problem. At the same time the International
+Commission of Control decided to call on the insurgent camp at Shiak,
+(outside of Durazzo,) give them the news of the imminent departure of
+the Prince, and invite them to the city.</p>
+
+<p>The insurgents replied assuring the commission of their good
+intentions toward the city and the foreigners. They added that they
+had not taken any decision regarding the new form of government,
+because some of their chiefs were at that time in Avlona, and they
+promised to make their decision known after the departure of the
+Prince from Durazzo. On the other hand, they left it to be understood
+that there was already established in Albania a mutual national
+confidence between all the Musselman Albanians.</p>
+
+<p>On its return to Durazzo the International Commission of Control found
+itself face to face with another surprise. The gendarmerie had
+mutinied. The men belonging to this corps were opposing the departure
+of the Prince before he had paid their wages, and threatened to make
+use of their weapons.</p>
+
+<p>The commission sent the French delegate to the gendarmerie barracks,
+and it was with great trouble that the men were dissuaded from their
+original designs. Yesterday the Prince distributed decorations freely.
+Today at 7 A.M. he left the palace, and, saluted by the Diplomatic
+Corps, he repaired to the waterfront.</p>
+
+<p>After the Prince and Princess embarked, the adjoining square was
+filled with great crowds of people. Malissor and Kotsovessi tribesmen
+and all those who were yet in Durazzo as protectors of the Prince went
+to the waterfront in order to embark on an Italian mail steamer bound
+for San Giovanni di Medua.</p>
+
+<p>These people looked desperate and gave the impression of being in the
+last degree of poverty. Each one had from two to three pistols, and no
+one was unarmed. There might have been nearly 2,000 men there, all
+eager to leave, but this proved impossible, as their chiefs, Issa
+Boletinotz and Ba&#239;ram Zouri, had not provided them with the necessary
+tickets.</p>
+
+<p>At last, with the help of the Almighty, order was re-established, and,
+after two hours of trouble impossible to describe, these 2,000
+refugees embarked on the steamer Citta di Bori.</p>
+
+<p>The Italian marines re-embarked on the cruiser Libia, and the
+International Commission took charge of the Government.</p>
+
+
+<h3>LAST PROCLAMATION OF PRINCE OF WIED.</h3>
+
+<p><i>Before leaving Durazzo, the Prince of Wied addressed the following
+proclamation to the Albanian people:</i></p>
+
+<p>Albanians, when your delegates came to offer me the crown of Albania,
+I answered with confidence to the appeal of this noble and chivalrous
+people who were asking me to aid them in the work of their national
+regeneration. I came to you animated by the most ardent desire to help
+you in this patriotic task.</p>
+
+<p>You have seen me, from the beginning, devoting all my efforts for the
+reorganization of the country, and desirous of giving you a good
+administration and justice for all. But ill-omened events occurred to
+destroy our common labors. In fact, certain souls, blinded by passion,
+have misunderstood the scope of our reforms and have not given credit
+to a Government just born. On the other hand, the war which broke out
+in Europe has all the more complicated our position.</p>
+
+<p>I therefore thought that, in order not to leave unfinished the work to
+which I wish to consecrate my forces and my life, I must just for a
+little while go to the Occident.</p>
+
+<p>But know that, from afar as from near, I will have but one thought&#8212;to
+work for the prosperity of our noble and chivalrous Albanian
+fatherland. During my absence the International Commission of Control,
+deriving its powers from Europe, which created our country, will
+assume the Government.</p>
+
+
+<h3>ESSAD PASHA PRESIDENT.</h3>
+
+<h4>[From Le Temps, Paris.]</h4>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">DURAZZO, Oct. 4.</p>
+
+<p>Essad Pasha was today named President of the temporary Government. The
+time limit for taking possession of the Government expired at 2 P.M. A
+short time before this hour Essad Pasha occupied the strategic points
+of the city with his forces of 10,000 Ottomans.</p>
+
+<p>The members of the Albanian Senate elected him President, and
+expressed to him their congratulations for the confidence the nation
+has in him.</p>
+
+
+<h3>ALBANIA UNDER MANY RULERS.</h3>
+
+<h4>[From The Times of London, Oct. 30.]</h4>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">BUCHAREST, Oct. 27.</p>
+
+<p>There are now six Italian warships at Avlona, where a sanitary station
+will be established for the relief of Albanian refugees driven from
+Epirus by the Greek &quot;sacred bands.&quot; The duty of maintaining the
+decisions of the conference in London will apparently be intrusted to
+Italy as the only neutral power among the signatories to the Albanian
+settlement. The consent of Austria to this arrangement would seem to
+have been secured.</p>
+
+<p>At present Albania is under six different r&#233;gimes. Scutari and its
+neighborhood is governed by a local commission composed of Moslems and
+Christians. Avlona is also administered by a commission. The Mirdites
+form a separate State under Prenk Bib Doda. The Malissors remain
+isolated under their patriarchal institutions. The southern districts
+have been appropriated by the Greek invaders. Durazzo and the central
+regions obey Essad Pasha, who enjoys the title of Prime Minister and
+is recognized by the International Commission. That shadowy body, now
+reduced to four members, personates the ghost of the European concert.
+Except in the south the country is remarkably tranquil under its
+indigenous institutions.</p>
+
+<p>After he had left Albania Prince William of Wied received a telegram
+from the King of Italy assuring him of support in the future. His
+subsequent inclusion, however, in the German General Staff is regarded
+as seriously compromising to his prospects as sovereign of Albania.</p>
+
+
+<h3>ITALY&#8217;S SANITARY MISSION.</h3>
+
+<h4>[From The London Morning Post, Oct. 28, 1914.]</h4>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">ROME, Oct. 27.</p>
+
+<p>The dispatch of the battleship Dandolo, the Climene and other Italian
+warships to Valona is due to the Government's knowledge of a scheme
+for starting an agitation tending to infringe the decision of the
+London Conference, which declared Albania neutral. Ismail Kemal Bey,
+whom I have just seen, expressed his satisfaction at Italy's action at
+Valona on both political and humanitarian grounds. He did not think
+that the step would lead to complications, and described the condition
+of the people at Valona as very miserable.</p>
+
+<p>The Tribuna, commenting on the Government announcement, declares that
+Italy's aim is for the present solely humanitarian, since the
+miserable conditions of Valona necessitate sanitary aid. A few
+companies of marines will land from the Dandolo to protect the
+Sanitary Mission. With regard to coast surveillance, the British and
+French Governments have warned Italy of a suspicious Moslem movement
+in the harbor of Smyrna, whence a thousand rabid young Turks have
+started or are starting on two steamers hired by the committee for
+Albania, with the intention of hoisting the Turkish flag and
+reannexing Albania to Turkey. Italy, in perfect accord with all the
+signatories of the London Conference, proposes to thwart the attempt.</p>
+
+<p>The Giornale d'Italia considers that what has been done at Valona is
+sufficient affirmation of Italian interests. Italy never meditated
+expeditions into the interior or a protectorate over Albania. The
+Government's intention is to show that whoever touches Valona touches
+Italian interests, which are that no power shall establish a naval
+base there.</p>
+
+
+<h3>SASENO OCCUPIED.</h3>
+
+<h4>[From The London Times, Oct. 30, 1914.]</h4>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">ROME, Oct. 30.</p>
+
+<p>The Italian occupation of the rocky and desolate islet of Saseno
+which, from a strategic point of view, completely dominates the sea
+approaches to Avlona, is a logical consequence of the occupation of
+that town for the purpose of establishing a hospital and maintaining
+order. The islet itself was for some months in 1913 and 1914 a bone
+of contention between the Italians, who insisted on obtaining it for
+the Principality of Albania, and the Greeks, who were equally anxious
+to retain it in their own possession. With Saseno under the control of
+a foreign power, the possessor of Avlona could never make the town
+into a place of arms.</p>
+
+<p>Saseno, as one of the Ionian Islands, became a British protectorate in
+virtue of the Treaty of Paris of Nov. 5, 1815, but was given to Greece
+by the Treaty of London of March 29, 1864. The Ambassadors' Conference
+decided in the Autumn of last year that it was illogical to allow the
+chief harbor of Albania to be dominated by the territory of a foreign
+power, and by the Protocol of Florence, Dec. 19, 1913, it was
+definitely included in Albania. This decision was ratified by
+legislative enactment in Greece, to which effect was given by King
+Constantine's proclamation of June 13, 1914, shortly after which the
+Hellenic garrison was withdrawn. During the Greek r&#233;gime, the island,
+being neutralized by the Treaty of 1864, was quite unimportant, and at
+one time the Turks by arrangement with the Hellenic Government,
+maintained a lighthouse there.</p>
+
+
+<h3>GREEK TROOPS IN EPIRUS.</h3>
+
+<h4>[From The Morning Post, London, Oct. 28, 1914.]</h4>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">ATHENS, Oct. 26.</p>
+
+<p>In view of the continuous Albanian attacks and the growing insecurity
+in Northern Epirus the Greek Government today ordered Greek troops to
+occupy the districts of Argyrocastro and Premeti. The official
+communiqu&#233; just issued declares this to be an entirely provisional
+measure to restore order and security in a country already exhausted
+by prolonged sanguinary conflicts, and Greece proposes to continue to
+adhere to the international arrangements regarding Epirus. It goes
+without saying that this reoccupation coincides entirely with public
+opinion, which has long been exercised over the sufferings of the
+Epirotes.</p>
+
+
+<h3>ASSENT OF THE POWERS.</h3>
+
+<h4>[From The London Morning Post, Oct. 30, 1914.]</h4>
+
+<p>Following are the replies of the great powers (states Reuter's Agency)
+to the Greek note announcing the intention of Greece to reoccupy
+Epirus:</p>
+
+<p>France declared that she saw no objection to the course proposed by M.
+Venizelos's note.</p>
+
+<p>Russia intimated that she would gladly accept whatever decision in the
+matter was reached by Great Britain and France.</p>
+
+<p>The British Government accepted M. Venizelos's note.</p>
+
+<p>Germany and Austria-Hungary replied that they accepted the declaration
+of the Greek Government that the occupation would not be contrary to
+the decisions of the London Conference.</p>
+
+<p>Italy declared that she, for the same purpose as set forth in the
+Greek note, namely, the maintenance of order and security, was taking
+similar steps at Valona, and that she had adopted this course while
+fully respecting the decisions of the powers. She raised no objection
+to M. Venizelos's proposal.</p>
+
+
+<h3>ITALIAN OCCUPATION OF AVLONA.</h3>
+
+<h4>[From the Messaggero of Rome, Dec. 28, 1914.]</h4>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">AVLONA, Dec. 26.</p>
+
+<p><i>The following proclamation addressed to the population was posted
+here:</i></p>
+
+<p>The grave disorders that become apparent from time to time in this
+country have paralyzed commerce, work, and initiative, and are
+endangering the life and property of the inhabitants.</p>
+
+<p>The Italian Government, a watchful guardian of Albanian fortunes,
+desires that your tranquillity, so cruelly tried, shall be assured.
+Invoked by your wishes the marines of Italy are disembarking from the
+ships to establish order and defend you.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">(Signed) ADMIRAL PATRIS.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE LAST WORD.</h3>
+
+<h4>[From the Messaggero of Rome, Jan. 6, 1915.]</h4>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">DURAZZO, Jan. 4.</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday the rebels by a letter signed &quot;The Mussulman Committee&quot;
+demanded that the Ministers of Servia and France be consigned to them.</p>
+
+<p>At 6:30 o'clock the attack against the city began.</p>
+
+<p>Essad Pasha visited the trenches, notified the Italian Legation that
+there was great danger, and demanded all possible assistance.</p>
+
+<p>At 2:30 a few cannon shots from the Misurata and the Sardegna made
+themselves heard, defending the city, silencing in this way the rebel
+musket fire.</p>
+
+<p>The Italian colony and the legations of Italy, France, and Servia are
+embarked on the ships Sardegna and Misurata.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="TO_BELGIUM" id="TO_BELGIUM"></a>TO BELGIUM</h2>
+
+<h3>By EDEN PHILLPOTTS.</h3>
+
+<h4>[From King Albert&#8217;s Book.]</h4>
+
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<b><span class="smcap">Champion</span></b> of human honor, let us lave<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Your feet and bind your wounds on bended knee,</span><br />
+Though coward hands have nailed you to the tree<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And shed your innocent blood and dug your grave,</span><br />
+Rejoice and live! Your oriflamme shall wave<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">While man has power to perish and be free&#8212;</span><br />
+A golden flame of holiest liberty,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Proud as the dawn and as the sunset brave.</span><br />
+<br />
+Belgium, where dwelleth reverence for right<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Enthroned above all ideals; where your fate</span><br />
+And your supernal patience and your might<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Most sacred grow in human estimate,</span><br />
+You shine a star above this stormy night,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Little no more, but infinitely great.</span><br />
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/map1.png" width="500" height="312" alt="Balkan States" title="Balkan States" /></p>
+
+
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>The Balkan States, After the Second Balkan War.</b></p>
+
+
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><a href="images/map1lg.png">[Enlarge]</a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h1><a name="The_War_in_the_Balkans" id="The_War_in_the_Balkans"></a>The War in the Balkans</h1>
+
+<h2>General Aspect of the Near East on Aug. 1, 1914.</h2>
+
+<h3>By Adamantios Th. Polyzoides, Editor The Atlantis.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">T</span>HE opening of the great European war found the Balkan Peninsula in
+the political shape given to it by the Treaty of Bucharest, Aug. 10,
+(old style, July 28,) 1913.</p>
+
+<p>This treaty was signed in the Rumanian capital immediately after the
+second Balkan war by Greece, Rumania, Bulgaria, Servia, and
+Montenegro, and, considered in its essential points, was the handiwork
+of European diplomacy, at whose instance Rumania had entered the war,
+with the avowed purpose to re-establish the destroyed Balkan
+equilibrium. Europe had two reasons for interfering in what was then
+considered as the final settlement of the Balkan question. In the
+first place, she wanted to reaffirm her authority and predominance
+over the Balkan States, and, in the second, she considered it as an
+indispensable part of her Near Eastern policy never to allow much
+freedom of movement on the part of these same States, which in two
+successive wars had proved their ability to safeguard and promote
+their vital interests in spite of all European opposition. To explain
+this course of European diplomacy one must bear in mind that the
+Balkan States, since their constitution as such, have always been
+considered as prot&#233;g&#233;s of Europe, or, to put it more plainly, as not
+being of age, and therefore deprived of the right and privilege to
+deal directly with their ancient master, Turkey, in all serious
+matters in which their most vital interests were involved.</p>
+
+<p>In the Treaty of Berlin after the Russo-Turkish war of 1877 a
+congress, in which all of the Great European powers participated, most
+emphatically affirmed that Turkey was responsible to Europe for any
+complaints that the Balkan States might have against the Ottoman
+Government regarding the treatment of their connationals, still left
+under the Sultan. At the same time the Balkan States received due
+warning regarding their dealings with Turkey, and were made to take a
+pledge that whenever they had troubles with the Porte the powers and
+not themselves were to be the arbiters. All the world knows how
+Turkey, by constant wire-pulling, secured immunity from Europe for not
+fulfilling the obligations incumbent on her by the Treaty of Berlin,
+and how one of the Balkan States, namely, Greece, was left alone and
+unprotected, to be chastised by Turkey in 1897 for not leaving to the
+powers the settlement of the Cretan question which had brought about
+the war.</p>
+
+<p>The European powers, having done practically nothing during
+thirty-five years for the betterment of the conditions under which the
+non-Moslem populations had to live in Turkey, were overwhelmed to hear
+in the Autumn of 1912 the news of a series of alliances concluded at
+Sofia on June 12 between Bulgaria and Servia, and between Bulgaria and
+Greece, for the purpose of settling once for all the perennial Balkan
+question. European diplomacy was slow, as usual, in grasping the
+meaning of the new alliance, and when, on Oct. 5, 1912, Montenegro
+suddenly declared war on Turkey, with Servia, Bulgaria, and Greece
+following suit on the 18th, there was consternation in London, Paris,
+Berlin, Vienna, Rome, and, to a certain degree, in Petrograd.</p>
+
+<p>An idea of the unpreparedness of European diplomacy in the face of the
+sudden Balkan war can be had by simply glancing at the records of the
+British House of Commons of the first weeks after the war was
+declared.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Edward Grey, then and now Foreign Secretary of State for Great
+Britain, making the first announcement of the rupture between Turkey
+and the Balkan States, said&#8212;exposing the views not only of his
+Government but of the European concert as well&#8212;that Europe, being
+taken unawares, would not permit any alteration of the Balkan
+frontiers as the result of the war. After the first victories of the
+Balkan allies we see Great Britain changing her policy. &quot;The Balkan
+victors shall not be deprived of the fruits of their victories,&quot;
+Premier Asquith was declaring in Parliament less than a fortnight
+after Sir Edward spoke. In both these instances the British statesmen
+were voicing the policy of the European concert taken as a whole. In
+the first place, the Foreign Secretary was led into believing that
+Turkey might prove victorious against the Balkan coalition, and the
+warning about the immutability of the Balkan frontiers was only for
+Turkey, in case her victorious armies were to cross the boundaries
+into Bulgaria, Servia, Montenegro, and Greece.</p>
+
+<p>When events marked the utter collapse of the Turkish campaign, Premier
+Asquith came out with the declaration that Europe had agreed on a
+policy safeguarding the interests of the victorious Balkan allies.
+This policy was maintained as long as the Balkan victories were
+confined in their first progress toward Ottoman territory, at the same
+time leaving the great European interests unharmed. But when Servian
+troops arrived at Durazzo, and Montenegro entered Scutari while Greece
+kept pushing on to Avlona and Bulgaria stood before Tchataldja, the
+European concert was no longer unanimous in safeguarding the interests
+of the victors.</p>
+
+<p>Austria, seeing her secular dream of a descent on Saloniki definitely
+destroyed, and feeling at the same time the imperative need of making
+impossible a Servian occupation of the Adriatic littoral, raised her
+voice in favor of the creation of an autonomous Albania at the expense
+of Servia, Montenegro, and Greece.</p>
+
+<p>Italy, and then Germany, joined their ally in support of Albania.
+Russia, at the same time not wishing to give any greater impetus to
+the Bulgarian campaign, dexterously manipulated Rumania, which raised
+at that time her first claims on Dobrudja. France, who for the last
+twenty-five years has subjected her Near Eastern policy to the
+exigencies of the Petrograd statesmen, agreed to the Albanian
+proposals of the four powers, and finally Great Britain, fearing
+complications, declared abruptly through Sir Edward Grey that the
+Balkan war was one of conquest, and for that reason subject to
+European intervention. In this way European diplomacy stepped into the
+Balkan conflict and took charge of the final settlement of the first
+war.</p>
+
+<p>The resolution to interfere in the war once taken, the European powers
+lost no time in finding a way to end the conflict, and with this
+object in mind they forced on the belligerents two successive
+armistices, culminating in the two peace conferences of London. These
+armistices served two purposes from the diplomatic point of view;
+first, they exhausted financially the little Balkan countries; and,
+secondly, they prepared public opinion for the acceptance of any peace
+terms. The second conference in London succeeded in forcing a peace
+treaty on the Balkan States. With the exception of Bulgaria, who hoped
+to retain most of the Turkish territory won by the Balkan coalition,
+every one was dissatisfied with the way the London conference ended.</p>
+
+<p>Turkey, on one hand, was losing more territory than at first imagined,
+as the result of her defeat, and the loss of Adrianople was especially
+hard for every Turk.</p>
+
+<p>Greece was obliged to sign a peace treaty giving her vague and
+indefinite boundaries and leaving out the question of the Aegean
+Islands and Epirus, to be settled at a later date by another
+conference of the Ambassadors of the six great powers in London.</p>
+
+<p>Servia also had to wait for the realization of her fondest hope, which
+was to obtain a free commercial access to the Adriatic by way of
+Durazzo or San Giovanni di Medua. That question also was to be decided
+by the Ambassadorial conference. Montenegro was to lose Scutari, for
+which she had shed her heart's blood, without getting at the same time
+any adequate compensation. Such was the Peace of London, from the
+strictly Balkan point of view, and its conclusion in May, 1913, was
+the signal for the disruption of the Balkan League and the forerunner
+of the second war. One month later Bulgaria, having fallen under
+Austrian influences, quarreled with Servia and Greece over the
+division of certain Macedonian territories, and on June 16 (29, new
+style) all of a sudden attacked her erstwhile allies, thereby bringing
+about the second Balkan conflict, with Greece, Servia, and Montenegro
+united against her. The outcome of this war, the entry of Rumania and
+Turkey into the field against Bulgaria, the tearing up of the London
+Treaty, and the settlement of Bucharest are too well known to need an
+extensive mention here.</p>
+
+<p>The Treaty of London once torn to pieces by the second Balkan war, it
+remained for the great powers to find a new way of forcing their terms
+on the recalcitrant Balkan States, and this they succeeded in doing by
+adroitly using Rumania as the representative of European diplomacy.
+Thus the Rumanian Army, without any provocation from Bulgaria, took
+the field against her neighbor, and acted as a mediator and arbiter of
+the second Balkan conflict.</p>
+
+<p>The Greek, Servian, Montenegrin, and Bulgarian delegates who went to
+Bucharest at the close of the war knew beforehand that behind the
+actions of the Rumanian Government stood united the whole of European
+diplomacy, again striving to put down once for all these insolent
+little States who thought themselves emancipated from European
+guardianship. These delegates knew quite well that there was no
+escape, but they went, trying and hoping for the best. The Rumanian
+&quot;Green Papers,&quot; published a short time after the Treaty of Bucharest
+and covering a period between Sept. 20, 1912, and Aug. 1, 1913, give a
+vivid and true story of the whole proceedings, showing once more what
+a powerful instrument diplomacy is in the hands of the strong for
+cheating the weak.</p>
+
+<p>On Aug. 1, 1914, we see the Balkan Peninsula presenting the following
+aspect:</p>
+
+<p>From the erstwhile European Turkey, of six vilayets, or departments,
+namely, those of Adrianople, Saloniki, Monastir, Uskub, Jannina, and
+Scutari, only one, and that mutilated, remains, the Vilayet of
+Adrianople. Greece, Bulgaria, Servia, Montenegro, and Albania
+appropriated the rest. Gone is Crete, and gone are the twenty-six
+Aegean Islands, twelve of them permanently united to their Hellenic
+motherland, while Italy temporarily occupies fourteen as a result of
+the Tripolitan war of 1911. Thus Turkey, from an area of 168,500
+square kilometers, and 5,000,000 to 6,000,000 inhabitants, forming her
+European dominions, was reduced to about 30,000 square kilometers and
+nearly 3,000,000 inhabitants, including the population of
+Constantinople, amounting, according to the only available foreign
+statistics, to 1,203,000 inhabitants. Of course Turkey has in Asia an
+area of more than 2,000,000 square kilometers, with a population
+approximating 20,000,000, but that, properly speaking, does not enter
+into Balkan considerations.</p>
+
+<p>Greece, after her two victorious wars, approximates 120,000 square
+kilometers in territory, with more than 5,000,000 population.</p>
+
+<p>Rumania has 139,690 square kilometers of area and 7,601,660 of
+population.</p>
+
+<p>Servia has an area of 87,300 square kilometers and a population of
+4,256,000.</p>
+
+<p>Bulgaria's area is 114,000 square kilometers, with 4,766,900 of
+population.</p>
+
+<p>Montenegro has an area of 14,180 square kilometers and half a million
+in population, and, lastly, Albania, the newborn State, with its
+scant hope of future political life, has an area of about 17,600
+square kilometers, with an approximate population of 800,000
+inhabitants.</p>
+
+<p>Were the Balkan States satisfied with the above arrangement when the
+great European war broke? To this question we have the following
+answer from those concerned:</p>
+
+<p>Turkey never forgave the European powers the treatment accorded to her
+in the London peace conference, and proved her dissatisfaction by
+entering Thrace and occupying Adrianople immediately she saw Bulgaria
+engaged in the second war. But Turkey desired also the Aegean islands
+occupied by Greece, and these, all but two at the entrance to the
+Dardanelles, the powers allotted to Greece, not securing thereby an
+increase of Turkish sympathies.</p>
+
+<p>Greece was disappointed in two instances by the European powers;
+first, because they did not make their decision regarding the islands
+binding upon Turkey, thus creating a series of unending controversies
+between the Porte and the Government of Athens, one result of which
+was the wholesale expulsions and persecutions of the Greek element in
+Turkey, and especially in the Vilayets of Adrianople and Smyrna. The
+question of settling in a friendly way the Greco-Turkish differences
+was to be discussed between the Grand Vizier, Prince Said Halim, and
+the Premier of Greece, E.K. Venizelos, in a meeting of the two
+statesmen in Brussels, when the great European war broke.</p>
+
+<p>Bulgaria, who for a moment saw her most cherished dream of Balkan
+hegemony realized and had all her fondest hopes shattered by the
+second war and the Treaty of Bucharest, cannot help regarding her
+neighbors as the robbers of what she considers her national patrimony,
+and at the same time she does not forget that in all their proceedings
+against her, Greek, Servian, Rumanian, and Montenegrin acted with the
+tacit approval of the great powers.</p>
+
+<p>Servia for years had struggled to get an outlet on the Adriatic, and
+when, after a glorious war, she attained her goal, she found Austria
+opposing her, and behind Austria the whole of the European concert.</p>
+
+<p>Montenegro in the same way cannot forget the disappointment of being
+cast out of Scutari after one of the most strenuous and glorious
+campaigns of her history, and lastly Albania, poor and helpless,
+without any support from her creators, feels all that a weak and
+wretched foundling has to feel toward those responsible for its
+misfortunes and miseries. In contrast with these feelings, Rumania was
+the only Balkan State perfectly satisfied with the new arrangement. In
+fact, Rumania, having played in the war the part of a great power,
+came out of it not only with increased prestige but also with the
+richest of all the Bulgarian provinces, Dobrudja, as a sort of
+deserved payment for serving the ends of European diplomacy.</p>
+
+<p>From this general dissatisfaction of the Balkan States with European
+diplomacy and European intrigue sprang Gavrilo Prinzip and the murder
+at Serajevo that plunged Europe and the world into the greatest and
+most disastrous war of all time.</p>
+
+<p>In fairness, however, to the Balkan States it must be said at this
+juncture that war, in whatever form and character, was far from the
+Balkan mind on June 28, 1914, when the Austrian Archduke and heir to
+the throne, Franz Ferdinand, and his consort were assassinated by the
+Servian youth Prinzip in the capital of Bosnia.</p>
+
+<p>The years 1912 and 1913 had been too costly for the whole of the
+Balkan Peninsula, and the necessity of a continued peace for a good
+number of years was universally recognized, with the exception of
+Constantinople, in Athens, Bucharest, Sofia, Belgrade, Cettinge, and
+even Durazzo. To prove this we have the opinions of all the Balkan
+leaders and the views expressed in the Balkan press up to Aug. 1,
+1914.</p>
+
+<p>A single point yet calls for a few remarks, and this covers the mutual
+relations of the Balkan States just before the European war.</p>
+
+<p>We have seen in what a degree the question of the ownership of the
+Aegean Islands had divided the Governments of Athens and
+Constantinople. In fact, if any war in the Near East were to be
+feared, this was one between the two secular enemies, Greek and Turk,
+and when in May, 1913, the anti-Greek agitation in the Ottoman Empire
+reached its climax it was only through the tremendous influence of the
+Greek Premier on Hellenic public opinion and his extreme moderation
+that a new diplomatic rupture between the two countries was averted.</p>
+
+<p>In anticipation of this eventuality Turkey secured two battleships of
+the dreadnought type, the Brazilian Rio de Janeiro (then Sultan Osman
+I. and afterward H.M.S. Erin, England having taken over the ship on
+Aug. 5, 1914) and the Reshadieh, (likewise taken over by England and
+renamed H.M.S. Agincourt,) and was preparing for war in such haste
+that Greece did not hesitate to buy at the original cost price the two
+old American battleships Idaho and Mississippi, (now Limnos and
+Kilkis.)</p>
+
+<p>This was in July, 1914, just a few weeks before the European war.
+Since that time Greco-Turkish relations have been neither better nor
+worse. It must be said here that these relations had their origin, not
+in the obsolete London Treaty of May, 1913, but in the Treaty of
+Athens, signed in December, 1913, between the two countries, and
+covering in a general way the more essential points of the outstanding
+questions between the two parties, excluding, however, the Aegean
+Islands controversy.</p>
+
+<p>After signing the Treaty of Bucharest Bulgaria turned her attention
+exclusively to Turkey, and, letting bygones be bygones, concluded the
+Peace Treaty of Constantinople in October, 1913, and inaugurated the
+most friendly relations with her erstwhile opponent. Since that time
+the report has spread that an alliance, both offensive and defensive,
+had been signed by the two countries, but this has been repeatedly
+denied both from Constantinople and Sofia.</p>
+
+<p>The diplomatic relations between Servia and Turkey and Montenegro and
+Turkey were re-established a short time before the European war, but
+these countries, being now in no direct contact with Turkish
+territory, their relations with the Porte are of little importance.</p>
+
+<p>Between Bulgaria on one hand and Rumania, Greece, Servia, and
+Montenegro on the other, the diplomatic relations have been
+re-established, but gone is the old friendship, for reasons already
+explained. Greece, Servia, and Montenegro are the best of friends,
+and, according to unofficial and confidential reports, a defensive and
+offensive alliance for the maintenance of the Balkan status quo,
+exists between the three countries. Between Rumania and Greece
+friendly relations exist, and for some time it was said that a
+marriage was to be arranged between the Greek Crown Prince, George,
+and the Princess Elizabeth, daughter of the Rumanian King, Ferdinand
+I., who succeeded to the throne after the death of his uncle, King
+Charles. This match, however, seems to have been abandoned, perhaps
+for political reasons, and more so because Greco-Rumanian relations
+have not as yet reached that firmness which only might justify such a
+rapprochement of the two royal families.</p>
+
+<p>Between Servia and Rumania there is some courtesy but scarcely any
+friendship, and this is not surprising, especially now, when each side
+is aiming to an aggrandizement (at the expense of Austria) in a way
+injurious to the other. Montenegro naturally follows Servia's course,
+and as for Albania, what we said previously of her applies now, with
+this particular observation, that the only neighborly interest shown
+her is from Italy, trying to play the game of Tripoli at the expense
+of the Skipetars, while all the other European powers are busily
+engaged in the great war.</p>
+
+<p>In conclusion we may note that of all the Balkan States only Rumania
+and, to a certain degree, Greece have any money to run their affairs.
+This, however, has nothing to do with the matter of their entrance in
+the war, as in that case there will be one or the other European
+combination to pay the freight.</p>
+
+<p>Such was the aspect of the Balkan Peninsula at the beginning of the
+great European war.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/cartoon01.png" width="500" height="294" alt="cartoon" title="cartoon" /></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>From The Bystander, London.</i>)</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>How the Famous Bernhardi Wrote the Eulogy of
+Germany's Culture.</b></p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<h1><a name="CARTOONISTS"></a>THE EUROPEAN WAR AS SEEN BY CARTOONISTS</h1>
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<h3><i>A SELECTION OF NOTABLE CARTOONS FROM LEADING ENGLISH, FRENCH,
+ITALIAN, AND GERMAN PUBLICATIONS, SHOWING HOW THE KNIGHTS OF THE PEN
+AND BRUSH ARE WAGING THE WAR OF CARICATURE AGAINST THE FOES OF THEIR
+RESPECTIVE ALLIANCES</i></h3>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="#Still_Not_Letting_Go_and_Still_Breathing">ENGLISH CARTOONS, PAGE 1073</a></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="#The_New_Years_Present_That_We_Are_Wishing_For">FRENCH CARTOONS, PAGE 1084</a></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><a href="#The_Under-Study">ITALIAN CARTOONS, PAGE 1088</a></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><a href="#You_Cant_Bluff_the_Turk">GERMAN CARTOONS, PAGE 1091</a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Still_Not_Letting_Go_and_Still_Breathing" id="Still_Not_Letting_Go_and_Still_Breathing"></a>Still Not Letting Go&#8212;and Still Breathing!</h2>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/cartoon02.png" width="364" height="500" alt="cartoon" title="cartoon" /></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>From The Sketch, London.</i>)</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b><span class="smcap">The Prussian Eagle</span>:
+&quot;This is no good to me. That pup's growing every minute. I've half a mind to fly
+away.&quot;</b></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>Going! Going! &#8212;&#8212;?</h2>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/cartoon03.png" width="369" height="500" alt="cartoon" title="cartoon" /></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>From The Tatler, London.</i>)</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>The Barbarian Finds His &quot;Place in the Sun&quot; Too
+Hot for Him.</b></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>The God in the Cart</h2>
+
+<h3>(AN UNREHEARSED EFFECT.)</h3>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/cartoon04.png" width="407" height="500" alt="cartoon" title="cartoon" /></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>From Punch, London.</i>)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p><span class="smcap">Turkey</span>: &quot;I'm getting a bit fed up with this. I shall kick soon.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Austria</span>: &quot;Well, I was thinking of lying down.&quot;</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>The Great Illusion</h2>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/cartoon05.png" width="418" height="500" alt="cartoon" title="cartoon" /></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>From Punch, London.</i>)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p><span class="smcap">Kaiser</span>: &quot;My poor bird, what <i>has</i> happened to your tail feathers?&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">German Eagle</span>: &quot;Can you bear the truth, Sire?&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Kaiser</span>: &quot;If it's not for publication.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">German Eagle</span>: &quot;It's like this, then. You told me
+the British lion was contemptible. Well&#8212;he wasn't!&quot;</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>What Punch Thinks Is Awaiting the Kaiser</h2>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/cartoon06.png" width="372" height="500" alt="cartoon" title="cartoon" /></p>
+
+
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>From Punch, London.</i>)</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>The Man Behind the Kaiser</h2>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/cartoon07.png" width="364" height="500" alt="cartoon" title="cartoon" /></p>
+
+
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>From the Bystander, London.</i>)</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>Nothing Doing</h2>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/cartoon08.png" width="354" height="500" alt="cartoon" title="cartoon" /></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>From Punch, London.</i>)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p><span class="smcap">Imperial Dachshund</span>: &quot;Here I've been sitting up and doing tricks for
+the best part of seven weeks, and you take no more notice of me than
+if&#8212;&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Uncle Sam</span>: &quot;Cut it out!&quot;</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>As Between Friends</h2>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/cartoon09.png" width="421" height="500" alt="cartoon" title="cartoon" /></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>From Punch, London.</i>)</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><span class="smcap">British Lion</span>: &quot;Please don't look at me like that, Sam. <i>You</i>'re
+not the eagle I'm up against.&quot;</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>Kultur</h2>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/cartoon10.png" width="363" height="500" alt="cartoon" title="cartoon" /></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>From The Sketch, London.</i>)</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>Making the German Officers' Mess a Success.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><a href="images/cartoon10lg.png">[Enlarge]</a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>Homers</h2>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/cartoon11.png" width="367" height="500" alt="cartoon" title="cartoon" /></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>From The Sketch, London.</i>)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p><span class="smcap">The Policeman</span>: &quot;What have you got there? Pigeons?&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Englishman</span> (<i>naturalized</i>): &quot;No; they vos singing-birds.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Policeman</span>: &quot;What song do they sing?&quot;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Englishman</span> (<i>naturalized</i>):
+&quot;Home, sveet home.&quot;</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="The_New_Years_Present_That_We_Are_Wishing_For" id="The_New_Years_Present_That_We_Are_Wishing_For"></a>The New Year&#8217;s Present That We Are Wishing For</h2>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/cartoon12.png" width="367" height="500" alt="cartoon" title="cartoon" /></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>From La Vie Parisienne, Paris.</i>)</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>A Million English Soldiers to Help Us Drive the
+Germans from France and Belgium.</b></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>&#8220;His&#8221; Christmas Sabots</h2>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/cartoon13.png" width="381" height="500" alt="cartoon" title="cartoon" /></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>From La Vie Parisienne, Paris.</i>)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>(The conspicuous place taken by children's stockings at Christmas time in
+English-speaking countries is usurped by the youngsters' shoes in France.)</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>&#8220;Sire, Your Soup&#8217;s Getting Cold&#8221;</h2>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/cartoon14.png" width="378" height="500" alt="cartoon" title="cartoon" /></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>From La Vie Parisienne, Paris.</i>)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>How about that famous dinner that the Kaiser ordered in one of the big Paris
+hotels! Isn't the bill of fare a trifle out of season by this time?</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>Chaffing the French Censor</h2>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>From La Vie Parisienne, Paris.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/cartoon15.png" width="500" height="238" alt="cartoon" title="cartoon" /></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>&quot;At the same instant, happily, a furious gallop resounded along the road from
+&#8212;&#8212;, and, full of joy, our Colonel cried: 'They are the &#8212;&#8212;.' They were, as a
+matter of fact, the &#8212;&#8212;.&quot;</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/cartoon16.png" width="500" height="253" alt="cartoon" title="cartoon" /></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>&quot;Despite this reinforcement, it was hot work. Capt. &#8212;&#8212; of the &#8212;&#8212; Company of
+the &#8212;&#8212; Regiment especially distinguished himself, leading his men in an
+irresistible charge. We lost &#8212;&#8212; men, but the enemy left &#8212;&#8212; dead in the ruins of
+the village of &#8212;&#8212;.&quot;</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/cartoon17.png" width="500" height="131" alt="cartoon" title="cartoon" /></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="blockquot">&quot;At the end of the &#8212;&#8212; &#8212;&#8212; victory &#8212;&#8212; &#8212;&#8212; &#8212;&#8212; important strategic point &#8212;&#8212; &#8212;&#8212; &#8212;&#8212;
+&#8212;&#8212; &#8212;&#8212; &#8212;&#8212;. 'I am very pleased with you,' said our General to us.&quot;</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="The_Under-Study" id="The_Under-Study"></a>The Under-Study</h2>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/cartoon18.png" width="369" height="500" alt="cartoon" title="cartoon" /></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>From Numero, Turin.</i>)</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>The Triple Alliance Revised and Corrected.</b></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>A Substitute for Belgian Blocks</h2>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/cartoon19.png" width="375" height="500" alt="cartoon" title="cartoon" /></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>From Numero, Turin.</i>)</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>A New Form of Paving for French and Belgian
+Cities.</b></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>What Italy Thinks of &#8220;Guglielmo&#8221;</h2>
+
+<h3>(A SERIES OF ITALIAN POSTCARDS.)</h3>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+  <tbody>
+  <tr>
+    <td><img src="images/cartoon20a.png" width="199" height="300" alt="cartoon" title="cartoon" /></td>
+    <td><img src="images/cartoon20b.png" width="197" height="300" alt="cartoon" title="cartoon" /></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Himself to God</span>: &quot;If I were not<br />
+    afraid of Thee I would declare<br />
+    war upon Thee also!&quot;</td>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Guglielmo's Dream</span>. The map<br />
+    bears the inscription, &quot;The Great<br />
+    German Empire.&quot;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><img src="images/cartoon20c.png" width="198" height="300" alt="cartoon" title="cartoon" /></td>
+    <td><img src="images/cartoon20d.png" width="195" height="300" alt="cartoon" title="cartoon" /></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>&quot;Isn't there somebody else to<br />
+    declare war upon?&quot;<br /><br />&quot;There's the Republic of San<br />
+    Marino, your Majesty.&quot;</td>
+    <td> <span class="smcap">Guglielmo</span> (bearing the<br />
+    European war): &quot;Heavens! It's<br />
+    beginning to get heavy.&quot;<br />
+    <br />
+    <br /></td>
+  </tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="You_Cant_Bluff_the_Turk" id="You_Cant_Bluff_the_Turk"></a>You Can&#8217;t Bluff the Turk</h2>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>From Simplicissimus, Munich.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+  <tbody>
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align: center"><img src="images/cartoon21a.png" width="250" height="224" alt="cartoon" title="cartoon" /></td>
+    <td style="text-align: center"><img src="images/cartoon21b.png" width="250" height="214" alt="cartoon" title="cartoon" /></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align: center">&quot;Will you restore the capitulations<br />
+    immediately?&quot;</td>
+    <td style="text-align: center">&quot;No.&quot;<br />
+&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align: center"><img src="images/cartoon21c.png" width="250" height="220" alt="cartoon" title="cartoon" /></td>
+    <td style="text-align: center"><img src="images/cartoon21d.png" width="250" height="219" alt="cartoon" title="cartoon" /></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align: center">&quot;Will you give up the Goeben and the<br />
+    Breslau immediately?&quot;</td>
+    <td style="text-align: center">&quot;No.&quot;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align: center"><img src="images/cartoon21e.png" width="250" height="214" alt="cartoon" title="cartoon" /></td>
+    <td style="text-align: center"><img src="images/cartoon21f.png" width="250" height="211" alt="cartoon" title="cartoon" /></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align: center">&quot;In respect to the Dardanelles, will you<br />
+    immediately&#8212;&#8212;?&quot;<br />
+<br />
+&quot;No. And now suppose you just put<br />
+up that revolver.&quot;</td>
+    <td style="text-align: center">&quot;With pleasure! The thing wasn't loaded<br />
+    at all!&quot;<br />
+    <br />&#160;<br />&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>The Mistress of the Sea</h2>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>From Lustige Blaetter, Berlin.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/cartoon22.png" width="370" height="500" alt="cartoon" title="cartoon" /></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>Behold, O World, How I Stand Here! Look Out,
+Britannia!</b></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>The &#8220;Prize-Taker&#8221;</h2>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/cartoon23.png" width="380" height="500" alt="cartoon" title="cartoon" /></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>From Lustige Blaetter, Berlin.</i>)</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&quot;How long will you allow this brute to tread on your corns?&quot;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">[The allusion is to England's attitude toward
+neutral shipping.]</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>The Face at the Window</h2>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/cartoon24.png" width="375" height="500" alt="cartoon" title="cartoon" /></p>
+
+
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>From Lustige Blaetter, Berlin.</i>)</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>Novel Coastwise Scenery</h2>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/cartoon25.png" width="380" height="500" alt="cartoon" title="cartoon" /></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>From Jugend, Munich.</i>)</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Since it was given out that the German barbarians were refusing to fire on
+cathedrals, England has worked out a jolly little plan for coast defense.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>The Dancers</h2>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/cartoon26.png" width="372" height="500" alt="cartoon" title="cartoon" /></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>From Lustige Blaetter, Berlin.</i>)</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>How the Germans Conduct the English Ballet.</b></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>The English Spider</h2>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/cartoon27.png" width="338" height="500" alt="cartoon" title="cartoon" /></p>
+
+
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>From Jugend, Munich.</i>)</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>The Jap-Infested British Lion</h2>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/cartoon28.png" width="367" height="500" alt="cartoon" title="cartoon" /></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>From Simplicissimus, Munich.</i>)</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&quot;Goddam! What kind of fleas have I got in my mane
+anyway!&quot;</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>The Englishman and His Globe</h2>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/cartoon29.png" width="378" height="500" alt="cartoon" title="cartoon" /></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>From Simplicissimus, Munich.</i>)</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&quot;Curses! Blood is more slippery than water!&quot;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">[The original was in black and red and vividly
+represented a dripping globe.]</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>The German Watch in Kiao-Chau</h2>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/cartoon30.png" width="366" height="500" alt="cartoon" title="cartoon" /></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>From Simplicissimus, Munich.</i>)</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">[A superb cartoon published before the fall of the
+German stronghold in China.]</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h1><a name="GERMANY_vs_BELGIUM" id="GERMANY_vs_BELGIUM"></a>GERMANY vs. BELGIUM</h1>
+
+<h3><i>Case of the Secret Military Documents Presented by Both Sides</i></h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>[The Belgo-British plot alleged by Germany is thoroughly
+aired in the following communications. The text of the
+secret documents, which, according to the German contention,
+prove that the Allies did not intend to respect Belgian
+neutrality&#8212;that Belgium herself conspired with England to
+break it&#8212;was discovered in the archives of the Belgian
+Government after the German occupation of Brussels, and is
+embodied on Pages <a href="#DOCUMENT_NO_1">1105</a> to 1109 in the subjoined article,
+published in behalf of Germany by Dr. Bernhard Dernburg.</p>
+
+<p>The article, called by Dr. Dernburg &quot;The Case of Belgium,&quot;
+as reproduced below, and published between gray covers like
+the Belgian &quot;Gray Book,&quot; prompted publications in rejoinder
+by the Belgian Legation at Washington. The first of these,
+entitled &quot;The Innocence of Belgium,&quot; appears on
+<a href="#INNOCENCE_OF_BELGIUM">Page 1110</a>;
+it states that the secret documents show in their own
+statements the &quot;clearest proof of the innocence of Belgium.&quot;
+The second Belgian article, headed &quot;Why Belgium Was
+Devastated,&quot; and appearing on <a href="#Why_Belgium_Was_Devastated">Page 1115</a>, embodies the German
+proclamations establishing military rule in the violated
+territory.&#8212;<span class="smcap">Editor</span>.]</p></div>
+
+
+<h2><a name="THE_CASE_OF_BELGIUM"></a>&#8220;THE CASE OF BELGIUM&#8221;</h2>
+
+<h3>&#8220;In the Light of Official Reports Found in the Secret Archives of the
+Belgian Government after the Occupation of Brussels&#8221;</h3>
+
+<h3>Remarks Introductory to the Secret Documents</h3>
+
+<h3>By Dr. Bernhard Dernburg</h3>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">H</span>EREWITH are published facsimiles of papers found among the documents
+of the Belgian General Staff at Brussels, referring to arrangements
+between the English Military Attach&#233; and the Belgian Minister of War
+regarding British intervention in Belgium.</p>
+
+<p>It will be remembered from the British &quot;White Book&quot; that in November,
+1912, a correspondence passed between Sir Edward Grey and the French
+Minister in London, in which it was stated that British and French
+military and naval experts had consulted together from time to time as
+to plans to be followed in case of war, and it was stated in this
+correspondence that in accordance with such prearranged plans the
+French fleet would stay in the Mediterranean to safeguard the joint
+interests there, whereas the British fleet would safeguard their
+interests in the north. Of this correspondence the members of the
+British Cabinet remained ignorant until the Cabinet meeting
+immediately preceding the written statement by Great Britain on Aug. 2
+that in case a German fleet attacked the French coast or passed into
+the Channel, England would give all the assistance in her power,
+(British &quot;White Papers,&quot; No. 148,) and it was also, of course,
+concealed from the British public until the speech of Sir Edward Grey
+on Aug. 3. It will be remembered that in consequence of this
+revelation the British Minister of Commerce, Mr. John Burns, and two
+other members, Lord Morley and Mr. Trevelyan, left the British Cabinet
+under protest; that the leader of the British Labor Party, Mr. Ramsey
+Macdonald, resigned from the leadership and that Mr. Arthur Ponsonby
+in his famous letter denounced Sir Edward Grey's practices.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Ponsonby said that time and again they had been assured that there
+were no obligations whatsoever on the part of Great Britain to come to
+France's assistance and yet they found themselves now so hopelessly
+entangled that as a matter of fact the British Government could not
+back out.</p>
+
+<p>The fact of these consultations, by which, of course, all the plans of
+mobilization of both the British and French armies were disclosed to
+the two allies and which include the landing of English troops in
+France, is now fully established by the annexed documents. They show
+that these conversations were also held with Belgium, that plans had
+been concerted to invade Belgium with an army of 100,000 men by way of
+three French ports&#8212;viz., Dunkirk, Calais, and Boulogne&#8212;and that the
+British plans even considered a landing by way of the Scheldt, thus
+violating also Dutch neutrality.</p>
+
+<p>The documents, giving all the details as translated and showing that
+Belgian railway cars were to be sent to the named French ports in
+order to transport the British troops into Belgium, are dated from
+1906.</p>
+
+<p>The Belgian Minister at Berlin, Baron Greindl, a well-known Belgian
+patriot, protested to his Government. The heading of his protest is
+also given in facsimile. In it he said that it was not quite safe to
+trust to the British and French to keep the Belgian neutrality, that
+it was not wise to take all measures only against a German infraction
+of Belgian neutrality and that the British spirit was clearly shown by
+the words of Col. Barnardiston that the Scheldt might be used for
+transporting troops into Belgium.</p>
+
+<p>Furthermore, it will be remembered that the British and French
+Governments violently protested when the plans were made public that
+the Dutch Government intended to fortify the mouth of the Scheldt in
+1906. But in 1912, when the Balkan crisis became acute, the British
+went one step further. When Col. Bridges, in a conversation with Gen.
+Jungbluth, the Chief of the Belgian General Staff, said that England
+was ready to strike, that 160,000 men were ready to be landed and that
+they would land them as soon as any European conflict should break
+out, Gen. Jungbluth protested that for such a step the permission of
+Belgium was necessary. The cool reply was that the English knew it,
+but thought that, as Belgium was not strong enough alone to protect
+herself, England would land troops anyway. Gen. Jungbluth answered
+that Belgium felt strong enough to protect herself, which is in
+keeping with her declaration to France, when she offered to protect
+Belgium by five army corps, as reported in the British &quot;White Book.&quot;
+The position of England was therefore that, while in 1906 they had
+already concerted plans for a joint action, in 1912 England intended
+action in any case, should a European conflagration break out.</p>
+
+<p>Now, it must be recollected that as early as July 28, 1914, Sir Edward
+Grey said to Prince Lichnowsky, as mentioned in his communication to
+Sir E. Goschen: &quot;The situation was very grave. While it was restricted
+to the issues at present actually involved, we had not thought of
+interfering in it. But if Germany became involved in it and then
+France, the issue might be so great that it would involve all European
+interests, and I did not wish him to be misled by the friendly tone of
+our conversation&#8212;which I hoped would continue&#8212;into thinking that we
+should stand aside.&quot; (British &quot;White Papers,&quot; No. 89.)</p>
+
+<p>This was at a time when the Belgian issue had not been raised at all.
+It only came about by Sir Edward Grey's notes written on July 31. Thus
+the British entanglement with France, as evidenced by the British
+&quot;White Book,&quot; prevented England taking the same attitude in 1914 which
+she had taken in 1870, when she made a treaty with France as against
+the German invasion of Belgium and with Germany as against the French
+invasion of Belgium. A similar agreement was suggested by Prince
+Lichnowsky to Sir Edward Grey on Aug. 1, 1914, as reported in the
+English &quot;White Book,&quot; No. 123, when the former asked Sir Edward Grey
+whether if Germany gave a promise not to violate Belgian neutrality
+England would engage to remain neutral, upon which Grey replied that
+he could not say that.</p>
+
+<p>It is therefore perfectly evident, in the first place, that in case of
+a German war, that was sure to be brought about by Russia's
+mobilization against Germany, England would go to war against Germany,
+and it has been proved that the English assurance to that effect has
+strengthened the hands of the Russian war party, which thereupon got
+the upper hand and forced the Russian Czar into the war, (see report
+of Belgian Charg&#233; d'Affaires at St. Petersburg to the Minister of
+Foreign Affairs at Brussels, July 30.)</p>
+
+<p>In the second place, it is shown that England meant, with or without
+Belgium's will, to land her troops, in violation of Belgium's
+neutrality, in Belgium, irrespective of whether German troops were
+marching through Belgium or not, because no such declaration had been
+made in 1912 or any time thereafter until Aug. 4 in the German
+Reichstag. It is further evident that as soon as Russia mobilized,
+Germany would have to fight Russia as well as France and England, and
+that in such a fight she was forced to draw quickly when she saw her
+enemies reaching for their hip pockets. And only the prompt action at
+Li&#233;ge that put this important railway centre commanding the railway
+connections to France and Germany into German hands prevented the
+English landing and invading Belgium.</p>
+
+<p>The guilt of the Belgian Government in this matter consists, in the
+first place, in making and concerting plans with the English and
+French Governments as to what steps to take in case of war. A plan of
+the French mobilization was found in the same docket, and it cannot be
+presumed that the conference between British and French experts was
+unknown to the British Military Attach&#233; in Brussels. It is furthermore
+impossible to believe that the French railway for the shipping of
+British troops from Calais, Dunkirk, and Boulogne into Belgium in
+Belgian cars could have been used without the knowledge of the French
+authorities. Secondly, that Belgium did not heed the advice of Baron
+Greindl and did not try to insure her independence in the same way by
+approaching Germany and making a similar contract with her. This
+disposes of the contention that the Belgian conversation had a purely
+defensive character as against all comers. It shows the one-sidedness
+of the inclination, which is evidenced also by the placing of all
+Belgium's fortresses on the eastern frontier.</p>
+
+<p>The Belgian people had been told at the beginning of the war that
+Germany demanded that the Belgian forces should fight with the Germans
+against the French and the English, and the truth had become known
+only three full months later, when the Belgian &quot;Gray Book&quot; was
+published. Then Belgium was practically occupied territory. While
+Belgium pretended neutrality and friendship toward Germany, it was
+secretly planning for her defeat in a war which was considered
+unavoidable. The poor Belgian people, however, must suffer because of
+the large ambitions of King Leopold of Congo fame and of a broken-down
+diplomacy.</p>
+
+<p>The Imperial Chancellor has declared that there was irrefutable proof
+that if Germany did not march through Belgium, her enemies would. This
+proof, as now being produced, is of the strongest character. So the
+Chancellor was right in appealing to the law of necessity, although he
+had no regret that it violated international law. This law of
+necessity has been recognized as paramount by nearly every prominent
+statesman, including Gladstone, and by all teachers of international
+law, even by the United States Supreme Court's decision, Vol. 130,
+Page 601, stating in regard to the treaty with China concerning
+Chinese immigration into the United States: &quot;It will not be presumed
+that the legislative department of the Government will lightly pass
+laws which are in conflict with the treaties of the country, but that
+circumstances may arise which would not only justify the Government in
+disregarding their stipulations, but demand in the interests of the
+country that it should do so, there can be no question. Unexpected
+events may call for a change in the policy of the country.&quot; And to
+strengthen this opinion another decision by Justice Curtis, rendered
+in 1908, may be cited, stating that, &quot;while it would be a matter of
+the utmost gravity and delicacy to refuse to execute a treaty, the
+power to do so was a prerogative of which no country could be deprived
+without deeply affecting its independence.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>We now let these Belgian documents speak for themselves.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Summary of the Secret Documents</h3>
+
+<p>I. The <a href="#DOCUMENT_NO_1">first document</a> is a report of the Chief of the Belgian General
+Staff, Major Gen. Ducarme, to the Minister of War, reporting a series
+of conversations which he had had with the Military Attach&#233; of the
+British Legation, Lieut. Col. Barnardiston, in Brussels. It discloses
+that, as early as January, 1906, the Belgian Government was in
+consultation with the British Government over steps to be taken by
+Belgium, Great Britain, and France against Germany. A plan had been
+fully elaborated for the landing of two British army corps in French
+ports to be transferred to the point in Belgium necessary for
+operations against the Germans. Throughout the conversation the
+British and Belgian forces were spoken of as &quot;allied armies&quot;; the
+British Military Attach&#233; insisted on discussing the question of the
+chief command; and he urged the establishment, in the meantime, of a
+Belgian spy system in Germany.</p>
+
+<p>II. When in the year 1912 Lieut. Col. Barnardiston had been succeeded
+by Lieut. Col. Bridges as British Military Attach&#233; in Brussels, and
+the Chief of the Belgian General Staff, Major Gen. Ducarme, had been
+succeeded by Gen. Jungbluth as Chief of the Belgian General Staff, the
+<a href="#DOCUMENT_NO_2">conversations</a> proceeded between the two latter officials. That is to
+say, these were not casual conversations between individuals, but a
+series of official conversations between representatives of their
+respective Governments, in pursuance of a well-considered policy on
+the part of both Governments.</p>
+
+<p>III. The above documents are given additional significance by a
+<a href="#DOCUMENT_NO_3">report</a>
+made in 1911 by Baron Greindl, Belgian Minister in Berlin, to the
+Belgian Minister for Foreign Affairs, from which it appears that this
+representative of the Belgian Government in Berlin was familiar with
+the plans above set forth and protested against them, asking why like
+preparations had not been made with Germany to repel invasion by the
+French and English.</p>
+
+<p>Taken together, these documents show that <i>the British Government had
+the intention, in case of a Franco-German war, of sending troops into
+Belgium immediately&#8212;that is, of doing the very thing which, done by
+Germany, was used by England as a pretext for declaring war on
+Germany</i>.</p>
+
+<p>They show also that the Belgian Government took, in agreement with the
+English General Staff, military precautions against a hypothetical
+German invasion of Belgium. On the other hand, the Belgian Government
+never made the slightest attempt to take, in agreement with the German
+Government, military precautions against an Anglo-French invasion of
+Belgium, though fully informed that it was the purpose of the British
+Government to land and dispatch, across French territory into Belgium,
+160,000 troops, without asking Belgium's permission, on the first
+outbreak of the European war. <i>This clearly demonstrates that the
+Belgian Government was determined from the outset to join Germany's
+enemies.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center" class="border">
+<img src="images/churchill.jpg" width="314" height="500" alt="Mr. &amp; Mrs. Churchill" title="Mr. &amp; Mrs. Churchill" /></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>MR. AND MRS. WINSTON SPENCER CHURCHILL</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>A Recent Photograph of the Head of the British
+Admiralty.</b></p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center" class="border">
+<img src="images/stein.jpg" width="309" height="500" alt="Von Stein" title="Von Stein" /></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>QUARTERMASTER GENERAL VON STEIN</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>Germany's Official War News Is Issued Through the Office of the
+Quartermaster General.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>(<i>Photo from Brown Bros.</i>)</b></p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="DOCUMENT_NO_1">DOCUMENT NO. 1</a></h3>
+
+<h4>Report of Gen. Ducarme, Chief of the Belgian General Staff, to the
+Belgian Minister of War</h4>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+&quot;<i>Confidential</i><br />
+Letter to the Minister<br />
+Concerning the Confidential Conversations.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">&quot;BRUSSELS, April 10, 1906.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Mr. Minister:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I have the honor to report to you briefly about the conversations
+which I had with Lieut. Col. Barnardiston and which have already been
+the subject of my oral communications.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The first visit took place in the middle of January. Mr. Barnardiston
+referred to the anxieties of the General Staff of his country with
+regard to the general political situation, and because of the
+possibility that war may soon break out. In case Belgium should be
+attacked, the sending of about 100,000 troops was provided for.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The Lieutenant Colonel asked me how such a measure would be regarded
+by us. I answered him, that from a military point of view it could not
+be but favorable, but that this question of intervention was just as
+much a matter for the political authorities, and that, therefore, it
+was my duty to inform the Minister of War about it.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Mr. Barnardiston answered that his Minister in Brussels would speak
+about it with our Minister of Foreign Affairs.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;He proceeded in the following sense: The landing of the English
+troops would take place at the French coast in the vicinity of Dunkirk
+and Calais, so as to hasten their movements as much as possible. The
+entry of the English into Belgium would take place only after the
+violation of our neutrality by Germany. A landing in Antwerp would
+take much more time, because larger transports would be needed, and
+because, on the other hand, the safety would be less complete.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;This admitted, there would be several other points to consider, such
+as railway transportation, the question of requisitions which the
+English army could make, the question concerning the chief command of
+the allied forces.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;He inquired whether our preparations were sufficient to secure the
+defense of the country during the crossing and the transportation of
+the English troops&#8212;which he estimated to last about ten days.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I answered him that the places Namur and Li&#233;ge were protected from a
+coup de main and that our field army of 100,000 men would be capable
+of intervention within four days.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;After having expressed his full satisfaction with my explanations, my
+visitor laid emphasis on the following facts: (1) That our
+conversation was entirely confidential; (2) that it was not binding on
+his Government; (3) that his Minister, the English General Staff, he
+and I were, up to the present, the only ones<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> informed about the
+matter; (4) that he did not know whether the opinion of his sovereign
+had been consulted....</p>
+
+<p>&quot;In a following discussion Lieut. Col. Barnardiston assured me that he
+had never received confidential reports of the other Military Attach&#233;s
+about our army. He then gave the exact numerical data of the English
+forces; we could depend on it, that in twelve or thirteen days two
+army corps, four cavalry brigades, and two brigades of horse infantry
+would be landed.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;He asked me to study the question of the transport of these forces to
+that part of the country where they would be useful, and he promised
+to give me for this purpose details about the composition of the
+landing army.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;He reverted to the question concerning the effective strength of our
+field army, and he emphasized that no detachments should be sent from
+this army to Namur and Li&#233;ge, because these places were provided with
+garrisons of sufficient strength.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;He asked me to direct my attention to the necessity of granting the
+English Army the advantages which the regulations concerning the
+military requisitions provided for. Finally he insisted upon the
+question of the chief command.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I answered him that I could say nothing with reference to this last
+point and promised him that I would study the other questions
+carefully....</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Later on the English Military Attach&#233; confirmed his former
+calculations: twelve days would at least be necessary to carry out the
+landing at the French coast. It would take a considerably longer time
+(1 to 2-1/2 months) to land 100,000 men in Antwerp.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Upon my objection that it would be unnecessary to await the end of
+the landing in order to begin with the railway transportations, and
+that it would be better to proceed with these when the troops arrived
+at the coast, Lieut. Col. Barnardiston promised to give me exact data
+as to the number of troops that could be landed daily.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;As regards the military requisitions, I told my visitor that this
+question could be easily regulated....</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The further the plans of the English General Staff progressed, the
+clearer became the details of the problem. The Colonel assured me that
+one-half of the English Army could be landed within eight days; the
+rest at the conclusion of the twelfth or thirteenth day, with the
+exception of the horse infantry, which could not be counted upon until
+later.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;In spite of this I thought I had to insist again upon the necessity
+of knowing the exact number of the daily shipments, in order to
+regulate the railway transportation for every day.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The English Military Attach&#233; conversed with me about several other
+questions, namely:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;(1) The necessity of keeping the operations secret and of demanding
+strict secrecy from the press;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;(2) The advantages which would accrue from giving one Belgian officer
+to each English General Staff, one interpreter to each commanding
+officer, and gendarmes to each unit of troops, in order to assist the
+British police troops....</p>
+
+<p>&quot;In the course of another interview Lieut. Col. Barnardiston and I
+studied the combined operations to take place in the event of a German
+offensive with Antwerp as its object and under the hypothesis of the
+German troops marching through our country in order to reach the
+French Ardennes.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;In this question, the Colonel said he quite agreed with the plan
+which I had submitted to him, and he assured me also of the approval
+of Gen. Grierson, Chief of the English General Staff.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Other secondary questions which were likewise settled had particular
+reference to intermediary officers, interpreters, gendarmes, maps,
+photographs of the uniforms, special copies, translated into English,
+of some Belgian regulations, the regulations concerning the import
+duties on English provisions, to the accommodation of the wounded of
+the allied armies, &amp;c. Nothing was resolved on as regards the activity
+which the Government or the military authorities might exert on the
+press....</p>
+
+<p>&quot;During the final meetings which I had with the British Attach&#233;, he
+informed me about the numbers of troops which would be daily
+disembarked at Boulogne, Calais, and Cherbourg. The distance of the
+last place, which is necessary for technical considerations, will
+involve a certain delay. The first corps would be disembarked on the
+tenth day, and the second on the fifteenth day. Our railways would
+carry out the transportation so that the arrival of the first corps,
+either in the direction of Brussels-Louvain or of Namur-Dinant, would
+be assured on the eleventh day, and that of the second on the
+sixteenth day.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I again, for a last time, and as emphatically as I could, insisted on
+the necessity of hastening the sea transports so that the English
+troops could be with us between the eleventh and twelfth day. The
+happiest and most favorable results can be reached by a convergent and
+simultaneous action of the allied forces. But if that co-operation
+should not take place, the failure would be most serious. Col.
+Barnardiston assured me that everything serving to this end would be
+done....</p>
+
+<p>&quot;In the course of our conversations, I had occasion to convince the
+British Military Attach&#233; that we were willing, so far as possible, to
+thwart the movements of the enemy and not to take refuge in Antwerp
+from the beginning.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Lieut. Col. Barnardiston on his part told me that, at the time, he
+had little hope for any support or intervention on the part of
+Holland. At the same time he informed me that his Government intended
+to transfer the basis of the British commissariat from the French
+coast to Antwerp as soon as all German ships were swept off the North
+Sea....</p>
+
+<p>&quot;In all our conversations the Colonel regularly informed me about the
+secret news which he had concerning the military circumstances and the
+situation of our eastern neighbors, &amp;c. At the same time he emphasized
+that Belgium was under the imperative necessity to keep herself
+constantly informed of the happenings in the adjoining Rhinelands. I
+had to admit that with us the surveillance service abroad was, in
+times of peace, not directly in the hands of the General Staff, as our
+legations had no Military Attach&#233;s. But I was careful not to admit
+that I did not know whether the espionage service which is prescribed
+in our regulations was in working order or not. But I consider it my
+duty to point out this position which places us in a state of evident
+inferiority to our neighbors, our presumable enemies.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Major General, Chief of the General Staff. (Initials of Gen.
+Ducarme.)</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Note.&#8212;When I met Gen. Grierson at Compi&#232;gne, during the manoeuvres
+of 1906, he assured me the result of the reorganization of the English
+Army would be that the landing of 150,000 would be assured and, that,
+moreover, they would stand ready for action in a shorter time than has
+been assumed above.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">&quot;Concluded September, 1906.&quot;<br />
+(Initials of Gen. Ducarme.)</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="DOCUMENT_NO_2">DOCUMENT NO. 2</a></h3>
+
+<h4>Minutes of a Conference Between the Belgian Chief of the General
+Staff, Gen. Jungbluth, and the British Military Attach&#233; Lieut. Col.
+Bridges</h4>
+
+<p>(Lieut. Col. Barnardiston, British Military Attach&#233; in Brussels, was
+succeeded in his office by Lieut. Col. Bridges. Likewise, Gen. Ducarme
+was succeeded, as Chief of the Belgian Staff, by Gen. Jungbluth. A
+conversation between Col. Bridges and Gen. Jungbluth was committed to
+writing, and that writing was also found at the Belgian Foreign
+Office. The document, which is dated April 23 and is presumed to
+belong to the year 1912, is marked &quot;confidentielle&quot; in the handwriting
+of Graf v.d. Straaten, the Belgian Foreign Secretary. This is the
+translation:)</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<i>Confidential.</i></p>
+
+<p>&quot;The British Military Attach&#233; asked to see Gen. Jungbluth. The two
+gentlemen met on April 23.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Lieut. Col. Bridges told the General that England had at her disposal
+an army which could be sent to the Continent, composed of six
+divisions of infantry and eight brigades of cavalry&#8212;together 160,000
+troops. She has also everything which is necessary for her to defend
+her insular territory. Everything is ready.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;At the time of the recent events the British Government would have
+immediately effected a disembarkment in Belgium (chez nous) even if we
+had not asked for assistance.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The General objected that for that our consent was necessary.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The Military Attach&#233; answered that he knew this, but that&#8212;since we
+were not able to prevent the Germans from passing through our
+country&#8212;England would have landed her troops in Belgium under all
+circumstances (en tout &#233;tat de cause).</p>
+
+<p>&quot;As for the place of landing, the Military Attach&#233; did not make a
+precise statement; he said that the coast was rather long, but the
+General knows that Mr. Bridges, during Easter, has paid daily visits
+to Zeebrugge from Ostend.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The General added that we were, besides, perfectly able to prevent
+the Germans from passing through.&quot;</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="DOCUMENT_NO_3">DOCUMENT NO. 3</a></h3>
+
+<h4>Report of Baron Greindl, Belgian Minister in Berlin, to the Belgian
+Minister of Foreign Affairs</h4>
+
+
+<p>[On the 23d of December, 1911, Baron Greindl, then and for many years
+Belgian Minister in Berlin, made a report to the Belgian Minister of
+Foreign Affairs. There was found in Brussels a copy of this report.
+Although a copy, the official character of this third document found
+in Brussels is evident from the official imprint on the paper on which
+the copy stands. The first page reads:]</p>
+
+<pre>....... SECTION
+No. ...........
+..... ENCLOSURE     COPY
+
+Reply to No.
+General department
+Office of ........
+</pre>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">BERLIN, Dec. 23, 1911.</p>
+
+<p>
+Belgian Legation,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em">No. 3,022&#8212;1,626.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">Strictly Confidential.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">What is Belgium to do in case of war?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Minister:</p>
+
+<p>I have had the honor to receive the dispatch of the 27th November
+last, P without docket number, registration number 1,108....</p>
+
+<p>[Baron Greindl's report is an extremely long one. Extracts from it
+were published in The North German Gazette of Oct. 13. A facsimile has
+been made of the first page only of the document, because of its great
+length.</p>
+
+<p>The writer reveals with great astuteness the ulterior motives
+underlying the English proposal and draws attention to the danger of
+the situation in which Belgium had become involved by a one-sided
+partisanship in favor of the powers of the Entente. In this very
+detailed report, dated Dec. 23, 1911, Baron Greindl explains that the
+plan of the General Army Staff for the defense of Belgian neutrality
+in a Franco-German war as communicated to him only concerned the
+question as to what military measures should be adopted in case
+Germany violated Belgian neutrality. The hypothesis of a French attack
+on Germany through Belgium had, however, just as much probability in
+itself. The diplomat then goes on in the following manner:]</p>
+
+<p>&quot;From the French side danger threatens not only in the south of
+Luxemburg, it threatens us on our entire joint frontier. We are not
+reduced to conjectures for this assertion. We have positive evidence
+of it.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Evidently the project of an outflanking movement from the north forms
+part of the scheme of the entente cordiale. If that were not the case,
+then the plan of fortifying Flushing would not have called forth such
+an outburst in Paris and London. The reason why they wished that the
+Scheldt should remain unfortified was hardly concealed by them. Their
+aim was to be able to transport an English garrison, unhindered, to
+Antwerp, which means to establish in our country a basis of operation
+for an offensive in the direction of the Lower Rhine and Westphalia,
+and then to make us throw our lot in with them, which would not be
+difficult, for, after the surrender of our national centre of refuge,
+we would, through our own fault, renounce every possibility of
+opposing the demands of our doubtful protectors after having been so
+unwise as to permit their entrance into our country. Col.
+Barnardiston's announcements at the time of the conclusion of the
+entente cordiale, which were just as perfidious as they were na&#239;ve,
+have shown us plainly the true meaning of things. When it became
+evident that we would not allow ourselves to be frightened by the
+pretended danger of the closing of the Scheldt, the plan was not
+entirely abandoned, but modified in so far as the British Army was not
+to land on the Belgian coast, but at the nearest French harbors.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The revelations of Capt. Faber, which were denied as little as the
+newspaper reports by which they were confirmed or completed in several
+respects, also testify to this. This British Army, at Calais and
+Dunkirk, would by no means march along our frontier to Longwy in order
+to reach Germany. It would directly invade Belgium from the northwest.
+That would give it the advantage of being able to begin operations
+immediately, to encounter the Belgian Army in a region where we could
+not depend on any fortress, in case we wanted to risk a battle.
+Moreover, that would make it possible for it to occupy provinces rich
+in all kinds of resources and, at any rate, to prevent our
+mobilization or only to permit it after we had formally pledged
+ourselves to carry on our mobilization to the exclusive advantage of
+England and her allies.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;It is therefore of necessity to prepare a plan of battle for the
+Belgian Army also for that possibility. This is necessary in the
+interest of our military defense as well as for the sake of the
+direction of our foreign policy, in case of war between Germany and
+France.&quot;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>[The text of the documents presented above is not disputed
+by the Belgian Government. Instead it is made the basis of
+the Belgian reply, beginning on the <a href="#INNOCENCE_OF_BELGIUM">next page</a>.]</p></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="THE_BELGIAN_BATTLEGROUND"></a>THE BELGIAN BATTLEGROUND</h2>
+
+<h3>By the HON. WILLIAM H. TAFT.</h3>
+
+<h4>[From King Albert&#8217;s Book.]</h4>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">T</span>HE heart of the world should go out to the poor people of Belgium.
+Without being in any respect a party to the controversies of the war,
+their country has been made the battleground of the greatest and in
+some respects the most destructive war in history. Any movement to
+relieve their distress has my profound sympathy.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>[The following letter from the Belgian Legation at
+Washington certifies the official character of the documents
+presented below.&#8212;<span class="smcap">Editor</span>.]</p>
+
+<p>LEGATION DE BELGIQUE,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em">WASHINGTON, D.C.</span></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">Jan. 25, 1915.</p>
+
+<p><i>To the Editor of The New York Times Current History:</i></p>
+
+<p>In accordance with the request, in your letter of December
+10th addressed to the Belgian Minister, for official
+documents published by the Legation, I have the pleasure of
+sending you, herewith, by the Minister's instructions, a
+copy of a pamphlet entitled &quot;The Innocence of Belgium,&quot;
+dealing with the Military Documents published recently in
+<span class="smcap">The New York Times</span>.</p>
+
+<p>I also take this opportunity to transmit you a copy of a
+pamphlet entitled &quot;Why Belgium Was Devastated,&quot; containing
+translations of the German Proclamations issued in Belgium.</p>
+
+<p>I have the honor to be, Sir,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">Your obedient servant,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">JAMES GUSTAVUS WHITELEY.</p></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>[BELGIAN LEGATION ARTICLE NO. 1.]</b></p>
+
+<h2><a name="INNOCENCE_OF_BELGIUM">&#8220;INNOCENCE OF BELGIUM&#8221;</a></h2>
+
+<h3>&#8220;Reply to Publication of Military Documents by Germany&#8221;</h3>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">T</span>HE German Government has at last decided to publish the documents
+which it says were found in Brussels, and which it claims prove that
+Belgium violated her neutrality.</p>
+
+<p>As a matter of fact these documents are the clearest proof of the
+innocence of Belgium.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#DOCUMENT_NO_1">Document No. 1</a> refers to a conversation between Major Gen. Ducarme and
+the English Military Attach&#233;, Lieut. Col. Barnardiston.</p>
+
+<p>The English Military Attach&#233; <i>went to call</i> on the Belgian General and
+told him of the anxiety on the part of the English General Staff in
+regard to the general political situation and the possibility of war.
+&quot;<i>In case Belgium should be attacked</i>, the sending of about 100,000
+troops was provided for.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>He (the British Military Attach&#233;) proceeded in the following terms:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The landing of the British troops would take place on the French
+coast.... The entry of the English into Belgium would take place only
+<i>after the violation of our (Belgian) neutrality by Germany</i>.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>It almost seems as if Col. Barnardiston had foreseen the future.</p>
+
+<p>The document continues as follows: &quot;My visitor laid emphasis on the
+following fact: that it (the conversation) was not binding on his
+Government ... and that he did not know whether the opinion of his
+Sovereign had been consulted.&quot; It was thus clearly shown by the
+British Military Attach&#233; that his communication was simply a
+conversation; it is, moreover, perfectly well known that Military
+Attach&#233;s have no power to make conventional agreements.</p>
+
+<p>The document further continues: &quot;In the course of another interview,
+Lieut. Col. Barnardiston and I studied the combined operations to take
+place in the event of a <i>German offensive</i>, with Antwerp as its
+object, <i>and under the hypothesis of the German troops marching
+through our (Belgian) country</i>, in order to reach the French
+Ardennes&quot;&#8212;an additional proof that the object of the conversation was
+solely to prevent a violation of Belgian neutrality.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#DOCUMENT_NO_2">Document No. 2</a> refers to a conversation between the British Military
+Attach&#233; and Gen. Jungbluth, in which the former said that the British
+troops would effect a landing &quot;even if we (the Belgians) did not ask
+for assistance.&quot; This is an additional proof that no agreement or
+convention had been made.</p>
+
+<p>To this the Belgian General replied that &quot;our (Belgium's) consent was
+necessary,&quot; and he added that &quot;we (the Belgians) were, moreover,
+perfectly able to prevent the Germans from passing through Belgium,&quot;
+thus showing his anxiety to preserve the neutrality of Belgium.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. B. Dernburg claims that England would have sent troops into
+Belgium in any event, even if Germany had not invaded Belgium.
+Affirmations which are not based upon any evidence cannot destroy the
+text itself of the documents.</p>
+
+<p>In a letter of Sir Edward Grey, Secretary for Foreign Affairs of
+England, addressed to the British Minister to Belgium, on the 7th of
+April, 1913, the British statesman declares in the most formal way,
+that: &quot;As long as Belgium's neutrality was not violated by any other
+power, we (the British) should certainly not send troops ourselves
+into their territory.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The full text of this important letter is as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>In speaking to the Belgian Minister today I said, speaking
+unofficially, that it had been brought to my knowledge that
+there was apprehension in Belgium lest we should be the
+first to violate Belgian neutrality. I did not think that
+apprehension could have come from a British source.</p>
+
+<p>The Belgian Minister informed me that there had been talk,
+from a British source which he could not name, of the
+landing of troops in Belgium by Great Britain, in order to
+anticipate a possible dispatch of German troops through
+Belgium to France.</p>
+
+<p>I said that I was sure that this Government would not be the
+first to violate the neutrality of Belgium, and I did not
+believe that any British Government would be the first to do
+so, nor would public opinion here ever approve of it. What
+we had to consider, and it was a somewhat embarrassing
+question, was what it would be desirable and necessary for
+us, as one of the guarantors of Belgian neutrality, to do if
+Belgian neutrality was violated by any power. For us to be
+the first to violate it and to send troops into Belgium
+would be to give Germany, for instance, justification for
+sending troops into Belgium also. What we desired in the
+case of Belgium, as in that of other neutral countries, was
+that their neutrality should be respected, and, as long as
+it was not violated by any other power, we would certainly
+not send troops ourselves into their territory. I am, &amp;c.,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">(Signed) E. GREY.</p></div>
+
+<p><a href="#DOCUMENT_NO_3">Document No. 3</a> contains, according to Dr. B. Dernburg, the personal
+views of the Belgian Minister in Berlin, but it does not, in any way,
+indicate the existence of an agreement between Belgium and England
+against Germany.</p>
+
+<p>It is impossible to say that these documents constitute a proof of an
+agreement between England and Belgium against Germany, unless one
+accepts the idea that Germany had a right to violate Belgium's
+neutrality and that all measures taken as a precaution against
+violation of neutrality must therefore have been taken against
+Germany.</p>
+
+<p>The documents contain merely conversations between military officers
+in regard to a possible future co-operation of their armies in the
+event of violation of Belgian territory by Germany. They never even
+resulted in an agreement between those Governments; Military Attach&#233;s
+have no authority to make such agreements.</p>
+
+<p>The events that happened last August and the sudden invasion of
+Belgium by Germany show that the British Government was fully
+justified in fearing the violation of Belgian territory by Germany. It
+seems incredible, after what has passed, that the German Government
+should denounce the British Government for approaching Belgian
+military officers and taking precautions against the very thing which
+eventually happened.</p>
+
+<p>If further proof should be necessary, the documents published in the
+&quot;Gray Book&quot; show as clearly as possible that, when the war broke out,
+Belgium had no such agreement with any of the powers.</p>
+
+<p>On July 24 the following letter was sent by the Belgian Minister for
+Foreign Affairs to the various Belgian Legations concerned, with
+instructions to communicate the same to the powers as soon as said
+Legations should have received telegraphic orders to do so:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Mr. Minister:</p>
+
+<p>The international situation is serious; the eventuality of a
+conflict between several powers cannot be set aside from the
+anxieties of the Government of the King.</p>
+
+<p>Belgium has observed with the most scrupulous exactness the
+duties of a neutral State which are imposed on her by the
+Treaties of April 19, 1839. These duties, whatever the
+circumstances may be, <i>will be resolutely fulfilled by her</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The friendly disposition of the powers toward her has been
+so often affirmed that Belgium has the confidence that her
+territory will be untouched by any attack if hostilities
+should break out on her frontiers.</p>
+
+<p>All the necessary measures have nevertheless been taken, in
+order to assure the observance of her neutrality.... It is
+scarcely necessary to insist upon their character.... These
+measures <i>are not and can not have been inspired by a design
+to participate in an armed struggle of the powers, nor by
+any sentiment of defiance toward any one of them</i>.</p></div>
+
+<p>Belgium declared that she would not fail to fulfill all of her duties,
+that she had not a single agreement of alliance with any one, and that
+she wanted to remain absolutely neutral.</p>
+
+<p>Seven days later the Belgian Minister for Foreign Affairs communicated
+to the Belgian Legations his answer to the question which Sir Edward
+Grey had asked Belgium in the name of England:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Mr. Minister:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The British Minister requested to see me very urgently and
+communicated to me the following:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'Sir Edward Grey has asked the French and German Governments,
+separately, whether each of them was prepared to respect the
+neutrality of Belgium.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'In view of the existing treaties, I am also instructed to inform the
+Minister for Foreign Affairs of Belgium that <i>Sir Edward Grey presumes
+that Belgium will do her utmost to maintain her neutrality</i>.'</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I immediately thanked Sir Francis Villiers for this communication,
+which the Belgian Government appreciates very highly, and I added that
+Great Britain and the other nations, guarantors of our independence,
+might be sure that we would neglect no effort to maintain our
+neutrality, and that we were convinced that the other powers, in view
+of the excellent relations of friendship and confidence which we have
+always enjoyed with them, would observe and maintain this neutrality.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>At the decisive moment, the attitude of Belgium was thus
+irreproachable. She was not bound to any other nation; she had her
+hands free. She declared that she was ready to make the necessary
+sacrifices to defend her neutrality and to resist any aggression from
+whatever source, and she added that, trusting in her friendly
+relations with the powers, she was unwilling to believe that any of
+them would violate her neutrality.</p>
+
+<p>On Aug. 3, at 7 A.M., after having received the ultimatum from
+Germany, Belgium declared that she refused to repudiate her
+engagements.</p>
+
+<p>The next day, the 4th of August, at 3 P.M., the Belgian Minister for
+Foreign Affairs received from Sir F. Villiers, Minister of England in
+Brussels, the following note:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p style="text-align: right">BRUSSELS, Aug. 4, 1914.</p>
+
+<p>I am instructed to inform the Belgian Government that if
+Germany exercises pressure for the purpose of compelling
+Belgium to abandon her position of a neutral country, the
+Government of his Britannic Majesty expects Belgium to
+resist by every possible means. The Government of his
+Britannic Majesty is ready, in that event, to join with
+Russia and France, <i>if desired by Belgium</i>, to offer to the
+Belgian Government, at once, common action for the purpose
+of resisting the use of force by Germany against Belgium,
+and at the same time to offer a guarantee to maintain the
+independence and the integrity of Belgium in the future.</p></div>
+
+<p>England offered her help <i>but did not impose it</i>. She did not intend
+to send troops into Belgian territory as a preventive measure. She
+expressly subordinated her assistance <i>to the desire of Belgium</i>.</p>
+
+<p>It was only on the 4th of August, during the evening, after having
+vainly hoped and waited for a change in the attitude of Germany, that
+Belgium called England, France, and Russia to co-operate, as guarantor
+powers, in the defense of her territory.</p>
+
+<p>In the preface published by Dr. B. Dernburg, with the documents, it is
+said that &quot;only the prompt action at Li&#233;ge that put this important
+railway centre, commanding the railway connections to France and
+Germany, into German hands, prevented the English landing and invading
+Belgium.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>It is impossible to conceive how the taking of Li&#233;ge prevented the
+English from landing and invading Belgium. That statement is hardly a
+compliment to the intelligence or the geographical knowledge of the
+American people. The fact is that Li&#233;ge was taken a long time before
+the British troops landed at Calais, and it is still today in the
+hands of the Germans without in the least interfering with the arrival
+of British reinforcements in France and in the territory still left in
+the possession of Belgium. The fact is that Li&#233;ge was not taken to
+prevent the British from entering Belgium, but because it was part of
+the plan of the German General Staff to invade Belgium at once, to
+march across her territory, to crush the army of France as soon as
+possible, and then to turn and attack the Russians on the east.</p>
+
+<p>It is interesting to recall here the famous conversation held between
+the British Ambassador in Berlin, on one side, and the Chancellor of
+the Empire, Mr. Bethmann-Hollweg, and the German Secretary for Foreign
+Affairs, Mr. von Jagow, on the other side, at the time of the invasion
+of Belgium by the German troops. These conversations prove,
+indisputably, the premeditated intention of Germany to violate
+Belgium's neutrality:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>To the request of Sir Edward Goschen, the English Ambassador
+in Berlin, to be allowed to know if Germany would pledge
+herself to respect the neutrality of Belgium, the German
+Secretary of State replied that &quot;this neutrality had already
+been violated by Germany.&quot; Herr von Jagow went again into
+the &quot;reasons why the Imperial Government had been obliged to
+take this step, namely, that they had to advance into France
+by the quickest and easiest way so as to be able to get well
+ahead with their operations and endeavor to strike some
+decisive blow as early as possible. It was a matter of life
+and death to them, for, if they had gone by the more
+southern route, they could not have hoped, in view of the
+paucity of the roads and the strength of the fortresses, to
+have got through without formidable opposition entailing
+great loss of time. This loss of time would mean time gained
+by the Russians for the bringing up of their troops to the
+German frontier. Rapidity of action was the great German
+asset, while that of Russia was the inexhaustible supply of
+troops.&quot; (Official report of the British Ambassador in
+Berlin to the British Government.)</p></div>
+
+<p>This conversation preceded by a few minutes that in which the German
+Chancellor, giddy at the sight of the abyss into which Germany was
+falling, uttered these celebrated words: &quot;Just for a word, NEUTRALITY,
+a word which in war times has been so often disregarded; just for A
+SCRAP OF PAPER, Great Britain is going to make war on a kindred
+nation. At what price would that compact (neutrality) have been kept?
+Has the British Government thought of that?&quot; Sir Edward Goschen
+replied that fear of consequences would hardly be regarded as an
+excuse for breaking a solemn engagement. (Official report of the
+British Ambassador in Berlin to his Government.)</p>
+
+<p>Finally, the solemn avowal of the German Chancellor, during the
+sitting of the Reichstag on Aug. 4, 1914, settles this question
+definitely: &quot;We are in a state of legitimate defense. NECESSITY KNOWS
+NO LAW. Our troops have occupied Luxemburg and have perhaps already
+penetrated into Belgium. This is against the law of nations.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The truth is that every step taken by Germany was a clear indication
+of her intentions against Belgium. Her strategic railroads are
+concentrated on the Belgian frontier, and her military writers, von
+Bernhardi, von Schliefenbach, and von der Goltz, made no secret of her
+plan to carry on her war by means of an invasion of Belgium's neutral
+country. Events have shown how, long before the war, preparations had
+been made to carry this plan into effect.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. B. Dernburg says that the one-sidedness of the Belgian inclination
+is indicated by the placing of all Belgian fortresses on the eastern
+frontier. The distinguished statesman (apparently confused by the
+ardor of discussion) has already in another article, published in The
+Independent of Dec. 7, 1914, placed Antwerp at the mouth of the Rhine;
+today he places Namur on the German frontier, whereas that fortress is
+situated near the frontier of France. There are three fortresses in
+Belgium&#8212;Antwerp, Li&#233;ge, and Namur. Antwerp is in the north, Li&#233;ge in
+the east, and Namur in the south. Namur, being near the French
+frontier, could menace Germany only in case the Germans should have
+penetrated about one-third of Belgium. It is, in fact, a fortress
+against France.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing has been brought forward to show that, if Germany had not
+invaded Belgium, France or England would have done so. The exact
+contrary is clearly indicated by the documents.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. B. Dernburg cites a decision of the Supreme Court of the United
+States and attempts to apply it to the case of Germany's violation of
+Belgian neutrality and to justify Germany by the law of necessity. The
+example chosen (the Chinese question) does not involve massacres,
+bombardments, nor the burning of towns. It is not an analogous case.
+The following would be a closer analogy to Germany's action in regard
+to Belgium: A man pretending that he has been attacked in the street
+by a powerful enemy, claims that he is justified in killing an
+innocent person, if by doing so he can gain an advantage over his
+adversary.</p>
+
+<p>It would be difficult for any one to produce a decision of the Supreme
+Court justifying a crime on the plea that the perpetration of the
+crime was advantageous to the culprit who committed it.</p>
+
+<p>When a nation has to resort to such arguments to defend its actions it
+must realize that its case is desperate.</p>
+
+<p>Germany has converted smiling and peaceful Belgium into a land of
+sorrow, of mourning, and of ruins. There is not a family that does not
+mourn one of its dear ones. In the face of the indignation which has
+aroused the world, Germany, today, endeavors to refute the accusation
+which rises against her from so many tombs, and she endeavors to throw
+upon the innocent the terrible responsibility of her own crimes.</p>
+
+<p>It is not probable that this course of action will win back to Germany
+the sympathy which she has lost throughout the world.</p>
+
+<p>The foregoing documents show clearly that Belgium had made no
+agreement with England for attacking Germany, nor even an agreement
+for British military defense of Belgian neutrality.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>[Having replied to the representations made in the German
+indictment drawn by Dr. Dernburg, the Belgian authorities
+proceeded to compile a pamphlet, the contents of which are
+reproduced on the <a href="#Why_Belgium_Was_Devastated">following pages</a>, purporting to show from
+original documents the manner of the German violation of
+Belgium's neutralized territory.]</p></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="BIG_AND_GREAT"></a>THE BIG AND THE GREAT</h2>
+
+<h3>By WILLIAM ARCHER.</h3>
+
+<h4>[From King Albert&#8217;s Book.]</h4>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<b><span class="smcap">The</span></b> Big and the Great<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">When they to History's judgment seat shall come,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Which will shine glorious in the eyes of men,</span><br />
+Huge Germany or heroic BELGIUM?<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Which will be hailed Great, Wilhelm or ALBERT, then?</span><br />
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>[The following title and article are reproduced from the
+second pamphlet referred to in the letter from the Belgian
+Legation at Washington to <span class="smcap">The New York Times Current
+History</span>, appearing on <a href="#INNOCENCE_OF_BELGIUM">Page 1110</a>.&#8212;<span class="smcap">Editor</span>.]</p></div>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<h4>[BELGIAN LEGATION ARTICLE NO. 2.]</h4>
+
+<h2><a name="Why_Belgium_Was_Devastated">&#8220;Why Belgium Was Devastated&#8221;</a></h2>
+
+<h3>&#8220;As Recorded in Proclamations of the German Commanders in Belgium&#8221;</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&quot;<i>Necessity knows no law</i>.&quot;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 5em">&#8212;BETHMANN-HOLLWEG.</span></p>
+
+<p>&quot;<i>The wrong that we are committing we will endeavor to
+repair as soon as our military goal has been reached.</i>&quot;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 5em">&#8212;BETHMANN-HOLLWEG.</span></p></div>
+
+
+<h3>EXTRACT FROM A PROCLAMATION TO THE MUNICIPAL AUTHORITIES OF THE CITY
+OF LI&#201;GE.</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">Aug. 22, 1914.</p>
+
+<p>The inhabitants of the town of Andenne, after having declared their
+peaceful intentions, have made a surprise attack on our troops.</p>
+
+<p>It is with my consent that the Commander in Chief has ordered the
+whole town to be burned and that about one hundred people have been
+shot.</p>
+
+<p>I bring this fact to the knowledge of the City of Li&#233;ge, so that
+citizens of Li&#233;ge may realize the fate with which they are menaced if
+they adopt a similar attitude.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">The General Commanding in Chief.<br />
+(Signed) VON BUELOW.</p>
+
+
+<h3>NOTICE POSTED AT NAMUR, AUGUST THE 25TH, 1914.</h3>
+
+<p>(1) French and Belgian soldiers must be surrendered as prisoners of
+war at the prison before 4 o'clock. <i>Citizens who do not obey will be
+condemned to enforced labor for life in Germany.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>A rigorous inspection of houses will begin at 4 o'clock. Every
+soldier found will be immediately shot.</i></p>
+
+<p>(2) Arms, powder, dynamite, must be surrendered at 4 o'clock. Penalty:
+death by shooting.</p>
+
+<p>The citizens who know where a store of arms is located must inform the
+Burgomaster, <i>under penalty of enforced labor for life</i>.</p>
+
+<p>(3) Each street will be occupied by a German guard who will take ten
+hostages in each street, whom they will keep in custody.</p>
+
+<p>If any outrage is committed in the street, <i>the ten hostages will be
+shot</i>.</p>
+
+<p>(4) Doors must not be locked, and at night after 8 o'clock three
+windows must be lighted in each house.</p>
+
+<p>(5) It is forbidden to remain in the street after 8 o'clock. The
+people of Namur must understand that there is no greater nor more
+horrible crime than to endanger the existence of the city and the life
+of its inhabitants by attacks upon the German Army.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">
+The Commandant of the City.<br />
+(Signed) VON BUELOW.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Namur, 25th of August, 1914. (Imprimerie Chantraine.)</p>
+
+
+<h3>LETTER ADDRESSED ON AUG. 27, 1914, BY LIEUT. GEN. VON NIEBER TO THE
+BURGOMASTER OF WAVRE.</h3>
+
+<p>On Aug. 22, 1914, the General commanding the Second Army, Herr von
+B&#252;low, imposed upon the City of Wavre a war levy of three million
+francs, to be paid before Sept. 1, as expiation for its unqualifiable
+behavior (contrary to the law of nations and the usages of war) in
+making a surprise attack on the German troops.</p>
+
+<p>The General in command of the Second Army has just given to the
+General commanding this station of the Second Army the order to send
+in without delay, this contribution which it should pay on account of
+its conduct.</p>
+
+<p>I order and command you to give to the bearer of the present letter
+the two first installments, that is to say, two million francs in
+gold.</p>
+
+<p>Furthermore, I require that you give the bearer a letter, duly sealed
+with the seal of the city, stating that the balance, that is to say,
+one million francs, will be paid, without fail, on the 1st of
+September.</p>
+
+<p>I draw the attention of the city to the fact that in no case can it
+count on further delay, as the civil population of the city has put
+itself outside the law of nations by firing on the German soldiers.</p>
+
+<p><i>The City of Wavre will be burned and destroyed if the levy is not
+paid in due time, without regard for any one; the innocent will suffer
+with the guilty.</i></p>
+
+
+<h3>PROCLAMATION POSTED AT GRIVEGNEE, Sept. 8, 1914.</h3>
+
+<p>
+<i>Commune of Grivegnee.<br />
+Very Important Notice.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>The Major Commandant Dieckmann, at the Ch&#226;teau des Bruyeres, requests
+me to bring the following statement to the knowledge of the
+inhabitants:</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+Dieckmann Battalion,<br />
+Ch&#226;teau des Bruyeres, Sept. 6, 1914.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Present at the discussion:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>
+(1) The Cur&#233; Fryns of Bois de Breux.<br />
+(2) The Cur&#233; Franssen of Beyne.<br />
+(3) The Cur&#233; Lepropres of Heusay.<br />
+(4) The Cur&#233; Paquay of Grivegnee.<br />
+(5) The Burgomaster Dejardin of Beyne.<br />
+(6) The Burgomaster Hodeige of Grivegnee.<br />
+(7) Major Dieckmann.<br />
+(8) Lieut. R. Reil.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Major Dieckmann brought to the knowledge of the persons present the
+following orders:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;(1) Before the 6th of September, 1914, at 4 o'clock in the afternoon,
+all arms, munitions, explosives, and fireworks which are still in the
+hands of the citizens must be surrendered at the Ch&#226;teau des Bruyeres.
+<i>Those who do not obey will render themselves liable to the death
+penalty. They will be shot on the spot, or given military execution,
+unless they can prove their innocence.</i></p>
+
+<p>&quot;(2) All inhabitants of houses in Beyne-Heusay, Grivegnee, Bois de
+Greux, and Fleron must remain at home after sunset, (at present 7
+o'clock P.M., German time.) The aforesaid houses must be lighted as
+long as any one remains up. The entrance door must be shut. Those who
+do not conform to the regulations expose themselves to severe
+penalties. Any resistance to these orders will be followed by sentence
+of death.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;(3) The Commandant should meet no opposition whatever in these
+domiciliary visits. Each inhabitant must open all the rooms of his
+house without even a summons. Whoever makes any opposition will be
+severely punished.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;(4) Beginning Sept. 7, at 9 o'clock in the morning, I will permit the
+houses of Beyne-Heusay, Grivegnee, Bois de Breux, to be occupied by
+persons formerly dwelling in them as long as no formal prohibition to
+frequent these places shall have been issued against the inhabitants
+above referred to.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;(5) In order to be sure that this permission is not abused, the
+Burgomasters of Beyne-Heusay and of Grivegnee shall immediately draw
+up a list of persons who shall be held as hostages, at the fort of
+Fleron, in twenty-four-hour shifts; on Sept. 6, for the first time,
+from 6 o'clock in the evening until midday, Sept. 7.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<i>The life of these hostages will depend upon the population of the
+aforesaid communes remaining pacific under all circumstances.</i></p>
+
+<p>&quot;During the night it is strictly prohibited to make any luminous
+signal whatever. The circulation of bicycles is only allowed from 7
+A.M. until 5 P.M., German time.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;(6) I will designate from the lists submitted to me the persons who
+will be detained as hostages from noon of one day to noon of the next
+day. If the substitute does not arrive in time, the hostage will
+remain another twenty-four hours. <i>After this second period of
+twenty-four hours, the hostage incurs the penalty of death if the
+substitution is not made.</i></p>
+
+<p>&quot;(7) Hostages will be chosen, primarily, from among priests,
+Burgomasters, and other members of the civic administration.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;(8) I demand that all civilians living in the vicinity, especially in
+Beyne-Heusay, Fleron, Bois de Breux, and Grivegnee, shall show
+deference toward the German officers by taking off their hats and by
+carrying the hand to the head in military salute. In case of doubt,
+every German soldier must be saluted. If any one refuses to do so, he
+must expect the German soldiers to make themselves respected by any
+means they may select.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;(9) The German soldiers have the right to visit any wagon or package
+belonging to the inhabitants of the surrounding country. Any
+opposition will be severely punished.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;(10) <i>Any one knowing of the location of a store of more than one
+hundred litres of petroleum, benzine, benzol, or other similar liquids
+in the aforesaid communes, and who does not report same to the
+military commander on the spot, incurs the penalty of death, provided
+there is no doubt about the quantity and the location of the store.
+Quantities of 100 litres are alone referred to.</i></p>
+
+<p>&quot;(11) Any one who does not instantly obey the command of 'hands up'
+becomes guilty (sic) of the death penalty.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;(12) <i>The entrance to the Ch&#226;teau des Bruyeres</i> and to the park <i>is
+prohibited under the penalty of death</i> from dark till dawn, (6 P.M. to
+6 A.M., German time,) to all who are not soldiers of the German Army.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;(13) During daytime entrance to the Ch&#226;teau des Bruyeres is allowed
+only by the northeast entrance, where there is a guard, and only to
+the people to whom cards of admission have been given. Any gathering
+near the guard is prohibited in the interest of the population.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;(14) Any one who by spreading false news prejudicial to the morale of
+the German troops or who by any means tries to take measures against
+the German Army renders himself a suspect and incurs the risk of
+being shot immediately.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;(15) Whereas by the above regulations the inhabitants in the vicinity
+of the fortress are threatened with severe penalties if they violate
+these regulations in any way, on the other hand these same
+inhabitants, if they remain peaceful, may rely upon the most
+benevolent protection and help on all occasions when wrong is done
+them.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;(16) The requisition of cattle in specified quantities will take
+place daily from 10 A.M. until noon and from 2 P.M. to 3 P.M. at the
+Ch&#226;teau des Bruyeres before the Cattle Commission.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;(17) Any one who under the protection of the insignia of the Swiss
+(Red Cross) Convention harms, or even tries to harm, the German Army
+and is discovered shall be hung.&quot;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">
+(Signed) DIECKMANN,<br />
+Major in Command.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Grivegnee, Sept. 8, 1914.</p>
+
+<p>
+For certified copy: The Burgomaster,<br />
+(Signed) VICTOR HODEIGE.<br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h3>SUMMONS TO CAPITULATE.</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">Sept. 4, 1914.</p>
+
+<p>To the Commander of Termonde and, at the same time, to the Burgomaster
+of Termonde:</p>
+
+<p>The Germans have taken Termonde. We have placed the heaviest siege
+artillery all around the town. Still, at the present time, one dares
+shoot from houses upon German soldiers. The town and the fortress are
+summoned to hoist immediately the white flag and to stop fighting. If
+you do not yield to this summons immediately the town will be razed to
+the ground within a quarter of an hour by a heavy bombardment. All the
+armed forces of Termonde will immediately lay down their arms at the
+Porte de Bruxelles (Brussels Gate) at the south exit from Termonde.
+Arms held by the inhabitants will be deposited at the same time and at
+the same place.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">The General Commanding the German Forces Before Termonde,<br />
+(Signed) VON BOEHN.</p>
+
+
+<h3>PROCLAMATION POSTED IN BRUSSELS SEPT. 25, 1914.</h3>
+
+<h4>General Government in Belgium.</h4>
+
+<p>It has happened recently in some places which are not at the present
+time occupied by strong forces of German troops, military convoys or
+patrolling parties have been attacked by surprise by the inhabitants.</p>
+
+<p>I draw the attention of the public to the fact that <i>a record</i> is kept
+of the towns and villages in the vicinity in which such attacks have
+taken place and that they must expect their punishment as soon as
+German troops pass near by.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">
+The Governor General of Belgium,<br />
+(Signed) BARON VON DER GOLTZ,<br />
+Field Marshal.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Brussels, 25th September.</p>
+
+
+<h3>NOTICE POSTED AT BRUSSELS OCT. 5, 1914, AND PRESUMABLY IN MOST OF THE
+COMMUNES IN THE COUNTRY.</h3>
+
+<p>On the evening of Sept. 25 the railway and telegraph lines were
+destroyed on the Lovenjoul-Vertryck line.</p>
+
+<p>Consequently the two above-mentioned places on the morning of Sept. 30
+had to give an account and to furnish hostages.</p>
+
+<p>In the future the communities in the vicinity of a place where such
+things happen (<i>no matter whether or not they are accomplices</i>) will
+be punished without mercy.</p>
+
+<p>To this end hostages have been taken from all places in the vicinity
+of railroad lines menaced by such attacks, and at the first attempt to
+destroy the railroad tracks or the telegraph or telephone wires they
+will be immediately shot.</p>
+
+<p>Furthermore, all troops in charge of the protection of the railroad
+lines have received orders to shoot any person approaching in a
+suspicious manner the railroad tracks or the telegraph or telephone
+lines.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">
+The Governor General of Belgium,<br />
+(Signed) BARON VON DER GOLTZ,<br />
+Field Marshal.<br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h3>NOTICE POSTED AT BRUSSELS, NOV. 1, 1914.</h3>
+
+<p>A legally constituted court-martial has pronounced, the 28th of
+October, 1914, the following condemnations:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;(1) Upon Policeman de Ryckere for attacking, in the exercise of his
+legal functions, an agent vested with German authority, for willfully
+inflicting bodily injury on two occasions in concert with other
+persons, for facilitating the escape of a prisoner on one occasion,
+and for attacking a German soldier&#8212;<i>Five years' imprisonment</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;(2) Upon Policeman Seghers for attacking, in the exercise of his
+legal functions, an agent vested with German authority, for willfully
+inflicting bodily injury upon said German agent, and for facilitating
+the escape of a prisoner (all these offenses constituting a single
+act)&#8212;<i>Three years' imprisonment</i>.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>These sentences have been confirmed by Gov. Gen. Baron von der Goltz
+on Oct. 31, 1914.</p>
+
+<p>The City of Brussels, excluding suburbs, has been punished for the
+crime committed by its policeman de Ryckere against a German soldier
+by an additional fine of 5,000,000 francs.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">
+The Governor of Brussels,<br />
+(Signed) BARON VON LUETTWITZ,<br />
+General.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Brussels, Nov. 1, 1914.</p>
+
+
+<h3>EXTRACT FROM THE SIXTH REPORT OF THE BELGIUM COMMISSION OF INQUIRY.</h3>
+
+<p>After such proclamations, who will be surprised at the murders,
+burnings, pillage, and destruction committed by the German Army
+wherever they have met with resistance?</p>
+
+<p>If a German corps or patrolling party is received at the entrance to a
+village by a volley from soldiers of the regular troops who are
+afterward forced to retire the whole population is held responsible.
+The civilians are accused of having fired or having co-operated in the
+defense and, without inquiry, the place is given over to pillage and
+flames, and a part of the inhabitants are massacred.</p>
+
+<p>The Commission of Inquiry has already mentioned these facts in its
+report of Sept. 10, (third report.)</p>
+
+<p>The facts which have been gathered since then have confirmed its
+conclusions.</p>
+
+<p>The odious acts which have been committed in all parts of the country
+have a general character, throwing the responsibility upon the whole
+German Army. It is simply the application of a preconceived
+system&#8212;the carrying out of instructions&#8212;which has made of the
+enemy's troops in Belgium &quot;a horde of barbarians and a band of
+incendiaries.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The reports which the commission has had the honor of submitting to
+you up to the present, Mr. Minister, concern especially events of
+which the towns of Aerschot and Louvain and the communes in the
+Provinces of Antwerp and Brabant have been the theatre. New reports
+will be sent you shortly which will permit you to take cognizance of
+the gravity of acts committed by the invaders in other parts of the
+country, notably in the Provinces of Li&#233;ge, Namur, Hainault, and
+Flanders.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">
+The President,<br />
+(Signed) COOREMAN.<br />
+<br />
+The Vice President,<br />
+(Signed) COUNT GOBLET D'ALVIELLA.<br />
+<br />
+The Secretaries,<br />
+(Signed) CHEVALIER ERNEST DE BUNSWYCK,<br />
+(Signed) ORTS.<br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="FROM_THE_BODY_OF_THIS_DEATH" id="FROM_THE_BODY_OF_THIS_DEATH"></a>&#8220;FROM THE BODY OF THIS DEATH&#8221;</h2>
+
+<h3>By SIDNEY LOW.</h3>
+
+<h4>[From King Albert&#8217;s Book.]</h4>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<b><span class="smcap">She</span></b> is not dead! Although the spoiler's hand<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lies heavy as death upon her; though the smart</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Of his accursed steel is at her heart,</span><br />
+And scarred upon her breast his shameful brand;<br />
+Though yet the torches of the vandal band<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Smoke on her ruined fields, her trampled bones,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Her ravaged homes and desolated fanes,</span><br />
+She is not dead but sleeping, that wronged land.<br />
+<br />
+O little nation, valorous and free,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thou shalt o'erlive the terror and the pain;</span><br />
+Call back thy scattered children unto thee,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Strong with the memory of their brothers slain,</span><br />
+And rise from out thy charnel-house, to be<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thine own immortal, radiant self again.</span><br />
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p style="text-align: center" class="border">
+<img src="images/augusta.jpg" width="308" height="500" alt="Augusta Victoria" title="Augusta Victoria" /></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>H.I.M. AUGUSTA VICTORIA</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>The Most Recent Photograph of the German Empress.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>(<i>Photo from American Press Association.</i>)</b></p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center" class="border">
+<img src="images/kaiser.jpg" width="313" height="500" alt="The Kaiser" title="The Kaiser" /></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>A WAR-TIME PICTURE OF THE KAISER</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>The Effects of the Stress of War Are Noticeable in This Photograph of
+the War Lord,<br />
+Taken in His Winter Campaign Uniform.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>(<i>Photo from Underwood &amp; Underwood.</i>)</b></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h1><a name="A_Scrap_of_Paper" id="A_Scrap_of_Paper"></a>&#8220;A Scrap of Paper&#8221;</h1>
+
+<h2>Recent Versions of the German Chancellor&#8217;s Reference to the Belgian
+Treaty of Neutrality<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></h2>
+
+<h3>By Chancellor von Bethmann-Hollweg and Sir Edward Grey.</h3>
+
+
+<h3>I.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">G</span>ENERAL FIELD HEADQUARTERS OF THE GERMAN ARMIES IN FRANCE, via Berlin
+and London, Jan. 24.&#8212;&quot;I am surprised to learn that my phrase, 'a
+scrap of paper,' which I used in my last conversation with the British
+Ambassador in reference to the Belgian neutrality treaty, should have
+caused such an unfavorable impression in the United States. The
+expression was used in quite another connection and the meaning
+implied in Sir Edward Goschen's report and the turn given to it in the
+biased comment of our enemies are undoubtedly responsible for this
+impression.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The speaker was Dr. Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg, the German Imperial
+Chancellor, and the conversation with a representative of The
+Associated Press occurred at the German Army Field Headquarters, in a
+town of Northern France, and in a villa serving as the office and
+dwelling for the Imperial Chancellor, for the Foreign Minister,
+Gottlieb von Jagow, and for the members of the diplomatic suite
+accompanying Emperor William afield.</p>
+
+<p>The Chancellor apparently had not relished the subject until his
+attention was called to the extent to which the phrase had been used
+in discussion on the responsibility of the war. He then volunteered to
+give an explanation of his meaning, which in substance was that he had
+spoken of the treaty not as &quot;a scrap of paper&quot; for Germany, but as an
+instrument which had become obsolete through Belgium's forfeiture of
+its neutrality, and that Great Britain had quite other reasons for
+entering into the war, compared with which the neutrality treaty
+appeared to have only the value of a scrap of paper.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;My conversation with Sir Edward Goschen,&quot; said the Chancellor,
+&quot;occurred Aug. 4. I had just declared in the Reichstag that only dire
+necessity and only the struggle for existence compelled Germany to
+march through Belgium, but that Germany was ready to make compensation
+for the wrong committed.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;When I spoke I already had certain indications, but no absolute proof
+upon which to base a public accusation, that Belgium long before had
+abandoned its neutrality in its relations with England. Nevertheless,
+I took Germany's responsibilities toward the neutral State so
+seriously that I spoke frankly of the wrong committed by Germany.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;What was the British attitude on the same question?&quot; continued the
+Chancellor. &quot;The day before my conversation with Ambassador Goschen,
+Sir Edward Grey had delivered his well-known speech in Parliament, in
+which, while he had not stated expressly that England would take part
+in the war, he had left the matter in little doubt.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;One needs only to read this speech through carefully to learn the
+reason for England's intervention in the war. Amid all his beautiful
+phrases about England's honor and England's obligations we find it
+over and over again expressed that England's interests&#8212;its own
+interests&#8212;call for participation in the war, for it is not in
+England's interests that a victorious and therefore stronger Germany
+should emerge from the war.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;This old principle of England policy&#8212;to take as the sole criterion
+of its actions its private interests regardless of right, reason, or
+considerations of humanity&#8212;is expressed in that speech of Gladstone's
+in 1870 on Belgian neutrality, from which Sir Edward quoted.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Mr. Gladstone then declared that he was unable to subscribe to the
+doctrine that the simple fact of the existence of a guarantee is
+binding on every party thereto, irrespective altogether of the
+particular position in which it may find itself at a time when the
+occasion for action on the guarantee arrives; and he referred to such
+English statesmen as Aberdeen and Palmerston as supporters of his
+views.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;England drew the sword,&quot; continued the Chancellor, &quot;only because it
+believed its own interests demanded it. Just for Belgian neutrality it
+would never have entered the war.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;That is what I meant when I told Sir Edward Goschen in that last
+interview, when we sat down to talk the matter over privately as man
+to man, that among the reasons which had impelled England to go into
+the war the Belgian neutrality treaty had for her only the value of a
+scrap of paper.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I may have been a bit excited and aroused,&quot; said the Chancellor. &quot;Who
+would not have been at seeing the hopes and the work of the whole
+period of my Chancellorship going for nought? I recalled to the
+Ambassador my efforts for years to bring about an understanding
+between England and Germany; an understanding which, I reminded him,
+would have made a general European war impossible, and which
+absolutely would have guaranteed the peace of Europe.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Such an understanding,&quot; the Chancellor interjected parenthetically,
+&quot;would have formed the basis on which we could have approached the
+United States as a third partner; but England had not taken up this
+plan, and through its entry into the war had destroyed forever the
+hope of its fulfillment.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;In comparison with such momentous consequences was the treaty not a
+scrap of paper? England ought really to cease harping on this theme of
+Belgian neutrality,&quot; said the Chancellor. &quot;Documents on the
+Anglo-Belgian military agreement which we have found in the meantime
+show plainly enough how England regarded this neutrality. As you know,
+we found in the archives of the Belgian Foreign Office documents which
+showed that England in 1911 was determined to throw troops into
+Belgium without the assent of the Belgian Government if war had then
+broken out&#8212;in other words, to do exactly the same thing for which,
+with all the pathos of virtuous indignation, it now reproaches
+Germany.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;In some later dispatch Sir Edward Grey, I believe, informed Belgium
+that he did not believe England would take such a step because he did
+not think English public opinion would justify that action. And still
+people in the United States wonder that I characterized as a scrap of
+paper the treaty whose observance, according to responsible British
+statesmen, should be dependent on the pleasure of British public
+opinion&#8212;a treaty which England itself had long since undermined with
+its military agreements with Belgium!</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Remember, too, that Sir Edward Grey expressly refused to assure us of
+England's neutrality even in the event that Germany respected Belgian
+neutrality.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I can understand, therefore, the English displeasure at my
+characterization of the Treaty of 1839 as a scrap of paper, for this
+scrap of paper was for England extremely valuable, furnishing an
+excuse before the world for embarking in the war.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I hope, however, that in the United States you will see clearly
+enough that England in this matter, too, acted solely on the principle
+of 'right or wrong, my interest.'&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The Chancellor during the conversation had twice risen to take a few
+impatient steps about the room. He spoke calmly enough, but with an
+undercurrent of deep feeling, particularly when he mentioned his
+efforts for an understanding with England and the world peace which he
+had hoped would come from them based on an agreement between Great
+Britain, Germany, and the United States, and with a note of thorough
+conviction as to the justice of the German position toward Belgium.</p>
+
+
+<h3>II.</h3>
+
+<h3>SIR EDWARD GREY&#8217;S REPLY.</h3>
+
+<p>London, Jan. 26.&#8212;Sir Edward Grey, the British Secretary of State for
+Foreign Affairs, today authorized the following statement in reply to
+an interview obtained with Dr. von Bethmann-Hollweg, the German
+Imperial Chancellor, by a representative of The Associated Press and
+published in London on Jan. 26 and in the United States on Jan. 25:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs authorizes the publication
+of the following observations upon the report of an interview recently
+granted by the German Chancellor to an American correspondent. It is
+not surprising that the German Chancellor should show anxiety to
+explain away his now historic phrase about a treaty being a mere
+'scrap of paper.'</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The phrase has made a deep impression because the progress of the
+world largely depends upon the sanctity of agreements between
+individuals and between nations, and the policy disclosed in Herr von
+Bethmann-Hollweg's phrase tends to debase the legal and moral currency
+of civilization.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;What the German Chancellor said was that Great Britain in requiring
+Germany to respect the neutrality of Belgium 'was going to make war
+just for a word, just for a scrap of paper'&#8212;that is, that Great
+Britain was making a mountain out of a molehill. He now asks the
+American public to believe that he meant the exact opposite of what he
+said; that it was Great Britain who really regarded the neutrality of
+Belgium as a mere trifle, and that it was Germany who 'took her
+responsibilities toward the neutral States so seriously.'</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The arguments by which Herr von Bethmann-Hollweg seeks to establish
+the two sides of this case are in flat contradiction of the plain
+facts.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;First, the German Chancellor alleges that 'England in 1911 was
+determined to throw troops into Belgium without the assent of the
+Belgian Government.' This allegation is absolutely false. It is based
+upon certain documents found in Brussels which record conversations
+between British and Belgian officers in 1906, and again in 1911.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The fact that there is no note of these conversations at the British
+War Office or the Foreign Office shows that they were of a purely
+informal character and that no military agreement of any sort was at
+either time made between the two Governments. Before any conversations
+took place between the British and the Belgian officers it was
+expressly laid down on the British side that discussion of the
+military possibilities was to be addressed to the manner in which, in
+case of need, British assistance could be most effectually afforded to
+Belgium for the defense of her neutrality, and on the Belgian side a
+marginal note upon the record explains that 'the entry of the English
+into Belgium would only take place after the violation of our
+(Belgium's) neutrality by Germany.'</p>
+
+<p>&quot;As regards the conversation of 1911, the Belgian officer said to the
+British officer: 'You could only land in our country with our
+consent'; and in 1913 Sir Edward Grey gave the Belgian Government a
+categorical assurance that no British Government would violate the
+neutrality of Belgium and that 'so long as it was not violated by any
+other power we should certainly not send troops ourselves into their
+territory.'</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The Chancellor's method of misusing documents may be illustrated in
+this connection. He represents Sir Edward Grey as saying, 'he did not
+believe England would take such a step because he did not think
+English public opinion would justify such action.'</p>
+
+<p>&quot;What Sir Edward Grey actually wrote was: 'I said that I was sure
+that this Government would not be the first to violate the neutrality
+of Belgium, and I did not believe that any British Government would be
+the first to do so, nor would public opinion here ever approve of it.'</p>
+
+<p>&quot;If the German Chancellor wishes to know why there were conversations
+on military subjects between British and Belgian officers he may find
+one reason in a fact well known to him&#8212;namely, that Germany was
+establishing an elaborate network of strategical railways leading from
+the Rhine to the Belgian frontier through a barren, thinly populated
+tract. The railways were deliberately constructed to permit of a
+sudden attack upon Belgium, such as was carried out in August last.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;This fact alone was enough to justify any communications between
+Belgium and the other powers on the footing that there would be no
+violation of Belgian neutrality, unless it was previously violated by
+another power. On no other footing did Belgium ever have any such
+communications.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;In spite of these facts the German Chancellor speaks of Belgium as
+having thereby 'abandoned and forfeited' her neutrality, and he
+implies that he would not have spoken of the German invasion as a
+'wrong' had he then known of the conversations of 1906 and 1911.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;It would seem to follow that according to Herr von Bethmann-Hollweg's
+code wrong becomes right if the party which is to be the subject of
+the wrong foresees the possibility and makes preparations to resist
+it.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Those who are content with older and more generally accepted
+standards are likely to agree rather with what Cardinal Mercier said
+in his pastoral letter: 'Belgium was bound in honor to defend her own
+independence. She kept her oath. The other powers were bound to
+respect and to protect her neutrality. Germany violated her oath.
+England kept hers. These are the facts.'</p>
+
+<p>&quot;In the second part of the German Chancellor's thesis, namely, that
+Germany 'took her responsibilities toward the neutral States
+seriously,' he alleges nothing except that 'he spoke frankly of the
+wrong committed by Germany' in invading Belgium.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;That a man knows the right while doing the wrong is not usually
+accepted as proof of his serious conscientiousness. The real nature of
+Germany's view of her 'responsibilities toward the neutral States'
+may, however, be learned on authority which cannot be disputed by
+reference to the English 'White Paper.'</p>
+
+<p>&quot;If those responsibilities were in truth taken seriously why, when
+Germany was asked to respect the neutrality of Belgium if it were
+respected by France, did Germany refuse? France, when asked the
+corresponding question at the same time, agreed. This would have
+guaranteed Germany from all danger of attack through Belgium.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The reason of Germany's refusal was given by Herr von
+Bethmann-Hollweg's colleague, (the German Foreign Secretary, Herr von
+Jagow.) It may be paraphrased in the well-known gloss upon
+Shakespeare: 'Thrice is he armed that hath his quarrel just, but four
+times he that gets his blow in fust.'</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'They had to advance into France,' said Herr von Jagow, 'by the
+quickest and easiest way so as to be able to get well ahead with their
+operations and endeavor to strike some decisive blow as early as
+possible.'</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Germany's real attitude toward Belgium was thus frankly given by the
+German Foreign Secretary to the British Ambassador, and the German
+Chancellor in his speech to the Reichstag claimed the right to commit
+a wrong in virtue of the military necessity of hacking his way
+through. The treaty which forbade the wrong was by comparison a mere
+scrap of paper.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The truth was spoken in these first statements by the two German
+Ministers. All the apologies and arguments which have since been
+forthcoming are afterthoughts to excuse and explain away a flagrant
+wrong. Moreover, all the attacks upon Great Britain in regard to this
+matter and all talk about 'responsibilities toward neutral States'
+come badly from the man who, on July 29, asked Great Britain to enter
+into a bargain to condone the violation of the neutrality of Belgium.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The German Chancellor spoke to the American correspondent of his
+'efforts for years to bring about an understanding between England and
+Germany.' An understanding, he added, which would have 'absolutely
+guaranteed the peace of Europe.'</p>
+
+<p>&quot;He omitted to mention what Mr. Asquith made public in his speech at
+Cardiff,<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> that Germany required as the price of an understanding an
+unconditional pledge of England's neutrality. The British Government
+were ready to bind themselves not to be parties to any aggression
+against Germany. They were not prepared to pledge their neutrality in
+case of aggression by Germany.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;An Anglo-German understanding on the latter terms would not have
+meant an absolute guarantee for the peace of Europe, but it would have
+meant an absolutely free hand for Germany, so far as England was
+concerned, for Germany to break the peace of Europe.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The Chancellor says that in his conversation with the British
+Ambassador in August last he 'may have been a bit excited at seeing
+the hopes and work of the whole period of his Chancellorship going for
+nought.'</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Considering that at the date of the conversation, Aug. 4, Germany had
+already made war on France, the natural conclusion is that the
+shipwreck of the Chancellor's hopes consisted not in a European war,
+but in the fact that England had not agreed to stand out of it.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The sincerity of the German Chancellor's professions to the American
+correspondent may be brought to a very simple test, the application of
+which is more apposite because it serves to recall one of the leading
+facts which produced the present war.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Herr von Bethmann-Hollweg refused the proposal which England put
+forward and in which France, Italy, and Russia concurred, for a
+conference at which the dispute would have been settled on fair and
+honorable terms without war. If he really wished to work with England
+for peace why did he not accept that proposal? He must have known
+after the Balkan conference in London that England could be trusted to
+play fair. Herr von Jagow had given testimony in the Reichstag to
+England's good faith in those negotiations.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The proposal for the second conference between the powers was made by
+Sir Edward Grey with the same straightforward desire for peace as in
+1912 and 1913. The German Chancellor rejected this means of averting
+the war. He who does not will the means must not complain if the
+conclusion is drawn that he did not will the end.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The second part of the interview with an American newspaper
+correspondent consists of a discourse upon the ethics of the war. The
+things which Germany has done in Belgium and France have been placed
+on record by those who have suffered from them and who know them at
+first hand. After this it does not lie with the German Chancellor to
+read to the other belligerents a lecture upon the conduct of the
+war.&quot;</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="THE_KAISER_AT_DONCHERY" id="THE_KAISER_AT_DONCHERY"></a>THE KAISER AT DONCHERY.</h2>
+
+<h4>[By The Associated Press.]</h4>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">B</span>ERLIN, Jan. 29, (via London.)&#8212;The Lokalanzeiger has published some
+further accounts of the visit of Dr. Ludwig Ganghofer, the author, to
+Emperor William at the German Field Headquarters. It tells of a trip
+made by the Emperor and Dr. Ganghofer to Donchery, in the region of
+the Sedan battlefield. Here the Emperor, in speaking of the unity of
+the German people, is quoted as saying to Dr. Ganghofer: &quot;It is my
+greatest pleasure that I could live to see it.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The Emperor pointed out to the author where his father had stood at
+Sedan, where Napoleon and Bismarck met, and other historic spots.</p>
+
+<p>The trip by automobile finally brought the party to the headquarters
+of Crown Prince Frederick William, where, after luncheon had been
+eaten, the Emperor turned smiling to his son and said:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;One gets better things to eat at your headquarters than at mine. I
+shall consider whether I shall not requisition your cook.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The Emperor here had an opportunity to see a thousand French prisoners
+march by. He was greatly pleased when some of them doffed their caps
+to him and he returned their salute. During this review he turned to a
+photographer who was taking pictures, and said:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Photograph the prisoners and not always me.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The party later climbed a steep ascent to get a view of the
+surrounding region. When descending, Dr. Ganghofer slipped, but the
+Emperor quickly grasped him by the arm and saved him from a fall,
+saying at the same time:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Soldiers and citizens must help each other all they can.&quot;</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h1><a name="HAIL" id="HAIL"></a>HAIL!</h1>
+
+<h2>A HYMN TO BELGIUM</h2>
+
+<h5>POEM BY</h5>
+
+<h3>JOHN GALSWORTHY</h3>
+
+<h5>MUSIC BY</h5>
+
+<h3>FREDERIC H. COWEN.</h3>
+
+<h4>(<i>From King Albert&#8217;s Book.</i>)</h4>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><a href="music/hail.midi">[Listen]</a></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/music01.png" width="750" height="824" alt="music" title="music" /></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/music02.png" width="750" height="1020" alt="music" title="music" /></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">N.B.&#8212;If it is desired to sing this as a simple
+Hymn, the Melody of the 3rd verse should be omitted and the words sung to the
+opening eight bars, as in the 1st and 2nd verses</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h1><a name="Hollands_Future" id="Hollands_Future"></a>Holland&#8217;s Future</h1>
+
+<h3>By H.G. Wells.</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Copyright by The New York Times Company.</i>)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The article which follows was written by H.G. Wells for
+publication in England. The British censor, however, refused
+to permit its appearance there, and thus it was printed in
+the United States for the first time by <span class="smcap">The New York Times</span>
+on Feb. 7, 1915. In the development of his argument Mr.
+Wells points out that &quot;the Dutch hold a sword at the back of
+Germany.&quot; That Holland has no intention of sheathing this
+sword, so removing a menace from Germany, is indicated by
+the recent cable from The Hague telling of the message sent
+by the Government to the Second Chamber of the Legislature
+dealing with pending legislation to prolong the term of
+enlistment in the regular army, in which this language is
+used: &quot;The position of our country demands today, as it did
+in August, that our entire military force should be at all
+times available.&quot;</p></div>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">W</span>HAT changes for Holland are likely to result from the present war?</p>
+
+<p>Let me, as an irresponsible journalist, try to estimate them, and try
+to forecast what Holland is likely to do in the next few months. I do
+not want for a moment to suggest what Dutchmen ought to do; this
+preaching to highly intelligent neutrals is not a writer's business,
+but I want to imagine how things must look in the private mind of a
+wary patriotic Hollander, and to guess what may be the outcome.
+Because in many ways Holland does seem to hold the key to the present
+situation.</p>
+
+<p>It is clear that whatever fears may have been felt for the integrity
+of Holland at the beginning of the war must now be very much abated.
+The risk of Germany attacking Holland diminishes with each day of
+German failure, and the whole case and righteousness of the Allies
+rests upon their respect for Holland. Holland's position as regards
+Germany now is extraordinarily strong materially, and as regards the
+Allies it is overwhelmingly strong morally. She has behaved patiently
+and sanely through a trying crisis. She has endured much almost
+inevitable provocation and temptation with dignity and honesty. Were
+she now subjected to any German outrage she could strike with her
+excellent army of 400,000 men at Aix-la-Chapelle, and turn repulse
+into rapid disaster.</p>
+
+<p>That is the interesting thing about the Dutch position now. The Dutch
+hold a sword at the back of Germany. Were they to come into the war on
+the German side, they would, no doubt, provide a most effective but
+certainly not a decisive reinforcement to the German western front,
+but they would also lay open a convenient way for the Allies to the
+vital part of Germany, Westphalia. But were they to come in on the
+side of the Allies they would at once deliver a conclusive blow. They
+could cut the main communications of the German army in Flanders, they
+could round up and assist to capture a very large portion of the
+German western forces, and they could open the road not only to attack
+but to turn the Rhine defenses. In fact, they could finish Germany.</p>
+
+<p>This situation is already fairly obvious; I betray no strategic
+secret; it must become manifest to every Dutchman before many more
+weeks. One has but to look at the map. Every day now diminishes the
+possibility of Germany being able to make any effective
+counterattack, any Belgian destruction, in Holland, and every day
+increases the weight of the blow that Holland may deliver. What are
+the chances that Holland may not ultimately realize to the full the
+possibilities of that blow and join the Allies?</p>
+
+<p>Against her doing so is the consideration that she is doing very well
+as she is. She keeps her freedom. Practically the Allies fight to
+secure it for her. The dread of Germanization which has hung over
+Holland for forty years seems to recede.</p>
+
+<p>And, of course, as a secondary restraining force there is the
+reasonable fear of devastation. The &quot;good German&quot; vindictiveness might
+make one last supreme effort.</p>
+
+<p>But, on the other hand, is she really doing as well as it seems?
+Unless she intervenes this war will probably last for another full
+year. She wants it to end. It is a terrible oppression. Her army must
+remain mobilized, even if it does not fight. Her trade stagnates. She
+is incumbered by refugees. What if she struck to end the war and get
+the tension over? Not now, perhaps, but presently. Simultaneously with
+the Franco-British counter-stroke that now draws near.</p>
+
+<p>And what if she struck also for a hatred of what has happened to
+Belgium? Suppose the Dutch are not so much frightened by the horrible
+example of Belgium as indignant. My impression of the Dutch&#8212;and we
+English know something of the Dutch spirit&#8212;is that they are a people
+not easily cowed. Suppose that they have not only a reasonable fear
+but a reasonable hatred of &quot;frightfulness.&quot; Suppose that an
+intelligent fellow-feeling for a small nation has filled them with a
+desire to give Germany a lesson. There, it may be, is a second reason
+why Holland should come in.</p>
+
+<p>And by coming in, there is something more than the mere termination of
+a strain and the vindication of international righteousness to
+consider. There is the possibility, and not only the possibility but
+the possible need, that Holland should come out of this world war
+aggrandized. I want to lay stress upon that, because it may prove a
+decisive factor in this matter.</p>
+
+<p>The Dutch desire aggrandizement for the sake of aggrandizement as
+little as any nation in Europe. But what if the path of aggrandizement
+be also the path of safety?</p>
+
+<p>It is clear that both France and Belgium will demand and receive
+territorial compensation for these last months of horror. It is
+ridiculous to suppose that the Germans may fling war in its most
+atrocious and filthy form over Belgium and some of the sweetest parts
+of France without paying bitterly and abundantly for the freak.</p>
+
+<p>Quite apart from indemnities, France and Belgium must push forward
+their boundaries so far that if ever Germany tries another rush she
+will have to rush for some days through her own lost lands. The only
+tolerable frontier against Germans is a day's march deep in Germany.
+Of course, Li&#233;ge will have to be covered in the future by Belgian
+annexations in the Aix region and stretching toward Cologne, and
+France will go to the Rhine. I think Belgium as well as France will be
+forced to go to the Rhine.</p>
+
+<p>It is no good talking now of buffer States, because the German
+conscience cannot respect them. Buffer States are just anvil States.
+At any rate, very considerable annexations of German territory by
+Belgium and France are now inevitable, and Holland must expect a much
+larger and stronger Belgium to the south of her, allied firmly to
+France and England.</p>
+
+<p>And to the north is it very likely that the British will be able to
+tolerate the continued German possession of the Frisian Islands? These
+islands, and the coast of East Friesland, have had but one use in
+German hands, and that use has been the preparation of attacks on
+England. Clearly the British may decide to have no more of such
+attacks. Every advance in scientific warfare may make them more
+dangerous and exasperating. The British intend soberly and sanely to
+do their utmost to make a repetition of the present war impossible. To
+secure this they may find it necessary to have Germany out of the
+North Sea. But they have no desire whatever to take either the Frisian
+Islands or East Friesland, if Holland will save them that trouble.</p>
+
+<p>Now, suppose the Dutch will not think of this now. Suppose, for the
+want of their aid, the Allies are unable to press the war to the
+complete regimentation of Germany, what will be the position of
+Holland in twenty years' time?</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/map2.png" width="478" height="500" alt="map" title="map" /></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><a href="images/map2lg.png">[Enlarge]</a></p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p>She will stand between England and Germany. A Germany incompletely
+beaten means an Anglophobe Germany. Belgium and France expanded,
+recuperated, allied, linked by a common literature and language, may
+be too formidable for another German attack. So that there is the
+possibility that in twenty years' time or so Germany, recovering and
+vindictive, may in some way contrive to hold off France and Belgium,
+and try her luck against England alone. By that time submarine and
+aeroplane may be so developed as to render a German attack on England
+much more hopeful than it is at present, especially by way of the
+Rhine mouth. What, in the light of the Belgian experience and the new
+doctrine of a &quot;right of way,&quot; will be the outlook for a little
+isolated Holland, as small as she is now, as a buffer State in such a
+case.</p>
+
+<p>She has always been claimed as a part of the great Pan-German scheme,
+and at any time she may find the German heel upon her face,
+vindictively punishing her for her lack of enthusiasm for Teutonic
+brotherhood. Hadn't she better get herself a little larger and
+stronger now; hadn't she better help to make the ending of the German
+threat more conclusive, and link herself definitely with the grand
+alliance of the Western Powers? Now she could make a very good bargain
+indeed. If she inquired she would find Britain ready enough to
+guarantee the integrity and protection of Holland's colonial empire
+forever by the British fleet. All the four Western Powers, France,
+Belgium, Holland, Britain, would be willing to make the most binding
+pledges for such mutual protection. It is the manifest common-sense of
+the settlement that they should set up such a collective guarantee.
+And, in addition, there are those Frisian Islands, and East Friesland,
+and that dangerous wedge that Germany drives into Holland along the
+Rhine. It is not difficult to map a very much improved Dutch frontier
+along the Ems, and thence striking down to the Rhine and meeting the
+iron country on the left bank of the Rhine, whose annexation and
+exploitation is Belgium's legitimate compensation for her devastation
+and sufferings. Here are the makings of a safer Greater Holland!
+Thousands of Dutchmen must be looking on the map at the present time
+and thinking such things as this. There, clearly and attractively, is
+the price of alliance.</p>
+
+<p>The price of neutrality is an intact Holland&#8212;and a certain isolation
+in the years ahead. But still, I admit, a not unhappy Holland, Dutch
+and free. Until a fresh Anglo-German struggle begins. Yet, be it
+noted, a Holland a little helpless and friendless if some renascent
+Asiatic Power should presently covet her Eastern possessions.</p>
+
+<p>The price of participation with Germany, on the other hand, is
+complete envelopment in the warm embrace of the &quot;good German
+brotherhood&quot;&#8212;the gradual substitution of the German language for the
+Dutch, and a Germanization of such colonies as the Allies may still
+leave for Holland, frequent State visits from Kaisers, and the
+subordination of Dutch mercantile interests to those of Hamburg and
+Altona and (Germanized) Antwerp. And&#8212;the everlasting howling
+everywhere of &quot;Deutschland, Deutschland &#252;ber Alles.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>(No! No! They will never fight for the Germans. No sane people will
+ever fight for the Germans if they can possibly avoid it. Not even our
+press censorship, not even the Maximilian Krafts in our silliest
+weekly papers will provoke Holland to that.)</p>
+
+<p>But I have a sort of feeling, for the reasons I have stated, that even
+without any serious breach of Dutch neutrality by the Germans, Holland
+may decide presently to put her troops beside the Belgians. And if, as
+is always possible, the Germans do make some lumpish onslaught upon
+Dutch neutrality, then I am convinced that at once that sturdy little
+country will up and fight like the very devil. And do remarkably well
+by it.</p>
+
+<p>And I have a much stronger feeling that presently the Dutch Government
+will ask the Germans to reconsider their proposed annexation of
+Belgium. Upon that point Holland has absolutely dictatorial power at
+the present moment. She could secure the independence of Belgium at
+the cost of a little paper and ink, she could force Germany to
+evacuate her sister country by the mere movement of her army.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><i>Copyright in U.S.A.</i></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h1><a name="French_Official_Report_on_German_Atrocities" id="French_Official_Report_on_German_Atrocities"></a>French Official Report on German Atrocities</h1>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Having been instructed to investigate atrocities said to
+have been committed by the Germans in portions of French
+territory which had been occupied by them, a commission
+composed of four representatives of the French Government
+repaired to these districts in order to make a thorough
+investigation. The commission was composed of M. Georges
+Payelle, First President of the Cour des Comptes; Armand
+Mollard, Minister Plenipotentiary; Georges Maringer,
+Counselor of State, and Edmond Paillot, Counselor of the
+Cour de Cassation.</p>
+
+<p>They started on their mission late in September last and
+visited the Departments of Seine-et-Marne, Marne, Meuse,
+Meurthe-et-Moselle, Oise, and Aisne. According to the
+report, they made note only of those accusations against the
+invaders which were backed up by reliable testimony and
+discarded everything that might have been occasioned by the
+exigencies of war.</p></div>
+
+
+<p><i>Presented to the President of the Council by the commission
+instituted with a view to investigating acts committed by the enemy in
+violation of international law. Decree of Sept. 23, 1914. MM. Georges
+Payelle, First President of the Cour des Comptes; Armand Mollard,
+Minister Plenipotentiary; Georges Maringer, Counselor of State, and
+Edmond Paillot, Counselor at the Court of Appeal.</i></p>
+
+<p>To the President of the Council of Ministers:</p>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">S</span>IR: Having been appointed by virtue of a decree of the 23d of last
+September to carry out on the spot an inquiry in relation to acts
+committed in violation of international law in the portions of French
+territory occupied by the enemy which have been reconquered by the
+armies of the republic, we have the honor to lay before you the first
+results of our mission.</p>
+
+<p>We have already a full harvest of information to submit. It includes,
+however, a very limited part of the findings at which we should have
+been able to arrive if we had not submitted all the evidence which was
+laid before us to severe criticism and rigorous examination. We have
+indeed believed it to be our duty only to place on record those facts
+which, being established beyond dispute, constitute with absolute
+certainty what may be clearly termed crimes, omitting those the proofs
+of which were, in our view, insufficient, or which, however
+destructive or cruel they were, might have been the result of acts of
+war properly so-called, rather than of willful excesses, attributable
+to the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>Thus we are convinced that none of the incidents which we have
+investigated could be disputed in good faith. In addition the proof of
+each of them does not depend only on our personal observations; it is
+founded chiefly on photographs and on a mass of evidence received in
+judicial form, with the sanction of an oath.</p>
+
+<p>The lamentable sights which we have had before our eyes have made the
+task to which we all four addressed ourselves, with a close
+association of ideas and feelings, a very grievous one. It would
+indeed have been too painful, if we had not found a powerful support
+in the sight of the wonderful troops whom we met at the front, in the
+welcome of the military leaders whose kind assistance has never failed
+us, and in the sight of the population who bear unprecedented
+calamities with the most dignified resignation. In the districts which
+we crossed, and particularly in that country of Lorraine which was so
+frequently the victim of the scourge of war, not one entreaty for
+help, not one moan, reached our ears; and yet the terrible misery of
+which we have been witness surpasses in extent and horror anything
+which the imagination can conceive. On every side our eyes rested on
+ruin. Whole villages have been destroyed by bombardment or fire; towns
+formerly full of life are now nothing but deserts full of ruins; and,
+in visiting the scenes of desolation where the invader's torch has
+done its work, one feels continually as though one were walking among
+the remains of one of those cities of antiquity which have been
+annihilated by the great cataclysms of nature.</p>
+
+<p>In truth it can be stated that never has a war carried on between
+civilized nations assumed the savage and ferocious character of the
+one which at this moment is being waged on our soil by an implacable
+adversary. Pillage, rape, arson, and murder are the common practice of
+our enemies; and the facts which have been revealed to us day by day
+at once constitute definite crimes against common rights, punished by
+the codes of every country with the most severe and the most
+dishonoring penalties, and which prove an astonishing degeneration in
+German habits of thought since 1870.</p>
+
+<p>Crimes against women and young girls have been of appalling frequency.
+We have proved a great number of them, but they only represent an
+infinitesimal proportion of those which we could have taken up. Owing
+to a sense of decency, which is deserving of every respect, the
+victims of these hateful acts usually refuse to disclose them.
+Doubtless fewer would have been committed if the leaders of an army
+whose discipline is most rigorous had taken any trouble to prevent
+them; yet, strictly speaking, they can only be considered as the
+individual and spontaneous acts of uncaged beasts. But with regard to
+arson, theft, and murder the case is very different; the officers,
+even those of the highest station, will bear before humanity the
+overwhelming responsibility for these crimes.</p>
+
+<p>In the greater part of the places where we carried on our inquiry we
+came to the conclusion that the German Army constantly professes the
+most complete contempt for human life, that its soldiers, and even its
+officers, do not hesitate to finish off the wounded, that they kill
+without pity the inoffensive inhabitants of the territories which they
+have invaded, and they do not spare in their murderous rage women, old
+men, or children. The wholesale shootings at Lun&#233;ville, Gerb&#233;viller,
+Nomeny, and Senlis are terrible examples of this; and in the course of
+this report you will read the story of scenes of carnage in which
+officers themselves have not been ashamed to take part.</p>
+
+<p>The mind refuses to believe that all these butcheries should have
+taken place without justification. Still, it is so! It is true that
+the Germans have always advanced the same pretext for them, alleging
+that civilians had begun by firing upon them. This allegation is a
+lie, and those who advance it have been unable to give it any
+probability, even by firing rifle shots in the neighborhood of houses,
+as they are accustomed to do in order to be able to state that they
+have been attacked by an innocent population on whose ruin or massacre
+they have resolved. We have many times ascertained the truth of this;
+here is one among others:</p>
+
+<p>One evening the Abb&#233; Colin, Cur&#233; of Croismare, was standing near an
+officer when the report of a gun rang out. The latter cried, &quot;Monsieur
+le Cur&#233;, that is enough to cause you to be shot as well as the
+Burgomaster, and for a farm to be burned; look, there is one on fire.&quot;
+&quot;Sir,&quot; replied the priest, &quot;you are too intelligent not to recognize
+the sharp sound of your German rifle. For my part, I recognize it.&quot;
+The German did not press the point.</p>
+
+<p>Personal liberty, like human life, is the object of complete scorn on
+the part of the German military authorities. Almost everywhere
+citizens of every age have been dragged from their homes and led into
+captivity, many have died or been killed on the way.</p>
+
+<p>Arson, still more than murder, forms the usual procedure of our
+adversaries. It is employed by them either as a means of systematic
+devastation or as a means of terrorism. The German Army, in order to
+provide for it, possesses a complete outfit, which comprises torches,
+grenades, rockets, petrol pumps, fuse-sticks, and little bags of
+pastilles made of compressed powder which are very inflammable. The
+lust for arson is manifested chiefly against churches and against
+monuments which have some special interest, either artistic or
+historical.</p>
+
+<p>In the departments through which we have gone thousands of houses have
+been burned, but we have only investigated in our inquiry fires which
+have been occasioned by exclusively criminal intention, and we have
+not believed it our duty to deal with those that have been caused by
+shells in the course of violent fighting, or due to circumstances
+which it has not been possible to determine with absolute certainty,
+such as those at Villotte-devant-Louppy, Rembercourt, Mogn&#233;ville,
+Amblaincourt, Pretz, Louppy-le-Ch&#226;teau, and other places. The few
+inhabitants who remained among the ruins furnished us with information
+in absolute good faith on this subject.</p>
+
+<p>We have constantly found definite evidence of theft, and we do not
+hesitate to state that where a body of the enemy has passed it has
+given itself up to a systematically organized pillage, in the presence
+of its leaders, who have even themselves often taken part in it.
+Cellars have been emptied to the last bottle, safes have been gutted,
+considerable sums of money have been stolen or extorted; a great
+quantity of plate and jewelry, as well as pictures, furniture, objets
+d'art, linen, bicycles, women's dresses, sewing machines, even down to
+children's toys, after having been taken away, have been loaded on
+vehicles to be taken toward the frontier.</p>
+
+<p>The inhabitants have had no redress against all these exactions, any
+more than they have for the crimes already described; and if some
+wretched inhabitant dared to beg an officer to be good enough to
+intervene to spare a life or to protect his goods he received no
+other reply (when he was not greeted by threats) than the one
+invariable formula, accompanied by a smile, describing these most
+abominable cruelties as the inevitable results of war.</p>
+
+<p>As you have already learned from reading the documents of which we
+have sent you copies, we proceeded first to the Department of
+Seine-et-Marne. We there collected proofs of numerous abuses of the
+laws of war, as well as of crimes committed against common rights by
+the enemy, some of which exhibited features of special gravity.</p>
+
+<p>At Chauconin the Germans set fire to five dwelling houses and to six
+buildings used for agricultural purposes with the assistance of
+grenades, which they threw on to the roofs, and with sticks of resin
+which they placed under the doors. M. Lagrange asked an officer the
+reason of such acts and the latter merely replied: &quot;It is war.&quot; Then
+he ordered M. Lagrange to point out to him the situation of the
+property known as the Farm Proffit, and a few moments later the
+buildings of this farm were in flames.</p>
+
+<p>At Congis a body of the enemy were engaged in burning a score of
+houses, into which they had thrown straw and poured petrol, when the
+arrival of a French detachment prevented them from carrying out their
+design.</p>
+
+<p>At Penchard, where three houses had been burned, Mme. Marius Ren&#233; saw
+a soldier carrying a torch which, stuck in his belt, appeared to form
+part of his equipment.</p>
+
+<p>At Barcy an officer and soldier made their way to the Mairie, and,
+after having taken all the blankets belonging to the schoolmaster, set
+fire to the muniment room.</p>
+
+<p>At Douy-la-Ram&#233; the Germans set fire to a mill, whose situation they
+had ascertained by inquiry in the neighborhood. A workman 66 years old
+had a narrow escape from being thrown into the flames. By struggling
+violently and clutching on to a wall he was able to avoid the fate
+with which he was threatened. Finally, at Courta&#231;on, after having
+compelled the inhabitants to furnish them with matches and faggots,
+they sprinkled a great number of houses with petrol and set them
+ablaze. The village, a great part of which is in ruins, presents a
+lamentable appearance.</p>
+
+<p>Together with these crimes against property, we have been able to
+place on record in the Department of Seine-et-Marne many grave
+offenses against the person.</p>
+
+<p>Early in September a German cavalryman arrived one day at about 5
+o'clock in the afternoon at the house of M. Laforest, at
+May-en-Multien, and asked for a drink. M. Laforest hurried off to draw
+some wine from the cask, but the German, no doubt annoyed at not being
+served quickly enough, fired his rifle at the wife of his host, who
+was seriously wounded. Taken to Livry-sur-Ourcq, Mme. Laforest was
+there cared for by a German doctor and had her left arm amputated. She
+died recently in the hospital at Meaux.</p>
+
+<p>On Sept. 8 eighteen inhabitants of Vareddes, among whom was the
+priest, were arrested without cause and led away by the enemy. Three
+of them escaped. None of the others had returned up to Sept. 30, the
+day we were there. From information collected, three of these men were
+murdered. Anyhow, the death of one of the oldest among them, M.
+Jourdain, aged 73, is certain.</p>
+
+<p>Dragged as far as the village of Coulombs and being unable to walk
+further, the unfortunate man received a bayonet wound in the forehead
+and a revolver bullet through the heart.</p>
+
+<p>At about the same time a man of 66, named Dalissier, living at Congis,
+was ordered by the Germans to give up his purse to them. When he
+proved unable to give them any money, he was tied up with a halter and
+ruthlessly shot. The marks of about fifteen bullets were found on his
+dead body.</p>
+
+<p>On the 3d of September, at Mary-sur-Marne, M. Mathe, terrified at the
+arrival of the German troops, attempted to hide himself under the
+counter of a wine shop. He was found in his hiding place and killed by
+a thrust of a knife or bayonet in the chest.</p>
+
+<p>At Sancy-les-Provins, on the 6th of September, about 9 o'clock at
+night, about eighty people were summarily arrested and imprisoned in a
+sheep pen. On the next day thirty of them were taken by an officer's
+order some five kilometers from the village to the barn called
+&quot;Pierrelez,&quot; where a German Red Cross ambulance was established. There
+an army doctor (m&#233;decin-major) addressed some words to the wounded
+under his charge, who at once proceeded to load four rifles and two
+revolvers, their intention being obvious. Moreover, a French hussar,
+who had been wounded in the arm and taken prisoner, said to the
+priest, while asking him for absolution: &quot;I am going to be shot, and
+it will be your turn next.&quot; After having done as the soldier asked
+him, the priest, unbuttoning his cassock, went and took his place
+between the Mayor and another of his fellow-citizens, against a wall
+along which the hostages were lined up; but at this moment two French
+<i>chasseurs &#224; cheval</i> suddenly arrived, and the doctors, with their
+ambulance staff, surrendered to these soldiers, near whom the hussar
+had hastened to place himself.</p>
+
+<p>As showing the responsibility of officers of high rank for these
+proceedings, it is interesting to note that the schoolmaster at Sancy,
+when he was about to be taken off with the others, was allowed to
+retain his freedom as a favor by General von Dutag, who was quartered
+on him.</p>
+
+<p>On the 6th of the same month, after having set on fire some of the
+houses in Courta&#231;on, a body of soldiers, believed to belong to the
+Imperial Guard, took five men and a child of thirteen out into the
+fields, and exposed them to the French fire so long as the engagement
+lasted. In the confines of the same commune, Edmond Rousseau, liable
+to serve in the 1914 class, was arrested for the sole reason that his
+age marked him out as being on the eve of being called up to the
+colors, and was murdered under tragic circumstances.</p>
+
+<p>The Mayor, who was one of the hostages, when questioned as to the
+position of this youth from the military point of view, replied that
+Rousseau had passed the medical examination, that he had been declared
+fit for service, but that his class had not yet been called up. The
+Germans thereupon made the prisoner strip, in order to satisfy
+themselves of his physical condition, then put his trousers on again,
+and shot him within fifty meters of his fellow-citizens.</p>
+
+<p>The town of Coulommiers has suffered considerable pillage. Plate,
+linen, and boots were taken away, principally from empty houses, and a
+large number of bicycles were loaded on motor wagons. The Germans
+occupied this place from the 5th to the 7th of September. On this day
+before they left they arrested, without any pretext, the Mayor and the
+Procureur de la R&#233;publique, and an officer grossly insulted them.
+These two officials were kept in custody until the next morning,
+together with the Secretary of the Mairie. Guards were set over the
+Procureur during the night, and did their best to persuade him by
+remarks exchanged between them that his execution was imminent.</p>
+
+<p>It is generally believed at Coulommiers that criminal attempts have
+been made on many women of that town, but only one crime of this
+nature has been proved for certain. A charwoman, Mme. X., was the
+victim. A soldier came to her house on the 6th of September, toward
+9:30 in the evening, and sent away her husband to go and search for
+one of his comrades in the street. Then, in spite of the fact that two
+small children were present, he tried to rape the young woman. X.,
+when he heard his wife's cries, rushed back, but was driven off with
+blows of the butt of the man's rifle into a neighboring room, of which
+the door was left open, and his wife was forced to suffer the
+consummation of the outrage. The rape took place almost under the eyes
+of the husband, who, being terrorized, did not dare to intervene, and
+used his efforts only to calm the terror of his children.</p>
+
+<p>In the same way, Mme. X., at Sancy-les-Provins, and Mme. Z., at
+Beton-Bazoches, were the victims of similar outrages. The former was
+forced to submit to the will of a soldier with a revolver at her
+throat; the second, in spite of her resistance, was thrown upon a bed
+and outraged in the presence of her little daughter, aged 3. The
+husbands of these two women have been with the army since the
+commencement of the war.</p>
+
+<p>On the 6th of September, at Gu&#233;rard, where two workmen, Maitrier and
+Didelot, had been killed at the outposts, the enemy took possession of
+six hostages. One only was able to escape and return to his village.</p>
+
+<p>At Mauperthuis, on the same day, four Germans who had already gone in
+the morning to the house of M. Roger, presented themselves there again
+at 2 o'clock in the afternoon. &quot;There were three of you here this
+morning, and now you are only two. Come out,&quot; said one of them.
+Immediately Roger and a refugee named M. Denet, who was a guest in the
+house, were seized and led away. The next day, at the end of the
+village, Mme. Roger found the body of her husband, pierced by two
+bullets. Denet had also been shot, and his body was discovered some
+little time afterward in such a state of decomposition as to make it
+impossible to ascertain the nature of the wounds which the unfortunate
+man had received.</p>
+
+<p>In a hamlet in the same commune, M. Fournier, caretaker of a farm at
+Champbrisset, resided with a Swiss named Knell. The Germans took them
+on a cart as far as Vaudoy and murdered them. An inhabitant of
+Voinsles, named Cartier, suffered the same fate. As he passed on his
+bicycle along a road a little way from Vaudoy, he was stopped by the
+Germans, who searched his bag, in which was a revolver. Cartier,
+without any resistance, gave up his weapon of his own accord. His eyes
+were bandaged, and he was shot then and there.</p>
+
+<p>On the 8th of September at Sablonni&#232;res, where there were scenes of
+general pillage, M. Delaitre, who had left his house during the battle
+to take refuge under a culvert, was discovered in his hiding place by
+a German soldier, who fired at him five times; he died the same day.</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center" class="border">
+<img src="images/castelnau.jpg" width="316" height="500" alt="General Castelnau" title="General Castelnau" /></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>GENERAL CASTELNAU</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>One of the Most Conspicuous of the French
+Commanders.</b></p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center" class="border">
+<img src="images/dubail.jpg" width="313" height="500" alt="General Dubail" title="General Dubail" /></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>GENERAL DUBAIL</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>Commanding the French Forces Operating Around Verdun.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>(<i>Photo</i> &#169; <i>International News Service.</i>)</b></p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p>At the same place, M. Jules Griffaut, 66 years of age, was herding his
+cows peacefully in a field, when a detachment of the enemy passed 150
+meters from him. A soldier who was alone in the rear of the column
+took aim at him, and shot him in the face. It is proper to add that a
+German officer took the trouble to have the wounded man attended to by
+a German army doctor, and that Griffaut recovered fairly soon.</p>
+
+<p>At Rebais, on the 4th of September, at 11 in the evening, the Germans,
+after pillaging the jeweler's shop of M. Pantereau and loading the
+goods which they had taken on to a cart, set fire to the house. They
+also burned three private houses in the Rue de l'Etang by throwing
+lighted straw into them.</p>
+
+<p>In this little town serious acts of violence were committed. M.
+Auguste Griffaut, 79 years of age, was treated with horrible
+brutality. They repeatedly struck him on the head with their fists. A
+revolver shot grazed his head. His watch and his purse, containing 800
+francs, were stolen from his person.</p>
+
+<p>On the same day, some German soldiers grossly ill-treated Mme. X., a
+wine-shop keeper, aged 29, on the pretense that she was hiding English
+soldiers. They undressed her and kept her in the middle of them
+completely naked for one and a half hours; then they tied her to her
+counter, giving her to understand that they were going to shoot her.
+They were, however, called out just then, and went away, leaving their
+victim in charge of an Alsatian soldier, who untied her and restored
+her to liberty.</p>
+
+<p>Again, on the 4th of September, other soldiers attempted to rape Mme.
+Z., 34 years of age, after having sacked her grocery shop. Angered by
+her resistance, they tried to hang her, but she cut the rope with a
+knife which was open in her pocket. She was then beaten mercilessly
+until the arrival of an officer, who was fetched by a witness of the
+scene.</p>
+
+<p>At St. Denis-les-Rebais, on the 7th of September, a Uhlan obliged Mme.
+X. to undress, threatening her with his rifle; then he threw her on a
+mattress and raped her while her mother-in-law, powerless to
+intervene, endeavored to keep her grandson, 8 years old, from this
+revolting sight.</p>
+
+<p>On the same day, at the hamlet of Marais, in the Commune of
+Jouv-sur-Morin, the three daughters of Mme. X., aged respectively 18,
+15, and 13, were with their sick mother when two German soldiers
+entered, seized the eldest, dragged her into the next room and raped
+her in succession; while one committed his crime, the other watched
+the door and with his weapons kept back the half-maddened mother.</p>
+
+<p>Frightful scenes occurred at the Ch&#226;teau de &#8212;&#8212; in the neighborhood
+of La Fert&#233;-Gaucher. There lived there an old gentleman, M. X., with
+his servant, Mlle. Y., 54 years old. On Sept. 5 several Germans, among
+whom was a non-commissioned officer, were in occupation of this
+property. After they had been supplied with food, the non-commissioned
+officer proposed to a refugee, a Mme. Z., that she should sleep with
+him; she refused. M. X., to save her from the designs of which she was
+the object, sent her to his farm, which was in the neighborhood. The
+German ran there to fetch her, dragged her back to the ch&#226;teau and led
+her to the attic; then, having completely undressed her, he tried to
+violate her. At this moment M. X., wishing to protect her, fired
+revolver shots on the staircase and was immediately shot.</p>
+
+<p>The non-commissioned officer then made Mme. X. come out of the attic,
+obliged her to step over the corpse of the old man, and led her to a
+closet, where he again made two unsuccessful attempts upon her.
+Leaving her at last, he threw himself upon Mlle. Y., having first
+handed Mme. Z. over to two soldiers, who, after having violated her,
+one once and the other twice, in the dead man's room, made her pass
+the night in a barn near them, where one of them twice more had sexual
+connection with her.</p>
+
+<p>As for Mlle. Y., she was obliged, by threats of being shot, to strip
+herself completely naked and lie on a mattress with the
+non-commissioned officer, who kept her there until morning.</p>
+
+<p>We have also taken note of the fact that, as appears from declarations
+made by a municipal councilor of Rebais, two English cavalrymen who
+were surprised and wounded in this commune were finished off with
+gunshots by the Germans when they were dismounted and when one of them
+had thrown up his hands, showing thus that he was unarmed.</p>
+
+
+<h3>MARNE.</h3>
+
+<p>In the Department of the Marne, as everywhere else, the German troops
+gave themselves up to general pillage, which was carried out always
+under similar conditions and with the complicity of their leaders. The
+Communes of Heiltz-le-Maurupt; Suippes, Marfaux, Fromenti&#232;res, and
+Esternay suffered especially in this way. Everything which the invader
+could carry off from the houses was placed on motor lorries and
+vehicles. At Suippes, in particular, they carried off in this way a
+quantity of different objects, among these sewing machines and toys.</p>
+
+<p>A great many villages, as well as important country towns, were burned
+without any reason whatever. Without doubt these crimes were committed
+by order, as German detachments arrived in the neighborhood with their
+torches, their grenades, and their usual outfit for arson.</p>
+
+<p>At L&#233;pine, a laborer named Caqu&#233;, in whose house two German cyclists
+were billeted, asked the latter if the grenades which he saw in their
+possession were destined for his house. They answered: &quot;No, L&#233;pine is
+finished with.&quot; At that moment nine houses in the village were burned
+out.</p>
+
+<p>At Marfaux nineteen private houses were burned.</p>
+
+<p>At le Gault-la-For&#234;t seven or eight houses were burned. Of the Commune
+of Glannes practically nothing remains. At Somme-Tourbe the entire
+village has been destroyed, with the exception of the Mairie, the
+church, and two private buildings.</p>
+
+<p>At Auve nearly the whole town has been destroyed. At Etrepy
+sixty-three families out of seventy are homeless. At Huiron all the
+houses, with the exception of five, have been burned. At
+Sermaize-les-Bains only about forty houses out of 900 remain. At
+Bignicourt-sur-Saultz thirty houses out of thirty-three are in ruins.</p>
+
+<p>At Suippes, the big market town which has been practically burned out,
+German soldiers carrying straw and cans of petrol have been seen in
+the streets. While the Mayor's house was burning, six sentinels with
+fixed bayonets were under orders to forbid any one to approach and to
+prevent any help being given.</p>
+
+<p>All this destruction by arson, which only represents a small
+proportion of the acts of the same kind in the Department of
+Seine-et-Marne, was accomplished without the least tendency to
+rebellion or the smallest act of resistance being recorded against the
+inhabitants of the localities which are today more or less completely
+destroyed. In some villages the Germans, before setting fire to them,
+made one of their soldiers fire a shot from his rifle so as to be able
+to pretend afterward that the civilian population had attacked them,
+an allegation which is all the more absurd since at the time when the
+enemy arrived the only inhabitants left were old men, sick persons, or
+people absolutely without any means of aggression.</p>
+
+<p>Numerous crimes against the person have also been committed. In the
+majority of the communes hostages have been taken away; many of them
+have not returned. At Sermaize-les-Bains, the Germans carried off
+about 150 people, some of whom were decked out with helmets and coats
+and compelled, thus equipped, to mount guard over the bridges.</p>
+
+<p>At Bignicourt-sur-Saulx thirty men and forty-five women and children
+were obliged to leave with a detachment. One of the men&#8212;a certain
+Emile Pierre&#8212;has not returned nor sent any news of himself. At
+Corf&#233;lix, M. Jacquet, who was carried off on the 7th of September with
+eleven of his fellow-citizens, was found five hundred meters from the
+village with a bullet in his head.</p>
+
+<p>At Champuis the cur&#233;, his maid-servant, and four other inhabitants,
+who were taken away the same day as the hostages of Corf&#233;lix, had not
+returned at the time of our visit to the place.</p>
+
+<p>At the same place an old man of 70, named Jacquemin, was tied down in
+his bed by an officer and left in this state without food for three
+days. He died a little time after.</p>
+
+<p>At Vert-la-Gravelle a farm-hand was killed. He was struck on the head
+with a bottle and his chest was run through with a lance.</p>
+
+<p>The garde champ&#234;tre Brulefer of le Gault-la-For&#234;t was murdered at
+Maclaunay, where he had been taken by the Germans. His body was found
+with his head shattered and a wound on his chest.</p>
+
+<p>At Champguyon, a commune which has been fired, a certain Verdier was
+killed in his father-in-law's house. The latter was not present at the
+execution, but he heard a shot and next day an officer said to him,
+&quot;Son shot. He is under the ruins.&quot; In spite of the search made the
+body has not been found among them. It must have been consumed in the
+fire.</p>
+
+<p>At Sermaize, the roadmaker Brocard was placed among a number of
+hostages. Just at the moment when he was being arrested with his son,
+his wife and his daughter-in-law in a state of panic rushed to throw
+themselves into the Saulx. The old man was able to free himself for a
+moment and ran in all haste after them and made several attempts to
+save them, but the Germans dragged him away pitilessly, leaving the
+two wretched women struggling in the river. When Brocard and his son
+were restored to liberty, four days afterward, and found the bodies,
+they discovered that their wives had both received bullet wounds in
+the head.</p>
+
+<p>At Montmirail a scene of real savagery was enacted. On the 5th of
+September a non-commissioned officer flung himself almost naked on the
+widow Naud&#233;, on whom he was billeted, and carried her into his room.
+This woman's father, Fran&#231;ois Fontaine, rushed up on hearing his
+daughter's cry. At once fifteen or twenty Germans broke through the
+door of the house, pushed the old man into the street, and shot him
+without mercy. Little Juliette Naud&#233; opened the window at this moment
+and was struck in the stomach by a bullet, which went through her
+body. The poor child died after twenty-four hours of most dreadful
+suffering.</p>
+
+<p>On the 6th of September at Champguyon, Mme. Louvet was present at the
+martyrdom of her husband. She saw him in the hands of ten or fifteen
+soldiers, who were beating him to death before his own house, and ran
+up and kissed him through the bars of the gate. She was brutally
+pushed back and fell, while the murderers dragged along the unhappy
+man covered with blood, begging them to spare his life and protesting
+that he had done nothing to be treated thus. He was finished off at
+the end of the village. When his wife found his body it was horribly
+disfigured. His head was beaten in, one of his eyes hung from the
+socket, and one of his wrists was broken.</p>
+
+<p>At Esternay, on the 6th of September, toward 3 in the afternoon,
+thirty-five or forty Germans were leading away M. Lauranceau, when he
+made a sharp movement as if to free himself. He was immediately shot
+down.</p>
+
+<p>In the same town the following facts have been laid before us:</p>
+
+<p>During the night, between Sunday, the 6th of September, and Monday,
+the 7th, the soldiers who were scattered among the houses pillaging,
+discovered the widow Bouch&#233;, her two daughters, and Mmes. Lhomme and
+Mac&#233;, who had taken refuge under the cellar staircase. They ordered
+the two young girls to undress, then, as their mother tried to
+intervene, one of the soldiers, bringing his rifle to his shoulder,
+fired in the direction of the group of women. The bullet, after having
+struck Mme. Lhomme near the left elbow, broke the right arm of Mlle.
+Marcelle Bouch&#233; at the armpit. During the following day the young girl
+died as a result of her wound. According to the declarations made by
+witnesses, the wound was horrible to behold.</p>
+
+<p>Further, our inquiry in the Department of the Marne established other
+crimes of which women were the victims.</p>
+
+<p>On the 3rd of September, at Suippes, Mme. X., 72 years of age, was
+seized by a German soldier, who pushed the barrel of his revolver
+under her chin and brutally flung her on her bed. Her son-in-law
+rushed up at the noise, fortunately for her, at the moment when the
+rape was about to be consummated.</p>
+
+<p>At the same place and time little &#8212;&#8212;, 11 years old, was for three
+hours the prey of a licentious soldier, who, having found her with her
+sick grandmother, dragged her to a deserted house and stopped her
+mouth with a handkerchief to prevent her crying out.</p>
+
+<p>On the 7th of September, at Vitry-en-Perthois, Mme. X., aged 45, and
+Mme. Z., aged 89, were both raped; the latter died a fortnight later.</p>
+
+<p>At Jussecourt-Minecourt, on the 8th of September, toward 9 in the
+evening, Mlle. X. was violated by four soldiers, who broke in the door
+of her room with the help of a billhook. All four flung themselves on
+this young girl, who was 21 years old, and ravished her in succession.</p>
+
+<p>As the bombardment of open towns constitutes without doubt a violation
+of international law, we thought it necessary to go to Rheims, which
+was for eighty days bombarded by the Germans. We received a sworn
+statement from the Mayor, from which we learned that about 300 of the
+civilian population had already been killed; we saw that in different
+parts of the town numerous buildings had been destroyed, and we took
+note of the enormous and irreparable damage which had been inflicted
+on the cathedral. The bombardment has continued since the 7th of
+October, the day of our visit; the number of the victims, therefore,
+must now be very considerable. Every one knows how the unhappy town
+has suffered, and that the attitude of the municipality has been above
+all praise.</p>
+
+<p>While we were working at the H&#244;tel de Ville, six shells were fired in
+the direction of this building. The fifth fell only a short distance
+from the principal front, and the sixth burst fifteen or twenty meters
+from the bureau.</p>
+
+<p>Next day we went to the Ch&#226;teau of Baye and witnessed the traces of
+the sack which this building has suffered. On the first floor a door
+which leads into a room next to a gallery, where the owner had
+collected valuable works of art, has been broken in; four glass
+cabinets have been broken and another has been opened. According to
+the declarations of the caretaker who, in the absence of her masters,
+was unable to acquaint us of the full extent of the damage, the
+principal objects stolen were jewels of Russian origin and gold
+medals. We noticed that the mounts covered with black velvet, which
+must have been taken out of the cases, were stripped of a part of the
+jewels which had previously been affixed to them.</p>
+
+<p>Baron de Baye's room was in the greatest disorder. Numerous objects
+were strewn on the floor from the drawers which remained open. A
+writing table had been broken open. A Louis XVI. commode and a bureau
+&#224; cylindre of the same period had been ransacked.</p>
+
+<p>This room must have been occupied by a person of very high rank, for
+on the door there still remains a chalk inscription, &quot;J.K. Hoheit.&quot; No
+one could give us exact information as to the identity of this
+&quot;Highness&quot;; however, a General who lodged in the house of M. Houllier,
+Town Councilor, told his host that the Duke of Brunswick and the staff
+of the Tenth Corps had occupied the ch&#226;teau.</p>
+
+<p>The same day we visited the Ch&#226;teau of Beaumont, which is near
+Montmirail, and belongs to the Comte de la Rochefoucauld-Doudeauville.
+The wife of the caretaker declared that this house had been sacked by
+the Germans in the absence of its owners during an occupation which
+lasted from the 4th to the 6th of September. The invaders left it in
+an indescribable state of disorder and filth. The writing tables,
+bureaus, and safes had been broken open. The jewel boxes had been
+taken from the drawers and emptied.</p>
+
+<p>On the doors of the rooms we could read inscriptions in chalk, among
+which we took note of the following: &quot;Excellenz,&quot; &quot;Major von Ledebur,&quot;
+&quot;Graf Waldersee.&quot;</p>
+
+
+<h3>MEUSE.</h3>
+
+<p>The Department of the Meuse, a great part of which the German armies
+still occupy, has suffered cruelly. Important communes there have been
+destroyed by fires lighted willfully by the Germans in the absence of
+any kind of military necessity, and without the population's having
+given any provocation for such atrocities by their attitude. This is
+the case particularly at Revigny, Sommeilles, Triaucourt, Bulainville,
+Clermont-en-Argonne, and Villers-aux-Vents.</p>
+
+<p>The Germans having completely sacked the houses of Revigny and carried
+off their booty on vehicles, burned two-thirds of the town during
+three consecutive days from the 6th to the 9th of September,
+sprinkling the walls with petrol by means of hand pumps, and throwing
+into the houses little bags full of compressed powder in tablets. We
+have been furnished with specimens of these little bags and these
+tablets, as well as with fuse sticks of inflammable matter which had
+been left by the incendiaries.</p>
+
+<p>The church, which was classed as a historical monument, and the Mairie
+with all its archives, have been destroyed.</p>
+
+<p>Many inhabitants, among whom were children, have been taken away as
+hostages. They were, however, set at liberty next day, with the
+exception of M. Wladimir Thomas.</p>
+
+<p>Few localities in the Department of the Meuse have suffered as much as
+the Commune of Sommeilles. It is nothing but a heap of ruins, having
+been completely burned on the 6th of September by a regiment of German
+infantry bearing the number fifty-one. The place was set on fire with
+help of machinelike bicycle pumps with which many of the soldiers were
+furnished.</p>
+
+<p>This unhappy village was the scene of a terrible drama. At the
+commencement of the fire Mme. X., whose husband is with the colors,
+took refuge in the cellar of M. et Mme. Adnot, together with these
+latter and their four children, aged respectively 11, 5, 4, and 1-1/2
+years. A few days afterward the bodies of all these unfortunate people
+were discovered in the middle of a pool of blood. Adnot had been shot,
+Mme. X. had her breast and right arm cut off; the little girl of 11
+had a foot severed, the little boy of 5 had his throat cut. The woman
+X. and the little girl appeared to have been raped.</p>
+
+<p>At Villers-aux-Vents, on the 8th of September, German officers invited
+the inhabitants who had not yet fled to leave their dwellings, warning
+them that the village was about to be burned, because, they alleged,
+three French soldiers had dressed themselves in civilian clothes;
+others gave the pretext that an installation of wireless telegraphy
+had been found in a house. The threat was carried out so rigorously
+that one house alone remains standing.</p>
+
+<p>At Vaubecourt, where six dwelling houses were burned by the
+W&#252;rttemburgers, fire was set to a barn with straw piled up by the
+soldiers.</p>
+
+<p>At Triaucourt the Germans gave themselves up to the worst excesses.
+Angered doubtless by the remark which an officer had addressed to a
+soldier, against whom a young girl of 19, Mlle. H&#233;l&#232;ne Proc&#232;s, had
+made complaint on account of the indecent treatment to which she had
+been subjected, they burned the village and made a systematic massacre
+of the inhabitants. They began by setting fire to the house of an
+inoffensive householder, M. Jules Gand, and by shooting this
+unfortunate man just as he was leaving his house to escape the flames;
+then they dispersed among the houses in the streets, firing their
+rifles on every side. A young man of 17, Georges Lecourtier, who tried
+to escape, was shot. M. Alfred Lallemand suffered the same fate; he
+was pursued into the kitchen of his fellow-citizen, Tautelier, and
+murdered there, while Tautelier received three bullets in his hand.</p>
+
+<p>Fearing, not without reason, for their lives, Mlle. Proc&#232;s, her
+mother, her grandmother of 71, and her old aunt of 81, Mlle. Laure
+Mennehand, tried with the help of a ladder to cross the trellis which
+separates their garden from a neighboring property. The young girl
+alone was able to reach the other side and to avoid death by hiding in
+the cabbages. As for the other women, they were struck down by rifle
+shots. The village cur&#233; collected the brains of Mlle. Mennehand on the
+ground on which they were strewn, and had the bodies carried into
+Proc&#232;s's house. During the following night the Germans played the
+piano near the bodies.</p>
+
+<p>While the carnage raged, the fire rapidly spread and devoured
+thirty-five houses. An old man of 70, Jean Lecourtier, and a child of
+two months perished in the flames. M. Igier, who was trying to save
+his cattle, was pursued for 300 meters by soldiers, who fired at him
+ceaselessly. By a miracle this man had the good fortune not to be
+wounded, but five bullets went through his trousers. When the cur&#233;,
+Viller, expressed his indignation at the treatment inflicted upon his
+parish to the Duke of W&#252;rttemburg, who was lodged in the village, the
+latter replied: &quot;What would you have? We have bad soldiers just as you
+have.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>In the same commune an attempt at rape was made which was unsuccessful
+by reason of the obstinate and courageous resistance of the victim.
+Three Germans made the attempt on Mme. D., 47 years old. Further, an
+old woman of 75, Mme. Maupoix, was kicked so violently that she died a
+few days afterward. While some of the soldiers were ill-treating her
+others were ransacking her wardrobes.</p>
+
+<p>The little town of Clermont-en-Argonne, on the slope of a picturesque
+hill in the middle of a pleasant landscape, used to be visited every
+year by numerous tourists. On the 4th of September, at night, the
+121st and 122d W&#252;rttemburg Regiments entered the place, breaking down
+the doors of the houses and giving themselves up to unrestrained
+pillage, which continued during the whole of the next day. Toward
+midday a soldier set fire to the dwelling of a clockmaker by
+deliberately upsetting the contents of an oil lamp which he used for
+making coffee. An inhabitant, M. Monternach, at once ran to fetch the
+town fire engine, and asked an officer to lend him men to work it.
+Brutally refused and threatened with a revolver, he renewed his
+request to several other officers, with no greater success. Meanwhile
+the Germans continued to burn the town, making use of sticks on the
+top of which torches were fastened. While the houses blazed the
+soldiers poured into the church, which stood by itself on the height,
+and danced there to the sound of the organ. Then, before leaving, they
+set fire to it with grenades as well as with vessels full of
+inflammable liquid, containing wicks.</p>
+
+<p>After the burning of Clermont, bodies of the Mayor of Vauquois, M.
+Poinsignon, (which was completely carbonized,) and that of a young boy
+of 11, who had been shot at point-blank range, were found.</p>
+
+<p>When the fire was out pillage recommenced in the houses which the
+flames had spared. Furniture carried off from the house of M.
+Desforges and stuffs stolen from the shop of M. Nordmann, a draper,
+were heaped together in motor cars. An army doctor (m&#233;dicine-major)
+took possession of all the medical appliances in the hospital, and an
+officer of superior rank, after having put up a notice forbidding
+pillage on the entrance door of the house of M. Lebondidier, had a
+great part of the furniture of this house carried away on a carriage,
+intending it, as he boasted without any shame, for the adornment of
+his own villa.</p>
+
+<p>At the time when this happened the town of Clermont-en-Argonne was
+occupied by the Thirteenth W&#252;rttemburg Corps, under the command of
+Gen. von Durach, and by a troop of Uhlans, commanded by Prince von
+Wittenstein.</p>
+
+<p>On the 7th of September half a score of German cavalrymen entered the
+farm of Lamermont in the Commune of Lisle-en-Barrois, and, after
+having milk given to them, went away apparently satisfied. After their
+departure rifle shots were heard in the distance. A little later a
+second troop, composed of about thirty men, presented themselves in
+their turn, and accused the farm people of having killed a German
+soldier. Immediately the farmer, Elly, and one of his guests, M.
+Javelot, were seized and taken to a place near, where, in spite of
+their protestations of innocence, they were mercilessly shot.</p>
+
+<p>At Louppy-le-Ch&#226;teau the Germans gave themselves over to immorality
+and disgusting brutality during the night of the 8th and 9th in a
+cellar where several women had taken refuge from the bombardment. All
+these unhappy women were vilely ill-treated. Mlle. X., aged 71; Mme.
+Y., aged 44, and her two daughters, one aged 13 and the other 8, and
+Mme. Z. were violated.</p>
+
+<p>Hostages have been taken away from many communes. At the beginning of
+September, at Laimont, eight persons were obliged to follow the German
+troops, and on the 27th of October none of them had returned. The cur&#233;
+of Nub&#233;court, who was carried off on the 5th of September, has not yet
+reappeared in his parish.</p>
+
+<p>At Saint-Andr&#233;, M. Havette, who was among the number of persons
+arrested, obtained from an officer permission to watch over the body
+of his wife, who had been killed on the previous day by a fragment of
+a shell. In the evening the inhabitants were ordered to collect
+together in a barn. Havette believed that he was exempt from this
+order by reason of the authority he had received, and remained at his
+house until 11 in the evening. When he left his house he was struck
+down by a rifle bullet.</p>
+
+<p>Of the other villages besides those whose burning we have related,
+Vassincourt and Brabant-le-Roi were more or less completely burned. Up
+to now it has not been possible for us to ascertain completely the
+circumstances of their destruction. Our inquiry so far as it concerns
+them will be further pursued.</p>
+
+<p>It has been brought to our knowledge that in the Department of the
+Meuse the enemy has committed acts of cruelty toward the French
+soldiers who were wounded and prisoners. We will set out the facts of
+this at the end of the present report.</p>
+
+
+<h3>MEURTHE-ET-MOSELLE.</h3>
+
+<p>We arrived in the Department of Meurthe-et-Moselle on the 26th of
+October, and visited a great number of communes in the arrondissements
+of Nancy and Lun&#233;ville.</p>
+
+<p>Nancy, an open town into which the German Army has not been able to
+enter, was bombarded without formal warning during the night of the
+9th and 10th of September. About sixty shells fell into the middle of
+the town and in the southern cemetery&#8212;that is, in places where there
+is no military establishment. Three women, a young girl, and a little
+girl were killed; thirteen people were wounded; the material damage
+done was considerable.</p>
+
+<p>The enemy's aviators have flown over the town twice. On the 4th of
+September one of them dropped two bombs, by one of which a man and a
+little girl were killed and six people wounded, in the Place de la
+Cath&#233;drale. On the 13th of October three bombs were thrown on the
+goods station. Four persons employed by the Eastern Railway Company
+were wounded.</p>
+
+<p>When we reached Pont-&#224;-Mousson, on the morning of the 10th of
+November, seven shells had just been fired by the German batteries a
+few hours before. It was the 24th day of the bombardment, which began
+on the 11th of August. The evening before a young girl of 19 and a
+child of 4 had been killed in their beds by fragments of shells. On
+the 14th of August the Germans took as their special objective the
+hospital, from whose towers floated Red Cross flags, visible from a
+great distance. No less than seventy shells fell on to this building,
+and we have witnessed the damage they have caused.</p>
+
+<p>About eighty houses were damaged by the different bombardments, all of
+which took place without any warning. Fourteen civilians, mainly women
+and children, were killed. There were about the same number of
+wounded. Pont-&#224;-Mousson is not fortified. Only the bridge over the
+Moselle had been put in a state of defense, on the outbreak of
+hostilities, by the Twenty-sixth Battalion of Chasseurs, who were then
+quartered in the town.</p>
+
+<p>We experienced real horror when we found ourselves before the
+lamentable ruins of Nomeny. With the exception of some few houses
+which still stood near the railway station in a spot separated by the
+Seille from the principal group of buildings, there remains of this
+little town only a succession of broken and blackened walls in the
+midst of ruins, in which may be seen here and there the bones of a few
+animals partially charred and the carbonized remains of human bodies.
+The rage of a maddened soldiery has been unloosed there without pity.</p>
+
+<p>Nomeny, on account of its proximity to the frontier, received from the
+beginning of the war the visits of German troopers from time to time.
+Skirmishes took place in its neighborhood, and on Aug. 14, in the
+courtyard of the farm de la Borde, which is a little distance off, a
+German soldier, without any motive, killed by a rifle shot the young
+farm servant, Nicholas Michel, aged 17.</p>
+
+<p>On Aug. 20, when the inhabitants sought refuge in the cellars from the
+bombardment, the Germans came up after having fired upon each other by
+mistake and entered the town toward midday.</p>
+
+<p>According to the account given by one of the inhabitants, the German
+officers asserted that the French were torturing the wounded by
+cutting off their limbs and plucking out their eyes. They were then in
+a state of terrible excitement. That day and part of the next the
+German soldiers gave themselves over to the most abominable excesses,
+sacking, burning and massacring as they went. After they had carried
+off from the houses everything which seemed worth taking away, and
+after they had dispatched to Metz the product of their rifling, they
+set fire to the houses with torches, pastilles of compressed powder
+and petrol which they carried in receptacles placed on little carts.
+Rifle shots were fired on every side; the unhappy inhabitants, who
+had been driven from the cellars before the firing, were shot down
+like game&#8212;some in their dwellings and others in the public streets.</p>
+
+<p>MM. Sanson, Pierson, Lallemand, Adam Jeanpierre, Meunier, Schneider,
+Raymond, Duponcel, and Hazotte, father and son, were killed by rifle
+shots in the streets. M. Killian, seeing himself threatened by a sabre
+stroke, protected his neck with his hand. He had three fingers cut off
+and his throat gashed. An old man aged 86, M. Petitjean, who was
+seated in his armchair, had his skull smashed by a German shot. A
+soldier showed the corpse to Mme. Bertrand, saying: &quot;Do you see that
+pig there?&quot; M. Chardin, Town Councilor, who was Acting Mayor, was
+required to furnish a horse and carriage. He had promised to do all he
+could to obey, when he was killed by a rifle shot. M. Prevot, seeing
+the Bavarians breaking into a chemist's shop of which he was
+caretaker, told them that he was the chemist, and that he would give
+them anything they wanted, but three rifle shots rang out and he fell,
+heaving a deep sigh. Two women who were with him ran away and were
+pursued to the neighborhood of the railway station, beaten all the way
+with the butts of rifles, and they saw many bodies heaped together in
+the station garden and on the road.</p>
+
+<p>Between 3 and 4 o'clock in the afternoon the Germans entered the
+butcher shop of Mme. Fran&#231;ois. She was then coming out of her cellar
+with her boy Stub, and an employee named Contal. As soon as Stub
+reached the threshold of the entrance to the door he fell severely
+wounded by a rifle shot. Then Contal, who rushed into the street, was
+immediately murdered. Five minutes afterward, as Stub was still
+groaning, a soldier leaned over him and finished him off with a blow
+of a hatchet on the back.</p>
+
+<p>The most tragic incident in this horrible scene occurred in the house
+of M. Vass&#233;, who had collected a number of people in his cellar in the
+Faubourg de Nancy. Toward 4 o'clock about fifty soldiers rushed into
+the house, beat in the door and windows, and set it on fire. The
+refugees then made an effort to flee, but they were struck down one
+after the other as they came out. M. Mentr&#233; was murdered first; then
+his son L&#233;on fell with his little sister, aged 8, in his arms. As he
+was not killed outright, the end of a rifle barrel was placed on his
+head and his brains blown out. Then it was the turn of the Kieffer
+family. The mother was wounded in the arm and shoulder. The father and
+little boy aged 10 and little girl aged 3 were shot. The murderers
+went on firing on them after they had fallen. Kieffer, stretched on
+the ground, received another bullet in the forehead, and his son had
+the top of his head blown off by a shot. Last of all M. Strieffert and
+one of the sons of Vass&#233; were murdered, while Mme. Mentr&#233; received
+three bullets, one in the left leg, another in the arm on the same
+side, and one on her forehead, which was only grazed. M. Guillaume was
+dragged into the street and there found dead. Simonin, a young girl of
+17, came out last from the cellar, with her sister Jeanne, aged 3. The
+latter had her elbow almost carried away by a bullet. The elder girl
+flung herself on the ground and pretended to be dead, remaining for
+five minutes in terrible anguish. A soldier gave her a kick, crying
+&quot;Capout.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>An officer arrived at the end of this butchery, and ordered the women
+who were still alive to get up, and shouted to them: &quot;Go to France!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>While all these people were being massacred, others, according to an
+expression used by an eyewitness, were driven like sheep into the
+fields under the threat of immediate execution. The cur&#233;, in
+particular, owed his escape from being shot to extraordinary
+circumstances.</p>
+
+<p>According to the depositions which we have received, all these
+abominations were committed chiefly by the Second and Fourth Regiments
+of Bavarian infantry. To explain them, the officers have alleged that
+civilians had fired on their troops. As our inquiry has established
+formally, this allegation is a lie, for at the moment when the enemy
+arrived all arms had been deposited at the Mairie, and the part of the
+population which had not quitted the country had hidden itself in the
+cellars, a prey to the greatest terror. Besides, the reason alleged,
+even were it true, would assuredly be insufficient to excuse the
+destruction of a whole city, the murder of women, and the massacre of
+children.</p>
+
+<p>A list of persons who were killed in the course of the burning and the
+shootings has been drawn up by M. Bi&#233;velot, Conseiller
+d'Arrondissement. The list includes no less than 50 names. We have not
+quoted all of them. For one thing, among the people whose death has
+been proved, some died under conditions which are not stated with
+sufficient precision; on the other hand, the dispersal of the
+inhabitants of the town which has now been destroyed made our inquiry
+very difficult. Our efforts will be continued. In any case, what we
+have already been able to establish beyond dispute is enough to give
+an idea of what was, on the day of Aug. 20, the martyrdom of Nomeny.</p>
+
+<p>Lun&#233;ville was occupied by the Germans from Aug. 27 to Sept. 11. During
+the first few days they were content to rob the inhabitants without
+molesting them in any other way. Thus, in particular on Aug. 24, the
+house of Mme. Jeaumont was plundered. The objects stolen were loaded
+on to a large vehicle in which were three women, one of them dressed
+in black and the two others wearing military costumes and appearing,
+as we were told, to be canteen women.</p>
+
+<p>On Aug. 25 the attitude of the invaders suddenly changed. M. Keller,
+the Mayor, went to the hospital about 3:30 o'clock in the afternoon
+and saw soldiers firing in the direction of the attic of a neighboring
+house, and heard the whistling of the bullets, which appeared to him
+to come from behind. The Germans declared to him that the inhabitants
+had fired on them. He protested, and offered to go around the town
+with them in order to prove the absurdity of this allegation. His
+proposal was accepted, and as at the beginning of the circuit they
+came across in the street the body of M. Crombez, the officer
+commanding the escort said to M. Keller, &quot;You see this body. It is
+that of a civilian who has been killed by another civilian who was
+firing on us from a house near the synagogue. Thus, in accordance with
+our law, we have burned the house and executed the inhabitants.&quot; He
+was speaking of the murder of a man whose timid character was known to
+all, the Jewish officiating minister, Weill, who had just been killed
+in his house, together with his 16-year-old daughter. The same officer
+added, &quot;In the same way we have burned the house at the corner of the
+Rue Castara and the Rue Girardet, because civilians fired shots from
+there.&quot; It is from this dwelling that the Germans alleged shots had
+been fired on to the courtyard of the hospital, but the position of
+the building makes it impossible for such a statement to be true.</p>
+
+<p>While the Mayor and the soldiers who accompanied him were pursuing
+their investigation the fire broke out on different sides; the H&#244;tel
+de Ville was burned as well as the synagogue, and a number of houses
+in the Rue Castara, and the Faubourg d'Einville was in flames. The
+massacres, which were continued until the next day, began at the same
+time. Without counting M. Crombez, the officiating minister, Weill,
+and his daughter, whose deaths we have already mentioned, the victims
+were MM. Hamman, Binder, Balastre, (father and son,) Vernier, Dujon,
+M. Kahn and his mother, M. Steiner and his wife, M. Wingerstmann and
+his grandson, and, finally, MM. Sibille, Monteils, and Colin.</p>
+
+<p>The murders were committed in the following circumstances:&#8212;</p>
+
+<p>On Aug. 25, after having fired two shots into the Worms Tannery to
+create the belief that they were being attacked from there, the
+Germans entered a workshop in this factory, in which the workman,
+Goeury, was working, in company with M. Balastre, father and son.
+Goeury was dragged into the street, robbed there and brutally
+ill-treated, while his two companions, who were found trying to hide
+themselves in a lavatory, were killed by rifle shots.</p>
+
+<p>On the same day soldiers came to summon M. Steiner, who had hidden in
+his cellar. His wife, fearing some misfortune, tried to keep him back.
+As she held him in her arms she received a bullet in the neck. A few
+moments after, Steiner, having obeyed the order which had been given
+to him, fell mortally wounded in his garden. M. Kahn was also murdered
+in his garden. His mother, aged 98, whose body was burned in the fire,
+had first been killed in her bed by a bayonet thrust, according to the
+account of an individual who acted as interpreter to the enemy. M.
+Binder, who was coming out to escape the flames, was also struck down.
+The German by whom he was killed realized that he had shot him without
+any motive, at the moment when the unfortunate man was standing
+quietly before a door. M. Vernier suffered the same fate as Binder.</p>
+
+<p>Toward 3 o'clock the Germans broke into a house in which were Mme.
+Dujon, her daughter aged 3, her two sons, and M. Gaumier, by breaking
+the windows and firing shots. The little girl was nearly killed; her
+face was burned by a shot. At this moment, Mme. Dujon, seeing her
+youngest son, Lucien, 14 years old, stretched on the ground, asked him
+to get up and escape with her. She then saw that his intestines were
+protruding from a wound, and that he was holding them in. The house
+was on fire; the poor boy was burned, as well as M. Gaumier, who had
+not been able to escape.</p>
+
+<p>M. Wingerstmann and his grandson, aged 12, who had gone to pull
+potatoes a little way from Lun&#233;ville, at the place called Les Mossus,
+in the District of Chanteheux, were unfortunate enough to meet
+Germans. The latter placed them both against a wall and shot them.</p>
+
+<p>Finally, toward 5 o'clock in the evening, soldiers entered the house
+of the woman Sibille, in the same place, and without any reason took
+possession of her son, led him 200 meters from the house and murdered
+him there, together with M. Vallon, to whose body they had fastened
+him. A witness, who had seen the murderers at the moment when they
+were dragging their victim along, saw them return without him and
+noticed that their saw bayonets were covered with blood and bits of
+flesh.</p>
+
+<p>On the same day a hospital attendant named Monteils, who was looking
+after a wounded enemy officer at the hospital of Lun&#233;ville, was struck
+down by a bullet in the forehead while he was looking through a window
+at a German soldier who was firing.</p>
+
+<p>The next day, the 26th, M. Hamman and his son, aged 21, were arrested
+in their own house and dragged out by a band of soldiers who had
+entered by breaking down the door. The father was beaten unmercifully;
+as for the young man, as he tried to struggle, a non-commissioned
+officer blew out his brains with a revolver shot.</p>
+
+<p>At 1 o'clock in the afternoon M. Riklin, a chemist, having been
+informed that a man had fallen about thirty meters from his shop, went
+to the spot indicated and recognized in the victim his brother-in-law,
+M. Colin, aged 68, who had been struck in the stomach by a bullet. The
+Germans alleged that this old man fired upon them. M. Riklin denied
+this statement. Colin, we are told, was a harmless person, absolutely
+incapable of an aggressive act, and completely ignorant of the means
+of using a firearm.</p>
+
+<p>It appeared to us desirable to deal also at Lun&#233;ville with acts which
+are less grave, but which throw a peculiar light on the habits of
+thought of the invader. On Aug. 25 M. Lenoir, 67 years of age,
+together with his wife, were led into the fields with their hands tied
+behind their backs. After both had been cruelly ill-treated, a
+non-commissioned officer took possession of 1,800 francs in gold which
+M. Lenoir carried on him. As we have already stated, the most impudent
+theft seems to have formed part of the customs of the German Army, who
+practiced it publicly. The following is an interesting example:</p>
+
+<p>During the burning of a house belonging to Mme. Leclerc, the safes of
+two inhabitants resisted the flames. One, belonging to M. George,
+Sub-Inspector of Waters and Forests, had fallen into the ruins; the
+other safe, belonging to M. Goudchau, general dealer, remained fixed
+to a wall at the height of the second story. The non-commissioned
+officer, Weiss, who was well acquainted with the town, where he had
+often been welcomed when he used to come before the war to carry on
+his business of hop merchant, went with the soldiers to the place and
+ordered that the piece of wall which remained standing should be blown
+up with dynamite, and saw that the two safes were taken to the
+station, where they were placed on a truck destined for Germany. This
+Weiss was particularly trusted and esteemed by the persons in command.
+It was he who, installed at Headquarters, was given the duty of
+administering the commune in some sense, and was in charge of the
+requisitioning.</p>
+
+<p>After having committed numerous acts of pillage at Lun&#233;ville, after
+having burned about seventy houses with torches, petrol, and various
+incendiary machines, and after having massacred peaceful inhabitants,
+the German military authorities thought it well to put up the
+following proclamation, in which they formulated ridiculous
+accusations to justify the extortion of enormous contributions in the
+form of an indemnity:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p style="text-align: center">NOTICE TO THE POPULATION.</p>
+
+<p>On Aug. 25, 1914, the inhabitants of Lun&#233;ville made an
+attack by ambuscade against the German columns and
+transports. On the same day the inhabitants fired on
+hospital buildings marked with the Red Cross. Further, shots
+were fired on the German wounded and the military hospital
+containing a German ambulance. On account of these acts of
+hostility a contribution of 650,000 francs is imposed on the
+commune of Lun&#233;ville. The Mayor is ordered to pay this
+sum&#8212;50,000 francs in silver and the remainder in gold&#8212;on
+Sept. 6, at 9 o'clock in the morning, to the representative
+of the German military authority. No protest will be
+considered. No extension of time will be granted. If the
+commune does not punctually obey the order to pay 650,000
+francs all the goods which are available will be seized. In
+case payment is not made domiciliary searches will take
+place, and all the inhabitants will be searched. Any one who
+shall have deliberately hidden money or shall have attempted
+to hide his goods from the seizure of the military
+authorities, or who seeks to leave the town, will be shot.
+The Mayor and hostages taken by the military authorities
+will be made responsible for the exact execution of the
+above order. The Mayor is ordered to publish these
+directions to the commune at once.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">H&#233;nam&#233;nil, Sept. 3, 1914.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">Commander in Chief,<br />
+Von FOSBENDER.</p></div>
+
+<p>On reading this extraordinary document one is justified in asking
+whether the arson and murders committed at Lun&#233;ville on Aug. 25 and 26
+by an army which was not acting under the excitement of battle, and
+which during its preceding days had abstained from killing, were not
+ordered on purpose to make more plausible the allegation which was to
+serve as a pretext for the exaction of an indemnity.</p>
+
+<p>The village of Chanteheux, situated quite close to Lun&#233;ville, was not
+spared either. The Bavarians, who occupied it from the 22d of August
+to the 12th of September, burned there 20 houses in the customary
+manner and massacred 8 persons on the 25th of August, MM. Lavenne,
+Toussaint, Parmentier, and Bacheler, who were killed, the first three
+by rifle shots, the fourth by two shots and a blow with a bayonet;
+young Schneider, aged 23, who was murdered in a hamlet of the commune;
+M. Wingerstmann and his grandson, whose death we have recorded above
+in setting out the crimes committed at Lun&#233;ville; lastly, M. Reeb,
+aged 62, who certainly died as the result of the ill-treatment which
+he suffered. This man had been taken as hostage with some 42 of his
+fellow-citizens who were kept for 13 days. After having received
+terrible blows from the butt of a rifle in his face and a bayonet
+wound in his side, he continued to follow the column, although he lost
+much blood and his face was so bruised that he was almost
+unrecognizable, when a Bavarian, without any reason, gave him a great
+wound by throwing a wooden pail at his forehead. Between H&#233;nam&#233;nil and
+Bures his companions saw that he was no longer with them; no doubt he
+fell by the way.</p>
+
+<p>If this unhappy man was to suffer the most cruel martyrdom of all, the
+hostages taken with him in the commune had also to suffer violence and
+insult. Before setting fire to the village, the hostages were set with
+their backs to the parapet of the bridge while the troops passed by
+ill-treating them. As an officer accused them of firing on the
+Germans, the schoolmaster gave him his word of honor that it was not
+so. &quot;Pig of a Frenchman,&quot; replied the officer, &quot;do not speak of honor;
+you have none.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>At the moment when her house was burning Mme. Cherrier, who was coming
+out of the cellar to escape suffocation, was drenched with an
+inflammable liquid by some soldiers who were sprinkling the walls. One
+of them told her that it was benzine. She then ran behind a dunghill
+to hide herself with her parents, but the fire raisers dragged her by
+force in front of the blaze and she was obliged to witness the
+destruction of her dwelling.</p>
+
+<p>Like Nomeny, the pretty town of Gerb&#233;viller, on the banks of the
+Mortagne, fell a victim to the fury of the Germans under terrible
+circumstances. On the 24th August the enemy's troops hurled themselves
+against some sixty chasseurs &#224; pied, who offered heroic resistance,
+and who inflicted heavy loss upon them. They took a drastic vengeance
+upon the civilian population. Indeed, from the moment of their
+entrance into the town, the Germans gave themselves up to the worst
+excesses, entering the houses, with savage yells, burning the
+buildings, killing or arresting the inhabitants, and sparing neither
+women nor old men. Out of 475 houses, 20 at most are still habitable.
+More than 100 persons have disappeared, 50 at least have been
+massacred. Some were led into the fields to be shot, others were
+murdered in their houses or struck down in passing through the streets
+as they were trying to escape from the conflagration. Up to now 36
+bodies have been identified. They are those of MM. Barth&#233;lemy, Blosse
+(Senior), Robinet, Chr&#233;tien, R&#233;my, Bourguignon, Perrin, Guillaume,
+Bernasconi, Gauthier, Menu, Simon, Lingenheld (father and son),
+Benoit, Calais, Adam, Caille, Lhuillier, Regret, Plaid (aged 14),
+Leroi, Bazzolo, Gentil, Victor Dehan, Charles Dehan, Dehan the
+Younger, Brennevald, Parisse, Yong, Fran&#231;ois, Secretary of the Mairie;
+Mmes. Perrot, Courtois, Gauthier, and Guillaume, and Mlles. Perrin and
+Miquel.</p>
+
+<p>Fifteen of these poor people were executed at a place called &quot;La
+Pr&#232;le.&quot; They were buried by their fellow-citizens on Sept. 12 or 15.
+Almost all had their hands tied behind their backs; some were
+blindfolded; the trousers of the majority were unbuttoned and pushed
+down to their feet. This fact, as well as the appearance of the
+bodies, made the witnesses think that the victims had been mutilated.
+We did not think we ought to adopt this view, the bodies being in such
+an advanced state of decomposition that a mistake on the subject might
+be made. Besides, it is possible that the murderers unbuttoned the
+trousers of the prisoners so as to incumber their legs, and thus make
+it impossible for them to escape.</p>
+
+<p>On Oct. 16, at a place called Le Haut-de-Vormont, buried under fifteen
+to twenty centimeters of earth, we found the bodies of ten civilians
+with the marks of bullets upon them. On one of them was found a
+laissez passer in the name of Edward Seyer, of Badonviller. The other
+nine victims are unknown. It is believed that they were inhabitants of
+Badonviller, who had been taken by the Germans into the neighborhood
+of Gerb&#233;viller to be shot there.</p>
+
+<p>In the streets and houses, during the day of the sacking, the most
+tragic scenes took place.</p>
+
+<p>In the morning the enemy entered the house of M. and Mme. Lingenheld,
+seized the son, 36 years of age, who wore the brassard of the Red
+Cross, tied his hands behind his back, dragged him into the street,
+and shot him. They then returned to look for the father, an old man of
+70. Mme. Lingenheld then took to flight. On her way she saw her son
+stretched on the ground, and as the unhappy man was still moving some
+Germans drenched him with petrol, to which they set fire in the
+presence of the terrified mother. In the meantime M. Lingenheld was
+led to La Pr&#232;le, where he was executed.</p>
+
+<p>At the same time the soldiers knocked at the door of the house
+occupied by M. Dehan, his wife, and his mother-in-law, the widow
+Guillaume, aged 78. The latter, who opened the door, was shot
+point-blank, and fell into the arms of her son-in-law, who ran up
+behind her. &quot;They have killed me!&quot; she cried. &quot;Carry me into the
+garden.&quot; Her children obeyed and laid her at the end of the garden
+with a pillow under her head and a blanket over her legs, and then
+stretched themselves at the foot of the wall to avoid shells. At the
+end of an hour the widow Guillaume was dead. Her daughter wrapped her
+in a blanket and placed a handkerchief over her face. Almost
+immediately the Germans broke into the garden. They carried off Dehan
+and shot him at La Pr&#232;le, and led his wife away on to the Fraimbois
+road, where she found about forty people, principally women and
+children, in the enemy's hands, and heard an officer of high rank say:
+&quot;We must shoot these women and children. We must make an end of them.&quot;
+However, the threat was not carried into effect. Mme. Dehan was set at
+liberty next day, and was able to return twenty-one days later to
+Gerb&#233;viller. She is convinced, and all those who saw the body share
+her opinion, that her mother's body had been violated. In fact, the
+body was found stretched on its back with the petticoats pushed up,
+the legs separated, and the stomach ripped open.</p>
+
+<p>When the Germans arrived M. Perrin and his two daughters, Louise and
+Eug&#233;nie, had taken refuge in a stable. The soldiers entered, and one
+of them, seeing young Louise, fired a shot point-blank at her head.
+Eug&#233;nie succeeded in escaping, but her father was arrested as he fled,
+placed among the victims who were being taken to La Pr&#232;le and shot
+with them.</p>
+
+<p>M. Yong, who was going out to exercise his horse, was struck down
+before his own house. The Germans in their fury killed the horse after
+the master, and set fire to the house. Some others raised the
+trap-door of a cellar in which several people were hidden and fired
+several shots at them. Mme. Denis Bernard and the boy, Parmentier, 7
+years of age, were wounded.</p>
+
+<p>At 5 in the evening Mme. Rozier heard an imploring voice crying,
+&quot;Mercy! Mercy!&quot; These cries came from one of two neighboring barns
+belonging to MM. Poinsard and Barbier. A man who was acting as
+interpreter to the Germans declared to a certain Mme. Thi&#233;baut that
+the Germans boasted that they had burned alive in one of these barns,
+in spite of his entreaties and appeals to their pity, a man who was
+the father of five children. This declaration carries all the more
+conviction, since the remains of a burned human body have been found
+in the barn belonging to Poinsard.</p>
+
+<p>Side by side with this carnage, innumerable acts of violence were
+committed. The wife of a soldier, Mme. X., was raped by a German
+soldier in the passage of the house of her parents, while her mother
+was obliged to flee at the bayonet's point.</p>
+
+<p>On Aug. 29 Sister Julie, Mother Superior of the hospital, whose
+devotion has been admirable, went to the parish church with a
+mobilized priest to examine the state of the interior of the building,
+and found that an attempt had been made to break through the steel
+door of the tabernacle. The Germans had fired shots around the lock in
+order to get possession of the ciborium. The door was broken through
+in several places, and the bullets had caused almost symmetrical
+holes, which proved that the shots had been fired point blank. When
+Sister Julie opened the tabernacle she found the ciborium pierced with
+bullet holes.</p>
+
+<p>The excesses and crimes which were committed at Gerb&#233;viller were
+principally the work of the Bavarians. The troops which committed them
+were under the command of the German General, Clauss, whose brutality
+has been brought to our notice in other places.</p>
+
+<p>On the 22d of August the Germans burned part of the village of Cr&#233;vic,
+using torches and rockets. Seventy-six houses were burned, including
+in particular that of Gen. Lyautey, which the fire-raisers had
+entered, led by an officer, crying aloud: &quot;We want Mme. and Mlle.
+Lyautey in order to cut their throats.&quot; A Captain, leveling his
+revolver at M. Voigin's throat, threatened to shoot him and throw him
+into the flames, together with one of his fellow-citizens, &quot;whose
+brains,&quot; he said, &quot;we have already blown out.&quot; He was alluding to the
+death of an old gentleman, M. Li&#233;gey, 78 years of age, whose body was
+found in the ruins with a bullet wound under his chin. The officer
+added, &quot;Come and see the property of Gen. Lyautey, who is in
+Morocco&#8212;it is burning.&quot; Meanwhile a workman named G&#233;rard was forced
+at the bayonet's point to go up to his garret. The Germans set fire to
+a heap of forage and obliged G&#233;rard to remain near the blaze. When the
+soldiers were driven out by the intolerable heat, G&#233;rard was able to
+escape through a little opening, but he had had one cheek already
+badly burned.</p>
+
+<p>At Deuxville, where the enemy willfully set fire to fifteen houses,
+the Mayor, Bajole, and the cur&#233;, Thiriet, were arrested. L'Abb&#233;
+Marchal, cur&#233; of Crion, saw them both in his parish in the hands of
+the Germans; he approached his colleague and asked the reason of his
+arrest. The latter replied, &quot;I made signs.&quot; L'Abb&#233; Marchal gave him a
+little bread and went away; but he had scarcely gone thirty paces when
+he heard the sound of a volley. The two prisoners had just been
+executed. The next day an officer who spoke our language perfectly,
+and said that for eight years he had been attached to the German
+Embassy in Paris, told L'Abb&#233; Marchal that the cur&#233; of Deuxville had
+made signs and had admitted it. &quot;As for the Mayor,&quot; he added, &quot;I do
+not believe the poor devil had done anything.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>At Maixe the Germans burned thirty-six houses and murdered MM. Gau&#231;on,
+Demange, Jacques, Thomas, Marchal, Chaudre, Grand, Simonin, Vaconet,
+and Mme. Beurton on the pretext that they had been firing at them.
+Gau&#231;on was dragged from his own house and thrown on a dunghill where a
+soldier killed him with a rifle shot in the stomach. Demange, who was
+wounded in both knees while in his cellar, succeeded in dragging
+himself as far as the kitchen. The Germans set fire to the house and
+prevented Mme. Demange from rescuing her husband, and left their
+victims to be burned in the blazing house.</p>
+
+<p>Mme. Beurton was also in her cellar with her family when two soldiers
+came down into it; one of them carried a lantern and the other a
+rifle. The latter fired haphazard on to the group and hit the unhappy
+woman. Vaconet was struck by a bullet in the side at the foot of M.
+Rediger's staircase; as for Simonin, he was taken away in the
+direction of Drouville. A few days afterward a German officer handed
+to M. Thouvenin, Municipal Councilor of the commune, a note stating
+that Simonin had been shot and that his last wishes were expressed in
+a document which was in the hands of the General commanding the Third
+Bavarian Division. On this document, of which a copy has been sent to
+us, appears the signature of an officer of the Third Regiment of the
+Chevauxl&#233;gers. The other victims at Maixe met their deaths under
+conditions which we have been unable to ascertain.</p>
+
+<p>In the same village, Mlle. X., aged 23 years, was raped by nine
+Germans during the night of Aug. 23-24. An officer was sleeping in the
+room above that in which this revolting scene was being enacted, but
+he did not consider it necessary to intervene, though he must
+certainly have heard the cries of the young girl and the noise made
+by the German soldiers.</p>
+
+<p>The Ch&#226;teau of Beauzemont was broken into on the 22d of August. On the
+fifteenth day of its occupation, the wives of several German staff
+officers arrived in motor cars. Everything that had been stolen from
+the Ch&#226;teau, especially plate, hats, and silk dresses, was loaded on
+the motor cars. On the 21st of October the Lieutenant Colonel
+commanding the &#8212;&#8212; French Infantry Regiment took possession of this
+ch&#226;teau. He found it in a state of disorder and revolting filth. The
+drawers of most of the furniture had been broken into and left open,
+and the floor of the billiard room was in a filthy condition. There
+was a disgusting smell in the bedroom occupied by the German General
+commanding the Seventh Reserve Division. The cupboard at the head of
+the bed contained body linen and muslin curtains full of excrements.</p>
+
+<p>At Baccarat the enemy did not massacre anybody, but on the 25th of
+August they carried out a systematic pillage, and in order to be able
+to do this undisturbed they had ordered the population to assemble at
+the railway station. The pillage was carried out under the supervision
+of the officers. Clocks and various articles of furniture and objets
+d'art were carried off. When the inhabitants returned home they were
+ordered out again an hour later and informed that the town was to be
+burned. Indeed, the centre of the town was ablaze. The conflagration,
+which was started by torches and pastilles, destroyed 112 houses; only
+four or five were burned by shells. After the fire sentinels were
+placed, who prevented the owners from approaching the ruins of their
+houses, and when the blaze had abated the Germans ransacked the ruins
+themselves in order to gain access to the cellars. After this
+operation Gen. Fabricius, commanding the artillery of the Fourteenth
+Baden Corps, said to M. Renaud, the Acting Mayor: &quot;I did not think
+that Baccaret contained such a quantity of fine wine. We found more
+than 100,000 bottles.&quot; One must, however, add that at the glass works
+the enemy really displayed comparative honesty, inasmuch as they only
+exacted, at the revolver's point, a reduction of 60 to 75 per cent. on
+the goods which they bought.</p>
+
+<p>At Jolivet, on the 22d of August, M. Villemin was leaving M. Cohan's
+house with the latter and a M. Richard when German soldiers fell upon
+M. Richard. Struck on the head by the butt of a rifle, Richard fell.
+Cohan rushed back to his house. Villemin went to look after his
+cattle, after having followed Richard for a short distance as the
+latter was being led away by his aggressors. At about 5 o'clock in the
+evening he went out to see a neighbor, but was immediately arrested
+and shot. His assassins threw his body over a fence into a garden.</p>
+
+<p>On the 25th of August, in the same commune, Mme. Morin's house was
+pillaged. The Germans took linen, plate, furs and hats. The next day
+the house was set on fire by lighting bits of wood found in packing
+cases.</p>
+
+<p>At Bonvillers, on the 21st, 23d, and 25th of August, twenty-six houses
+were set on fire by the Germans, who made use of squibs and candles.</p>
+
+<p>At Einville, on the 22d of August, the day the Germans arrived, they
+shot a Town Councilor, M. Pierson, whom they wrongfully accused of
+having fired on them. They also executed, without reason, MM. Bouvier
+and Barbelin, whom they had taken away a short distance from the
+village. They also massacred a poacher called Pierrat, whom they had
+found carrying a sack containing a small net and a gun in pieces. The
+wretched man was terribly tortured by them. Having dragged him beyond
+the village, they brought him back in front of Mme. Fam&#244;se's house.
+This lady saw him pass by in the midst of the Germans. His nose was
+nearly cut off. His eyes were haggard and, to quote the witness's
+remark, he seemed to have aged ten years in a quarter of an hour. At
+this moment an officer gave an order and eight soldiers went off with
+the prisoner. When they returned ten minutes later without him one of
+them said in French, &quot;He was already dead.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>On the 12th of September M. Dieudonn&#233;, Mayor of Einville, was taken
+off as a hostage with his assistant and another of his townsmen by the
+enemy at the time of their retreat. He and his companions were taken
+to Alsace, then into Germany, where they were kept until the 24th of
+October. Before his arrest, and during a fight which took place around
+his commune, M. Dieudonn&#233; had been forced, notwithstanding his
+protests, to commandeer several of his townsmen in order to bury the
+dead. Three of the inhabitants of Einville thus forcible employed on
+this duty were wounded by bullets; another, M. No&#235;l, was killed by a
+fragment of a shell.</p>
+
+<p>The farm of Remonville, situated within the boundaries of the same
+village, was burned down. The women were able to escape. Four men who
+were working on this estate must have been all killed. The bodies of
+two of them, Victor Chaudre and Thomas Prosper, were discovered two
+months later buried together near the buildings which had been burned.
+Both had been decapitated, and Thomas's head was smashed to pieces.</p>
+
+<p>At Sommerviller the enemy's course on the 23d of August was marked by
+the sack of the caf&#233;s and grocers' shops and of several private
+houses, and by the murder of M. Robert, aged 70, and M. Harau, aged
+65, who were killed by rifle shots. The latter at the moment when he
+received his death wound was quietly eating a piece of bread.</p>
+
+<p>At Rehainviller, on the 26th of August, the Germans seized the cur&#233;,
+Barbot, and M. Noircler in the street. The bodies of these two men
+were found a long time afterward buried in the fields a few hundred
+meters from the village. Their bodies were in an advanced state of
+decomposition, and it was therefore impossible to ascertain the wounds
+which the cur&#233; had received; as for Noircler, his head was found in
+the grave by the side of the rest of his body, in a line with his hip.</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center" class="border">
+<img src="images/marconnay.jpg" width="314" height="500" alt="Marconnay" title="Marconnay" /></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>AVIATOR-COMMANDANT MARCONNAY</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>One of the Oldest and Best Known French Military Aviators Killed
+During a Reconnoissance.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>(<i>Photo from Underwood &amp; Underwood.</i>)</b></p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center" class="border">
+<img src="images/haig.jpg" width="307" height="500" alt="Gen. Haig" title="Gen. Haig" /></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>GENERAL SIR DOUGLAS HAIG</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>Commanding the First British Army, One of the Six Armies Recently
+Incorporated.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>(<i>Photo</i> &#169; <i>American Press Association.</i>)</b></p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p>In this commune twenty-seven houses have been burned. No one saw
+the fire lighted, but after the disaster a certain number of little
+fuse-sticks which the Germans frequently use for the purpose of
+fire-raising, and which the peasants call &quot;macaronis,&quot; were collected.</p>
+
+<p>At Lamath, on the 24th of August, the Bavarians shot an old man of 70,
+M. Louis, who had come out of his house to relieve the needs of
+nature. The unhappy man received at least ten bullets in the chest.
+His son-in-law, who was in an advanced stage of tuberculosis, was
+taken and led away. No news has been received of him. Two other
+inhabitants of the commune who were made prisoners at the same time as
+this man are still in captivity in Bavaria.</p>
+
+<p>The Abb&#233; Mathieu, cur&#233; of Fraimbois, was arrested on the 29th of
+August on the false allegation that shots had been fired at the
+Germans in his parish. In the course of his captivity, which lasted
+sixteen days, he was present at the murder of two of our
+fellow-countrymen, M. Poissonnier of Gerb&#233;viller and M. Victor-Meyer
+of Fraimbois; the former, an invalid who could scarcely stand, was
+accused of having followed the armies as a spy. The latter had been
+arrested because his little girl had picked up a bit of telephone wire
+broken by shrapnel. One morning toward 6 o'clock the Bavarian officers
+went through a travesty of justice, reading documents drawn up in
+German, collecting the votes of eight or nine young Lieutenants to
+whom voting papers had been given. The two men were condemned
+unanimously and warned that they were about to die, and the priest was
+requested to give them the consolations of religion. They protested
+their innocence with prayers and tears, but they were compelled to
+kneel down against the embankment of the road, and a platoon of
+twenty-four soldiers drawn up in double file fired twice at them.</p>
+
+<p>The village of Fraimbois was pillaged, and the objects stolen were
+loaded on to vehicles. The Abb&#233; Mathieu complained to Gens. Tanner and
+Clauss of the burning of his bee-house, and received from the former
+the simple reply, &quot;What do you expect? It is war!&quot; The latter did not
+even reply.</p>
+
+<p>At Mont three houses were burned with petrol. At H&#233;rim&#233;nil, on the
+29th of August, the enemy, who had arrived on the 24th, were guilty of
+monstrous acts. The inhabitants were asked to come to church and were
+kept there for four days, while their houses were sacked and the
+French bombarded the village. Twenty-four people were killed inside
+the church by a shell. As a woman, who had succeeded with great
+trouble in leaving the church for a moment, was returning with a
+little milk for the children, a Captain, furious at seeing that this
+prisoner had been allowed to pass, cried out, &quot;I meant that the door
+should not be opened! I meant the French to fire on their own people.&quot;
+This same Captain, a short time before, had been guilty of a revolting
+cruelty. He was present, eyeglass in eye, when Mme. Winger, a young
+woman of 23, was going to church in obedience to the general order,
+together with her servants, a girl and two young men, each of them 18
+years old, and, considering their progress too slow, with a word he
+directed the soldiers to fire, and the four victims fell mortally
+wounded. The Germans left the corpses in the street for two days.</p>
+
+<p>Next day they shot M. Bocquel, who was ignorant of the orders which
+had been given and had remained in his house. They also killed in his
+own house M. Florentin, aged 77. This old man, who received several
+bullets in the chest, was probably killed in consequence of his
+deafness, which prevented him from understanding what the enemy had
+ordered.</p>
+
+<p>In this commune twenty-two houses were burned with petrol. Before
+setting fire to Mme. Combeau's house the soldiers dug up the floor of
+a cellar and distinterred the sum of 600 francs, which they
+appropriated.</p>
+
+<p>On the 23d of August young Simonin, aged 15-1/2, living at Hadiviller,
+was going back from Dombasle when the Germans threatened him with
+their rifles and took him prisoner. They began by beating him
+unmercifully. Then on the orders of an officer, he was led away by a
+soldier. As he went along he saw his father about 50 meters off
+calling to him. The soldier then tied him to a telegraph pole, and
+fired on Simonin's father, who fell vomiting blood, and soon after
+died as he lay. Meanwhile, the young man was able to free himself from
+his bonds, and succeeded in running the gauntlet of several shots, one
+of which tore his coat.</p>
+
+<p>At Magni&#232;res, where one house only was burned, a German armed with a
+rifle entered, toward the end of August, the house of M. Laurent and
+compelled a girl of 12, young &#8212;&#8212;, who had taken refuge there, to
+accompany him into a room, where he raped her twice, in spite of her
+ceaseless cries and groans. The poor girl was absolutely terrorized.
+In addition, the soldier was so threatening that M. Laurent did not
+dare to interfere.</p>
+
+<p>At Croismare on the 25th of August, when the Germans were forced to
+beat a retreat, maddened by their check, they began to fire on
+everybody they met. A Uhlan officer killed with a rifle shot M.
+Kriegel, who had gone into the field to pull potatoes. He then saw MM.
+Matton and Barbier returning from their work. He rode up to them and
+ordered them to stop and stand up against an embankment. The two
+peasants thought at first that he was anxious to see them sheltered
+from the rifle shots that were being fired all round. But their
+delusion was soon dispelled when they saw him load his revolver. In
+the course of this operation three cartridges were dropped, and the
+officer ordered Matton and Barbier to pick them up. Barbier handed him
+one of the cartridges back with the words, &quot;Do not do us any harm; we
+have just been working in the fields.&quot; &quot;Nicht pardon, cochon de
+franzose, capout,&quot; replied the officer, and fired twice. Matton ducked
+quickly, and thanks to this movement was only hit in the right
+shoulder instead of full in the chest. As for Barbier, a bullet went
+through both his thumbs and ripped open his left forefinger.</p>
+
+<p>At R&#233;m&#233;r&#233;ville on the 7th of September the enemy, alleging falsely
+that the inhabitants had fired on them from the steeple, set fire to
+the houses with the assistance of rockets. A few houses only escaped
+the flames. Before being burned the village had been bombarded by the
+Germans, who had taken as their objective an ambulance, whose flag
+they saw perfectly.</p>
+
+<p>The commune of Drouville, which was twice occupied, was absolutely
+sacked on the 5th of September. The invaders burned thirty-five
+houses, using torches and doubtless petrol also, for they left on the
+spot a can which contained twenty-five to thirty liters.</p>
+
+<p>At Courbesseaux arson and pillage were also committed on the 5th of
+September. Nineteen houses were burned, and M. Alix, who was trying to
+put out a fire in a stack of luzerne on his property, was shot at
+several times and obliged to flee.</p>
+
+<p>Finally, on the 23d of August, at Erb&#233;viller, a Saxon Captain found a
+very practical means of getting money for himself. He collected the
+men in the village and tried vainly, by threatening to shoot them, to
+obtain a declaration from them that the sentries had been shot at,
+although he knew perfectly well that it was untrue. Then he shut them
+up in a barn. In the evening he had brought before him the wife of M.
+Jacques, a retired schoolmaster, who was one of the prisoners, and
+said to her, &quot;I am not certain that these are the men who fired. They
+will be set at liberty tomorrow morning if you can give me a thousand
+francs in the next few minutes.&quot; Mme. Jacques gave him the amount, and
+in reply to her request he gave her a receipt for it, and the hostages
+were set at liberty.</p>
+
+<p>The receipt drawn up by the officer reads as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p style="text-align: right">Erb&#233;viller, 23d August, 1914.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">RECEIPT.</p>
+
+<p><i>As a punishment for being suspected</i> of having fired on
+German sentries during the night of August 22d and 23d I
+have received from the Commune of Erb&#233;viller one thousand
+francs, (1,000 fr.)</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">BARON &#8212;&#8212; (illegible).</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">haupt. reit. regim.</p></div>
+
+<p>In a commune of the Department of Meurthe-et-Moselle two nuns were for
+several hours exposed without defense to the lust of a soldier. By
+terrorizing them he obliged them to undress, and after having
+compelled the elder to pull off his boots, he committed obscenities on
+the younger. We undertook not to publish the names of the victims of
+this abominable scene, or of that of the village in which it took
+place, but the facts were laid before us under the sanction of an oath
+by witnesses who deserve the fullest confidence, and we take the
+responsibility of pledging ourselves as to their accuracy.</p>
+
+<p>During our stay at Nancy and Lun&#233;ville, we had the opportunity of
+receiving a good deal of evidence with reference to crimes committed
+by the Germans in districts which were still occupied by their troops,
+and which the majority of the inhabitants had been forced to evacuate.
+The most cruel of these acts took place at the village of Emberm&#233;nil.
+At the end of October or the beginning of November, an enemy patrol
+met near this commune a young woman, Mme. Masson, who was obviously
+pregnant, and questioned her as to whether there were French soldiers
+at Emberm&#233;nil. She replied that she did not know, which was true. The
+Germans then entered the village and were received by our soldiers
+with rifle fire. On the 5th of November a detachment of the Fourth
+Bavarian Regiment arrived and collected all the inhabitants in front
+of the church. An officer then asked which person it was who had
+betrayed them. Suspecting that he referred to her meeting with the
+Germans some days before, and realizing the danger that all her
+fellow-citizens ran, Mme. Masson with great courage stepped forward
+and repeated what she had said, and declared that in saying it she had
+acted in good faith. She was immediately seized and forced to sit down
+on a bench beside young Dime, aged 24, who had been taken haphazard as
+a second victim. The whole population begged for mercy for the unhappy
+woman, but the Germans were inflexible. &quot;One woman and one man,&quot; they
+said, &quot;must be shot. Those are the Colonel's orders. What will you?
+It is war.&quot; Eight soldiers drawn up in two ranks fired three times at
+the two martyrs in the presence of the whole village. The house of
+Mme. Masson's father-in-law was then set on fire. That of M. Blanchin
+had been burned a few moments before.</p>
+
+<p>Mme. Millot of Dom&#232;vre-sur-Vezouze has described to us the murder of
+her nephew, Maurice Claude, aged 17, of which she was an eyewitness.
+On the 24th of August, at the moment when the Germans arrived at
+Dom&#232;vre, this young lad was with his family in his father's house, at
+the foot of a staircase, when he saw that soldiers were aiming at him
+from the street. He stepped aside to shield himself, but was not able
+to find shelter, and was struck by three bullets. Wounded in the
+stomach, in the buttock, and in the thigh, he died three days later,
+after having displayed admirable resignation. When he knew that he was
+dying he said to his disconsolate mother, &quot;I can well die for my
+country.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The same day MM. Auguste Claude and Adolphe Claude, the latter aged
+75, were also killed, and 136 houses in the village were burned by
+means of incendiary cartridges. Further, two inhabitants, MM. Bretton
+and Labart, were taken as hostages. It is not known what has become of
+them since.</p>
+
+<p>M. V&#233;ron, retired schoolmaster, at Audun-le-Roman, in the
+arrondissement of Briey, made a deposition before us which runs as
+follows:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;On the 21st of August, toward 5 in the evening, the Germans who had
+occupied for seventeen days the village of Audun-le-Roman, began
+without any reason to fire upon the houses with rifles and machine
+guns. Four women, Mlle. Roux, Mlle. Tr&#233;fel, Mme. Zapolli, and Mme.
+Giglio, were wounded. Mlle. Tr&#233;fel was struck while she was giving a
+drink to a German soldier. Three men were killed: M. Martin, an
+agriculturist, aged 68, whose house was burned, was led out and shot
+in the street in the presence of his wife and children. M. Chary, aged
+55, foreman roadmaker, was escaping from the conflagration, holding
+his wife by the hand, when he was killed by rifle shots. I have seen
+his body, which was riddled with wounds. M. Ernest Samen was struck by
+five revolver bullets at the moment when he was shutting the door of
+his coach house.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I saw the enemy set fire to the Caf&#233; Matte with petrol. Mme. Matte
+went out with a little bag in her hand containing her savings, about
+two thousand francs. She was robbed by a German officer, who snatched
+the bag away.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The witness added that the Mayor must have been carried off by a
+patrol, but in any case he had disappeared.</p>
+
+<p>At Arracourt, M. Maillard was killed in the fields by a bullet which
+went right through him; five houses were burned.</p>
+
+<p>The village of Brin-sur-Seille was almost entirely destroyed by fire
+lighted by cartridges and round fuses. Further, the wife of a man at
+Raucourt who is with the colors, Mme. X., declared to us that she had
+been raped in her own house in the presence of her little boy, aged
+3-1/2, by a soldier who had placed the point of his bayonet on her
+breast to overcome the resistance which she opposed to him.</p>
+
+
+<h3>OISE.</h3>
+
+<p>In the Department of Oise we have ascertained the following facts:</p>
+
+<p>When on the 31st of August the Germans entered the village of
+Monchy-Humi&#232;res a group of about fifteen people were in the street
+looking at them as they entered. No act of provocation was committed,
+but an officer believed that he heard some one say the word
+&quot;Prussian.&quot; At once he directed three dragoons to fall out and ordered
+them to fire. Young Gaston Dupuis was killed, M. Grandvalet was
+wounded in the right shoulder by a bullet, and a little girl of 4 who
+belonged to a family of refugees from Verdun was slightly wounded in
+the neck.</p>
+
+<p>Next day the commune of Ravenel was sacked, and the stolen objects
+were taken away in a carriage. A man named Vilette, while bicycling on
+the road near the village, met a motor car in which were several
+Germans. They began to fire at him without any reason. He jumped down
+from his machine and took to flight across country, but a bullet
+stopped him on his way. He died a few hours afterward, leaving a widow
+and two children.</p>
+
+<p>On the same day, near M&#233;ry, the enemy opened fire on some English guns
+which were drawn up at the place called Le Bout de la Ville, and an
+engagement began between the cavalry of the two armies. At this moment
+the Germans entered the sugar factory, which is situated in a hamlet
+of the commune. They seized the manager, his family, and all the staff
+of the factory, and, during the three hours which the engagement
+lasted, made them walk in a parallel line to themselves in order to
+protect themselves against the fusillade which was catching them on
+the flank. Among the twenty-five people who were thus exposed to grave
+danger were women and children. A work girl, Mme. Jeansenne, was
+killed, and a foreman, Courtois, had a bullet through his left arm. At
+10 in the evening, the enemy returned in force to the village. They
+left the next day after having burned the houses and carried out a
+general sack.</p>
+
+<p>On the 2d of September the Germans entered Senlis, where they were
+greeted by rifle fire from African troops. Alleging that they had been
+fired on by civilians, they set fire to two quarters of the town. One
+hundred and five houses were burned in the following manner: The
+Germans marched along the streets in a column; at a whistle from an
+officer, some of them fell out, and proceeded to break in the doors of
+the houses and the shop fronts; then others came along and lit the
+fire with grenades and rockets; patrols who followed them fired
+incendiary bullets with their rifles into those houses in which the
+fire was not taking hold fast enough.</p>
+
+<p>While our soldiers were firing in the outskirts of the town, the
+hostages who had been taken into the streets by the Germans were
+forced to walk in the middle of the road, while the Germans prudently
+kept to the footpaths. M. Levasseur, Mme. Dauchy and her little girl
+aged 5, MM. Pinchaux, Minouflet, and Leymarie were among the number of
+the hostages who were thus exposed to death. Near the hospital
+Levasseur was killed. Soon Leymarie in his turn fell mortally wounded.
+As he was carrying him to lay him at the foot of a wall, Minouflet was
+struck by a bullet on the knee. An officer approached him, and told
+him to show his wound, and then suddenly fired with his revolver into
+his shoulder. At the same spot a witness saw another officer in the
+act of torturing a French wounded soldier by beating him in the face
+with a stick.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile several murders were committed. M. Simon was dragged out of
+his house and killed by a rifle shot in the side. At 2 o'clock the
+Germans broke in the door of M. M&#233;gret's house. The latter came
+forward, promised to give them everything they asked for, and brought
+them ten bottles of wine. He was murdered by a shot full in the chest.
+MM. Ramu, Vilcoq, Chambellant and Gaudet, drawn by curiosity, went to
+look at the burning forage store to which the French troops had set
+fire as they retired. Enemy soldiers fired on them several times. Ramu
+was wounded, Gaudet was killed on the spot, Chambellant received two
+bullets, one in his right hand and the other below the groin, and died
+a week later. MM. Simon, Ecker, Chery, Leblond, Rigauld, Louis, and
+Momus were also killed in Senlis.</p>
+
+<p>At 3 o'clock the Mayor, M. Odent, was arrested at the H&#244;tel de Ville
+on the allegation, against which he protested, that civilians had
+fired on the German troops. While he was being led away the Secretary
+of the Mairie joined him near the H&#244;tel du Grand Cerf, and proposed
+that he should go and fetch his Deputies. &quot;It is useless,&quot; he replied,
+&quot;one victim is enough.&quot; The Magistrate was taken to Chamant, and
+during the journey was the butt of hateful brutality. His gloves were
+torn from him and thrown in his face; his stick was taken from him and
+he was violently beaten with it on the head. Finally, toward 11
+o'clock, he was made to appear before three officers. One of them
+questioned him, persisting in accusing him of having fired or caused
+others to fire on the Germans, and warned him that he was about to
+die. M. Odent then went to his fellow-captives, handed them his papers
+and money, shook hands with them, and with great dignity made his last
+adieu. He then returned to the officers. On their order, two soldiers
+dragged him ten meters away and sent two bullets through his head. The
+murderers made a little hollow in the ground, and flung over the
+corpse a layer of earth so thin that it did not cover the victim's
+feet. A few hours before, 200 meters off, six other inhabitants of
+Senlis, MM. Pommier, Barbier, Aubert, Cottereau, Arthur Rigault, and
+Dewert, had already been shot and buried.</p>
+
+<p>The same evening M. Jeandin, a baker, who had been arrested at 3 or 4
+in the afternoon without any reason, and then taken by the Forty-ninth
+Pomeranian Regiment of Infantry to Villers-Saint-Frambourg, was
+fastened to a stake in a field and pierced repeatedly with the point
+of a bayonet.</p>
+
+<p>It is unnecessary to say that the town of Senlis was pillaged. While
+the enemy sacked the houses they took pleasure in exciting the worst
+instincts of the populace by offering part of the booty to women in
+wretched circumstances.</p>
+
+<p>At Villers-Saint-Frambourg the woman X. was raped by a soldier who got
+into her house. After the crime she took refuge in a neighboring
+house. The precaution was a wise one, for numerous comrades of the
+aggressor broke into her house and, furious at not finding the victim
+they sought, smashed the windows and seized the chickens, rabbits, and
+pig which they found in an outhouse.</p>
+
+<p>On Sept. 3 at Creil, under the orders of a Captain who tried to force
+MM. Guillot and Demonts to show him the houses of the richest
+inhabitants, the Germans scattered among the houses, breaking in doors
+and windows, and gave themselves up to pillage with the complicity of
+their leaders, to whom they came constantly to show the jewelry which
+they had stolen. Demonts and Guillot were then led into the country,
+where they found about 100 inhabitants of Creil and Nogent-sur-Oise
+and the neighborhood. All these persons were forced to suffer the
+shame and grief of working against the defense of their country by
+cutting down a field of maize which hindered the firing of the enemy
+and by digging trenches intended to shelter the Germans. For seven
+days the enemy kept them there without giving them food. Some women of
+the neighborhood were, fortunately, able to give them a little.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile in the town several people were put to death. M. Parent, who
+was escaping, was killed in the Rue Victor Hugo by a shot by a Uhlan.
+As soon as he fell, troopers hurled themselves upon him to search his
+clothes. M. Alexandre had his head shattered, at the intersection of
+the Rue Gambetta and the Rue Carnot. Germans entered the shop of M.
+Br&#232;che, wine seller. Thinking, no doubt, that he was not serving them
+quickly enough, they dragged him into the courtyard of Mme. Egasse,
+his neighbor, where an officer accused him of having fired on the
+soldiers, and ordered, in spite of his denial, that he should be shot
+at once. Mme. Egasse tried to soften the murderers, but she was
+brutally ordered off. From the room to which she went she heard the
+reports, and through the window she saw Br&#232;che's body stretched on the
+ground. When she came down she could not prevent herself from
+expressing her grief. The officer then said to her: &quot;A dead man! We
+see too many to take any notice. Besides, wherever we are fired upon,
+we kill and burn.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>A young man named Odener, carrying a bag of rice, had been taken from
+Liancourt of Creil. When he reached the Place de l'Eglise, worn out by
+fatigue and the ill-treatment which he had received, he put down his
+load and tried to escape. Two soldiers took aim at him, fired, and
+struck him down. A certain Leboeuf, who had been his fellow-prisoner,
+died at Creil a few days afterward in consequence of a wound which he
+had received on the way.</p>
+
+<p>Gen. von Kluck's army arrived at Cr&#233;py-en-Valois on the 2d of
+September, and took four days to march through. The town was
+completely sacked under the eyes of the officers. In particular the
+jewelers' shops were ransacked.</p>
+
+<p>Thefts of jewelry and body linen were committed in a house in which
+lodged a General commanding with some twelve officers of the General
+Staff. Almost all the safes in Cr&#233;py were gutted.</p>
+
+<p>On the 3d of the same month, at Baron, an artist of great talent,
+Prof. Alb&#233;ric Magnard, fired two shots from a revolver on a troop
+which was entering his property. One soldier was killed and another
+wounded. The Germans, who in so many places have committed the worst
+cruelties without any motive, here contented themselves with burning
+the property of their aggressor. The latter committed suicide to avoid
+falling into their hands. None the less the commune was sacked. M.
+Robert, notary, was robbed of his jewelry, his linen, and of 1,471
+bottles of wine, and forced to open his safe and allow an officer to
+take 8,300 francs which were locked up there. In the evening he saw
+another officer who wore on his finger nine women's rings, and whose
+arms were adorned with six bracelets. Two soldiers told him, besides,
+that they received a premium of four marks whenever they brought their
+commanding officers a piece of jewelry.</p>
+
+<p>In this commune, Mme. X., a most respectable young woman, was violated
+by two soldiers in succession in the absence of her husband, who is
+with the colors. One of these two men ransacked a chest of drawers
+while his comrade was committing his crime.</p>
+
+<p>At Mesnil-sur-Bulles on the evening of the 4th of September two
+Germans arrived in a carriage and one on a bicycle and went to the
+house of the Deputy Mayor, M. Gustave Queste. As the latter did not
+understand them, he asked his cousin, M. Queste, Professor at the
+Lyc&#233;e of Amiens, to act as interpreter for him. After having fulfilled
+this office the professor returned home. A few minutes afterward,
+hearing a shot, he went out to ascertain what was happening. He found
+himself in the presence of one of the three soldiers to whom he had
+just spoken in his cousin's house. This man, who was drunk, fired at
+him and killed him.</p>
+
+<p>The same three soldiers, passing through Nourard-le-Franc, set fire to
+seven houses with torches which they had brought with them in their
+carriage. A few hours before their arrival at Mesnil-sur-Bulles a
+Uhlan patrol had already made a reconnoissance in this commune.
+Troopers entered the house of M. Am&#233;d&#233;e Queste, burst open a door,
+broke the furniture, and stole a quantity of jewelry as well as a sum
+of 60 francs.</p>
+
+<p>At Choisy-au-Bac the Germans, who had been in the village since the
+31st of August, willfully set fire on the 1st and 2d of September to
+forty-five houses under the grossly false allegation that they had
+been fired upon, and previously, in the presence of their officers,
+gave themselves up to a general pillage, the product of which was
+carried away in vehicles stolen from the inhabitants. Two army
+doctors, wearing the brassards of the Red Cross, themselves pillaged
+the house of Mme. Binder.</p>
+
+<p>M. Morel, working carpenter, who was in his garden, was shot in the
+groin by a soldier who was passing on the road. He died next day. Four
+young men were taken as hostages and led away on the 8th of September.
+One of them was able to escape. His comrade, Ren&#233; Leclere, is said to
+have been shot at Besme, in the Department of the Aisne; as for the
+other two, no one knows what has become of them.</p>
+
+<p>At Compi&#232;gne, which was occupied by the enemy from the 31st of August
+to the 12th of September, the ch&#226;teau suffered comparatively little;
+the thefts there were not very important. But a great number of houses
+were pillaged. The house of Comte d'Orsetti, which is situated
+opposite to the palace, was literally sacked, principally by
+non-commissioned officers. Plate, jewelry, and valuables were
+collected in the courtyard of the ch&#226;teau, examined, inventoried, and
+packed up, and were then loaded in two removal vans on which had been
+placed the Red Cross flag.</p>
+
+<p>Application was made to Capt. Schroeder to put an end to the burglary
+and the scandalous orgy which was going on in the villa, and at last
+he went to the place; but after having glanced at the interior of the
+pillaged houses he went off again, saying, &quot;It is war, and besides I
+have no time.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>On Sept. 4 a soldier, who had gone to pass the night at the house
+where Mme. X. was concierge, drove the husband with several of the
+former's relations out of the house, threatening them with his rifle,
+and then obliged Mme. X. to pass the night with him.</p>
+
+<p>At Trumilly, where they remained from the 2d to the 4th of September,
+the Germans pillaged the commune and carried off the product of their
+theft in artillery wagons as well as in carriages. The first day, Mme.
+Huet, on whom were billeted a part of the staff of the Nineteenth
+Regiment of Hanover Dragoons and a great number of soldiers, saw a
+non-commissioned officer take possession of a box containing her
+jewels to the value of about 10,000 francs. She went to complain to
+the Colonel, who contented himself with saying, with a smile, &quot;I am
+sorry, Madame, it is war.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>On the 3d of September the advance troops had left, but stragglers
+remained in the country. One of them, a soldier of the Ninety-first
+Regiment of Infantry, on whose medal was engraved the name of &quot;Ahne,&quot;
+stole in Mme. Huet's house 115 francs from the servants, 300 francs
+from the mistress of the house, and 400 francs from M. Cornillet. This
+man then went to the house of Mme. X., whose husband was with the
+colors, and forced this woman to submit to him by threatening her with
+his revolver.</p>
+
+<p>During the occupation of the commune by the Germans M. Cornillet, the
+victim of one of the thefts of which we have just spoken, had an
+officer billeted upon him. After the departure of this guest he
+discovered that the sum of 150 francs, which had been placed in the
+wardrobe of the room in which the German had slept, had disappeared.
+Finally M. Colas, an old man of 70, was searched in the street by a
+soldier, and robbed of about 30 francs.</p>
+
+<p>One of the most serious acts of which we have been informed in the
+Department of the Oise was committed near Marqu&#233;glise, by an officer
+of high rank. Two young men of Saint Quentin, named Charlet and Gabet,
+who had left Paris to return to their native place with the object of
+obeying the summons to be enrolled for military service, met on the
+road two Belgian subjects making their way to Jemmapes, where they
+lived. The latter offered them a lift in their carriage, and the four
+men journeyed together as far as the village of Ressons, where they
+were arrested by a German detachment. They were bound, and then taken
+to the District of Marqu&#233;glise, and brought before a superior officer,
+who questioned them. When he learned that two of them were natives of
+Belgium this officer declared that the Belgians were &quot;sales gens&quot;;
+then without any explanation he took his revolver and fired on each of
+the prisoners in turn. The two Belgians and young Gabet fell dead,
+struck in the head. As for Charlet, who was wounded in the neck and
+right shoulder, he pretended to be killed, and after the departure of
+the murderer, was able to drag himself a certain distance. Before
+being taken to Compi&#232;gne, where he died next day, the unfortunate man
+was able to describe to the Abb&#233; Boulet, cur&#233; of Marqu&#233;glise, the
+cowardly deed of which his companions and himself had been the
+victims.</p>
+
+
+<h3>AISNE.</h3>
+
+<p>In the communes of the Department of the Aisne which we have been able
+to visit we have everywhere found evidences of acts of pillage and
+numerous crimes against women.</p>
+
+<p>At Connigis on the 8th of September at about 8 o'clock in the evening
+Mme. X. was the victim of grievous violence at the hands of two
+Germans, who had gone to her parents-in-law's house, where she was
+living in the absence of her husband, who had been mobilized. One of
+the Germans held M. X., the father, in front of the door while the
+other, threatening the young woman with his rifle, committed acts of
+revolting obscenity upon her in the presence of the mother-in-law.
+When he had accomplished his crime he took the place of his comrade,
+mounting guard over M. X., while the former in his turn outraged the
+young woman.</p>
+
+<p>At Brumetz, where the occupation by the enemy lasted from the 3d to
+the 10th, the village was pillaged. One house, as well as the ch&#226;teau
+of M. de Maleyssie, a Captain on the staff of the Sixth French Army
+Corps, were burned.</p>
+
+<p>At Chierry, the Ch&#226;teau of Varolles was burned with torches with
+petrol. The Ch&#226;teau of Sparre was also set on fire after it had been
+completely pillaged, pictures taken from their frames, and the
+tapestries cut up with blows of the sword.</p>
+
+<p>At Jaulgonne, between the 3d and 10th of September, the Prussian Guard
+emptied the cellars, stole the linen, and did 250,000 francs' worth of
+damage. In addition, they burned a house on the allegation that the
+owner had fired on them when in reality he was hiding in terror in his
+cellar.</p>
+
+<p>Two inhabitants of this commune were killed. One, M. Rempenault, aged
+87, was found in the fields killed by a bullet; the other, named
+Blanchard, aged 61, had been arrested because the Prussians had seen
+him talking in a street with a French chasseur-&#224;-pied, who, after
+having delayed in the village, had succeeded in taking to flight on a
+bicycle and escaped a rifle fusillade which was aimed at him.
+Blanchard was led into an outlying part of Jaulgonne and wounded with
+a bayonet by a soldier and then finished off by an officer, who
+shattered his head with a revolver shot.</p>
+
+<p>At Charmel the Germans, from the moment of their arrival, entered the
+houses by breaking in the doors. They did not leave a bottle of wine
+in the cellars and they pillaged chiefly the empty houses, carrying
+away linen, money, jewelry, and other articles. At the house of the
+schoolmaster they took the funds of the School Savings Bank, which
+amounted to 240 francs. On the 3d of September, at 11 o'clock at
+night, they set fire to the ch&#226;teau of Mme. de Roug&#233;, and the same day
+one of them entered the house of Mme. X., seized her by the throat and
+violated her.</p>
+
+<p>At Coincy, on the 3d and 4th of September, they emptied the cellars
+and sacked the empty houses and committed outrages on several women in
+the village.</p>
+
+<p>At Bezu-St.-Germain, on the 8th of September, two soldier cyclists
+came to the farm of &#8212;&#8212; and passed part of the night there. Having
+obliged the inhabitants to go to bed, and having forbidden them on
+pain of death to move, whatever sounds they might hear, one of them
+went into the room of the little servant girl, aged 13, and, putting
+his hand on her mouth, committed a complete rape upon her. Hearing a
+loud cry, the farmer's daughter escaped through her window and called
+some officers who were lodging with a neighbor. One of them came down,
+had the two cyclists, who at that moment were coming from the farm,
+arrested, and marched to headquarters. The next day, when the victim
+was asked to recognize the culprit and point him out, he had
+disappeared.</p>
+
+<p>On the 3d of September, at Cr&#233;zancy, the soldiers made young Lesaint,
+aged 18, come out of his house, and an officer killed him with a
+revolver shot. One of the murderer's comrades declared later that this
+murder had been committed because Lesaint was a soldier, and when a
+man to whom he was speaking denied this, he added, &quot;He was on the way
+to be one.&quot; He said also that the young man had stupidly caused his
+own death, because, with the intention of escaping, he had put out the
+candle which was lighted in his room. Now this candle had not been put
+out by the unfortunate Lesaint, but had been removed by a soldier who
+wished to visit the house. In any case, the officer reluctantly
+admitted that his comrade had fired too soon.</p>
+
+<p>In the same locality M. Dupont, &quot;g&#233;rant du familist&#232;re,&quot; was arrested
+on the 4th of September because he had tried to protect his till
+against a soldier who was in the act of ransacking it. With a
+trooper's cap on his head, which they had drawn down to his chin, and
+both his hands tied behind his back, he was made the butt of the
+Germans, who amused themselves by forcing him to go on to a very high
+slope, raining blows upon him and pricking him with bayonets every
+time he fell down. He was taken on the 6th to Charly-sur-Marne with a
+convoy of military prisoners, and on the 8th of September, in the
+morning, his murderers in their retreat forced him to follow the
+column. As he could not drag himself along in consequence of the
+violence which he had suffered, the Germans struck him with redoubled
+vigor and pushed him along, holding him under the arms. A kilometer
+further on they killed him with a blow from a lance or bayonet through
+the heart.</p>
+
+<p>At Ch&#226;teau-Thierry, where the German troops remained from the 2d to
+the 9th of September, the pillage was carried out under the eyes of
+the officers. Later on army doctors who remained in the town after the
+departure of the army were included in an exchange of prisoners, and
+their canteens were opened. They contained articles of clothing which
+were the product of the sack of the shops.</p>
+
+<p>On the 5th of September the girl &#8212;&#8212;, aged 14, met a soldier as she
+was coming back from fetching some bread for her parents. She was
+dragged into the shop of a shoemaker, and from there into a room where
+two other Germans joined the first. She was threatened with a bayonet,
+thrown on to a bed, and violated by two of these men. The third was
+prepared to follow his comrades' example, but allowed himself to be
+moved by the child's entreaties.</p>
+
+<p>The aunt of this young girl was also the victim of serious crimes at
+Verdilly, where her family have the farm &#8212;&#8212;. After having bound her
+husband four soldiers belonging to the heavy artillery chased her to
+the house of a neighbor, whom they terrorized with threats, and while
+one of them held her the others violated her in succession.</p>
+
+<p>At Hartennes-et-Taux, in the Arrondissement of Soissons, the Germans,
+as everywhere else, pillaged the houses. At the hamlet of Taux they
+set fire to the straw with which they had stopped up the openings of
+an isolated cellar in which were three of the inhabitants whom they
+had taken for soldiers. The three men were suffocated by the smoke.</p>
+
+
+<h3>ACTS OF A MILITARY NATURE.</h3>
+
+<p>Acts committed in the violation of the laws of war and affecting
+combatants, murder of wounded or prisoners, stratagems forbidden by
+international conventions, attacks on doctors and stretcher bearers,
+have been innumerable in all the places in which there has been
+fighting. We have not been able to verify the majority of them because
+the witnesses are for the most part soldiers, who are obliged to move
+from place to place continually. Besides, these acts have been set
+forth in reports addressed by corps leaders to the military
+authorities, who may add them to the documents of our inquiry if they
+think fit to do so. Many are also attested by evidence collected by
+magistrates in hospitals, and we are engaged at this moment in
+analyzing them with a view to drawing up a supplementary report. A
+certain number, however, have been laid before us in the course of our
+investigation.</p>
+
+<p>At Bar-le-Duc M. Ferry, the head surgeon, gave us a report of
+depositions made to him in the course of his duties. Sergt. Lemerre of
+the &#8212;th Infantry Regiment told him that on the 6th of September, when
+he was wounded in the leg at Rembercourt by a fragment of a shell, he
+had been left on the battlefield eight days by the German Red Cross
+people although they knew quite well that he was there. On the fourth
+day this non-commissioned officer received a further wound by a
+soldier, who fired at him on the order of an officer who was going
+over the scene of action with his revolver in his hand. Moreover, he
+repeatedly saw near him German stretcher bearers firing on our
+wounded.</p>
+
+<p>The soldier Dreyfus of the &#8212;th Infantry Regiment related the
+following story to Dr. Ferry:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;On the 10th of September at Somaine, as he was leaving the
+battlefield, wounded, he met three Germans. He told them in German
+that he had just been wounded, but these men answered that this was no
+reason why he should not receive another bullet, and they thereupon
+shot him point blank in the eye.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>At Vaubecourt an infantry sergeant and two soldiers were shot by the
+enemy. They alleged that one of the latter was found on the church
+tower in the village, from which he would have been able to exchange
+signals with our troops.</p>
+
+<p>On the 22d of August a detachment of Germans arrived in the vicinity
+of Bouvillers in the Department of Meurthe-et-Moselle at the farm of
+La Petite Rochelle, where the owner, M. Houillon, had lodged some
+French wounded soldiers. The officer in command ordered four of his
+men to go and finish off nine wounded who were lying in the barn. Each
+one was shot in the ear. Mme. Houillon begged mercy for them, and the
+officer, placing the barrel of his revolver to her breast, told her to
+be silent.</p>
+
+<p>On the 25th of August the Abb&#233; Denis, cur&#233; of R&#233;m&#233;r&#233;ville, tended in
+the evening Lieut. Toussaint, who last July headed the list of
+candidates who left the School of Forestry. As he fell wounded on the
+battlefield this young officer was struck with bayonets by all the
+Germans who passed near him. His body was covered with wounds from
+head to foot.</p>
+
+<p>At the hospital at Nancy we saw the soldier Voyer of the &#8212;th Infantry
+Regiment, who still bore traces of German barbarity, having been badly
+wounded in the backbone outside the Forest of Champenoux on the 24th
+of August, and paralyzed in both legs as the result of his wound. He
+was lying on his face when a German soldier turned him over brutally
+with his gun and hit him three times on the head with the butt of his
+rifle. Other soldiers passing by kicked him and hit him also with the
+butts of their guns. Finally one of them with a single blow caused a
+wound of about three or four centimeters under each eye with what Dr.
+Weiss, head doctor and Professor of Faculty at Nancy, thinks must have
+been a pair of scissors.</p>
+
+<p>A hussar who was treated by the same doctor relates that, having
+fractured his leg falling off his horse, and being unable to extricate
+himself, he was assaulted by Uhlans, who stole his watch and chain
+after having taken his carbine and shot him in the eye with it.</p>
+
+<p>Seven French soldiers, also treated by Dr. Weiss, told him that they
+had seen the enemy finish off the wounded on the battlefield. As they
+had feigned death to escape massacre, the Germans belabored them with
+the butts of their guns to see if they were still alive.</p>
+
+<p>In the same hospital a German soldier wounded in the stomach told Dr.
+Rohmer that his wound had been caused by a revolver shot fired by his
+own officer because he had refused to finish off a French wounded
+soldier. Again, another German, wounded in the back, the result of a
+shot fired point-blank, told Dr. Weiss that a soldier had fired at him
+by order of an officer to punish him for having carried into a village
+near the battlefield several French wounded soldiers.</p>
+
+<p>On the 25th of August, at Einvaux, the Germans fired at a distance of
+300 yards at Dr. Millet, army doctor, belonging to the &#8212;th Colonial
+Regiment, just as, together with two stretcher bearers, he was
+attending to a man lying on a stretcher. As his left side was turned
+toward them, the enemy could perfectly see his brassard. And,
+furthermore, they could not mistake the nature of the work upon which
+these three men were engaged.</p>
+
+<p>On the same day Capt. Perraud of the same regiment, having noticed
+that the soldiers of a section of men upon whom his mitrailleuses were
+firing were wearing red trousers, ordered the firing to cease.
+Immediately this section fired on him and on his men. They were
+Germans in disguise.</p>
+
+<p>Believe us, &amp;c.,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">
+G. PAYELLE, President.<br />
+ARMAND MOLLARD.<br />
+G. MARINGER.<br />
+PAILLOT, Rapporteur.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Paris, Dec. 17, 1914.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="A_FRENCH_MAYORS_PUNISHMENT" id="A_FRENCH_MAYORS_PUNISHMENT"></a>A FRENCH MAYOR&#8217;S PUNISHMENT.</h2>
+
+<h4>[By The Associated Press.]</h4>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">N</span>ANCY, (via Paris,) Jan. 30.&#8212;The Mayor of a large township in the
+vicinity of Nancy has been suspended from office for a fortnight for
+shooting at a German aeroplane as it was flying over his town.</p>
+
+<p>In taking this measure the authorities of Nancy held that a civilian
+had no right to act as a combatant, as by so doing he only brought
+upon the heads of the civilian population severe reprisals.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h1><a name="We_Will_Fight_to_the_End" id="We_Will_Fight_to_the_End"></a>We Will Fight to the End</h1>
+
+<h3>By Premier Viviani of France.</h3>
+
+
+<p><i>Premier Viviani recently delivered to Parliament an address upon the
+war which attracted worldwide attention. Viviani served notice on
+Germany and Austria that France will not lay down her arms until she
+and her allies have won such a victory that they can dictate terms.
+Premier Viviani's speech was delivered by himself in the Chamber of
+Deputies on Dec. 22, while on the same day the speech was read in the
+Senate by M. Briand, Minister of Justice. It is as follows:</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">G</span>ENTLEMEN: This is not the usual communication in which a Government
+presenting itself for the first time before Parliament sets forth its
+policy. Just now there is only one policy&#8212;a relentless fight until we
+attain definite freedom for Europe by gaining a victory which shall
+guarantee peace.</p>
+
+<p>Gentlemen, that was the cry uttered by all when, in the sitting of
+Aug. 4, a sacred union arose, as the President of the Republic has so
+well said, which will throughout history remain an honor to the
+country. It is the cry which all Frenchmen will repeat after having
+put an end to the disagreements that have so often embittered our
+hearts and which a blind enemy took for irremediable division. It is
+the cry that rises from the glorious trenches into which France has
+thrown all her youth, all her manhood.</p>
+
+<p>Before this unexpected uprising of national feeling, Germany has been
+troubled in the intoxication of her dream of victory. On the first day
+of the conflict she denied right, appealed to force, flouted history,
+and, in order to violate the neutrality of Belgium and to invade
+France, invoked the law of self-interest alone.</p>
+
+<p>Since then her Government, learning that it had to reckon with the
+opinion of the world, has recently attempted to put her conduct in a
+better light by trying to throw the responsibility for the war upon
+the Allies. But through all the gross falsehoods, which fail to
+deceive even the most credulous, the truth has become apparent.</p>
+
+<p>All the documents published by the nations interested, and the
+remarkable speech made the other day at Rome by one of the most
+illustrious representatives of the noble Italian Nation, demonstrate
+that for a long time our enemy has intended a coup de force. If it
+were necessary, a single one of these documents would suffice to
+enlighten the world.</p>
+
+<p>When, on July 31, 1914, at the suggestion of the English Government
+all the nations concerned were asked to suspend their military
+preparations and enter into negotiations in London, France and Russia
+adhered to this proposal. But Germany precipitated matters. She
+declared war on Russia on Aug. 1, and made an appeal to arms
+inevitable. And if Germany by her diplomacy killed the germ of peace
+it is because for more than forty years she had untiringly pursued her
+aim, which was to crush France in order to achieve the enslavement of
+the world.</p>
+
+<p>All the revelations are brought before the tribunal of history, where
+corruption has no place, and as France and her allies, despite their
+attachment to peace, have been obliged to endure war they will pursue
+it to the uttermost.</p>
+
+<p>Faithful to the signature which she attached to the treaty of Sept. 4,
+1914, and by which she engaged her honor, that is to say, her life,
+France, in accord with her allies, will not lay down her arms until
+she has avenged outraged right and regained forever the provinces
+which were torn from her by force, restored heroic Belgium to the
+fullness of her material prosperity and political independence, and
+broken Prussian militarism so that the Allies may eventually
+reconstruct a regenerated Europe founded upon justice and right.</p>
+
+<p>We are not inspired, gentlemen, in this plan of war and of peace by
+any presumptuous hope, for we have the certainty of success. We owe
+this certitude to our army of all ranks and to our sailors, who,
+joined to the British Navy, secure for us the control of the seas, and
+to the troops who have repulsed in Morocco incessant aggressions.</p>
+
+<p>We owe it also to the soldiers who defend our flag in those far-off
+French colonies, who from the very first outbreak of the war hastened
+back with their tender solicitude for the mother country.</p>
+
+<p>We owe it to our army, whose heroism has been guided by incomparable
+leaders throughout the victory of the Marne, the victory of Flanders,
+and in many fights, and we owe it to the nation, which has equaled
+this heroism by a corresponding demonstration of silence and serenity
+during the critical hours through which the country has passed.</p>
+
+<p>Thus we have shown to the world that an organized democracy can serve
+by its vigorous action the ideal of liberty and equality which
+constitute its greatness. Thus we have shown to the world, to use the
+words of our Commander in Chief, who is both a great soldier and a
+noble citizen, that &quot;the republic may well be proud of the army that
+she has prepared.&quot; And thus, this impious war has brought out all the
+virtues of our race, both those with which we were credited&#8212;of
+initiative, &#233;lan, bravery, and fearlessness&#8212;and those which we were
+not supposed to possess&#8212;endurance, patience, and stoicism.</p>
+
+<p>Let us do honor to all these heroes. Glory to those who have fallen
+before the victory, and to those also who through it will avenge them
+tomorrow! A nation which can arouse such enthusiasm can never perish.</p>
+
+<p>Sheltered by this heroism the nation has lived and labored, accepting
+all the consequences of the war, and domestic tranquillity has never
+been troubled.</p>
+
+<p>The Minister of Finance has laid before you in a masterly statement
+the financial situation and has explained the resources that we have
+obtained from the issue of Treasury bonds and advances from the Bank
+of France, which have enabled us to bear the expenditure imposed by
+the war, so that we have not had any need to resort to a loan. The
+Bank of France is in a position, thanks to its excellent condition, to
+furnish resources to the Treasury and to aid in the resumption of the
+economic life of the country.</p>
+
+<p>Everything serves to demonstrate the vitality of France, the security
+of her credit, the confidence which she inspires in all, despite the
+war which is shaking and impoverishing the world. The state of her
+finances is such that she can continue the war until the day when the
+necessary reparation has been obtained.</p>
+
+<p>Gentlemen, it is not sufficient for us to salute the victims who have
+fallen on the field of battle. We must uncover also before the civil
+non-combatants and innocent victims who up to now have been protected
+by the laws of war, but whom, in order to terrify a nation which is
+and will ever remain unshaken, the enemy either captured or massacred.
+The Government has done its duty toward their families, but the debt
+of the country is not yet discharged.</p>
+
+<p>Under the force of invasion, departments have been occupied and the
+ruins in them have accumulated. The Government solemnly undertakes
+before you&#8212;it has already partly carried it out, and has asked for a
+first credit of $70,000,000&#8212;that France will rebuild again those
+ruins, and the carrying out of this work will certainly be borne in
+mind in the indemnities which we shall exact.</p>
+
+<p>The day of a definite victory has not yet come. Our task until then
+will be heavy, and it may be long. Let us bring all our strength to
+bear in the carrying out of this task. Our allies know that we will do
+so, as well as the neutral nations, and it is in vain that a wild
+campaign of false news has been set on foot. If Germany at the outset
+pretended to have any doubt as to the attitude of France, she no
+longer doubts.</p>
+
+<p>Let Germany bear witness now that when the French Parliament reopened
+after over four months of war, it has renewed before the world the
+spectacle it offered on the day when, in the name of the nation, it
+took up the challenge.</p>
+
+<p>To conquer, heroism at the frontier will not suffice. It is necessary
+also to have internal union. Let us continue to preserve this sacred
+union from any blemish today, as in the past, and in the future. Let
+us keep before our minds the one cry of victory, the vision of our
+motherland, and the ideal of right.</p>
+
+<p>That is what we are fighting for and what Belgium is still fighting
+for, Belgium, who is giving to this ideal all the blood in her veins,
+and what also unshakable England is fighting for, as also faithful
+Russia, intrepid Servia, and the audacious Japanese Navy.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing more sublime has ever presented itself before the eyes of men
+than this struggle against barbarism and despotism, against a system
+of provocation and continual threats, which Germany called peace,
+against a system of murders and collective pillage, which Germany
+called war, against the insolent hegemony of a military caste. France
+with her allies has let loose the scourge of war against all these.
+France the emancipator and avenger has sprung up at one bound.</p>
+
+<p>That is the issue at stake. It goes beyond the life of the present
+generation. Let us continue to have but one soul and one mind, and
+tomorrow, when peace is restored and when our opinions, now
+voluntarily enthralled, are again given their liberty, we will recall
+with pride these tragic days, for they have tended to make us more
+valiant and better men.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="NUITS_BLANCHES" id="NUITS_BLANCHES"></a>NUITS BLANCHES</h2>
+
+<h3>By H.S. HASKINS.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>The diminishing of lights in Paris houses as a precaution
+against a raid by the enemy's aeroplanes is the new
+rule.&#8212;Cable Dispatch.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>
+The gaslights cast a saffron glow,<br />
+The ghostly tapers sputter low,<br />
+The lampwicks smolder, dimly red.<br />
+(Beware the gray shapes overhead!)<br />
+Lock tight the windows, bar the door!<br />
+Have done with laughter, sing no more,<br />
+For fear lays hand upon the throat.<br />
+(Beneath the stars the airmen float.)<br />
+Hush, hush, my babe, lest fiends that fly<br />
+Shall come to still your hunger cry.<br />
+Let grief not speak its tale aloud!<br />
+(Black death is racing with a cloud.)<br />
+Through heav'n's eternal window panes,<br />
+Far, far above the swift air lanes,<br />
+God's starlight shines forever more.<br />
+(How restless glide the ships of war!)<br />
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h1><a name="Unconquered_France" id="Unconquered_France"></a>Unconquered France</h1>
+
+<h2>Story of Two Months&#8217; Combat with 2,000,000 Invaders.</h2>
+
+<h4>[From the Bulletin Fran&#231;ais.]</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Two million men were engaged on the German side in October
+and November when the Kaiser's forces hammered at the
+Allies' lines in an attempt to break through to Dunkirk and
+Calais. Around Ypres alone the invaders' losses were more
+than 120,000 men. These statements are made in a
+semi-official account of the fighting in Flanders, which
+takes up three pages of the Bulletin Fran&#231;ais, copies of
+which reached <span class="smcap">The New York Times</span> on Jan. 11, 1915. As
+translated, the article in the December Bulletin appears
+below.</p></div>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">T</span>HE hour has arrived when the balance of these last weeks can be
+established and the results clearly seen. The formidable attempt by
+the Germans, first to turn the left of ourselves and our allies, and
+then, that having been prevented, to break through, has entirely
+failed. By the effort the enemy tried to repair the defeats of the
+Marne, and they have only added another check to the failure of
+September.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, in order to invade our territory, according to their old
+plans the Germans have neglected nothing. On the front that extends
+from Lys to the sea they massed, in the beginning of October, fifteen
+army corps, including four divisions of cavalry. Their army heads, the
+Crown Prince of Bavaria, Gen. Deemling, the Duke of W&#252;rttemburg, have
+multiplied their exhortations and appeals to the troops in the effort
+to maintain the morale of their men.</p>
+
+<p>We have found their orders on dead officers and prisoners, and always
+they are the same. It is a question of &quot;a decisive action against the
+French left&quot; or a question of &quot;piercing the line at Dupres or Ypres,&quot;
+for, as one of these orders stated, &quot;the decisive coup remains to be
+struck, and to accomplish this the allied line must be pierced.&quot; This,
+the orders stated, had to be accomplished at any price and in all
+haste. They wanted a decision in the western theatre of war before
+turning to the east.</p>
+
+<p>Then the Emperor himself was with his troops, hoping to animate the
+German soldiers with his presence. He announced to them that he would
+be at Ypres on Nov. 1, and that was the date fixed for the annexation
+of Belgium. In fact, everything had been taken into account, except,
+of course, the victorious resistance of the allied armies.</p>
+
+<p>To make possible this effective resistance it was necessary for the
+Allies to oppose the enemy with a force which if not equal to theirs
+was nevertheless sufficient for the purpose in view.</p>
+
+<p>What was the situation at the beginning of Oct. 1? The Belgian Army
+came out of Antwerp intact, but too exhausted to participate in the
+actions then pending. The English Army had left the Aisne to operate
+in the north. The army of Gen. de Castelnau did not extend on its left
+south of Arras. The army of Gen. Maudhuy stretched out from that point
+to the south of Lille. Further on were the territorial cavalry and the
+marines. This was not a sufficient force to meet the German advance.</p>
+
+<p>Gen. Joffre, the Commander in Chief, ordered Gen. Foch to the command
+of the armies of the north. Reinforcements were sent him in the
+ensuing three weeks, and during that period the rail and automobile
+services operated day and night, hurrying up reinforcements. They
+arrived on time by divisions and by corps, every man being animated by
+an admirable spirit.</p>
+
+<p>About Oct. 20 our battle line was from Nieuport to Dixmude, between
+which places one of our divisions and the marines held the railroad.
+Meanwhile, just back of them, the Belgian Army was being reorganized.
+South of Dixmude, and along the canal, our line stretched to the east,
+forming before Ypres a vast half circle occupied by four French and
+one British army corps. The line then descended toward the south of
+Messines to Armienti&#232;res, forming two sections, the first held by the
+English and the second by the French.</p>
+
+<p>The German attack had as its object the seizure of Dunkirk, which was
+necessary if Calais and Boulogne were to be reached. The purpose was
+to envelop us and cut the British lines of communication to the sea.
+All the heavy artillery was brought up from Antwerp and made ready for
+use against the Allies. What happened?</p>
+
+<p>On Nov. 3 the attack was made and repulsed, crushing the enemy, who
+had managed to gain the left bank of the river. We then pushed the
+German rear guard into the water, and to this day German cannon and
+the carcasses of their animals can be seen half buried in the water
+and mud.</p>
+
+<p>Finding it impossible to turn our left, the enemy tried to break
+through our lines. This was the battle of Ypres, a furious and savage
+struggle, with the German commanders hurling their organizations in
+enormous masses, regardless of the life of their men, sacrificing all
+for the end they hoped to attain.</p>
+
+<p>This end was not attained. During the following three weeks we
+suffered and withstood their repeated and frantic attacks. All these
+attacks were repulsed, and this despite the fact that our front, with
+its circular form, was not easy to maintain.</p>
+
+<p>In these actions about Ypres the armies of France and England worked
+in the closest union, and this union, in which co-operation was so
+splendidly maintained, is worthy to be recorded on the brightest pages
+of military history.</p>
+
+<p>On Nov. 12 the Germans were successful to the north of Ypres and
+crossed the canal in two places. A day passed and they were thrown
+back to the other side. On the 12th also they gained a little ground
+south of Ypres, but this loss was quickly regained, and by the 15th
+their attacks had become fewer and our position by then was
+practically impregnable.</p>
+
+<p>Subsequent actions by the Germans were likewise repulsed, and in these
+encounters we were brilliantly supported by our Allies. These actions
+have sealed the fraternity of the allied troops, and the energy of our
+resistance has likewise encouraged and strengthened the confidence of
+the Belgians.</p>
+
+<p>The losses of the Germans certainly exceed 120,000 men. In certain
+trenches of 1,200 meters length as many as 2,000 bodies have been
+found, and this is impressive when we take into consideration that the
+Germans take advantage of every opportunity to remove their dead from
+the fields of battle. These great losses explain the recent formation
+of new army corps in Germany.</p>
+
+<p>The numerous artillery commands that we have put in action south of
+Ypres have opened great chasms in the German masses. All this marks
+the importance of our successes, and significance is added by the fact
+that the Germans have always regarded the taking of Ypres as one of
+the decisive features of the campaign.</p>
+
+<p>If Dunkirk, Calais, and Boulogne had been taken, England would have
+found her lines of communication with her armies in France gravely
+endangered. In maintaining her lines from the sea to Arras we have
+obtained at the same time the best guarantee against the return of the
+enemy to Paris.</p>
+
+<p>To measure the extent of the allied successes we must compare the line
+occupied by our left and the German right at the beginning of
+September and since the middle of November. When we consider this, it
+is plain that our successes were not temporary, but have been a
+constant progress, rendering vain the attacks of the Germans.</p>
+
+<p>It has been demonstrated by facts that Gen. Joffre has read the plans
+of the German commanders and is ready for them everywhere and always.
+As for the allied troops, they have gained the qualities they perhaps
+lacked most in the beginning, particularly as regards rapid
+organization for the defensive and the digging of trenches. Today our
+troops are as expert in trench work as are the soldiers of the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>France remains unconquered. Since Sept. 6 she has registered only
+successes, in spite of the massing against her of fifty German army
+corps. These fifty German corps, it must be said, and said again, for
+such is the truth, are still facing us. Fifteen German army corps and
+the whole of the Austrian force are facing Russia. Yet the formidable
+mass which assails us has not made us flinch in any part of our line,
+and in many cases our enemy has drawn back under the weight of the
+Allies' efforts.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h1><a name="Four_Months_of_War" id="Four_Months_of_War"></a>Four Months of War</h1>
+
+<h4>[From the Official Bulletin des Arm&#233;es, Dec. 6, 1914.]</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Bulletin des Arm&#233;es, the newspaper published by the
+French Government for the soldiers at the front, in the
+issue of Dec. 6, 1914, contains an article bearing the
+title, &quot;Four Months of War,&quot; which is a summary account of
+the events that have taken place since the outbreak of
+hostilities. This document estimates as fifty-two army corps
+and ten cavalry divisions the military forces which Germany
+hurled against France. In a chapter entitled &quot;Our Reverses
+in August,&quot; it sums up the events that preceded the battle
+of the Marne, as presented below.</p></div>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">O</span>UR concentration had to be flexible enough to enable us to bring our
+chief effort to bear upon the spot where the enemy would prove most
+active. The violation of Belgium made us acquainted with the
+intentions of the German staff&#8212;the great conflict would take place in
+the north.</p>
+
+<p>As we were obliged, before engaging in it, to wait for the coming into
+line of the English army, which was to take place only on Aug. 20, we
+at once took measures to retain the greatest possible number of German
+troops in Alsace and in Lorraine.</p>
+
+<p>In Alsace, our first attack, which was badly conducted, took us to
+M&#252;lhausen, but we could not hold the city (Aug. 7.)</p>
+
+<p>A second attack, led by General Pau, brought us back there. On Aug. 20
+we held the road to Colmar through the Vosges and the plain. The enemy
+had sustained great losses.</p>
+
+<p>But from that time the unfortunate events in Lorraine and Belgium
+forced us to limit the field of operations in Alsace as well as the
+intensity of our efforts (Aug. 20.)</p>
+
+<p>In Lorraine our offensive had first been brilliantly successful. On
+Aug. 19 we had reached Sarrebourg, Les Etangs, Dieuze, Morhange,
+Delme, and Ch&#226;teau-Salins.</p>
+
+<p>But on the 20th the enemy, strongly intrenched on thoroughly fortified
+territory, resumed the offensive.</p>
+
+<p>On the 22d, 23d, and 24th we were compelled to fall back on
+Grand-Courenne de Nancy and south of Lun&#233;ville.</p>
+
+<p>On the 25th simultaneous counterattacks from the armies of Gens.
+Dubail and Castelnau greatly strengthened our positions.</p>
+
+<p>But seven or eight German army corps and four divisions of cavalry had
+overcome the magnificent resistance of Li&#233;ge. Every one knows of the
+conditions under which the French took the offensive in Belgium with
+the armies of Gens. Ruffey and Langle de Cary.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as the English Army was ready in the region of Mons we took
+the offensive in Belgian Luxemburg with the armies of Gens. Ruffey and
+Langle de Cary. This offensive was at once checked, with great losses
+on our side.</p>
+
+<p>Here again the ground had been strongly fortified by the enemy. There
+was also, in some of our army corps, a failure to transmit and carry
+out orders (Aug. 21-23.)</p>
+
+<p>On the left of these two armies and in conjunction with the English
+army Gen. Lanrezac's army, anxious for its right wing, then fell back
+(Aug. 24) on the line that stretches between Beaumont and Givet.</p>
+
+<p>On the 25th and 26th the English army, kept in check at Landrecies and
+Le Cateau, withdrew toward the Marne.</p>
+
+<p>These days were marked by bloody contests. The enemy lost heavily, but
+constantly gained ground.</p>
+
+<p>At that time we either had to hold the ground under the perilous
+conditions resulting from the retreat of our left wing or else retreat
+along the whole front until it were possible to resume the offensive
+under favorable conditions.</p>
+
+<p>The Commander in Chief decided upon the latter alternative.</p>
+
+<p><i>The first object to attain was withdrawing in good order while
+weakening and delaying the enemy by constant attacks. Several of these
+attacks were brilliantly conducted, especially those of Lanrezac's
+army at Saint-Quentin and Guise, of Langle's army on the Meuse, and of
+Ruffey's army further east. They were supported from Nancy to the
+Vosges by Castelnau's and Dubail's armies. In order to prepare for the
+offensive a new army had been formed, that of Gen. Maunoury. It was
+to be concentrated in the last days of August in the vicinity of
+Amiens.</i></p>
+
+<p>But the advance of the enemy, by stages of forty-five kilometers a
+day, was so swift that Gen. Joffre, in order to realize his plan for
+the offensive, had to order the retreat to be continued.</p>
+
+<p>The army should withdraw to the Aube, and as far as the Seine if
+necessary; everything should be subordinated to preparing a successful
+offensive.</p>
+
+<p>On Sept. 5 the conditions which the General in Chief sought to realize
+were fulfilled&#8212;our left wing (Maunoury's army, the English Army, the
+army of Lanrezac which was now d'Esp&#233;ray's army) was no longer in
+danger of being cut off.</p>
+
+<p>On the contrary, the German right, (Gen. von Kluck,) marching to the
+south toward Meaux and Coulommiers, was exposing its right wing to
+Maunoury's army.</p>
+
+<p>On the evening of the 5th the General in Chief ordered a general
+advance, adding: &quot;The hour has come to advance at any cost and to die
+rather than fall back.&quot;</p>
+
+
+<h3>VICTORY OF THE MARNE.</h3>
+
+<p>As early as Sept. 8 the menace directed by Gen. Maunoury against the
+German right was beginning to tell.</p>
+
+<p>The enemy brought back from the south to the north two army corps and
+wheeled about facing west.</p>
+
+<p>Thus it presented a weak point to the English Army, which, having
+advanced from the line stretching from Rozoy to Lagny, (on the 6th,)
+straightened its line toward the north, crossed the Marne on the 9th,
+thus flanking the German Army already battling with Gen. Maunoury.</p>
+
+<p>On the right of the British d'Esp&#233;ray's army also crossed the Marne,
+forcing the enemy to retreat, and at the same time supporting the
+action of its neighbors, that is to say, the English Army on the left
+and Foch's army on the right.</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<div class="bbox">
+<h3>Map of Operations in France During First Four Months of
+the War</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/map3.png" width="469" height="500" alt="map" title="map" /></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><a href="images/map3lg.png">[Enlarge]</a></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>(1) Point where Germans failed to hold Nancy, Sept. 12, 1914.</p>
+
+<p>(2) Extreme limits of the dash to Paris, terminating Sept. 8, 1914.</p>
+
+<p>(3) Point to which the first unsuccessful flanking movement against
+the French left wing extended, Aug. 30, 1914.</p>
+
+<p>(4) Point of extension of similar flanking operations, balked Nov. 12,
+1914.</p>
+
+<p>(5) Scene of frustrated efforts to break through French centre, Sept.
+26, 1914.</p>
+
+<p>(6) Line of attacks upon Calais and Dunkirk, defeated Oct. 18, 1914.</p>
+
+<p>(7) Ypres, where desperate and fruitless assaults, ending Nov. 15,
+1914, were made by the Germans.</p>
+
+<p>(8) Intrenched line of battle, Feb. 1, 1915.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p>For it was on our centre, made up of Foch's army, which had been
+constituted on Aug. 20, that the Germans were going to seek revenge
+for the check of their right wing; if they had succeeded in cutting us
+off between S&#233;zanne and Mailly, the situation would have been reversed
+with the advantage on their side.</p>
+
+<p>From Sept. 6 to Sept. 9 Foch's army met with repeated assaults, but on
+the evening of the 9th the left of his army, shifting from west to
+east toward F&#232;re-Champenoise, flanked the Prussian Guard and the
+Saxons who were advancing southeast of this town.</p>
+
+<p>This bold manoeuvre insured success. The Germans withdrew in great
+haste, and on the 11th in the morning Gen. Foch entered
+Ch&#226;lons-sur-Marne.</p>
+
+<p>On his right Langle de Gary's army had also moved forward, and on the
+12th, after spirited encounters, it joined, and added to, the line of
+Gen. Foch's army.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile Ruffey's army (now Darrail's) had succeeded in stretching
+its lines north, and, although meeting with a stubborn resistance,
+hastened the German retreat, which was accelerated by the offensive
+taken by Castelnau's and Dubail's armies from Nancy to the Vosges.</p>
+
+<p>Thanks to this strategic offensive, the campaign turned in our favor.
+We have maintained this advantage over the enemy ever since.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE RACE FOR THE COAST.</h3>
+
+<p><i>After Sept. 13 the German resistance, strengthened by strong
+defensive works prepared in advance, checked the French and English
+pursuit; then began the &quot;race for the sea.&quot; During this long battle
+the German staff never lost the hope of turning the allied left wing,
+while we hoped to be able to outflank their right wing. The result was
+a race which at the end of October extended the fronts of the opposing
+armies as far as the North Sea.</i></p>
+
+<p>In this race the Germans had an advantage over us, namely, the
+concentric shape of their front which simplified the problem of
+carrying troops and supplies.</p>
+
+<p>In spite of this advantage, the turning movement attempted by their
+right with twelve army corps, six reserve corps, and four corps of
+cavalry, utterly failed.</p>
+
+<p>This failure confirmed the victory of the Marne.</p>
+
+<p>As early as Sept. 11 Gen. Joffre had directed the effort of Maunoury's
+army against the German right wing. But this army was not large enough
+to cope with the situation.</p>
+
+<p>So about Sept. 20 a new army was formed on the left of Maunoury's army
+and intrusted to Gen. de Castelnau.</p>
+
+<p>This army strongly intrenched itself in the district which stretches
+over Lassigny, Roye, and P&#233;ronne. It was supported on its left by the
+territorial divisions of Gen. Brug&#232;re. (Sept. 21-26.)</p>
+
+<p>But still it was inadequate to achieve our end, and on Sept. 30
+further north than the army of Castelnau, Maudhuy's army came to the
+front, and occupied the region of Arras and Lens, extending toward the
+north to co-operate with the divisions coming from Dunkirk.</p>
+
+<p>Nevertheless, all these troops, in presence of the strenuous exertions
+of the enemy, formed too thin a line, a line too extended to allow any
+breaking.</p>
+
+<p>At that time and at the request of Field Marshal French the
+transportation of the English Army from the Aisne to the Lys region
+was decided upon.</p>
+
+<p>The valiant Belgian Army which had left Antwerp on Oct. 9 thanks to
+the protection of the British and French marines was also on its way
+to the Yser region to reinforce the barrier which had to be created
+and maintained.</p>
+
+<p>These moves took time. The English Army was only to come into action
+by Oct. 20. On the other hand, the Belgian Army, which had been
+fighting for three months, was momentarily lacking ammunition. Gen.
+Joffre ordered a new effort.</p>
+
+<p>On Oct. 4 he had intrusted to Gen. Foch the mission of co-ordinating
+the operations of the armies in the north.</p>
+
+<p>On the 18th he placed at his disposal reinforcements which,
+continually increasing until Nov. 12, were to form the French army of
+Belgium under the command of Gen. d'Urbal.</p>
+
+<p>This army, in conjunction with the Belgians and an English corps, was
+henceforth to fight between the sea and the Lys River.</p>
+
+<p>The Journal de Gen&#232;ve, judging this phase of the war, has written that
+the French General Staff, by shifting so swiftly such huge bodies of
+troops, gave evidence that it had the situation splendidly in hand.</p>
+
+<p>The result of this effort was a total failure of the German attack in
+Flanders.</p>
+
+
+<h3>GERMAN OFFENSIVE CHECKED.</h3>
+
+<p><i>This attack was especially violent; twelve army corps and four
+cavalry corps were massed between the Lys and the sea.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>The Emperor was at the head of his armies. He addressed his men,
+stating that a &quot;decisive blow&quot; was to be delivered. For three weeks
+the German staff hurled furious assaults in mass formation. But as
+early as Nov. 12 we were in a position to state that the outcome of
+these assaults had been a victory for the Allies.</i></p>
+
+<p>From the sea to Dixmude the Belgian Army, Gen. Grossetti and Admiral
+Ronarc'h held first the railroad from Nieuport to Dixmude, then the
+left bank of the Yser.</p>
+
+<p>A hostile army corps, which had succeeded in reaching the left bank,
+was forced to withdraw. It has never been able to go further than
+Dixmude.</p>
+
+<p>More to the south, from Dixmude to the north of Ypres, a like
+situation.</p>
+
+<p>The Germans, on Nov. 12, had crossed the river at two points, were
+pushed back to the other bank, thus giving Gen. Humbert the command of
+the bridges.</p>
+
+<p>East of Ypres, Gens. Dubois, Balfourrier, and Douglas Haig had not
+yielded an inch of ground.</p>
+
+<p>Further south the German attack, aiming at our lines of communication,
+had been particularly violent, but the English and the French regained
+all the ground that had been momentarily lost and made it impregnable.</p>
+
+<p>During the second half of November the shattered German attacks
+weakened. The infantry engaged us less frequently and the artillery
+showed less activity.</p>
+
+<p>The enemy, in the battle of Ypres alone, had lost at least 120,000
+men.</p>
+
+<p>Never had such a thoroughly prepared and spirited offensive undergone
+such a complete failure.</p>
+
+
+<h3>A WAR OF SIEGE.</h3>
+
+<p><i>Meanwhile, from the banks of the Lys to the ridges of the Vosges a
+war of siege was ceaselessly raging. The Bulletin des Arm&#233;es says:</i></p>
+
+<p>It is hardly necessary to emphasize the meritorious behavior of our
+troops in waging this war inch by inch, never yielding, progressing
+often in spite of the added difficulty of transporting important
+French and English contingents to the north.</p>
+
+<p>In close conjunction with the armies of the north the armies of Gen.
+Maudhuy and Gen. de Castelnau held without flinching in the slightest
+the line between the Lys and Noyon, from the middle of October till
+the end of November.</p>
+
+<p>Their progress has been continuous since the end of October; our
+positions in Arras and La Bass&#233;e have been strengthened,
+Quesnoy-en-Santerre has been captured, and in all the encounters with
+the enemy our artillery and infantry have constantly made gains.</p>
+
+<p>Between the Oise and the Argonne the armies of Maunoury, d'Esp&#233;ray,
+and Langle de Cary were confronted with very strong positions, viz.,
+the heights of the Aisne, of Berru, Nogent-l'Abbesse, Moronvilliers,
+and the wooded hills of Western Argonne.</p>
+
+<p>In September they had to resist a very violent general attack. This
+attack was a failure, especially east of Rheims, (Sept. 26.)</p>
+
+<p>The Emperor had witnessed this check of his troops just as a week
+later he was to witness the failure at Ypres.</p>
+
+<p>Our armies, that is to say, Sarrail's and Dubail's, fulfilled with
+method and success the task intrusted to them, viz., to protect our
+right flank against attacks on the line from Metz to Thionville; to
+retain in front of them the greatest possible number of German army
+corps; to free as far as practicable, the national territory that had
+been invaded, especially in the Woevre region and around Verdun.</p>
+
+<p>In a first period (Sept. 13-29) the enemy had the upper hand,
+fortified themselves in St. Mihiel, reached the Hauts-de-Meuse, and
+threatened Verdun.</p>
+
+<p>In the second period (Oct. 1 to Nov. 30) we regained the advantage.</p>
+
+<p>We cleared the vicinity of Verdun. We advanced east of Nancy, which is
+now quite safe from German shells, to the north of Lun&#233;ville, and to
+the northeast and east of Saint-Di&#233;.</p>
+
+<p>In November we had recovered almost in its integrity the invaded
+territory between Belfort and the Moselle.</p>
+
+<p><i>In brief, the situation on Dec. 1 was as follows:</i></p>
+
+<p>In number of men, the French Army is equal to what it was on Aug. 2,
+as all the gaps have been filled up.</p>
+
+<p>The quality of the troops is infinitely better. Our men now fight like
+veterans. All are deeply convinced of their superiority and have
+absolute faith in the final victory.</p>
+
+<p>Several necessary changes were made among the commanding officers, and
+in the last three months none of those mistakes was committed that had
+been observed and punished in August.</p>
+
+<p>Our supply in artillery ammunition has been largely increased. The
+heavy artillery which we lacked has been provided for and seen at work
+on the battlefield.</p>
+
+<p>The English Army has been very heavily reinforced in November. It is
+numerically stronger than at the outset of the campaign. The Indian
+troops have completed their apprenticeship in European warfare.</p>
+
+<p>The Belgian Army has been reorganized into six divisions. It is ready
+and eager to reconquer the national territory.</p>
+
+
+<h3>A SERIES OF GERMAN REVERSES.</h3>
+
+<p>The enemy have failed in their abrupt attack upon Nancy.</p>
+
+<p>They failed in their swift march on Paris.</p>
+
+<p>They failed to envelop our left wing in August.</p>
+
+<p>They failed in the same attempt in November.</p>
+
+<p>They failed to pierce through our centre in September.</p>
+
+<p>They failed in their attack by way of the coast on Dunkirk and Calais.</p>
+
+<p>They failed in their attack on Ypres.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Bulletin des Arm&#233;es concludes its account in these words:</i></p>
+
+<p>Germany has exhausted its reserves in this fruitless effort. Her newly
+formed troops are raw.</p>
+
+<p>Russia more and more asserts her superiority against Germany, as well
+as against Austria.</p>
+
+<p>The German armies after this check are fatally doomed to retreat.</p>
+
+<p>All this has been accomplished during the last four months. The moment
+had come to sum up these operations; the press is now free to comment
+upon them.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="LONG_LIVE_THE_ALLIES" id="LONG_LIVE_THE_ALLIES"></a>LONG LIVE THE ALLIES!</h2>
+
+<h3>By CLAUDE MONET.</h3>
+
+<h4>[From King Albert&#8217;s Book.]</h4>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">I</span> FEEL myself greatly honored by the opportunity given me to express
+all my admiration of heroic Belgium, and to offer a like admiration to
+the noble and valiant King of the Belgians.</p>
+
+<p>Long live Belgium! Long live the Allies! Long live France!</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h1><a name="United_States_Fair_to_All" id="United_States_Fair_to_All"></a>United States Fair to All</h1>
+
+<h2>Disclaimer of Bias Against Germany and Austria</h2>
+
+<h3>By William J. Bryan, American Secretary of State</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The following letter is the most exhaustive document that
+has come from the Administration at Washington since the
+outbreak of the war dealing with any aspect of the relations
+of this country toward that conflict. Its length is due to
+the fact that it is intended as a categorical denial of the
+different charges that have been made and of the arguments
+current in German circles accusing the Administration of
+unfriendliness to Germany and Austria-Hungary. Senator Stone
+was interested in having these charges answered for two
+reasons: First, there is a large German population in St.
+Louis, the chief city of his State, and, second, he is
+Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations. Senator
+Stone wrote his letter of inquiry on Jan. 8, saying that he
+had received many letters from sympathizers with Germany and
+Austria who believed the United States Government had been
+showing partiality to England, France, and Russia.</p></div>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right">WASHINGTON, Jan. 20, 1915.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><i>Hon. William J. Stone, Chairman Committee on Foreign Relations,
+United States Senate, Washington, D.C.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">D</span>EAR Mr. Stone: I have received your letter of the 8th inst. referring
+to frequent complaints or charges made in one form or another through
+the press that this Government has shown partiality to Great Britain,
+France, and Russia against Germany and Austria during the present war
+and stating that you have received numerous letters to the same effect
+from sympathizers with the latter powers. You summarize the various
+grounds of these complaints and ask that you be furnished with
+whatever information the department may have touching these points of
+complaint in order that you may be informed as to what the true
+situation is in regard to these matters.</p>
+
+<p>In order that you may have such information as the department has on
+the subjects referred to in your letter, I will take them up seriatim.</p>
+
+<p><i>(1) Freedom of communication by submarine cables versus censored
+communication by wireless.</i></p>
+
+<p>The reason that wireless messages and cable messages require different
+treatment by a neutral Government is as follows:</p>
+
+<p>Communication by wireless cannot be interrupted by a belligerent. With
+a submarine cable it is otherwise. The possibility of cutting the
+cable exists, and if a belligerent possesses naval superiority the
+cable is cut, as was the German cable near the Azores by one of
+Germany's enemies, and as was the British cable near Fanning Island by
+a German naval force. Since a cable is subject to hostile attack, the
+responsibility falls upon the belligerent, and not upon the neutral,
+to prevent cable communication.</p>
+
+<p>A more important reason, however, at least from the point of view of a
+neutral Government, is that messages sent out from a wireless station
+in neutral territory may be received by belligerent warships on the
+high seas. If these messages, whether plain or in cipher, direct the
+movements of warships or convey to them information as to the location
+of an enemy's public or private vessels, the neutral territory becomes
+a base of naval operations, to permit which would be essentially
+unneutral.</p>
+
+<p>As a wireless message can be received by all stations and vessels
+within a given radius, every message in cipher, whatever its intended
+destination, must be censored, otherwise military information may be
+sent to warships off the coast of a neutral. It is manifest that a
+submarine cable is incapable of becoming a means of direct
+communication with a warship on the high seas; hence its use cannot,
+as a rule, make neutral territory a base for the direction of naval
+operations.</p>
+
+<p><i>(2) Censorship of mails and in some cases repeated destruction of
+American letters on neutral vessels.</i></p>
+
+<p>As to the censorship of mails, Germany, as well as Great Britain, has
+pursued this course in regard to private letters falling into their
+hands. The unquestioned right to adopt a measure of this sort makes
+objection to it inadvisable.</p>
+
+<p>It has been asserted that American mail on board of Dutch steamers has
+been repeatedly destroyed. No evidence to this effect has been filed
+with the Government, and therefore no representations have been made.
+Until such a case is presented in concrete form this Government would
+not be justified in presenting the matter to the offending
+belligerent. Complaints have come to the department that mail on board
+neutral steamers has been opened and detained, but there seem to be
+but few cases where the mail from neutral countries has not been
+finally delivered. When mail is sent to belligerent countries open and
+is of a neutral and private character it has not been molested so far
+as the department is advised.</p>
+
+<p><i>(3) Searching of American vessels for German and Austrian subjects on
+the high seas and in territorial waters of a belligerent.</i></p>
+
+<p>So far as this Government has been informed, no American vessels on
+the high seas, with two exceptions, have been detained or searched by
+belligerent warships for German and Austrian subjects. One of the
+exceptions to which reference is made is now the subject of a rigid
+investigation, and vigorous representations have been made to the
+offending Government. The other exception, where certain German
+passengers were made to sign a promise not to take part in the war,
+has been brought to the attention of the offending Government with a
+declaration that such procedure, if true, is an unwarranted exercise
+of jurisdiction over American vessels in which this Government will
+not acquiesce.</p>
+
+<p>An American private vessel entering voluntarily the territorial waters
+of a belligerent becomes subject to its municipal laws, as do the
+persons on board the vessel.</p>
+
+<p>There have appeared in certain publications the assertion that failure
+to protest in these cases is an abandonment of the principle for which
+the United States went to war in 1812. If the failure to protest were
+true, which it is not, the principle involved is entirely different
+from the one appealed to against unjustifiable impressment of
+Americans in the British Navy in time of peace.</p>
+
+<p><i>(4) Submission without protest to British violations of the rules
+regarding absolute and conditional contraband as laid down in The
+Hague Conventions, the Declaration of London, and international law.</i></p>
+
+<p>There is no Hague Convention which deals with absolute or conditional
+contraband and, as the Declaration of London is not in force, the
+rules of international law only apply. As to the articles to be
+regarded as contraband, there is no general agreement between nations.
+It is the practice of a century, either in time of peace or after the
+outbreak of war, to declare the articles which it will consider as
+absolute or conditional contraband. It is true that a neutral
+Government is seriously affected by this declaration, as the rights of
+its subjects or citizens may be impaired. But the rights and interests
+of belligerents and neutrals are opposed in respect to contraband
+articles and trade and there is no tribunal to which questions of
+difference may be readily submitted.</p>
+
+<p>The record of the United States in the past is not free from
+criticism. When neutral this Government has stood for a restricted
+list of absolute and conditional contraband. As a belligerent, we have
+contended for a liberal list, according to our conception of the
+necessities of the case.</p>
+
+<p>The United States has made earnest representations to Great Britain in
+regard to the seizure and detention by the British authorities of all
+American ships or cargoes bona fide destined to neutral ports, on the
+ground that such seizures and detentions were contrary to the existing
+rules of international law. It will be recalled, however, that
+American courts have established various rules bearing on these
+matters. The rule of &quot;continuous voyage&quot; has been not only asserted by
+American tribunals, but extended by them.</p>
+
+<p>They have exercised the right to determine from the circumstances
+whether the ostensible was the real destination. They have held that
+the shipment of articles of contraband to a neutral port &quot;to order,&quot;
+from which, as a matter of fact, cargoes had been transshipped to the
+enemy, is corroborative evidence that the cargo is really destined to
+the enemy, instead of to the neutral port of delivery. It is thus seen
+that some of the doctrines which appear to bear harshly upon neutrals
+at the present time are analogous to or outgrowths from policies
+adopted by the United States when it was a belligerent. The
+Government, therefore, cannot consistently protest against the
+application of rules which it has followed in the past, unless they
+have not been practiced as heretofore.</p>
+
+<p><i>(5) Acquiescence without protest to the inclusion of copper and other
+articles in the British lists of absolute contraband.</i></p>
+
+<p>The United States has now under consideration the question of the
+right of a belligerent to include &quot;copper unwrought&quot; in its list of
+absolute contraband instead of in its list of conditional contraband.
+As the Government of the United States has in the past placed &quot;all
+articles from which ammunition is manufactured&quot; in its contraband
+list, and has declared copper to be among such materials, it
+necessarily finds some embarrassment in dealing with the subject.</p>
+
+<p>Moreover, there is no instance of the United States acquiescing in
+Great Britain's seizure of copper shipments. In every case in which it
+has been done vigorous representations have been made to the British
+Government, and the representatives of the United States have pressed
+for the release of the shipments.</p>
+
+<p><i>(6) Submission without protest to interference with American trade to
+neutral countries in conditional and absolute contraband.</i></p>
+
+<p>The fact that the commerce of the United States is interrupted by
+Great Britain is consequent upon the superiority of her navy on the
+high seas. History shows that whenever a country has possessed that
+superiority our trade has been interrupted and that few articles
+essential to the prosecution of the war have been allowed to reach its
+enemy from this country. The department's recent note to the British
+Government, which has been made public, in regard to detentions and
+seizures of American vessels and cargoes, is a complete answer to this
+complaint.</p>
+
+<p>Certain other complaints appear aimed at the loss of profit in trade,
+which must include at least in part trade in contraband with Germany,
+while other complaints demand the prohibition of trade in contraband,
+which appears to refer to trade with the Allies.</p>
+
+<p><i>(7) Submission without protest to interruption of trade in
+conditional contraband consigned to private persons in Germany and
+Austria, thereby supporting the policy of Great Britain to cut off all
+supplies from Germany and Austria.</i></p>
+
+<p>As no American vessel, so far as known, has attempted to carry
+conditional contraband to Germany or Austria-Hungary, no ground of
+complaint has arisen out of the seizure or condemnation by Great
+Britain of an American vessel with a belligerent destination. Until a
+case arises and the Government has taken action upon it, criticism is
+premature and unwarranted. The United States in its note of Dec. 28 to
+the British Government strongly contended for the principle of freedom
+of trade in articles of conditional contraband not destined to the
+belligerent's forces.</p>
+
+<p><i>(8) Submission to British interference with trade in petroleum,
+rubber, leather, wool, &amp;c.</i></p>
+
+<p>Petrol and other petroleum products have been proclaimed by Great
+Britain as contraband of war. In view of the absolute necessity of
+such products to the use of submarines, aeroplanes, and motors, the
+United States Government has not yet reached the conclusion that they
+are improperly included in a list of contraband. Military operations
+today are largely a question of motive power through mechanical
+devices. It is therefore difficult to argue successfully against the
+inclusion of petroleum among the articles of contraband. As to the
+detention of cargoes of petroleum going to neutral countries, this
+Government has, thus far, successfully obtained the release in every
+case of detention or seizure which has been brought to its attention.</p>
+
+<p>Great Britain and France have placed rubber on the absolute contraband
+list, and leather on the conditional contraband list. Rubber is
+extensively used in the manufacture and operation of motors, and, like
+petrol, is regarded by some authorities as essential to motive power
+today. Leather is even more widely used in cavalry and infantry
+equipment. It is understood that both rubber and leather, together
+with wool, have been embargoed by most of the belligerent countries.
+It will be recalled that the United States has in the past exercised
+the right of embargo upon exports of any commodity which might aid the
+enemy's cause.</p>
+
+<p><i>(9) The United States has not interfered with the sale to Great
+Britain and her allies of arms, ammunition, horses, uniforms, and
+other munitions of war, although such sales prolong the conflict.</i></p>
+
+<p>There is no power in the Executive to prevent the sale of ammunition
+to the belligerents. The duty of a neutral to restrict trade in
+munitions of war has never been imposed by international law or by
+municipal statute. It has never been the policy of this Government to
+prevent the shipment of arms or ammunition into belligerent territory,
+except in the case of neighboring American republics, and then only
+when civil strife prevailed. Even to this extent the belligerents in
+the present conflict, when they were neutrals, have never, so far as
+the records disclose, limited the sale of munitions of war. It is only
+necessary to point to the enormous quantities of arms and ammunition
+furnished by manufacturers in Germany to the belligerents in the
+Russo-Japanese war, and in the recent Balkan wars, to establish the
+general recognition of the propriety of the trade by a neutral nation.</p>
+
+<p>It may be added that on the 15th of December last, the German
+Ambassador, by direction of his Government, presented a copy of a
+memorandum of the Imperial German Government which, among other
+things, set forth the attitude of that Government toward traffic in
+contraband of war by citizens of neutral countries. The Imperial
+Government stated that &quot;under the general principles of international
+law, no exception can be taken to neutral States, letting war material
+go to Germany's enemies from or through neutral territory,&quot; and that
+the adversaries of Germany in the present war are, in the opinion of
+the Imperial Government, authorized to &quot;draw on the United States
+contraband of war, and especially arms worth billions of marks.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>These principles, as the Ambassador stated, have been accepted by the
+United States Government in the statement issued by the Department of
+State on Oct. 15 last, entitled &quot;Neutrality and Trade in Contraband.&quot;
+Acting in conformity with the propositions there set forth, the United
+States has itself taken no part in contraband traffic, and has, so far
+as possible, lent its influence toward equal treatment for all
+belligerents in the matter of purchasing arms and ammunition of
+private persons in the United States.</p>
+
+<p><i>(10) The United States has not suppressed the sale of dumdum bullets
+to Great Britain.</i></p>
+
+<p>On Dec. 5 last the German Ambassador addressed a note to the
+department stating that the British Government had ordered from the
+Winchester Repeating Arms Company 20,000 &quot;riot guns,&quot; Model 1897, and
+50,000,000 &quot;buckshot cartridges&quot; for use in such guns. The department
+replied that it saw a published statement of the Winchester Company,
+the correctness of which the company has confirmed to the department
+by telegraph. In this statement the company categorically denies that
+it has received an order for such guns and cartridges from or made any
+sales of such material to the British Government, or to any other
+Government engaged in the present war. The Ambassador further called
+attention to &quot;information, the accuracy of which is not to be
+doubted,&quot; that 8,000,000 cartridges fitted with &quot;mushroom bullets&quot; had
+been delivered since October of this year by the Union Metallic
+Cartridge Company for the armament of the English Army.</p>
+
+<p>In reply the department referred to the letter of Dec. 10, 1914, of
+the Remington Arms-Union Metallic Cartridge Company of New York to the
+Ambassador, called forth by certain newspaper reports of statements
+alleged to have been made by the Ambassador in regard to the sales by
+that company of soft-nosed bullets. From this letter, a copy of which
+was sent to the department by the company, it appears that instead of
+8,000,000 cartridges having been sold only a little over 117,000 were
+manufactured and 109,000 were sold.</p>
+
+<p>The letter further asserts that these cartridges were made to supply a
+demand for a better sporting cartridge with a soft-nosed bullet than
+had been manufactured theretofore, and that such cartridges cannot be
+used in the military rifles of any foreign powers. The company adds
+that its statements can be substantiated and that it is ready to give
+the Ambassador any evidence that he may require on these points. The
+department further stated that it was also in receipt from the company
+of a complete detailed list of the persons to whom these cartridges
+were sold, and that from this list it appeared that the cartridges
+were sold to firms in lots of 20 to 2,000 and one lot each of 3,000,
+4,000, and 5,000. Of these only 960 cartridges went to British North
+America and 100 to British East Africa.</p>
+
+<p>The department added that if the Ambassador could furnish evidence
+that this or any other company is manufacturing and selling for the
+use of the contending armies in Europe cartridges whose use would
+contravene The Hague Conventions, the department would be glad to be
+furnished with this evidence, and that the President would, in case
+any American company is shown to be engaged in this traffic, use his
+influence to prevent so far as possible sales of such ammunition to
+the powers engaged in the European war, without regard to whether it
+is the duty of this Government upon legal or conventional grounds to
+take such action.</p>
+
+<p>The substance of both the Ambassador's note and the department's reply
+have appeared in the press.</p>
+
+<p>The department has received no other complaints of alleged sales of
+dumdum bullets by American citizens to belligerent Governments.</p>
+
+<p><i>(11) British warships are permitted to lie off American ports and
+intercept neutral vessels.</i></p>
+
+<p>The complaint is unjustified from the fact that representations were
+made to the British Government that the presence of war vessels in the
+vicinity of New York Harbor was offensive to this Government, and a
+similar complaint was made to the Japanese Government as to one of its
+cruisers in the vicinity of the Port of Honolulu. In both cases the
+warships were withdrawn.</p>
+
+<p>It will be recalled that in 1863 the department took the position that
+captures made by its vessels after hovering about neutral ports would
+not be regarded as valid. In the Franco-Prussian war President Grant
+issued a proclamation warning belligerent warships against hovering in
+the vicinity of American ports for purposes of observation or hostile
+acts. The same policy has been maintained in the present war, and in
+all of the recent proclamations of neutrality the President states
+that such practice by belligerent warships is &quot;unfriendly and
+offensive.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><i>(12) Great Britain and her allies are allowed without protest to
+disregard American citizenship papers and passports.</i></p>
+
+<p>American citizenship papers have been disregarded in a comparatively
+few instances by Great Britain, but the same is true of all the
+belligerents. Bearers of American passports have been arrested in all
+the countries at war. In every case of apparent illegal arrest the
+United States Government has entered vigorous protests with request of
+release. The department does not know of any cases except one or two,
+which are still under investigation, in which naturalized Germans have
+not been released upon representations by this Government. There have,
+however, come to the department's notice authentic cases in which
+American passports have been fraudulently obtained and used by certain
+German subjects.</p>
+
+<p>The Department of Justice has recently apprehended at least four
+persons of German nationality who, it is alleged, obtained American
+passports under pretense of being American citizens, and for the
+purpose of returning to Germany without molestation by her enemies
+during the voyage. There are indications that a systematic plan had
+been devised to obtain American passports through fraud for the
+purpose of securing safe passage for German officers and reservists
+desiring to return to Germany.</p>
+
+<p>Such fraudulent use of passports by Germans themselves can have no
+other effect than to cast suspicion upon American passports in
+general. New regulations, however, requiring among other things the
+attaching of a photograph of the bearer to his passport, under the
+seal of the Department of State, and the vigilance of the Department
+of Justice, will doubtless prevent further misuse of American
+passports.</p>
+
+<p><i>(13) Change of policy in regard to loans to belligerents.</i></p>
+
+<p>War loans in this country were disapproved because inconsistent with
+the spirit of neutrality. There is a clearly defined difference
+between a war loan and the purchase of arms and ammunition. The policy
+of disapproving of war loans affects all Governments alike, so that
+the disapproval is not an unneutral act. The case is entirely
+different in the matter of arms and ammunition because prohibition of
+export not only might not, but, in this case, would not, operate
+equally upon the nations at war. Then, too, the reason given for the
+disapproval of war loans is supported by other considerations which
+are absent in the case presented by the sale of arms and ammunition.
+The taking of money out of the United States during such a war as this
+might seriously embarrass the Government in case it needed to borrow
+money, and it might also seriously impair this nation's ability to
+assist the neutral nations which, though not participants in the war,
+are compelled to bear a heavy burden on account of the war, and,
+again, a war loan, if offered for popular subscription in the United
+States, would be taken up chiefly by those who are in sympathy with
+the belligerents seeking the loan.</p>
+
+<p>The result would be that great numbers of the American people might
+become more earnest partisans, having material interest in the success
+of the belligerent whose bonds they hold. These purchasers would not
+be confined to a few, but would spread generally throughout the
+country, so that the people would be divided into groups of partisans,
+which would result in intense bitterness and might cause an
+undesirable if not a serious situation. On the other hand, contracts
+for and sales of contraband are mere matters of trade. The
+manufacturer, unless peculiarly sentimental, would sell to one
+belligerent as readily as he would to another. No general spirit of
+partisanship is aroused&#8212;no sympathies excited. The whole transaction
+is merely a matter of business.</p>
+
+<p>This Government has not been advised that any general loans have been
+made by foreign Governments in this country since the President
+expressed his wish that loans of this character should not be made.</p>
+
+<p><i>(14) Submission to arrest of native-born Americans on neutral vessels
+and in British ports and their imprisonment.</i></p>
+
+<p>The general charge as to the arrest of American-born citizens on board
+neutral vessels and in British ports, the ignoring of their passports,
+and their confinement in jails, requires evidence to support it. That
+there have been cases of injustice of this sort is unquestionably
+true, but Americans in Germany have suffered in this way, as Americans
+have in Great Britain. This Government has considered that the
+majority of these cases resulted from overzealousness on the part of
+subordinate officials in both countries. Every case which has been
+brought to the attention of the Department of State has been properly
+investigated, and if the facts warranted a demand for release has been
+made.</p>
+
+<p><i>(15) Indifference to confinement of non-combatants in detention camps
+in England and France.</i></p>
+
+<p>As to the detention of non-combatants confined in concentration camps,
+all the belligerents, with perhaps the exception of Servia and Russia,
+have made similar complaints, and those for whom this Government is
+acting have asked investigations, which representatives of this
+Government have made impartially. Their reports have shown that the
+treatment of prisoners is generally as good as possible under the
+conditions in all countries, and that there is no more reason to say
+that they are mistreated in one country than in another country, or
+that this Government has manifested an indifference in the matter. As
+this department's efforts at investigations seemed to develop
+bitterness between the countries, the department on Nov. 20 sent a
+circular instruction to its representatives not to undertake further
+investigation of concentration camps.</p>
+
+<p>But at the special request of the German Government that Mr. Jackson,
+former American Minister at Bucharest, now attached to the American
+Embassy at Berlin, make an investigation of the prison camps in
+England, in addition to the investigations already made, the
+department has consented to dispatch Mr. Jackson on this special
+mission.</p>
+
+<p><i>(16) Failure to prevent transshipment or British troops and war
+materials across the territory of the United States.</i></p>
+
+<p>The department has had no specific case of the passage of convoys or
+troops across American territory brought to its notice. There have
+been rumors to this effect, but no actual facts have been presented.
+The transshipment of reservists of all belligerents who have requested
+the privilege has been permitted on condition that they travel as
+individuals and not as an organized, uniformed, or armed bodies. The
+German Embassy has advised the department that it would not be likely
+to avail itself of the privilege, but Germany's ally, Austria-Hungary,
+did so.</p>
+
+<p>Only one case raising the question of the transit of war material
+owned by a belligerent across United States territory has come to the
+department's notice. This was a request on the part of the Canadian
+Government for permission to ship equipment across Alaska to the sea.
+The request was refused.</p>
+
+<p><i>(17) Treatment and final internment of German S.S. Geier and the
+collier Locksun at Honolulu.</i></p>
+
+<p>The Geier entered Honolulu on Oct. 15 in an unseaworthy condition. The
+commanding officer reported the necessity of extensive repairs which
+would require an indefinite period for completion. The vessel was
+allowed the generous period of three weeks, to Nov. 7, to make repairs
+and leave the port, or, failing to do so, to be interned. A longer
+period would have been contrary to international practice, which does
+not permit a vessel to remain for a long time in a neutral port for
+the purpose of repairing a generally run-down condition due to long
+sea service. Soon after the German cruiser arrived at Honolulu a
+Japanese cruiser appeared off the port, and the commander of the Geier
+chose to intern the vessel rather than to depart from the harbor.</p>
+
+<p>Shortly after the Geier entered the Port of Honolulu the steamer
+Locksun arrived. It was found that this vessel had delivered coal to
+the Geier en route and had accompanied her toward Hawaii. As she had
+thus constituted herself a tender or collier to the Geier, she was
+accorded the same treatment and interned on Nov. 7.</p>
+
+<p><i>(18) Unfairness to Germany in rules relative to coaling of warships
+in Panama Canal Zone.</i></p>
+
+<p>By proclamation of Nov. 13, 1914, certain special restrictions were
+placed on the coaling of warships or their tenders or colliers in the
+Canal Zone. These regulations were framed through the collaboration of
+the State, Navy, and War Departments and without the slightest
+reference to favoritism to the belligerents. Before these regulations
+were proclaimed war vessels could procure coal of the Panama Railway
+in the Zone ports, but no belligerent vessels are known to have done
+so.</p>
+
+<p>Under the proclamation fuel may be taken on by belligerent warships
+only with the consent of the canal authorities and in such amounts as
+will enable them to reach the nearest accessible neutral port; and the
+amount so taken on shall be deducted from the amount procurable in
+United States ports within three months thereafter. Now it is charged
+that the United States has shown partiality, because Great Britain and
+not Germany happens to have colonies in the near vicinity where
+British ships may coal, while Germany has no such coaling facilities.
+Thus it is intimated the United States should balance the inequalities
+of geographical position by refusal to allow any warships of
+belligerents to coal in the Canal Zone until the war is over. As no
+German warship has sought to obtain coal in the Canal Zone the charge
+of discrimination rests upon a possibility which during several
+months of warfare has failed to materialize.</p>
+
+<p><i>(19) Failure to protest against the modifications of the Declaration
+of London by the British Government.</i></p>
+
+<p>The German Foreign Office presented to the diplomats in Berlin a
+memorandum dated Oct. 10 calling attention to violations of and
+changes in the Declaration of London by the British Government, and
+inquiring as to the attitude of the United States toward such action
+on the part of the Allies. The substance of the memorandum was
+forthwith telegraphed to the department on Oct. 22, and was replied to
+shortly thereafter to the effect that the United States had withdrawn
+its suggestion, made early in the war, that for the sake of uniformity
+the Declaration of London should be adopted as a temporary code of
+naval warfare during the present war, owing to the unwillingness of
+the belligerents to accept the declaration without changes and
+modifications, and that thenceforth the United States would insist
+that the rights of the United States and its citizens in the war
+should be governed by the existing rules of international law.</p>
+
+<p>As this Government is not now interested in the adoption of the
+Declaration of London by the belligerents, the modifications by the
+belligerents in that code of naval warfare are of no concern to it,
+except as they adversely affect the rights of the United States and
+those of its citizens as defined by international law. In so far as
+those rights have been infringed the department has made every effort
+to obtain redress for the losses sustained.</p>
+
+<p><i>(20) Generally unfriendly attitude of Government toward Germany and
+Austria.</i></p>
+
+<p>If any American citizens, partisans of Germany and Austria-Hungary,
+feel that this Administration is acting in a way injurious to the
+cause of those countries, this feeling results from the fact that on
+the high seas the German and Austro-Hungarian naval power is thus far
+inferior to the British. It is the business of a belligerent operating
+on the high seas, not the duty of a neutral, to prevent contraband
+from reaching an enemy.</p>
+
+<p>Those in this country who sympathize with Germany and Austria-Hungary
+appear to assume that some obligation rests upon this Government, in
+the performance of its neutral duty, to prevent all trade in
+contraband, and thus to equalize the difference due to the relative
+naval strength of the belligerents. No such obligation exists; it
+would be an unneutral act, an act of partiality on the part of this
+Government to adopt such a policy if the Executive had the power to
+do so. If Germany and Austria-Hungary cannot import contraband from
+this country it is not, because of that fact, the duty of the United
+States to close its markets to the Allies. The markets of this country
+are open upon equal terms to all the world, to every nation,
+belligerent or neutral.</p>
+
+<p>The foregoing categorical replies to specific complaints is sufficient
+answer to the charge of unfriendliness to Germany and Austria-Hungary.
+I am, my dear Senator, very sincerely yours,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">W.J. BRYAN.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="THE_HOUSE_WITH_SEALED_DOORS" id="THE_HOUSE_WITH_SEALED_DOORS"></a>THE HOUSE WITH SEALED DOORS</h2>
+
+<h3>By EDITH M. THOMAS.</h3>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>... &quot;A house with sealed doors, where a family of 7,000,000
+sits in silence around a cheerless hearth.... America opened
+the window ... and slipped a loaf of bread into the
+larder.&quot;&#8212;Frederick Palmer, in</i> <span class="smcap">The New York Times</span>.</p></div>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<b><span class="smcap">Merchant</span></b> ships many are on the main.<br />
+This that we send plies not for gain&#8212;<br />
+Ship of the loaves! May her course be straight,<br />
+When the starving millions her coming wait!<br />
+<br />
+In a &quot;Happy Province&quot; beyond the sea<br />
+(&quot;Happy&quot; by fiat&#8212;a monarch's decree!)<br />
+They have seized their lands, they have taken their stores,<br />
+They have shut them up, they have sealed the doors!<br />
+<br />
+The folk within&#8212;their table is bare.<br />
+But why should the lords of the &quot;Province&quot; care?&#8212;<br />
+Myrmidons, myrmidons, first to feed;<br />
+Afterwards think of the people's need.<br />
+<br />
+Let the arm'd men eat, let the people wait,<br />
+(Say the lords of the &quot;Province&quot; who parcel out fate,)<br />
+Let the arm'd men feed&#8212;that their strength endure,<br />
+That their hearts be lusty, their grasp be sure!<br />
+<br />
+In that &quot;Happy Province&quot; beyond the sea<br />
+They are not bond and they are not free:<br />
+In silence they sit by their smoldered hearth;<br />
+But the winds bear their burden around the earth!<br />
+<br />
+The winds and the waters are rolling along<br />
+The rune of their sorrow (too cruel for song!) ...<br />
+Bring food for the family robbed of its stores;<br />
+Open a window where sealed are the doors!<br />
+<br />
+Merchant ships many are on the main.<br />
+This that we send plies not for gain&#8212;<br />
+Ship of the loaves!... Ye have given them lead,<br />
+Ye lords of the &quot;Province,&quot; but we give bread!<br />
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h1><a name="Seizures_of_American_Cargoes" id="Seizures_of_American_Cargoes"></a>Seizures of American Cargoes</h1>
+
+<h3>By William J. Bryan, American Secretary of State</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>By agreement between the Governments of the United States
+and Great Britain the text of the American note, printed
+below, setting forth the views of this Government in
+opposition to British interference with American trade, was
+made public in Washington on Dec. 31, 1914, and
+simultaneously in London. At the same time copies of the
+American communication were for the first time delivered to
+the Ambassadors and Ministers of all the powers at
+Washington, and the note was cabled by them to their
+respective Governments. The American communication&#8212;it is
+not a note, strictly speaking, because all notes are sent by
+mail in diplomacy and never by telegraph&#8212;sets forth clearly
+the conditions of which the American Government and people
+complain resulting from the frequent seizures and detentions
+by the British of American cargoes destined to neutral
+European ports.</p></div>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><i>The Secretary of State to the American Ambassador at London.</i></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">
+Department of State,<br />
+WASHINGTON, Dec. 26, 1914.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>The present condition of American foreign trade resulting from the
+frequent seizures and detentions of American cargoes destined to
+neutral European ports has become so serious as to require a candid
+statement of the views of this Government in order that the British
+Government may be fully informed as to the attitude of the United
+States toward the policy which has been pursued by the British
+authorities during the present war.</p>
+
+<p>You will therefore communicate the following to his Majesty's
+principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, but in doing so you
+will assure him that it is done in the most friendly spirit and in the
+belief that frankness will better serve the continuance of cordial
+relations between the two countries than silence, which may be
+misconstrued into acquiescence in a course of conduct which this
+Government cannot but consider to be an infringement upon the rights
+of American citizens.</p>
+
+<p>The Government of the United States has viewed with growing concern
+the large number of vessels laden with American goods destined to
+neutral ports in Europe which have been seized on the high seas, taken
+into British ports, and detained sometimes for weeks by the British
+authorities. During the early days of the war this Government assumed
+that the policy adopted by the British Government was due to the
+unexpected outbreak of hostilities and the necessity of immediate
+action to prevent contraband from reaching the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>For this reason it was not disposed to judge this policy harshly, or
+protest it vigorously, although it was manifestly very injurious to
+American trade with the neutral countries of Europe. This Government,
+relying confidently upon the high regard which Great Britain has so
+often exhibited in the past for the rights of other nations,
+confidently awaited amendment of a course of action which denied to
+neutral commerce the freedom to which it was entitled by the law of
+nations.</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center" class="border">
+<img src="images/stadnicki.jpg" width="304" height="500" alt="Stadnicki" title="Stadnicki" /></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>COUNT LADISLAUS STADNICKI</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>Founder of the Polish Legion of the German Army.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>(<i>Photo from Engelbrecht.</i>)</b></p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center" class="border">
+<img src="images/krobatkin.jpg" width="317" height="500" alt="Von Krobatkin" title="Von Krobatkin" /></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>GENERAL VON KROBATKIN</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>Chief of the Austrian General Staff.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>(<i>Photo from Paul Thompson.</i>)</b></p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p>This expectation seemed to be rendered the more assured by the
+statement of the Foreign Office early in November that the British
+Government was satisfied with guarantees offered by the Norwegian,
+Swedish, and Danish Governments as to non-exportation of contraband
+goods when consigned to named persons in the territories of those
+Governments, and that orders had been given to the British fleet and
+customs authorities to restrict interference with neutral vessels
+carrying such cargoes so consigned to verification of ship's papers
+and cargoes.</p>
+
+<p>It is therefore a matter of deep regret that, though nearly five
+months have passed since the war began, the British Government has not
+materially changed its policy and do not treat less rigorously ships
+and cargoes passing between neutral ports in the peaceful pursuit of
+lawful commerce, which belligerents should protect rather than
+interrupt. The greater freedom from detention and seizure which was
+confidently expected to result from consigning shipments to definite
+consignees rather than &quot;to order&quot; is still awaited.</p>
+
+<p>It is needless to point out to his Majesty's Government, usually the
+champion of the freedom of the seas and the rights of trade, that
+peace, not war, is the normal relation between nations and that the
+commerce between countries which are not belligerents should not be
+interfered with by those at war unless such interference is manifestly
+an imperative necessity to protect their national safety, and then
+only to the extent that it is a necessity.</p>
+
+<p>It is with no lack of appreciation of the momentous nature of the
+present struggle in which Great Britain is engaged and with no selfish
+desire to gain undue commercial advantage that this Government is
+reluctantly forced to the conclusion that the present policy of his
+Majesty's Government toward neutral ships and cargoes exceeds the
+manifest necessity of a belligerent and constitutes restrictions upon
+the rights of American citizens on the high seas which are not
+justified by the rules of international law or required under the
+principle of self-preservation.</p>
+
+<p>The Government of the United States does not intend at this time to
+discuss the propriety of including certain articles in the lists of
+absolute and conditional contraband which have been proclaimed by his
+Majesty. Open to objection as some of these seem to this Government,
+the chief ground of present complaint is the treatment of cargoes of
+both classes of articles when bound to neutral ports.</p>
+
+<p>Articles listed as absolute contraband, shipped from the United States
+and consigned to neutral countries, have been seized and detained on
+the ground that the countries to which they were destined have not
+prohibited the exportation of such articles. Unwarranted as such
+detentions are, in the opinion of this Government, American exporters
+are further perplexed by the apparent indecision of the British
+authorities in applying their own rules to neutral cargoes.</p>
+
+<p>For example, a shipment of copper from this country to a specified
+consignee in Sweden was detained because, as was stated by Great
+Britain, Sweden had placed no embargo on copper. On the other hand,
+Italy not only prohibited the export of copper, but, as this
+Government is informed, put in force a decree that shipments to
+Italian consignees or &quot;to order&quot; which arrive in ports of Italy cannot
+be exported or transshipped. The only exception Italy makes is of
+copper which passes through that country in transit to another
+country. In spite of these decrees, however, the British Foreign
+Office has thus far declined to affirm that copper shipments consigned
+to Italy will not be molested on the high seas. Seizures are so
+numerous and delays so prolonged that exporters are afraid to send
+their copper to Italy, steamship lines decline to accept it, and
+insurers refuse to issue policies upon it. In a word, a legitimate
+trade is being greatly impaired through uncertainty as to the
+treatment which we may expect at the hands of the British authorities.</p>
+
+<p>We feel that we are abundantly justified in asking for information as
+to the manner in which the British Government propose to carry out the
+policy which they have adopted in order that we may determine the
+steps necessary to protect our citizens engaged in foreign trade in
+their rights and from the serious losses to which they are liable
+through ignorance of the hazards to which their cargoes are exposed.</p>
+
+<p>In the case of conditional contraband, the policy of Great Britain
+appears to this Government to be equally unjustified by the
+established rules of international conduct. As evidence of this,
+attention is directed to the fact that a number of the American
+cargoes which have been seized consist of foodstuffs and other
+articles of common use in all countries which are admittedly relative
+contraband. In spite of the presumption of innocent use because
+destined to neutral territory, the British authorities made these
+seizures and detentions without, so far as we are informed, being in
+possession of facts which warranted a reasonable belief that the
+shipments had in realty a belligerent destination, as that term is
+used in international law.</p>
+
+<p>Mere suspicion is not evidence, and doubts should be resolved in favor
+of neutral commerce, not against it. The effect upon trade in these
+articles between neutral nations resulting from interrupted voyages
+and detained cargoes is not entirely cured by reimbursement of the
+owners for the damages which they have suffered, after investigation
+has failed to establish an enemy destination. The injury is to
+American commerce with neutral countries as a whole through the hazard
+of the enterprise and the repeated diversion of goods from
+establishing markets.</p>
+
+<p>It also appears that cargoes of this character have been seized by the
+British authorities because of a belief that, though not originally so
+intended by the shippers, they will ultimately reach the territory of
+the enemies of Great Britain. Yet this belief is frequently reduced to
+a mere fear in view of the embargoes which have been decreed by the
+neutral countries to which they are destined on the articles composing
+the cargoes.</p>
+
+<p>That a consignment &quot;to order&quot; of articles listed as conditional
+contraband and shipped to a neutral port raises a legal presumption of
+enemy destination appears to be directly contrary to the doctrines
+previously held by Great Britain and thus stated by Lord Salisbury
+during the South African war:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Foodstuffs, though having a hostile destination, can be considered as
+contraband of war only if they are for the enemy forces; it is not
+sufficient that they are capable of being so used, it must be shown
+that this was in fact their destination at the time of their seizure.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>With this statement as to conditional contraband the views of this
+Government are in entire accord, and upon this historic doctrine,
+consistently maintained by Great Britain when a belligerent as well as
+a neutral, American shippers were entitled to rely.</p>
+
+<p>The Government of the United States readily admits the full right of a
+belligerent to visit and search on the high seas the vessels of
+American citizens or other neutral vessels carrying American goods and
+to detain them WHEN THERE IS SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE TO JUSTIFY A BELIEF
+THAT CONTRABAND ARTICLES ARE IN THEIR CARGOES; but his Majesty's
+Government, judging by their own experience in the past, must realize
+that this Government cannot without protest permit American ships or
+American cargoes to be taken into British ports and there detained for
+the purpose of searching generally for evidence of contraband or upon
+presumptions created by special municipal enactments which are clearly
+at variance with international law and practice.</p>
+
+<p>This Government believes and earnestly hopes his Majesty's Government
+will come to the same belief, that a course of conduct more in
+conformity with the rules of international usage, which Great Britain
+has strongly sanctioned for many years, will in the end better serve
+the interests of belligerents as well as those of neutrals.</p>
+
+<p>Not only is the situation a critical one to the commercial interests
+of the United States, but many of the great industries of this country
+are suffering because their products are denied long-established
+markets in European countries, which, though neutral, are contiguous
+to the nations at war. Producers and exporters, steamship and
+insurance companies, are pressing, and not without reason, for relief
+from the menace to transatlantic trade which is gradually but surely
+destroying their business and threatening them with financial
+disaster.</p>
+
+<p>The Government of the United States, still relying upon the deep sense
+of justice of the British Nation, which has been so often manifested
+in the intercourse between the two countries during so many years of
+uninterrupted friendship, expresses confidently the hope that his
+Majesty's Government will realize the obstacles and difficulties which
+their present policy has placed in the way of commerce between the
+United States and the neutral countries of Europe and will instruct
+its officials to refrain from all unnecessary interference with the
+freedom of trade between nations which are sufferers, though not
+participants, in the present conflict; and will in their treatment of
+neutral ships and cargoes conform more closely to those rules
+governing the maritime relations between belligerents and neutrals
+which have received the sanction of the civilized world and in which
+Great Britain has in other wars so strongly and successfully
+advocated.</p>
+
+<p>In conclusion, it should be impressed upon his Majesty's Government
+that the present condition of American trade with the neutral European
+countries is such that, if it does not improve, it may arouse a
+feeling contrary to that which has so long existed between the
+American and British people. Already it is becoming more and more the
+subject of public criticism and complaint. There is an increasing
+belief, doubtless not entirely unjustified, that the present British
+policy toward American trade is responsible for the depression in
+certain industries which depend upon European markets. The attention
+of the British Government is called to this possible result of their
+present policy, to show how widespread the effect is upon the
+industrial life of the United States and to emphasize the importance
+of removing the cause of complaint.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">
+WILLIAM J. BRYAN,<br />
+Secretary of State.<br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="GERMAN_CROWN_PRINCE_TO_AMERICA" id="GERMAN_CROWN_PRINCE_TO_AMERICA"></a>GERMAN CROWN PRINCE TO AMERICA</h2>
+
+<h4>[By The Associated Press.]</h4>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">G</span>ENEVA, (via Paris,) Jan. 29.&#8212;Crown Prince Frederick William of
+Germany has sent to the local correspondent of The Associated Press,
+in response to a request for a statement on the war, the following
+reply, dated near Verdun, Jan. 22:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;You ask me to send a message to the American people. Being an officer
+and no diplomat, I have no right to do so, but if you like I will tell
+you three things:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;First&#8212;Every single German and Austrian is quite certain that we will
+come out on top, and will give his last drop of blood to this end.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Second&#8212;We are convinced that the day will come when the people of
+Russia and France will find out that they are only doing the dirty
+work for England.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Third&#8212;We expect from America absolutely fair play in all questions.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;These are my personal ideas, but a good many of my countrymen feel
+the same. Greetings.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">&quot;WILHELM, Kronprinz.&quot;</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h1><a name="The_Official_British_Explanation" id="The_Official_British_Explanation"></a>The Official British Explanation</h1>
+
+<h3>By Sir Edward Grey, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs of Great
+Britain</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The State Department in Washington and the Foreign Office in
+London, by agreement, made public simultaneously on Jan. 10,
+1915, the British reply to the American protest against the
+undue detention of American ships and cargoes seized for
+search for contraband. The answer, signed by Sir Edward
+Grey, the British Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs,
+was addressed to Walter Hines Page, the American Ambassador
+in London, who cabled it to Washington on Jan. 7. The note
+is preliminary, and was to be followed by a more detailed
+reply.</p></div>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><i>The British Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs to the American
+Ambassador.</i></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">FOREIGN OFFICE, Jan. 7, 1915.</p>
+
+<p>Your Excellency: I have the honor to acknowledge receipt of your note
+of the 28th of December. It is being carefully examined and the points
+raised in it are receiving consideration, as the result of which a
+reply shall be addressed to your Excellency dealing in detail with the
+issues raised and the points to which the United States Government
+have drawn attention. This consideration and the preparation of the
+reply will necessarily require some time, and I therefore desire to
+send without further delay some preliminary observations which will, I
+trust, help to clear the ground and remove some misconceptions that
+seem to exist.</p>
+
+<p>Let me say at once that we entirely recognize the most friendly spirit
+referred to by your Excellency and that we desire to reply in the same
+spirit and in the belief that, as your Excellency states, frankness
+will best serve the continuance of cordial relations between the two
+countries.</p>
+
+<p>His Majesty's Government cordially concur in the principle enunciated
+by the Government of the United States that a belligerent, in dealing
+with trade between neutrals, should not interfere unless such
+interference is necessary to protect the belligerent's national
+safety, and then only to the extent to which this is necessary. We
+shall endeavor to keep our action within the limits of this principle
+on the understanding that it admits our right to interfere when such
+interference is not with &quot;bona-fide&quot; trade between the United States
+and another neutral country, but with trade in contraband destined for
+the enemy's country; and we are ready, whenever our action may
+unintentionally exceed this principle, to make redress.</p>
+
+<p>We think that much misconception exists as to the extent to which we
+have, in practice, interfered with trade. Your Excellency's note seems
+to hold his Majesty's Government responsible for the present condition
+of trade with neutral countries, and it is stated that, through the
+action of his Majesty's Government, the products of the great
+industries of the United States have been denied long-established
+markets in European countries which, though neutral, are contiguous to
+the seat of war. Such a result is far from being the intention of his
+Majesty's Government, and they would exceedingly regret that it should
+be due to their action.</p>
+
+<p>I have been unable to obtain complete or conclusive figures showing
+what the state of trade with these neutral countries has been
+recently, and I can, therefore, only ask that some further
+consideration should be given to the question whether United States
+trade with these neutral countries has been so seriously affected. The
+only figures as to the total volume of trade that I have seen are
+those for the exports from New York for the month of November, 1914,
+and they are as follows, compared with the month of November, 1913:</p>
+
+<p>Exports from New York for November, 1913, and November, 1914,
+respectively: Denmark, $558,000, $7,101,000; Sweden, $377,000,
+$2,858,000; Norway, $477,000, $2,318,000; Italy, $2,971,000,
+$4,781,000; Holland, $4,389,000, $3,960,000.</p>
+
+<p>It is true that there may have been a falling off in cotton exports,
+as to which New York figures would be no guide, but his Majesty's
+Government have been most careful not to interfere with cotton, and
+its place on the free list has been scrupulously maintained.</p>
+
+<p>We do not wish to lay too much stress upon incomplete statistics; the
+figures above are not put forward as conclusive, and we are prepared
+to examine any further evidence with regard to the state of trade with
+these neutral countries, which may point to a different conclusion or
+show that it is the action of his Majesty's Government in particular
+and not the existence of a state of war and consequent diminution of
+purchasing power and shrinkage of trade, which is responsible for
+adverse effects upon trade with the neutral countries.</p>
+
+<p>That the existence of a state of war on such a scale has had a very
+adverse effect upon certain great industries, such as cotton, is
+obvious, but it is submitted that this is due to the general cause of
+diminished purchasing power of such countries as France, Germany, and
+the United Kingdom rather than to interference with trade with neutral
+countries. In the matter of cotton it may be recalled that the British
+Government gave special assistance through the Liverpool Cotton
+Exchange to the renewal of transactions in the cotton trade of not
+only the United Kingdom, but of many neutral countries.</p>
+
+<p>Your Excellency's note refers in particular to the detention of
+copper. The figures taken from official returns for the export of
+copper from the United States for Italy for the months during which
+the war has been in progress up to the end of the first three weeks of
+December are as follows:</p>
+
+<p>1913&#8212;Fifteen million two hundred and two thousand pounds.</p>
+
+<p>1914&#8212;Thirty-six million two hundred and eighty-five thousand pounds.</p>
+
+<p>Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and Switzerland are not shown separately for
+the whole period in the United States returns, but are included in the
+heading &quot;Other Europe&quot;; that is, Europe other than the United Kingdom,
+Russia, France, Belgium, Austria, Germany, Holland, and Italy. The
+corresponding figures under this heading are as follows:</p>
+
+<p>1913&#8212;Seven million two hundred and seventy-one thousand pounds.</p>
+
+<p>1914&#8212;Thirty-five million three hundred and forty-seven thousand
+pounds.</p>
+
+<p>With such figures the presumption is very strong that the bulk of
+copper consigned to these countries has recently been intended not for
+their own use, but for that of a belligerent who cannot import it
+direct. It is therefore an imperative necessity for the safety of this
+country while it is at war that his Majesty's Government should do all
+in its power to stop such part of this import of copper as is not
+genuinely destined for neutral countries.</p>
+
+<p>Your Excellency does not quote any particular shipment of copper to
+Sweden which has been detained. There are, however, four consignments
+to Sweden at the present time of copper and aluminium which, though
+definitely consigned to Sweden, are, according to positive evidence in
+the possession of his Majesty's Government, definitely destined for
+Germany.</p>
+
+<p>I cannot believe that, with such figures before them and in such cases
+as those just mentioned, the Government of the United States would
+question the propriety of the action of his Majesty's Government in
+taking suspected cargoes to a prize court, and we are convinced that
+it cannot be in accord with the wish either of the Government or of
+the people of the United States to strain the international code in
+favor of private interests so as to prevent Great Britain from taking
+such legitimate means for this purpose as are in her power.</p>
+
+<p>With regard to the seizure of foodstuffs, to which your Excellency
+refers, his Majesty's Government are prepared to admit that foodstuffs
+should not be detained and put into a prize court without the
+presumption that they are intended for the armed forces of the enemy
+or the enemy Government. We believe that this rule has been adhered to
+in practice hitherto, but if the United States Government have
+instances to the contrary we are prepared to examine them, and it is
+our present intention to adhere to the rule, though we cannot give an
+unlimited and unconditional undertaking, in view of the departure by
+those against whom we are fighting from hitherto accepted rules of
+civilization and humanity and the uncertainty as to the extent to
+which such rules may be violated by them in future.</p>
+
+<p>From the 4th of August last to the 3d of January the number of
+steamships proceeding from the United States for Holland, Denmark,
+Norway, Sweden, and Italy has been 773. Of these there are 45 which
+have had consignments of cargoes placed in the prize court, while of
+the ships themselves only eight have been placed in the prize court,
+and one of these has since been released.</p>
+
+<p>It is, however, essential under modern conditions that where there is
+real ground for suspecting the presence of contraband the vessel
+should be brought into port for examination. In no other way can the
+right of search be exercised, and but for this practice it would have
+to be completely abandoned.</p>
+
+<p>Information was received by us that special instructions had been
+given to ship rubber from the United States under another designation
+to escape notice, and such cases have occurred in several instances.
+Only by search in a port can such cases, when suspected, be discovered
+and proved.</p>
+
+<p>The necessity for examination in a port may also be illustrated by a
+hypothetical instance connected with cotton, which has not yet
+occurred. Cotton is not specifically mentioned in your Excellency's
+note, but I have seen public statements made in the United States that
+the attitude of his Majesty's Government with regard to cotton has
+been ambiguous and thereby responsible for depression in the cotton
+trade.</p>
+
+<p>There has never been any foundation for this allegation. His Majesty's
+Government have never put cotton on the list of contraband; they have
+throughout the war kept it on the free list, and on every occasion
+when questioned on the point they have stated their intention of
+adhering to this practice. But information has reached us that,
+precisely because we have declared our intention of not interfering
+with cotton, ships carrying cotton will be specially selected to carry
+concealed contraband, and we have been warned that copper will be
+concealed in bales of cotton.</p>
+
+<p>Whatever suspicions we have entertained we have not so far made these
+a ground for detaining any ship carrying cotton, but should we have
+information giving us real reason to believe in the case of a
+particular ship that the bales of cotton concealed copper or other
+contraband the only way to prove our case would be to examine and
+weigh the bales, a process that could be carried out only by bringing
+the vessel into a port. In such a case, if examination justifies the
+action of his Majesty's Government, the case shall be brought before a
+prize court and dealt with in the ordinary way.</p>
+
+<p>That the decisions of British prize courts hitherto have not been
+unfavorable to neutrals is evidenced by the decision in the Miramichi
+case. This case, which was decided against the Crown, laid down that
+the American shipper was to be paid even when he had sold a cargo,
+cost, insurance, and freight, and when the risk of loss after the
+cargo had been shipped did not apply to him at all.</p>
+
+<p>It has further been represented to his Majesty's Government, though
+this subject is not dealt with in your Excellency's note, that our
+embargoes on the export of some articles, more especially rubber, have
+interfered with commercial interests in the United States. It is, of
+course, difficult for his Majesty's Government to permit the export of
+rubber from British dominions to the United States at a time when
+rubber is essential to belligerent countries for carrying on the war,
+and when a new trade in exporting rubber from the United States in
+suspiciously large quantities to neutral countries has actually sprung
+up since the war.</p>
+
+<p>It would be impossible to permit the export of rubber from Great
+Britain unless the right of his Majesty's Government were admitted to
+submit to a prize court cargoes of rubber exported from the United
+States which they believed to be destined for an enemy country and
+reasonable latitude of action for this purpose were conceded. But his
+Majesty's Government have now provisionally come to an arrangement
+with the rubber exporters in Great Britain which will permit of
+licenses being given under proper guarantees for the export of rubber
+to the United States.</p>
+
+<p>We are confronted with the growing danger that neutral countries
+contiguous to the enemy will become, on a scale hitherto
+unprecedented, a base of supplies for the armed soldiers of our
+enemies and for materials for manufacturing armament. The trade
+figures of imports show how strong this tendency is, but we have no
+complaint to make of the attitude of the Governments of those
+countries, which, so far as we are aware, have not departed from
+proper rules of neutrality. We endeavor in the interest of our own
+national safety to prevent this danger by intercepting goods really
+destined for the enemy without interfering with those which are &quot;bona
+fide&quot; neutral.</p>
+
+<p>Since the outbreak of the war the Government of the United States have
+changed their previous practice and have prohibited the publication of
+manifests till thirty days after the departure of vessels from the
+United States ports. We had no &quot;locus standi&quot; for complaining of this
+change and did not complain. But the effect of it must be to increase
+the difficulty of ascertaining the presence of contraband and to
+render necessary in the interests of our national safety the
+examination and detention of more ships than would have been the case
+if the former practice had continued.</p>
+
+<p>Pending a more detailed reply I would conclude by saying that his
+Majesty's Government do not desire to contest the general principles
+of law on which they understand the note of the United States to be
+based, and desire to restrict their action solely to interferences
+with contraband destined for the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>His Majesty's Government are prepared, whenever a cargo coming from
+the United States is detained, to explain the case on which such
+detention has taken place, and would gladly enter into any arrangement
+by which mistakes can be avoided and reparation secured promptly, when
+any injury to the neutral owners of a ship or cargo has been
+improperly caused, for they are most desirous, in the interest both of
+the United States and of other neutral countries, that British action
+should not interfere with the normal importation and use by the
+neutral countries of goods from the United States.</p>
+
+<p>I have the honor to be, with the highest consideration, your
+Excellency's most obedient humble servant,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">E. GREY.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h1><a name="Italy_and_the_War" id="Italy_and_the_War"></a>Italy and the War</h1>
+
+<h3>By William Roscoe Thayer</h3>
+
+<h4>[From <span class="smcap">The New York Times</span>, Jan. 17, 1915.]</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>William Roscoe Thayer, author of the article printed below,
+is one of the leading authorities on Italy in this country.
+His works on Italian history include &quot;The Dawn of Italian
+Independence,&quot; &quot;Italica,&quot; &quot;A Short History of Venice,&quot; and
+&quot;The Life and Times of Cavour.&quot; The last named, published
+three years ago, made a marked impression and won for its
+author an enviable place as a historian. Mr. Thayer is a
+graduate of Harvard and has edited the Harvard Graduates'
+Magazine since 1892. Since 1913 he has been a member of the
+Board of Overseers of Harvard College.</p></div>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">T</span>OO little has been said about Italy's refusal to join Germany and
+Austria in their war for world power. During the past five months we
+have heard German apologists offer the most contradictory arguments to
+prove, first, that Russia, next, that France and Belgium, and,
+finally, that England began the struggle. The Kaiser himself, with
+that disdain of fact which is the privilege of autocrats, declared
+that the sword was forced into his hands. And all the while the mere
+abstention of Italy from supporting Germany and Austria gave the lie
+to the Germanic protestations and excuses.</p>
+
+<p>By the terms of the Triple Alliance every member of it is bound to
+communicate at once to the other members all international diplomatic
+transactions which concern the alliance. Germany and Austria failed to
+do this during the earlier stages in July, when they were preparing
+for the war. Only after they had laid their train so surely that an
+explosion was almost inevitable did they communicate the documents to
+Italy and call upon her to take her place in the field with them. But
+Italy refused; because, after examining the evidence, she concluded
+that Germany and Austria were the aggressors. Now, the terms of the
+Triple Alliance bind its members to stand by each other only in case
+of attack.</p>
+
+<p>Italy's verdict, therefore, threw the guilt of the war on Germany and
+Austria. She had testimony before her which does not appear even in
+the &quot;White Papers&quot; and other official diplomatic correspondence; and
+all the efforts of German zealots and casuists have not subtracted one
+iota from the meaning of her abstention. Germany and Austria were the
+aggressors&#8212;that is the Italian verdict which history will confirm.</p>
+
+<p>On this side of the water the German apologists made as little as
+possible of Italy's withdrawal&#8212;they were too busy trying to persuade
+the American public that trivialities like the passage of a French
+aeroplane or of a French automobile with two French officers in it,
+across a corner of Belgium, thirty minutes before the German Army
+invaded Belgium, proved that the French and Belgians began the war.
+They sneered a little at Italian honor; they implied that scuttling
+off was all that could be expected of a decadent Latin people; and
+they hinted that, after the Kaiser had disposed of France, Belgium,
+England, and Russia, he would punish Italy for her &quot;flight.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>At Berlin, however, the importance&#8212;military, political, and naval&#8212;of
+Italy's withdrawal from the Triple Alliance was appraised at its true
+value. The German Foreign Office employed alternately threats and
+blandishments upon her. They warned her that, if she refused to back
+up her allies, she would be treated without mercy at the end of
+hostilities. When the policy of terrorizing failed, seductive promises
+were held out&#8212;suggestions of an addition to Italian territory and of
+a subsidy for military expenses. These also failed. Italy could not be
+induced to send her million soldiers against the Allies. Then Germany
+labored to prevent her from actively joining the Allies&#8212;and this
+effort Germany is keeping up at the present moment, under the
+direction of the sleek Prince von B&#252;low.</p>
+
+<p>The Italians, who have in large measure a sense of humor, that
+clarifying quality which Prussianization has destroyed in the Germans,
+must have smiled when they heard the German envoys expatiate on the
+beauties of neutrality, and, although they are a polite people, they
+must have found it hard to keep from laughing when the agents of Dr.
+Bethmann-Hollweg, who had just declared that a treaty is only a scrap
+of paper, to be torn up at pleasure, tried to impress upon Italy the
+sacredness of the treaty which bound her to the Triple Alliance.</p>
+
+<p>Not content with these official, or officious, manoeuvres, the German
+Government sent Socialist leaders into Italy to urge the Italian
+Socialists not to consent to a war in behalf of the Allies; but they,
+too, seem to have met with a chilly reception. The Italian Socialists,
+like the rest of the world, wondered why it was that 5,000,000
+Socialists in Germany should allow themselves to be commandeered,
+apparently without a murmur, to uphold a war waged to preserve and
+extend military despotism.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to these direct efforts to win Italy to their side, or at
+least to keep her from going over to the enemy, the Germans have been
+busy since early in August with their Press Bureau, which has pursued
+methods there similar to those they have made us familiar with here.
+But in Italy they have been more guarded and less truculent, and they
+have not, like the preposterous Bernstorff and his associates, assumed
+that the public they were addressing was not only ignorant of the
+simplest facts of recent European history, but were also morally
+imbecile.</p>
+
+<p>Although the Italians are not less susceptible than are other peoples
+to be swayed by sudden political gusts, they were not at the end of
+July, 1914, taken by surprise. For a long time past their King and
+statesmen had deliberated as to what ought to be Italy's course in
+case Germany should carry out her well-understood purpose of humbling
+England. The Italians were not deceived by the increase from year to
+year of the German Army. They knew perfectly well what the tremendous
+efforts of the Germans to create a great navy meant. They had no
+illusions as to the purpose of the strategic railways to the Belgian
+frontier on the west or to the Russian border on the east. They knew
+how narrowly a European war was averted during the Balkan cataclysm
+two years ago. They did not wrong the Kaiser by supposing that the
+immense fund which he had recently raised from &quot;voluntary&quot; 5 per cent.
+contributions on incomes was to be given to The Hague Tribunal to
+promote the cause of universal peace. They logically and honorably
+decided that, if Germany provoked war, Italy would not support her.
+The bond of the Triple Alliance called for no other action on her
+part. Germany and Austria provoked the war; Italy stood by her
+agreement.</p>
+
+<p>But a still further consideration influenced her. It was understood
+that, <i>if the war in which Germany and Austria engaged should involve
+England as an enemy, Italy's obligation to support the Triple Alliance
+would cease</i>. Since it would be suicidal for Italy to accept the
+liability of a <i>casus foederis</i> which should expose her to attack by
+the English and French Navies, her participation in the Triple
+Alliance always carried the proviso that it did not bind her to fight
+England.</p>
+
+<p>Such is the substance of the statement made by the dean of Italian
+statesmen, in a letter I received from him two months ago. No Italian
+could speak from a more thorough knowledge of the facts than he
+possessed, and that it has long been surmised that the Triplice could
+not drive Italy against England appears in various publications. Gen.
+Bernhardi, for instance, who knew so accurately the intentions of the
+German General Staff and the secrets of the German Foreign Office,
+intimates more than once that Germany and Austria, in their war for
+world power, need not hope for Italy's support. Referring to Col.
+Boucher's book, &quot;L'Offensive contre L'Allemagne,&quot; he says: &quot;Modern
+French writers are already reckoning so confidently on the withdrawal
+of Italy from the Triple Alliance that they no longer think it
+necessary to put an army in the field against Italy, but consider that
+the entire forces of France are available against Germany.&quot;<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/map4.png" width="375" height="500" alt="map" title="map" /></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><a href="images/map4lg.png">[Enlarge]</a></p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p>Why Italy made the reservation in the case of England will appear when
+we glance at the origin of the Triple Alliance.</p>
+
+<p>In 1871 Bismarck thought that the Franco-Prussian war, by the military
+losses and by the immense indemnity which it inflicted on the French
+people, had rendered France powerless for a generation. But within
+four years she paid the indemnity and had so far recovered in her
+armament, commerce, and prosperity, that the Iron Chancellor prepared
+to attack her again, and this time, to quote his butcher's phrase, &quot;to
+bleed her white.&quot; Only the certainty that the other powers would
+interfere stayed his hand then.</p>
+
+<p>So he set about circumventing France by other means. A league of the
+three Emperors of Germany, Austria, and Russia was the combination he
+preferred; but Russia proved an uncertain partner, as she feared
+Germanization, on the one hand, and, on the other, she was the
+encourager of pro-Slavic aspirations which ran counter to the Germans'
+ambition. Bismarck, therefore, looked about him for an alternative
+plan.</p>
+
+<p>He would keep the friendship of Russia&#8212;even though Russia declined a
+formal league&#8212;and he would lure Italy into the Germanic alliance.
+England, he knew, could not be persuaded to enter a Continental
+combination. Her commercial interests pointed elsewhere, and she still
+clung to her policy of splendid isolation. But Italy was unattached;
+and while she was the least formidable of the six great powers,
+Bismarck saw that he could make good use of her for his own purposes.
+The adroitness by which he drew her into his net is in direct contrast
+to the bovine diplomacy by which Kaiser William II. and his
+subservient Chancellors have succeeded, during the past twenty years,
+in smashing all their alliances and in alienating the sympathy of the
+civilized world.</p>
+
+<p>After the completion of Italian unity in 1870, the new Italian Kingdom
+found itself harassed not only by the many details of solidifying the
+civil Government, but also by the perplexities of international
+relations. The abolition of the Pope's temporal power made her, in
+theory at least, an object of odium to zealous Roman Catholics
+throughout the world. Her nearest neighbors&#8212;France and
+Austria&#8212;having long been the most loyal supporters of the head of the
+Roman Church, Italy could not be sure that either or both of them
+might not intrigue against her in behalf of the restoration of the
+Papacy. There was also in Italy a group of patriotic Jingoes&#8212;the
+Irredentists&#8212;bent on &quot;redeeming&quot; from Austria territory whose
+inhabitants they claimed were Italian in language, ideals, and
+situation. The Irredentist propaganda naturally increased the rancor
+which Austria felt toward the Italians over whom she had recently
+despotized.</p>
+
+<p>When Crispi, who was passing from his earlier character of conspirator
+and Radical to that of constitutional statesman, made the tour of the
+European Chancelleries, in 1877, he found Bismarck profuse in his
+expression of good-will toward Italy. If we are to believe Crispi, the
+Chancellor was ready then to draw up a treaty with her, and went so
+far as to hint that he approved of Italy's aspirations. Among these
+were the possession of Tunis and a foothold on the east coast of the
+Adriatic. The next year, at the Berlin Congress, however, Italy's
+interests were ignored, and, instead, Austria was encouraged to extend
+her dominion south of the Balkans, and the French were at least not
+discouraged from coveting a stronger position in the Mediterranean.</p>
+
+<p>Finally, in 1882, France seized Tunis, to the immense indignation of
+the Italians, who had come to regard that as their predestined
+province. For it lay only a few hours by steamer from the southern
+coast of Sicily; it commanded the passage between the western and
+eastern Mediterranean; and, above all, it was the symbol of Italy's
+colonial ambition. To have a colony, if not several, was then regarded
+as the sign of being a first-class power; and that Italy should be
+tricked out of Tunis seemed to advertise to the world that she was not
+a first-class power. For her protests availed nothing.</p>
+
+<p>The Italians did not know then, nor for a long time afterward, that
+<i>the French seizure of Tunis was directly due to Bismarck's
+instigation</i>. Lord Salisbury, also, who seems to have been in the
+plot, approved it for his own reasons. Bismarck's motives were
+plain&#8212;he wished to entangle France further in African colonial
+ventures. It had taken forty years, many thousand soldiers' lives, and
+great expenditures for France to make Algiers reasonably safe. As
+Tunis would increase the French burdens, it followed that every
+regiment needed there would diminish the strength of the armies with
+which France guarded herself from a German attack on her eastern
+frontier.</p>
+
+<p>Having roused the Italians to wrath by this ruse, Bismarck had no
+difficulty in persuading them to join the Triple Alliance. He hardly
+needed to suggest that, if they had felt anxious at the possibility of
+French hostile pressure before, they had an even greater reason for
+such anxiety now that the French controlled the Mediterranean south of
+them. We may suspect also that Bismarck pointed out, as a special
+inducement, that, if Italy joined the alliance, she would be free from
+the likelihood of an attack by Austria.</p>
+
+<p>Accordingly, in 1882, Italy entered into partnership with Germany and
+Austria for mutual defense. The only powers likely to assail them at
+that time were France and Russia; for England was still isolated, and
+Bismarck, although he felt a strong antipathy toward the English, was
+too shrewd a statesman either to scorn or to provoke them. As late as
+1889, he approved of Italy's seeking an <i>entente</i> with England.</p>
+
+<p>At the time Italy joined the Triplice she felt, no doubt, an unwonted
+sense of security. Were not two powerful empires standing by, ready
+to defend her? Her wounded pride, also, was solaced by her admission
+on equal terms into such a league. Neither France nor any other could
+henceforth taunt her with being a second-rate power.</p>
+
+<p>The immediate result of the alliance was the spread of German
+commercial and financial enterprises throughout the peninsula, and the
+steady growth of Italian bad feeling toward France. A large group of
+Italians made Gallophobia their guiding principle. They remembered
+that, in the sixties, Napoleon III. had maintained at Rome that French
+garrison which prevented them from emancipating the States of the
+Church from Papal control, and from completing the unification of
+Italy. They remembered that Napoleon annexed Nice&#8212;Garibaldi's
+birthplace&#8212;to France, and that the French <i>chassepots</i> at Mentana
+dispersed Garibaldi and his red shirts bent on capturing the Eternal
+City. In the eighties, the Italians had good reason to suspect that
+the French Clericals were busy devising some imbroglio through which
+the Pope might be restored to the temporal power.</p>
+
+<p>A convinced Gallophobe and crafty intriguer like Crispi, therefore,
+easily inflamed Italian indignation, so recently excited by the
+seizure of Tunis and by Clerical intrigues, and he counted it a gay
+feather in his cap when, in 1889, he declared a tariff war on France.
+Hard times for Italy followed; the commerce of the country was
+dislocated, and although Crispi tried to get compensation by
+negotiating special terms for trade with Germany and Austria, the new
+customers did not make up for the old. Germany could not furnish
+capital as France had done. Paris was, and is, the financial capital
+of the European Continent.</p>
+
+<p>On this side Italy lost and Bismarck gained by the Triple
+Alliance&#8212;for he had attained his purpose of splitting France and
+Italy apart. What advantage did the Italians derive from the
+agreement? The reply commonly given is, protection. But, we ask,
+protection from whom? Not from France, because it is clear enough
+that, whether the Triplice existed or not, Germany would have attacked
+the French, if they had attacked the Italians; so that Italy had in
+Germany a logical protector, to whom she need not have sacrificed her
+initiative.</p>
+
+<p>Her only other possible assailant was Austria, and it may fairly be
+argued that the alliance restrained Austria from attack; but Austria
+permitted herself every other unfriendly act toward Italy except open
+war; and Germany looked placidly on.</p>
+
+<p>The fact that Germany, the chief Protestant nation in Europe, was the
+ally of Italy, might also be regarded as a support to the Italians in
+their long conflict with Papal pretensions; but how little Germany
+cared for Italy's welfare in this struggle appeared in 1903, when
+Kaiser Wilhelm prevented the election of Cardinal Rampolla as Pope.
+Rampolla, if not a Liberal, was a devoted Italian; Sarti, who defeated
+him, was a Reactionary, controlled by the Jesuits, hostile to Italy.</p>
+
+<p>When we look at Germany's action in other affairs we find pleasant
+words but no tangible profit. From her geographical position Italy
+claimed an interest in the status of the Balkan Peninsula, and
+particularly in the eastern shore of the Adriatic. Germany pretended
+to favor her interests&#8212;according to Crispi, Bismarck even went so far
+as to ask, &quot;Why don't you take Albania?&quot;&#8212;but it was Austria that
+Germany steadily pushed on into the Balkans; and in 1908, when
+Austria, with Germany's connivance, appropriated Bosnia and
+Herzegovina, the Italians realized that they had been tricked again,
+as they were in the case of Tunis.</p>
+
+<p>Since 1908 the Teutonic partners, growing more and more arrogant, have
+shown indifference to the concerns of their Italian ally, who, seeing
+no future for her in Europe, swooped down on Tripoli, the only stretch
+of North African littoral not already possessed by the French and by
+the English. Persons on the inside at Rome whispered that, if Italy
+had not occupied Tripoli when she did, Germany would have forestalled
+her; for the Kaiser, furious at being thwarted in Morocco and at
+having failed to bully France into submission, as he had done in 1905,
+had determined to seize Tripoli, come what might. More than one
+Foreign Office has ample proof to settle this assertion. Its
+plausibility is patent&#8212;Germany was already in close league with
+Turkey, and, looking forward to a war on England, she saw the
+advantage of owning territory and a naval base within easy reach of
+the Suez Canal.</p>
+
+<p>Certain it is that both Germany and Austria frowned on Italy's Libyan
+enterprise, and that, in their intrigues in the Balkan Peninsula, in
+1912 and 1913, they ignored their Italian partner.</p>
+
+<p>And yet as long ago as 1895 Germany admitted that Italy was hardly
+getting a fair return from her bargain with her Teutonic allies. On
+March 5, 1895, Senator Lanza reported an interview he had just had
+with Emperor William, who said; &quot;He had found Count K&#225;lnoky (the
+Austrian Premier) ... still uneasy lest we (Italy) may come to
+consider the Triple Alliance insufficiently advantageous, merely
+because it cannot supply us, at once and in times of peace, with the
+necessary means of satisfying our desires with regard to the
+territories of Northern Africa and others as well. His Majesty ...
+added: 'Wait patiently. Let the occasion but present itself and you
+shall have whatever you wish.'&quot;<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p>
+
+<p>In spite of the Kaiser's assurance, Italy has got less and less return
+from the Triple Alliance every year since 1895.</p>
+
+<p>It appears, therefore, that Italy long ago opened her eyes as to the
+real profit the alliance brought her. When England loomed up as the
+objective which Germany resolved to destroy, Italy quite logically let
+it be understood that she would not engage in a fight against England.
+Over thirty years of political alliance had created no sympathy among
+the Italians for the Germans. Like all other Europeans, they resented
+the arrogance of the Teutons who strode over their country.</p>
+
+<p>But deeper, far deeper than personal dislike of bad manners was the
+fundamental antagonism between the Italian and the Prussian ideal. The
+Italians were pledged to Liberty, the Germans to Autocracy, bulwarked
+by militarism. In their long struggle for independence the Italians
+had had the sympathy of the best Englishmen, and in Palmerston, and
+especially in Lord John Russell, they found very powerful political
+helpers. But never since Bismarck took the helm of Prussia had one
+word in behalf of Democracy and Freedom been lisped by Monarch or
+Minister. For Italy to abandon her democratic ideal and to revert to
+the feudal-despotic ideal of the Pan-Germanists is unthinkable.</p>
+
+<p>If she goes into the war, as now seems probable, it will be to uphold
+the Allies, who are fighting against Teutonic ambition inspired by
+despotic aims. Self-preservation demands that choice&#8212;because, should
+Germany win, she will not spare Italy. A stronger reason than
+self-interest, or than fear, however, will guide the Italians. In
+their past civilization and in their modern ideals they belong with
+the Western powers. They know the origin of their national
+independence. And if any Ministry should attempt to send them to
+replenish the wasting armies of Germany and of Austria, they would
+invoke the memory of Victor Emmanuel and of Garibaldi, of Mazzini and
+of Cavour, and refuse to be partners in schemes to aggrandize the
+Hapsburgs and the Hohenzollerns.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I am the son of Liberty,&quot; said Cavour; &quot;to her I owe all that I am.&quot;
+That, too, is Italy's motto, which she will not deny.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="HE_HEARD_THE_BUGLES_CALLING" id="HE_HEARD_THE_BUGLES_CALLING"></a>HE HEARD THE BUGLES CALLING</h2>
+
+<h3>BY CAREY C.D. BRIGGS</h3>
+
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<b><span class="smcap">There's</span></b> an old red mill at the foot of the hill;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hear the mill-wheel turning, turning</span><br />
+To the drip of tears through the long, long years<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Of my heart's relentless yearning&#8212;</span><br />
+Oh, the tender note of the catch in his throat,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oh, the tear that he dried with laughter;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">&quot;I'll be back some day&#8212;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Mind the mill while I'm away,&quot;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And he waved one last kiss floating after.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Gone is the miller boy,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Gone from the mill;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Gone up the winding road,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Gone o'er the hill;</span><br />
+Gone with the drum-beat up over the hill,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Where he heard the bugles calling.</span><br />
+<br />
+There's no grist for the mill or siller for the till,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">But I've kept the mill-wheel turning</span><br />
+To the rumble and the beat of a million marching feet,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And my sad heart's muffled yearning.</span><br />
+Oh, the road his brave feet trod, lit with glory up to God,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oh, the courage of his call shames my sorrow;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">&quot;I'll be back some day&#8212;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Mind the mill while I'm away,&quot;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And I caught one last kiss for tomorrow.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Gone is the miller boy,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Gone from the mill;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Gone up the winding road,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Gone o'er the hill;</span><br />
+Gone with the drum-beat up over the hill,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Where he heard the bugles calling.</span><br />
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h1><a name="German_Soldiers_Write_Home" id="German_Soldiers_Write_Home"></a>German Soldiers Write Home</h1>
+
+<h2>Letter of Prince Joachim</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The following letter was written by Prince Joachim of
+Prussia, son of the Kaiser, to Sergt. Karl Kummer of a
+Prussian Regiment of Guards, who had been sent, badly
+wounded, to his sister at Teplitz, and whom the Prince had
+known for years.</p></div>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">M</span>Y Dear Kummer: How sincerely I rejoiced to receive your very
+solicitous letter. I was sure of Kummer for that&#8212;that no one could
+hold him back when the time came to do some thrashing! God grant that
+you may speedily recover, so that you can enter Potsdam, crowned with
+glory, admired and envied. Who is nursing you?</p>
+
+<p>The old proud First Guard Regiment has proved that it was ready to
+conquer and to die. Kummer, if I can in any way help you I shall
+gladly do so by providing anything that will make you comfortable. You
+know how happy I have always been for your devotion to the service,
+and how we two always were for action (Schwung.) I, too, am proud to
+have been wounded for our beloved Fatherland, and I regret only that I
+am not permitted to be with the regiment. Well, may God take care of
+you. Your devoted,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">JOACHIM OF PRUSSIA.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+<h2>Letter of Rudolf Herzog</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The following letter, written from the field by Rudolf
+Herzog, one of the leading German novelists and poets, was
+published in rhymed verse in No. 41 of Die Woche.</p></div>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">I</span>T had been a wild week. The storm wind swept with its broom of rain;
+it lashed us and splashed us, thrashed noses and ears, whistled
+through our clothing, penetrated the pores of our skin. And in the
+deluge&#8212;sights that made us shudder&#8212;gaunt skeleton churches, cracked
+walls, smoking ruins, piled hillock high; cities and villages&#8212;judged,
+annihilated.</p>
+
+<p>Over there a stone pit; faces grown like the faces of beasts, a
+picked-up rabble of assassins. A short command. A howling of death.
+Squarely across the road we surge. A bloody grappling coil; batteries
+broken and shattered; iron and wood and bits of clothing and bones.</p>
+
+<p>And upon the just and the unjust alike, the lashing rain for days and
+nights.</p>
+
+<p>We rushed through the gray Ardennes woods, the Chief Lieutenant and I,
+racing along day after day, wrapped up tightly, our rifles ready,
+through wood and marsh. No time to lose! No time to lose! Down into
+the valley of the Meuse!</p>
+
+<p>Of twenty bridges, there remained but beams rolled up by the
+waters&#8212;and yawning gaps.</p>
+
+<p>Now comes the order: In three days new bridges must be finished!</p>
+
+<p>Haste, men! Haste! Rain or no rain, it must be done!</p>
+
+<p>Pioneers and railway builders working together, hunt up material, drag
+and hammer and ram it together; take the rain for the sweat of their
+brows; look like fat toiling devils; hang along the banks, lie in the
+water&#8212;after all, in this weather, no one can get any wetter! They
+speak very little, and never laugh. Three days are short. Nothing,
+nothing but duty!</p>
+
+<p>Not a thought remained for the distant homeland and dear ones far
+away; the only thought, by day and by night&#8212;on to the enemy, come
+what may! No mind intent on any other goal. No time to lose! No time
+to lose! Haste! Haste!</p>
+
+<p>And forward and backward and criss-cross through the gray Ardennes,
+the Chief Lieutenant and I, racing day after day. Laughter, when we
+tried it, died sickly on our lips. The bridges! the bridges! and
+nothing but the bridges! Empty belly, and limbs like lead. Once more,
+now; all together for a last great heave!</p>
+
+<p>There lies Fumay on the smooth-flowing river; and next to the old
+bridge, a newly built one stretches from shore to shore&#8212;a German
+roadway, a roadway to good fortune!</p>
+
+<p>Captain of the Guard! You? From the Staff Headquarters?</p>
+
+<p>He shouts my name as he approaches.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Congratulations! Congratulations!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>And he waves a paper above a hundred heads.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Telegram from home! Make way there, you rascal! At the home of our
+poet&#8212;I've just learned it&#8212;a little war girl has arrived!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>I hold the paper in my outstretched hand. Has the sun broken suddenly
+into the enemy's land? Light and life on all the ruins?...</p>
+
+<p>I see a new bridge reaching on&#8212;</p>
+
+<p>Springtime scatters the shuddering Autumn dreariness.</p>
+
+<p>My little girl! I have a little girl in my home!...</p>
+
+<p>You bring back my smile to me in a heavy time....</p>
+
+<p>I gaze up at the sky and am silent. And far and near the busy, noisy
+swarm of workers is silent. Every one looks up, seeking some point in
+the far sky. Officers and men for a single heart-throb listen as to a
+distant song from the lips of children and from a mother's
+mouth&#8212;stand there and smile around me, in blissful pensiveness, as if
+there were no longer an enemy. Every one seems to feel the sun, the
+sun of olden happiness.</p>
+
+<p>And yet, it had merely chanced that on the German Rhine, in an old
+castle lost amid trees, a dear little German girl was born.</p>
+
+<p>(Written Sept. 17, 1914, in the field.)</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+<h2>Letter of the Duke of Altenburg</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>From a letter written from the front by the Duke of
+Altenburg on Sept. 5, and published in the Altenburger
+Zeitung.</p></div>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">W</span>E have lived through a great deal and done a great deal, marching,
+marching continually, without rest or respite. On Aug. 10 we reached
+Willdorf, near J&#252;lich, by train, and from the 12th of August we
+marched without a single day of rest except Aug. 16, which we spent in
+a Belgian village near Li&#233;ge, until today, when we reached &#8212;&#8212;. Those
+have been army marches such as history has never known.</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center" class="border">
+<img src="images/djemal.jpg" width="309" height="500" alt="Djemal Pasha" title="Djemal Pasha" /></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>DJEMAL PASHA</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>The Turkish Minister of Marine, Who Shares with Enver Pasha<br />
+the
+Control of Turkish Affairs.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>(<i>Photo</i> &#169; <i>International News Service.</i>)</b></p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center" class="border">
+<img src="images/ali.jpg" width="311" height="500" alt="Ali Pasha" title="Ali Pasha" /></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>EMIR ALI PASHA</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>Vice President of the Turkish Parliament, Who Was Sent to Berlin to
+Take<br />
+Back to Turkey Mohammedan Prisoners Captured from the Allies.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>(<i>Photo from Press Illustrating Co.</i>)</b></p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p>The weather was fine, except that a broiling heat blazed down upon us.
+The regiment can point back to several days' marches of fifty
+kilometers &#8212;&#8212;. Everywhere our arrival created great amazement, in
+Louvain as well as in Brussels, into which the entire &#8212;&#8212; marched
+at one time. At first we were taken for Englishmen in almost every
+village, and we still are, because the inhabitants cannot realize that
+we have arrived so early. The Belgians, moreover, in the last few days
+almost invariably set fire to their own villages.</p>
+
+<p>On Aug. 24 we first entered battle; I led a combined brigade
+consisting of &#8212;&#8212;. The regiment fought splendidly, and in spite of
+the gigantic strain put upon it, it is in the best of spirits and full
+of the joy of battle. On that day I was for a long time in the
+sharpest rifle and artillery fire. Since that time there have been
+almost daily skirmishes and continual long marches; the enemy stalks
+ahead of us in seven-league boots. On Aug. 26 we put behind us a
+march of exactly twenty-three hours, from 6:30 o'clock in the morning
+till 5:30 the next morning. With all that, I was supposed to lead my
+regiment across a bridge to take a position guarding a new bridge in
+course of construction; but the bridge, as we discovered in the nick
+of time, was mined; twenty minutes later it flew into the air.</p>
+
+<p>After resting for three hours in a field of stubble, and after we had
+all eaten in common with the men in a field kitchen&#8212;as we usually
+do&#8212;we continued marching till dark.</p>
+
+<p>The spirit among our men is excellent. Tonight I am to have a real
+bed&#8212;the fourth, I believe, since the war began. Today I undressed for
+the first time in eight days.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+<h2>Letter of Paul Oskar H&#246;cker</h2>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">The German novelist, Paul Oskar H&#246;cker is a Captain of the
+Landwehr.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">I</span> WANTED to write to you from the village of D., which we captured by
+storm. Hundreds of Frenchmen, upon the retreat of their troops,
+preferred to flee to the cellars, where they promptly transformed
+themselves into civilians. Our battalion had orders to conduct
+investigations, arrest those apparently liable to military service,
+and to take possession of all arms. Unexpectedly large stores of
+ammunition thus fell into our hands. Among these seizures were many
+chests containing dumdum bullets and bearing the stamp of the
+ammunition factory where they were made. The cartridges were intended
+for use in carabines. Accordingly, it would seem to be chiefly a
+question of the unlawful use of these missiles, repulsive to the laws
+of nations, by bicycle and scout corps.</p>
+
+<p>These bullets lay also in a factory package in a writing desk next to
+a draft of the last will and testament which Monsieur le Capitaine
+wrote out on the first day of mobilization: He bequeathed his cash
+fortune of 110,000 francs, as well as his household furniture and his
+two hunting dogs, to Mme. Isabelle H. The forsaken Mme. Isabelle, who
+sought distant and clearer skies two days before our entry into the
+village, does not, however, seem to have been very fond of animals;
+for out of the forsaken house there rose piteously the whimpering and
+whining of the half-starved setters.</p>
+
+<p>But what are the thousand bright recollections of the captured town,
+what are all the experiences of this campaign, compared to the heavy,
+heavy days of fighting which our battalion had to battle through near
+L.!</p>
+
+<p>On Sunday, Oct. 4 the detachment marched from D. in the direction of
+L. It had been known for some time that the enemy was attempting a
+movement around our extreme right flank. Continual detrainments of
+French troops were taking place at L. A further advance was to be
+permitted to them under no conditions. The march toward L. took place
+on various roads. A cavalry division cleared the territory north of
+the city, and dispatched, simultaneously with our own advance, a
+company of Jaegers and a company of bicycle men against L.</p>
+
+<p>At 1 o'clock we received fire. The point of our column returns it. As
+ever in small towns and suburbs the skill of the French is great in
+street fighting, turning to best advantage every protruding corner and
+extension of a building, and utilizing every alley of trees for firing
+attacks. Then the Frenchman clears these spaces quickly and hurries
+for protection to the next block of houses, till he has lured the foe
+far enough forward to surprise him with a carefully prepared fire from
+the side.</p>
+
+<p>By leaps and bounds we advance along the broad road to the heights of
+the two suburbs F. and R. Here for the first time there is a matching
+of fighting forces. Undoubtedly the foe is far superior to us
+numerically; and he seems firmly determined not to allow himself to be
+crowded out of his excellent sheltered positions.</p>
+
+<p>Our battery rolls up, and lets her brazen tongue speak. The infantry
+fight ceases, until the foremost buildings are set aflame on all three
+sides. Troop at a time, the French now take to flight, most of them
+abandoning their cartridges, as is evidenced by the rattle of
+exploding ammunition on every floor of the buildings.</p>
+
+<p>But R. holds out, while F., at the right of the roadway, and the
+houses afire on the road toward Lille itself are quickly cleared of
+the enemy. The bicycle patrol, which has undertaken a determined
+advance to F., meets no further foe.</p>
+
+<p>But upon the two companies engaged on my right there is poured a
+murderous fire that presently exacts heavy toll; and in the rough
+country hereabout it is impossible to discover the masked positions of
+the sharpshooters and machine guns. The Frenchman is an expert in the
+location of excellent hiding places, wire entanglements, and the like.
+He even puts forth infinite efforts to make his fortified positions
+extremely comfortable nests from which he can enjoy a view of all the
+points at which, in the irregular lay of the land, the enemy must
+necessarily halt; and thereupon the Frenchman meets the hesitating
+column of attack with his concentrated fire.</p>
+
+<p>Four guns are nibbling at the edge of the village with their shells.
+Perhaps the machine guns, whose monotonous rattle lashes our nerves to
+the snapping point, may be hidden there in the church tower. But the
+battery commander hesitates to damage the house of God. So he leaves a
+gap there, and sweeps the smaller houses. Suddenly one of the machine
+guns ceases&#8212;it must have been concealed in the hedge close to the
+church; the gun squad serving it must have been found by the fire of
+our gunners; for presently there is noticeable in that quarter a foot
+race of red-trousered infantrymen. In the moaning of the shells there
+mingles the rattling of shrapnel. A whole group tumbles pell-mell;
+yonder one of them dashes madly this way and that, until a new load
+strikes him&#8212;they move like dolls in a miniature theatre; it is hard
+to realize at this distance that human lives are being crushed out
+here.</p>
+
+<p>But an hour later we entered R. Night has fallen. Through the mighty
+gaps in the gabled roofs of the houses of the narrow street on which
+we enter shines the moon. Four men of the bicycle corps stand silent
+at the entrance to the village; the prisoners in their midst,
+infantrymen in uniform or in rapidly donned civil garb&#8212;the tell-tale
+red of the trousers shows under the short vest of one of them. In the
+streets lie curious bundles, the corpses of those who have fallen
+here. A wounded soldier drags wearily up to the subaltern officer's
+post, with hands raised above his head; it is a Frenchman who has
+thrown away his blue coat, but still wears his cap. The steps of the
+incoming battalion ring out on the village pavement. Otherwise an icy
+silence, night, and the smell of blood and burning.</p>
+
+<p>And now horror creeps over us. We greet Death. He greets us.</p>
+
+<p>In R. scarcely a single house is still inhabited. All have fled to L.
+In the street that has been assigned to my company, I must have almost
+every house opened by force, in order that the men, worn out with
+marching and fighting, may rest. Here and there, in answer to
+prolonged knocking, one of the inhabitants comes to the door. When the
+shell fire began they took refuge in their cellars.</p>
+
+<p>In the brightly tiled hall of a pretty house that has escaped damage I
+sit with the gentlemen for several hours over glasses of mulled wine.
+We are waiting for orders for the next day. The orders reach us at 1
+o'clock that night; the detachment is to take its stand at 7 o'clock
+beside the church at R., in order to continue the advance toward L.</p>
+
+<p>But during the hours of the night many changes have taken place. The
+troops driven out of R. have sent their patrols, the black scouts, to
+the very edge of the suburb again, under cover of darkness; and
+reports of our cavalry and bicycle men tell that during the night
+heavy detachments of troops sent from the north have reached L. They
+talk of 40,000 to 50,000 men, chiefly newly enlisted forces and
+territorials; but Englishmen, too, are said to be among them. Our
+assigned task does not include fighting a destructive battle. We are
+simply to compel the enemy to unfold his forces, for certain strategic
+reasons the nature of which, of course, we do not know. Accordingly,
+our small detachment must risk everything in order to lure upon itself
+as many as possible of the enemy's troops. That, too, is just what
+happened.</p>
+
+<p>We take our former positions. The cavalry division has departed, with
+its artillery, its bicycle corps, its Jaegers, and its machine guns.
+New problems are in store on the right wing for the brave division
+which has already distinguished itself throughout the entire campaign.
+We remain alone with our battery&#8212;the third battalion of the active
+regiment and our provincial Landwehr battalion.</p>
+
+<p>It is going to be a heavy, heavy, heavy day of fighting.</p>
+
+<p>Patrols establish the fact that F. is free of the enemy's forces. But
+as we enter the road toward L. the French machine guns at once
+announce themselves. They sing and whistle and whirr above our heads.
+After yesterday's losses (half a column of the Fifth Company is still
+busy burying our dead, laying our wounded in automobiles and wagons to
+be sent to the hospitals) our artillery will first shoot breaches in
+the enemy's lines before we advance.</p>
+
+<p>But at midday the field artillery of the Frenchmen already replies to
+ours. They must have transshipped, at night, from their positions on
+the canal to L., in the belief that mighty forces were being assembled
+here for a further tremendous blow. The object of our assignment would
+in that case already have been for the most part accomplished. But all
+of us subordinate officers&#8212;who neither possess nor should possess an
+insight into the strategic movement&#8212;we have but a single desire:
+Forward!</p>
+
+<p>For a few minutes, after the first thundering crash of the French
+artillery, there is deep silence. It seems as if nature itself were
+holding its breath. The crash had fallen in the alley of poplars along
+the road. The roadway is strewn with branches and twigs. Just beside
+the northern column of our battery the monstrous shell has buried
+itself in the clay soil. A hail of earth-crumbs has rained upon us. We
+cannot note any other damage. But all the companies that are still in
+closed formation spread out in order to offer no compact target.</p>
+
+<p>For hours, now, there continues this terrible cannonading backward and
+forward, this dreadful argument of batteries. Horrible as is the
+devastation which such an instrument of murder can wreak, you
+gradually grow accustomed to the roaring storm. And you almost smile
+because you still lower your head each time. Until you remember: We
+greet Death, and he greets us.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Near the church tower southeast of L. where the railway bridge can be
+seen, are hostile riflemen, strength several companies.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Our cavalry patrol disappears again&#8212;a French machine gun fires at it
+without hitting&#8212;and the battalion commander calls to me:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Company left across the road, right and left of the farmhouse,
+developing a column on each side, with wide intervals between!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Quickly the right wing column darts across. My Turkish professor, the
+Chief Lieutenant, manages it beautifully. One sharpshooter always
+darts ahead, throws himself on his belly, creeps on; a second follows.
+At one, two kilometers, scarcely a headpiece is visible. The left
+column is less successful. Over the heads of the sharpshooters there
+at once whistle shells. They feel the air pressure; the tremendous
+noise grips them.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Dodge! Lie down! Forward only one at a time, with long pauses! You'll
+betray our positions, fellows!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>And at this moment there is a clattering sound in the air above. A
+French airman!</p>
+
+<p>&quot;An airman, Captain!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Yes, yes, I've heard him.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The only thing that can help us is to keep from looking up. Only the
+rows of flesh-colored oval faces, that immediately turn up to greet
+each flight of an airman, permit the strength of forces to be
+estimated at such great distances.</p>
+
+<p>Beyond any doubt the foe has overestimated our strength tenfold.
+Otherwise he would not have put forth these tremendous efforts. His
+strength, in such fortified positions, would have sufficed to hold an
+entire army corps in check. And our poor weak brigade?</p>
+
+<p>I lie on my belly, creeping forward. To remain standing would be
+suicide.</p>
+
+<p>Sst-sst-teewheet&#8212;boom-buzz&#8212;tsha! Tacktack-tacktack-tack!</p>
+
+<p>It's a bad music. We are being rained upon with iron. We hear it
+whistle past our ears, we feel it whizz over our helmets. Our
+artillery covers us in front, so that we cannot fire at the single
+bodies of advance riflemen. They are drawing to the left toward the
+entrance to F. Soon the infantry bullets are striking close among us.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing to be seen! Nothing to be seen!</p>
+
+<p>&quot;We must advance further!&quot; I shout into the line of sharpshooters. The
+battalion commander shouts it at the same time. He wouldn't let any
+one rob him of the honor of advancing in the foremost row of riflemen.
+We crawl forward on all fours. After thirty meters, halt. Still
+nothing to be seen. The land rises in front of us. Fifty meters
+further; eighty; a hundred. At last we have a clear view ahead. Rifles
+are advanced.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Half way to the left, at the entrance to F., sharpshooters, stand!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>A few shots from our ranks. The blue figures falter, fall. But at the
+same time we have betrayed our position. And now the hail begins anew.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;They all shoot too high! Aim well, men! Every shot a bullseye!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>My voice reaches only the rows of riflemen nearest to me. The clatter
+and crashing is tremendous, but even more horrible is this singing and
+whizzing past of shells, especially when the enemy's machine guns
+sweep us.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Are those some of our men?&quot; my bugler beside me asks. &quot;They're
+already standing half way down the road back of us!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>A shiver of horror creeps over us. Yes, they have enticed and held us
+fast in the midst of their artillery&#8212;and on the left their infantry,
+well protected, has advanced under cover to our flank. And now the
+French machine gun patters on our right, in monotonous rhythm, in this
+concert of hell.</p>
+
+<p>Behind us there is no longer a sign of life. Our battery is gone; it
+must have shot away its ammunition.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Order of the Brigade Commander: Company retire slowly!&quot; A man at the
+end of our serried line near the roadside has called the order to me.
+The order travels by word of mouth along our line. It is a long time
+before it reaches the riflemen furthest left. And as soon as the
+slightest movement is noticeable in the beet fields, the deadly hail
+rattles down upon us again.</p>
+
+<p>My eyeglass is covered with sweat and dirt. I tear it away. Now, as
+the shells strike, clouds of dirt fly into my eyes. I close them. At
+my left, a rifleman crawling along, nudges me:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The dogs!&quot; he mutters: &quot;Now they've got us in a hell of a pinch!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>I can speak no more. We go crawling along another 500 meters. My
+revolver bangs along on the ground at my left; my fieldglass at my
+right. For a moment I think of the droll problem given to the officer
+at the military examination: &quot;What would you do if you saw artillery
+unfold before you, infantry on your left, and artillery against your
+flank on the right?&quot; Answer: &quot;I'd order: Take off helmets and pray!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Take off helmets and pray! Yes, there is now no help for it. Now it's
+a case of dying decently like gentlemen.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;No running away, men! We're no Frenchmen!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>A minute's stop to take breath, at yon hay-rick on the left. So, there
+they're advancing, in a gay company, the blue-frocks!</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Left, riflemen, along the church yard wall, stand! Rifle fire!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>And two groups are daring enough to stand upright and fire, although
+the machine gun fire is sweeping us again. The man next to me is
+loading his gun; suddenly he throws up an arm:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Hell! That's pretty warm!&quot; A bullet has passed midway through the
+cover of his rifle barrel.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Go on! Slowly! One at a time! Don't crowd!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>On the road we find a man of the second column, pressed against a
+tree.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Where is the battalion?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>He points in the direction of R.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;There they are, still fighting, Captain.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Yes, there still stand some riflemen in a rifle fight. An officer with
+them.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Forward!&quot; and I point in their direction.</p>
+
+<p>But over there the witches' caldron is boiling more fiercely. The
+machine guns are nearer there. After a short consultation with the
+leader of the division I order: &quot;Retire. Singly.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The narrow road through which we retire is swept continually with
+fire. I climb up to the ridge. Now nothing further matters. Only not
+to fall alive in the hands of those over there! To die! I stumble over
+a ridge in the field. A few moments of unconsciousness. Then again the
+tacktack-tacktack of the machine guns. God, our Lord, Thou art our
+refuge forever and aye! I pray Thee, I pray Thee, let me die an honest
+soldier's death. And not suffer long. Now, dear Lord, please; now! If
+only my fellows don't begin to run!</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Slowly, men; slowly. Halt at the brown stretch of field.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Panting, we lie there. &quot;Rifles in position! Take aim! Fire!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>As soon as a few shots have been fired, there ensues a pause in the
+firing over there. We make good use of it. Then, &quot;Down on your bellies
+again!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>I cannot go further.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Go ahead without me, boys. Greet my people for me. God with you.
+You've fought well. Damn you, fellow, run, I tell you! Down on your
+faces! Take breath. Fire!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>When, long ago, I went to my confirmation lesson, the Superintendent
+once said&#8212;ah, what a remarkable man that was!&#8212;&quot;I would like only to
+take a single look at my little garden. I'm a city child, and have
+grown so fond of the flowers, this little bit of earth!&quot;&#8212;Hui! hui!
+there it whistles over our heads again. I greet Death. And my lips
+touch the ridge of the field furrow.</p>
+
+<p>Of dust thou art; to dust thou shalt return.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Boys, you're not afraid? Eh?&quot; And I try to laugh.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The apes over there! They don't know how to shoot. Such clowns!
+They'll hit the sky!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Hui! hui! tack-a-tack-tacktack! Run on! The patent-leathered lackeys
+can't hit us!</p>
+
+<p>But there lies one of the other company. Dead.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Don't run! Keep halting! Fire!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>From the village a hail of shrapnel. From the opposite side, the same.
+But now nobody runs with lowered head. We are now used to the
+benediction of bullets. Further on, further on!</p>
+
+<p>Of the brigade there's not a trace. When the artillery had shot away
+its ammunition, the order was given: &quot;Retire, all!&quot; It reached me, in
+front there with the rifle lines, fully an hour later than the rest.</p>
+
+<p>Scattered stragglers join me.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Where is our Chief Lieutenant?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Wounded in the neck; only a glancing bullet. Has returned slowly on
+an artillery horse. Midway among the shrapnels. Great fellow.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Nobody knows where the point of reunion is. I lead the rest of the
+battalion after the other companies. Night is falling. Somewhere a
+cavalry patrol tells us: They're to bivouac over there at the fort.</p>
+
+<p>We march toward that. Bicycle men come to meet us. We hear from
+them&#8212;no one believed that a single man of us could escape that
+devil's caldron alive. My orderly (Bursche) comes riding to meet me.
+His eyes are wet.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;My Captain! My Captain!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>I must press many hands. I warm myself at the bivouac fire. The
+Quartermaster has brought me a half flask of champagne. There's red
+wine for the men in the baggage division. It has already been mulled.
+A plate of rice soup. The earth-crumb is still sticking to my lips. I
+swallow it down with the first draught of foaming wine: &quot;I greet thee,
+Life! I greet thee, Earth!&quot; And comrades come up and are glad to see
+me, old monster, again.</p>
+
+<p>Thank God, my company has suffered only few losses! When I order the
+Sergeant Major to read the list, only a few are missing. But this one
+or that one has been seen by some one of his comrades after the fight.
+Well, then they are only scattered, and will find their way back by
+and by. The battalion in these two days of fighting lost thirty-eight
+dead and sixty-six wounded. That includes some light wounds from
+glancing bullets.</p>
+
+<p>It all lies behind me like a confused dream. We are bivouacking in the
+casemates of the fort. I awake several times in terror. Deep, deep
+silence. Only the pacing to and fro of the sentinel on guard. To and
+fro, to and fro. He is cold.</p>
+
+<p>I creep deeper into the straw. Poor fellow, the sentinel. How soft
+I've got it! So warm here! I have hot eyes and hot cheeks, but
+ice-cold hands.</p>
+
+<p>I pity all those who know life and death only from books. War is a
+great teacher. We learn to love the earth. And thus our homeland
+becomes so sacred to us.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Damp_Humor_of_the_Night_Watch" id="Damp_Humor_of_the_Night_Watch"></a>Damp Humor of the Night Watch</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>From a field postcard written by a German soldier in the
+Franco-Prussian war and sent home by one who recalled it
+under similar circumstances in the present one.</p></div>
+
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>
+I guard this shed,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">But who guards me?</span><br />
+Around my head<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">But night I see.</span><br />
+This only comfort sweet is mine,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To soothe my graveyard cough:</span><br />
+&quot;This town will pay a lovely fine<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">If some one picks me off.&quot;</span><br />
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h1><a name="War_Correspondence" id="War_Correspondence"></a>War Correspondence</h1>
+
+<h2>The Place of Tombs</h2>
+
+<h3>By Perceval Gibbon.</h3>
+
+<h4>[Special Cable to <span class="smcap">The New York Times</span>.]</h4>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">Z</span>YRDDOW, Poland, Received in London Jan. 19.&#8212;There is a spot above
+the river which must not be indicated too explicitly, but whose name
+signifies in Russian the place of tombs. It is thus christened by the
+troops who camp in a great forest which shadows the whole position. It
+is a point at which the new German plan of thrusting toward the
+railway instead of as hitherto toward the road has produced fighting
+of more than Homeric quality.</p>
+
+<p>The Russians, who never misjudge the value of ground, were established
+here in well-made trenches, with the shelter of the forest at their
+backs for reserves and supports. Upon this iron front the Germans
+spent themselves in fruitless attacks, incurring crippling losses. It
+was only after repeated and disastrous failure of these tactics that
+they began a different method of approach.</p>
+
+<p>Here, as everywhere else, they have a large amount of artillery, and
+under incessant shell fire they proceeded to sap their way toward the
+Russian trenches. Incidentally they expended shells enough to last an
+army through the whole of a small war, and where formerly six acres of
+trees projected from the main forest there are now no trees at all.</p>
+
+<p>The parapet of their trench is only thirty-five paces from the Russian
+parapet, and the men crouching behind their shelter can hear the
+voices of their enemies. None dare lift head or hand to even the
+loopholes on the breastworks, since the worst shot in the world can
+send bullet after bullet through any loophole at that distance. The
+Russians are able to throw hand grenades, with which their trenches
+are supplied, clear into the German trenches, while the German
+shelling has had to cease since their own men are in equal danger from
+any shell aimed at the Russian trenches.</p>
+
+<p>I rode down through the forest in an effort to reach one of the
+trenches two nights ago, passing from the pale shine of the snow upon
+the bare fields to sheer darkness. I found the staff established in a
+spacious dugout some 400 yards behind the actual first line. Here, as
+always, was a straw-padded, candle-lit interior, with an orderly
+waiting, with telephone to ear, and all those rough-and-ready
+contrivances by which men live who have death forever at their elbow.
+Here, too, their faces disguised by weeks of beard and grimed with the
+smirch of war, were burly Russian officers, those adequate and quietly
+confident men who are the strength and inspiration of the Russian
+Army.</p>
+
+<p>In all the gloom, where all life was balanced on a hair, one thing was
+steadfast and cordial, and that was the unshaken assurance of these
+cheerful, expert fighting men in their power to hold the Germans and
+presently to resume the offensive, to which each one of them looks
+forward, and advance at last toward the frontier of Germany. None
+underestimates the enemy. They criticise him in a spirit of absolute
+professional impartiality, admiring quite frankly the organization and
+courage of the German infantry, but condemning the artillery and
+pooh-poohing the cavalry.</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday morning the Germans renewed their bombardment of the
+positions at Radziwillow, where the fine Russian trench is practically
+impregnable, and has already cost them huge losses in their attempts
+to assault it.</p>
+
+<p>I had an illustration of their lack of system in artillery fire while
+returning along the rear of this position. Their shells sailed up
+across the woods to the south of the railway, bursting on an empty
+stretch of fields about a thousand yards away, and turned seven or
+eight hundred acres of virgin snow into an inferno of smoke and torn
+earth, but no single shell fell nearer than a thousand yards to any
+living soul.</p>
+
+<p>During the last day or two I have seen a change in the nature of the
+fighting on this front. The German procedure has no longer its old
+character of desperate decision but has become more desultory and
+their pressure flickers up and down the line as though in a panic of
+effort to find some point at which the defense is weak.</p>
+
+<p>I learned here from prisoners that the Germans lately have been
+celebrating victories. Berlin and other cities are said to be gay with
+flags, and Gen. von Hindenburg has been acclaimed as a national hero.
+I can only keep my eyes on the small portion of the long front limited
+by Socahczew on the north and Msczonow on the south, but in regard to
+this region I can offer my personal testimony that at no point have
+the Germans gained anything in the nature of a success nor made any
+attack which has not been immensely more costly in lives to them than
+to the Russians.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h1><a name="Shelled_Tsing-tao_With_Wireless_Aid" id="Shelled_Tsing-tao_With_Wireless_Aid"></a>Shelled Tsing-tao With Wireless Aid</h1>
+
+<h3>By Jefferson Jones,</h3>
+
+<h4>Staff Correspondent of The Minneapolis Journal and Japan Advertiser.</h4>
+
+<h4>[From <span class="smcap">The New York Times</span>, Jan. 24, 1915.]</h4>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">T</span>OKIO, Dec. 15.&#8212;Far out in the Yellow Sea busy gunners on a Japanese
+battleship aimed a 12-inch gun at one of the German forts in
+Tsing-tao. Opening the breech, they removed the smoking cartridge
+case, put in another loaded one, and waited to learn whether the
+projectile had scattered death among the enemy or exploded harmlessly
+in soft earth. They were five or six miles from their target.</p>
+
+<p>The gunners gazed toward the battleship's wireless masts. Presently
+came a sputter and crackle of electric sparks. An officer appeared in
+the turret and said, perhaps, &quot;Very good. Put some more in the same
+place,&quot; or, &quot;That one was fifty feet to the right or sixty feet too
+high.&quot; He had received a wireless message from the shore telling
+exactly where the shell had struck, probably for the first time since
+naval warfare began.</p>
+
+<p>At the rear of the Japanese lines, where a naval lookout had been
+erected, I saw several marines focusing horned telescopes on the
+besieged forts. As soon as a shell landed one of the men would
+telephone the exact location to the naval wireless station at Sesheco,
+which relayed the message to the warships.</p>
+
+<p>The fourth day of the siege was the most severe of the whole siege of
+Tsing-tao. Gen. Johoji on the extreme left, with Gen. Barnardiston of
+the British expeditionary force, was pressing the intrenched Germans
+near Moltke Fort. Early in the morning Gen. Johoji had sent a
+detachment against the triangular pumping station fort, as it was
+deemed wise not to turn the siege guns on the place, because the fort
+might be destroyed and the supply of water be cut off in the city
+when the troops entered. The detachment approached the fort without
+any resistance from the Germans, and, surrounding it, discovered that
+there was a small garrison, which had barred itself inside. The
+Japanese commanded the men to surrender, threatening to dynamite the
+place. The steel door was opened and twenty-three Germans walked out.</p>
+
+<p>The capture of this fort was the key for the final attack of the
+Japanese, as it left the central fort and redoubts exposed to fire.</p>
+
+<p>Late in the afternoon the fire became extremely heavy. The Germans
+seemed to be making sharp resistance to the Japanese, lest they
+advance within the quarter-mile zone of the redoubt walls. The
+Japanese infantry, however, were sapping away, and as dusk settled
+over the field we saw the bright flash of bursting shrapnel from the
+German forts. It was the first shrapnel sent out by the Germans during
+the siege.</p>
+
+<p>Ten, twelve, fifteen, and sometimes even twenty shrapnel shells could
+be counted bursting at one time, all in a straight line, over the
+Japanese front line, and then the big German searchlights would flash
+about the field. They would fall on fifteen or twenty Japanese sappers
+on the top of their trenches placing sandbags, and then the flash
+would disappear.</p>
+
+<p>Thursday, Nov. 5, seemed only a repetition of what we had seen the day
+before. All night long the firing kept up, and it was evident that the
+German garrison at Tsing-tao was making stubborn and gallant
+resistance.</p>
+
+<p>That night the Japanese forces advanced 200 yards under a heavy
+shrapnel fire from the Germans. A snowstorm, followed by rain, had
+filled the trenches with water a foot deep, and it was in these that
+the Japanese and British forces found themselves during the closing
+days of the siege.</p>
+
+<p>Friday, Nov. 6, was a bitter morning. A forty-mile gale was blowing
+off the Yellow Sea, and with the thermometer at 2 below zero it was
+not any too comfortable, even for those of us who were fortunate
+enough to get near a charcoal burner.</p>
+
+<p>Toward midnight Gen. Yamada, whose men were intrenched in front of
+Forts 2 and 3, sent out a detachment to learn the condition of the
+German garrison opposing him. The men approached the redoubt walls of
+the forts, climbed ten feet to the bottom, and found themselves face
+to face with wire entanglements twenty yards wide and running the
+length of the wall. No Germans were seen. Reinforcements were called
+for while the scouts were cutting the entanglements. At 1 A.M., Nov.
+7, Gen. Yamada with more than 300 men was behind the redoubt walls of
+Fort 3.</p>
+
+<p>In the meantime, heavily protected on all sides by planks and
+sandbags, a detachment of 200 Germans with machine guns was watching
+the approach of Gen. Barnardiston's men, who had been stationed to the
+right of Gen. Yamada. The Germans were unaware that the Japanese had
+gained the wall, when suddenly a sentry heard Japanese voices. The
+signal was given and the Germans rushed from their sandbag houses into
+the shadow of the wall, hoping to reach their comrades, stationed 500
+yards back along the casement walls. Some, perhaps, reached their
+destination, but the majority of the men were shot down by the
+Japanese infantry.</p>
+
+<p>The capture of Forts 2 and 3 by Gen. Yamada was quickly reported to
+Gen. Horiuchi, and within an hour his men had captured Forts 4 and 5
+with very little resistance. Gen. Johoji, on the extreme left, with
+Gen. Barnardiston of the British force, also advanced with the news of
+the capture of the positions, but the Germans put up a stubborn
+resistance, and it was not until 6:30 A.M. that the attackers gained
+the coast fort and Fort 1.</p>
+
+<p>With the capture of the redoubt fortifications there still remained
+the mountainous forts, Iltis, Bismarck, and Moltke, a quarter of a
+mile back toward Tsing-tao. With detachments of engineers and
+infantrymen, Gens. Horiuchi and Yamada ordered the general attack. The
+men rushed from their trenches for the base of the forts. It was to
+be a hand-to-hand bayonet attack.</p>
+
+<p>But two guns on the Iltis fort had already been silenced, the four big
+28-centimeter mortars on the same fort were useless for use at the
+base of Iltis, while the other guns had been so placed and sandbagged
+at the rear of the fort that they could not be quickly brought forward
+and utilized for work along the steep slopes leading to the forts.
+Rifles and machine guns were resorted to.</p>
+
+<p>The Japanese, as they charged up the slope, were mowed down by the
+machine guns, but on they came from all sides&#8212;17,000 men against
+3,800. The German garrison could not hold out, and the white flag was
+hoisted from Fort C, close to Gov. Gen. Meyer Waldeck's residence. The
+surrender came at 7:05 A.M.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="THE_BROKEN_ROSE" id="THE_BROKEN_ROSE"></a>THE BROKEN ROSE</h2>
+
+<h3>(TO KING ALBERT)</h3>
+
+<h3>By ANNIE VIVANTI CHARTRES.</h3>
+
+<h4>[From King Albert&#8217;s Book.]</h4>
+
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<b><span class="smcap">Shy</span></b>, youthful, silent&#8212;and misunderstood,<br />
+In the white glare of Kinghood thou didst stand.<br />
+The sceptre in thy hand<br />
+Seemed but a flower the Fates had tossed to thee,<br />
+And thou wert called, perchance half scornfully,<br />
+Albert the Good.<br />
+<br />
+Today thou standest on a blackened grave,<br />
+Thy broken sword still lifted to the skies.<br />
+Thy pure and fearless eyes<br />
+Gaze into Death's grim visage unappalled<br />
+And by the storm-swept nations thou art called<br />
+Albert the Brave.<br />
+<br />
+Tossed on a blood-red sea of rage and hate<br />
+The frenzied world rolls forward to its doom.<br />
+But high above the gloom<br />
+Flashes the fulgent beacon of thy fame,<br />
+The nations thou hast saved exalt thy name&#8212;<br />
+Albert the Great!<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 5em">* * * * * *</span><br />
+<br />
+Albert the good, the brave, the great, thy land<br />
+Lies at thy feet, a crushed and morient rose<br />
+Trampled and desecrated by thy foes.<br />
+One day a greater Belgium will be born,<br />
+But what of this dead Belgium wracked and torn?<br />
+What of this rose flung out upon the sand?<br />
+<br />
+Behold! Afar where sky and waters meet<br />
+A white-robed Figure walketh on the sea<br />
+(Peace goes before Him and her face is sweet.)<br />
+As once He trod the waves of Galilee<br />
+He comes again&#8212;the tumult sinks to rest,<br />
+The stormy waters shine beneath His feet.<br />
+<br />
+He sees the dead rose lying in the sand,<br />
+He lifts the dead rose in His holy hand<br />
+And lays it at His breast.<br />
+<br />
+O broken rose of Belgium, thou art blest!<br />
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h1><a name="The_Emden_at_Penang" id="The_Emden_at_Penang"></a>The Emden at Penang</h1>
+
+<h2>Pen Picture by a Times Correspondent of the Havoc She Wrought</h2>
+
+<h4>[From <span class="smcap">The New York Times</span> Correspondent in Penang.]</h4>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">P</span>ENANG, STRAITS SETTLEMENTS, Oct. 29.&#8212;The German cruiser Emden called
+here yesterday and departed, leaving death and destruction behind her.
+You will doubtless have learned long before this story of her visit,
+carried by the slow mails of the Far East, is read in the United
+States some account of the Emden's raid, but the cable can hardly
+carry a detailed picture of the destruction wrought in a brief hour or
+so yesterday in this busy harbor, and it seems worth while to describe
+for you how this sudden vision of war burst on Penang.</p>
+
+<p>For those who do not know, the City of Penang lies on the western
+coast of the Malay Peninsula, just below the Siamese border. It is the
+shipping point of the Federated Malay States, where 65 per cent. of
+the world's tin is produced, as well as a great amount of rubber and
+copra. With a population of 246,000, it is growing by leaps and bounds
+and gives every indication of soon becoming one of the largest ports
+in the Far East.</p>
+
+<p>The thing that makes this city a point of importance in the present
+war is the fact that it is the last port of call for ships going from
+China and Japan to Colombo and Europe. As a result, it has been made
+more or less of a naval base by the English Government. Large stores
+of Admiralty coal have been collected and all vessels have been
+commanded to stop here for orders before crossing the Bay of Bengal.</p>
+
+<p>It was probably with the idea of crippling this base, from which her
+pursuers were radiating, that the Emden made her raid here. Had she
+found it temporarily undefended she could at one blow seriously have
+embarrassed the English cruisers patrolling these waters and at the
+same time cause a terrific loss to English commerce by sinking the
+many merchantmen at anchor in the harbor.</p>
+
+<p>It was early on Wednesday morning that the Emden, with a dummy fourth
+funnel and flying the British ensign, in some inexplicable fashion
+sneaked past the French torpedo boat Mosquet, which was on patrol duty
+outside, and entered the outer harbor of Penang. Across the channel
+leading to the inner harbor lay the Russian cruiser Jemtchug. Inside
+were the French torpedo boats Fronde and Pistolet and the torpedo boat
+destroyer D'Iberville. The torpedo boats lay beside the long
+Government wharf, while the D'Iberville rode at anchor between two
+tramp steamers.</p>
+
+<p>At full speed the Emden steamed straight for the Jemtchug and the
+inner harbor. In the semi-darkness of the early morning the Russian
+took her for the British cruiser Yarmouth, which had been in and out
+two or three times during the previous week and did not even &quot;query&quot;
+her. Suddenly, when less than 400 yards away, the Emden emptied her
+bow guns into the Jemtchug and came on at a terrific pace, with all
+the guns she could bring to bear in action. When she had come within
+250 yards she changed her course slightly, and as she passed the
+Jemtchug poured two broadsides into her, as well as a torpedo, which
+entered the engine room but did comparatively little damage.</p>
+
+<p>The Russian cruiser was taken completely by surprise and was badly
+crippled before she realized what was happening. The fact that her
+Captain was spending the night ashore and that there was no one on
+board who seemed capable of acting energetically completed the
+demoralization. She was defeated before the battle began. However, her
+men finally manned the light guns and brought them into action.</p>
+
+<p>In the meantime the Emden was well inside the inner harbor and among
+the shipping. She saw the French torpedo boats there, and apparently
+realized at once that unless she could get out before they joined in
+the action her fate was sealed. At such close quarters (the range was
+never more than 450 yards) their torpedoes would have proved deadly.
+Accordingly, she turned sharply and made for the Jemtchug once more.</p>
+
+<p>All the time she had been in the harbor the Russian had been
+bombarding her with shrapnel, but, owing to the notoriously bad
+marksmanship prevalent in the Czar's navy, had succeeded for the most
+part only in peppering every merchant ship within range. As the Emden
+neared the Jemtchug again both ships were actually spitting fire. The
+range was practically point-blank. Less than 150 yards away the Emden
+passed the Russian, and as she did so torpedoed her amidships,
+striking the magazine. There was a tremendous detonation, paling into
+insignificance by its volume all the previous din; a heavy black
+column of smoke arose and the Jemtchug sank in less than ten seconds,
+while the Emden steamed behind the point to safety.</p>
+
+<p>No sooner had she done so, however, than she sighted the torpedo boat
+Mosquet, which had heard the firing and was coming in at top speed.
+The Emden immediately opened up on her, thereby causing her to turn
+around in an endeavor to escape. It was too late. After a running
+fight of twenty minutes the Mosquet seemed to be hit by three shells
+simultaneously and sank very rapidly. The German had got a second
+victim.</p>
+
+<p>It was here that the chivalrous bravery of the Emden's Captain, which
+has been many times in evidence throughout her meteoric career, was
+again shown. If the French boats were coming out, every moment was of
+priceless value to him. Nevertheless, utterly disregarding this, he
+stopped, lowered boats, and picked up the survivors from the Mosquet
+before steaming on his way.</p>
+
+<p>The English here now say of him, admiringly, &quot;He played the game.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Meantime, boats of all descriptions had started toward the place where
+the Russian cruiser had last been seen. The water was covered with
+d&#233;bris of all sorts, to which the survivors were clinging. They
+presented a horrible sight when they were landed on Victoria Pier,
+which the ambulance corps of the Sikh garrison turned into a temporary
+hospital. Almost all of them had wounds of one sort or another. Many
+were covered with them. Their blood-stained and, for the most part,
+naked bodies were enough to send shivers through even the most
+cold-blooded person. It was a sight I shall not forget for many a day.
+Out of a crew of 334 men 142 were picked up wounded. Only 94 were
+found practically untouched. Ninety-eight were &quot;missing.&quot; It is not
+yet known how many of the crew of the 78 of the Mosquet were rescued
+by the Emden.</p>
+
+<p>So much of the story I am able to write from personal observation and
+investigation. Here, however, is an account of what occurred from an
+officer who saw it all from closer range and more intimate conditions,
+for he was on the French torpedo boat destroyer Pistolet. I tell his
+story exactly as he told it to me:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The Captain of the Pistolet had invited Capt. T. and myself to have a
+game of bridge whist on board. His ship was lying alongside the
+Government wharf, just inside the inner harbor. The game proved a most
+interesting one and time flew by unnoticed. Finally, just before 1
+A.M., it came to a close, but, owing to the fact that our going home
+at that hour of the morning would mean a rikisha ride of over two
+miles, the Captain stretched a point and invited us to remain on
+board, which we did. Little did we know what our decision was to mean
+to us.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;At 5:25 the next morning, just as day was breaking, I was awakened by
+a deafening crash, followed by two others in rapid succession. Without
+waiting for more, I pulled my ducks over my pajamas and hurried on
+deck. Right before us, at the entrance to the inner harbor, lay the
+Russian cruiser Jemtchug. Steaming toward her at full speed came the
+German cruiser Emden, her bow guns belching forth vast clouds of
+smoke, through which the flash of the guns could just be
+distinguished. She was less than half a mile away. After what seemed
+to me an interminable delay, the surprised Jemtchug started to reply
+with her small guns, and the din grew greater and greater.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;As the Emden came on she swerved slightly out of her course and
+steamed down the far side of the channel, thus bringing her broadside
+guns to bear on the Jemtchug, which by this time was literally
+spitting fire. The range now was less than 300 yards, and the
+execution being done must have been terrible. We noticed, however,
+that the greater number of the Russian shells were 'carrying over.'</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The Emden now changed her course again, to the right, and disappeared
+behind a group of several tramp steamers so as to enable her to turn
+around without unduly exposing herself. While she was doing this the
+firing diminished greatly, owing to the disinclination on the part of
+either, I imagine, wantonly to damage harmless merchant vessels. No
+sooner had she started on her way out of the harbor, however, than the
+din arose once more.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Just at this time the French torpedo boat Fronde dropped back from
+her position alongside us and started in to take part in the m&#234;l&#233;e
+with a machine gun. This caused the Emden to devote part of her time
+to us, and we were made the objective of a severe machine-gun fire
+which, owing to our position in the shadow of the pier and of the fact
+that the light was very poor, did little or no damage. Nevertheless,
+it was rather disconcerting to hear the rattle of lead on the
+corrugated iron sheds behind us.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;By this time the Emden must have realized that at such close quarters
+she was subject to the danger of a torpedo attack, (although as a
+matter of fact no effort seemed to have been made along these lines,)
+and she accordingly started up the north channel toward the outer
+harbor at full speed, firing broadside after broadside at the
+Jemtchug, now badly crippled.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Suddenly, as the two cruisers were abreast and no more than 150 yards
+from one another, there was a tremendous crash. The Jemtchug heaved up
+amidships, there was another detonation even louder than the first,
+and she sank before I could realize what had happened. All that
+remained was a large pillar of smoke to mark the spot where she had
+been. A German torpedo had found its mark, and the Emden sailed around
+the point without firing another shot.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;By this time&#8212;less than thirty minutes after the first shot had been
+fired&#8212;the Pistolet had cast off and we started across the harbor
+toward the place where we had last seen the Jemtchug, with the Fronde
+close behind us. It was slow work, as we had very little steam.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;As we neared the scene of the disaster I received my first impression
+of the horror of modern naval warfare. The water was strewn with
+wreckage, amid which heads were popping up and down like corks in a
+lily pond. It seemed as if it were alive with men. They were
+everywhere, hanging on to pieces of wood, clutching life preservers,
+clinging to d&#233;bris of all kinds.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;When we reached them we immediately started in getting them aboard by
+means of boats, ropes looped at the end, by hand, and in any way
+possible. They were indeed a most terrible sight. Most of them were
+wounded, and those that were were bleeding profusely. Practically none
+were wearing more than a pair of trousers, and a considerable number
+did not even have that. A few were frightfully lacerated, and we
+recovered one man who had had his leg blown off below the knee&#8212;he
+died five minutes after we got him on board. It was like living a
+frightful nightmare. Everywhere you turned you met a groaning, greasy
+mass of humanity.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Discipline was thrown aside and Captain and men alike toiled in
+their efforts to alleviate the suffering of the Jemtchug's survivors.
+My partner at bridge the previous night, the doctor, asked my
+assistance, and together we went from man to man doing what emergency
+work we could. My pajama-decked costume was rapidly covered with
+blood. It was a case of everybody helping everybody else.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Finally, when numerous launches of all sizes and makes had put out to
+relieve us, we returned to the Victoria jetty, which the ambulance
+corps of the Sikh garrison, aided by volunteers and local doctors, had
+turned into a temporary hospital. Here were removed what remained of
+the Jemtchug.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;While the last few men were taken off the Pistolet, another
+cannonading was heard. I hurried ashore, with no feeling of regret, I
+might say, and took a rikisha to the outer sea wall to see whatever
+fighting was going on. The ships were so far away that it was hard to
+tell with the naked eye exactly what was going on. We could see the
+little torpedo boat Mosquet trying to get beyond the range of the
+Emden's guns while the shells were throwing up water all around her.
+The chase had kept on for twenty minutes, I should say, when we saw
+the little craft sink by the bow. The Emden lowered boats to pick up
+any possible survivors, but, from the short time they were down, I
+imagine most of the crew were lost.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I have tried to give you some little idea in the foregoing of the
+frightful encounter I have witnessed. It seemed like a nightmare
+afterward, although while it was actually going on you felt as if you
+were looking at a sham battle. Even when the bullets started in to
+rattle on the iron-covered sheds above our heads there was nothing
+terrifying about it. After the effect of the first few shots had worn
+off I felt as if I were watching a play. That quiet, staid Penang with
+her shaded streets and sampan covered harbor should be the scene of a
+naval engagement such as I witnessed today is almost unbelievable. Yet
+the sordid aftereffects are before our eyes.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Only the masterly manoeuvring of that gentleman of the German
+fleet&#8212;the Captain of the Emden&#8212;prevented the city from being the
+scene of a terrible carnage. His refusal to sink unarmed vessels while
+the crews were on board, his refraining from bombarding the town, his
+stopping to pick up the crew of the Mosquet, although every minute was
+valuable to him, at once made him 'that gentleman, the Captain of the
+Emden.' On all sides you heard 'I hope they sink the Emden, but it
+will be a shame if any of her crew are lost.'</p>
+
+<p>&quot;While steaming away from Penang he met the tramp Glen. Instead of
+capturing her, he sent her into Penang with the message: 'I tried not
+to hit the town. If I did so, I am very sorry, indeed.' Well, he
+'played the game,' and he has made me, for one, feel extremely
+doubtful whether the much-talked-of German 'atrocities' are true,
+except where the exigencies of war have made them unavoidable.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Here you have the story of an engagement which will go down in history
+as a demonstration that, even under the conditions of modern naval
+warfare, it is possible for two ships of almost equal armament to
+fight by daylight at almost point-blank range without resulting in the
+disabling of both. A sight similar to that witnessed yesterday would
+be considered by most naval critics as impossible, or, rather,
+suicidal.</p>
+
+<p>The sad, or, rather, disgraceful, part of the story has yet to be
+told. It was true that the Jemtchug was caught unprepared. Her Captain
+was spending the night ashore, her decks were not cleared, she was
+slow to get into action, and when she did so her marksmanship was
+poor. All this could hardly be excused, but it becomes insignificant
+when we consider the case of the French torpedo boats and the
+D'Iberville, whose help the Jemtchug had a right to expect. Here they
+lay in a harbor with fully ten minutes' warning that a hostile ship
+was approaching, yet they allowed that ship to enter the harbor, steam
+around it, turn, and make her escape without so much as firing a shot,
+when, if they had gone into action, the Emden could hardly have
+escaped. The range was everything they could have desired.</p>
+
+<p>What was the matter? Why did they remain silent? The answer is this:
+Although it was a time of war, a large percentage of the officers of
+these ships had been allowed to remain ashore over night. Not one of
+the ships had steam up. Their decks were not even cleared for action.
+Yet, even taking this into consideration, it is inexplicable that,
+when two or three torpedoes from any one of them would have saved the
+day, none was fired. The ships need not have moved an inch to have
+done so. The range was ridiculously short&#8212;less than 200 yards at one
+time. But surprise, lack of discipline, and general inefficiency
+seemed to hold them paralyzed.</p>
+
+<p>The prevailing opinion here is that they did not wish to draw the
+Emden's fire on themselves&#8212;although one did use her machine gun
+toward the end of the engagement. Whatever is said, however, it is
+impossible to get away from the fact that the French Navy yesterday
+sustained a blow to its efficiency that it will take a long time to
+wipe out. Theirs was a &quot;masterly inaction&quot; caused by something which
+they do not attempt themselves to define. Both army and navy
+commanders here are one in their contemptuous condemnation of such a
+spectacle.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h1><a name="The_Belgian_Soldier" id="The_Belgian_Soldier"></a>The Belgian Soldier</h1>
+
+<h4>[From The London Times, Oct. 17, 1914. By its Special Correspondent
+lately in Antwerp.]</h4>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">B</span>EFORE it fades I would like to record my impression of the Belgian
+soldier as I have seen him day after day through the two months ending
+with the fall of Antwerp.</p>
+
+<p>I have seen him on every kind of duty and off, on the roads, in
+cabarets, in camp and barrack, on the march, in trenches, fighting
+from behind all sorts of cover or from none, on foot, on horseback, on
+bicycles, mounted proudly on his auto-mitrailleuse, or running behind
+his gun-team of dogs, each dog pulling and barking as if it would tear
+the whole German Army to pieces. I have seen him wounded on
+battlefields, by the roadside, and in hospitals; I have seen him, in
+the later days at Antwerp, brought back from the forts and from those
+terrible advanced trenches unwounded, but from sheer exhaustion in
+almost more serious plight than any of his comrades whom the shells
+had hit. And I have seen him dead.</p>
+
+<p>As a result there has grown up in me an extraordinary affection for
+him. Greater even than my admiration of his careless courage is my
+liking for the man. For all his manhood he has so much of the child in
+him; he is such a chatterbox and so full of laughter, and never are
+his laugh and badinage so quick as when he has the sternest work on
+hand. Unshaven, mud-bespattered, hungry, so tired that he can hardly
+walk or lift his rifle to his shoulder, he will bear himself with a
+gallant gayety which, I think, is quite his own and is altogether
+fascinating.</p>
+
+<p>As time goes on perhaps it will be the faces of the dead and wounded
+that will live most clearly in the memory, but at present the pictures
+of the Belgian soldier which stand out sharpest are less lugubrious
+and more commonplace.</p>
+
+<p>I walked one day back toward Antwerp, along that awful road which ran
+by Contich and Waerloos to Waelhem. Daily along that road the German
+shells fell nearer to the city, so that whenever one went out to the
+place that he had visited yesterday he was likely to find himself
+disagreeably surprised. One day I found myself, (I would not have
+been there had I known it,) perhaps a mile inside the range of the
+enemy's guns. A Red Cross car had dropped me and picked up wounded men
+instead, and there was nothing for it but to walk back along the road.</p>
+
+<p>Along the road from the foremost trenches came a dozen Belgian
+soldiers, just relieved after twenty-four hours of what it is
+difficult to describe otherwise than as hell. Muddied from head to
+heel, they could hardly drag their feet along, and, glad of any
+company, I fell in and walked with the last straggler of the little
+band, while the shrapnel with its long-drawn
+scream&#8212;whew-ew-ew-ew-bang!&#8212;broke on either side of us.</p>
+
+<p>At every whew-ew-ew-ew which came too near I dived for cover. If there
+was no friendly wall or vehicle or tree trunk at hand the ditch beside
+the road was always there. And every time I dived my companion stood
+in the middle of the road and shook with laughter&#8212;not unkindly, but
+in the utmost friendliness and good humor&#8212;waiting till I rejoined him
+and we resumed our walk.</p>
+
+<p>A little man, shockingly bedraggled, worn out almost to the point of
+collapse, utterly indifferent to his own danger, and taking a huge,
+childlike delight in my care for my personal safety, the picture of
+him as he stood and laughed all alone in the bare road amid the
+bursting shells seems to me curiously typical of the whole Belgian
+Army.</p>
+
+<p>Another picture also&#8212;a composite photograph&#8212;I shall never forget. It
+is the same man&#8212;sometimes blonde, sometimes dark, but always the same
+smallish man&#8212;as, on picket duty, he stops you to examine your papers.
+He does not understand the papers in the least. The British passport
+begins with the words, &quot;We, Sir Edward Grey, a Baronet of the United
+Kingdom....&quot; Sternly he wrinkles his brow over the formidable
+document, earnestly trying to do his duty. At last, &quot;Votre nom,
+Edouard Gra-ee?&quot; he asks. You explain that you wish that it was and
+call attention to the place where your own insignificant name is
+mentioned lower down. To his immense relief he has mastered the
+central fact, namely, that you are English. And his face lights up
+with the smile which one has come to know so well; a smile of real
+pleasure and good-will.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes he speaks a word of English, and with what pride he uses it!
+&quot;All ri'!&quot; &quot;Good night!&quot; &quot;How do?&quot; And you go on into the night
+feeling that you are leaving a friend behind whom you would like to
+stop and talk to. And he, you know, has been cheered in his lonely
+duty by the mere contact with an ally.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="THE_HEROIC_LANGUAGE" id="THE_HEROIC_LANGUAGE"></a>THE HEROIC LANGUAGE</h2>
+
+<h3>By ALICE MEYNELL.</h3>
+
+<h4>[From King Albert&#8217;s Book.]</h4>
+
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<b><span class="smcap">When</span></b> our now living languages are &quot;dead,&quot;<br />
+Which in the classes shall be treasured?<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Which will the masters teach?</span><br />
+Kepler's, and Shakespeare's, and thy word, thy phrase,<br />
+Thy grammar, thou heroic, for all days,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">O little Flemish speech!</span><br />
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h1><a name="Cheerful_Spirits_in_Trench_Inferno" id="Cheerful_Spirits_in_Trench_Inferno"></a>Cheerful Spirits in Trench Inferno</h1>
+
+<h4>[Special Cable to <span class="smcap">The New York Times</span>.]</h4>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">N</span>ORTHERN FRANCE, Dec. 20, (Dispatch to The London Daily News.)&#8212;This
+week&#8212;a week of many significant things&#8212;has ended in the wildest
+whirl of weather imaginable. The rains have been terrific, blinding,
+tropical in their almost ceaseless roar and fury. Surely only madmen
+or fiends would fight in such an elemental maelstrom. We may be both,
+and perhaps we are, now that the whole world is topsy-turvy; for we
+are going savagely on at this dread business, half blind and wholly
+desperate. If the furious sky were to rain red-hot pitchforks the
+contending armies would still be undismayed and would crawl, if not
+fly, at one another's throats.</p>
+
+<p>But there is no romance in trench fighting; it is sickening,
+demoralizing. Ask any soldier who has been at it for a time. He will
+pour a few plain truths into your shocked ear. Down at the railroad
+terminal today I met some of them&#8212;a queer mixture. There was a batch
+of German prisoners; there was a squad of wounded Belgians, and there
+were four lost, stolen, or strayed British soldiers from the Seventh
+Division&#8212;a Sergeant and three men. They were all so plastered over
+with dirt that it was difficult to sort out their nationality.</p>
+
+<p>What struck me most was their absolute and undisguised cheerfulness. I
+have lively recollection of the first German prisoners I saw in the
+early days of the war. They were in a gray funk, which is several
+degrees more sheer than a blue funk. They absolutely believed that the
+next moment or two would be their last on this woeful earth and that
+they would be shot out of hand.</p>
+
+<p>The young Prussians I met today said that they had been having a very
+thin time recently; that their food was bad, and getting worse and
+more scanty every day; that pneumonia and rheumatism were rife in
+their trenches, to say nothing of the dreaded typhoid, and that they
+were tremendously glad to be out of it all. They understood that they
+were going to England. Anyway, they hoped so fervently.</p>
+
+<p>The Belgian soldiers were all slightly wounded, mostly in the legs and
+arms. The mud and slime of the trenches north of Furnes had not yet
+dried upon their sodden clothes. They were cold and benumbed and
+desperately hungry, for their train had been held up for hours while
+certain private and confidential military scene changing was going on.
+In spite of the pain their hurriedly dressed wounds were giving them
+they, too, were cheerful.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;We are in great heart,&quot; said one of them, &quot;for we are moving on
+surely and certainly. This week something new has come to us. The
+knell of retreat no longer sounds in our hearts; the tocsin rings
+there instead. We are marching on; we are driving the barbarians back.
+Every inch of our motherland regained is sweet and precious to us.
+Three days ago I saw our King. He was as muddy and stained, Monsieur,
+as I am now. An officer who was with him wanted to remove the mud from
+his clothes. 'But no,' said the King, 'let it stay. If my own land
+clings thus to me, let it stay; it is better that it should be so,'
+and he laughed as he passed on. We all cheered him, and he laughed the
+more, showing a shining face and bidding us take heart, as a brighter
+day was dawning.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;So we went into the fight that evening, afraid of nothing. In rain
+and mist we charged a small village with a mighty shout. Though our
+numbers were small we charged. We were beaten back, and then we
+charged again. My bayonet broke off short in the breast of a huge
+German, and then in the dark and mist a great crowd swept over us as
+we both went down. I came to in the dawn. Our men were singing the
+chant of victory. The gray enemy had gone. The village, smoking and
+shattered, was ours. Our guns were rattling up the street to take
+another and stronger position.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;A small victory, perhaps, but none the less sweet for that. Alas! I
+could not follow, and they brought me on here. The fortunes of war
+were hard.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>He raised himself painfully. The big Sergeant from the lost legion,
+coming along at the moment, picked him up like a baby, hoisted him on
+his shoulders, and bore him along through mud to the clearing house
+beyond the station yard.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Lucky chap,&quot; said the Sergeant. &quot;He is going to have a warm, snug
+Christmas in a snug, warm hospital; and here's me only lorst in this
+bloomin' swamp, an' got to report for duty somewhere in the
+mornin'&#8212;Lord knows where!&quot; he grinned ruefully at me.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h1><a name="King_Georges_Visit_to_the_Troops" id="King_Georges_Visit_to_the_Troops"></a>King George&#8217;s Visit to the Troops</h1>
+
+<h4>[From The London Times, Dec. 8, 1914.]</h4>
+
+
+<p><i>An officer in the Indian Expeditionary Force sends the following
+description of an episode in the King's visit to the front:</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">A</span> RED-LETTER day indeed&#8212;for the King turned up here at 10:45 this
+morning and stayed quite a long time, inspecting detachments of the
+Indian Army Corps. He only crossed from England last night I believe,
+stayed with the General for breakfast, and saw us all before lunch,
+going on to the next army corps. It was quite the most informal show I
+have ever seen. He strolled up and down the ranks chatting with all
+and sundry. He asked two of our native officers how long they had been
+in the regiment, the General interpreting.</p>
+
+<p>The secret of his visit was well kept. Last night after dinner the
+Adjutant biked over from Headquarters and said he and I and &#8212;&#8212; had
+been chosen by lot from the officers, with thirty-three men from each
+of the three squadrons here, to represent the regiment at an
+inspection by the Commander in Chief. Well, we went off this morning,
+and found similar detachments from all the corps not in the trenches.
+It was a dull morning and the mud was awful, and just before his
+Majesty was due a German aeroplane appeared heading straight for us.
+Our guns opened fire on it and it made off north, but it added
+excitement. Otherwise it was a quiet morning and hardly any firing
+from the trenches. The King and Sir James arrived in the first car,
+then the Prince of Wales driving his own car, and a crowd of staff
+officers. The two divisional staffs were presented, and then they
+started walking down the lines. My new horse is a real good 'un, but
+can't stand &quot;Present arms!&quot; under his nose, and he nearly backed into
+his Majesty as he came up from behind.</p>
+
+<p>The Leicesters were in front of us. They had only come up out of the
+trenches at midnight and were in a lovely state of mud and
+unshavedness. The King simply reveled in them. He stopped and chatted
+to quite every one man in three; wanted to know all about trench
+fighting, and didn't seem to mind a bit their being covered with mud
+and unshaved for days. The Prince was just as interested. He wandered
+about at will, paying no attention to his father, and chatting with
+all and sundry. One man was wearing a pair of German boots which
+interested the King very much. He spent quite twenty minutes with the
+Leicesters, and they deserved it. They have done splendidly all
+through.</p>
+
+<p>After that he gave two V.C.s to gunners who had won them very early in
+the war, and then when he ought to have been moving on he began
+strolling up and down the line again, asking all sorts of questions
+and noticing everything. At last they got him into his car to move on
+to the next army corps. The General came back to give us his message.
+It was that he was very pleased with all he had seen and heard; that
+he wanted the troops to know that both he and the Queen always kept
+them in their thoughts, and that he meant to see all of them again,
+with his own eye, as soon as the war was over. The General gave it out
+very well, (he is fluent in Hindustani,) and it made a great
+impression on the men.</p>
+
+<p>It was altogether a wonderful visit, so quiet and informal and
+businesslike; no apparent precautions or rehearsal; the King tramping
+about in the mud as though he were partridge shooting, while the
+Prince wandered about as he listed. My interpreter, a French-Canadian,
+was amazed.</p>
+
+
+<p><i>A member of the London Scottish writes:</i></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">IN THE TRENCHES, Nov. 11.</p>
+
+<p>This is our third day in the trenches. We have not had an attack yet,
+though there has been hard fighting on our immediate right and left.
+We are fairly safe here behind barbed wire entanglements, and this
+would be an easy job if one could get used to the row and the watching
+through the night, which is rather nerve-racking. This trench is in a
+bonnie fir wood, just like bonnie Scotland, but the shell fire has
+damaged nearly all the trees. Today, being windy, they are falling in
+all directions. We have not had a hot meal since we came here. We are
+not allowed to build fires, and it is impossible to get anything hot.
+We have lost our blankets again in the meantime. I am just going to
+have my lunch of &quot;bully&quot; and bread and plain water.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">Nov. 18.</p>
+
+<p>We have had a pretty rough time lately. Last night was the first for
+ten days that I have had a roof over my head. The weather has been
+atrocious&#8212;pouring rain and driving, cutting snow&#8212;but it did not get
+through my overcoat, which is richly caked with mud. We have had a
+fortnight's fighting and have marched back now from the firing line
+for a short rest to refit. It meant two days' marching through roads
+and fields ankle deep in clinging, porridgy mud, but we were all glad
+enough to put up with any hardship so long as we got away from the
+strain of flying shells and bullets. In the trenches we lost some more
+of our men, but not many. I just wish you could see our battalion now;
+what a change from the crowd that used to march through London. Every
+man, almost, has a beard, and you could not imagine the dirty,
+bedraggled crowd we are. The strain of watching through the night in
+the trenches is pretty awful. The nights were pitch black, and the
+rain came pouring down, making the trenches an awful mess. One chap
+gave a loud cry in his sleep. Thinking it came from the wood in front,
+I blazed away. We sent a burial party out in front of us one morning.
+There must have been hundreds of Germans lying there, with thousands
+further on. All we could do was just to cover them with earth. It was
+a horrible sight, and it is impossible for you folks at home to
+realize anything of the awfulness of this war. This awful pace surely
+cannot last long. But despite all the discomfort, I would not have
+liked to miss the chance of doing my part here.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">Nov. 20.</p>
+
+<p>The Prince of Wales visited us yesterday. We are billeted in a caf&#233;,
+and he came in rubbing his hands with the cold. He looked jolly well,
+and has a fine, healthy, clear complexion. We have been living in the
+lap of luxury lately. Yesterday was just like Christmas Day. We were
+inundated with parcels from home, and the room is one litter of all
+sorts of comforts, and any amount of sweets, shortbread, cake, &amp;c. I
+cannot recollect two such happy days as these have been. You can have
+no idea how all these luxuries are appreciated after living on &quot;bully&quot;
+and biscuits. We have a perfect avalanche of cigarettes and tobacco.
+We had a bit of a panic this morning, as we were under orders to move
+at any moment, but by good luck it did not come off, and we are
+looking forward to a few more days' rest. Our last week in the
+trenches was a picnic compared with our first experience. This is a
+grand, free life, a sight better than mooching around the city. I'm
+just going to have a tot of rum now and turn in&#8212;it warms the cockles
+of one's heart and makes one sleep like Rip Van Winkle.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">Nov. 29.</p>
+
+<p>I never felt so fit in my life and never had such a good time before.
+This is simply a splendid life, and I am very glad, indeed, I did not
+miss my chance of being here. We were inspected today by Sir John
+French, who is tremendously pleased with us. Rumor has it that we are
+still to be here a few days, which is giving us a fine long rest. Then
+we may be wanted again. One of our fellows has just gone past the
+window with a huge sack on his back. It is most laughable to see
+immaculate city chaps out here doing all sorts of &quot;orra&quot; jobs. We have
+been served out with fur coats, no less; what on earth will they give
+us next, I wonder? We are still living in the lap of luxury and are a
+most happy family. We have a march every morning, which in this fine
+cold weather is delightful.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h1><a name="French_Amenities" id="French_Amenities"></a>French Amenities</h1>
+
+<h4>[From The London Times, Dec. 18, 1914.]</h4>
+
+
+<p><i>An officer in the R.A.M.C. writes:</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">F</span>IGURE to yourself (as Wells says, isn't it?) a country of flat plowed
+field, pollard willows and deep muddy ditches. Then we come along, and
+in military parlance &quot;dig ourselves in.&quot; That is, with the sweat of
+the brows of hundreds of Tommies working by night deep narrow trenches
+five feet deep and at least with the earth thrown up another two and a
+half feet as a bank on top. These trenches are one and a half to two
+feet wide, and curl and twist about in a maddening manner to make them
+safer from shell-fire. Little caves are scooped in the walls of the
+trenches, where the men live about four to a hole, and slightly bigger
+dugouts where two officers live. All the soil is clay, stickier and
+greasier than one could believe possible. It's like almost solid
+paint, and the least rain makes the sides of the trenches slimy, and
+the bottom a perfect sea of mud&#8212;pulls the heels off your boots
+almost. One feels like Gulliver walking along a Lilliputian town all
+the time. The front line of trenches&#8212;the firing line&#8212;have scientific
+loopholes and lookout places in them for seeing and firing from, and a
+dropping fire goes on from both sides all day long, but is very
+harmless.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 3, 1914.&#8212;I was just starting for my daily constitutional &quot;on
+top&quot; when the enemy began their bombarding, nearly one and a half
+hours earlier than usual, so I will postpone my little walk and finish
+this instead. Yesterday we had one man killed and two wounded, the
+first casualties for over a week. The story of one of the wounded is
+worth telling to show you the pluck of these men. He told me he
+noticed some new digging going on on the side of the enemy in front
+of his firing post. One can see the spadefuls of earth coming up from
+below the ground level when new trenches are being dug. Although this
+was in broad daylight, our man thought he would go and see what the
+Germans were up to, so he hops over the side of his trench and runs
+forward thirty yards to a ditch and crawls along it some hundred yards
+or so. He then spots a large shell-hole in the field on one side of
+the ditch, so doubles off and gets into that and has a good look
+around. Not satisfied with the point of view, he sprints to a line of
+willows nearer still to the enemy&#8212;within 250 yards of them
+indeed&#8212;and proceeds to climb up one of them. While doing this he gets
+shot through the shoulder. He told me he thought he had ricked his arm
+at first, as it felt numb and useless. Meanwhile a great pal of his in
+the regiment, hearing that he had gone out like this, hops over the
+parapet and sets off to look for him, and comes up just as he gets
+hit. The second man upbraids the first roundly for being a fool,
+carries his rifle for him, and brings him back. All this is done quite
+in the day's work and &quot;sub rosa,&quot; as they would get punished for
+leaving the trench like that in the daytime if it was spotted. The
+pluck of these men is perfectly extraordinary, and the placid way life
+goes on under the risk of being sniped or shelled any moment is, until
+one gets used to seeing it, quite past belief. I must say the officers
+set the men a magnificent example.</p>
+
+
+<p><i>A young officer attached to the Yorkshire Light Infantry writes on
+Dec. 6:</i></p>
+
+<p>One wonders when one sees a German face to face, is this really one of
+those devils who wrought such devastation&#8212;for devastation they have
+surely wrought. You can hardly believe it, for he seems much the same
+as other soldiers. I can assure you that there is none of that
+insensate hatred that one hears about, out here. We are out to kill,
+and kill we do, at any and every opportunity. But, when all is done
+and the battle is over, the splendid universal &quot;soldier spirit&quot; comes
+over all the men, and we cannot help thinking that Kipling must have
+been in the firing line when he wrote that &quot;East is East and West is
+West&quot; thing. Just to give you some idea of what I mean, the other
+night four German snipers were shot on our wire. The next night our
+men went out and brought one in who was near and getatable and buried
+him. They did it with just the same reverence and sadness as they do
+to our own dear fellows. I went to look at the grave the next morning,
+and one of the most uncouth-looking men in my company had placed a
+cross at the head of the grave, and had written on it:</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>
+Here lies a German,<br />
+We don't know his name,<br />
+He died bravely fighting<br />
+For his Fatherland.<br />
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>And under that, &quot;got mit uns,&quot; (sic,) that being the highest effort of
+all the men at German. Not bad for a bloodthirsty Briton, eh? Really,
+that shows the spirit.</p>
+
+<p>I don't believe there is a man living who, when first interviewing an
+11-inch howitzer shell, is not pink with funk. After the first ten,
+one gets quite used to them, but really, they are terrible! They hit a
+house. You can see the great shell&#8212;a black streak&#8212;just before it
+strikes, then, before you hear the explosion, the whole house simply
+lifts up into the air, apparently quite silently; then you hear the
+roar, and the whole earth shakes. In the place where the house was
+there is a huge fountain-spout of what looks like pink fluff. It is
+the pulverized bricks. Then a monstrous shoot of black smoke towering
+up a hundred feet or more, and, finally, there is a curious
+willow-like formation, and then&#8212;you duck, as huge pieces of shell,
+and house, and earth, and haystack tumble over your head. And yet, do
+you know, it is really remarkable how little damage they do against
+earth trenches. With a whole morning's shelling, not a single man of
+my company was killed, although not a single shell missed what it had
+aimed at by more than fifty yards. That makes all the difference, that
+fifty yards. If you only keep your head down, you are as safe as
+houses; exactly, you will remark, &quot;as safe as houses.&quot;</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h1><a name="The_Things_the_Wounded_Talk_About" id="The_Things_the_Wounded_Talk_About"></a>The Things the Wounded Talk About</h1>
+
+<h4>[A British Surgeon, in The London Times, Dec. 22, 1914.]</h4>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">I</span>F you would realize fully what the war, as an event in the procession
+of events, means you must come to France and visit a military
+hospital. You must make this visit not as a sightseer, nor yet in the
+spirit of a philanthropist, but only as a friend. You must come
+prepared to listen to stories that have no relation to war and the
+affairs of war&#8212;most soldiers, I think, are reluctant to speak of the
+things they have seen&#8212;to stories that concern home ties and the
+doings, real and conjectured, of children&#8212;queer, sentimental stories
+woven around old ideas like the Christmas idea and the idea of home.</p>
+
+<p>They will fill you with wonder at first, those unwarlike tales,
+because they belong to the truly unexpected, against which it is
+impossible to be prepared. It would not be an exaggeration to describe
+the first effect of them as startling. They kill so many illusions and
+they discredit so many beliefs. War, rendered thus the background of
+life, assumes a new proportion and a new meaning. Or, rather, it
+becomes vague and meaningless, like a darkness.</p>
+
+<p>A few days ago I sat by the bedside of a wounded sapper&#8212;a
+reservist&#8212;and heard the story of life in a signal-box on a branch
+line in the North of England. The man was dying. I think he knew it.
+But the zest of his everyday life was still strong in him. He
+described the manner in which, on leaving the army originally, he had
+obtained his post on the railway. He told me that there were three
+trains each way in the day, and mentioned that on Winter nights the
+last train was frequently very late. This meant a late supper, but his
+wife saw to it that everything was kept hot. Sometimes his wife came
+to the box to meet him if it was a dry night.</p>
+
+<p>In the next bed there was a young Scotsman from a Highland district
+which I know very well. We were friends so soon as he learned that I
+knew his home. He was a roadman, and we talked of his roads and the
+changes which had been wrought in them of late years by motor traffic.
+He recalled a great storm, during which the sea wall around a certain
+harbor was washed away and the highway rendered impassable. Then,
+rather diffidently, he confessed that he had lost a foot and would be
+handicapped in his work&#8212;&quot;at Ypres.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>At the far end of the ward there was a German who spoke a little
+English. He was a married man and came from Saxony. His wife and
+children, he said, would miss him at Christmas. We spoke a long time
+on the subject of Christmas. I suppose by all the orthodox canons that
+this German should have told me that he was glad to be a prisoner or
+else should have declared his conviction that the German Army would
+speedily carry everything before it to victory. But somehow he forgot
+to say these things and I forgot to ask him about them. These things
+seemed far away in the quiet ward, even&#8212;and for this I beg
+forgiveness&#8212;grotesque and uninteresting.</p>
+
+<p>I had the curiosity to return to the young Scot and to ask him if he
+regretted the decision which had led to his being maimed for life. He
+shook his head. &quot;No, because I've had a good home. A man with a good
+home should fight for it.&quot; He added that his father had advised him
+very strongly to enlist.</p>
+
+<p>By the touchstone of the men it has broken this war is judged, and the
+makers of this war. And more than ruined villages and desecrated
+churches these soldiers pronounce condemnation. They, who have given
+so much, are, in a sense, without joy and without enthusiasm; rather
+they shun recollection. There is no zest in the killing of men. Their
+thoughts, especially at this season, are directed away from the dull,
+mechanic force which labors against its bonds across Europe, and dwell
+in the homes it has threatened. The war is revealed as a thing gross
+and dull-witted, a crime even against the ancient, chivalrous spirit
+of war.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h1><a name="Three_Dying_Foes_Made_Friends" id="Three_Dying_Foes_Made_Friends"></a>Three Dying Foes Made Friends</h1>
+
+<h4>[From The Hartford Courant, Jan. 14, 1915.]</h4>
+
+
+<p><i>To the Editor of The Courant:</i></p>
+
+<p><i>I have read nothing more tender and moving than the subjoined letter
+found by a Red Cross agent at the side of a dead officer and forwarded
+to the person to whom it was addressed. The writer was a French
+cavalry officer engaged to a young American girl in Paris. It was
+written as he lay dying from wounds received in a cavalry charge. Let
+it speak for itself.</i></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right"><i>E.P.P.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">T</span>HERE are two other men lying near me, and I do not think there is
+much hope for them either. One is an officer of a Scottish regiment
+and the other a private in the Uhlans. They were struck down after me,
+and when I came to myself, I found them bending over me, rendering
+first aid.</p>
+
+<p>The Britisher was pouring water down my throat from his flask, while
+the German was endeavoring to stanch my wound with an antiseptic
+preparation served out to them by their medical corps. The Highlander
+had one of his legs shattered, and the German had several pieces of
+shrapnel buried in his side.</p>
+
+<p>In spite of their own sufferings they were trying to help me, and when
+I was fully conscious again the German gave us a morphia injection and
+took one himself. His medical corps had also provided him with the
+injection and the needle, together with printed instructions for its
+use.</p>
+
+<p>After the injection, feeling wonderfully at ease, we spoke of the
+lives we had lived before the war. We all spoke English, and we talked
+of the women we had left at home. Both the German and the Britisher
+had only been married a year....</p>
+
+<p>I wondered, and I supposed the others did, why we had fought each
+other at all. I looked at the Highlander, who was falling to sleep,
+exhausted, and in spite of his drawn face and mud-stained uniform, he
+looked the embodiment of freedom. Then I thought of the Tricolor of
+France and all that France had done for liberty. Then I watched the
+German, who had ceased to speak. He had taken a Prayer Book from his
+knapsack and was trying to read a service for soldiers wounded in
+battle.</p>
+
+<p>And ... while I watched him, I realized what we were fighting for....
+He was dying in vain, while the Britisher and myself, by our deaths,
+would probably contribute something toward the cause of civilization
+and peace.</p>
+
+<p>[The letter ends with a reference to the failing light and the roar of
+guns.]</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/decoline.png" width="500" height="83" alt="" /></p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<h1><a name="Chronology_of_the_War" id="Chronology_of_the_War"></a>Chronology of the War</h1>
+
+<h2>Showing Progress of Campaigns on All Fronts and Collateral Events from
+Jan. 7 to and Including Jan. 31, 1915</h2>
+
+
+<h3>CAMPAIGN IN EASTERN EUROPE</h3>
+
+<h4>[Continued from the Last Number.]</h4>
+
+<p>Jan. 8&#8212;Germans are trying to carry the Russian lines near Bolinow by
+the use of steel shields to protect riflemen.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 9&#8212;Germans renew offensive from direction of Mlawa; fighting on
+the Rawka and in the north; Russians enter Transylvania; Austrians
+meet delays near Nida River.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 11&#8212;Russians are strengthening their lines.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 12&#8212;Russians are pressing the Austrians near the Nida; Austrians
+are fleeing from Bukowina.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 13&#8212;Russians occupy several villages in the Masurian Lake region
+and threaten Mlawa; Austrians state that Russians lost heavily in
+Przemysl siege.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 14&#8212;Russians push north from Warsaw; Germans retake several
+positions on Bzura River; it is reported that Germans are short of
+supplies.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 15&#8212;New Russian army marches north in Poland; Germans near Mlawa
+are in peril; von Hindenburg declared in danger.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 16&#8212;Austrians bring up heavy artillery to hold the Donajec River;
+Germans are on way to Budapest.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 17&#8212;Russians take Kirlibaba Pass and progress along right bank of
+the Vistula; Germans pushed back on Plock.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 18&#8212;Germans occupy Kielce; Russians fall back to Radom; Russian
+capture of Kirlibaba Pass flanks Austrians; Germans out of Plock.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 20&#8212;Russians drive Austrians back in Hungary and march on
+Jacobeni.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 21&#8212;Russians renew offensive against Mlawa; Austrians rout
+Russians from intrenchments on Donajec River.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 22&#8212;New Russian army nears Prussia; invasion of Hungary halted;
+Russian advance is causing alarm in Budapest.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 23&#8212;Germans are massing in Hungary; Russians advance in the
+north.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 24&#8212;Russians checked in Transylvania.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 25&#8212;Armies are deadlocked in Central Poland; Austrians declare
+that Transylvania is safe; fierce fighting in Bukowina; Russians
+forced from trenches south of Tarnow.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 27&#8212;Austrians report the recapture of Uzsok Pass; Russians seize
+Pilkalen; ten army corps are gathered in Southern Hungary, with many
+Germans in them.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 28&#8212;Great struggle for the Carpathians is opening; Austro-German
+forces advance on eighty-mile front.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 29&#8212;Russian wings advance in East Prussia and the Carpathians;
+Russians close in on Insterburg; Tilsit surrounded.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 30&#8212;Russians cut railway between Memel and Tilsit, and enter
+Hungary.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 31&#8212;Russians gain in Carpathians.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CAMPAIGN IN WESTERN EUROPE.</h3>
+
+<p>Jan. 8&#8212;Allies gain north of Soissons, near Rheims, and in Alsace;
+French Alpine troops use skis in gaining an advantage in Alsace.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 9&#8212;Germans retake Steinbach and Burnhaupt; French take Perthes
+and gain near Soupir.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 10&#8212;French cut German railway lines to prevent reserves from
+coming to the relief of Altkirch.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 11&#8212;Allies, attacking from Perthes, are trying to cut German rail
+communications.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 12&#8212;French attempt offensive near Soissons and Perthes; they are
+checked in Alsace; British forces at the front are steadily increasing
+in number.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 13&#8212;Germans, reinforced, win victory at Soissons, forcing French
+to abandon five miles of trenches and to cross the Aisne, leaving guns
+and wounded; heights of Vregny are won in this fight by the Germans
+under the eyes of the Kaiser; Germans take 3,150 prisoners and
+fourteen guns in two days' fighting.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 15&#8212;French are calm over the Soissons defeat; British gain near
+La Bass&#233;e.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 17&#8212;Allies take trenches in Belgium; deadlock at La Bass&#233;e;
+Allies closing on Lille.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 18&#8212;Fierce fighting at La Boisselle; both sides are claiming
+success at Tracy-le-Val.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 19&#8212;French advance in attempt to cut off St. Mihiel.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 20&#8212;French are nearer Metz; British take Freylinghuysen.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 21&#8212;Germans repulsed in Ardennes woods by French and Belgians;
+French retake trenches at Notre Dame de Lorette; Germans retake Le
+Pretre woods; it is learned that the Soissons battle was won by von
+Kluck's veterans, and that the Germans granted a half-hour truce while
+French Red Cross aided wounded.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 22&#8212;Fierce fighting in Hartmanns-Weiler region.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 23&#8212;Germans renew activity near Ypres and bombard left wing of
+Allies; fighting in Argonne region.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 24&#8212;Germans are bombarding Flanders towns; Allies leave St.
+Georges.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 25&#8212;Kaiser sends Prince Eitel Friedrich to capture Thann and
+direct fighting in Alsace; French gain toward Altkirch and destroy
+bridges over the Meuse at St. Mihiel; Germans forced to abandon
+Dixmude trenches because of floods.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 26&#8212;Another battle on at La Bass&#233;e; Germans gain ground by
+vigorous offensive near Craonne and in Alsace.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 27&#8212;Germans attack between La Bass&#233;e and Bethune, this being the
+Kaiser's birthday; the French claim that the German loss is 20,000;
+indecisive fighting near Ypres.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 28&#8212;French defeated at Craonne; Germans make gains in the Vosges
+and Upper Alsace.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 29&#8212;Germans checked in two attempts to cross the Aisne; they
+drain the Yser flood area.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 30&#8212;Germans win in the Argonne.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 31&#8212;Kaiser directs German assault on La Bass&#233;e; zouaves and
+Indians win the Great Dune west of Lombaertzyde.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CAMPAIGN IN AFRICA.</h3>
+
+<p>Jan. 9&#8212;French win in Kamerun.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 15&#8212;British take Swakopmund.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CAMPAIGN IN ASIA MINOR AND EGYPT.</h3>
+
+<p>Jan. 9&#8212;Turks hasten construction of railway lines across Sinai
+peninsula.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 10&#8212;Turks are marching on Egypt; reserve Turkish army, trying to
+save Erzerum, repulsed at frontier.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 12&#8212;Erzerum road is being fought for; Noury Bey captured by
+Russians.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 13&#8212;Turks occupy Tabriz and report Arab victory over British
+troops on the lower Tigris.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 14&#8212;Armenian refugees cross Russian frontier; Turkish invasion of
+Persia continues.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 15&#8212;Turks advance in Persia.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 17&#8212;Turkish corps cut to pieces in the Caucasus.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 18&#8212;Turkish soldiers are being frozen to death.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 21&#8212;Turks are pushing plans for a strategic railway to the
+Egyptian frontier.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 24&#8212;Russians check Turkish advance on Erzerum.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 27&#8212;British defeat Turkish advance guard toward El Kantara on the
+Suez Canal; three Turkish army corps now marching on Egypt; British
+win at Korna.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 28&#8212;Turks, reinforced, attack Russians in the Caucasus.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 29&#8212;Turks fortify Erzerum, and order civilians to depart.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 30&#8212;Russians take Tabriz.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 31&#8212;Turks defeated near Sari-Kamysh.</p>
+
+
+<h3>NAVAL RECORD.</h3>
+
+<p>Jan. 11&#8212;Report from Vienna that French dreadnought Courbet has been
+sunk.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 12&#8212;Japanese cruisers are hunting the German converted cruiser
+Prince Eitel Friedrich off the coast of Peru.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 13&#8212;Dover forts drive off two German submarines; bombardment of
+the Dardanelles by the allied fleets continues.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 16&#8212;French submarine Saphir sunk by Turkish mine at the
+Dardanelles; Italian gunboat Coatit damaged in the Adriatic.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 20&#8212;Dutch naval patrol boat sunk by a mine, five men being lost.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 21&#8212;German cruiser Karlsruhe reported off Porto Rico.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 22&#8212;German submarine U-19 sinks British freighter Durward.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 23&#8212;German supply ship sunk by Australian cruiser.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 24&#8212;British patrolling squadron under Vice Admiral Beatty defeats
+German squadron attempting to reach English coast; German battle
+cruiser Bl&#252;cher sunk and two other German battle cruisers damaged;
+British battle cruisers Lion and Tiger damaged; Germans claim three
+British ships were sunk.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 28&#8212;British Admiralty denies that any British ship was sunk.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 30&#8212;German submarine sinks three British steamers in Irish
+Channel and chases Liverpool passenger boat.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 31&#8212;German submarine sinks two British steamers in English
+Channel; third steamer escapes.</p>
+
+
+<h3>AERIAL RECORD.</h3>
+
+<p>Jan. 10&#8212;German aeroplanes threw thirty bombs on Dunkirk, damaging
+several houses; Belgian aviators give battle to the Germans at great
+altitude and finally drive them off; German aviator shot down by
+French near Amiens.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 16&#8212;German hydroaeroplane lost in North Sea; nine aviators of the
+Allies drop bombs on Ostend.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 19&#8212;German airships drop bombs on Yarmouth, King's Lynn, and
+other English towns; four persons are killed, ten wounded, and
+considerable property damage is done; it is reported that the German
+plant at Friedrichshafen produces a super-Zeppelin every three weeks.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 21&#8212;Allies drop bombs on Essen.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 22&#8212;Holland is to investigate a report that a Zeppelin violated
+her neutrality by flying over her territory.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 23&#8212;Germans drop bombs on Dunkirk; it is reported that the
+American Consulate is damaged.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 25&#8212;It is reported from Amsterdam that 400 German war automobiles
+were destroyed in the raid on Essen.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 26&#8212;Russians bring down German airship that bombarded Libau.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 28&#8212;Crew of German airship that bombarded Libau will be tried by
+military court and will not be treated as prisoners of war; bomb
+dropped on Belgrade.</p>
+
+
+<h3>AMERICAN INTERESTS.</h3>
+
+<p>Jan. 24&#8212;Administration makes public in Washington a letter written by
+Secretary Bryan to Senator Stone of Missouri in which discrimination
+against Germany and Austria-Hungary is denied; twenty charges made by
+pro-Germans are taken up and the Administration's position and action
+on each are stated in detail.</p>
+
+
+<h3>AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.</h3>
+
+<p>Jan. 17&#8212;Anti-war demonstrations in Vienna; Czech editor executed for
+treason.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 20&#8212;Governor of Cracow orders partial evacuation of the city.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 21&#8212;Archduke Charles Francis, the Austrian Crown Prince, is in
+Berlin, where he will be joined shortly by Baron Burian, the new
+Austro-Hungarian Minister of Foreign Affairs; plans of campaign
+against Russia are to be discussed with German officials.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 23&#8212;Baron Burian leaves Berlin for German Army Headquarters to
+confer with the Kaiser.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 25&#8212;Riots in many parts of Hungary.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 28&#8212;Riot among Southern Slavs because of mobilization order.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 29&#8212;Prisoners of war are to be employed in farm work.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 30&#8212;Warning is sent to Rumania against agitation among Rumanian
+population of Transylvania.</p>
+
+
+<h3>BELGIUM.</h3>
+
+<p>Jan. 8&#8212;Cardinal Mercier has been placed under restraint by the German
+authorities because of his pastoral, read in the churches on Jan. 3,
+in which he told the Belgians that they owe German authority &quot;neither
+respect, nor attachment, nor obedience.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 9&#8212;It is reported that Cardinal Mercier was arrested, but the
+report is denied by the Military Governor of Belgium; circulation of
+the Mercier pastoral is not being permitted.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 10&#8212;The Mercier pastoral is read in English churches; Belgian
+refugees are proving a problem in England and Holland.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 11&#8212;Admiration for Cardinal Mercier expressed by King Albert in a
+letter to the Pope.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 12&#8212;It is reported from Rome that the Vatican has asked Germany
+for an explanation regarding the acts with reference to Cardinal
+Mercier.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 22&#8212;Full text of the Mercier pastoral is printed in <span class="smcap">The New York
+Times</span>.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CANADA.</h3>
+
+<p>Jan. 22&#8212;Major General Hughes, Minister of Militia and Defense,
+arrives in Vancouver to arrange for enlistment of third contingent.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 30&#8212;First detachment of Canadian troops is in France; other
+detachments are en route; nine German prisoners escape from Halifax
+citadel; war fund of $1,500,000 raised in five days in Montreal.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 31&#8212;Six Canadians, including two officers, killed in La Bass&#233;e
+fight.</p>
+
+
+<h3>EGYPT.</h3>
+
+<p>Jan. 10&#8212;Abbas Hilmi, deposed Kh&#233;dive, calls upon Egyptians and
+Sudanese to rise against England.</p>
+
+
+<h3>ENGLAND.</h3>
+
+<p>Jan. 8&#8212;House of Lords adjourns after discussion of recruiting and
+other phases of the war.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 12&#8212;Government appeals to women to induce men to enlist.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 15&#8212;War Office issues statement that letters destined for hostile
+countries will be held up unless they are unsealed.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 16&#8212;Seven British naval officers, interned in Holland, escape,
+but five are recaptured.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 23&#8212;Statement shows that total casualty list of officers up to
+Jan. 12 was 4,344, of whom 1,266 were killed, the rest being wounded
+and missing; many interned Germans and Austrians released on parole.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 27&#8212;Two Hindu soldiers win Victoria Crosses; London financial
+papers deprecate a joint loan for the Allies.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 28&#8212;Many Oxford &quot;blues&quot; are serving in the army.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 31&#8212;There are 178 peers serving in the army.</p>
+
+
+<h3>FRANCE.</h3>
+
+<p>Jan. 10&#8212;Government will surrender German surgeons and nurses held as
+prisoners of war only in equal exchange.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 14&#8212;Socialist Senator demands postponement of war discussion in
+Parliament and says speeches must give way to voice of cannon.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 18&#8212;Paris darkened by police order.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 22&#8212;Capt. Uhde, stated to be a relative of the Kaiser, is sent to
+concentration camp after being accused of having spied on the French
+fleet at Toulon.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 27&#8212;Many doctors have been killed, wounded, and taken prisoner,
+the reason for lengthy casualty list being stated to be that the
+French doctors do not desert their wounded on approach of the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 29&#8212;Officer stops Mrs. Asquith and party on way to the front for
+a weekend.</p>
+
+
+<h3>GERMANY.</h3>
+
+<p>Jan. 8&#8212;Government charges that San Marino has been encouraging
+espionage by its wireless station.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 9&#8212;Tobacco sent to French prisoners to be admitted free of duty.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 10&#8212;Retired Belgian General and Lieutenant sentenced to life
+imprisonment for aiding Belgians to escape to Holland; it is said that
+the Landsturm can still furnish 5,000,000 men; Socialist meeting
+prohibited in Saxony.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 11&#8212;Reports from Russia state that German women in men's uniform
+have been taken prisoners in bayonet charges recently and that some of
+them are wounded and in hospital; sale of blankets forbidden in Berlin
+and Brandenburg; the stocks are to be placed at the disposal of the
+military authorities; French women and children taken from occupied
+territory are being sent home.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 12&#8212;The Pope is negotiating for better treatment of clerical
+prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 17&#8212;Official reports state that the prisoners of war held by
+Germany and Austria are now 800,000.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 22&#8212;Escaped British officer charges cruelty toward British
+prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 23&#8212;Money prizes are offered to the first invaders of England.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 25&#8212;Secretary Bryan makes public the text of German Government's
+notification of cancellation of exequaturs granted by Belgian
+Government to foreign Consular representatives, and the reply of the
+United States.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 27&#8212;Prince von B&#252;low tells Italian statesmen that Italy's
+preparations for war are resented and that an ultimatum may be sent;
+French charge that German soldiers reverse bullets for short-range
+fighting; wife of Greek Consul at Li&#233;ge sentenced to prison for aiding
+Belgians to escape; all neutrals to be expelled from Upper Alsace;
+Gen. von Bissing orders all Englishmen in Belgium sent to Germany.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 30&#8212;Value of French territory occupied by the Germans is
+estimated at $1,900,000,000 by the Inspector General of the Cr&#233;dit
+Foncier, or 7.2 per cent., of the total value of all France; according
+to the census of 1911 3,255,000 persons, or 8.2 per cent. of the
+population of France, live in this territory; Berlin night life is
+under the war ban, yet the opera and theatres are open.</p>
+
+
+<h3>ITALY.</h3>
+
+<p>Jan. 11&#8212;Troops sent to garrison the Italian islands in the Aegean.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 12&#8212;Demonstration when the body of Constantino Garibaldi, killed
+while serving with the French, arrives in Rome; many applications for
+nationality by Germans are being refused; Committee of National
+Defense formed at Milan.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 13&#8212;Italians in all parts of the world are offering to enlist in
+event of war; a special police census shows 700,000 Austrians and
+Germans in the country; embassies advise them to leave.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 23&#8212;Vice Consul at Li&#233;ge dismissed for aiding Belgians; prominent
+Italians appeal to neutral countries to take steps to preserve art
+treasures in belligerent countries.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 25&#8212;Radicals want war.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 29&#8212;Soldiers of the First and Third Categories are called to the
+colors; retired officers fit for service are liable to be recalled.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 30&#8212;Contracts for army and navy supplies are placed in the United
+States.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 31&#8212;Riots in Rome against neutralists.</p>
+
+
+<h3>RUMANIA.</h3>
+
+<p>Jan. 8&#8212;The nation is mobilizing 750,000 men, of whom 500,000 form the
+field army.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 11&#8212;London experts think that Rumania will soon enter war on side
+of Allies, her army linking with the extreme Russian left.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 16&#8212;Students in Switzerland summoned home because of
+mobilization.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 22&#8212;Orders are placed with Swiss firms for medical supplies.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 26&#8212;Exportation of army supplies to Hungary recommenced.</p>
+
+
+<h3>RUSSIA.</h3>
+
+<p>Jan. 9&#8212;Girl fights with Cossacks and wins Cross of St. George.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 10&#8212;Only half the number of this year's recruits liable for
+military service are called out.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 20&#8212;It is reported that some members of the imperial family are
+opposed to the war.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 21&#8212;Troops are warned against bogus proclamations, bearing Czar's
+name, circulated by Austrians.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 22&#8212;Orders issued for expulsion of Austrian and German subjects.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 26&#8212;Foreign Minister Sazonof says there will be no peace while a
+single soldier of the enemy remains on Russian soil.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 29&#8212;Poles form legion at Warsaw.</p>
+
+
+<h3>RELIEF WORK.</h3>
+
+<p>Jan. 8&#8212;California's relief cargo is on the way to Rotterdam.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 9&#8212;To date the value of cargoes of food, clothing, and medical
+supplies delivered, in transit on the Atlantic, or arranged for from
+the United States to Belgium amount to more than $14,000,000; milk and
+sugar are scarce in Belgium, the babies feeling the influence of the
+food crisis.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 10&#8212;Antwerp Council passes resolution of thanks to Americans,
+whose help &quot;is literally saving us.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 11&#8212;American party sent to relieve German and Austrian prisoners
+in Russia is halted by the Russian Government pending negotiations.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 15&#8212;Large consignment of supplies is sent to Saloniki by American
+Red Cross; Virginia and Maryland send Belgian relief ships; Georgia is
+raising funds for a ship.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 21&#8212;American Red Cross issues report of its European activities
+from Aug. 1 to Jan. 9; war fund thus far amounts to $1,188,000;
+forty-five American Red Cross surgeons and 150 nurses are on war duty
+in Europe; Sing Sing prisoners are to knit socks for Polish destitute.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 23&#8212;Mme. Grouitch, wife of the Secretary General for Foreign
+Affairs of Servia, arrives in New York seeking funds for seeds for the
+Servian Spring planting; Dr. Wickliffe Rose and Ernest Bicknell, who
+have been in Russian Poland for the American Red Cross, report from
+Berlin that conditions in Poland are worse, if anything, than those in
+Belgium.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 24&#8212;Commission for Relief in Belgium has thirty-five chartered
+steamships running between American ports and Rotterdam carrying
+supplies.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 26&#8212;American Red Cross ships large consignment of supplies for
+Constantinople and Servia.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 27&#8212;Commission for Relief in Belgium states that 76,000 tons of
+food, in addition to supplies in sight, are needed for next three
+months; there are now 1,400,000 destitute, and the number is
+increasing daily.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 28&#8212;Committee of prominent American educators plans to have the
+20,000,000 children of the United States help war sufferers through a
+new fund, to be called the Children of America's Fund.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 31&#8212;Rockefeller Foundation denies that it has withdrawn from
+Belgium relief work.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="TO_HIS_MAJESTY_KING_ALBERT" id="TO_HIS_MAJESTY_KING_ALBERT"></a>TO HIS MAJESTY KING ALBERT</h2>
+
+<h3>By WILLIAM WATSON.</h3>
+
+<h4>[From King Albert&#8217;s Book.]</h4>
+
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<b><span class="smcap">Receive</span></b>, from one who hath not lavished praise<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">On many Princes, nor was ever awed</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">By empire such as groveling slaves applaud,</span><br />
+Who cast their souls into its altar-blaze&#8212;<br />
+Receive the homage that a freeman pays<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To Kinghood flowering out of Manhood broad,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kinghood that toils uncovetous of laud,</span><br />
+Loves whom it rules, and serves the realm it sways.<br />
+<br />
+For when Your people, caught in agony's net,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rose as one dauntless heart, their King was found</span><br />
+Worthy on such a throne to have been set,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Worthy by such as They to have been crowned;</span><br />
+And loftier praise than this did never yet<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">On mortal ears from lips of mortals sound.</span><br />
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX</h2>
+
+<h3>Vol. I. From the Beginning to March, 1915</h3>
+
+<h4>[Titles of articles appear in <i>italics</i>.]</h4>
+
+
+<h3>A</h3>
+
+<p>ABBOTT, (Dr.) L., &quot;Militarism and Christianity,&quot; 610.<br />
+<br />
+ABOUKIR, 752, 755, 761.<br />
+<br />
+ACLAND, F.D., speech, 277.<br />
+<br />
+ACTORS, Russian, appeal, 817.<br />
+<br />
+ADAMS, Adeline, poems, 593, 1004.<br />
+<br />
+ADCOCK, A. St. J., review of book, &quot;In the Firing Line,&quot; 971.<br />
+<br />
+ADLER, Felix, criticism of A. Bennett, 95.<br />
+<br />
+AERONAUTICS, 659, 664, 710, 932.<br />
+<br />
+AERSCHOT, 380, 945.<br />
+<br />
+<i>After the Russian Advance in Galicia</i>, 958.<br />
+<br />
+AISNE, Battle of, 635, 650.<br />
+<br />
+ALABAMA Claims, 258.<br />
+<br />
+ALBANIA, 1062.<br />
+<br />
+ALBERT, King of the Belgians, appeal to King George, 287;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tributes in poems, 1210, 1228.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>All-Night Attack</i>, 979.<br />
+<br />
+ALLENBY, (Maj. Gen.) E.H.H., 620-622, 635, 645.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Along the German Lines Near Metz</i>, 731.<br />
+<br />
+ALSACE-LORRAINE, 97, 147, 483, 488, 491, 492, 555, 557, 729, 736.<br />
+<br />
+ALTENBURG, Duke of, letter, 1200.<br />
+<br />
+AMERICANS, arrest on neutral vessels, 1181.<br />
+<br />
+<i>America's Peril in Judging Germany</i>, 515.<br />
+<br />
+AMMUNITION, sale of, 1178.<br />
+<br />
+ANDENNE, 1115.<br />
+<br />
+ANGELL, Norman, &quot;On the Impending Crisis,&quot; 107.<br />
+<br />
+ANGLO-RUSSIAN Treaty, 45.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Another &quot;Happy Thought&quot;</i>, 789.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Answering the &quot;Chant of Hate&quot;</i>, 988.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Anti-Christian War</i>, 129.<br />
+<br />
+ANTWERP, 682, 784, 787.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Appeal of the German Universities</i>, 187.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Appeal to America for Belgium</i>, 924.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Appeal to the Civilized World</i>, 185.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Apportioning the Blame</i>, 548.<br />
+<br />
+ARBITRATION, 150;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">treaties, 50, 225.</span><br />
+<br />
+ARCHER, William, poem, 1114.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Are We Barbarians?</i> 178<br />
+<br />
+ARIF Bey, 1029.<br />
+<br />
+ARNOLD, Winifred, poem, 789.<br />
+<br />
+ARRAS, Battle of, 707.<br />
+<br />
+ARTISTS, British, protest against vandalism, 130;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Russian, appeal of, 817.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>As America Sees the War</i>, 582.<br />
+<br />
+<i>As the French Fell Back on Paris</i>, 689.<br />
+<br />
+&quot;<i>As They Tested Our Fathers</i>,&quot; 106.<br />
+<br />
+ASHMEAD-BARTLETT, 714.<br />
+<br />
+ASQUITH, (Premier) H.H., criticisms, 23, 29, 62;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">statements, 278, 279, 291, 292, 299;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter to Mayors, 308;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">speeches, 309-325.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>At the Kaiser's Headquarters</i>, 718.<br />
+<br />
+<i>At the Villa Achilleion Corfu</i>, 999.<br />
+<br />
+ATROCITIES, German, 104, 129, 185, 192;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Allies accused by Bethmann-Hollweg, 223;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">charges against Belgians, 261, 266;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">official statements, 374-391;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letters of G.H. Putnam and R.F. Thienes, 563;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">statement by Lord Channing, 592;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Aerschot, 945;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">French official report, 1132.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Atrocities of the War</i>, 374.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Attack on Tsing-tao</i>, 745.<br />
+<br />
+AUGUSTA Victoria, <i>see</i> GERMANY:&#8212;Empress.<br />
+<br />
+AUSTRIA-HUNGARY:&#8212;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Balkan policy, 227.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Conditions in Galicia, 958.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Declaration of war on Serbia, 226.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ultimatum to Serbia criticised, 109, 136, 189, 195, 202, 203, 339, 559.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Austria-Hungary's Version of the War</i>, 225.<br />
+<br />
+AUSTRO-GERMAN Treaty, 298.<br />
+<br />
+AUTHORS, British, defend England, 82;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Russian, appeal of, 817;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">British, on Russian literature, 819.</span><br />
+<br />
+AVLONA, 1065.</p>
+
+<h3>B</h3>
+
+<p>BAKHMETEFF, (Ambassador) George, on Russia and the war, 364;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">authenticity of interview denied, 617.</span><br />
+<br />
+BALKAN States, 1025-1071.<br />
+<br />
+BALKAN WAR, 247.<br />
+<br />
+BALUHTCHICH, (Serbian Minister,) statement, 1039.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Baptism of Fire</i>, 977.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Barnardiston</i>, (Col.,) 1104, 1105, 1110.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Barrie at Bay: Which Was Brown?</i> 100.<br />
+<br />
+BARRY, Beatrice, poems, 850, 948, 988.<br />
+<br />
+BASS, J.F., on visit to Russian trench, 963.<br />
+<br />
+BATTLE of Dorking, 13, 61.<br />
+<br />
+BATTLES, <i>see</i> CAMPAIGNS, SEA fights, names of battles.<br />
+<br />
+BAVARIA:&#8212;Crown Prince Rupprecht's army orders, 984.<br />
+<br />
+BAZIN, Ren&#233;, appreciation of article in London Times on France, 153.<br />
+<br />
+BECK, J.M., &quot;In the Supreme Court of Civilization,&quot; 413;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">criticisms and replies, 431-448.</span><br />
+<br />
+BEER, G.L., &quot;What Gladstone Said About Belgium,&quot; 448.<br />
+<br />
+BEGBIE, Harold, &quot;As America Sees the War,&quot; 582.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Belgian Battleground</i>, 1109.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Belgian Cities Germanized</i>, 780.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Belgian Boy Tells Story of Aerschot</i>, 945.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Belgian Ruin</i>, 786.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Belgian Soldier</i>, 1215.<br />
+<br />
+BELGIUM:&#8212;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Army, 725.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Claims, 48, 97.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Effects of war, 765.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&quot;Gray Book,&quot; 371, 413-448.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Neutrality Violation and Treaty of London, opinion of G.B. Shaw, 25, 30, 58;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A. Bennett, 62;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">C. Graham, 65;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">editorial in New York Times; C. Pankhurst; letter from Shaw to President Wilson, 77;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">H. Eulenberg, 80;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">British authors, 82;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">J. Galsworthy, 102;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">R. Kipling, 107;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">G.K. Chesterton, 108, 123;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A.C. Doyle, 136;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">R. Rolland, 174;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">G. Hauptmann, 175;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">L. Fulda, 182;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">German professors, 185;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">British scholars, 189;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Y. Guyot and Professor Bellet, 196;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">British theologians, 201;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">von Harnack, 204;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Bethmann-Hollweg, 222;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">German analysis of British &quot;White Papers,&quot; 241;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">&quot;Truth About Germany,&quot; 249, 258;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Sir E. Grey, 286;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Asquith, 292, 321;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Lloyd George, 336;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">statement by Legation at Washington, 365;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">G.L. Beer on Gladstone's views, 448;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">J.H. Schiff, 460;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Dr. C.W. Eliot, 484;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Dr. Dernburg, 488;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Prof. Burgess, 511;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A. von Briesen, 551;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">W. Ostwald, 572;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Dr. N.D. Hillis, 575;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Germany's strategic railways, 1000;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">&quot;A Scrap of Paper,&quot; 1120.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Refugees, 48, 614, 776.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Treatment of resident Austrian and German citizens, 268.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Belgium's Bitter Need</i>, 614.<br />
+<br />
+BELGO-BRITISH Plot, 204, 369-372; 545-547; 990; 1000; 1101-1119.<br />
+<br />
+BELGRADE, 969, 1042.<br />
+<br />
+BELLET, (Prof.), reply to German professor's appeal to civilization, 194.<br />
+<br />
+BELLOC, Hilaire, &quot;Why England Fights Germany,&quot; 993.<br />
+<br />
+BENEDICT XV., Pope, on destruction of Rheims, 392;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">letter to Cardinal Mercier, 923.</span><br />
+<br />
+BENNETT, Arnold, &quot;Shaw's Nonsense About Belgium,&quot; 60;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reply from Shaw, 63;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&quot;What the German Conscript Thinks,&quot; 93;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">comment of F. Adler, 95;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&quot;When Peace Is Seriously Desired,&quot; 97.</span><br />
+<br />
+BERCHTOLD, (Count), on Austria-Hungary, 227.<br />
+<br />
+BERGSON, Henri, &quot;The Vital Energies of France,&quot; 152.<br />
+<br />
+BERNHARDI, (Gen.) Friedrich von, criticisms of, 13, 15, 25, 56, 135, 140, 343.<br />
+<br />
+BERNHEIMER, G.E., reply to J.M. Beck, 431.<br />
+<br />
+BERNSTORFF, (Count) Heinrich von, on peace proposals, 274;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on Anglo-Belgian plot, 371.</span><br />
+<br />
+BETHMANN-HOLLWEG, (Dr.) Theobald von, criticism by G.K. Chesterton, 114;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">speeches and statements, 219-225;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">conference with Ambassador Gerard on peace, 273;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reply to Asquith, 313;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">full text of speech in Reichstag, 989;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on Belgian neutrality, 1113;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&quot;A Scrap of Paper,&quot; 1120.</span><br />
+<br />
+BEVIS, (Dr.), work among the wounded in Belgium, 714.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Big and the Great</i>, 1114.<br />
+<br />
+BLACKFORD, (Dr.) C.M., 107.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Bloodless Capture of German Samoa</i>, 749.<br />
+<br />
+BODKINSON, H.W., on refugees in Warsaw, 957.<br />
+<br />
+BOEHN, (Gen.) von, 1117.<br />
+<br />
+BOER War, 126, 133, 214.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Bombardment of Rheims Cathedral</i>, 392.<br />
+<br />
+BONN, (Prof.) M.J., &quot;Tools of the Russian Juggernaut,&quot; 851.<br />
+<br />
+BOON, John, on German entry into Brussels, 679.<br />
+<br />
+BOSPORUS, Strait of, 1027.<br />
+<br />
+BOURTZEFF, (Russian revolutionist), 823.<br />
+<br />
+BOUTROUX, Emile, &quot;Germany's Civilized Barbarism,&quot; 160.<br />
+<br />
+BRANDES, Georg, &quot;Fate of the Jews in Poland,&quot; 854.<br />
+<br />
+BREZIZINY, Battle of, 740.<br />
+<br />
+BRIDGES, (Col.), 1102, 1107.<br />
+<br />
+BRIDGES, Robert, &quot;An Anti-Christian War,&quot; 129.<br />
+<br />
+BRIESEN, Arthur von, &quot;Apportioning the Blame,&quot; 548.<br />
+<br />
+BRIGGS, C.C.D., poem, 1198.<br />
+<br />
+<i>British Authors Defend England's War</i>, 82.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Broken Rose</i>, 1210.<br />
+<br />
+BROQUEVILLE, (Lieut.) de, 714.<br />
+<br />
+BROWN, Cyril, dispatches, 718, 780, 925-938.<br />
+<br />
+BRUSSELS, 679, 780, 1118.<br />
+<br />
+BRYAN, (Sec.) W.J., letter to Sen. Stone disclaiming bias against Germany and Austria, 1175;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&quot;Seizures of American Cargoes,&quot; 1183.</span><br />
+<br />
+BRYCE, (Viscount) James, on teachings of Bernhardi, 343;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appreciation of letter by Dr. C.W. Eliot, 477.</span><br />
+<br />
+BUCHANAN, (Sir) George, 229-236.<br />
+<br />
+BUELOW, (Gen.) Karl von, 1115.<br />
+<br />
+BULGARIA, England's overtures, 1031;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Serbs' view, 1036-1040.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Bulgaria and Kultur</i>, 1040.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Bulgaria's Attitude</i>, 1044.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>See also</i> BALKAN States.</span><br />
+<br />
+BUNSEN, (Sir) Maurice de, 231.<br />
+<br />
+BURGESS, John W., letter on &quot;Truth About Germany,&quot; 244;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">articles on the war and controversy, 507.</span><br />
+<br />
+BURGESS, William, letter, 973.<br />
+<br />
+BURNS, John, 23.<br />
+<br />
+BUTLER, (Dr.) N.M., &quot;The United States of Europe,&quot; 565.<br />
+<br />
+BUXTON, Noel, 1031.<br />
+<br />
+BYNG, (Maj. Gen.) Julian, 649.</p>
+
+
+<h3>C</h3>
+
+<p>CABLE Censorship, 1175.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Caldron of the Balkans</i>, 1025.<br />
+<br />
+CAMBON, Paul, 233-242, 355.<br />
+<br />
+CAMPAIGN in Eastern Europe, 738-744; 957-965.<br />
+<br />
+CAMPAIGN in Western Europe, 620-738; 949-953; 1167-1174.<br />
+<br />
+CARGOES, Amer., seizures, 1183, 1188.<br />
+<br />
+CARNEGIE, Andrew, 206, 208;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">interview, 451.</span><br />
+<br />
+CARTOONS, 1073-1100.<br />
+<br />
+CARUTHERS, M.V., poem, 864.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Case for Germany</i>, 209.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Case for the Triple Entente</i>, 276.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Case of Belgium</i>, 1101.<br />
+<br />
+CASTELNAU, (Gen.,) 643, 1170-1173.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Cathedrale, La</i>, 472.<br />
+<br />
+CAUSES of the War, views of T. Niemeyer, 206;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. C.W. Eliot, 498;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">M.J. Bonn, 852;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">H. Belloc, 993.</span><br />
+<br />
+CHANNING of Wellingborough, (Lord), &quot;What America Can Do,&quot; 588.<br />
+<br />
+&quot;<i>Chant of Hate Against England</i>&quot;, 984;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">answer, 988.</span><br />
+<br />
+CHARLES, King of Rumania, death, career, 1056.<br />
+<br />
+CHARTRES, Annie, poem, 1210.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Cheerful Spirits in Trench Inferno</i>, 1217.<br />
+<br />
+CHESTERTON, G.K., &quot;Why England Came to be in It,&quot; 108;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&quot;Russian or Prussian Barbarism,&quot; 111;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&quot;Disposing of Germany's Civilizing Mission,&quot; 115;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&quot;Russia Less Despotic Than Prussia,&quot; 119;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&quot;The Bond of Teutonism,&quot; 122.</span><br />
+<br />
+CHILD, O.C.A., poem, 764.<br />
+<br />
+CHRONOLOGY of War, 793, 1007, 1224.<br />
+<br />
+CHURCHILL, W.S., criticism, 13;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">speech, 330.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Civil Life in Berlin</i>, 943.<br />
+<br />
+COBB, Irvin S., on effects of war in four countries, 765.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Commercial Treaties After the War</i>, 863.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Common Sense About the War</i>, 11.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Commercial Aspects of War</i>, 526.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Concerning German Culture</i>, 542.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Concerning the German Professors</i>, 192.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Confiscation of German Patents</i>, 849.<br />
+<br />
+CONGO Conference, 259.<br />
+<br />
+CONNAUGHT, (Prince) Arthur of, 646.<br />
+<br />
+CONTRABAND, 1176, 1183, 1188.<br />
+<br />
+COWEN, F.H., music for hymn to Belgium, 1126.<br />
+<br />
+COX, John H., on fighting in Alsace, 736.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Credo for Keeping Faith</i>, 102.<br />
+<br />
+CRESSY, 753, 755, 761.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Crowds See the Niger Sink</i>, 760.<br />
+<br />
+CULTURE, 160, 178, 193-203; 317, 541, 543, 613, 821.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Culture vs. Kultur</i>, 543.<br />
+<br />
+CURZON, (Lord), criticism, 13;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">speech, 308;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter to London Times, 329.</span><br />
+<br />
+CYPRUS Island, 1035.</p>
+
+<h3>D</h3>
+
+<p><i>Damp Humor of the Night Watch</i>, 1206.<br />
+<br />
+DANKL, (Gen.), 959.<br />
+<br />
+DARDANELLES, Strait of, 1027, 1031.<br />
+<br />
+DARRAIL, (Gen.), 1172.<br />
+<br />
+DAVIS, R.H., on Rheims Cathedral, 932.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Dawn of a New Day</i>, 678.<br />
+<br />
+DAWNAY, (Maj.) Hugh, 649.<br />
+<br />
+DECLARATION of London, 1182.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Declaration of the Russian Industrial Interests</i>, 835.<br />
+<br />
+DEFENDER, 973.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Defense of the Dual Alliance</i>, 438.<br />
+<br />
+DELCASSE, T., letter denying use of dumdum bullets by French, 376.<br />
+<br />
+DERNBURG, (Dr.) Bernhard, on German review of the evidence, 229;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reply to letter by Dr. C.W. Eliot, 487;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&quot;The Case of Belgium,&quot; 1101.</span><br />
+<br />
+D'ESPEREY, (Gen.) Franchet, 652.<br />
+<br />
+DETENTION Camps, <i>see</i> PRISON Camps.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Diary of Lydia Evans</i>, 981.<br />
+<br />
+D'IBERVILLE, 1211.<br />
+<br />
+DIECKMANN, (Maj.), 1118.<br />
+<br />
+DISARMAMENT, 50, 97, 223.<br />
+<br />
+DIXMUDE, Battle of, 712, 715.<br />
+<br />
+DOUMIC, Ren&#233;, &quot;The Soldier of 1914,&quot; 156.<br />
+<br />
+DOYLE, (Sir) A.C., &quot;To Arms!&quot; 132;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on British militarism, 140.</span><br />
+<br />
+DUBAIL, (Gen.), 1173.<br />
+<br />
+DUCARME, (Maj. Gen.), 1104, 1105.<br />
+<br />
+DUMDUM Bullets, sale by Amer. firms, 1179.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>See also</i> ATROCITIES.</span><br />
+<br />
+DURYEE, (Mrs.) Nina Larrey, appeal for aid for Belgians, 776.</p>
+
+<h3>E</h3>
+
+<p>ECOB, J.H., on the German Emperor, 510.<br />
+<br />
+ECONOMIC Aspects of War, discussed by F.H. Giddings, 526;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">article by Prof. I. Fisher, 594;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">article by R.G. Usher, 600.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Effects of War in Four Countries</i>, 765.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Effects of War on America</i>, 600.<br />
+<br />
+EGYPT, Sultan, <i>see</i> HUSSEIN KAMEL.<br />
+<br />
+ELIOT, (Dr.) C.W., criticism, 182;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letters, 465, 473-506.</span><br />
+<br />
+EMDEN, poem, 816;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Penang, 1211.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Emden's Last Fight</i>, 758.<br />
+<br />
+EMMICH, (Gen.) von, 935.<br />
+<br />
+ENGLAND:&#8212;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Agreement with France, 239.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Army, views of G.B. Shaw, 31, 32, 34;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">H.G. Wells on need of equipment, 91;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">recruits, 106, 132, 299, 304, 306, 312-333;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">reports of officers, 619.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Conditions described by I.S. Cobb, 765;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">interview with F.H. Smith, 772.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Declaration of war upon Turkey, 1035.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Foreign Office, 13, 19, 28, 30, 61.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Invasion by Germans, 89, 92.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Labor problem, 49.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Labor Party, 31, 33, 36.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Navy, 311, 332.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Overtures to Bulgaria, 1031.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Russian Alliance, 81, 103, 107, 203, 207, 223.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ultimatum to Germany, 291.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">War Office, 34.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&quot;White Paper,&quot; 19, 61, 228, 413, 431-448, 548.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>See also</i> BELGO-BRITISH Plot.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>England Caused the War</i>, 989.<br />
+<br />
+<i>English Artists' Protests</i>, 130.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Entrance of France Into War</i>, 350.<br />
+<br />
+EPIRUS, 1052, 1065.<br />
+<br />
+ESCAILLE, de l', 237.<br />
+<br />
+ESCHENBACH, (Councilor,) 986.<br />
+<br />
+ESSAD Pasha, 1063.<br />
+<br />
+ESTOURNELLES DE CONSTANT, (Baron) d', letters, 146.<br />
+<br />
+EUCKEN, (Dr.) Rudolf, defense of Germany, 534.<br />
+<br />
+EULENBERG, Herbert, letter, 80.<br />
+<br />
+EUROPEAN Federation, <i>see</i> UNITED States of Europe.<br />
+<br />
+EVANS, Lydia, diary, 981.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Exit Albania?</i> 1062.<br />
+<br />
+&quot;EYEWITNESS,&quot; reports, 650.</p>
+
+<h3>F</h3>
+
+<p>&quot;<i>Facts About Belgium</i>,&quot; 365.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Fall of Antwerp</i>, 682.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Fate of the Jews in Poland</i>, 854.<br />
+<br />
+FAY, Frances C., translation of &quot;La Cathedrale,&quot; 472.<br />
+<br />
+FERDINAND, King of Rumania, 1057.<br />
+<br />
+FERDINAND, Tsar of Bulgaria, speech from the throne, 1044.<br />
+<br />
+FERGUSSON, (Sir) Charles, 641.<br />
+<br />
+FERRIMAN, Z.D., on Serbians' re-entry into Belgrade, 969.<br />
+<br />
+FICHTE, J.G., 162.<br />
+<br />
+FIELDING, (Lady) Dorothie, 1714.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Fifteen Minutes on the Yser</i>, 949.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Fight to the Bitter End</i>, 451.<br />
+<br />
+FILIPESCU, N., on Rumanians in Hungary, 1061.<br />
+<br />
+<i>First Fight at Lodz</i>, 740.<br />
+<br />
+<i>First German Prisoners</i>, 974.<br />
+<br />
+<i>First Invasion of Serbia</i>, 742.<br />
+<br />
+<i>First Warnings of Europe's Peril</i>, 276.<br />
+<br />
+FISHER, Irving, on probable economic effects of the war, 594.<br />
+<br />
+FITZ CLARENCE, (Brig. Gen.), 649;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tribute from Sir J. French, 649.</span><br />
+<br />
+FLANDERS, Fighting in, 646, 1167.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Flaws in Shaw's Logic</i>, 65.<br />
+<br />
+FLEXNER, Hortense, poem, 612.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Flight Into Switzerland</i>, 966.<br />
+<br />
+FOCH, (Gen.), 647.<br />
+<br />
+FOSBENDER, (Gen.) von, 1148.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Four Months of War</i>, 1169.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Fourth of August</i>, 87.<br />
+<br />
+FOWLER, (Col.) J.S., 645.<br />
+<br />
+FOX, Frank, 685, 686.<br />
+<br />
+FRANCE:&#8212;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Army, 156.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Capital moved, 357.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">General conditions, 146, 765, 767, 770, 772, 982.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Invasion of Germany, 221, 261, 264.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Treatment of resident German and Austrian citizens, 268.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vital energies of, 152.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>France and England as Seen in War-Time</i>, 772.<br />
+<br />
+<i>France Through English Eyes</i>, 153.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>See also</i> CAMPAIGN in Western Europe.</span><br />
+<br />
+FRANCIS JOSEPH, Emperor of Austria, 225, 226.<br />
+<br />
+FRANCKE, (Prof.) Kuno, reply to letter by Dr. C.W. Eliot, 478;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&quot;French Hate and English Jealousy,&quot; 554.</span><br />
+<br />
+FRANCO-PRUSSIAN War, 13, 69.<br />
+<br />
+FREDERICK WILLIAM, <i>see</i> GERMANY&#8212;Crown Prince.<br />
+<br />
+FRENCH, (Sir) John, tributes, 304, 306;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reports, 619;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">order to troops, 654;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">arrival in Paris, 768.</span><br />
+<br />
+FRENCH, W.E.P., poem, 458.<br />
+<br />
+<i>French Amenities</i>, 1220.<br />
+<br />
+<i>French Hate and English Jealousy</i>, 555.<br />
+<br />
+<i>French Official Report on German Atrocities</i>, 1132.<br />
+<br />
+&quot;<i>From the Body of This Death</i>,&quot; 1119.<br />
+<br />
+FRONDE, 1211.<br />
+<br />
+FULDA, Ludwig, 180.</p>
+
+<h3>G</h3>
+
+<p>
+GADKE, (Col.), 141.<br />
+<br />
+GALICIA, 958.<br />
+<br />
+GALLIENI, (Gen.), 702.<br />
+<br />
+GALSWORTHY, John, &quot;A 'Credo' for Keeping Faith,&quot; 102;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">poem, 1126.</span><br />
+<br />
+GEBWEILER, 738.<br />
+<br />
+GEIER (S.S.), 1181.<br />
+<br />
+GEORGE V., King of England, messages and addresses, 294, 298, 307, 1035;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">visit to troops, 1035.</span><br />
+<br />
+GERARD, (Ambassador) J.W., report on peace talk in Germany, 273.<br />
+<br />
+<i>German Airmen</i>, 932.<br />
+<br />
+<i>German Attack on Tahiti</i>, 748.<br />
+<br />
+<i>German Declarations</i>, 534.<br />
+<br />
+<i>German Entry Into Brussels</i>, 679.<br />
+<br />
+<i>German Generals Talk of the War</i>, 934.<br />
+<br />
+<i>German Review of the Evidence</i>, 228.<br />
+<br />
+<i>German Religion of Duty</i>, 170.<br />
+<br />
+GERMAN Samoa, 749.<br />
+<br />
+<i>German Story of the Heligoland Fight</i>, 754.<br />
+<br />
+GERMAN-AMERICANS, 578.<br />
+<br />
+GERMANS, criticisms of, 93, 95, 124, 170.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Germans as Seen from a Convent</i>, 981.<br />
+<br />
+GERMANY:&#8212;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Address to Americans, 533.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Army, criticisms, 93, 95, 141;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">mobilization, 252;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">strength, 255;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">officers, 256;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">reports of correspondents, 718, 731, 925-934;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">prisoners, 974;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">commanders' proclamations, 1116.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Crown Prince's message to America, 1187.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Empress's appeal to German women, 211;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">birthday celebration, 722.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">General conditions, 765, 943.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Navy, 134, 215, 217, 254, 256.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Reichstag, 250.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">South African intrigues, 127, 133, 214.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Treatment of resident citizens of hostile nations, 267.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">White Book, 189, 413, 431-448.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>See also</i> CAMPAIGN in Western Europe.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Germany and World Empire</i>, 493.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Germany of the Future</i>, 606.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Germany the Aggressor</i>, 608.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Germany vs. Belgium</i>, 1102.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Germany's Civilized Barbarism</i>, 160.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Germany's Strategic Railways</i>, 1000.<br />
+<br />
+GIBBONS, Perceval, dispatches, 777, 961, 964, 1207.<br />
+<br />
+GIBBS, Philip, dispatches, 691, 704, 714, 729.<br />
+<br />
+GIDDINGS, F.H., &quot;Possible Profits from War,&quot; 526.<br />
+<br />
+GILDER, J.B., poem, 501.<br />
+<br />
+GLADSTONE, W.E., 287, 317, 448.<br />
+<br />
+GLEESON, 714.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Glory of War</i>, 1004.<br />
+<br />
+GOLTZ, (Baron) von der, 1118.<br />
+<br />
+GOSCHEN, (Sir) E., 230-238.<br />
+<br />
+GOUGH, (Maj. Gen.) H. de La P., 645.<br />
+<br />
+GRADOW, Battle of, 965.<br />
+<br />
+GRAHAM, Cunninghame, criticism of G.B. Shaw, 65.<br />
+<br />
+GRANT, Lawrence, criticism of G.B. Shaw, 74.<br />
+<br />
+GRAY Book, <i>see under</i> BELGIUM.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Great Britain's Mobilization</i>, 294.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Grecian Neutrality Defined</i>, 1050.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Greco-Rumanian Friendship</i>, 1053.<br />
+<br />
+GREECE, 1050.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>See also</i> BALKAN States.</span><br />
+<br />
+GREEN, Horace, 686.<br />
+<br />
+GRIENDL, (Baron,) 1102, 1104, 1108.<br />
+<br />
+GREY, (Sir) Edward, criticisms, 13, 18, 19, 61, 67, 232-243;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appeal for national unity, 276;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letters, speeches, &amp;c., 277, 279, 281, 290, 314, 355, 1111, 1120, 1188.</span><br />
+<br />
+GRIVEGNEE, 1116.<br />
+<br />
+GUESDE, Jules, 396, 398.<br />
+<br />
+GUYOT, YVES, reply to German professors, 194.</p>
+
+<h3>H</h3>
+
+<p>
+HAASE, Hugo, speeches, 401.<br />
+<br />
+HAECKEL, (Prof.) Ernst, criticisms, 123, 525;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">defense of Germany, 534.</span><br />
+<br />
+HAENISCH, (Gen.) von, 938.<br />
+<br />
+HAESELER, (Gen.) von, 722.<br />
+<br />
+HAGGARD, (Capt.) Mark, 128.<br />
+<br />
+HAGGARD, H.R., &quot;South Africa's Boers and Britons,&quot; 126.<br />
+<br />
+HAIG, (Lieut. Gen. Sir) Douglas, 620, 637, 639, 641, 645, 648, 649.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Hail!</i> (Hymn to Belgium), 1126.<br />
+<br />
+HAPSBURG Family, 138.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Hard Blows, Not Hard Words</i>, 103.<br />
+<br />
+HARDIE, Kier, on British Socialists and the war; questions Sir E. Grey, 409.<br />
+<br />
+HARDY, Thomas, poem, 924.<br />
+<br />
+HARNACK, (Prof.) Adolf von, criticism, 123;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">address to Americans in Germany, 198-203.</span><br />
+<br />
+HARRISON, Frederic, &quot;Concerning the German Professors,&quot; 192.<br />
+<br />
+HASKINS, H.S., poem, 1166.<br />
+<br />
+HAUPTMANN, Gerhart, letter from R. Rolland, 174;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reply, 175;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&quot;Are We Barbarians?&quot; 178.</span><br />
+<br />
+HAVENITH, E., on Anglo-Belgian plot, 372.<br />
+<br />
+HAWKE (cruiser), 757.<br />
+<br />
+<i>He Heard the Bugles Calling</i>, 1198.<br />
+<br />
+HEIGEL, Edward, 686.<br />
+<br />
+HEINE, Henry, poem, 525.<br />
+<br />
+HELLPACH, (Prof.) W., 986.<br />
+<br />
+HELIGOLAND, battle, 754.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Helpless Victims</i>, 776.<br />
+<br />
+HENDERSON, Arthur, on British Socialists and war, 409.<br />
+<br />
+HENDERSON, Barbara, translation of &quot;Chant of Hate Against England,&quot; 985.<br />
+<br />
+HENDERSON, (Sir) David, 624, 643, 645.<br />
+<br />
+HENGELMULLER, (Baron) L., defense of Austria, 559.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Heroic Language</i>, 1216.<br />
+<br />
+HERZOG, Rudolf, letter, 1199.<br />
+<br />
+HIBBEN, John Grier, address, 503;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&quot;The Trespass in Belgium,&quot; 545.</span><br />
+<br />
+HILLIS, (Rev. Dr.) N.D., sermon, 573;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">interview, 579.</span><br />
+<br />
+HOECKER, P.O., letter, 1201.<br />
+<br />
+HOGUE (cruiser), 752, 755, 761.<br />
+<br />
+HOHENZOLLERN Family, 138.<br />
+<br />
+HOEHNE, Wilhelm, poem, 987.<br />
+<br />
+HOLLAND'S Future, 1128.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Hopeful Road to Lasting Peace</i>, 497.<br />
+<br />
+&quot;<i>House with Sealed Doors</i>,&quot; 1183.<br />
+<br />
+<i>How Paris Dropped Gayety</i>, 767.<br />
+<br />
+<i>How Prohibition Came to Russia</i>, 831.<br />
+<br />
+<i>How Russian Manufacturers Feel</i>, 838.<br />
+<br />
+<i>How the Baroness Hid Her Husband on a Vessel</i>, 956.<br />
+<br />
+<i>How the Belgians Fight</i>, 725.<br />
+<br />
+<i>How the Cressy Sank</i>, 752.<br />
+<br />
+<i>How Turkey Went to War</i>, 1025.<br />
+<br />
+HUDSON, Kate, criticism of G.B. Shaw, 73.<br />
+<br />
+HUGLI, E.T., &quot;The Flight Into Switzerland,&quot; 966.<br />
+<br />
+HUGUET, (Col.) Victor, 646.<br />
+<br />
+&quot;<i>Human Documents</i>,&quot; 679, 939.<br />
+<br />
+HUNT, E.E., 686.<br />
+<br />
+HUSSEIN, Kemal, Sultan of Egypt, letter from King George and reply, 1035.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Hymn to Belgium</i>, 1126.</p>
+
+<h3>I</h3>
+
+<p>
+<i>I Am for Peace</i>, 826.<br />
+<br />
+<i>If the Germans Raid England</i>, 87.<br />
+<br />
+IMERETINSKY, (Prince), statement to Americans, 362.<br />
+<br />
+<i>In Defense of Austria</i>, 436, 559.<br />
+<br />
+<i>In the Supreme Court of Civilization</i>, 413.<br />
+<br />
+INCOME Tax, Russia, 850.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Influence of the War Upon Russian Industry</i>, 834.<br />
+<br />
+&quot;<i>Innocence of Belgium</i>,&quot; 1110.<br />
+<br />
+IRELAND, 276, 290, 323.<br />
+<br />
+IRISH-AMERICANS, 585.<br />
+<br />
+ISMAIL Kemal Bey, 1064.<br />
+<br />
+ISWOLSKI, 240.<br />
+<br />
+&quot;<i>It Is for Us and for France</i>,&quot; 983.<br />
+<br />
+ITALY, 1064.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Italy and the War</i>, 1192.</p>
+
+<h3>J</h3>
+
+<p>
+JAGOW, Gottlieb von, 230, 238, 241, 367, 1113.<br />
+<br />
+JAURES, J.L., 53, 398, 399.<br />
+<br />
+JAWOROWSKI, Kazinirz, on Poland and the war, 360.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Jeanne d'Arc</i>, 506.<br />
+<br />
+JEMTCHUG, 1211.<br />
+<br />
+JEROME, J.K., &quot;Hard Blows, Not Hard Words&quot;, 103.<br />
+<br />
+JEWS in Russia, 361, 854.<br />
+<br />
+JOACHIM, (Prince), letter, 1199.<br />
+<br />
+JOFFRE, (Gen.) Joseph, 619-642, 1167, 1170.<br />
+<br />
+JONES, Jefferson, dispatches, 745, 1208.<br />
+<br />
+JONESCO, Take, on the Balkan situation, 1061.<br />
+<br />
+JORDAN, (Dr.) D.S., &quot;A War of Dishonor,&quot; 502.<br />
+<br />
+JORDAN, (Dr.) Daniel, on German aggression, 490.<br />
+<br />
+JUNGBLUTH, (Gen.), 1102, 1107, 1111.<br />
+<br />
+JUNKERISM, 11, 13, 69, 75.</p>
+
+<h3>K</h3>
+
+<p>
+<i>Kaiser and Belgium</i>, 507.<br />
+<br />
+KALISCH, 957.<br />
+<br />
+KANT, Immanuel, 168.<br />
+<br />
+KAROLYI, (Count) Michael, on Austria-Hungary and the war, 227.<br />
+<br />
+KAUFFMAN, Ruth, on Scarborough raid, 953.<br />
+<br />
+KAUTSKY, Karl, letter, 405.<br />
+<br />
+KENNEDY, J.B., poem, 581.<br />
+<br />
+KIPLING, Rudyard, &quot;As They Tested Our Fathers&quot;, 106;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter on &quot;The Truce of the Bear&quot;, 107.</span><br />
+<br />
+KITCHENER, (Lord) H.H., speech, 304.<br />
+<br />
+KLUCK, (Gen.) A. von, 1170.<br />
+<br />
+KONOVALOV, A., appeal for Poles, 825.<br />
+<br />
+KORFF, (Baron,) on causes of the war, 363.<br />
+<br />
+KULTUR, <i>see</i> CULTURE.</p>
+
+<h3>L</h3>
+
+<p>
+LA FRANCE, Geni, on attack on Tahiti, 748.<br />
+<br />
+LADD, G.T., on judgment of Germany, 524.<br />
+<br />
+LAMBTON, (Gen. Hon.) W., 624, 645.<br />
+<br />
+LANGLE DE CARY, (Gen.), 1170-1173.<br />
+<br />
+LANREZEC, (Gen.,) 1170.<br />
+<br />
+LANSDOWNE, Marquis of, tribute to army, 306.<br />
+<br />
+LAPRADELLE, (Prof.) A.G. de, &quot;Germany of the Future&quot;, 606.<br />
+<br />
+LAW, A.B., speeches, 278, 290, 294, 303.<br />
+<br />
+LEIBNITZ, criticism by E. Boutroux, 168.<br />
+<br />
+LETTERS, soldiers', 970;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">from French girls, 982, 983;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">soldiers', 1199, 1218.</span><br />
+<br />
+LICHNOWSKY, (Prince), 233, 237.<br />
+<br />
+LIEBKNECHT, (Dr.) Carl, on German Socialists, 402.<br />
+<br />
+LI&#201;GE, 265, 266.<br />
+<br />
+LISSAUER, Ernst, poem, 984.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Little Montenegro Speaks</i>, 1043.<br />
+<br />
+LLOYD GEORGE, David, speeches, 228, 336.<br />
+<br />
+LOANS, <i>see</i> WAR Loans.<br />
+<br />
+LOCKSUN, 1182.<br />
+<br />
+LODGE, (Sir) Oliver, criticism of H.G. Wells, 92.<br />
+<br />
+LODZ, Battle of, 740.<br />
+<br />
+LONG Live the Allies! 1174.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Lord of Hosts</i>, 501.<br />
+<br />
+LORRAINE, <i>see</i> ALSACE-LORRAINE.<br />
+<br />
+LOUIS XIV., 26.<br />
+<br />
+LOUVAIN, 130, 171, 183, 185, 196, 369, 381, 385, 388, 390, 783, 916.<br />
+<br />
+LOW, Sidney, poem, 1119.<br />
+<br />
+LUETTWITZ, (Gen.) Baron von, 1118.<br />
+<br />
+LUN&#201;VILLE, 1147.<br />
+<br />
+LUXEMBURG, 222, 280.</p>
+
+<h3>M</h3>
+
+<p>
+MACDONALD, J.R., speech, 410;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">criticism, 411, 520.</span><br />
+<br />
+MACH, (Dr.) Edmund von, defense of dual alliance, 438.<br />
+<br />
+MACK, Louise, 685, 686.<br />
+<br />
+MACNAUGTON, Miss, 714.<br />
+<br />
+MACREADY, (Maj. Gen.) Nevil, 627, 645.<br />
+<br />
+MACURDY, G.H., poem, 587.<br />
+<br />
+MAETERLINCK, Maurice, &quot;The Need of Being Merciless,&quot; 144.<br />
+<br />
+MAIL Censorship, 1176.<br />
+<br />
+MARINGOVICH, Paul, on the Bulgarian menace, 1036.<br />
+<br />
+MARNE, Battle of, 627, 1169.<br />
+<br />
+MASLOV, P., &quot;Commercial Treaties After the War&quot;, 863.<br />
+<br />
+MATHER, (Prof.) F.J., Jr., letters, 465, 514, 543.<br />
+<br />
+MATTHEWS, Brander, on German culture, 541.<br />
+<br />
+MAUNOURY, (Gen.), 1170-1173.<br />
+<br />
+MAYERHOFF, (Prof.), writes music for &quot;Chant of Hate&quot;, 985.<br />
+<br />
+MEHMED-RESHAD, Sultan of Turkey, proclamations, 1033, 1034.<br />
+<br />
+&quot;<i>Men of the Emden</i>&quot;, 816.<br />
+<br />
+MERCHANT Marine, 602.<br />
+<br />
+MERCIER, (Cardinal) Desideratus, pastoral letter, 913.<br />
+<br />
+MEUSE, Battle of, 691, 731.<br />
+<br />
+MEYNELL, Alice, poem, 1216.<br />
+<br />
+MICKIEWICZ, Adam, 857.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Might or Right</i>, 503.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Mighty Fate of Europe</i>, 219.<br />
+<br />
+MIGOULIN, (Prof.), on war situation, 836;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on Russian loans, 837.</span><br />
+<br />
+MILLE, Constantin, on Rumania, 1058.<br />
+<br />
+MILITARISM, views of G.B. Shaw, 11, 17, 25, 55, 59;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A. Bennett, 61;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">C. Pankhurst, 69;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">H. Eulenberg, 80;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. Galsworthy, 102;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sir A.C. Doyle, 138, 140;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">M. Maeterlinck, 145;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Estournelles de Constant, 146, 149;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">H. Bergson, 152;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">L. Fulda, 181;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">German professors, 185;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Y. Guyot and Prof. Bellet, 197;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. C.W. Eliot, 475;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">W.M. Sloane, 517;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A. von Briesen, 552;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. N.D. Hillis, 573.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Militarism and Christianity</i>, 610.<br />
+<br />
+MOHAMMEDANS, holy war, 1034.<br />
+<br />
+MONET, Claude, &quot;Long Live the Allies!&quot; 1174.<br />
+<br />
+MONS, Battle of, 619, 971.<br />
+<br />
+MONTENEGRO, 1043.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>See also</i> BALKAN States.</span><br />
+<br />
+MOROCCO, 258, 282, 283.<br />
+<br />
+MUNRO, (Dr.), 714.<br />
+<br />
+MURRAY, (Lieut. Gen.) Archibald, 624, 645.<br />
+<br />
+MUZZAFER Bey, 1029.</p>
+
+<h3>N</h3>
+
+<p>
+NAMUR, 1115.<br />
+<br />
+NAPOLEON I., 26, 56.<br />
+<br />
+NAVAL Engagements, <i>see</i> SEA Fights.<br />
+<br />
+NAVAL Situation, 88.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Need of Being Merciless</i>, 144.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Neutrals</i>, 948.<br />
+<br />
+<i>New Russia Meets Germany</i>, 777.<br />
+<br />
+<i>New Russia Speaks</i>, 817.<br />
+<br />
+<i>New Source of Revenue Needed</i>, 839.<br />
+<br />
+<i>New World Map</i>, 571.<br />
+<br />
+<i>New Year's Day, Battle of</i>, 961.<br />
+<br />
+NEW ZEALAND, work of expeditionary force, 749.<br />
+<br />
+NEWS Censorship, 791, 1175.<br />
+<br />
+NICHOLAIOVITCH, (Grand Duke) Nicholas, appeal to Poles, 359.<br />
+<br />
+NICHOLAS, Czar of Russia, criticisms, 44, 246, 260;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">manifesto, speeches, &amp;c., 358;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tribute from P. Vinogradoff, 821;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">interview on prohibition, 832.</span><br />
+<br />
+NICHOLSON, (Commander) B.W.L., on Cressy, 755.<br />
+<br />
+NICOLSON, A.D., poem, 506.<br />
+<br />
+NIEBER, (Gen.) von, letter, 1115.<br />
+<br />
+NIEMEYER, Theodore, &quot;The Causes of the War,&quot; 206;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">comment, 208.</span><br />
+<br />
+NIETZSCHE, F.W., 194, 504, 612.<br />
+<br />
+NIEUPORT, Battle of, 951.<br />
+<br />
+NIGER (gunboat), 760.<br />
+<br />
+NORTON, (Commander) R.A., on the Hogue, 755.</p>
+
+<h3>O</h3>
+
+<p>
+<i>Officer in Battle Had Little Feeling</i>, 959.<br />
+<br />
+<i>On the Impending Crisis</i>, 107.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Once Fair Belgrade Is a Skeleton City</i>, 969.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Open Letter to Pres. Wilson</i>, 76.<br />
+<br />
+&quot;ORANGE Book,&quot; <i>see under</i> RUSSIA.<br />
+<br />
+OSTWALD, Wilhelm, &quot;A New World Map,&quot; 571.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Our Russian Ally</i>, 840.</p>
+
+<h3>P</h3>
+
+<p>
+PAN-SLAVISM, 203.<br />
+<br />
+PANKHURST, Christabel, criticism of G.B. Shaw, 68.<br />
+<br />
+PARIS, 691; 767.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Paris in October</i>, 770.<br />
+<br />
+PARKER, (Sir) Gilbert, &quot;Belgium's Bitter Need,&quot; 614.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Parting</i>, 553.<br />
+<br />
+PASHITCH, (Serbian Premier,) on Serbia and the war, 1036.<br />
+<br />
+PASSPORTS, 1180.<br />
+<br />
+PATENTS, 849.<br />
+<br />
+PATEY, (Sir) George, 750.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Patriotism and Endurance</i>, 913.<br />
+<br />
+PAU, (Gene.), 691, 694, 696, 1169.<br />
+<br />
+PEACE, 12, 37, 97, 149, 273, 297.<br />
+<br />
+PENANG, 1211.<br />
+<br />
+PERRIS, G.H., &quot;As the French Fell Back on Paris,&quot; 689.<br />
+<br />
+PERSIA, 45.<br />
+<br />
+PHILIP II., 26.<br />
+<br />
+PHILOSOPHERS, German, 129, 606.<br />
+<br />
+PHILLPOTTS, Eden, poem, 1066.<br />
+<br />
+PICK, Edward, defense of Austria, 436.<br />
+<br />
+PIGEONS, homing, 792.<br />
+<br />
+PISTOLET, 1211.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Ping Pong</i>, 850.<br />
+<br />
+PITT, William, 316.<br />
+<br />
+PIUS X., Pope, 374.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Place of Tombs</i>, 1207.<br />
+<br />
+POEMS:&#8212;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Adams, Adeline, &quot;To a Cousin German&quot;, 593;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">&quot;Glory of War&quot;, 1004.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Archer, William, &quot;The Big and the Great&quot;, 1114.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Arnold, Winifred, &quot;Another 'Happy Thought'&quot;, 789.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Barry, Beatrice, &quot;Ping Pong&quot;, 850;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">&quot;The Neutrals&quot;, 948;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">answer to &quot;Chant of Hate&quot;, 988.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Briggs, C.C.D., &quot;He Heard the Bugles Calling&quot;, 1198.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Caruthers, Mazie V., &quot;The Woman's Part,&quot; 864</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chartres, A.V., &quot;The Broken Rose&quot;, 1210.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Child, O.C.A., &quot;The Soliloquy of an old Soldier&quot;, 764.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Flexner, Hortense, &quot;Vigil&quot;, 612.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">French, W.E.P., &quot;Shot Tell His Mother&quot;, 458.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Galsworthy, John, &quot;Hail! Hymn to Belgium&quot;, 1126.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gilder, J.B., &quot;The Lord of Hosts&quot;, 501.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hardy, Thomas, &quot;Appeal to America for Belgium&quot;, 924.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Haskins, H.S., &quot;Nuits Blanches&quot;, 1166.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hohne, Wilhelm, poem to France, 987.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kennedy, John B., &quot;Tipperary&quot;, 581.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lissauer, Ernst, &quot;Chant of Hate Against England&quot;, 984;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">answer by B. Barry, 988.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Low, Sidney, &quot;From the Body of This Death&quot;, 1119.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Macurdy, G.H., &quot;To Melos, Pomegranate Isle&quot;, 587.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Meynell, Alice, &quot;The Heroic Language&quot;, 1216.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nicolson, A.D., &quot;Jeanne D'Arc&quot;, 506.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Phillpotts, E., &quot;To Belgium&quot;, 1066.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rostand, Edmond, &quot;La Cathedrale&quot;, 472.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sheldon, Lurana, &quot;I Am for Peace!&quot; 826.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Simons, K.D.M., &quot;A Song of the Siege Gun&quot;, 992.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sudduth, H.T., &quot;At the Villa Achilleion Corfu&quot;, 999.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, E.M., &quot;The House with Sealed Doors&quot;, 1183.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vose, Edward Neville, &quot;The Dawn of a New Day&quot;, 678.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Watson, W., &quot;To His Majesty King Albert&quot;, 1228.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wetter, Louise von, &quot;Parting&quot;, 553.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ybarra, T.R., &quot;The Men of the Emden&quot;, 816.</span><br />
+<br />
+POINCARE, (Pres. of France) Raymond, proclamation on mobilization, 350;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">address to Parliament, 351;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">protest to Pres. Wilson against German atrocities, 375.</span><br />
+<br />
+POLAND, <i>see</i> CAMPAIGN in Eastern Europe.<br />
+<br />
+POLES in Russia, 359, 360, 825, 829, 854, 957.<br />
+<br />
+POLYZOIDES, A.T., &quot;The War in the Balkans,&quot; 1068.<br />
+<br />
+PONSONBY, Arthur, 1102.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Possible Profits from War</i>, 526.<br />
+<br />
+PRISON Camps, 1181.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Prayer for Victory</i>, 212.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Probable Causes and Outcome of the War</i>, 473.<br />
+<br />
+PROFESSORS, German, 125, 162, 185-195.<br />
+<br />
+PROHIBITION in Russia, 831.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Proposed Internal Loans of Russia</i>, 837.<br />
+<br />
+PRUSSIA, <i>see</i> CHESTERTON, G.K.<br />
+<br />
+PULTENEY, (Lieut. Gen.) W.P., 645.<br />
+<br />
+PURUMBARN, (Rumanian Minister,) statement, 1060.<br />
+<br />
+PUTNAM, G.H., letter on atrocities, 563.</p>
+
+<h3>R</h3>
+
+<p>
+RADOSLAVOFF, (Bulgarian Premier,) statement, 1044.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Raid on Scarborough Seen from a Window</i>, 953.<br />
+<br />
+RAILWAYS, German, 1000.<br />
+<br />
+RAWLINSON, (Sir) Henry, 648.<br />
+<br />
+RED Cross, 33, 714, 765.<br />
+<br />
+REDMOND, J.E., speech, 291.<br />
+<br />
+RELIEF Work, 614, 776, 782.<br />
+<br />
+REMINGTON Arms Co., 1179.<br />
+<br />
+RENNENKAMPF, (Gen.) P.C. von, 738, 778.<br />
+<br />
+RESERVISTS, 1181.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Retreat to Paris</i>, 691.<br />
+<br />
+REUTER, Gabriele, &quot;The German Religion of Duty,&quot; 170.<br />
+<br />
+RHEIMS, 55, 130, 184, 392, 393, 472, 928, 931.<br />
+<br />
+RITTENHOUSE, Anne, &quot;How Paris Dropped Gayety,&quot; 767.<br />
+<br />
+ROBERTS, (Lord) F.S., 14.<br />
+<br />
+ROBERTSON, (Maj. Gen.) William, 624, 645.<br />
+<br />
+ROLLAND, Romain, letter, 174.<br />
+<br />
+ROOSEVELT, (Col.) Theodore, 591.<br />
+<br />
+ROSS, Malcolm, on capture of German Samoa, 749.<br />
+<br />
+ROSTAND, Edmond, poem, 472.<br />
+<br />
+ROUEN, 982.<br />
+<br />
+ROWAN, Edgar, on the Aboukir, Cressy, and Hogue, 752.<br />
+<br />
+RUFFEY, (Gen.), 1170-1173.<br />
+<br />
+RUHL, Arthur, 686.<br />
+<br />
+RUMANIANS in Hungary, 1061.<br />
+<br />
+RUMANIA, 1054-1062.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>See also</i> BALKAN States.</span><br />
+<br />
+RUPPRECHT, (Prince), <i>see</i> BAVARIA.<br />
+<br />
+RUSSIA:&#8212;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Army, 738, 777, 961, 963.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Commerce, 362.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duma, message to Britain, 361;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">criticism, 843.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Finance, 837, 839.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Industries, 834-838.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mobilization, 220, 228, 249, 263.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&quot;Orange Book,&quot; 413, 431-448.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Progress, 840.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Taxes, 850, 863.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Treatment of resident Austrians and German citizens, 268.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">United Russia, 827.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>See also</i> CHESTERTON, G.K.; CAMPAIGN in Eastern Europe.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Russia and Europe's War</i>, 821.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Russia in Literature</i>, 819.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Russia to Blame</i>, 434.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Russia to Her Enemy</i>, 358.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Russian Appeal for the Poles</i>, 825.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Russian Atrocities</i>, 563.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Russian Financial Authority on the War</i>, 836.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Russian Income Tax</i>, 850.</p>
+
+<h3>S</h3>
+
+<p>
+SAMOA, 749.<br />
+<br />
+SANDERS, (Gen.) Liman von, 1028.<br />
+<br />
+SANDERSON, (Dr.) R.L., reply to K. Francke, 557.<br />
+<br />
+SARGENT, (Dr.) Irene, on Alsace-Lorraine and Schleswig-Holstein, 492.<br />
+<br />
+SARRAIL, (Gen.), 1173.<br />
+<br />
+SASENO, 1064.<br />
+<br />
+SAUVEUR, Albert, &quot;Germany the Aggressor,&quot; 609.<br />
+<br />
+SAVOFF, (Gen.), on Bulgaria's army and neutral States, 1047.<br />
+<br />
+SAZONOFF, (Count) Sergius, criticism, 19, 21;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">interviews, 230-237;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on war and Russian trade, 362.</span><br />
+<br />
+SCARBOROUGH raid, 953.<br />
+<br />
+SCHEIDEMANN, Philipp, on German Socialists and the war, 402.<br />
+<br />
+SCHIFF, J.H., interview, the war, 459;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">correspondence with Dr. Eliot, 465.</span><br />
+<br />
+SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN, 483, 487, 490, 492.<br />
+<br />
+SCHMOLLER, (Prof.) Gustav von, 194.<br />
+<br />
+SCHOLARS, British, reply to German professors, 188.<br />
+<br />
+&quot;SCRAP OF PAPER,&quot; 1120.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>See also</i> BETHMANN-HOLLWEG, (Dr.) T.</span><br />
+<br />
+SEA Fights, 745-761;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scarborough raid, 953;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Black Sea Battle, 1032.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Seeing Nieuport Under Shell Fire</i>, 951.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Seeking Wounded on Battle Front</i>, 714.<br />
+<br />
+SEGGEBRUCH, Frank, attack on Russia, 434.<br />
+<br />
+SEIZURES of American cargoes, 1183, 1188.<br />
+<br />
+SERBIA:&#8212;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Army, &quot;The Wounded Serb,&quot; 788;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">mobilization, 1036.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cabinet's statement, 1039.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Crown Prince Alexander's order to troops, 1040;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">reply to address by Prince Troubetskoi, 1042.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Invasion, 742.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Russian domination, 204.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>See also</i> BALKAN States.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Serbia and Her Neighbors</i>, 1036.<br />
+<br />
+SHAW, G.B., &quot;Common Sense About the War,&quot; 11;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">replies and criticisms, 60-73;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">open letter to Pres. Wilson and comment of the nation, 76;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">criticisms, 80, 775.</span><br />
+<br />
+SHELDON, Lurana, poem, 826.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Shelled Tsing-tao with wireless Aid</i>, 1208.<br />
+<br />
+&quot;Shot. Tell His Mother,&quot; 458.<br />
+<br />
+SIMON, (Sir) John, speech, 276.<br />
+<br />
+SIMONS, Katherine Drayton Mayrant, Jr., poem, 992.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Sinking of the Cressy and the Hogue</i>, 755.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Sinking of the Hawke</i>, 757.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Slaughter in Alsace</i>, 736.<br />
+<br />
+SLAVS, 203, 519, 993.<br />
+<br />
+SLOANE, W.M., &quot;America's Peril in Judging Germany,&quot; 515.<br />
+<br />
+SMITH, F.H., &quot;France and England as Seen in War-Time,&quot; 772.<br />
+<br />
+SMITH-DORRIEN, (Sir) Horace, 622, 624, 645, 648.<br />
+<br />
+SOCIALISM, 31, 46, 54.<br />
+<br />
+SOCIALISTS, 94, 96, 172, 400.<br />
+<br />
+SOCIALISTS' Part, 397.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Sociological Aspects of War</i>, 530.<br />
+<br />
+SOKOLOV, A., on Russian finances, 839.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Soldier of 1914</i>, 156.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Soliloquy of an Old Soldier</i>, 764.<br />
+<br />
+SOLOMON, Abraham, &quot;Nietzsche and German Culture,&quot; 612.<br />
+<br />
+SOMBART, (Prof.) Werner, on feeling of Germans toward the French, 986.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Song of the Siege Gun</i>, 992.<br />
+<br />
+SORDET, (Gen.), 622, 624.<br />
+<br />
+<i>South Africa's Boers and Britons</i>, 125.<br />
+<br />
+SPALAIKOWICH, (Serbian Minister,) on Bulgaria's position, 1037.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Speculations About Peace</i>, 273.<br />
+<br />
+SPIES, 104, 262, 780.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Spy Organization in England</i>, 790.<br />
+<br />
+STEIN, (Gen.) von, report on Li&#233;ge, 266.<br />
+<br />
+STOLYPIN, 121.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Story of the &quot;Eyewitness&quot;</i>, 650.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Story of the Man Who Fired on Rheims Cathedral</i>, 928.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Stout and Warlike Breed</i>, 479.<br />
+<br />
+STRAUS, Oscar S., 274.<br />
+<br />
+STRUVE, (Prof.) Peter, &quot;United Russia,&quot; 827.<br />
+<br />
+SUDDUTH, H.T., poem, 999.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Summons of the Nation to Arms</i>, 308.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Supreme Court of Civilization, In the</i>, 413.<br />
+<br />
+SWIENTOCHOWSKI, Alexander, 858.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Swift Reversal to Barbarism</i>, 939.<br />
+<br />
+SWINTON, (Col.) E.D., reports, 650.<br />
+<br />
+SWITZERLAND, refugee problem, 966.<br />
+<br />
+SWOPE, Herbert B., North Sea battle, 761.<br />
+<br />
+SYDNEY (cruiser), 758.</p>
+
+<h3>T</h3>
+
+<p>
+TAFT, W.H., &quot;The Belgian Battleground,&quot; 1109.<br />
+<br />
+TAHITI, 748.<br />
+<br />
+TANKOSITCH, (Capt), 742.<br />
+<br />
+TARDIEU, Charles, on fighting in the trenches, 979.<br />
+<br />
+TCHELISHEFF, M.D., on prohibition in Russia, 831.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Teachings of Gen. von Bernhardi</i>, 343.<br />
+<br />
+TERMONDE, 385, 786, 1117.<br />
+<br />
+TEST, Sam, criticism of G.B. Shaw, 75.<br />
+<br />
+THAYER, W.R., &quot;Italy and the War,&quot; 1192.<br />
+<br />
+THEOLOGIANS, British, letter, 201.<br />
+<br />
+THIENES, R.F., letter on Russian atrocities, 563.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Things the Wounded Talk About</i>, 1222.<br />
+<br />
+THOMAS, Edith M., poem, 1183.<br />
+<br />
+THOMPSON, Donald C., 686.<br />
+<br />
+THOMPSON, Vance, on reversal to barbarism, 939.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Tipperary</i>, 581.<br />
+<br />
+TISZA, (Count), 1060.<br />
+<br />
+<i>To a Cousin German</i>, 593.<br />
+<br />
+<i>To Americans from a German Friend</i>, 180.<br />
+<br />
+<i>To Americans in Germany</i>, 198.<br />
+<br />
+&quot;<i>To Americans Leaving Germany</i>,&quot; 533.<br />
+<br />
+<i>To Arms!</i> 132.<br />
+<br />
+<i>To Belgium</i>, 1066.<br />
+<br />
+<i>To Melos, Pomegranate Isle</i>, 587.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Tools of the Russian Juggernaut</i>, 851.<br />
+<br />
+TRADE Unionism, 31.<br />
+<br />
+TREATY of Bucharest, 1068.<br />
+<br />
+TREATY of London (1839), <i>see</i> BELGIUM&#8212;Neutrality.<br />
+<br />
+TREATY of Prague, 40.<br />
+<br />
+TREITSCHKE, (Prof.) Heinrich von, 135, 168, 194.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Trespass in Belgium</i>, 545.<br />
+<br />
+TRIPLE Entente, peace pact, 297.<br />
+<br />
+TRIPP, (Gen.) von, 712.<br />
+<br />
+TRUBETSKOI, (Prince) Eugene, on Russia against Germany, 361;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appeal for aid for Poles, 829;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">address to Serbian Crown Prince, 1041.</span><br />
+<br />
+&quot;<i>Truce of the Bear</i>,&quot; 107.<br />
+<br />
+&quot;<i>Truth About Germany</i>,&quot; 244.<br />
+<br />
+TSING-TAO, 745, 1208.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Turk in Egypt's Eyes</i>, 1049.<br />
+<br />
+TURKEY:&#8212;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Diplomatic situation, 1028.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">General conditions in Constantinople, 1026.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mobilization, 1026, 1028.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Parliament prorogued, 1028.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Press comments on situation, 1025, 1028-1033.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Events leading to declaration of war, 1032.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>See also</i> BALKAN States; MEHMED-RESHAD.</span></p>
+
+<h3>U</h3>
+
+<p>
+<i>Unburied Dead Strew Lorraine</i>, 729.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Unconquered France</i>, 1167.<br />
+<br />
+<i>United Russia</i>, 827.<br />
+<br />
+UNITED States, arbitration treaties, 50.<br />
+<br />
+<i>United States Fair to All</i>, 1175.<br />
+<br />
+UNITED States of Europe, 455, 565.<br />
+<br />
+UNIVERSITIES, German, 187.<br />
+<br />
+URBAL, (Gen.) d', 1172.<br />
+<br />
+USHER, Roland G., &quot;Effects of the War on America,&quot; 600.</p>
+
+<h3>V</h3>
+
+<p>
+VALIEVO, 788.<br />
+<br />
+VANDERVELDE, Emil, on Socialists and the war, 397.<br />
+<br />
+VENIZELOS, E., on Greece's attitude, 1051.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Verdict of the American People</i>, 573.<br />
+<br />
+VESSELS, American, 1176.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Vigil</i>, 612.<br />
+<br />
+VILLIERS, (Sir) Francis, letter, 1112.<br />
+<br />
+VINOGRADOFF, Paul, &quot;Russia and Europe's War,&quot; 820.<br />
+<br />
+VISE, 386.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Visit to the Firing Line in France</i>, 727.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Vital Energies of France</i>, 152.<br />
+<br />
+VIVIANI, (Premier) Ren&#233;, telegram to Ministry in Luxemburg, 350;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">addresses before Parliament, 351, 1164.</span><br />
+<br />
+VOLLBEHR, Ernst, paintings done at the battle front, 938.<br />
+<br />
+VOORHAM, (Capt.) 753.<br />
+<br />
+VOSE, E.N., &quot;The Dawn of a New Day,&quot; 678.</p>
+
+<h3>W</h3>
+
+<p>
+WALLACE, (Sir) D.M., &quot;Our Russian Ally,&quot; 840.<br />
+<br />
+<i>War at Home</i>, 765.<br />
+<br />
+<i>War in the Balkans</i>, 1068.<br />
+<br />
+WAR Loans, 1180.<br />
+<br />
+WAR Material, shipment across U.S. territory, 1181.<br />
+<br />
+WAR Pictures, 865-913.<br />
+<br />
+<i>War of Dishonor</i>, 502.<br />
+<br />
+<i>War-Time Scenes in Rouen</i>, 982.<br />
+<br />
+WARSHIPS, British, off Amer. ports, 1179;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">coaling in Panama Canal Zone, 1182.</span><br />
+<br />
+WARBEKE, John, reply to Eucken and Haeckel, 537.<br />
+<br />
+WARINSKI, A., 861.<br />
+<br />
+WARREN, Whitney, on Rheims Cathedral, 393.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Warsaw Swamped with Refugees</i>, 957.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Waste of German Lives</i>, 964.<br />
+<br />
+WATSON, William, poem, 1228.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Why England Fights Germany</i>, 993.<br />
+<br />
+WAVRE, 1115.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Way to Peace</i>, 459.<br />
+<br />
+<i>We Will Fight to the End</i>, 1164.<br />
+<br />
+WEDDIGEN, (Capt. Lieut.) Otto, on North Sea battle, 761.<br />
+<br />
+WELLS, H.G., criticisms, 22, 61;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&quot;Fourth of August,&quot; 87;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&quot;If the Germans Raid England,&quot; 89;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">comment, 92;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&quot;Holland's Future,&quot; 1128.</span><br />
+<br />
+WENGLER, (Lieut.) on Rheims Cathedral, 928;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">comment, 931.</span><br />
+<br />
+WETTER, Louise von, poem, 553.<br />
+<br />
+<i>What America Can Do</i>, 588.<br />
+<br />
+<i>What Gladstone Said About Belgium</i>, 448.<br />
+<br />
+<i>What the Economic Effects May Be</i>, 594.<br />
+<br />
+<i>What the German Conscript Thinks</i>, 93.<br />
+<br />
+<i>When Peace Is Seriously Desired</i>, 97.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Where Rumania Stands in the Crisis</i>, 1054.<br />
+<br />
+&quot;WHITE Papers,&quot; <i>see under</i> ENGLAND <i>and</i> GERMANY.<br />
+<br />
+WHITEHOUSE, J.H., &quot;The Belgian Ruin,&quot; 786.<br />
+<br />
+WHITELEY, J.G., on Belgo-British plot, 1110.<br />
+<br />
+WHITLOCK, Brand, 782.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Who Began the War and Why?</i> 209.<br />
+<br />
+&quot;<i>Why Belgium Was Devastated</i>,&quot; 1115.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Why England Came to be in It</i>, 108.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Why England Fights Germany</i>, 993.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Why Is America Anti-German?</i> 482.<br />
+<br />
+WILD, (Gen.) von, 937.<br />
+<br />
+WILLIAM II., German Emperor, criticisms, 13, 56, 77, 94, 112, 115, 117, 121, 122, 139, 182, 185, 206, 208;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">speeches and proclamations, 209-213;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">prayer, 212;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">telegram to King of Saxony, 213;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">interview in 1908, 213;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter to Lord Tweedmouth, 216;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">comment, 218;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">criticism, 260;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">protest to Pres. Wilson against Allies' atrocities, 374;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">criticisms, 508, 510, 576;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">headquarters, 718;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Donchery, 1125.</span><br />
+<br />
+WILLIAM, Prince of Wied, 1062, 1063.<br />
+<br />
+WILLIAMSON, (Mrs.) F.B., &quot;Junkers,&quot; 75.<br />
+<br />
+WILSON, (Col.) G.C., 649.<br />
+<br />
+WILSON, (Maj. Gen.) Henry, 624, 645.<br />
+<br />
+WILSON, (Pres.) Woodrow, inquiries concerning sentiment in Germany on peace, 274;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reply to Kaiser's protest against atrocities, 375;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">address to Belgian Commission, 377;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">comment of Lord Channing on his utterances on the war, 591.</span><br />
+<br />
+WINCHESTER Repeating Arms Co., 1179.<br />
+<br />
+WIRELESS messages, 1175.<br />
+<br />
+<i>With the German Army</i>, 925.<br />
+<br />
+WOLF, (Baron) H.H. von, 956.<br />
+<br />
+WOLFSKEHL, Karl, reply to R. Rolland, 176.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Woman and War</i>, 458.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Wounded Serb</i>, 788.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Wounded Soldiers</i>, 1222, 1223.<br />
+<br />
+WRIGHT, (Sir) Almroth, 34.</p>
+
+<h3>Y</h3>
+
+<p>
+YBARRA, T.R., poem, 816.<br />
+<br />
+YPRES, Battle of, 647, 673, 675, 1167.<br />
+<br />
+YSER, Battle of, 711, 725, 948, 951.</p>
+
+<h3>Z</h3>
+
+<p>
+ZOELLNER, (Gen.), 937.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Zouave's Story</i>, 704.<br />
+<br />
+ZWEHL, (Gen.) von, 936.<br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h3>LIST OF MAPS.</h3>
+
+<p>
+AISNE, Battle of the, 638, 640, 644.<br />
+ALSACE-LORRAINE, 730.<br />
+BALKAN States, 1067.<br />
+BELGIUM, beginning of invasion, 681.<br />
+EAST Prussia and Poland, 1006.<br />
+EASTERN Prussia to Galicia, 741.<br />
+FLANDERS and Northern France, 713.<br />
+FRANCE, operations in, 1171.<br />
+HOLLAND, 1130.<br />
+ITALY, 1194.<br />
+MARNE, Battle of the, 626, 628, 630, 634.<br />
+MONS, retreat from, 623, 625.<br />
+RAILROADS, German system that aided invasion of Belgium, 1002.<br />
+SERBIA, 743.<br />
+SOUTHEASTERN theatre of the war, 1024.<br />
+WESTERN Europe, 1004.<br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h3>LIST OF PORTRAITS.</h3>
+
+<p>
+ALBERT, King of the Belgians, 304.<br />
+AMADE, (GEN.) D', 778.<br />
+AUGUSTA VICTORIA, Empress of Germany, 209, 1120.<br />
+BARRIE, J.M., 16.<br />
+BECK, J.M., 413.<br />
+BELGIAN CROWN PRINCE, 1041.<br />
+BELGIAN PRINCESS, 1025.<br />
+BENNETT, ARNOLD, 16.<br />
+BERCHTOLD, (COUNT) LEOPOLD, 240.<br />
+BETHMANN-HOLLWEG, (DR.) T. von, 240, 976.<br />
+BISSING, (GEN.) von, 972.<br />
+BOUTROUX, EMILE, 96.<br />
+BRIESEN, ARTHUR von, 572.<br />
+BRYCE (VISCOUNT) JAMES, 460.<br />
+BUELOW, (GEN.) von, 666.<br />
+BURGESS, J.W., 476.<br />
+BUTLER, (DR.) N.M., 572.<br />
+CARNEGIE, ANDREW, 444.<br />
+CASTELNAU, (GEN.), 1136.<br />
+CHESTERTON, G.K., 64.<br />
+CHURCHILL, W.L.S., 256; with wife, 1104.<br />
+CRADOCK (ADMIRAL SIR) CHRISTOPHER, 832.<br />
+DANKL, (GEN.) VICTOR, 714.<br />
+DE WIART, CARTON, 304.<br />
+DERNBURG, (DR.) BERNHARD, 460.<br />
+DJEMAL PASHA, 1200.<br />
+DOYLE, (SIR) A.C., 64.<br />
+DUBAIL, (GEN.), 1137.<br />
+ELIOT, (DR.) C.W., 412.<br />
+EUCKEN, RUDOLF, 508.<br />
+EMIR ALI PASHA, 1201.<br />
+FISHER, (ADMIRAL SIR) JOHN, 928.<br />
+FREDERICK, (Austrian Archduke), 976.<br />
+FRENCH, (SIR) JOHN, 619.<br />
+FULDA, LUDWIG, 128.<br />
+GALSWORTHY, JOHN, 32.<br />
+GERMAN CROWN PRINCE, 634.<br />
+GIDDINGS, F.H., 508.<br />
+GREY, (SIR) EDWARD, 256.<br />
+GUESDE, JULES, 368.<br />
+GUYOT, YVES, 160.<br />
+HAIG, (SIR) DOUGLAS, 634, 1152.<br />
+HARDIE, KIER, 336.<br />
+HARNACK, ADOLF von, 192.<br />
+HARRISON, FREDERIC, 160.<br />
+HAUPTMANN, GERHART, 128.<br />
+HENRY, Prince of Prussia, 944.<br />
+HIBBEN, (DR.) J.G., 460.<br />
+HILLIS, N.D., 540.<br />
+HINDENBURG, (GEN.) PAUL von, 682, 817.<br />
+JELLICOE, (ADMIRAL SIR) JOHN, 714.<br />
+JOFFRE, (GEN.) JOSEPH, 762.<br />
+JORDAN. (DR.) D.S., 460.<br />
+KAMIO, (GEN.), 992.<br />
+KIPLING, RUDYARD, 32.<br />
+KITCHENER, (EARL), 972.<br />
+KLUCK, (GEN.) von, 682.<br />
+KROBATKIN, (GEN.) von, 1184.<br />
+LEOPOLD, Crown Prince of Belgium, 1041.<br />
+LESSEN, JOSEPH, 1040.<br />
+LOUIS ALEXANDER, Prince of Battenberg, 964.<br />
+MAETERLINCK, MAURICE, 96.<br />
+MARCONNAY, (COMMANDANT), 1152.<br />
+MARIE, JOSE, (Princess), 1025.<br />
+MATTHEWS, BRANDER, 540.<br />
+MERCIER, (CARDINAL) D., 1025.<br />
+MULLER, (CAPT.) KARL von, 762.<br />
+NICHOLAIEVITCH, (GRAND DUKE) NICHOLAS, 730.<br />
+NIEMEYER, THEODORE, 192.<br />
+PANKHURST, CHRISTABEL, 16.<br />
+PAU, (GEN.) PAUL, 778.<br />
+PIUS X., Pope, 272.<br />
+RENNENKAMPF, (GEN.), 730.<br />
+ROBERTS, (LORD), 964.<br />
+RUPPRECHT, Crown Prince of Bavaria, 666.<br />
+SANDERS, (GEN.) LIMAN VON PASHA, 992.<br />
+SAZONOFF, (MINISTER), 256.<br />
+SCHEIDEMANN, PHILIPP, 336.<br />
+SCHIFF, J.H., 445.<br />
+SHAW, G.B., 16.<br />
+SLOANE, W.M., 476.<br />
+SMITH-DORRIEN, (GEN. SIR) HORACE, 619.<br />
+SPEE, (ADMIRAL COUNT) von, 832.<br />
+STADNICKI, (COUNT), LADISLAUS, 1183.<br />
+STEIN, (GEN.) von, 1105.<br />
+STURDEE, (VICE ADMIRAL) FREDERICK, 928.<br />
+TIRPITZ, (ADMIRAL) von, 944.<br />
+VAN DER VELDE, EMIL, 368.<br />
+VIVIANI, RENE, 256.<br />
+WALES, Prince of, 817.<br />
+WILHELM, Crown Prince of Germany, 634.<br />
+WILLIAM II., German Emperor, 209, 1120.<br />
+WILSON, (PRES.) WOODROW, 272.<br />
+YOUTHFUL BELGIAN HERO, 1040.<br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>FOOTNOTES</h2>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> This is similar to the manner in which the English
+entente with France was arranged. The British Parliament and the
+British Cabinet were kept in ignorance of the fact that English and
+French naval experts were consulting together. The British Minister
+for Foreign Affairs, Sir Edward Grey, repeatedly assured the country
+that Great Britain's hands were free. Yet, when the crisis came, this
+quite unofficial exchange of military views and plans, this mere
+gentleman's agreement, revealed itself, of course, as a binding
+obligation. Nations do not reveal their military secrets to each other
+except on the clear understanding that an alliance is in force.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> The report of Sir Edward Goschen, British Ambassador to
+Berlin, on the severance of diplomatic connections between England and
+Germany, was published by the British Foreign Office as a &quot;White
+Paper&quot; on Aug. 27, 1914. Sir Edward said that in pursuance of
+instructions from Downing Street, he went on Aug. 3 to see Gottlieb
+von Jagow, the German Foreign Minister, and asked if Germany would
+promise to respect Belgian neutrality. Herr von Jagow replied that it
+was too late, as German troops had already crossed the Belgian border,
+and explained the military necessity of this step.
+</p><p>
+After remonstrance, Sir Edward withdrew, but made another visit the
+same afternoon and warned von Jagow that unless the German Government
+at once withdrew its troops from Belgian soil he must demand his
+passports. Herr von Jagow repeated that withdrawal was impossible;
+and, seeing that war was now certain, expressed his deep regret at the
+failure of the policy by which he and the Chancellor, Dr. von
+Bethmann-Hollweg, had been trying to get into more friendly relations
+with England and through her with France.
+</p><p>
+The Ambassador, after mutual expressions of personal regard, withdrew
+and visited the Imperial Chancellor, who, according to Sir Edward's
+story, &quot;began a harangue, which lasted about twenty minutes. Just for
+a word, 'neutrality'&#8212;a word which in war was so often
+disregarded&#8212;just for a scrap of paper, Great Britain was going to
+make war on a kindred nation. The policy to which he had devoted
+himself had tumbled like a house of cards. What Great Britain had done
+was unthinkable&#8212;it was like striking a man in the back when he was
+fighting for his life against two assailants.&quot;
+</p><p>
+Sir Edward said that he protested strongly against this and told the
+Chancellor that, while an advance through Belgium might be a matter of
+life and death for Germany, the defense of Belgian neutrality, in
+compliance with her solemn engagement, was a matter of life and death
+for the honor of Great Britain.
+</p><p>
+&quot;The Chancellor said,&quot; Sir Edward continued: &quot;'But at what a price
+will that compact have been kept! Has the British Government thought
+of that?' I hinted to his Excellency as plainly as I could that fear
+of consequences could hardly be regarded as an excuse for breaking a
+solemn engagement. But his Excellency was so excited, so little
+disposed to hear reason, so evidently overcome by the news of our
+action, that I refrained from adding fuel to the flame by further
+argument.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> In his address at Cardiff, appearing in Vol. 1, No. 2, of
+<span class="smcap">The New York Times Current History</span>, Premier Asquith said:
+</p>
+<div class="blockquot"><p>In a communication to the German Government in 1912
+regarding her future policy Great Britain declared that she
+would neither make nor join in any unprovoked attack upon
+Germany. But that was not enough for German statesmanship.
+</p><p>
+Germany wanted us to go further and pledge ourselves to
+absolute neutrality in the event of Germany being engaged in
+war. To that demand there was but one answer, and that was
+the answer which the Government gave.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Bernhardi: &quot;Germany and the Next War.&quot; English popular
+edition, Page 138.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Crispi's &quot;Memoirs,&quot; iii., 326-7.</p></div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
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@@ -0,0 +1,15690 @@
+Project Gutenberg's Current History, A Monthly Magazine, by New York Times
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Current History, A Monthly Magazine
+       The European War, March 1915
+
+Author: New York Times
+
+Release Date: February 6, 2007 [EBook #20521]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CURRENT HISTORY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Linda Cantoni, and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The New York Times
+
+CURRENT HISTORY
+
+A MONTHLY MAGAZINE
+
+_THE EUROPEAN WAR_
+
+MARCH, 1915
+
+
+
+
+Caldron of the Balkans
+
+
+     But little has hitherto been published in English describing
+     from original sources how the Balkan States, out of which
+     the world conflict arose, resolved, in Kipling's phrase, to
+     "stand up and meet the war." The following documents, taken
+     from authoritative Balkan sources, show for the first time
+     the purely Balkan aspect of the great struggle.
+
+
+
+
+How Turkey Went to War
+
+By Ottoman Authorities
+
+
+_Immediately on receiving official notification of the rupture of
+diplomatic relations between Austria and Servia, the Turkish Grand
+Vizier hastened to inform the Diplomatic Corps in Constantinople that
+Turkey would remain neutral in the conflict. Explaining this official
+Turkish declaration, the following editorial article appeared early in
+August in the Ministerial paper, Tasfiri-Efkiar, published in
+Constantinople:_
+
+The declarations made by the Grand Vizier to the Ambassadors of the
+powers, in order to reassure them as to the dispositions of Turkey, do
+not constitute from a legal point of view a declaration of neutrality,
+according to the stipulations of The Hague Conventions; likewise the
+Austrian ultimatum to Servia, viewed in the same light, is not
+tantamount to a declaration of war. In fact, The Hague Conventions
+demand a formal declaration in both cases. But if the formal
+declaration of Turkish neutrality cannot be made before she has
+received an official notification of the existing war, it is
+nevertheless true that the head of the Government, in his
+conversations with the Ambassadors, has given them to understand what
+the opinion of the people is here. And even without this, the efforts
+of the Turkish Government, the desire, and the policy of Turkey, are
+so explicit that there is no ground for doubt as to the significance
+of the declarations of the Grand Vizier.
+
+Turkey has never asked for war, as she always has worked toward
+avoiding it. But we must not misunderstand the meaning of certain
+terms. Neutrality does not mean indifference. The present
+Austro-Servian conflict is to a supreme degree interesting to us. In
+the first place, one of our erstwhile opponents is fighting against a
+much stronger enemy. In the natural course of things Servia, which
+till lately was expressing, in a rather open way, her solidarity as a
+nation, still provoking us, and Greece will be materially weakened. In
+the second place, the results of this war may surpass the limits of a
+conflict between two countries, and in that case our interests will be
+just as materially affected.
+
+We must therefore keep our eyes open, as the circumstances are
+momentarily changing, and do not permit us to let escape certain
+advantages which we can secure by an active and rightly acting
+diplomacy.
+
+The policy of neutrality will impose on us the obligation of avoiding
+to side with either of the belligerents, but the same policy will
+force us to take all the necessary measures for safeguarding our
+interests and our frontiers. If it be true, as reported, that the
+pacificist tendencies of Turkey constitute one of the safest
+guarantees of peace in the Balkans, then we must hope that on the day
+when a general settlement of accounts will be made Europe will be
+willing to recognize the important part played by Turkey in the
+preservation of peace in the Near East, and will be eager to rectify,
+if not all, at least one part of the wrongs she has caused to our
+country.
+
+
+TURKEY LEARNS OF THE WAR.
+
+_Turkish mobilization was still at its first stages when the European
+war began on Aug. 1, 1914. The Turkish Government in particular and
+the Turkish population in general were overwhelmed by the unexpected
+turn of European events, and it was at the height of the crisis that
+Turkey received the news of her two battleships building in British
+yards being taken over by England. A correspondent of The Daily
+Atlantis of New York, writing in Constantinople on Aug. 10, said:_
+
+The European war makes the Turks think that this is their golden
+opportunity for turkifying the empire from the one end to the other.
+All non-Moslems, mere boys and young men of 25 to 30 years of age and
+grown men up to 45, are being arrested by the police and secret
+service force, and dragged to the barracks, like convicts, and if they
+fail to pay the fifty or eighty pounds Turkish ($230 or $350) for
+exemption from military service, they are forced to work as
+"assistant-soldiers."
+
+The soldiers thus designated are not given rifles, nor are they
+trained for service, but are simply employed as servants to the
+regular soldiers. It is easy to understand that no one can endure such
+conditions of military life, the result being that each and every one
+of these non-Moslems sells whatever property he has in order to pay
+the ransom and get away from the army, and from Turkey as well. In ten
+days, since this peculiar recruiting began, fully ten thousand Greeks
+found a way of escaping from Constantinople, many of them finding a
+refuge in the free and hospitable United States. This getting away is
+not so easy, writes the same correspondent, because officials of the
+various ports are exacting heavy sums from the fugitives before
+letting them go. Graft and extortion in this case reign supreme, and
+it costs anywhere from three to fifteen pounds ($13 to $70) to "buy" a
+police or port official. This process, originating in Constantinople,
+is widespread in the provinces, and the sums paid in this way by the
+non-Moslems to escape military service amount to millions. "Let the
+infidels pay!" say the Turkish officials. "They have taken our ships,
+and they have to pay for it."
+
+The popular feeling against England in these first days of the
+European war is fierce. Numerous manifestations, in which the younger
+element was largely represented, proceeded to attack the British
+stores and British subjects, and there have been serious attempts
+against the British Embassy in Constantinople and the British
+Consulate at Smyrna.
+
+[Illustration: H.R.H. PRINCESS MARIE JOSE
+
+Only Daughter of the King of the Belgians.
+
+(_Photo from Underwood & Underwood._)]
+
+[Illustration: HIS EMINENCE, CARDINAL MERCIER
+
+Archbishop of Mechlin, Primate of Belgium.]
+
+
+CONSTANTINOPLE IN AUGUST.
+
+_Another letter from the same source, dated Constantinople, Aug. 6,
+gives the following picture of the Turkish capital in the early
+days of the European war:_
+
+It is impossible to describe the way in which the Porte is trying to
+put the country on a war footing, notwithstanding the terrible odds
+she has to fight against. God only knows what the Turks are expecting
+if the Austro-Servian conflict turns out according to their desires,
+or if the European conflict takes the form of a decisive Austro-German
+victory. We now have ample proof to show that the Turkish mobilization
+is in such a way conducted as to be ready to act in common with
+Bulgaria, in a simultaneous attack against Greek and Servian
+Macedonia, as soon as the Austrians have a first decisive victory over
+the Servians. This scheme, however, seems to be doomed since the entry
+of Great Britain into the general war, and there are indications that
+Turkey, warned by England and Russia, will disband her already
+mobilized army. On the other hand, the news reaches Constantinople
+that the Russian forces have crossed the frontier into Turkish
+Armenia, and occupied Erzeroum, while Enver Pasha was seen yesterday,
+(Aug. 5,) paying hasty visits to the Russian and British Embassies.
+While such is the political situation, matters are still worse in the
+business world of the Turkish capital. It is almost impossible to give
+an idea of the general upheaval brought about by greedy speculators,
+who are taking advantage of this anomalous situation, and by the
+Government itself, requisitioning everything they can lay their hands
+on, regardless of reason or necessity.
+
+Policemen and Sheriffs, followed by military officers, are taking by
+force everything in the way of foodstuffs, entering the bakeries and
+other shops selling victuals, boarding ships with cargoes of flour,
+potatoes, wheat, rice, &c., and taking over virtually everything,
+giving in lieu of payment a receipt which is not worth even the paper
+on which it is written.
+
+In this way many shops are forced to close, bread has entirely
+disappeared from the bakeries, and Constantinople, the capital of a
+neutral country, is already feeling all the troubles and privations
+of a besieged city. Prices for foodstuffs have soared to inaccessible
+heights as provisions are becoming scarce. Actual hand-to-hand combats
+are taking place in the streets outside the bakeries for the
+possession of a loaf of bread, and hungry women with children in their
+arms are seen crying and weeping in despair.
+
+Many merchants, afraid lest the Government requisition their goods,
+hastened to have their orders canceled, the result being that no
+merchandise of any kind is coming to Constantinople either from Europe
+or from Anatolia.
+
+Both on account of the recruiting of their employes and of shortage of
+coal the companies operating the electric tramways of the city have
+reduced their service to the minimum, as no power is available for the
+running of the cars.
+
+Heartrending scenes are witnessed in front of the closed doors of the
+various banking establishments, where large posters are to be seen,
+bearing the inscription: _Closed temporarily, by order of the
+Government._ The most popular of these institutions is the Wiener
+Bankverein. This bank, by making special inducements to small
+depositors and by paying a higher interest than the others, succeeded
+in concentrating the savings of many people of the working classes,
+and as this institution is in imminent danger the rush to its doors is
+exceptionally great and riotous.
+
+The municipality has issued a number of ordinances fixing the prices
+of all necessary commodities, and the Government, after the first
+panic, declared that no further requisitions are to be made. At the
+same time the authorities took special pains in order to induce the
+various merchants to import goods from abroad, thus relieving the
+extremely strained situation of the market; but it is doubtful whether
+such measures will have any calming effect on the scared population.
+
+Immediately after war was declared between Germany and Russia the
+Porte ordered the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles closed to every kind
+of shipping, at the same time barring the entrances of these channels
+with rows of mines. The first boat to suffer from this measure was a
+British merchantman, which was sunk outside the Bosphorus, while
+another had a narrow escape in the Dardanelles. A large number of
+steamers of every nationality are waiting outside the straits for the
+special pilot boats of the Turkish Government, in order to pass in
+safety through the dangerous mine field. This measure of closing the
+straits was suggested to Turkey by Austria and Germany, and was
+primarily intended against Russia, as it was feared that her Black Sea
+fleet might force its way into the Sea of Marmora and the Aegean.
+
+
+TURKISH PARLIAMENT PROROGUED.
+
+_On Sunday, Aug. 2, the Medjlissi-Meboussan, or Parliament of Turkey,
+was urgently called together, and the Speaker of the House addressed
+the members as follows:_
+
+Dear Colleagues: The imperial proclamation ordering the last elections
+has produced some uneasiness both within and without the empire. It
+was said at that time that the Chamber was to be convened only to give
+vent to partisan feeling and to disturb the quiet of the country. The
+elections, however, proceeded in as orderly a way as possible, and the
+Chamber performed its duty with great order and solicitude, having
+voted the budget and many other laws. The country accordingly is
+convinced that the Chamber has fulfilled its duty with relative calm,
+in view of the circumstances. We part today in order to meet again in
+November. The war between Austria-Hungary and Servia has a tremendous
+importance in the general European situation. While until yesterday
+Europe was kept in a state of watchful waiting, now we are informed
+that war has been declared between Germany and Russia. In face of such
+an international situation, it behooves all us Ottomans to rally in a
+spirit of harmony around the imperial throne, and to act with the
+moderation characteristic of our race for the preservation of our
+country.
+
+Hoping that the great example given by Parliament to the nation as
+regards the working in a spirit of harmony and order will have its due
+influence on the country at large, I salute you and bid you farewell.
+
+
+THE MOBILIZATION.
+
+_One of the first schemes of the German General, Liman von Sanders,
+for the reorganization of the Turkish Army was to provide a system
+whereby a speedier mobilization of the forces could be made possible.
+According to this scheme, as far back as the first days of May, 1914,
+every Mayor and village President of the empire was provided with a
+sealed envelope, under orders to open it only on telegraphic notice
+from the Central Administration. These envelopes were opened on Aug.
+3, and were found to contain the papers constituting the order of
+general mobilization, including a large poster in colors, bearing,
+under the imperial monogram, or "Tougrah," two crossed green Turkish
+flags, with crossed sword and rifle, and underneath a gun and its
+carriage, and lastly the imperial edict in large letters, reading as
+follows:_
+
+A general mobilization was ordered to
+start on ........................
+         (To be dated on notice.)
+
+Those liable for duty must report at
+their respective headquarters. First day
+of mobilization is on ........................
+                      (To be dated on notice.)
+
+
+DIPLOMATIC SITUATION AND PRESS OPINIONS.
+
+_While Turkey in this way was preparing for war, Talaat Bey, the
+Turkish Minister of the Interior, and Halil Bey, President of the
+Chamber, were leaving Constantinople for Bucharest, where they
+intended meeting the representatives of the Greek Government, in order
+to find a way of settling the outstanding Greco-Turkish differences
+regarding the Aegean Islands and the question of refugees. The object
+of this political move was twofold. First, Turkey was bent on giving
+to Europe a proof of her pacific intentions, and, second, she was
+trying to convince the Hellenic Government of her willingness to reach
+an understanding regarding their mutual differences, and begin anew
+the friendly relations of yore. The following extract is from an
+editorial article published in the Ikdam of Constantinople on Aug.
+17:_
+
+From today the regeneration of our fleet begins. From today Ottoman
+hearts must again rejoice. We must work hard now for the strengthening
+of our navy. We must know that our fleet, which till yesterday was
+lifeless, is no longer in incompetent hands and under the leadership
+of lazy minds. New Turkey has intrusted her navy to iron hands. At the
+head of our fleet is Djemal Pasha, whose naval successes it is
+unnecessary to mention. The commander of the fleet is the Chief of the
+Naval Staff, Arif Bey, and in command of the light flotilla is Capt.
+Muzzafer Bey. Likewise the commanders and the other officers of the
+two new battleships are chosen among the fittest. This is the
+beginning of a new era for our navy. In addition to this we must say
+that we are expecting good results from our political activity. Talaat
+Bey and Halil Bey have left for Bucharest, where they will try to find
+a solution of outstanding serious questions. At the same time they
+will have an opportunity to exchange views with Rumanian statesmen. It
+is unnecessary, in our belief, to exalt the significance of this
+mission. We think, however, that a wise and moderate policy,
+strengthened by a good army and navy, will go far in bringing good
+results.
+
+_On Sept. 10 an official announcement from the Sublime Porte was
+handed to the representatives of the powers in Constantinople, and
+communicated to the press. This declaration ran as follows:_
+
+As an expression of the sentiments of hospitality and friendship on
+the part of the Ottoman Government toward the European populations of
+the empire, there were instituted long ago certain regulations to
+which Europeans coming to the Levant for commerce would be subjected,
+these same regulations having been duly communicated to the respective
+Governments of those Europeans.
+
+These regulations, adopted by the Porte on its own initiative, and
+considered entirely as privileges, and having been strengthened and
+made more general through certain acts, have continued to be in force
+up to this time under the name "Old Treaties," (in Turkish "Ouhout-i
+Atikah.") These privileges, however, are wholly incompatible with the
+legal status of recent years, and especially with the principle of
+national sovereignty. In the first place, they became a hindrance to
+the progress and development of the Imperial Government, while in the
+second, by creating misunderstandings in its relations with the
+foreign Governments, they formed a barrier preventing these relations
+from becoming more harmonious and more sincere.
+
+The Ottoman Empire continues to advance in the path of regeneration
+and of reforms, overleaping many obstacles, and in order to acquire
+the position due to it in the civilized family of Europe, it adopted
+modern principles of government, and has not deviated from its
+programme of having the State conducted on these principles.
+
+The founding of the constitutional form of government is in itself a
+proof that the efforts of the Ottoman Empire for its regeneration have
+been fully crowned with success. Certain exceptions, however, based on
+the capitulations, such as the participation of foreigners in the
+administration of justice, which is an all-important prerogative of
+national sovereignty, the limitations imposed on the legislative
+rights of the State, based on the argument that certain laws cannot be
+applied to foreigners, the injustice inflicted on common right from
+the impossibility of convicting a delinquent who disturbs the safety
+of the country merely because he happens to be a foreigner, or because
+the prosecution against him must be subjected to certain limitations
+and particular conditions; and likewise the difference in the
+competency of the various courts dealing with cases where the
+capitulations are involved; all these constitute impregnable barriers
+against every effort of the country toward progress in the
+administration of justice.
+
+From another point of view, the fact that foreigners living in the
+Ottoman Empire are exempt from taxation, in accordance with the
+capitulations, makes it impossible for the Sublime Porte to procure
+the indispensable means for the carrying out, not only of the reforms
+but of its everyday needs.
+
+The impossibility of increasing the indirect taxation is bringing
+about the increase of direct taxes, and therefore makes the burden on
+the Ottoman tax-payers all the heavier. The fact that foreigners who
+enjoy in the Ottoman Empire every protection and every privilege as
+well as freedom in their business transactions are exempt from
+taxation constitutes in itself an intolerable injustice and creates at
+the same time a situation detrimental to the independence and prestige
+of the Government.
+
+While the Imperial Government was firm in its resolution to continue
+its efforts regarding the reforms, the general war broke and increased
+the financial difficulties of the country in such a degree that all
+the innovations and all the reforms which have been decided upon and
+actually begun are threatened to remain without effect.
+
+The Sublime Porte feels convinced that the only way toward salvation
+for the Ottoman Government lies in the realization of the necessary
+reforms in the least possible time. In the same way the Porte feels
+that every encouragement will be shown her in the decisive steps to be
+undertaken for this end.
+
+Convinced of this, the Imperial Government has decided to abolish, on
+Oct. 1, 1914, the capitulations, and all conventions, concessions, and
+privileges emanating therefrom, which have become an iron ring around
+the State, making it impossible for it to progress.
+
+At the same time the Ottoman Government engages to treat with foreign
+countries in accordance with the rules of international law. While I
+have the honor of communicating to your Excellency this decision,
+which opens a new and happy era in the life of the Ottoman Empire, an
+event which undoubtedly will please your Excellency, I consider it my
+duty to add that the Porte in abolishing the capitulations does not
+harbor any hostile feeling against any of the foreign States, but is
+acting solely in the highest interests of the empire. At the same
+time, the Porte is ready to begin pourparlers for the conclusion of
+commercial treaties in accordance with the principles of international
+law.
+
+_The Turkish press made little mention of the manner in which Europe
+took notice of the important step taken by the Porte, and the
+Ministerial Tasfiri Efkiar was the only one to express the feelings of
+the Government on this occasion, saying:_
+
+It is not proper for us to expect a unanimous and speedy satisfaction
+from all the European powers; but, on the other hand, we must welcome
+every objection and every discussion from whatever source it comes, as
+in this way we shall know who are our friends and who our enemies.
+
+
+APPROACHING THE CRISIS.
+
+_The events covering the period from Sept. 10, when the abolition of
+the capitulations was decided upon, till Oct. 29, when the Turkish
+fleet attacked Russian ports and shipping in the Black Sea, were
+confined mostly to hasty and all-absorbing warlike preparations on the
+part of the Turkish Government, assisted by the German military
+mission. The Constantinople correspondent of The Daily Atlantis of New
+York wrote on Sept. 17:_
+
+We are daily approaching a crisis. The Government has not swerved from
+its warlike attitude, and is threatening not only Greece, but Russia
+and the Triple Entente as well, while, on the other hand, it has
+failed to secure Rumanian or Bulgarian co-operation in its militant
+policy. At the same time, the Porte has learned that efforts are being
+made in the Balkans for common action against Turkey. It also became
+known that the Governments of London and Petrograd agreed to indemnify
+Bulgaria by giving her Adrianople and Thrace, while Greece was to have
+Smyrna, with a considerable hinterland.
+
+During this period the Turkish press maintained an active campaign
+against England and the Allies. The following extract from an
+editorial article published in the Terdjumani-Hakkikat thus
+characterizes the situation:
+
+     Everybody knows that the Balkan States are traversing a
+     period of doubts, and that the belligerent parties are doing
+     their best in order to secure the sympathies and the
+     assistance of the Balkan States.
+
+     To begin with, the idea of reconstructing the Balkan League
+     came under consideration. In this way the Balkan States
+     think they will become strong enough to impose their will at
+     the final settlement that will follow the war. This idea,
+     however, based as it is on the nullification of the Treaty
+     of Bucharest, and on certain sacrifices on the part of
+     Rumania and Greece, proved to be a failure. In the course of
+     the discussion between the two States it was shown that
+     neither Greece nor Rumania was willing to make any sacrifice
+     in favor of Bulgaria. The Balkan Alliance, being thus
+     unpracticable, the belligerent powers of Europe attempted to
+     attract Rumania and Bulgaria only, and to this end they made
+     every sort of promise to the two Governments of Sofia and
+     Bucharest. The President of the London Balkan Committee, Mr.
+     Noel Buxton, went to Bulgaria and made certain promises to
+     Mr. Radoslavoff, the Bulgarian Premier, in the name of Sir
+     Edward Grey. He promised the restitution to Bulgaria of the
+     Enos-Midia line, including Adrianople. The Bulgarians,
+     however, are not to be fooled in this way by promises at the
+     expense of third parties, and especially when the eventual
+     cost of these gifts might be a heavy one. We must not forget
+     that Bulgaria wants not Thrace, but Macedonia. If Great
+     Britain had promised Bulgaria Macedonia, including Saloniki,
+     and the Bulgarian Government was convinced beforehand of the
+     fulfillment of the promise, then it is certain that the
+     proposal would be accepted. But this is not in line with
+     England's interests, because in that case she would lose her
+     two other customers--Greece and Servia. And so there goes
+     Mr. Buxton making offers out of our own pocket.
+
+     But we Turks have been used to injustices; and it has become
+     an axiom in history that whenever there is trouble in any
+     part of the world we must be the ultimate sufferers. It
+     seems that this time, too, "our friends" felt like repeating
+     the same story; but now we are not to be caught napping, and
+     the Government, having in time mobilized the army, is ready
+     for every emergency.
+
+_On Sept. 27 a Turkish destroyer having been stopped by a British
+destroyer outside the Dardanelles, the Turkish Government ordered the
+straits closed to all shipping._
+
+_The Turkish Government tried to justify in the official press of
+Constantinople the measure of closing the straits by declaring that
+this important step was undertaken only after a Franco-British fleet
+had established an actual blockade of the straits to the detriment of
+Turkish commerce and neutral navigation. The Government organ, The
+Tasfiri-Efkiar, said:_
+
+The powers are trying to justify the mobilization of Switzerland, and
+are making a great case of Belgian neutrality, but meantime they
+consider our mobilization as having no other purpose than an
+aggression against our neighbors.
+
+Now, if the neutrality of Switzerland, which is guaranteed by all the
+powers, is likely to be endangered, how is it possible for us to
+remain calm and undisturbed in this universal upheaval, so long as we
+know that to annoy and continually harass Turkey according to the
+fancies of Europe has well-nigh become a sort of fashion?
+
+Those powers that are dissatisfied at our mobilization are eager to
+find our anxiety as without foundation for the mere reason that our
+territorial integrity remains under the guarantee of all the powers.
+But where was that guarantee when Tripoli and Cyrenaica were attacked
+in a way little differing from open brigandage? And was it not the
+same powers who forgot their guaranties in the Balkan Peninsula when
+they abolished the famous status quo? With such facts before us is it
+not ridiculous to speak of European guaranties? While we have now
+before us what happened to Belgium, why should our mobilization excite
+such widespread indignation? All we are trying to do is to safeguard
+and protect our interests and protect ourselves from aggression on the
+part of the Balkan States.
+
+
+WAR DECLARED.
+
+_On Oct. 29, 1914, the attack of the Turkish forces upon Russia and
+England was delivered. Following is the official Turkish version of
+the events leading to the rupture of diplomatic relations between
+Turkey and the Triple Entente, contained in the first Turkish
+communique of the war, appearing in the Turkish press on Oct. 31,
+1914:_
+
+While on the 27th of October a small part of the Turkish fleet was
+manoeuvring in the Black Sea, the Russian fleet, which at first
+confined its activities to following and hindering every one of our
+movements, finally, on the 29th, unexpectedly began hostilities by
+attacking the Ottoman fleet.
+
+During the naval battle which ensued the Turkish fleet, with the help
+of the Almighty, sank the mine-layer Pruth, displacing 5,000 tons and
+having a cargo of 700 mines; inflicted severe damage on one of the
+Russian torpedo boats, and captured a collier.
+
+A torpedo from the Turkish torpedo boat Gairet-i-Millet sank the
+Russian destroyer Koubanietz, and another from the Turkish torpedo
+boat Mouavenet-i-Millet inflicted serious damage on a Russian
+coastguard ship.
+
+Three officers and seventy-two sailors, rescued by our men and
+belonging to the crews of the damaged and sunken vessels of the
+Russian fleet, have been made prisoners. The Ottoman imperial fleet,
+glory be given to the Almighty, escaped injury, and the battle is
+progressing favorably for us.
+
+The Imperial Government will no doubt protest most energetically
+against this hostile action of the Russian fleet against a small part
+of our fleet.
+
+Information received from our fleet now in the Black Sea is as
+follows: From accounts of Russian sailors taken prisoners and from the
+presence of a mine-layer among the Russian fleet, evidence is gathered
+that the Russian fleet intended closing the entrance to the Bosphorus
+with mines and destroying entirely the imperial Ottoman fleet after
+having split it in two. Our fleet, believing that it had to face an
+unexpected attack, and supposing that the Russians had begun
+hostilities without a formal declaration of war, pursued the scattered
+Russian fleet, bombarded the port of Sebastopol, destroyed in the city
+of Novorosiysk fifty petroleum depots, fourteen military transports,
+some granaries, and the wireless telegraph station.
+
+In addition to the above, our fleet has sunk in Odessa a Russian
+cruiser and damaged severely another. It is believed that this second
+boat was likewise sunk. Five other steamers full of cargoes lying in
+the same port were seriously damaged. A steamship belonging to the
+Russian volunteer fleet was also sunk, and five petroleum depots were
+destroyed.
+
+In Odessa and Sebastopol, the Russians from the shore opened fire
+against our fleet.
+
+The officers and crews of the mine-layer Pruth were subjected to a
+rigid examination.
+
+Eight or ten days ago the Pruth, lying in the roadstead of Sebastopol,
+received a cargo of mines and was put under the command of officers
+who for a number of years past had been training on board the Russian
+depot ship in Constantinople and therefore had become familiar with
+the ins and outs of the Bosphorus.
+
+As soon as it became known that a small part of the Turkish fleet went
+out to the Black Sea, the Russian fleet sailed from Sebastopol,
+leaving only an adequate squadron for the protection of the city, and
+on Oct. 27 put to sea, taking a southerly direction with the rest of
+its forces. On the next day the mine-layer Pruth left Sebastopol and
+steamed southward.
+
+The Russian fleet, acting in different ways, intended to fill with
+mines the entrance of the Bosphorus, attack the weak squadron of the
+Ottoman fleet, at that time on the high seas, and cause the
+destruction of the rest of the Turkish fleet, which, being left in the
+Bosphorus, would rush to the assistance of the light flotilla, and,
+encountering the mines, would be destroyed.
+
+Our warships manoeuvring on the high seas met the mine-layer Pruth as
+well as the torpedo boats accompanying her, and thus took place the
+events already known from previous communications.
+
+The rescued Russian officers are five in number, one of them a
+Lieutenant Commander. The prisoners have been sent to Ismid.
+
+This successful action on the part of our squadron, which only by
+chance came to be on the high seas at the time of the naval battle, is
+itself one of the utmost importance for us, as it assures the future
+of our fleet.
+
+
+THE SULTAN'S PROCLAMATION.
+
+_As soon as war was declared against Russia, England, and consequently
+France, the Sultan issued the following proclamation to his troops:_
+
+To my army! To my navy!
+
+Immediately after the war between the Great powers began, I called you
+to arms in order to be able in case of trouble to protect the
+existence of empire and country from any assault on the part of our
+enemies, who are only awaiting the chance to attack us suddenly and
+unexpectedly as they have always done.
+
+While we were thus in a state of armed neutrality, a part of the
+Russian fleet, which was going to lay mines at the entrance of the
+straits of the Black Sea, suddenly opened fire against a squadron of
+our own fleet at the time engaged in manoeuvres.
+
+While we were expecting reparation from Russia for this unjustified
+attack, contrary to international law, the empire just named, as well
+as its allies, recalled their Ambassadors and severed diplomatic
+relations with our country.
+
+The fleets of England and France have bombarded the straits of the
+Dardanelles, and the British fleet has shelled the harbor of Akbah on
+the Red Sea. In the face of such successive proofs of wanton hostility
+we have been forced to abandon the peaceful attitude for which we
+always strove, and now in common with our allies, Germany and Austria,
+we turn to arms in order to safeguard our lawful interests.
+
+The Russian Empire during the last three hundred years has caused our
+country to suffer many losses in territory, and when we finally arose
+to that sentiment of awakening and regeneration which would increase
+our national welfare and our power, the Russian Empire made every
+effort to destroy our attempts, either with war or with numerous
+machinations and intrigues. Russia, England, and France never for a
+moment ceased harboring ill-will against our Caliphate, to which
+millions of Mussulmans, suffering under the tyranny of foreign
+domination, are religiously and whole-heartedly devoted, and it was
+always these powers that started every misfortune that came upon us.
+
+Therefore, in this mighty struggle which now we are undertaking, we
+once for all will put an end to the attacks made from one side against
+the Caliphate, and from the other against the existence of our
+country.
+
+The wounds inflicted, with the help of the Almighty, by my fleet in
+the Black Sea, and by my army in the Dardanelles, in Akbah, and on the
+Caucasian frontiers against our enemies, have strengthened in us the
+conviction that our sacred struggle for a right cause will triumph.
+The fact, moreover, that today the countries and armies of our enemies
+are being crushed under the heels of our allies is a good sign, making
+our conviction as regards final success still stronger.
+
+My heroes! My soldiers! In this sacred war and struggle, which we
+began against the enemies who have undermined our religion and our
+holy fatherland, never for a single moment cease from strenuous effort
+and from self-abnegation.
+
+Throw yourselves against the enemy as lions, bearing in mind that the
+very existence of our empire, and of 300,000,000 Moslems whom I have
+summoned by sacred Fetwa to a supreme struggle, depend on your
+victory.
+
+The hearty wishes and prayers of 300,000,000 innocent and tortured
+faithful, whose faces are turned in ecstasy and devotion to the Lord
+of the universe in the mosques and the shrine of the Kaabah, are with
+you.
+
+My children! My soldiers! No army in the history of the world was ever
+honored with a duty as sacred and as great as is yours. By fulfilling
+it, show that you are the worthy descendants of the Ottoman Armies
+that in the past made the world tremble, and make it impossible for
+any foe of our faith and country to tread on our ground, and disturb
+the peace of the sacred soil of Yemen, where the inspiring tomb of our
+prophet lies. Prove beyond doubt to the enemies of the country that
+there exist an Ottoman Army and Navy which know how to defend their
+faith, their country and their military honor, and how to defy death
+for their sovereign!
+
+Right and loyalty are on our side, and hatred and tyranny on the side
+of our enemies, and therefore there is no doubt that the Divine help
+and assistance of the just God and the moral support of our glorious
+Prophet will be on our side to encourage us. I feel convinced that
+from this struggle we shall emerge as an empire that has made good the
+losses of the past and is once more glorious and powerful.
+
+Do not forget that you are brothers in arms of the strongest and
+bravest armies of the world, with whom we now are fighting shoulder to
+shoulder. Let those of you who are to die a martyr's death be
+messengers of victory to those who have gone before us, and let the
+victory be sacred and the sword be sharp of those of you who are to
+remain in life.
+
+MEHMED-RESHAD.
+
+On the 22 Djilhidje, 1332.
+Or October 29, 1914.
+
+
+VERBATIM TERMS OF THE FETWA
+
+(Sultan's Proclamation of a Holy War.)
+
+_The issuance by the Sultan of the Fetwa, or proclamation, announcing
+a holy war, called upon all Mussulmans capable of carrying arms--and
+even upon Mussulman women--to fight against the powers with whom the
+Sultan was at war. In this manner, according to Constantinople
+newspapers, the holy war became a duty not only for all Ottoman
+subjects, but for the 300,000,000 Moslems of the earth. The Turkish
+newspaper Ikdam called upon the people as follows:_
+
+Mussulmans, open your eyes! Grasp your weapons; trust to God. Hurl
+yourselves with full might against the foe! As the Caliph has said,
+the Divine help will be with us. Forward! Sons of Islam! There is no
+longer a difference of nationality; there is no longer a difference of
+culture. All Mussulmans are united and have but a single wish--to
+destroy our foes!
+
+_The wording of the Fetwa itself, however, is less fiery in tone than
+the impassioned newspaper appeal. The Fetwa reads as follows:_
+
+First Question--If lands of Islam are subjected to attack by enemies,
+if danger threatens Islam, must in that case young and old, infantry
+and mounted men, in all parts of the earth inhabited by Mohammedans,
+take part in the holy war, with their fortune and their blood, in case
+the Padisha declares the war to all Mohammedans? Answer--Yes.
+
+Second Question--Since Russia, England, France, and other States
+supporting these three powers against the Islamitic Caliphate have
+opened hostilities against the Ottoman Empire by means of their
+warships and their land troops, is it necessary that all Mohammedans
+also who live in the countries named shall rise against their
+Government and take part in the holy war? Answer--Yes.
+
+Third Question--Under all circumstances, since the attainment of the
+goal depends upon the participation of all Mohammedans in the holy
+war, will those who refuse to join in the general uprising be punished
+for conduct so abhorrent? Answer--Yes.
+
+Fourth Question--Mohammedans who live in lands of the enemy may, under
+threats against their own lives and the lives of their families, be
+forced to fight against the soldiers of the States of Islam. Can such
+conduct be punished as forbidden under the Sheriat, and those guilty
+thereof be regarded as murderers and punished with the fires of hell?
+Answer--Yes.
+
+Fifth Question--Inasmuch as it will be detrimental to the Mohammedan
+Caliphate of the Mohammedans who live in Russia, France, England,
+Servia, and Montenegro fight against Germany and Austria-Hungary,
+which are the saviors of the great Mohammedan Empire, will therefore
+those who do so be punished with heavy penalties? Answer--Yes.
+
+
+BRITAIN'S ANSWER.
+
+[From The London Times, Nov. 6, 1914.]
+
+_A supplement to The London Gazette published yesterday morning
+contains the following:_
+
+     NOTICE.
+
+     Owing to hostile acts committed by Turkish forces under
+     German officers, a state of war exists between Great Britain
+     and Turkey as from today.
+
+     Foreign Office, Nov. 5, 1914.
+
+Following this notice is a proclamation extending to the war with
+Turkey the Proclamations and Orders in Council now in force relating
+to the war, other than the Order in Council of Aug. 4, 1914, with
+reference to the departure from British ports of enemy vessels which,
+at the outbreak of hostilities, were in such ports or subsequently
+entered the same.
+
+The Gazette also contains an Order in Council, dated Nov. 5, annexing
+the Island of Cyprus.
+
+The order, after reciting the Convention of June 4, 1878, the Annex
+thereto, and the Agreement of Aug. 14, 1878, by which the Sultan of
+Turkey assigned the Island of Cyprus to be occupied and administered
+by England, and affirming that by reason of the outbreak of
+hostilities with Turkey the Convention, Annex, and Agreement have
+become annulled, asserts that it has seemed expedient to annex the
+island. His Majesty, with the advice of his Privy Council, has
+therefore ordered:
+
+     From and after the date hereof the said island shall be
+     annexed to and form part of his Majesty's dominions, and the
+     said island is annexed accordingly.
+
+
+EGYPT'S NEW SULTAN.
+
+_The New Sultan of Egypt, Hussein I., made his State entry on Dec. 20,
+1914, into the Abdin Palace, in Cairo. The streets were lined with
+troops and the progress of their new ruler was watched by thousands of
+enthusiastic spectators. The King of England sent a telegram to the
+Sultan, to which his Highness replied thanking his Majesty for the
+promised British support. A new Cabinet had already been formed.
+Rushdi Pasha retained the position of Prime Minister and the portfolio
+of the Interior. Following is King George's telegram to the Sultan:_
+
+On the occasion when your Highness enters upon your high office I
+desire to convey to your Highness the expression of my most sincere
+friendship and the assurance of my unfailing support in safeguarding
+the integrity of Egypt and in securing her future well-being and
+prosperity.
+
+Your Highness has been called upon to undertake the responsibilities
+of your high office at a grave crisis in the national life of Egypt,
+and I feel convinced that you will be able, with the co-operation of
+your Ministers and the Protectorate of Great Britain, successfully to
+overcome all the influences which are seeking to destroy the
+independence of Egypt and the wealth, liberty, and happiness of its
+people.
+
+GEORGE R. AND I.
+
+
+_The Sultan telegraphed the following reply:_
+
+To his Majesty the King, London.
+
+I present to your Majesty the expression of my deepest gratitude for
+the feelings of friendship with which you see fit to honor me and for
+the assurance of your valuable support in safeguarding the integrity
+and independence of Egypt.
+
+Conscious of the responsibilities I have just assumed, and resolved to
+devote myself, in entire co-operation with the Protectorate, to the
+progress and welfare of my people, I am happy to be able to count in
+this task on your Majesty's protection and on the assistance of your
+Government.
+
+HUSSEIN KAMEL.
+
+
+
+
+Servia and Her Neighbors
+
+     The utterances of Servia's statesmen and people since the
+     war began have not appeared in English. Only accounts of
+     fighting by the nation from which the great conflagration
+     started have been printed. How Servia has judged the issues
+     while conducting her struggle against annihilation, and how
+     the neighboring Balkan States regard her, are
+     authoritatively presented below.
+
+
+_Premier Pashitch spoke in the Skuptschina, or Servian Parliament, on
+Aug. 4, 1914, and made the following declaration given to the press by
+the Official Servian Bureau:_
+
+Mr. Pashitch laid stress on the fact that the Serajevo affair was used
+as pretext for the war, desired long ago by the Austrian Monarchy,
+which did not look on Pan-Serbism with a favorable eye, while the
+aspirations of other countries of Rumania, Germany, and Italy were
+tolerated. The Austro-Hungarian Monarchy wished to crush Servian
+aspirations by curbing the Servian prestige.
+
+In answering the Austrian note, Mr. Pashitch said, we reached the
+extreme limits of submission to her demands. We did everything in
+order to avoid the conflict and prove that we were peaceful. Now, all
+united, we will defend our rights.
+
+We rely on the sympathy and support of great and sisterly Russia, who
+knows that our foes have been conspiring against our independence and
+our progress, and who will not permit our prestige to be crushed. At
+the side of Russia we have other friends.
+
+(Long live Russia! Long live England! Long live France! Long live the
+Triple Entente!)
+
+I thank the Opposition--continued Mr. Pashitch--because she has united
+with us in these critical moments, forgetting in the face of danger
+party lines and the dissension of opinions.
+
+_From Nish the following official communication was telegraphed to the
+foreign press by the Government Bureau on Aug. 9, 1914:_
+
+The Servian mobilization was effected with marvelous order, and once
+more it proved the good military organization of Servia, and how much
+the country can rely on the patriotic devotion of her soldiers.
+
+Notwithstanding the erroneous statements of a part of the foreign
+press, notwithstanding the speedy development of events,
+notwithstanding the season of work in the fields, fully 80 per cent.
+of the reserves presented themselves on the first day of mobilization,
+which was completed amid general enthusiasm.
+
+For a long time the Servians knew that the main struggle would be
+turned against Austria. The Montenegrin and Servian peoples enter the
+war against the common foe with an equal confidence in their armies.
+The enthusiasm of these two countries is all the stronger from the
+fact that they are fighting simultaneously with the aid of the
+Russians, French, and English. Numerous manifestations have taken
+place in Servian and Montenegrin cities in favor of Russia, France,
+and England.
+
+
+THE BULGARIAN MENACE.
+
+_Following is the account of the declaration of the Servian Minister
+of Commerce, Mr. Paul Maringovich, published in the Bulgarian
+newspaper Mir of Sofia in November, 1914:_
+
+Mr. Maringovich's declarations are characteristic of the
+Serbo-Bulgarian relations. This Servian statesman at first spoke of
+the trials of the Servian Nation on account of the war, and then
+expressed the belief that these trials will pass and Servia will see
+better days with the realization of her ideals. Mr. Maringovich
+predicts that the differences between Servia and Bulgaria will be
+settled in the future and that the two peoples will live in perfect
+harmony.
+
+Regarding the Serbo-Bulgarian relations Mr. Maringovich said in the
+Mir:
+
+"I am sorry to hear that Bulgaria demands concessions from us. In
+exchange for her friendship she demands concessions in Macedonia. But
+in this case that cannot be called friendship.
+
+"Bulgaria demands this today because we are at war with Austria, and
+we cannot accordingly oppose her. But in doing this she simply betrays
+her weakness because it is a certain proof of weakness to strike one
+from behind while he is struggling with another. If Bulgaria is proud
+and strong she can measure herself with us as soon as the war with
+Austria is over. A strong Bulgaria must measure herself with the
+strong and not with the weak.
+
+"Why do people in Bulgaria today insist on concessions? Do you know
+how many difficulties there are today in the granting of such
+territorial concessions? You felt the pain of similar action.
+Silistria was taken from you while your army was victoriously marching
+on Constantinople. Do not insist on implanting deep in the Servian
+heart a mortal hatred against yourselves.
+
+"Do not ask the reason of our dissensions of today, in a difference of
+interests, because such difference does not exist, but try to find it
+in the arrogance and the conceit of the two nations. We do not
+recognize you as a nation. But this recognition must be made with the
+understanding that you drop your conceit.
+
+"In Bulgaria people think that at this moment we have the support of
+Russia. But there is a mistake even in this, as we are further than
+you from Russia. If today Russia offers to us her support she is doing
+that because we are struggling against Austria and preventing her from
+invading the Balkans.
+
+"To this argument you oppose the treaty of Bucharest. But that treaty
+is not our work. By not accepting the Czar's wish in his telegram of
+May 5, (18,) 1913, you lost his support. This example from the past
+can show you how far you can go when you oppose Russia. But in no case
+are you entitled to blame those who are not guilty of your misfortune.
+
+"When Russia undertakes to do something for the Slavs, she always does
+it in a way beneficial to the party to which she promised her support.
+
+"When this war is over, when the whole of Slavdom shall be freed, when
+in a special congress all the interests of the Slavs shall be
+discussed and the services rendered by each and every one of them
+shall be weighed, Bulgaria must fear that decisions will be taken
+which will be contrary to her and that her interests will be
+sacrificed.
+
+"A country must not act always according to her interests. Does not
+the Bulgarian people have any obligations toward Russia? Duty always
+stands above mere interest.
+
+"When the war is over an entirely different atmosphere will rule in
+the souls of the peoples, and it will then be possible to weigh the
+actual interests with more equanimity and more calm. At least we
+Servians have this opinion."
+
+_The following statement was made by the Servian Minister at
+Petrograd, Mr. Spalaikowich, in the Russkoye Slovo:_
+
+What is Bulgaria going to do in the present circumstances? To which
+side will she cling? Is not her people going to take the arms against
+their secular enemy, the Turks?
+
+This solution would be the most satisfactory for Bulgaria. Now a
+chance is given her to fulfill her obligations to Russia, who made her
+free. Let the Bulgarian sword be thrust against the secular enemy of
+Slavdom and the petty differences be forgotten.
+
+Bulgaria, under the Russian wing, will enter the Slav family united,
+strong, and beloved. If she remains inactive she will drag herself
+poor and forgotten by all and full of regrets.
+
+
+A PEASANT'S ANSWER.
+
+_As illustrating the popular feeling in Bulgaria the following letter
+from a peasant to Mr. Maringovich appeared in the official organ of
+the Bulgarian Government, Echo de Bulgarie, published in French:_
+
+Your Excellency: I am a plain peasant from the Danube country. While
+born on the shores of the beautiful blue Lake of Ochrida, and really,
+I cannot understand what is the meaning of your factum, (sic.) What
+have you come to do among us? Nobody knows you any more in Sofia. You
+are Servian and consequently a foreigner to us Bulgarians. There are
+certain pains that nothing can alleviate, nor heal, and there are
+wounds that nothing can cicatrize.
+
+Since your entry in Ochrida, in my father's house, you, the Servian
+Army, behaved like enemies. You profaned the church, that Bulgarian
+church where I took my first communion. You have despoiled the
+archives and burned our libraries; you ordered closed our national
+school where I learned to mumble the alphabet of my mother tongue.
+
+I have seen the epic struggle of my compatriots against Greeks and
+Turks, and I took part with them in order to obtain these national
+institutions. And did you come there in Ochrida, and everywhere in
+Macedonia protected by our valiant army of Lule Bourgas and Chataldja,
+to perform the duty of allies--of Slav brethren?
+
+You established yourselves as conquerors of the country, as vandals,
+with the manifest purpose of extinguishing every vestige of our
+national culture. You associated yourselves with the non-Slavs
+(Rumanians and Greeks) against us, your allies, in order to reach your
+end. Why, then, do you call us Slavs? We were called Tartars until
+just before you arrived in Sofia.
+
+You treated as villains our Bishops, whom the Turks and the Greeks
+were forced to restore us after a struggle of seventy-five years. You
+burned our Bulgarian books, and you forbade, under penalty of death,
+our people from calling themselves Bulgars. You tortured my parents
+with all the refinements of torture that you have invented.
+
+Why, I beg of you? Because you were Servians? I will not go so far as
+to injure you with the belief that the Servians are capable of crimes
+against nature. Then, because we were Bulgarians; because those poor
+people, taking you for their brethren, for Christians, for Slavs, at
+least had the courage to say they were Bulgarians and to think
+themselves such.
+
+And this continues today with increased intensity. Ah, Mr.
+Maringovich! You have committed there and you persist in committing a
+crime against humanity that nothing will ever efface. You stabbed us
+to the heart, with premeditation, and the wound is still bleeding; you
+killed our faith in the Slav brotherhood. You morally assassinated us.
+
+In the face of these crimes, Bregainitza and Slivnitza are pale
+figures. These odious crimes will not be left unpunished. The day of
+chastisement will come whether you look for it or not.
+
+Your Excellency, I permit myself to repeat the question: What have you
+come to do among us?
+
+Really you must have a good cheek--permit me this undiplomatic
+expression--and a Servian cheek, in order to have the audacity to come
+here and tell us tales. It is not only this; but you make sport of our
+sacredest and deepest sentiments, you reopen our wounds, and you
+purely and simply abuse us. You ought to have thought of all this
+before you set out for Sofia. Today there is an abyss dividing Serbs
+and Bulgars. It is an open precipice which will serve for you as a
+grave. You wish to fill it? To succeed you must employ other means
+than words.
+
+Sir: You are a foreigner to us; there is not an honest man in all
+Bulgaria who can consider you a welcome guest. Nobody knows you. For
+every Bulgar there is only one word and one gesture for you. We stake
+our liberty in giving you the answer and in making the gesture.
+
+Sir: You may take the train which brought you here from Nish. There is
+the depot. Farewell! Kindly accept the assurance of my consideration
+for your person, whom I had not the advantage to know.
+
+
+THE MINISTRY'S POSITION.
+
+_The statement by the new Servian Cabinet in the Skuptschina on Dec.
+8, 1914, follows:_
+
+The new Ministry has made in the Skuptschina the following
+declarations: The Government that has the honor to appear before you
+has been constituted with the purpose of manifesting to the end of
+this great crisis the union of the wills, the forces, and the
+intentions of all political parties of our country.
+
+This Government is convinced of the confidence of the Skuptschina, as
+it puts all of its forces to the service of the great cause of the
+Servian Nation, and of the Serbo-Croatian-Slovenian family.
+
+The Government considers its first duty to bow low before the heroic
+sacrifices voluntarily made on the altar of the fatherland.
+
+The Government sends to the entire army and to all the military, from
+commanders down to simple privates, the expression of its confidence,
+its admiration and its gratitude for their efforts and their
+sacrifices to the common fatherland.
+
+Our little and young army, conserving the good reputation it had
+acquired in the past years, has put itself worthily on the side of the
+glorious and veteran armies of our great allies, who are struggling
+together with us for the cause of justice and liberty.
+
+There is no doubt that in the end of these painful days of war our
+historic nation will be recognized and appreciated.
+
+The Government is convinced that all the Servian people are united
+until the end of this hallowed war, to defend their hearths and their
+liberty; that their sole duty is to assure an army proportionate to
+this great war, which from the very beginning has been a struggle for
+the emancipation and the union of all our brother Serbo-Croato-Slovaks,
+who now suffer under foreign rule.
+
+The brilliant success which will crown this war will compensate
+largely the great sacrifices of the present Servian generation. In
+this struggle the Servian people have not to choose, because in a
+question of life and death there is no choice.
+
+This people is forced to struggle and will do its duty with the same
+unflinching energy of a century ago for the redemption of the tomb of
+Kossovo.
+
+The Government will try faithfully to represent this national
+decision; and, faithful to its powerful and heroic allies, it will
+with confidence await the hour of victory.
+
+The Government, conscious of the pains and hardships suffered by the
+army and in large part by the nation, will do all that human strength
+can do for the amelioration of the present situation and will
+energetically try all measures for refitting the army and bettering
+the sanitary service, as in this cause no sacrifices shall be spared.
+
+In concert with you, gentlemen, the Government will take all the
+necessary measures for helping the population to recuperate after the
+war.
+
+Now, while the enemy is yet at the gates of our country, the
+Government cries: Forward, with God's help, against the enemy! Forward
+in the struggle against the enemy!
+
+[All the Deputies, without party distinction, repeated the last words
+of Premier Nicola Pashitch, and immense applause greeted the
+manifesto.]
+
+
+STATEMENT TO GREECE.
+
+_The Servian Minister at Athens, Mr. Baluhtchich, caused this
+announcement to be made on Nov. 29, 1914:_
+
+On Nov. 29 the Servian Minister at Athens declared that all talk of
+Servian concessions of any kind in favor of Bulgaria was premature.
+
+The Servian Government, the Minister said, finds it impossible to
+proceed to any concession territorial or moral, so long as Servia is
+in a state of war.
+
+The Bulgarian Government has not made, and it is impossible to
+formulate, her demands directly to Servia, because it is impossible to
+foresee the outcome of a struggle so violent and apparently destined
+to be long. For Servia it is impossible to enter negotiations of
+indemnity or concessions for the neutrality of Bulgaria before an end
+is put to the present situation. The only certain thing is that the
+Governments of the Triple Entente are endeavoring to reconstitute the
+Balkan League, which is to be made of three Balkan States, namely,
+Servia, Greece, and Bulgaria.
+
+But, as I had the occasion of stating some time ago, the Bulgarian
+territorial demands, with regard to the reconstitution of the league,
+have been so preposterous that neither Greece nor Servia could begin
+discussions on such a basis.
+
+I deny, in the most emphatic manner, Mr. Baluhtchich said, the news
+that Servia was to cede, or that Bulgaria directly and formally
+demanded from my Government, any strip whatever of Macedonian
+territory, at least for the time being.
+
+Likewise it is untrue that the Bulgarian Prime Minister, Mr.
+Radoslavoff, demanded from the Ambassadors of the Triple Entente that
+the compensation for her neutrality be guaranteed to her from now for
+the future. It is true that a disturbing political ferment is going on
+now in the Balkan Peninsula, the Servian Minister said in conclusion,
+but it is a difficult thing to express opinions at this time.
+
+However, before the war is over, neither concessions nor discussion
+can be made, at least as far as Servia is concerned, and it seems that
+the Triple Entente concurs in this view.
+
+
+BULGARIA AND KULTUR.
+
+_In the semi-official Servian daily, Samouprava, published in Belgrade
+and now at Nish, the following editorial article appeared early in the
+first week of October, 1914:_
+
+The Bulgarians are a queer people. Those of the foreigners who
+sympathize with them are apt to call them realists, positivists, and
+calculants, but we Servians, knowing them, understand that such
+definitions applied to them are flattering euphemisms and nothing
+more. The Bulgarian people are really laborious and thrifty.
+Unfortunately the cultured members of Bulgarian society, who studied
+abroad, bear in their social and political life the fundamental
+characteristics of the German intellect.
+
+The cultured Bulgarians have absorbed the German Kultur, although they
+do not owe Germany even the hundredth part of what they owe to Russia.
+
+All these are facts that need not proofs. Bulgaria, therefore, could
+not more wantonly accuse Servia than by saying that we allied
+ourselves with the enemies of Slavdom. The cynicism of these
+accusations is proved by the following officially registered Bulgarian
+actions:
+
+The Stoilof Ministry has concluded an alliance with Servia and also an
+understanding which the Bulgarians sold to Turkey for eight Bishoprics
+in Macedonia.
+
+During the crisis which followed the annexation of Servian Bosnia and
+Herzegovina to Austria, and when Russia was mortally insulted,
+Bulgaria, in common understanding with Austria, proclaimed her
+independence and definitely annexed Oriental Rumelia. These profits
+Bulgaria secured to the detriment of Servian interests.
+
+During the Balkan war, and notwithstanding all that Servia had done
+for Bulgaria, the Bulgarian attitude was once more treacherous,
+culminating in the wanton attack upon her allies at the instigation of
+Austria.
+
+Today, when Russia fights a life-and-death struggle, Bulgaria is
+keeping neutral, and every one knows what kind of neutrality is this
+when such a multitude of Germans is passing through Bulgarian
+territory in order to arm and lead the Turks against Russia. And, last
+but not least, immediately after the present war between Austria and
+Servia, the Bulgarians proposed an alliance to Rumania.
+
+After all this it is a wonder how the Bulgarians dare to invoke Slav
+sympathies, which they always sold to Austria, and which the Bulgarian
+press is now trying to sell at auction. Lucky he who buys them.
+
+[Illustration: A YOUTHFUL BELGIAN HERO
+
+Joseph Lessen, a Boy Scout, 18 Years of Age, Who So Distinguished
+Himself That He Was Decorated on the Field by King Albert.]
+
+[Illustration: THE CROWN PRINCE OF BELGIUM
+
+H.R.H. Prince Leopold, Eldest Son of the King of the Belgians.
+
+(_Photo from Underwood & Underwood._)]
+
+
+AFTER FIVE MONTHS' FIGHTING.
+
+_On Dec. 17, (30, New Style,) 1914, Crown Prince Alexander of Servia,
+in his quality of Commander in Chief of the Army, issued the following
+order of the day to his troops:_
+
+Soldiers! It is now five months since the day when the enemy attacked
+our beloved country. Notwithstanding the fact that we had suffered
+the trials of two heroic but hard wars, nevertheless firm and
+undaunted we have stood the attack. Having routed the enemy in Tchar
+and Zadar we gave him, after heroic and sanguinary battles, the
+biggest blow of all.
+
+Thousands of prisoners, hundreds of guns, a quantity of war booty,
+which came to our hands, are witnesses of his defeat and our glory.
+
+Soldiers! I feel proud in announcing to you that not a single enemy
+remains on the soil of the Servian Kingdom. We cast him out with great
+losses.
+
+At this sacred moment, when on the heroic City of Belgrade anew waves
+the victorious Servian flag, I desire to fulfill a great duty of
+gratitude. In our ranks, in this third war, are fighting our brothers
+which we have liberated from the Turkish yoke. The soldiers of
+Kossovo, of Vardar, of Hekligovatz, of Bregalnitsa, of Bitolie, and of
+Porets, have shown themselves worthy of their brothers of Shumadia and
+the Danube, of Poutrin and Morava, of Timok and Usjitsa.
+
+They have shown themselves worthy of the heroes Milaten and Dughan,
+who for long have carried the glory and the good name of the Servian
+arms.
+
+I want to give to these new soldiers of ours conspicuous proofs of the
+gratitude of the fatherland. In the face of the undeniable proof of
+their fulfillment of their duty, in the face of their enthusiasm I
+declare that these soldiers shall have the political and
+constitutional rights of Servia, their liberatrix! The Skuptschina, in
+its first sitting after peace is signed, will take all the necessary
+measures in order that full liberties be given to our brethren.
+
+Soldiers! The iron ring of our powerful allies is fastening tighter
+every day around our common enemy. And he, (the enemy,) feeling that
+his defeat is well nigh at hand and dreading its dire consequences,
+fights desperately and strenuously. But in vain. The number of their
+soldiers is diminishing daily, and our allies are strengthened with
+new troops on the fields of battle.
+
+The end of this gigantic struggle is from now known, although not yet
+accomplished. We must, therefore, for some time to come, fulfill our
+difficult duty and stay by the side of our big and powerful allies,
+who are fighting for us, till our enemy is annihilated on the
+battlefield.
+
+And then peace will come to crown worthily those who have been
+sacrificed for our great fatherland, and then our country will be much
+enlarged, much stronger, and much happier than she ever has been. And
+for this, oh, my heroic Servia will be grateful to you.
+
+
+RUSSIAN CONGRATULATIONS.
+
+_On Dec. 18, 1914, the new Russian Minister to Servia, Prince
+Troubetzkoi, presented his credentials to the Servian Crown Prince
+Alexander, whom he addressed as follows:_
+
+Illustrious Sir: I have the honor to hand to your Royal Highness the
+letter by which his Majesty the Emperor of Russia has deigned to
+accredit me by his Majesty the King of Servia.
+
+My august master has charged me to express to you the vivid sympathy
+and the sincere admiration which his Majesty feels for the valiant
+people of Servia, her heroic army, and her venerable chief.
+
+Allow me to express to your Highness the joy that I feel in fulfilling
+the imperial commission today when your army has covered itself with
+immortal glory and has written in Servian history the most beautiful
+page that a people may desire.
+
+Separated by a long distance, but, attracted by the heart of her elder
+sister, Servia may say that in this terrible struggle against an
+enemy, numerically stronger but morally weaker, she is not alone and
+will not be forsaken.
+
+I pray that this conviction may double the unflinching courage of the
+Servians and lead them always to new victories.
+
+In assuming today the duties incumbent upon me after the death of my
+lamented predecessor, Hartwig, I take the courage, illustrious Sir, to
+express the hope that your Highness will not deprive me of his
+assistance, which will be absolutely necessary to me in order that I
+may work to the best of my abilities for the common good of the two
+countries, and also for the consummation of peace in the Balkan
+Peninsula, this peace that Russia considers as the essential aim of
+her efforts and her sacrifices.
+
+_Crown Prince Alexander answered as follows:_
+
+The expression of the vivid sympathy and admiration which his Majesty
+the Emperor has addressed through you to the people and army of Servia
+are so much the more welcome as I personally witnessed the hard
+conditions under which my valiant army is struggling and the heavy
+burdens oppressing my brave people.
+
+The fact that, although separated by a long distance from Russia, her
+elder sister, Servia can find in her bosom a heart having the same
+sentiments as hers, has encouraged our army and our people to persist
+in the heroic struggle that they are waging against a more numerous
+enemy. This certainty will give us new strength to carry the struggle
+to the end.
+
+In the fulfillment of your mission, after the death of your
+predecessor, a mission which the late Hartwig performed with such love
+and such devotion to the true Slav interests, you can rest on my
+absolute confidence and the continued support of my Government, being
+sure that the greatness and the power of Servia are in full accord
+with the greatness and the power of holy Russia.
+
+The lamented Hartwig made many trips for the mutual benefit of both
+countries, Russia and Servia, and his efforts had resulted in creating
+stable conditions and securing the peace of the Balkans.
+
+In accepting the letters, by which his Majesty the Emperor has
+accredited you by his Majesty the King of Servia, my beloved father, I
+bid you, Mr. Minister, welcome, and I wish you success in your
+mission.
+
+
+BULGARIA'S SENTIMENT.
+
+_The following Bulgarian view of the Servian victory that resulted in
+the recapture of Belgrade is presented from an editorial article of
+the Dnevnik of Sofia:_
+
+The Austro-Hungarian action against Servia seems to have failed. It
+goes without saying that the return of the Servians to Belgrade does
+not mean yet that the handful of the starving and half-naked Servian
+Army has been victorious against its strong opponent.
+
+The Servian success, according to latest information, is due to means
+that are very little laudable in themselves.
+
+The commander of the advance posts of the Austro-Hungarian Army, being
+a native of Dalmatia, became intimate with the Servians and committed
+an odious treason. He disclosed to them the dispositions of the
+Austro-Hungarian forces, and he himself, with the sections forming the
+guard, surrendered to the Servians.
+
+From the Austrian rearguard one part scattered to various villages,
+another was sleeping. They were not ready and, caught unexpectedly,
+were dispersed.
+
+Austro-Hungarian prestige is severely wounded. The shameful treason
+shows how dangerous is the Pan-Servian propaganda to the integrity of
+the Austrian Empire, when corruption has reached even the officers
+standing in high command.
+
+The Austro-Hungarian General Staff, as we are informed, has already
+taken those measures imposed by the situation. The Generals, Frank and
+Potiorek, have been recalled and will be probably court-martialed. And
+it seems that the "brilliant" Servian victories are the beginning of
+the end of the "Slav Belgium."
+
+
+GREECE ACCLAIMS.
+
+_The following editorial article, headed "A New Marathon" on the
+Servian victory, appeared in the Greek newspaper Patris of Athens on
+Dec. 3, (16, New Style,) 1914, expressing the views of the Hellenic
+Government:_
+
+The reoccupation of Belgrade by the Servians is one of those military
+feats which amount to historical phenomena. The Servians not only
+contributed the greatest feat of the European war, as far as results
+are concerned, but won for themselves an immortal page in the world's
+history.
+
+Greece alone has to show an analogous achievement, although greater,
+when she expelled the Persian invasion.
+
+Only the achievements of Arhangelovatz, Ouzhitse, and Lazarevats can
+compare in a certain degree to the brilliancy of Marathon and Plateae.
+And the Servian achievement appears all the more Hellenic if analogies
+are to be considered.
+
+The Servians, until yesterday a little people, with an army almost
+insignificant in face of the masses of the Austrian columns,
+submissive in times of peace, in the face of the most oppressive
+demands of Austrian diplomacy--considered like all the small peoples
+to be living at the mercy of the great--when the hour of supreme
+defense for altars and hearths struck, and in the face of an enemy
+threatening to swallow their country, they arose, terrible in their
+vengeance, and repeated the feat of the routing of Goliath by their
+small but invincible power.
+
+This was possible because their regiments were not moved by the hope
+of effectively beating the enemy, which hope springs from the
+consciousness of numerical superiority, but they were enlivened and
+strengthened before death by the undying fire of freedom, national
+pride, and the conviction that they were thrust into the most honored
+struggle, after which there would not be left for them anything but to
+live or die.
+
+And the Austrians, who considered their campaign against Servia as
+mere child's play; the Austrians with their German military
+organization; the Austrians, who constitute one-sixth of the entire
+European military power, started against Servia with the same logic,
+the same haughtiness, the same bombastic prediction of the result of
+the unequal war with which the Persian masses moved against
+Greece....
+
+
+
+
+Little Montenegro Speaks
+
+
+_The following Montenegrin message to Italy appeared in La Gazetta del
+Popolo of July 21, (Aug. 3,) 1914:_
+
+This terrible European war, if one takes away from it the diplomatic
+ornaments with which the Chancelleries are wont to decorate it, dates
+from a century back. It is, let us hope, the final revolt of the
+nations oppressed by the unjust work of the Congress of Vienna.
+
+The nationalities of which the powers of the Triple Entente, and
+especially Russia, have made themselves the champions have not
+provoked this bloody struggle. It was imposed on them by the
+reactionary spirit of the Germanic world, which desired to consolidate
+its hegemony, based on the sufferings of the weak, impossible to
+describe, and on the contempt of right, which was proclaimed as a
+system of government.
+
+The neutrality observed up to now by your august Italian country has
+been a powerful assistance to the cause of right against the cause of
+oppression.
+
+We Serbs of Montenegro and Servia are now on the point of conquering
+that national unity, which our poets, our thinkers, and our sovereigns
+have sung, implored, and prepared, and, following the trail opened by
+Mazzini, Cavour, and Garibaldi, we put our confidence in Italy, this
+mother of civilization, who by her smile embellishes the sun-kissed
+Slav shores of the Adriatic.
+
+Help us in conquering the place which is awaiting us at the altar of
+justice! We firmly believe that Italy, when at the price of new
+sacrifices she shall have all of her exiled sons united under her
+glorious standard, will inaugurate a new era of friendly and intimate
+connections with the young Slav world, who from her hands received so
+many benefits and who in exchange offers her the collaboration of
+young and enthusiastic people in the great task undertaken by our
+protectors in the name of civilization and liberty.
+
+
+
+
+Bulgaria's Attitude
+
+Speech From the Throne
+
+By Tsar Ferdinand I.
+
+
+_The following speech by Tsar Ferdinand I. of Bulgaria was read at the
+opening of the Bulgarian Parliament, called the Sobranje, on Oct. 15,
+(28,) 1914, by the Prime Minister, Mr. Radoslavoff._
+
+With the ending last year of a long and exhausting struggle which we
+conducted with incomparable self-denial, the Bulgarian people and my
+Government directed again their efforts toward the healing of the
+wounds of the recent past and the remodeling of the national forces,
+and likewise toward creating new resources and prosperity for the
+country.
+
+Our common peaceful activity was interrupted by the breaking out of
+the greatest and most terrible of all wars that history has up to this
+day recorded. In face of this mighty struggle of the European nations
+my Government has deemed it its duty before the nation, and the course
+imposed on it, to declare the neutrality of Bulgaria and to maintain
+this attitude sternly and honestly according to international
+obligations and the interests of the fatherland.
+
+Thanks to this process, my Government maintains good and friendly
+relations with all the great powers; has succeeded in giving to our
+relations with our neighbors a color of greater confidence, so
+necessary after the crisis of the last year, and in the midst of the
+events that lie heavy today on the whole of Europe.
+
+_A supplemental statement of the royal position was made by the
+Bulgarian Premier, Mr. Radoslavoff, in the Sobranje at the sitting of
+Nov. 12, (25,) 1914, which follows:_
+
+With the proclamation of the state of siege, taken in accordance with
+the decision of Parliament, as a measure of further security,
+everything is moving along according to the laws and the Constitution
+of the country. And the Government is endeavoring that the internal
+administration may proceed in as orderly a way as possible.
+
+You remember very well that on the 16th (29th) of July, when war was
+declared by Austria-Hungary, I came here and told you that the
+decision of the Government was to maintain strict neutrality.
+
+One day before the closing of the extra session of Parliament I
+repeated the declarations of the Government, that no matter what kind
+of political combinations were formed around us the Government is
+resolved to maintain absolute neutrality to the end.
+
+It was with pleasure that I heard at that time the assurances of all
+the party leaders that if I were to keep this attitude they would help
+me maintain the absolute neutrality of Bulgaria.
+
+I do not know why after a few days there have been published various
+statements signed by the different party leaders.
+
+Nothing in particular had been done on our side up to that time. There
+was nothing irregular, but, notwithstanding all this, complaints have
+been lodged against the Bulgarian Government that its neutrality was
+one-sided, that the Government was favoring one group of the powers
+while hostile to the other, that through Bulgaria arms and ammunition
+were sent from a belligerent country [Germany] to a non-belligerent,
+[Turkey,] and this moved the leaders of the parties to turn to the
+nation and denounce the sincerity of your Government.
+
+The silence of the nation and the attitude of the powers gave us full
+justification for the fairness and loyalty with which we keep our
+neutrality.
+
+Two months ago the nation had witnessed a manifesto, signed by all the
+party leaders with the exception of the narrow Socialists, which means
+that the opposition has not been united on this question, as it is
+said in the manifesto that all the opposition was united in a fear
+lest the Government abandon its neutrality. In the manifesto addressed
+to the Bulgarian nation the desire was expressed for the formation of
+a Ministry in which all the political parties were to be represented.
+
+But the silence of the nation has given ample proof of its confidence
+in the present Ministry. The declaration of the Government on July 13
+(26) holds today, as it held then. We are keeping the strict
+neutrality of Bulgaria. Those that were supposed to have grievances
+against us have no proofs to show our breach of neutrality. Every side
+was satisfied with our assurances.
+
+Notwithstanding the difficulties with which the path of the Government
+is strewn today, I, supported by the majority of the Parliament, will
+follow the same policy. Bulgaria has remained neutral, and up to now
+she is in excellent relations with all neighboring countries.
+
+Bulgaria is in most friendly relations with Rumania, Greece, and
+Servia, which is at war. Bulgaria keeps the most sincere relations
+with Turkey. Bulgaria remains neutral and loyal in her position. I
+make the declaration so that the entire nation may be informed that
+the present Government has assured the territorial integrity of
+Bulgaria.
+
+Our policy meets with the approval of all the great powers without
+exception. If we ever are led by the force of circumstances to enter
+some arrangement whereby Bulgaria will obtain something more in the
+way of territory, this will come from the will of the entire
+Bulgarian concert, with which we desire to remain up to the end in
+good relations.
+
+This is what I can and what I must say today in the National
+Parliament. [Cheers and applause.]
+
+
+BULGARIAN PARLIAMENT REPLIES.
+
+[As voted on Nov. 12, (25,) 1914.]
+
+Your Majesty: The national representation considers it an agreeable
+duty to express its satisfaction for the statements addressed to it
+and to offer its collaboration to the Tsar and the Government for the
+safeguard of the dear interests of the fatherland.
+
+Your Majesty!
+
+The breaking out of the terrible war which today oppresses and
+exhausts the nations has stopped the peaceful activity in which the
+Bulgarian Nation and your Government were engaged for the regeneration
+of the national forces and the creation of new resources for the
+prosperity of the country and the healing of the wounds of the long
+and heroic war which the nation, with unflinching self-sacrifice, has
+waged in the past year.
+
+Your Majesty!
+
+In the face of the momentous and far-reaching events now taking place
+in Europe and around Bulgaria, the national representation has noted
+with delight that the Government, having at heart the future of the
+country when it declared the neutrality of Bulgaria, is maintaining
+this attitude strictly and loyally, as the international necessities
+and the most vital interests of the country demand.
+
+Your Majesty!
+
+The national representation has learned with joy that, thanks to this
+attitude, the Government of your Majesty has preserved good and
+friendly relations with all the great powers and has improved our
+relations with our neighbors, which good relations are so necessary
+for Bulgaria after the crisis of the last year, and during the events
+of which we are the witnesses.
+
+Your Majesty!
+
+The great events that are shaking Europe are apt to call for our
+attention, but, in spite of this, they will not stop us in the way of
+the peaceful development of our culture, to which Bulgaria after the
+war devoted her energies.
+
+We will carefully examine and heartily approve of all the measures
+which the Government may take for the progress of the country and will
+give them our support.
+
+Long live his Majesty the Tsar!
+
+Long live her Majesty the Tsarina!
+
+Long live his Royal Highness the Crown Prince!
+
+_Following is the allocution of Tsar Ferdinand I., on Dec. 2, (15,)
+1914, to the Delegation of the Sobranje, which brought to him the
+Bulgarian Parliament's answer to the speech from the throne._
+
+Gentlemen: It has always been agreeable to me to meet the
+representatives of the National Parliament and exchange with them
+ideas on the situation and the administration of the country. In the
+present year, however, during the development of the events around us
+this contact with the representatives of the people is not without
+some importance for the Chief of the State.
+
+I desire to hear from you, gentlemen, what are the concerns of the
+nation and to partake of them with you. The thought that I am
+nourishing, and my hope is, that, thanks to the stability and the
+wisdom of the Bulgarians, the country will emerge from the new trials
+untouched and without being threatened in the future.
+
+I am really proud in duly acknowledging the virtues of the Bulgarian
+people. When, in 1912, this people, moved by a single impulse, arose
+and crushed a strong opponent by a force and ardor unsurpassed till
+now, the whole world recognized its military virtues. But the
+Bulgarian Nation has also displayed unique virtues in its reverses by
+valiantly enduring the blows of misfortune.
+
+This nation will warmly undertake its mission in order to achieve its
+destiny, when it will win more respect on the part of foreigners than
+it won by its victory; and the hearts of its sons, so devoted to the
+fatherland, will be warmed anew.
+
+Today, when the whole of Europe is burning and the conflagration is
+approaching us, when all the nations around us are moving and making
+ready for action, the Bulgarian Nation, duly appreciating the
+situation, has established its attitude with an equanimity and a
+reserve which constitute the undeniable proofs of its wisdom and its
+political maturity.
+
+The eyes of the Czar and of the people are turned toward you. In the
+advices that you are giving, in the opinions that you express, I
+observe your care for the national prosperity and your resolution to
+sacrifice everything on the altar of the fatherland and for the
+interests of the nation. This sets me at rest and inspires me with the
+hope that in the future also complete harmony will prevail between the
+nation and the Crown, and that from this harmony we shall draw the
+necessary strength for the assurance of the future of Bulgaria.
+
+May God watch over the fortunes of our fatherland and may He crown
+with success our common efforts.
+
+
+BULGARIA'S NEUTRALITY.
+
+_In the last sitting of the Bulgarian Sobranje, just before the
+Christmas holidays, the Premier, Mr. Radoslavoff, made the following
+statements as they appear in the semi-official organ, Narodni Prava,
+of Sofia:_
+
+Since last July Bulgaria has maintained strict neutrality. Whatever
+accusations have been addressed to her from abroad as to her alleged
+breaches of neutrality, on the part of one or other of the belligerent
+groups, are without any foundation whatever. It is recognized that
+such insinuations come from our enemies, who have every interest in
+our breaking neutrality.
+
+The Government maintains and will maintain its neutral policy to the
+end, and in this case we declare that we will adhere to it, and,
+supported by the country, we will try to take as much advantage of it
+as is possible.
+
+Whether we are going to have or not to have a Ministry in which all
+the political parties will be represented, this does not at all
+interest those from abroad, where the dignified attitude of our
+Government is recognized. Do not ask us to negotiate what the Triple
+Entente is willing to give us, or to say to the central
+powers--Austria and Germany--"You, what are you going to give us?"
+
+Because in that case they would answer: "Why should we give you
+anything? For your inactivity? Because you keep tranquil, watching us
+shedding our blood? Is it for this that we must give you something?"
+
+I, for myself, have repeated on another occasion that during these
+critical moments, when new States are being founded while others are
+falling to the ground, to safeguard and preserve the present frontiers
+of Bulgaria is the greatest service that can be rendered her. We know
+what we have asked and what was offered to us. But who guarantees that
+we shall have what was orally promised to us? We ourselves cannot
+guarantee it. I declare that we are on good terms with our neighbors
+so long as they respect the interests of Bulgaria. If I knew that we
+would receive Macedonia and Cavalla and Dobrudja, be sure that I,
+first among all, would advise the formation of a coalition Ministry.
+
+_Representative Tchandref_ (interrupting)--Go ahead and take them
+alone.
+
+_Radoslavoff_--But now we may not, neither in Chataldja nor in Cavalla
+nor in Dobrudja. The Bulgarian Government is pursuing the absolute
+preservation of peace and is watching developments. The friends that
+we have, notwithstanding all evil machinations, have not deserted us.
+Bulgaria still has friends, but friends and enemies tell us, Keep
+quiet, Bulgarians! In this lies your safety!
+
+
+A MILITARY ESTIMATE.
+
+_The subjoined statement by the Bulgarian General, Savoff, appeared in
+the Vienna Reichspost of Dec. 20, 1914:_
+
+Taking into account the military operations up to this date, it is
+easy to conclude that the two central monarchies are holding the
+advantage of the Allies. Germany has demonstrated to the world her
+enormous strength, while Austria-Hungary has shown herself to be
+really a great power. Austria-Hungary must be proud of her army and of
+the brilliant successes it has won against the colossal Russian
+military organization.
+
+_So far as the neutral States are concerned, Gen. Savoff said:_
+
+Bulgaria will keep neutral as long as she can. The responsible factors
+of the country will face every influence, and will act according to
+the best interests of the fatherland. We must insist on the correction
+of the mistakes made by the Treaty of Bucharest. We are resolved, in
+case this should prove necessary, to take back by force of arms the
+territories that belong to us and that have been snatched from us. The
+Bulgarian Army is ready and will do its duty up to the end when the
+interests of the country demand it.
+
+
+OPPOSITION PARTY'S STATEMENT.
+
+_Following is an editorial article published Oct. 15, (28,) 1914, in
+the Mir, the organ of the Nationalists, and signed by A. Bouroff,
+ex-Minister and ex-Vice President of the Bulgarian Parliament, or
+Sobranje._
+
+The Government knows that the Bulgarian people will never forgive it,
+should the Ministry let pass the present historical opportunity
+without securing important advantages for Bulgaria.
+
+These advantages the Government is endeavoring to obtain by keeping a
+pro-Austro-German neutrality. In order not to disclose this policy,
+the Government avoids a discussion with Austria and Germany. In order
+to render service to Austria the Government is courting Turkey,
+provoking Russia through its action and its press, avoids the
+constitution of a council of State demanded by the opposition, and
+objects to the formation of a Ministry in which all the political
+parties were to be represented. Perhaps the Government would go even
+further, but it is prevented from doing so, on one hand by Rumania,
+who maintained a puzzling position, and the probable surprises that
+her "friendly" Turkey has in store, and on the other by the explicit
+and general unwillingness of the Bulgarian people to jeopardize its
+existence through adventurous actions that are so contrary to its
+national character and sentiments. The result of these contradictory
+inclinations and influences is shown in our present political
+weakness, which I am afraid will be fruitless in the end.
+
+What is to be expected from this policy? In case of victory of the
+Triple Entente, Bulgaria can hope for nothing good. If the Dual
+Alliance is victorious we shall have certain compensations that to my
+deep conviction will be far from satisfying our national aspirations.
+The Austro-German alliance, first of all, will think of itself; that
+is to say, to realize the greatest ideals of pan-Germanism, the
+debouching of Austria in the Aegean Sea through Saloniki, which
+necessarily comprises the occupation by Austria of all Macedonia west
+of the Vardar. In the second place, Turkey will have to be compensated
+and strengthened, as in the future her army will be a more obedient
+organ in the hands of German diplomacy and more amenable than Slav
+Bulgaria, whose troops, in the opinion of the most prominent German
+papers, cannot fight the Russians, while Turkey at any time is ready
+to serve Germany. But Turkey can be compensated in Europe only at the
+expense of Bulgarian Thrace. To Bulgaria will be given, at most,
+Istip, Kotchana, Radovich, Serres Drama, and Cavalla to make good the
+losses in Thrace.
+
+To obtain such a meagre result, the Government of Bulgaria maintains a
+policy contrary to popular sentiment and to the racial bonds of the
+people, and a policy contrary to the further interests of Bulgaria,
+which are incompatible with the building up of a strong Turkey in the
+Balkans, a Turkey that would be the bulwark of Germany. The most
+essential part of it is that this policy is based on a most
+improbable hypothesis, that is to say, the final triumph of the
+Austro-German arms. If the Bulgarian Government had left prejudices to
+one side and looked clearly at the events, they would not have been
+slow to understand that from the moment England stepped into the war
+and Italy abandoned her allies, the Austro-German alliance politically
+lost the game. Each passing day diminishes more and more the hopes of
+success of the Dual Alliance, and permits England and Russia to expand
+their inexhaustible forces. It is not difficult to foresee from now
+the terms of peace that England and Russia will impose. Any policy
+which expects to profit from the defeat of these two powers is doomed
+to failure, and because such is the policy of the Bulgarian
+Government, we think that it is against the interests of the country.
+
+This policy, among its other disadvantages, opens forever a gap
+between little Bulgaria and great Russia, which power, even if
+defeated, will never cease to play an active part in the Balkans.
+Against this policy, which is risking much to obtain little, we
+propose the policy of coming to an agreement with the Triple Entente,
+on the basis of a Bulgarian neutrality favorable to it, which surely
+and without sacrifices is expected to bring to us greatest results.
+The only thing that the powers of the Triple Entente are demanding
+from us is to open negotiations with them. This does not abolish our
+neutrality, because other States, too, such as Italy, Rumania, Greece,
+and Turkey, are negotiating at the present time.
+
+
+BALKAN ALLIANCE OPPOSED.
+
+_An editorial article which appeared in the Bulgarian paper Volja of
+the Stamboulovist Party, on Dec. 20, 1914, appears below._
+
+The question has been raised whether in reality negotiations are being
+conducted between the Balkan States, that is to say, Bulgaria and
+Servia, Greece and Bulgaria, Bulgaria and Rumania. How much of this is
+true?
+
+Such negotiations are not being conducted, neither do we believe that
+it is possible for them to exist, because we do not know what our
+neighbors demand from us. The only true part of this story is that the
+powers of the Triple Entente are endeavoring to drag into the war
+Greece, Bulgaria, and Rumania, a thing that would be not only
+profitable to them, but even necessary for these same powers of the
+Triple Entente.
+
+And as long as Bulgaria is not any longer inhabited by imbeciles, who
+will undertake once more a war for the promotion of the glory and the
+interests of those who by every means endeavored to ruin us, these
+powers are thinking today, being moved by some sentiment of humanity,
+that certain concessions must be made to Bulgaria, but on condition of
+military support.
+
+And so far as concerns Servia, who only a few days ago was on the
+brink of the precipice, and who, in a little while from now, will find
+herself in a worse position, it is apparent that, without the
+assistance of Bulgaria, her ruin will be certain. This, however, does
+not prevent Servia as well as the Triple Entente from insisting on
+giving us as little as possible, and then only after the Serbs have
+taken Bosnia and Herzegovina.
+
+Rumania and Greece desire an understanding for the sake of their
+tranquillity. And it was said that Rumania is giving Dobrudja, but
+Greece does not want even to hear of the cession of Cavalla Drama and
+Serres, but, on the contrary, demands, in case Bulgaria gets Servian
+Macedonia, to obtain for her (Greece's) account Doirani, Ghevgeli, and
+Monastir. Greece and Rumania agree on one point--themselves to stay
+out of the war, while inducing Bulgaria to fight.
+
+But Bulgaria insists on getting compensation, not by war but by her
+neutrality. The aspirations therefore of the interested States are
+totally different, and, under such circumstances, no understanding is
+possible. The object of the Triple Entente is clear. But this is no
+concern of ours, nor of any of the other Balkan States, with the
+exception of Servia.
+
+Therefore, to speak plainly, the understanding will be possible only
+when interests are taken into account. And on this basis some means to
+an understanding with our neighbors will be found, whether they want
+it or not.
+
+
+
+
+THE TURK IN EGYPT'S EYES.
+
+[Special Cable to THE NEW YORK TIMES.]
+
+
+Cairo, Jan. 31, (Dispatch to The London Daily News.)--In order to
+understand the bearing of the latest news upon Moslem opinion,
+particularly in Cairo and Alexandria, it must be borne in mind that
+Turkey still enjoys considerable military prestige here. Tens of
+thousands of Egyptians continue to regard her one of the great powers.
+They never believed the news of her defeat in the Balkans and the
+reoccupation of Adrianople confirmed them in their skepticism. At the
+same time, a secret German propaganda for some years before the war
+did much to spread abroad the doctrine of German invincibility. It is
+not to be wondered at, therefore, that a section of the population
+holds entirely erroneous views as to the present balance of power and
+requires unmistakable evidence of Turkish defeat to open their eyes.
+
+
+
+
+Greece's Watchful Waiting
+
+Grecian Neutrality Defined
+
+[From the Athenae, Athens, July 23, (Aug. 3,) 1914.]
+
+
+Yesterday at 10 A.M. the Council of Ministers met at the Premier's
+house and took cognizance of a number of dispatches from the Hellenic
+representatives of the Governments of the great powers relating to the
+European war which has just begun. At 11 A.M. the Ministers went in a
+body to the palace, where, under the Presidency of the King, a council
+was held which discussed the position of Greece in the European
+conflict. His Majesty, having listened to the Premier, who
+communicated all the latest news regarding the situation, agreed on
+all points as to the attitude of Greece in the Austro-Servian
+conflict, which attitude would be one of absolute neutrality as long
+as Bulgaria and Turkey remained neutral.
+
+During this council the Chief of Staff of the army, Gen. v. Dousmanis,
+was sent for, and he gave the Ministers some information of a military
+character regarding the position of Greece. Gen. Dousmanis assured
+them that the army was in excellent condition and that all preliminary
+preparations for a mobilization were already taken.
+
+
+FRENCH, GREEKS, AND GERMANS.
+
+[_Editorial comment of the Athenae of Aug. 9 (Sept. 21)_]:
+
+... In Greece there does not exist a discrimination between those who
+love France and those who do not, because as a rule the entire nation
+worships France. The Hellenic world, from the most uneducated citizen
+to the one who represents all the development of intellect, worships
+France.
+
+It was always with admiration that the discerning Hellenic intellect
+looked upon the French Nation, which is the leader in every progress.
+French letters, French art, and French industry have found in Greece
+sincere admirers and enthusiastic heralds. The French heroism, the
+devotion that every Frenchman feels for the ideals of the fatherland,
+the superiority of the French woman, whom certain malevolent writers
+have so misrepresented to the world; the virtue of the French
+housewife, the French mother, and the French patriot, have always been
+splendid examples to those who are apt to think on the world's
+progress. The birthplace of the forerunners of the modern social and
+civic spirit and the mother of the most genuine philhellenism, the
+France of Rabelais, Moliere and Voltaire and Beranger and Hugo has
+always been an object of respectful sympathy for those in Greece who
+are admirers of the beautiful, the liberal, and the ideal.
+
+Every one of us knows that, if France has not been able to help
+materialize the Greek's rightful aspirations, this is not due to lack
+of good intentions on her part, but rather to the French compliance
+with the interests of the Slav; and we know that France had to
+cultivate those interests by her own wealth, and contrary to her
+democratic principles, only in order to have an alliance against her
+neighboring enemy, against whom she meditated revenge for a defeat and
+the vindication of her subjugated children.
+
+For the German people, this people of progress and civilization, which
+has never aspired to a world hegemony by the subjugation of other
+peoples, outside of the needs of their frontiers, Greece feels the
+same admiration and sympathy. And when such French patriots as Jules
+Huret and Georges Bourdon, in voluminous works, have cited the German
+progress and German social civilization as an example to their own
+country, it would be almost a reversal of logic if we outsiders were
+to deny these things, at the sight of two friends who have come to
+blows.
+
+If there is anything that grieves the Greek soul, which has always
+been used to appreciate virtue disinterestedly, it is the fratricidal
+woe of two nations who ought to be, hand in hand, forerunners and
+co-workers in the great enterprises of science and civilization!
+
+
+PRIME MINISTRY'S ATTITUDE.
+
+_Premier Venizelos set forth the Government's neutral policy in his
+speech to Parliament on Sept. 15, (28,) 1914. A translation appears
+below._
+
+_After speaking of the Greco-Turkish relations and the efforts being
+made at the time for the settlement of the outstanding questions of
+the refugees and the Aegean Islands, Mr. Venizelos said:_
+
+Unfortunately the labors of the new session are beginning amid the
+clangor of the great European war. The Government has declared that
+during this war Greece is to remain neutral, but at the same time it
+did not conceal the fact that it has obligations toward one of the
+belligerents, Servia, and that said obligation it was resolved to
+fulfill faithfully should the _casus foederis_ arise.
+
+Greece, however, wishes nothing more than that such an occasion should
+not arise, as it desires that the conflagration which is gradually
+enveloping Europe should not spread over the Balkans, whose peoples,
+after two wars, so much need rest.
+
+So far as it depends upon the initiative of Greece, every one may be
+assured that the European conflagration will not spread in the Balkan
+Peninsula. And if its other peoples are inspired by the same thoughts,
+then we can feel sure that peace will be preserved in the Levant up to
+the end of the war.
+
+But even for the neutrals there are obligations. The position of the
+neutrals is not so easy as one might think, and the Government has
+endeavored and is still endeavoring to fulfill as perfectly as
+possible the various obligations imposed by neutrality. I must
+acknowledge at this time that my task has been rendered easier by
+public opinion, which notwithstanding its sympathies, has done nothing
+to hurt any one of the belligerents. I regret that I cannot say the
+same as regards the press, because the press, not confining itself to
+the expression of so many natural sentiments, has often indulged in
+violent attacks against the belligerents, and especially at the time
+when, owing to the peculiar psychological condition in which the
+latter find themselves, every such attack touches them most deeply.
+And I again entreat you, from this official tribune, to avoid any such
+attack. I hope my advice will be more willingly complied with at this
+time.
+
+
+WHERE GREECE STANDS.
+
+_The following statement by Premier Venizelos was published in the
+Corriere della Sera of Milan on Oct. 29, 1914._
+
+The Greek Government has declared its neutrality and will abide by
+this policy. Notwithstanding this, she did not deny her treaty
+obligations to Servia, and is resolved to fulfill all the terms of
+this treaty should the _casus foederis_ arise.
+
+It is understood that Greece does not desire this _casus foederis_ to
+arise.
+
+Our relations with Turkey have been strained for some months. But
+after the negotiations of Bucharest some agreement was reached
+regarding the refugees. Those in Europe will learn that the Greeks
+expelled two hundred thousand persons from Thrace and Asia Minor. One
+portion of them we have settled in the islands. Besides those there
+are about fifty thousand Turkish refugees--though not persecuted--in
+Macedonia. A mixed committee was to arrange the exchange of these
+refugees at the beginning of the war. As to the question of the
+ownership of the Aegean islands, the Hellenic Government considers the
+question settled from an international standpoint, not only by the
+treaties of London and Athens, but also by the unanimous decision of
+all the European powers.
+
+The Government declared that it was ready to satisfy Turkey regarding
+this question, under the _sine qua_ condition that the islands would
+continue to be occupied and administered by Greece in the same way as
+all the other provinces of the Hellenic Kingdom. After an exchange of
+views on the subject, it was decided that I should meet the Grand
+Vizier in Brussels, but the war prevented this.
+
+Afterward, this desire was again expressed, that the negotiations
+which originally were to take place in Brussels should open elsewhere.
+To this end both parties sent delegates to Bucharest in order to find
+some solution of the island question, but again this meeting failed to
+accomplish anything.
+
+Turkey proposed an adjournment of the negotiations to a more
+propitious time, alleging that the general conditions in Europe, and
+her internal troubles, made it impossible for her delegates to
+continue the discussions on the island question. Unfortunately the
+plight of the Greek populations in Turkey is becoming worse every day,
+and large numbers of refugees are coming daily to Greece.
+
+Regarding Bulgaria, I can say nothing, except that she keeps repeating
+her intention of remaining neutral. At the same time Bulgaria did not
+mobilize, therefore we have not taken this measure ourselves.
+
+But naturally--and this must be taken in its widest meaning--when the
+flames of a conflagration are licking one's door one must take all the
+precautionary measures. Is it not right?
+
+Regarding Epirus, we declared clearly that we have no designs upon
+Avlona.
+
+
+OCCUPATION OF EPIRUS.
+
+_The subjoined statement by Premier Venizelos appeared in The London
+Morning Post._
+
+ATHENS, Oct. 27.
+
+In the Chamber of Deputies this evening, in reply to an
+interpellation, M. Venizelos, the Premier, stated that Greece had
+reoccupied Northern Epirus solely to restore order and security to
+those districts already cruelly tried by prolonged bloodshed and
+anarchy. The Premier emphasized the provisional character of this
+reoccupation, inasmuch as Greece continued to respect the
+international agreements regarding Albania.
+
+M. Venizelos was followed by M. Zographos, the late President of the
+Epirote Provisional Government, and now Deputy for Attica, who, amid
+profound attention and great enthusiasm, recounted the enormous
+sacrifices of blood and treasure by the Epirotes for their freedom,
+and declared that the liberation of Epirus must this time be final. M.
+Rallis, one of the leaders of the Opposition, declared that Epirus was
+resolved to remain united with Greece.
+
+I am informed from a diplomatic source that the great powers have
+received the announcement of the reoccupation in a friendly spirit,
+and no protests have thus far been received from quarters whence they
+might have been expected.
+
+
+RELATIONS WITH BULGARIA.
+
+_Following is an editorial article from the semi-official newspaper
+Patris of Athens of Dec. 12, (25,) 1914._
+
+With Bulgaria not one of the Balkan States can come to any
+understanding. The neighboring Balkan peoples, at least the
+Christians, cannot agree with them--not because they are lacking good
+intentions, but because the Bulgarians in their demands are
+unreasonable, unjust, insatiable, monstrous, and treacherous; because
+the Bulgarians always demand the impossible; because they are pursuing
+profits at the expense of third parties, whom they invite to cede
+rights obtained by sacrifices and based on the right of war; because,
+while they can demand compensations at the expense of a non-Christian
+neighbor--to which no one would object--they turn on their
+co-religionists, struggling to take away from them what they lawfully
+and with sacrifices have acquired.
+
+On account of this policy of the Bulgarians, not one of the Christian
+peoples of the Balkan Peninsula believes in the possibility of an
+understanding with them. That, also, is Rumania's position.
+Accordingly it should be unnecessary to deny the news from Sofia
+announcing the attainment of an alleged Rumano-Bulgarian
+rapprochement. In order to reach this understanding, the Bulgarians
+would not confine themselves to the rules of present Rumano-Bulgarian
+practice, which in itself is a question of secondary importance.
+
+The Bulgarians turn eager eyes to the whole of Dobrondja, which might
+perhaps be the dowry of the royal Rumano-Bulgarian match so impudently
+heralded in Sofia, although the whole thing was a monstrous lie,
+without any appearance of respect for the family affairs of the royal
+throne of Rumania.
+
+But, as in our own case, neither the Servians can cede even an acre of
+land to Bulgaria nor Rumania give back Dobrudja, because all of these
+territories belong to their present owners by right of war. For the
+same reason the Serbo-Bulgarian relations failed a month ago; likewise
+no ground was found for an understanding between Bulgaria and Greece;
+and for the same reason the negotiations between Rumania and Bulgaria
+are failing today.
+
+The Bulgarians have turned from one to another of the peoples of the
+Balkans in order to cheat them. But this attempt, made once too often,
+at length has failed. But will this final failure bring to reason the
+hotheads of Sofia? After the cruel disappointment they received at the
+hands of Rumania, the Bulgarian politicians must understand that
+whatever is won by war by war only is given back. No one is so stupid
+as to give them willingly his dominions.
+
+Do they wish to take them? Let them come. Let them declare war.
+Because so long as they are not doing this, and so long as they
+persist in their present methods, they are offering the spectacle of a
+childish if not a demented people.
+
+
+GRECO-RUMANIAN FRIENDSHIP.
+
+_The Rumanian Minister, Mr. Filidor, presented his new credentials to
+King Constantine on Dec. 14. His speech appears below._
+
+Your Majesty! I have the honor to deliver to your Majesty the letters
+with which his Majesty, my august sovereign, has deigned to confirm my
+quality as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to your
+Majesty, a mission which I had already the honor of filling under the
+glorious reign of the great King Carol I., the founder of the Rumanian
+dynasty.
+
+I happened to be a witness of the most brilliant period of the history
+of new Greece, during which your Majesty at the head of his Government
+has succeeded, by his military talents, in bringing into realization
+the great achievements of ancient Greece, whose majestic relics are
+serving still as an inimitable example to the whole of mankind.
+
+The military effort of your Majesty has been crowned by the Treaty of
+Bucharest, which was a common pacifying work of Greece and Rumania,
+and which was so instrumental in strengthening the bonds of friendship
+and interests which so happily unite the two peoples.
+
+Deeply impressed by the conviction that my mission consists in working
+for this latter end, I dare pray your Majesty to grant me his august
+favor, as in the past, and I assure you that I will employ all my
+energy for the fulfillment of this effort, so necessary for the future
+fortunes of both countries.
+
+
+
+
+Where Rumania Stands in the Crisis
+
+Declaration of Neutrality
+
+
+BUCHAREST, Aug. 5, 1914.
+
+The Council of the Crown has decided on the neutrality of
+Rumania--Agence Roumaine.
+
+
+THE SITUATION IN RUMANIA.
+
+[From the Paris Temps of Aug. 23, 1914.]
+
+From an occasional correspondent we receive the following letter:
+
+The departure of the mobilized French soldiers who were in Bucharest
+has been the occasion for sympathetic manifestations toward France.
+
+Among the population and in the streets there was not a single voice
+which was not heartily and enthusiastically for the Triple Entente in
+general and France in particular.
+
+Certain personages, such as the General Pilot who in 1870 fought on
+the side of France, and certain newspaper editors who, yielding to
+national aspirations, have carried on since the first day of the war a
+violent campaign against Austria, are enthusiastically cheered by the
+public in the cafes and by the majority of the army officers who
+assisted in uniform at these scenes.
+
+More than that, there were imposing manifestations in the streets;
+other meetings, still more effective, were held in secret, at which
+Generals and superior officers assisted. But notwithstanding this
+public sentiment the police are on the lookout; the orders they have
+received are particularly severe, as entire regiments are kept in
+readiness in the public parks and Government buildings. All those
+functionaries who are suspected of being openly hostile to Austria are
+closely followed and watched.
+
+What is the reason of this? One may put the question to himself, as
+really this sentiment of the nations corresponds too well with a
+secular and inevitable policy. Despite all contrary reasoning, one
+fact remains, and this is summed up in Transylvania and Bukowina and
+the five million Rumanians who are under Austro-Hungarian rule. There
+is for the Rumanians of the kingdom the unforgettable series of
+persecutions of every kind to which their brethren on the other side
+of the mountains are subjected--persecutions dating from yesterday and
+which are continued today. Only the day before the Austrian
+mobilization fifty students from the Rumanian Kingdom who happened to
+be in Brassow (Hungary) on an excursion were arrested and brought
+before the police authorities, and actually thrown into prison,
+because they dared display badges with Rumanian colors in their
+buttonholes.
+
+"If I were to march into Moldavia," a Rumanian was telling me,
+"against the enemies of Austria, I would have to begin by sabring all
+the Moldavian peasants, who are crying, 'Down with Austria!' Of
+course, I never could do this!"
+
+Under such conditions, if the waverings of the Government were to be
+explained, the task would be a hard one. In our opinion, they may be
+ascribed to different causes, the more important factor being the
+opinion of the King himself; but this alone would not suffice.
+
+The King (Carol) is first of all bound to Emperor Francis Joseph by an
+old friendship. King Carol has never admitted that the diminution of
+his kingdom after Plevna was a right thing, and the toasts in
+Constanza (during the Czar's visit to Rumania early in the Summer of
+1914) have demonstrated, for those who could read between the lines,
+in both the politeness of the Czar and the reserved tone of King
+Carol, that this sentiment had not yet disappeared.
+
+In the face of this disposition, so firmly expressed, the Ministers
+and the party leaders of Rumania felt rather uncomfortable. It must be
+borne in mind that a parliamentary regime, properly speaking, does not
+exist; the Ministries do not fall by vote of the chambers of
+Parliament. When the King estimates that a Ministry has been too long
+in power, when he hears distinctly the murmur of the Opposition, then
+he calls a new President of the Council, who has Parliament prorogued
+and a new one formed--this is the exact procedure--according to his
+liking. By reason of this process, and also by reason of a special
+attraction which the Court exercises over a small, refined, and
+elegant society, the counsels of the King are inspired by the advices
+of his counselors.
+
+But there are also other reasons that plead for this uncertain
+attitude, and by which it is attempted to justify a policy of
+indifference.
+
+The successes of last year--of which the Rumanians have not understood
+the causes, because they never tried to understand them--have troubled
+them in a certain way.
+
+Their statesmen persist perhaps a little too much in playing
+Machiavelli, and in exalting abstention to a system. Their fondest
+desire at the present moment is not, we are persuaded, to march on
+Austria, but, on the contrary, not to march at all, and not to
+intervene in the war up to the day of the final liquidation.
+
+What is this policy worth? The chances are that it may not always be
+good, particularly in the present state of things. Rumania is still a
+small country by reason of its area. In addition to this, her
+neighbors, on which she was wont to exercise a moderating influence,
+are bound to change in density of population. And it is very likely
+that Rumania, on the next day after the war, might find herself
+suddenly surrounded by homogeneous peoples, who in the meantime would
+become distinctly more important than she is, and that these people
+might have against her certain slight grievances which they would make
+her feel. Moreover, even if Austria by chance is victorious, and even
+if the Government at Bucharest helped her, is it not clear that her
+(Rumania's) Hungarian neighbor, becoming stronger, would make her
+(Rumania) suffer the same as she made the Servians suffer when they
+were feeble?
+
+Rumania may well protest her friendship, but this will not prevent
+her, if only by her presence, from being a danger to the tranquillity
+of the Hungarian subjects in Transylvania. And then who is going to
+defend her?
+
+Here is what the good sense of the people says, and it is this common
+sense which will triumph in the end over all vacillation, and will, in
+spite of everything, assert its way of seeing things.
+
+
+THE ATTITUDE OF RUMANIA.
+
+[From the Paris Temps of Sept. 25, 1914.]
+
+Mr. Diamandy, Rumanian Minister at Petrograd and an ardent advocate of
+Rumanian intervention, has returned to the Russian capital after a
+voyage to Bucharest, where he went in order to explain his views to
+his Government.
+
+The return of Mr. Diamandy to Petrograd is regarded as a favorable
+omen, as this diplomat had expressed previous to his departure that he
+would not come back to his post if he were not successful in placing
+Rumania on the side of the Triple Entente.
+
+On the other hand, l'Agence de Balkans is in receipt of the following
+dispatch from Bucharest, Sept. 19, 1914:
+
+"The semi-official papers of the Rumanian Government have published
+the following statement with regard to the Treaty of Bucharest: The
+viewpoint of Rumania on the subject of the Treaty of Bucharest, and of
+its connection with the European war, has been discussed and
+established in a council of the Crown, held on the 21st of July, (Aug.
+3, N.S.) In the Treaty of Bucharest the Rumanian interest was not
+bound to fixed frontier lines, except so long as these assured an
+equilibrium necessary to Rumania. Rumania was not obliged to protect
+this equilibrium in its actual form any longer than in her mind this
+could be possibly maintained.
+
+"If the European war, in its future consequences, should bring about
+certain modifications in the actual frontiers of one or the other of
+the Balkan States, the interest of Rumania requires that the Balkan
+equilibrium be established in accordance with the changes made to
+correspond with the purpose of maintaining the real equilibrium in its
+new form, no matter what the frontier lines will be in their final
+re-establishment. In connection with the attitude of Rumania in the
+presence of the European war no new decision has been taken. All the
+political parties are subjecting their attitude to the action of the
+Government. Mr. von Busch, the new Minister of Germany, has arrived
+and was received yesterday in confidence by King Charles."
+
+
+DEATH OF KING CHARLES.
+
+[From The London Times, Oct. 12, 1914.]
+
+King Charles of Rumania died of heart failure early on Saturday
+morning at the Castle of Pelesh, Sinaeia.
+
+Yesterday Parliament was convoked, and the new King took the oath of
+allegiance. Subsequently the Government issued a proclamation stating
+that the new King would follow in the footsteps of his predecessor and
+realize the ideals of the Rumanian race.
+
+Both in itself and as an episode of the present European
+conflagration, the death of the King of Rumania is an event of
+singular importance. The late King was in many respects the maker of
+his adopted country. When, in March, 1866, he accepted the crown the
+condition of the Danubian principalities, Moldavia and Wallachia, was
+little better than that of a misgoverned Turkish province. They still
+owned Ottoman suzerainty, their army was non-existent, their financial
+resources were precarious, the condition of their people was wretched,
+their means of communication were primitive, and their public affairs
+were in a condition bordering on anarchy. With the support of the
+French Emperor, to whom he was distantly related, Prince Charles of
+Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen faced one of the most difficult tasks ever
+allotted to an inexperienced ruler, and carried it to triumphal
+completion.
+
+He created an army, introduced railways, won independence for his
+realm and for himself. He evolved order out of chaos, secured military
+renown at Plevna as commander of the joint Russo-Rumanian forces in
+the Russo-Turkish war, established national finance on a sound basis,
+built up a considerable export trade, extended the frontiers of the
+principality and raised it to the rank of a kingdom, and watched with
+untiring vigilance over every aspect of national development. Not only
+as the first recognized and independent sovereign of modern Rumania,
+but as her creator, King Charles will ever hold a foremost place in
+Rumanian history.
+
+In this great work the late ruler derived advantage, not only from his
+eminent personal qualities, but from his foreign origin. As a German
+Prince, powerfully connected, he stood outside and above Rumanian
+party factions, and succeeded gradually in imposing his will on them
+all. Born on April 20, 1839, at Sigmaringen, near the source of the
+Danube, he was barely 27 when he accepted the call to rule an unknown
+country with which his only connection was that, like the estates of
+his family, it, too, was watered by the Danube. Of middle height, well
+built, pronounced features, and clear, gray eyes, his personality
+expressed quiet energy. His statecraft he learned by experience and
+from the excellent counsel of his father, Prince Charles Anthony of
+Hohenzollern, head of the senior and Roman Catholic branch of the
+Hohenzollerns. Only once did he falter. In March, 1871, when the
+French sympathizers of his subjects exposed him as a German Prince and
+a Hohenzollern to great unpopularity, while the bankruptcy of the
+Jewish speculator to whom his railway schemes had been intrusted threw
+discredit upon his ideas of economic development, he summoned the
+members of the Provisional Government from whom he had accepted the
+crown and announced to them his decision to abdicate. Fortunately for
+Rumania, they succeeded in dissuading him from his purpose. The
+famous Conservative statesman, Lascar Catargi, formed a Ministry which
+held office for five years and enabled the ruler to turn the most
+dangerous corner of his reign. Thenceforward the path was
+comparatively clear, though by no means easy. It led to Rumanian
+participation in the Russo-Turkish war, to the conquest of national
+independence, and eventually, on May 22, 1881, to his coronation as
+King of Rumania, with a crown made of steel from a Turkish gun
+captured by Rumanian troops at Plevna.
+
+Yet the Rumanian triumph was not unalloyed. Russia injudiciously and
+ungratefully insisted on depriving Rumania of the portion of Rumanian
+Bessarabia of which Russia had been deprived after the Crimean war,
+and allotted the Dobrudja, a swampy region south of the Danube, to the
+principality as compensation. The indignation in Rumania was
+indescribable and has never entirely subsided. The Senate in the
+Chamber declared the resolve of the country to defend its integrity by
+force. The Czar threatened to disarm the Rumanian Army--a threat which
+drew from Prince Charles the proud reply: "The Rumanian Army, which
+fought so gallantly before Plevna under the eyes of the Czar, may be
+annihilated, but will never be disarmed." But he nevertheless
+recognized the futility of resistance to the Russian demand, and
+exerted himself to calm the national excitement. In later years the
+breach was partially if not wholly healed.
+
+Of the more material achievements of his reign there is little space
+to speak. The best record of his life is to be found in the present
+condition of the country--_si monumentum requiris circumspice_. His
+furtherance of the petroleum industry, of the export of grain, timber
+and other agricultural produce, the building of the great bridge over
+the Danube at Tchernavoda, and the extensive harbor at Constanza, the
+network of railways, the immense system of fortifications defending
+the capital, and the line Fokshani-Galatz--all these and much more are
+mainly his work.
+
+Little is yet known of the action of King Charles in the last crisis
+of his life. It is a strange coincidence that just as the
+Franco-German war of 1870-71 brought him into conflict with the
+Francophil tendencies of his subjects and led to his offer of
+abdication, so the present war should again have engendered rumors of
+his abdication on account of his alleged antagonism to the national
+desire for the acquisition of Transylvania and the Southern Bukovina,
+which are peopled by more than 3,000,000 Hungarian and Austrian
+Rumanes. The Rumanian people felt that the hour for the liberation of
+their kindred had struck. Russia is understood to have invited Rumania
+to occupy the desired territory. But King Charles, who brought and
+kept Rumania within the orbit of the Triple Alliance, was, as a
+Hohenzollern and a German Prince, averse to hostile action against the
+German Emperor and the Emperor Francis Joseph. It is, moreover, stated
+that he was bound by his word of honor never to take the field against
+a Hohenzollern cause.
+
+The late King Charles married, in November, 1869, Princess Elizabeth
+of Wied, the gifted "Carmen Sylva," whose brilliant literary and
+artistic talents have gained her a worldwide reputation. The only
+child of the marriage, the infant Princess Marie, died in 1874--a
+bereavement that ever left a note of sadness in the lives of her
+parents.
+
+
+THE NEW KING.
+
+King Ferdinand, who now succeeds his uncle on the throne of Rumania,
+was born in August, 1865, and, like his predecessor, is a Hohenzollern
+and a Roman Catholic.
+
+Among his near relatives are the King of the Belgians and his
+namesake, Tsar Ferdinand of the Bulgarians, who are both first
+cousins, and his niece, Queen Augustina Victoria, the consort of Dom
+Manoel. Through his mother, the Princess Antonia, who was born an
+Infanta of Portugal, King Ferdinand is kin with all the house of
+Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, to which his consort, the new Queen Mary,
+belongs as daughter of the late Duke of Edinburgh.
+
+Her Majesty is thus first cousin to King George and to the Czar, as
+also to Princess Nicholas of Greece. Her three sisters are married
+respectively to the Grand Duke Cyril of Russia, Prince Ernest, the
+eldest son of the mediatized Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, and to
+the Infante Alfonso d'Orleans of Spain.
+
+Their Majesties have six children, of whom the Crown Prince Carol, who
+celebrates his 21st birthday this week, and the Princess Elizabeth,
+born in 1894, are of marriageable age. The youngest, Prince Mircea,
+who bears a historic Rumanian name closely connected with Silistria,
+was born during the Balkan war at the beginning of 1913. King
+Ferdinand's family is a remarkable example of religious
+differences--his Majesty is a Roman Catholic, the Queen is a Lutheran,
+and their children are members of the Orthodox Church of Rumania.
+
+The Rumanian Minister has received a copy of a proclamation published
+in The Official Gazette stating that the new King will follow in the
+footsteps of the late monarch and will accomplish the ideals of the
+Rumanian race.
+
+
+IN RUMANIA'S PARLIAMENT.
+
+[From The Messaggero of Rome.]
+
+BUCHAREST, Dec. 17.
+
+The intention of the Government to avoid in Parliament any discussion
+of the political action of the Ministry was reaffirmed yesterday by
+Premier Braliano, who, in a brief declaration in the Chamber, prayed
+the parties to waive any discussion whatever upon the answer of
+Parliament to the speech from the throne, and to have confidence in
+those governing the country.
+
+The independent Deputies, however, have shown themselves determined to
+provoke a discussion. Among the others, Mr. Couza, a Nationalist,
+demanded permission to express his personal admiration for the valor
+of the Servians, and insisted on ample measures being taken for
+preventing the exportation of articles of which in due time there will
+be an absolute deficiency in the country.
+
+Constantin Mille, an independent, and proprietor of the newspaper
+Adeverul, delivered a long speech in which he declared himself
+dissatisfied with the policy of the Government, which ought to have
+taken a decisive stand at the beginning of the conflict. Instead of
+doing this, the Government has put us in the position of not knowing
+to which side we must turn, as long as our only intention is to turn
+first to this side and then to that, without having the necessary
+guarantees.
+
+After paying high tribute to the valor of the Servian Army and the
+heroism of Belgium, the speaker demonstrated that Rumania, since the
+beginning of the conflict, ought to enter the war on the side of the
+Triple Entente.
+
+He afterward protested against certain facts that the expressed
+neutrality of the country cannot tolerate; such as the passage through
+Rumanian territory of guns and ammunition from Germany for Turkey; the
+taking over by Germany of certain medical supplies originally intended
+for the Rumanian Army, and exchanging the same for grain.
+
+He then assailed the propaganda carried out by German emissaries
+through certain news agencies, and the corruption of certain papers of
+the Rumanian press.
+
+And during all this time, concluded Mr. Mille, our brethren in
+Transylvania are being exterminated by war while expecting our
+intervention. The Government must break its silence, which is becoming
+more and more suspicious, and frankly affirm its intention.
+
+
+RUMANIA'S POLICY.
+
+[From The London Daily Telegraph of Dec. 29, 1914.]
+
+BUCHAREST, Dec. 28.
+
+Today, in the debate on the address in reply to the message from the
+throne, the Prime Minister repeated the declaration made in the
+Chamber asking the majority to waive discussion and the Opposition to
+leave the Government full liberty of action to fulfill its great duty.
+
+The Conservative Party, by the mouth of its chief, expressed its
+willingness to do this. M. Disesco, on behalf of the Conservative
+Democrats, repeated the declaration made by M. Take Jonesco, in the
+Chamber, according to which Rumania ought to abandon her neutral
+position and make an immediate alliance with the Triple Entente.
+
+M. Disesco added that the Rumano-Austro-German alliance ceased to
+exist from the day when the Crown Council was held at Sinaeia; that
+council settled the matter of Rumania's neutrality. The speaker laid
+stress on the ingratitude of Austria toward Rumania in 1913, and
+alluded to the statements made recently by M. Take Jonesco concerning
+the threat of Austria against Rumania in 1913 should that country
+attack Bulgaria.
+
+He concluded by observing that the two sections of the Opposition,
+Conservative and Conservative-Democrat, had declared for abandonment
+of neutrality and an alliance with the Triple Entente, and expressed
+the hope that presently this policy will be adopted officially. The
+address was afterward agreed to unanimously.
+
+A large number of Senators telegraphed to the President of the
+Italo-Rumanian League at Rome expressing their happiness at witnessing
+the realization of the league's initiative, and requesting the
+President to consider them members of the Rumanian section of the
+league, which, being convinced of the profound significance and great
+usefulness of closer relations between the two countries, they joined
+with enthusiasm.
+
+
+"LEAGUE OF UNITY."
+
+BUCHAREST, Dec. 27.
+
+At a special session today the League for the National Unity of All
+Rumanians acclaimed with grand enthusiasm the new committee, which has
+as President the Rev. Father Lucaci, the great propagandist of and
+martyr for the Rumanian cause in Transylvania and a member of the
+Rumanian National Committee of Hungary. There were also elected MM.
+Take Jonesco, Nicolas Filipescu, and Delavrance Gradischteano, all
+former Ministers. The committee is charged with the hastening of
+action by Rumania for the conquest of the Rumanian provinces of
+Austria-Hungary.
+
+
+RUMANIAN STATISTICS.
+
+[From Le Messager d'Athenes, Nov. 28, 1914.]
+
+According to statistics published in a Rumanian paper, when the
+foreign press speaks of Rumanian aspirations it sums up the whole
+question in the word Transylvania.
+
+It is not unnecessary perhaps to remark that this word has in this
+case a significance rather political and ethnological than purely
+geographical. This word comprises all the Austro-Hungarian territories
+occupied by Rumanians, with the understanding that Transylvania is the
+most important as regards area and Rumanian popularity.
+
+Actually the Rumanian claims on the Austro-Hungarian territories are
+the following:
+
+Transylvania--57,250 square kilometers, 2,850,000 inhabitants, of whom
+1,750,000 are Rumanians.
+
+Banat--28,510 square kilometers area, and 1,730,000 inhabitants, of
+whom 700,000 are Rumanians.
+
+Chrishana--Area, 41,338 square kilometers, and 2,920,000 inhabitants,
+of whom 1,100,000 are Rumanians.
+
+Mamoaresh--Area, 9,720 square kilometers, and 360,000 inhabitants, of
+whom 120,000 are Rumanians.
+
+Bukowina--Area, 10,471 square kilometers, and 900,000 inhabitants, of
+whom 300,000 are Rumanians.
+
+Total area, 147,280 square kilometers, and 8,760,000 inhabitants, of
+whom 3,970,000 are Rumanians.
+
+In consequence, of 8,760,000 inhabitants of trans-Carpathian Rumania,
+nearly 4,000,000 are Rumanians, 2,200,000 Hungarians, 1,000,000
+Serbo-Croatians, 730,000 Germans, and so on.
+
+
+RUMANIA'S CLAIMS.
+
+[From The London Times, Nov. 25, 1914.]
+
+SOFIA, Nov. 23.
+
+The efforts made by Germany and Austria-Hungary to win over Rumania,
+or at least to induce her to refrain from prosecuting her claims to
+Transylvania, are being pursued with indefatigable energy and
+perseverance. The same methods are being employed in Bucharest as
+here, but on an even larger scale. The issues involved seem to be more
+fully realized by the Central European powers than by their opponents,
+and no pains are being spared to draw Rumania and Bulgaria within the
+orbit of their influence.
+
+The campaign in Bucharest was at first attended by a certain measure
+of success, owing to the attitude of M. Bratiano, the Premier; of M.
+Carp, a former Prime Minister, and of M. Marghiloman, the present
+leader of the Conservative Opposition. But many influential Liberals
+have already associated themselves with the programme of the action
+advocated by M. Take Jonesco, the chief of the Conservative-Democratic
+Party, and of M. Filipescu, a former Conservative Minister, whose
+advocacy of a forward policy threatens to cause a split in the
+Conservative camp. The great bulk of the political world desires to
+profit by the European crisis to secure Transylvania, the only
+difference of opinion being with regard to the advisability of
+immediate action. The consultative committee of the Conservative Party
+has passed a resolution demanding the abandonment of neutrality.
+
+The concessions offered by Count Tisza, the Hungarian Premier, in the
+hope of averting the coming storm, make no impression on the Rumanians
+either within or without the monarchy. He promises to allow the
+teaching of Rumanian in the schools, the use of the language in the
+public services, and increased Rumanian representation in the
+Hungarian Parliament. But the time for concessions has gone by. The
+Austrian advance into Servia threatens to cut off Rumania from
+Southern and Western Europe and to prevent the arrival from the
+United States of the large supplies of stores and medicaments ordered
+there.
+
+It is evident that neither Rumania nor Bulgaria can long maintain
+their present attitudes. It remains for the powers of the Entente to
+devise a means for securing the co-operation of both States.
+
+Servia recently inquired in Bucharest whether Rumania would oppose
+territorial concessions to a neighboring State, evidently indicating
+Bulgaria. Rumania replied that she would be happy to see all the
+quarrels of her neighbors arranged. The Government at Nish,
+appreciating the necessities of the situation, is now disposed toward
+a policy of concession. Servia's only hope of maintaining an
+independent existence lies in the success of the Entente powers. She
+is, therefore, bound to consent to any course they may deem necessary
+at the present juncture.
+
+
+UTTERANCES OF STATESMEN.
+
+_The New York Daily Greek Atlantis, in its issue of Nov. 21, 1914,
+reports as follows the statement of three Rumanian leaders to a Greek
+paper in Constantinople. The Rumanian Foreign Minister, Mr. Purumbaru,
+said:_
+
+Rumania is inspired by a sincere desire not to displease either of the
+two European Georges. Having adopted a policy of neutrality, she will
+maintain it to the end. Russia has expressed her satisfaction with the
+present attitude of Rumania, while Austria, since the beginning of the
+war, has avoided taking any oppressive measures against the Rumanians
+of Transylvania. As regards Italy, the Rumanian people harbor the
+friendliest intentions toward her. The Italo-Rumanian relations are
+most cordial. In Rumania the policy of Italy is followed with much
+attention. The relations of Rumania toward the other Balkan States,
+and especially toward Servia and Greece, are good. It is true that the
+Bulgarian intentions are not very clear. It appears, however, that the
+desire for peace is strong in Sofia, where it is felt that the
+interest of Bulgaria lies in adapting rather the country to the
+present situation than in throwing it into a struggle whose results
+would be unknown beforehand.
+
+As for Servia, Rumania has not intervened on her behalf in this war,
+as it had not its origin in the Treaty of Bucharest.
+
+In accordance with the common understanding of all the Balkan States,
+Rumania is always in favor of a union of them all, but opposes any
+combination between two or more Balkan States to the detriment of
+another.
+
+_M. Jonesco, leader of the Opposition, spoke on the Balkan situation
+as follows:_
+
+I always believed and still believe that the Balkan States cannot
+secure their future otherwise than by a close understanding among
+themselves, whether this understanding shall or shall not take the
+form of a federation. No one of the Balkan States is strong enough to
+resist the pressure from one or another of the European powers.
+
+For this reason I am deeply grieved to see in the Balkan coalition of
+1912 Rumania not invited. If Rumania had taken part in the first one,
+we should not have had the second. I did all that was in my power and
+succeeded in preventing the war between Rumania and the Balkan League
+in the Winter of 1912-1913.
+
+I risked my popularity, and I do not feel sorry for it. I employed all
+my efforts to prevent the second Balkan war, which, as is well known,
+was profitable to us. I repeatedly told the Bulgarians that they ought
+not to enter it because in that case we would enter it too. But I was
+not successful in my efforts.
+
+During the second Balkan war I did all in my power to end it as
+quickly as possible. At the conference of Bucharest I made efforts, as
+Mr. Pashich and Mr. Venizelos know very well, to secure for beaten
+Bulgaria the best terms. My object was to obtain a new coalition of
+all the Balkan States, including Rumania. Had I succeeded in this the
+situation would be much better. No reasonable man will deny that the
+Balkan States are neutralizing each other at the present time, which
+in itself makes the whole situation all the more miserable.
+
+In October, 1913, when I succeeded in facilitating the conclusion of
+peace between Greece and Turkey, I was pursuing the same object of the
+Balkan coalition. On my return from Athens I endeavored, though
+without success, to put the Greco-Turkish relations on a basis of
+friendship, being convinced that the well understood interest of both
+countries lies not only in friendly relations, but even in an alliance
+between them.
+
+The dissensions that exist between the Balkan States can be settled in
+a friendly way without war. The best moment for this would be after
+the general war, when the map of Europe will be remade. The Balkan
+country which would start war against another Balkan country would
+commit, not only a crime against her own future, but an act of folly
+as well.
+
+The destiny and the future of the Balkan States, and of all the small
+European peoples as well, will not be regulated by fratricidal wars,
+but, with this great European struggle, the real object of which is to
+settle the question whether Europe shall enter an era of justice, and
+therefore happiness for the small peoples, or whether we will face a
+period of oppression more or less gilt edged. And as I always believed
+that wisdom and truth will triumph in the end, I want to believe, too,
+that, in spite of the pessimistic news reaching me from the different
+sides of the Balkan countries, there will be no war among them in
+order to justify those who do not believe in the vitality of the small
+peoples.
+
+
+RUMANIANS IN HUNGARY.
+
+_N. Filipescu, ex-Minister of War, said:_
+
+The position of the Rumanians in Hungary is not so bad after all.
+Since the beginning of the general war the Rumanians of Hungary gave
+proofs of their faith and devotion to Hungary.
+
+We hoped to see this country appreciating the fact. Our belief is
+strengthened every day. I am convinced that if from this war Hungary
+should emerge victorious she would show less good-will toward the
+Rumanians of Transylvania. It is the first time that I have expressed
+in this way my opinion as a seeming threat. I hoped that the
+Hungarians would in the end take to the right path. But I see that we
+have nothing to hope from that side, and I only regret our former
+amicable relations with Germany.
+
+Two Balkan States--Servia and Greece--are nearer to us on account of
+the recent past. But in saying this I do not mean that our relations
+in the future will be less friendly. With the other States, and
+especially Bulgaria, our relations might become better. This is our
+sincerest desire. As for Turkey, we never ceased to be on good terms
+with her, and I hope the same will hold good in the future.
+
+
+
+
+Exit Albania?
+
+Departure of Prince William of Wied--After the Revolution of July,
+1914.
+
+[From Il Corriere della Sera of Milan, Italy, of Sept. 3, 1914.]
+
+
+DURAZZO, Sept. 3.
+
+An hour ago the Italian yacht Misurata, flying the Albanian ensign on
+the foremast and the Italian colors aft, weighed anchor and proceeded
+to Venice. Aboard the Misurata were Prince William of Wied, Princess
+Sophie, Tourkhan Pasha, (the Albanian Premier,) Akis Pasha, and other
+members of the Court.
+
+Princess Sophie, coming aboard the launch which took them to the
+Misurata, was weeping. Prince William looked calm. The Italian marines
+and the Rumanian volunteers cheered, and the cruiser Libia saluted the
+Prince with the regular number of salvos. The square near the seashore
+was by that time full of refugees.
+
+Prince William bade Durazzo good-bye, but every one is convinced that
+he will never come back.
+
+Last Monday (Aug. 31) the Ministers of the powers met in the Italian
+Legation to consider the taking of certain measures, in case of
+trouble, which was already brewing on account of the non-payment of
+the apportionments to the men of the garrison.
+
+On the morning of the next day the Minister of Rumania brought to the
+palace a letter from the insurgents addressed to the representatives
+of the powers and announcing that the patience of the insurgents was
+exhausted, and that they were resolved to enter Durazzo by any means.
+An identical letter was addressed to the inhabitants of the city.
+
+It was then that the Prince decided to abandon Durazzo.
+
+The Ministers, having received the message of the insurgents and
+having been notified of the intention of the Prince to leave the
+place, met again in the palace in order to find a way of settlement of
+the vexing financial problem. At the same time the International
+Commission of Control decided to call on the insurgent camp at Shiak,
+(outside of Durazzo,) give them the news of the imminent departure of
+the Prince, and invite them to the city.
+
+The insurgents replied assuring the commission of their good
+intentions toward the city and the foreigners. They added that they
+had not taken any decision regarding the new form of government,
+because some of their chiefs were at that time in Avlona, and they
+promised to make their decision known after the departure of the
+Prince from Durazzo. On the other hand, they left it to be understood
+that there was already established in Albania a mutual national
+confidence between all the Musselman Albanians.
+
+On its return to Durazzo the International Commission of Control found
+itself face to face with another surprise. The gendarmerie had
+mutinied. The men belonging to this corps were opposing the departure
+of the Prince before he had paid their wages, and threatened to make
+use of their weapons.
+
+The commission sent the French delegate to the gendarmerie barracks,
+and it was with great trouble that the men were dissuaded from their
+original designs. Yesterday the Prince distributed decorations freely.
+Today at 7 A.M. he left the palace, and, saluted by the Diplomatic
+Corps, he repaired to the waterfront.
+
+After the Prince and Princess embarked, the adjoining square was
+filled with great crowds of people. Malissor and Kotsovessi tribesmen
+and all those who were yet in Durazzo as protectors of the Prince went
+to the waterfront in order to embark on an Italian mail steamer bound
+for San Giovanni di Medua.
+
+These people looked desperate and gave the impression of being in the
+last degree of poverty. Each one had from two to three pistols, and no
+one was unarmed. There might have been nearly 2,000 men there, all
+eager to leave, but this proved impossible, as their chiefs, Issa
+Boletinotz and Bairam Zouri, had not provided them with the necessary
+tickets.
+
+At last, with the help of the Almighty, order was re-established, and,
+after two hours of trouble impossible to describe, these 2,000
+refugees embarked on the steamer Citta di Bori.
+
+The Italian marines re-embarked on the cruiser Libia, and the
+International Commission took charge of the Government.
+
+
+LAST PROCLAMATION OF PRINCE OF WIED.
+
+_Before leaving Durazzo, the Prince of Wied addressed the following
+proclamation to the Albanian people:_
+
+Albanians, when your delegates came to offer me the crown of Albania,
+I answered with confidence to the appeal of this noble and chivalrous
+people who were asking me to aid them in the work of their national
+regeneration. I came to you animated by the most ardent desire to help
+you in this patriotic task.
+
+You have seen me, from the beginning, devoting all my efforts for the
+reorganization of the country, and desirous of giving you a good
+administration and justice for all. But ill-omened events occurred to
+destroy our common labors. In fact, certain souls, blinded by passion,
+have misunderstood the scope of our reforms and have not given credit
+to a Government just born. On the other hand, the war which broke out
+in Europe has all the more complicated our position.
+
+I therefore thought that, in order not to leave unfinished the work to
+which I wish to consecrate my forces and my life, I must just for a
+little while go to the Occident.
+
+But know that, from afar as from near, I will have but one thought--to
+work for the prosperity of our noble and chivalrous Albanian
+fatherland. During my absence the International Commission of Control,
+deriving its powers from Europe, which created our country, will
+assume the Government.
+
+
+ESSAD PASHA PRESIDENT.
+
+[From Le Temps, Paris.]
+
+DURAZZO, Oct. 4.
+
+Essad Pasha was today named President of the temporary Government. The
+time limit for taking possession of the Government expired at 2 P.M. A
+short time before this hour Essad Pasha occupied the strategic points
+of the city with his forces of 10,000 Ottomans.
+
+The members of the Albanian Senate elected him President, and
+expressed to him their congratulations for the confidence the nation
+has in him.
+
+
+ALBANIA UNDER MANY RULERS.
+
+[From The Times of London, Oct. 30.]
+
+BUCHAREST, Oct. 27.
+
+There are now six Italian warships at Avlona, where a sanitary station
+will be established for the relief of Albanian refugees driven from
+Epirus by the Greek "sacred bands." The duty of maintaining the
+decisions of the conference in London will apparently be intrusted to
+Italy as the only neutral power among the signatories to the Albanian
+settlement. The consent of Austria to this arrangement would seem to
+have been secured.
+
+At present Albania is under six different regimes. Scutari and its
+neighborhood is governed by a local commission composed of Moslems and
+Christians. Avlona is also administered by a commission. The Mirdites
+form a separate State under Prenk Bib Doda. The Malissors remain
+isolated under their patriarchal institutions. The southern districts
+have been appropriated by the Greek invaders. Durazzo and the central
+regions obey Essad Pasha, who enjoys the title of Prime Minister and
+is recognized by the International Commission. That shadowy body, now
+reduced to four members, personates the ghost of the European concert.
+Except in the south the country is remarkably tranquil under its
+indigenous institutions.
+
+After he had left Albania Prince William of Wied received a telegram
+from the King of Italy assuring him of support in the future. His
+subsequent inclusion, however, in the German General Staff is regarded
+as seriously compromising to his prospects as sovereign of Albania.
+
+
+ITALY'S SANITARY MISSION.
+
+[From The London Morning Post, Oct. 28, 1914.]
+
+ROME, Oct. 27.
+
+The dispatch of the battleship Dandolo, the Climene and other Italian
+warships to Valona is due to the Government's knowledge of a scheme
+for starting an agitation tending to infringe the decision of the
+London Conference, which declared Albania neutral. Ismail Kemal Bey,
+whom I have just seen, expressed his satisfaction at Italy's action at
+Valona on both political and humanitarian grounds. He did not think
+that the step would lead to complications, and described the condition
+of the people at Valona as very miserable.
+
+The Tribuna, commenting on the Government announcement, declares that
+Italy's aim is for the present solely humanitarian, since the
+miserable conditions of Valona necessitate sanitary aid. A few
+companies of marines will land from the Dandolo to protect the
+Sanitary Mission. With regard to coast surveillance, the British and
+French Governments have warned Italy of a suspicious Moslem movement
+in the harbor of Smyrna, whence a thousand rabid young Turks have
+started or are starting on two steamers hired by the committee for
+Albania, with the intention of hoisting the Turkish flag and
+reannexing Albania to Turkey. Italy, in perfect accord with all the
+signatories of the London Conference, proposes to thwart the attempt.
+
+The Giornale d'Italia considers that what has been done at Valona is
+sufficient affirmation of Italian interests. Italy never meditated
+expeditions into the interior or a protectorate over Albania. The
+Government's intention is to show that whoever touches Valona touches
+Italian interests, which are that no power shall establish a naval
+base there.
+
+
+SASENO OCCUPIED.
+
+[From The London Times, Oct. 30, 1914.]
+
+ROME, Oct. 30.
+
+The Italian occupation of the rocky and desolate islet of Saseno
+which, from a strategic point of view, completely dominates the sea
+approaches to Avlona, is a logical consequence of the occupation of
+that town for the purpose of establishing a hospital and maintaining
+order. The islet itself was for some months in 1913 and 1914 a bone
+of contention between the Italians, who insisted on obtaining it for
+the Principality of Albania, and the Greeks, who were equally anxious
+to retain it in their own possession. With Saseno under the control of
+a foreign power, the possessor of Avlona could never make the town
+into a place of arms.
+
+Saseno, as one of the Ionian Islands, became a British protectorate in
+virtue of the Treaty of Paris of Nov. 5, 1815, but was given to Greece
+by the Treaty of London of March 29, 1864. The Ambassadors' Conference
+decided in the Autumn of last year that it was illogical to allow the
+chief harbor of Albania to be dominated by the territory of a foreign
+power, and by the Protocol of Florence, Dec. 19, 1913, it was
+definitely included in Albania. This decision was ratified by
+legislative enactment in Greece, to which effect was given by King
+Constantine's proclamation of June 13, 1914, shortly after which the
+Hellenic garrison was withdrawn. During the Greek regime, the island,
+being neutralized by the Treaty of 1864, was quite unimportant, and at
+one time the Turks by arrangement with the Hellenic Government,
+maintained a lighthouse there.
+
+
+GREEK TROOPS IN EPIRUS.
+
+[From The Morning Post, London, Oct. 28, 1914.]
+
+ATHENS, Oct. 26.
+
+In view of the continuous Albanian attacks and the growing insecurity
+in Northern Epirus the Greek Government today ordered Greek troops to
+occupy the districts of Argyrocastro and Premeti. The official
+communique just issued declares this to be an entirely provisional
+measure to restore order and security in a country already exhausted
+by prolonged sanguinary conflicts, and Greece proposes to continue to
+adhere to the international arrangements regarding Epirus. It goes
+without saying that this reoccupation coincides entirely with public
+opinion, which has long been exercised over the sufferings of the
+Epirotes.
+
+
+ASSENT OF THE POWERS.
+
+[From The London Morning Post, Oct. 30, 1914.]
+
+Following are the replies of the great powers (states Reuter's Agency)
+to the Greek note announcing the intention of Greece to reoccupy
+Epirus:
+
+France declared that she saw no objection to the course proposed by M.
+Venizelos's note.
+
+Russia intimated that she would gladly accept whatever decision in the
+matter was reached by Great Britain and France.
+
+The British Government accepted M. Venizelos's note.
+
+Germany and Austria-Hungary replied that they accepted the declaration
+of the Greek Government that the occupation would not be contrary to
+the decisions of the London Conference.
+
+Italy declared that she, for the same purpose as set forth in the
+Greek note, namely, the maintenance of order and security, was taking
+similar steps at Valona, and that she had adopted this course while
+fully respecting the decisions of the powers. She raised no objection
+to M. Venizelos's proposal.
+
+
+ITALIAN OCCUPATION OF AVLONA.
+
+[From the Messaggero of Rome, Dec. 28, 1914.]
+
+AVLONA, Dec. 26.
+
+_The following proclamation addressed to the population was posted
+here:_
+
+The grave disorders that become apparent from time to time in this
+country have paralyzed commerce, work, and initiative, and are
+endangering the life and property of the inhabitants.
+
+The Italian Government, a watchful guardian of Albanian fortunes,
+desires that your tranquillity, so cruelly tried, shall be assured.
+Invoked by your wishes the marines of Italy are disembarking from the
+ships to establish order and defend you.
+
+(Signed) ADMIRAL PATRIS.
+
+
+THE LAST WORD.
+
+[From the Messaggero of Rome, Jan. 6, 1915.]
+
+DURAZZO, Jan. 4.
+
+Yesterday the rebels by a letter signed "The Mussulman Committee"
+demanded that the Ministers of Servia and France be consigned to them.
+
+At 6:30 o'clock the attack against the city began.
+
+Essad Pasha visited the trenches, notified the Italian Legation that
+there was great danger, and demanded all possible assistance.
+
+At 2:30 a few cannon shots from the Misurata and the Sardegna made
+themselves heard, defending the city, silencing in this way the rebel
+musket fire.
+
+The Italian colony and the legations of Italy, France, and Servia are
+embarked on the ships Sardegna and Misurata.
+
+
+
+
+TO BELGIUM
+
+By EDEN PHILLPOTTS.
+
+[From King Albert's Book.]
+
+
+     Champion of human honor, let us lave
+       Your feet and bind your wounds on bended knee,
+     Though coward hands have nailed you to the tree
+       And shed your innocent blood and dug your grave,
+     Rejoice and live! Your oriflamme shall wave
+       While man has power to perish and be free--
+     A golden flame of holiest liberty,
+       Proud as the dawn and as the sunset brave.
+
+     Belgium, where dwelleth reverence for right
+       Enthroned above all ideals; where your fate
+     And your supernal patience and your might
+       Most sacred grow in human estimate,
+     You shine a star above this stormy night,
+       Little no more, but infinitely great.
+
+[Illustration: The Balkan States, After the Second Balkan War.]
+
+
+
+
+The War in the Balkans
+
+General Aspect of the Near East on Aug. 1, 1914.
+
+By Adamantios Th. Polyzoides, Editor The Atlantis.
+
+
+The opening of the great European war found the Balkan Peninsula in
+the political shape given to it by the Treaty of Bucharest, Aug. 10,
+(old style, July 28,) 1913.
+
+This treaty was signed in the Rumanian capital immediately after the
+second Balkan war by Greece, Rumania, Bulgaria, Servia, and
+Montenegro, and, considered in its essential points, was the handiwork
+of European diplomacy, at whose instance Rumania had entered the war,
+with the avowed purpose to re-establish the destroyed Balkan
+equilibrium. Europe had two reasons for interfering in what was then
+considered as the final settlement of the Balkan question. In the
+first place, she wanted to reaffirm her authority and predominance
+over the Balkan States, and, in the second, she considered it as an
+indispensable part of her Near Eastern policy never to allow much
+freedom of movement on the part of these same States, which in two
+successive wars had proved their ability to safeguard and promote
+their vital interests in spite of all European opposition. To explain
+this course of European diplomacy one must bear in mind that the
+Balkan States, since their constitution as such, have always been
+considered as proteges of Europe, or, to put it more plainly, as not
+being of age, and therefore deprived of the right and privilege to
+deal directly with their ancient master, Turkey, in all serious
+matters in which their most vital interests were involved.
+
+In the Treaty of Berlin after the Russo-Turkish war of 1877 a
+congress, in which all of the Great European powers participated, most
+emphatically affirmed that Turkey was responsible to Europe for any
+complaints that the Balkan States might have against the Ottoman
+Government regarding the treatment of their connationals, still left
+under the Sultan. At the same time the Balkan States received due
+warning regarding their dealings with Turkey, and were made to take a
+pledge that whenever they had troubles with the Porte the powers and
+not themselves were to be the arbiters. All the world knows how
+Turkey, by constant wire-pulling, secured immunity from Europe for not
+fulfilling the obligations incumbent on her by the Treaty of Berlin,
+and how one of the Balkan States, namely, Greece, was left alone and
+unprotected, to be chastised by Turkey in 1897 for not leaving to the
+powers the settlement of the Cretan question which had brought about
+the war.
+
+The European powers, having done practically nothing during
+thirty-five years for the betterment of the conditions under which the
+non-Moslem populations had to live in Turkey, were overwhelmed to hear
+in the Autumn of 1912 the news of a series of alliances concluded at
+Sofia on June 12 between Bulgaria and Servia, and between Bulgaria and
+Greece, for the purpose of settling once for all the perennial Balkan
+question. European diplomacy was slow, as usual, in grasping the
+meaning of the new alliance, and when, on Oct. 5, 1912, Montenegro
+suddenly declared war on Turkey, with Servia, Bulgaria, and Greece
+following suit on the 18th, there was consternation in London, Paris,
+Berlin, Vienna, Rome, and, to a certain degree, in Petrograd.
+
+An idea of the unpreparedness of European diplomacy in the face of the
+sudden Balkan war can be had by simply glancing at the records of the
+British House of Commons of the first weeks after the war was
+declared.
+
+Sir Edward Grey, then and now Foreign Secretary of State for Great
+Britain, making the first announcement of the rupture between Turkey
+and the Balkan States, said--exposing the views not only of his
+Government but of the European concert as well--that Europe, being
+taken unawares, would not permit any alteration of the Balkan
+frontiers as the result of the war. After the first victories of the
+Balkan allies we see Great Britain changing her policy. "The Balkan
+victors shall not be deprived of the fruits of their victories,"
+Premier Asquith was declaring in Parliament less than a fortnight
+after Sir Edward spoke. In both these instances the British statesmen
+were voicing the policy of the European concert taken as a whole. In
+the first place, the Foreign Secretary was led into believing that
+Turkey might prove victorious against the Balkan coalition, and the
+warning about the immutability of the Balkan frontiers was only for
+Turkey, in case her victorious armies were to cross the boundaries
+into Bulgaria, Servia, Montenegro, and Greece.
+
+When events marked the utter collapse of the Turkish campaign, Premier
+Asquith came out with the declaration that Europe had agreed on a
+policy safeguarding the interests of the victorious Balkan allies.
+This policy was maintained as long as the Balkan victories were
+confined in their first progress toward Ottoman territory, at the same
+time leaving the great European interests unharmed. But when Servian
+troops arrived at Durazzo, and Montenegro entered Scutari while Greece
+kept pushing on to Avlona and Bulgaria stood before Tchataldja, the
+European concert was no longer unanimous in safeguarding the interests
+of the victors.
+
+Austria, seeing her secular dream of a descent on Saloniki definitely
+destroyed, and feeling at the same time the imperative need of making
+impossible a Servian occupation of the Adriatic littoral, raised her
+voice in favor of the creation of an autonomous Albania at the expense
+of Servia, Montenegro, and Greece.
+
+Italy, and then Germany, joined their ally in support of Albania.
+Russia, at the same time not wishing to give any greater impetus to
+the Bulgarian campaign, dexterously manipulated Rumania, which raised
+at that time her first claims on Dobrudja. France, who for the last
+twenty-five years has subjected her Near Eastern policy to the
+exigencies of the Petrograd statesmen, agreed to the Albanian
+proposals of the four powers, and finally Great Britain, fearing
+complications, declared abruptly through Sir Edward Grey that the
+Balkan war was one of conquest, and for that reason subject to
+European intervention. In this way European diplomacy stepped into the
+Balkan conflict and took charge of the final settlement of the first
+war.
+
+The resolution to interfere in the war once taken, the European powers
+lost no time in finding a way to end the conflict, and with this
+object in mind they forced on the belligerents two successive
+armistices, culminating in the two peace conferences of London. These
+armistices served two purposes from the diplomatic point of view;
+first, they exhausted financially the little Balkan countries; and,
+secondly, they prepared public opinion for the acceptance of any peace
+terms. The second conference in London succeeded in forcing a peace
+treaty on the Balkan States. With the exception of Bulgaria, who hoped
+to retain most of the Turkish territory won by the Balkan coalition,
+every one was dissatisfied with the way the London conference ended.
+
+Turkey, on one hand, was losing more territory than at first imagined,
+as the result of her defeat, and the loss of Adrianople was especially
+hard for every Turk.
+
+Greece was obliged to sign a peace treaty giving her vague and
+indefinite boundaries and leaving out the question of the Aegean
+Islands and Epirus, to be settled at a later date by another
+conference of the Ambassadors of the six great powers in London.
+
+Servia also had to wait for the realization of her fondest hope, which
+was to obtain a free commercial access to the Adriatic by way of
+Durazzo or San Giovanni di Medua. That question also was to be decided
+by the Ambassadorial conference. Montenegro was to lose Scutari, for
+which she had shed her heart's blood, without getting at the same time
+any adequate compensation. Such was the Peace of London, from the
+strictly Balkan point of view, and its conclusion in May, 1913, was
+the signal for the disruption of the Balkan League and the forerunner
+of the second war. One month later Bulgaria, having fallen under
+Austrian influences, quarreled with Servia and Greece over the
+division of certain Macedonian territories, and on June 16 (29, new
+style) all of a sudden attacked her erstwhile allies, thereby bringing
+about the second Balkan conflict, with Greece, Servia, and Montenegro
+united against her. The outcome of this war, the entry of Rumania and
+Turkey into the field against Bulgaria, the tearing up of the London
+Treaty, and the settlement of Bucharest are too well known to need an
+extensive mention here.
+
+The Treaty of London once torn to pieces by the second Balkan war, it
+remained for the great powers to find a new way of forcing their terms
+on the recalcitrant Balkan States, and this they succeeded in doing by
+adroitly using Rumania as the representative of European diplomacy.
+Thus the Rumanian Army, without any provocation from Bulgaria, took
+the field against her neighbor, and acted as a mediator and arbiter of
+the second Balkan conflict.
+
+The Greek, Servian, Montenegrin, and Bulgarian delegates who went to
+Bucharest at the close of the war knew beforehand that behind the
+actions of the Rumanian Government stood united the whole of European
+diplomacy, again striving to put down once for all these insolent
+little States who thought themselves emancipated from European
+guardianship. These delegates knew quite well that there was no
+escape, but they went, trying and hoping for the best. The Rumanian
+"Green Papers," published a short time after the Treaty of Bucharest
+and covering a period between Sept. 20, 1912, and Aug. 1, 1913, give a
+vivid and true story of the whole proceedings, showing once more what
+a powerful instrument diplomacy is in the hands of the strong for
+cheating the weak.
+
+On Aug. 1, 1914, we see the Balkan Peninsula presenting the following
+aspect:
+
+From the erstwhile European Turkey, of six vilayets, or departments,
+namely, those of Adrianople, Saloniki, Monastir, Uskub, Jannina, and
+Scutari, only one, and that mutilated, remains, the Vilayet of
+Adrianople. Greece, Bulgaria, Servia, Montenegro, and Albania
+appropriated the rest. Gone is Crete, and gone are the twenty-six
+Aegean Islands, twelve of them permanently united to their Hellenic
+motherland, while Italy temporarily occupies fourteen as a result of
+the Tripolitan war of 1911. Thus Turkey, from an area of 168,500
+square kilometers, and 5,000,000 to 6,000,000 inhabitants, forming her
+European dominions, was reduced to about 30,000 square kilometers and
+nearly 3,000,000 inhabitants, including the population of
+Constantinople, amounting, according to the only available foreign
+statistics, to 1,203,000 inhabitants. Of course Turkey has in Asia an
+area of more than 2,000,000 square kilometers, with a population
+approximating 20,000,000, but that, properly speaking, does not enter
+into Balkan considerations.
+
+Greece, after her two victorious wars, approximates 120,000 square
+kilometers in territory, with more than 5,000,000 population.
+
+Rumania has 139,690 square kilometers of area and 7,601,660 of
+population.
+
+Servia has an area of 87,300 square kilometers and a population of
+4,256,000.
+
+Bulgaria's area is 114,000 square kilometers, with 4,766,900 of
+population.
+
+Montenegro has an area of 14,180 square kilometers and half a million
+in population, and, lastly, Albania, the newborn State, with its
+scant hope of future political life, has an area of about 17,600
+square kilometers, with an approximate population of 800,000
+inhabitants.
+
+Were the Balkan States satisfied with the above arrangement when the
+great European war broke? To this question we have the following
+answer from those concerned:
+
+Turkey never forgave the European powers the treatment accorded to her
+in the London peace conference, and proved her dissatisfaction by
+entering Thrace and occupying Adrianople immediately she saw Bulgaria
+engaged in the second war. But Turkey desired also the Aegean islands
+occupied by Greece, and these, all but two at the entrance to the
+Dardanelles, the powers allotted to Greece, not securing thereby an
+increase of Turkish sympathies.
+
+Greece was disappointed in two instances by the European powers;
+first, because they did not make their decision regarding the islands
+binding upon Turkey, thus creating a series of unending controversies
+between the Porte and the Government of Athens, one result of which
+was the wholesale expulsions and persecutions of the Greek element in
+Turkey, and especially in the Vilayets of Adrianople and Smyrna. The
+question of settling in a friendly way the Greco-Turkish differences
+was to be discussed between the Grand Vizier, Prince Said Halim, and
+the Premier of Greece, E.K. Venizelos, in a meeting of the two
+statesmen in Brussels, when the great European war broke.
+
+Bulgaria, who for a moment saw her most cherished dream of Balkan
+hegemony realized and had all her fondest hopes shattered by the
+second war and the Treaty of Bucharest, cannot help regarding her
+neighbors as the robbers of what she considers her national patrimony,
+and at the same time she does not forget that in all their proceedings
+against her, Greek, Servian, Rumanian, and Montenegrin acted with the
+tacit approval of the great powers.
+
+Servia for years had struggled to get an outlet on the Adriatic, and
+when, after a glorious war, she attained her goal, she found Austria
+opposing her, and behind Austria the whole of the European concert.
+
+Montenegro in the same way cannot forget the disappointment of being
+cast out of Scutari after one of the most strenuous and glorious
+campaigns of her history, and lastly Albania, poor and helpless,
+without any support from her creators, feels all that a weak and
+wretched foundling has to feel toward those responsible for its
+misfortunes and miseries. In contrast with these feelings, Rumania was
+the only Balkan State perfectly satisfied with the new arrangement. In
+fact, Rumania, having played in the war the part of a great power,
+came out of it not only with increased prestige but also with the
+richest of all the Bulgarian provinces, Dobrudja, as a sort of
+deserved payment for serving the ends of European diplomacy.
+
+From this general dissatisfaction of the Balkan States with European
+diplomacy and European intrigue sprang Gavrilo Prinzip and the murder
+at Serajevo that plunged Europe and the world into the greatest and
+most disastrous war of all time.
+
+In fairness, however, to the Balkan States it must be said at this
+juncture that war, in whatever form and character, was far from the
+Balkan mind on June 28, 1914, when the Austrian Archduke and heir to
+the throne, Franz Ferdinand, and his consort were assassinated by the
+Servian youth Prinzip in the capital of Bosnia.
+
+The years 1912 and 1913 had been too costly for the whole of the
+Balkan Peninsula, and the necessity of a continued peace for a good
+number of years was universally recognized, with the exception of
+Constantinople, in Athens, Bucharest, Sofia, Belgrade, Cettinge, and
+even Durazzo. To prove this we have the opinions of all the Balkan
+leaders and the views expressed in the Balkan press up to Aug. 1,
+1914.
+
+A single point yet calls for a few remarks, and this covers the mutual
+relations of the Balkan States just before the European war.
+
+We have seen in what a degree the question of the ownership of the
+Aegean Islands had divided the Governments of Athens and
+Constantinople. In fact, if any war in the Near East were to be
+feared, this was one between the two secular enemies, Greek and Turk,
+and when in May, 1913, the anti-Greek agitation in the Ottoman Empire
+reached its climax it was only through the tremendous influence of the
+Greek Premier on Hellenic public opinion and his extreme moderation
+that a new diplomatic rupture between the two countries was averted.
+
+In anticipation of this eventuality Turkey secured two battleships of
+the dreadnought type, the Brazilian Rio de Janeiro (then Sultan Osman
+I. and afterward H.M.S. Erin, England having taken over the ship on
+Aug. 5, 1914) and the Reshadieh, (likewise taken over by England and
+renamed H.M.S. Agincourt,) and was preparing for war in such haste
+that Greece did not hesitate to buy at the original cost price the two
+old American battleships Idaho and Mississippi, (now Limnos and
+Kilkis.)
+
+This was in July, 1914, just a few weeks before the European war.
+Since that time Greco-Turkish relations have been neither better nor
+worse. It must be said here that these relations had their origin, not
+in the obsolete London Treaty of May, 1913, but in the Treaty of
+Athens, signed in December, 1913, between the two countries, and
+covering in a general way the more essential points of the outstanding
+questions between the two parties, excluding, however, the Aegean
+Islands controversy.
+
+After signing the Treaty of Bucharest Bulgaria turned her attention
+exclusively to Turkey, and, letting bygones be bygones, concluded the
+Peace Treaty of Constantinople in October, 1913, and inaugurated the
+most friendly relations with her erstwhile opponent. Since that time
+the report has spread that an alliance, both offensive and defensive,
+had been signed by the two countries, but this has been repeatedly
+denied both from Constantinople and Sofia.
+
+The diplomatic relations between Servia and Turkey and Montenegro and
+Turkey were re-established a short time before the European war, but
+these countries, being now in no direct contact with Turkish
+territory, their relations with the Porte are of little importance.
+
+Between Bulgaria on one hand and Rumania, Greece, Servia, and
+Montenegro on the other, the diplomatic relations have been
+re-established, but gone is the old friendship, for reasons already
+explained. Greece, Servia, and Montenegro are the best of friends,
+and, according to unofficial and confidential reports, a defensive and
+offensive alliance for the maintenance of the Balkan status quo,
+exists between the three countries. Between Rumania and Greece
+friendly relations exist, and for some time it was said that a
+marriage was to be arranged between the Greek Crown Prince, George,
+and the Princess Elizabeth, daughter of the Rumanian King, Ferdinand
+I., who succeeded to the throne after the death of his uncle, King
+Charles. This match, however, seems to have been abandoned, perhaps
+for political reasons, and more so because Greco-Rumanian relations
+have not as yet reached that firmness which only might justify such a
+rapprochement of the two royal families.
+
+Between Servia and Rumania there is some courtesy but scarcely any
+friendship, and this is not surprising, especially now, when each side
+is aiming to an aggrandizement (at the expense of Austria) in a way
+injurious to the other. Montenegro naturally follows Servia's course,
+and as for Albania, what we said previously of her applies now, with
+this particular observation, that the only neighborly interest shown
+her is from Italy, trying to play the game of Tripoli at the expense
+of the Skipetars, while all the other European powers are busily
+engaged in the great war.
+
+In conclusion we may note that of all the Balkan States only Rumania
+and, to a certain degree, Greece have any money to run their affairs.
+This, however, has nothing to do with the matter of their entrance in
+the war, as in that case there will be one or the other European
+combination to pay the freight.
+
+Such was the aspect of the Balkan Peninsula at the beginning of the
+great European war.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: (_From The Bystander, London._)
+
+How the Famous Bernhardi Wrote the Eulogy of Germany's Culture.]
+
+THE EUROPEAN WAR AS SEEN BY CARTOONISTS
+
+_A SELECTION OF NOTABLE CARTOONS FROM LEADING ENGLISH, FRENCH,
+ITALIAN, AND GERMAN PUBLICATIONS, SHOWING HOW THE KNIGHTS OF THE PEN
+AND BRUSH ARE WAGING THE WAR OF CARICATURE AGAINST THE FOES OF THEIR
+RESPECTIVE ALLIANCES_
+
+ENGLISH CARTOONS, PAGE 1073
+
+FRENCH CARTOONS, PAGE 1084
+
+ITALIAN CARTOONS, PAGE 1088
+
+GERMAN CARTOONS, PAGE 1091
+
+
+
+
+Still Not Letting Go--and Still Breathing!
+
+[Illustration: (_From The Sketch, London._)
+
+THE PRUSSIAN EAGLE: "This is no good to me. That pup's growing every
+minute. I've half a mind to fly away."]
+
+
+
+
+Going! Going! ----?
+
+[Illustration: (_From The Tatler, London._)
+
+The Barbarian Finds His "Place in the Sun" Too Hot for Him.]
+
+
+
+
+The God in the Cart
+
+(AN UNREHEARSED EFFECT.)
+
+[Illustration: (_From Punch, London._)
+
+TURKEY: "I'm getting a bit fed up with this. I shall kick soon."
+
+AUSTRIA: "Well, I was thinking of lying down."]
+
+
+
+
+The Great Illusion
+
+[Illustration: (_From Punch, London._)
+
+KAISER: "My poor bird, what _has_ happened to your tail feathers?"
+
+GERMAN EAGLE: "Can you bear the truth, Sire?"
+
+KAISER: "If it's not for publication."
+
+GERMAN EAGLE: "It's like this, then. You told me the British lion was
+contemptible. Well--he wasn't!"]
+
+
+
+
+What Punch Thinks Is Awaiting the Kaiser
+
+[Illustration: (_From Punch, London._)]
+
+
+
+
+The Man Behind the Kaiser
+
+[Illustration: (_From the Bystander, London._)]
+
+
+
+
+Nothing Doing
+
+[Illustration: (_From Punch, London._)
+
+IMPERIAL DACHSHUND: "Here I've been sitting up and doing tricks for
+the best part of seven weeks, and you take no more notice of me than
+if--"
+
+UNCLE SAM: "Cut it out!"]
+
+
+
+
+As Between Friends
+
+[Illustration: (_From Punch, London._)
+
+BRITISH LION: "Please don't look at me like that, Sam. _You_'re not
+the eagle I'm up against."]
+
+
+
+
+Kultur
+
+[Illustration: (_From The Sketch, London._)
+
+Making the German Officers' Mess a Success.]
+
+
+
+
+Homers
+
+[Illustration: (_From The Sketch, London._)
+
+THE POLICEMAN: "What have you got there? Pigeons?"
+
+THE ENGLISHMAN (_naturalized_): "No; they vos singing-birds."
+
+THE POLICEMAN: "What song do they sing?"
+
+THE ENGLISHMAN (_naturalized_): "Home, sveet home."]
+
+
+
+
+The New Year's Present That We Are Wishing For
+
+[Illustration: (_From La Vie Parisienne, Paris._)
+
+A Million English Soldiers to Help Us Drive the Germans from France
+and Belgium.]
+
+
+
+
+"His" Christmas Sabots
+
+[Illustration: (_From La Vie Parisienne, Paris._)
+
+(The conspicuous place taken by children's stockings at Christmas time
+in English-speaking countries is usurped by the youngsters' shoes in
+France.)]
+
+
+
+
+"Sire, Your Soup's Getting Cold"
+
+[Illustration: (_From La Vie Parisienne, Paris._)
+
+How about that famous dinner that the Kaiser ordered in one of the big
+Paris hotels! Isn't the bill of fare a trifle out of season by this
+time?]
+
+
+
+
+Chaffing the French Censor
+
+(_From La Vie Parisienne, Paris._)
+
+[Illustration: "At the same instant, happily, a furious gallop
+resounded along the road from ----, and, full of joy, our Colonel
+cried: 'They are the ----.' They were, as a matter of fact, the
+----."]
+
+[Illustration: "Despite this reinforcement, it was hot work. Capt.
+---- of the ---- Company of the ---- Regiment especially distinguished
+himself, leading his men in an irresistible charge. We lost ---- men,
+but the enemy left ---- dead in the ruins of the village of ----."]
+
+[Illustration: "At the end of the ---- ---- victory ---- ---- ----
+important strategic point ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----. 'I am very
+pleased with you,' said our General to us."]
+
+
+
+
+The Under-Study
+
+[Illustration: (_From Numero, Turin._)
+
+The Triple Alliance Revised and Corrected.]
+
+
+
+
+A Substitute for Belgian Blocks
+
+[Illustration: (_From Numero, Turin._)
+
+A New Form of Paving for French and Belgian Cities.]
+
+
+
+
+What Italy Thinks of "Guglielmo"
+
+(A SERIES OF ITALIAN POSTCARDS.)
+
+[Illustration: HIMSELF TO GOD: "If I were not afraid of Thee I would
+declare war upon Thee also!"]
+
+[Illustration: GUGLIELMO'S DREAM. The map bears the inscription, "The
+Great German Empire."]
+
+[Illustration: "Isn't there somebody else to declare war upon?"
+
+"There's the Republic of San Marino, your Majesty."]
+
+[Illustration: GUGLIELMO (bearing the European war): "Heavens! It's
+beginning to get heavy."]
+
+
+
+
+You Can't Bluff the Turk
+
+(_From Simplicissimus, Munich._)
+
+[Illustration: "Will you restore the capitulations immediately?"]
+
+[Illustration: "No."]
+
+[Illustration: "Will you give up the Goeben and the Breslau
+immediately?"]
+
+[Illustration: "No."]
+
+[Illustration: "In respect to the Dardanelles, will you immediately
+----?"
+
+"No. And now suppose you just put up that revolver."]
+
+[Illustration: "With pleasure! The thing wasn't loaded at all!"]
+
+
+
+
+The Mistress of the Sea
+
+(_From Lustige Blaetter, Berlin._)
+
+[Illustration: Behold, O World, How I Stand Here!
+
+Look Out, Britannia!]
+
+
+
+
+The "Prize-Taker"
+
+[Illustration: (_From Lustige Blaetter, Berlin._)
+
+"How long will you allow this brute to tread on your corns?"
+
+[The allusion is to England's attitude toward neutral shipping.]]
+
+
+
+
+The Face at the Window
+
+[Illustration: (_From Lustige Blaetter, Berlin._)]
+
+
+
+
+Novel Coastwise Scenery
+
+[Illustration: (_From Jugend, Munich._)
+
+Since it was given out that the German barbarians were refusing to
+fire on cathedrals, England has worked out a jolly little plan for
+coast defense.]
+
+
+
+
+The Dancers
+
+[Illustration: (_From Lustige Blaetter, Berlin._)
+
+How the Germans Conduct the English Ballet.]
+
+
+
+
+The English Spider
+
+[Illustration: (_From Jugend, Munich._)]
+
+
+
+
+The Jap-Infested British Lion
+
+[Illustration: (_From Simplicissimus, Munich._)
+
+"Goddam! What kind of fleas have I got in my mane anyway!"]
+
+
+
+
+The Englishman and His Globe
+
+[Illustration: (_From Simplicissimus, Munich._)
+
+"Curses! Blood is more slippery than water!"
+
+[The original was in black and red and vividly represented a dripping
+globe.]]
+
+
+
+
+The German Watch in Kiao-Chau
+
+[Illustration: (_From Simplicissimus, Munich._)
+
+[A superb cartoon published before the fall of the German stronghold
+in China.]]
+
+
+
+
+GERMANY vs. BELGIUM
+
+_Case of the Secret Military Documents Presented by Both Sides_
+
+     [The Belgo-British plot alleged by Germany is thoroughly
+     aired in the following communications. The text of the
+     secret documents, which, according to the German contention,
+     prove that the Allies did not intend to respect Belgian
+     neutrality--that Belgium herself conspired with England to
+     break it--was discovered in the archives of the Belgian
+     Government after the German occupation of Brussels, and is
+     embodied on Pages 1105 to 1109 in the subjoined article,
+     published in behalf of Germany by Dr. Bernhard Dernburg.
+
+     The article, called by Dr. Dernburg "The Case of Belgium,"
+     as reproduced below, and published between gray covers like
+     the Belgian "Gray Book," prompted publications in rejoinder
+     by the Belgian Legation at Washington. The first of these,
+     entitled "The Innocence of Belgium," appears on Page 1110;
+     it states that the secret documents show in their own
+     statements the "clearest proof of the innocence of Belgium."
+     The second Belgian article, headed "Why Belgium Was
+     Devastated," and appearing on Page 1115, embodies the German
+     proclamations establishing military rule in the violated
+     territory.--EDITOR.]
+
+
+"THE CASE OF BELGIUM"
+
+"In the Light of Official Reports Found in the Secret Archives of the
+Belgian Government after the Occupation of Brussels"
+
+Remarks Introductory to the Secret Documents
+
+By Dr. Bernhard Dernburg
+
+Herewith are published facsimiles of papers found among the documents
+of the Belgian General Staff at Brussels, referring to arrangements
+between the English Military Attache and the Belgian Minister of War
+regarding British intervention in Belgium.
+
+It will be remembered from the British "White Book" that in November,
+1912, a correspondence passed between Sir Edward Grey and the French
+Minister in London, in which it was stated that British and French
+military and naval experts had consulted together from time to time as
+to plans to be followed in case of war, and it was stated in this
+correspondence that in accordance with such prearranged plans the
+French fleet would stay in the Mediterranean to safeguard the joint
+interests there, whereas the British fleet would safeguard their
+interests in the north. Of this correspondence the members of the
+British Cabinet remained ignorant until the Cabinet meeting
+immediately preceding the written statement by Great Britain on Aug. 2
+that in case a German fleet attacked the French coast or passed into
+the Channel, England would give all the assistance in her power,
+(British "White Papers," No. 148,) and it was also, of course,
+concealed from the British public until the speech of Sir Edward Grey
+on Aug. 3. It will be remembered that in consequence of this
+revelation the British Minister of Commerce, Mr. John Burns, and two
+other members, Lord Morley and Mr. Trevelyan, left the British Cabinet
+under protest; that the leader of the British Labor Party, Mr. Ramsey
+Macdonald, resigned from the leadership and that Mr. Arthur Ponsonby
+in his famous letter denounced Sir Edward Grey's practices.
+
+Mr. Ponsonby said that time and again they had been assured that there
+were no obligations whatsoever on the part of Great Britain to come to
+France's assistance and yet they found themselves now so hopelessly
+entangled that as a matter of fact the British Government could not
+back out.
+
+The fact of these consultations, by which, of course, all the plans of
+mobilization of both the British and French armies were disclosed to
+the two allies and which include the landing of English troops in
+France, is now fully established by the annexed documents. They show
+that these conversations were also held with Belgium, that plans had
+been concerted to invade Belgium with an army of 100,000 men by way of
+three French ports--viz., Dunkirk, Calais, and Boulogne--and that the
+British plans even considered a landing by way of the Scheldt, thus
+violating also Dutch neutrality.
+
+The documents, giving all the details as translated and showing that
+Belgian railway cars were to be sent to the named French ports in
+order to transport the British troops into Belgium, are dated from
+1906.
+
+The Belgian Minister at Berlin, Baron Greindl, a well-known Belgian
+patriot, protested to his Government. The heading of his protest is
+also given in facsimile. In it he said that it was not quite safe to
+trust to the British and French to keep the Belgian neutrality, that
+it was not wise to take all measures only against a German infraction
+of Belgian neutrality and that the British spirit was clearly shown by
+the words of Col. Barnardiston that the Scheldt might be used for
+transporting troops into Belgium.
+
+Furthermore, it will be remembered that the British and French
+Governments violently protested when the plans were made public that
+the Dutch Government intended to fortify the mouth of the Scheldt in
+1906. But in 1912, when the Balkan crisis became acute, the British
+went one step further. When Col. Bridges, in a conversation with Gen.
+Jungbluth, the Chief of the Belgian General Staff, said that England
+was ready to strike, that 160,000 men were ready to be landed and that
+they would land them as soon as any European conflict should break
+out, Gen. Jungbluth protested that for such a step the permission of
+Belgium was necessary. The cool reply was that the English knew it,
+but thought that, as Belgium was not strong enough alone to protect
+herself, England would land troops anyway. Gen. Jungbluth answered
+that Belgium felt strong enough to protect herself, which is in
+keeping with her declaration to France, when she offered to protect
+Belgium by five army corps, as reported in the British "White Book."
+The position of England was therefore that, while in 1906 they had
+already concerted plans for a joint action, in 1912 England intended
+action in any case, should a European conflagration break out.
+
+Now, it must be recollected that as early as July 28, 1914, Sir Edward
+Grey said to Prince Lichnowsky, as mentioned in his communication to
+Sir E. Goschen: "The situation was very grave. While it was restricted
+to the issues at present actually involved, we had not thought of
+interfering in it. But if Germany became involved in it and then
+France, the issue might be so great that it would involve all European
+interests, and I did not wish him to be misled by the friendly tone of
+our conversation--which I hoped would continue--into thinking that we
+should stand aside." (British "White Papers," No. 89.)
+
+This was at a time when the Belgian issue had not been raised at all.
+It only came about by Sir Edward Grey's notes written on July 31. Thus
+the British entanglement with France, as evidenced by the British
+"White Book," prevented England taking the same attitude in 1914 which
+she had taken in 1870, when she made a treaty with France as against
+the German invasion of Belgium and with Germany as against the French
+invasion of Belgium. A similar agreement was suggested by Prince
+Lichnowsky to Sir Edward Grey on Aug. 1, 1914, as reported in the
+English "White Book," No. 123, when the former asked Sir Edward Grey
+whether if Germany gave a promise not to violate Belgian neutrality
+England would engage to remain neutral, upon which Grey replied that
+he could not say that.
+
+It is therefore perfectly evident, in the first place, that in case of
+a German war, that was sure to be brought about by Russia's
+mobilization against Germany, England would go to war against Germany,
+and it has been proved that the English assurance to that effect has
+strengthened the hands of the Russian war party, which thereupon got
+the upper hand and forced the Russian Czar into the war, (see report
+of Belgian Charge d'Affaires at St. Petersburg to the Minister of
+Foreign Affairs at Brussels, July 30.)
+
+In the second place, it is shown that England meant, with or without
+Belgium's will, to land her troops, in violation of Belgium's
+neutrality, in Belgium, irrespective of whether German troops were
+marching through Belgium or not, because no such declaration had been
+made in 1912 or any time thereafter until Aug. 4 in the German
+Reichstag. It is further evident that as soon as Russia mobilized,
+Germany would have to fight Russia as well as France and England, and
+that in such a fight she was forced to draw quickly when she saw her
+enemies reaching for their hip pockets. And only the prompt action at
+Liege that put this important railway centre commanding the railway
+connections to France and Germany into German hands prevented the
+English landing and invading Belgium.
+
+The guilt of the Belgian Government in this matter consists, in the
+first place, in making and concerting plans with the English and
+French Governments as to what steps to take in case of war. A plan of
+the French mobilization was found in the same docket, and it cannot be
+presumed that the conference between British and French experts was
+unknown to the British Military Attache in Brussels. It is furthermore
+impossible to believe that the French railway for the shipping of
+British troops from Calais, Dunkirk, and Boulogne into Belgium in
+Belgian cars could have been used without the knowledge of the French
+authorities. Secondly, that Belgium did not heed the advice of Baron
+Greindl and did not try to insure her independence in the same way by
+approaching Germany and making a similar contract with her. This
+disposes of the contention that the Belgian conversation had a purely
+defensive character as against all comers. It shows the one-sidedness
+of the inclination, which is evidenced also by the placing of all
+Belgium's fortresses on the eastern frontier.
+
+The Belgian people had been told at the beginning of the war that
+Germany demanded that the Belgian forces should fight with the Germans
+against the French and the English, and the truth had become known
+only three full months later, when the Belgian "Gray Book" was
+published. Then Belgium was practically occupied territory. While
+Belgium pretended neutrality and friendship toward Germany, it was
+secretly planning for her defeat in a war which was considered
+unavoidable. The poor Belgian people, however, must suffer because of
+the large ambitions of King Leopold of Congo fame and of a broken-down
+diplomacy.
+
+The Imperial Chancellor has declared that there was irrefutable proof
+that if Germany did not march through Belgium, her enemies would. This
+proof, as now being produced, is of the strongest character. So the
+Chancellor was right in appealing to the law of necessity, although he
+had no regret that it violated international law. This law of
+necessity has been recognized as paramount by nearly every prominent
+statesman, including Gladstone, and by all teachers of international
+law, even by the United States Supreme Court's decision, Vol. 130,
+Page 601, stating in regard to the treaty with China concerning
+Chinese immigration into the United States: "It will not be presumed
+that the legislative department of the Government will lightly pass
+laws which are in conflict with the treaties of the country, but that
+circumstances may arise which would not only justify the Government in
+disregarding their stipulations, but demand in the interests of the
+country that it should do so, there can be no question. Unexpected
+events may call for a change in the policy of the country." And to
+strengthen this opinion another decision by Justice Curtis, rendered
+in 1908, may be cited, stating that, "while it would be a matter of
+the utmost gravity and delicacy to refuse to execute a treaty, the
+power to do so was a prerogative of which no country could be deprived
+without deeply affecting its independence."
+
+We now let these Belgian documents speak for themselves.
+
+
+Summary of the Secret Documents
+
+I. The first document is a report of the Chief of the Belgian General
+Staff, Major Gen. Ducarme, to the Minister of War, reporting a series
+of conversations which he had had with the Military Attache of the
+British Legation, Lieut. Col. Barnardiston, in Brussels. It discloses
+that, as early as January, 1906, the Belgian Government was in
+consultation with the British Government over steps to be taken by
+Belgium, Great Britain, and France against Germany. A plan had been
+fully elaborated for the landing of two British army corps in French
+ports to be transferred to the point in Belgium necessary for
+operations against the Germans. Throughout the conversation the
+British and Belgian forces were spoken of as "allied armies"; the
+British Military Attache insisted on discussing the question of the
+chief command; and he urged the establishment, in the meantime, of a
+Belgian spy system in Germany.
+
+II. When in the year 1912 Lieut. Col. Barnardiston had been succeeded
+by Lieut. Col. Bridges as British Military Attache in Brussels, and
+the Chief of the Belgian General Staff, Major Gen. Ducarme, had been
+succeeded by Gen. Jungbluth as Chief of the Belgian General Staff, the
+conversations proceeded between the two latter officials. That is to
+say, these were not casual conversations between individuals, but a
+series of official conversations between representatives of their
+respective Governments, in pursuance of a well-considered policy on
+the part of both Governments.
+
+III. The above documents are given additional significance by a report
+made in 1911 by Baron Greindl, Belgian Minister in Berlin, to the
+Belgian Minister for Foreign Affairs, from which it appears that this
+representative of the Belgian Government in Berlin was familiar with
+the plans above set forth and protested against them, asking why like
+preparations had not been made with Germany to repel invasion by the
+French and English.
+
+Taken together, these documents show that _the British Government had
+the intention, in case of a Franco-German war, of sending troops into
+Belgium immediately--that is, of doing the very thing which, done by
+Germany, was used by England as a pretext for declaring war on
+Germany_.
+
+They show also that the Belgian Government took, in agreement with the
+English General Staff, military precautions against a hypothetical
+German invasion of Belgium. On the other hand, the Belgian Government
+never made the slightest attempt to take, in agreement with the German
+Government, military precautions against an Anglo-French invasion of
+Belgium, though fully informed that it was the purpose of the British
+Government to land and dispatch, across French territory into Belgium,
+160,000 troops, without asking Belgium's permission, on the first
+outbreak of the European war. _This clearly demonstrates that the
+Belgian Government was determined from the outset to join Germany's
+enemies._
+
+[Illustration: MR. AND MRS. WINSTON SPENCER CHURCHILL
+
+A Recent Photograph of the Head of the British Admiralty.]
+
+[Illustration: QUARTERMASTER GENERAL VON STEIN
+
+Germany's Official War News Is Issued Through the Office of the
+Quartermaster General.
+
+(_Photo from Brown Bros._)]
+
+
+DOCUMENT NO. 1
+
+Report of Gen. Ducarme, Chief of the Belgian General Staff, to the
+Belgian Minister of War
+
+"_Confidential_
+Letter to the Minister
+Concerning the Confidential Conversations.
+
+"BRUSSELS, April 10, 1906.
+
+"Mr. Minister:
+
+"I have the honor to report to you briefly about the conversations
+which I had with Lieut. Col. Barnardiston and which have already been
+the subject of my oral communications.
+
+"The first visit took place in the middle of January. Mr. Barnardiston
+referred to the anxieties of the General Staff of his country with
+regard to the general political situation, and because of the
+possibility that war may soon break out. In case Belgium should be
+attacked, the sending of about 100,000 troops was provided for.
+
+"The Lieutenant Colonel asked me how such a measure would be regarded
+by us. I answered him, that from a military point of view it could not
+be but favorable, but that this question of intervention was just as
+much a matter for the political authorities, and that, therefore, it
+was my duty to inform the Minister of War about it.
+
+"Mr. Barnardiston answered that his Minister in Brussels would speak
+about it with our Minister of Foreign Affairs.
+
+"He proceeded in the following sense: The landing of the English
+troops would take place at the French coast in the vicinity of Dunkirk
+and Calais, so as to hasten their movements as much as possible. The
+entry of the English into Belgium would take place only after the
+violation of our neutrality by Germany. A landing in Antwerp would
+take much more time, because larger transports would be needed, and
+because, on the other hand, the safety would be less complete.
+
+"This admitted, there would be several other points to consider, such
+as railway transportation, the question of requisitions which the
+English army could make, the question concerning the chief command of
+the allied forces.
+
+"He inquired whether our preparations were sufficient to secure the
+defense of the country during the crossing and the transportation of
+the English troops--which he estimated to last about ten days.
+
+"I answered him that the places Namur and Liege were protected from a
+coup de main and that our field army of 100,000 men would be capable
+of intervention within four days.
+
+"After having expressed his full satisfaction with my explanations, my
+visitor laid emphasis on the following facts: (1) That our
+conversation was entirely confidential; (2) that it was not binding on
+his Government; (3) that his Minister, the English General Staff, he
+and I were, up to the present, the only ones[1] informed about the
+matter; (4) that he did not know whether the opinion of his sovereign
+had been consulted....
+
+[Footnote 1: This is similar to the manner in which the English
+entente with France was arranged. The British Parliament and the
+British Cabinet were kept in ignorance of the fact that English and
+French naval experts were consulting together. The British Minister
+for Foreign Affairs, Sir Edward Grey, repeatedly assured the country
+that Great Britain's hands were free. Yet, when the crisis came, this
+quite unofficial exchange of military views and plans, this mere
+gentleman's agreement, revealed itself, of course, as a binding
+obligation. Nations do not reveal their military secrets to each other
+except on the clear understanding that an alliance is in force.]
+
+"In a following discussion Lieut. Col. Barnardiston assured me that he
+had never received confidential reports of the other Military Attaches
+about our army. He then gave the exact numerical data of the English
+forces; we could depend on it, that in twelve or thirteen days two
+army corps, four cavalry brigades, and two brigades of horse infantry
+would be landed.
+
+"He asked me to study the question of the transport of these forces to
+that part of the country where they would be useful, and he promised
+to give me for this purpose details about the composition of the
+landing army.
+
+"He reverted to the question concerning the effective strength of our
+field army, and he emphasized that no detachments should be sent from
+this army to Namur and Liege, because these places were provided with
+garrisons of sufficient strength.
+
+"He asked me to direct my attention to the necessity of granting the
+English Army the advantages which the regulations concerning the
+military requisitions provided for. Finally he insisted upon the
+question of the chief command.
+
+"I answered him that I could say nothing with reference to this last
+point and promised him that I would study the other questions
+carefully....
+
+"Later on the English Military Attache confirmed his former
+calculations: twelve days would at least be necessary to carry out the
+landing at the French coast. It would take a considerably longer time
+(1 to 2-1/2 months) to land 100,000 men in Antwerp.
+
+"Upon my objection that it would be unnecessary to await the end of
+the landing in order to begin with the railway transportations, and
+that it would be better to proceed with these when the troops arrived
+at the coast, Lieut. Col. Barnardiston promised to give me exact data
+as to the number of troops that could be landed daily.
+
+"As regards the military requisitions, I told my visitor that this
+question could be easily regulated....
+
+"The further the plans of the English General Staff progressed, the
+clearer became the details of the problem. The Colonel assured me that
+one-half of the English Army could be landed within eight days; the
+rest at the conclusion of the twelfth or thirteenth day, with the
+exception of the horse infantry, which could not be counted upon until
+later.
+
+"In spite of this I thought I had to insist again upon the necessity
+of knowing the exact number of the daily shipments, in order to
+regulate the railway transportation for every day.
+
+"The English Military Attache conversed with me about several other
+questions, namely:
+
+"(1) The necessity of keeping the operations secret and of demanding
+strict secrecy from the press;
+
+"(2) The advantages which would accrue from giving one Belgian officer
+to each English General Staff, one interpreter to each commanding
+officer, and gendarmes to each unit of troops, in order to assist the
+British police troops....
+
+"In the course of another interview Lieut. Col. Barnardiston and I
+studied the combined operations to take place in the event of a German
+offensive with Antwerp as its object and under the hypothesis of the
+German troops marching through our country in order to reach the
+French Ardennes.
+
+"In this question, the Colonel said he quite agreed with the plan
+which I had submitted to him, and he assured me also of the approval
+of Gen. Grierson, Chief of the English General Staff.
+
+"Other secondary questions which were likewise settled had particular
+reference to intermediary officers, interpreters, gendarmes, maps,
+photographs of the uniforms, special copies, translated into English,
+of some Belgian regulations, the regulations concerning the import
+duties on English provisions, to the accommodation of the wounded of
+the allied armies, &c. Nothing was resolved on as regards the activity
+which the Government or the military authorities might exert on the
+press....
+
+"During the final meetings which I had with the British Attache, he
+informed me about the numbers of troops which would be daily
+disembarked at Boulogne, Calais, and Cherbourg. The distance of the
+last place, which is necessary for technical considerations, will
+involve a certain delay. The first corps would be disembarked on the
+tenth day, and the second on the fifteenth day. Our railways would
+carry out the transportation so that the arrival of the first corps,
+either in the direction of Brussels-Louvain or of Namur-Dinant, would
+be assured on the eleventh day, and that of the second on the
+sixteenth day.
+
+"I again, for a last time, and as emphatically as I could, insisted on
+the necessity of hastening the sea transports so that the English
+troops could be with us between the eleventh and twelfth day. The
+happiest and most favorable results can be reached by a convergent and
+simultaneous action of the allied forces. But if that co-operation
+should not take place, the failure would be most serious. Col.
+Barnardiston assured me that everything serving to this end would be
+done....
+
+"In the course of our conversations, I had occasion to convince the
+British Military Attache that we were willing, so far as possible, to
+thwart the movements of the enemy and not to take refuge in Antwerp
+from the beginning.
+
+"Lieut. Col. Barnardiston on his part told me that, at the time, he
+had little hope for any support or intervention on the part of
+Holland. At the same time he informed me that his Government intended
+to transfer the basis of the British commissariat from the French
+coast to Antwerp as soon as all German ships were swept off the North
+Sea....
+
+"In all our conversations the Colonel regularly informed me about the
+secret news which he had concerning the military circumstances and the
+situation of our eastern neighbors, &c. At the same time he emphasized
+that Belgium was under the imperative necessity to keep herself
+constantly informed of the happenings in the adjoining Rhinelands. I
+had to admit that with us the surveillance service abroad was, in
+times of peace, not directly in the hands of the General Staff, as our
+legations had no Military Attaches. But I was careful not to admit
+that I did not know whether the espionage service which is prescribed
+in our regulations was in working order or not. But I consider it my
+duty to point out this position which places us in a state of evident
+inferiority to our neighbors, our presumable enemies.
+
+"Major General, Chief of the General Staff. (Initials of Gen.
+Ducarme.)
+
+"Note.--When I met Gen. Grierson at Compiegne, during the manoeuvres
+of 1906, he assured me the result of the reorganization of the English
+Army would be that the landing of 150,000 would be assured and, that,
+moreover, they would stand ready for action in a shorter time than has
+been assumed above.
+
+"Concluded September, 1906."
+
+(Initials of Gen. Ducarme.)
+
+
+DOCUMENT NO. 2
+
+Minutes of a Conference Between the Belgian Chief of the General
+Staff, Gen. Jungbluth, and the British Military Attache Lieut. Col.
+Bridges
+
+(Lieut. Col. Barnardiston, British Military Attache in Brussels, was
+succeeded in his office by Lieut. Col. Bridges. Likewise, Gen. Ducarme
+was succeeded, as Chief of the Belgian Staff, by Gen. Jungbluth. A
+conversation between Col. Bridges and Gen. Jungbluth was committed to
+writing, and that writing was also found at the Belgian Foreign
+Office. The document, which is dated April 23 and is presumed to
+belong to the year 1912, is marked "confidentielle" in the handwriting
+of Graf v.d. Straaten, the Belgian Foreign Secretary. This is the
+translation:)
+
+"_Confidential._
+
+"The British Military Attache asked to see Gen. Jungbluth. The two
+gentlemen met on April 23.
+
+"Lieut. Col. Bridges told the General that England had at her disposal
+an army which could be sent to the Continent, composed of six
+divisions of infantry and eight brigades of cavalry--together 160,000
+troops. She has also everything which is necessary for her to defend
+her insular territory. Everything is ready.
+
+"At the time of the recent events the British Government would have
+immediately effected a disembarkment in Belgium (chez nous) even if we
+had not asked for assistance.
+
+"The General objected that for that our consent was necessary.
+
+"The Military Attache answered that he knew this, but that--since we
+were not able to prevent the Germans from passing through our
+country--England would have landed her troops in Belgium under all
+circumstances (en tout etat de cause).
+
+"As for the place of landing, the Military Attache did not make a
+precise statement; he said that the coast was rather long, but the
+General knows that Mr. Bridges, during Easter, has paid daily visits
+to Zeebrugge from Ostend.
+
+"The General added that we were, besides, perfectly able to prevent
+the Germans from passing through."
+
+
+DOCUMENT NO. 3
+
+Report of Baron Greindl, Belgian Minister in Berlin, to the Belgian
+Minister of Foreign Affairs
+
+
+[On the 23d of December, 1911, Baron Greindl, then and for many years
+Belgian Minister in Berlin, made a report to the Belgian Minister of
+Foreign Affairs. There was found in Brussels a copy of this report.
+Although a copy, the official character of this third document found
+in Brussels is evident from the official imprint on the paper on which
+the copy stands. The first page reads:]
+
+....... SECTION
+No. ...........
+..... ENCLOSURE     COPY
+
+Reply to No.
+General department
+Office of ........
+
+BERLIN, Dec. 23, 1911.
+
+Belgian Legation,
+No. 3,022--1,626.
+
+Strictly Confidential.
+
+What is Belgium to do in case of war?
+
+Mr. Minister:
+
+I have had the honor to receive the dispatch of the 27th November
+last, P without docket number, registration number 1,108....
+
+[Baron Greindl's report is an extremely long one. Extracts from it
+were published in The North German Gazette of Oct. 13. A facsimile has
+been made of the first page only of the document, because of its great
+length.
+
+The writer reveals with great astuteness the ulterior motives
+underlying the English proposal and draws attention to the danger of
+the situation in which Belgium had become involved by a one-sided
+partisanship in favor of the powers of the Entente. In this very
+detailed report, dated Dec. 23, 1911, Baron Greindl explains that the
+plan of the General Army Staff for the defense of Belgian neutrality
+in a Franco-German war as communicated to him only concerned the
+question as to what military measures should be adopted in case
+Germany violated Belgian neutrality. The hypothesis of a French attack
+on Germany through Belgium had, however, just as much probability in
+itself. The diplomat then goes on in the following manner:]
+
+"From the French side danger threatens not only in the south of
+Luxemburg, it threatens us on our entire joint frontier. We are not
+reduced to conjectures for this assertion. We have positive evidence
+of it.
+
+"Evidently the project of an outflanking movement from the north forms
+part of the scheme of the entente cordiale. If that were not the case,
+then the plan of fortifying Flushing would not have called forth such
+an outburst in Paris and London. The reason why they wished that the
+Scheldt should remain unfortified was hardly concealed by them. Their
+aim was to be able to transport an English garrison, unhindered, to
+Antwerp, which means to establish in our country a basis of operation
+for an offensive in the direction of the Lower Rhine and Westphalia,
+and then to make us throw our lot in with them, which would not be
+difficult, for, after the surrender of our national centre of refuge,
+we would, through our own fault, renounce every possibility of
+opposing the demands of our doubtful protectors after having been so
+unwise as to permit their entrance into our country. Col.
+Barnardiston's announcements at the time of the conclusion of the
+entente cordiale, which were just as perfidious as they were naive,
+have shown us plainly the true meaning of things. When it became
+evident that we would not allow ourselves to be frightened by the
+pretended danger of the closing of the Scheldt, the plan was not
+entirely abandoned, but modified in so far as the British Army was not
+to land on the Belgian coast, but at the nearest French harbors.
+
+"The revelations of Capt. Faber, which were denied as little as the
+newspaper reports by which they were confirmed or completed in several
+respects, also testify to this. This British Army, at Calais and
+Dunkirk, would by no means march along our frontier to Longwy in order
+to reach Germany. It would directly invade Belgium from the northwest.
+That would give it the advantage of being able to begin operations
+immediately, to encounter the Belgian Army in a region where we could
+not depend on any fortress, in case we wanted to risk a battle.
+Moreover, that would make it possible for it to occupy provinces rich
+in all kinds of resources and, at any rate, to prevent our
+mobilization or only to permit it after we had formally pledged
+ourselves to carry on our mobilization to the exclusive advantage of
+England and her allies.
+
+"It is therefore of necessity to prepare a plan of battle for the
+Belgian Army also for that possibility. This is necessary in the
+interest of our military defense as well as for the sake of the
+direction of our foreign policy, in case of war between Germany and
+France."
+
+     [The text of the documents presented above is not disputed
+     by the Belgian Government. Instead it is made the basis of
+     the Belgian reply, beginning on the next page.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE BELGIAN BATTLEGROUND
+
+By the HON. WILLIAM H. TAFT.
+
+[From King Albert's Book.]
+
+The heart of the world should go out to the poor people of Belgium.
+Without being in any respect a party to the controversies of the war,
+their country has been made the battleground of the greatest and in
+some respects the most destructive war in history. Any movement to
+relieve their distress has my profound sympathy.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     [The following letter from the Belgian Legation at
+     Washington certifies the official character of the documents
+     presented below.--EDITOR.]
+
+     LEGATION DE BELGIQUE,
+
+     WASHINGTON, D.C.
+
+     Jan. 25, 1915.
+
+     _To the Editor of The New York Times Current History:_
+
+     In accordance with the request, in your letter of December
+     10th addressed to the Belgian Minister, for official
+     documents published by the Legation, I have the pleasure of
+     sending you, herewith, by the Minister's instructions, a
+     copy of a pamphlet entitled "The Innocence of Belgium,"
+     dealing with the Military Documents published recently in
+     THE NEW YORK TIMES.
+
+     I also take this opportunity to transmit you a copy of a
+     pamphlet entitled "Why Belgium Was Devastated," containing
+     translations of the German Proclamations issued in Belgium.
+
+     I have the honor to be, Sir,
+
+     Your obedient servant,
+
+     JAMES GUSTAVUS WHITELEY.
+
+
+[BELGIAN LEGATION ARTICLE NO. 1.]
+
+"INNOCENCE OF BELGIUM"
+
+"Reply to Publication of Military Documents by Germany"
+
+The German Government has at last decided to publish the documents
+which it says were found in Brussels, and which it claims prove that
+Belgium violated her neutrality.
+
+As a matter of fact these documents are the clearest proof of the
+innocence of Belgium.
+
+Document No. 1 refers to a conversation between Major Gen. Ducarme and
+the English Military Attache, Lieut. Col. Barnardiston.
+
+The English Military Attache _went to call_ on the Belgian General and
+told him of the anxiety on the part of the English General Staff in
+regard to the general political situation and the possibility of war.
+"_In case Belgium should be attacked_, the sending of about 100,000
+troops was provided for."
+
+He (the British Military Attache) proceeded in the following terms:
+
+"The landing of the British troops would take place on the French
+coast.... The entry of the English into Belgium would take place only
+_after the violation of our (Belgian) neutrality by Germany_."
+
+It almost seems as if Col. Barnardiston had foreseen the future.
+
+The document continues as follows: "My visitor laid emphasis on the
+following fact: that it (the conversation) was not binding on his
+Government ... and that he did not know whether the opinion of his
+Sovereign had been consulted." It was thus clearly shown by the
+British Military Attache that his communication was simply a
+conversation; it is, moreover, perfectly well known that Military
+Attaches have no power to make conventional agreements.
+
+The document further continues: "In the course of another interview,
+Lieut. Col. Barnardiston and I studied the combined operations to take
+place in the event of a _German offensive_, with Antwerp as its
+object, _and under the hypothesis of the German troops marching
+through our (Belgian) country_, in order to reach the French
+Ardennes"--an additional proof that the object of the conversation was
+solely to prevent a violation of Belgian neutrality.
+
+Document No. 2 refers to a conversation between the British Military
+Attache and Gen. Jungbluth, in which the former said that the British
+troops would effect a landing "even if we (the Belgians) did not ask
+for assistance." This is an additional proof that no agreement or
+convention had been made.
+
+To this the Belgian General replied that "our (Belgium's) consent was
+necessary," and he added that "we (the Belgians) were, moreover,
+perfectly able to prevent the Germans from passing through Belgium,"
+thus showing his anxiety to preserve the neutrality of Belgium.
+
+Dr. B. Dernburg claims that England would have sent troops into
+Belgium in any event, even if Germany had not invaded Belgium.
+Affirmations which are not based upon any evidence cannot destroy the
+text itself of the documents.
+
+In a letter of Sir Edward Grey, Secretary for Foreign Affairs of
+England, addressed to the British Minister to Belgium, on the 7th of
+April, 1913, the British statesman declares in the most formal way,
+that: "As long as Belgium's neutrality was not violated by any other
+power, we (the British) should certainly not send troops ourselves
+into their territory."
+
+The full text of this important letter is as follows:
+
+     In speaking to the Belgian Minister today I said, speaking
+     unofficially, that it had been brought to my knowledge that
+     there was apprehension in Belgium lest we should be the
+     first to violate Belgian neutrality. I did not think that
+     apprehension could have come from a British source.
+
+     The Belgian Minister informed me that there had been talk,
+     from a British source which he could not name, of the
+     landing of troops in Belgium by Great Britain, in order to
+     anticipate a possible dispatch of German troops through
+     Belgium to France.
+
+     I said that I was sure that this Government would not be the
+     first to violate the neutrality of Belgium, and I did not
+     believe that any British Government would be the first to do
+     so, nor would public opinion here ever approve of it. What
+     we had to consider, and it was a somewhat embarrassing
+     question, was what it would be desirable and necessary for
+     us, as one of the guarantors of Belgian neutrality, to do if
+     Belgian neutrality was violated by any power. For us to be
+     the first to violate it and to send troops into Belgium
+     would be to give Germany, for instance, justification for
+     sending troops into Belgium also. What we desired in the
+     case of Belgium, as in that of other neutral countries, was
+     that their neutrality should be respected, and, as long as
+     it was not violated by any other power, we would certainly
+     not send troops ourselves into their territory. I am, &c.,
+
+     (Signed) E. GREY.
+
+Document No. 3 contains, according to Dr. B. Dernburg, the personal
+views of the Belgian Minister in Berlin, but it does not, in any way,
+indicate the existence of an agreement between Belgium and England
+against Germany.
+
+It is impossible to say that these documents constitute a proof of an
+agreement between England and Belgium against Germany, unless one
+accepts the idea that Germany had a right to violate Belgium's
+neutrality and that all measures taken as a precaution against
+violation of neutrality must therefore have been taken against
+Germany.
+
+The documents contain merely conversations between military officers
+in regard to a possible future co-operation of their armies in the
+event of violation of Belgian territory by Germany. They never even
+resulted in an agreement between those Governments; Military Attaches
+have no authority to make such agreements.
+
+The events that happened last August and the sudden invasion of
+Belgium by Germany show that the British Government was fully
+justified in fearing the violation of Belgian territory by Germany. It
+seems incredible, after what has passed, that the German Government
+should denounce the British Government for approaching Belgian
+military officers and taking precautions against the very thing which
+eventually happened.
+
+If further proof should be necessary, the documents published in the
+"Gray Book" show as clearly as possible that, when the war broke out,
+Belgium had no such agreement with any of the powers.
+
+On July 24 the following letter was sent by the Belgian Minister for
+Foreign Affairs to the various Belgian Legations concerned, with
+instructions to communicate the same to the powers as soon as said
+Legations should have received telegraphic orders to do so:
+
+     Mr. Minister:
+
+     The international situation is serious; the eventuality of a
+     conflict between several powers cannot be set aside from the
+     anxieties of the Government of the King.
+
+     Belgium has observed with the most scrupulous exactness the
+     duties of a neutral State which are imposed on her by the
+     Treaties of April 19, 1839. These duties, whatever the
+     circumstances may be, _will be resolutely fulfilled by her_.
+
+     The friendly disposition of the powers toward her has been
+     so often affirmed that Belgium has the confidence that her
+     territory will be untouched by any attack if hostilities
+     should break out on her frontiers.
+
+     All the necessary measures have nevertheless been taken, in
+     order to assure the observance of her neutrality.... It is
+     scarcely necessary to insist upon their character.... These
+     measures _are not and can not have been inspired by a design
+     to participate in an armed struggle of the powers, nor by
+     any sentiment of defiance toward any one of them_.
+
+Belgium declared that she would not fail to fulfill all of her duties,
+that she had not a single agreement of alliance with any one, and that
+she wanted to remain absolutely neutral.
+
+Seven days later the Belgian Minister for Foreign Affairs communicated
+to the Belgian Legations his answer to the question which Sir Edward
+Grey had asked Belgium in the name of England:
+
+"Mr. Minister:
+
+"The British Minister requested to see me very urgently and
+communicated to me the following:
+
+"'Sir Edward Grey has asked the French and German Governments,
+separately, whether each of them was prepared to respect the
+neutrality of Belgium.
+
+"'In view of the existing treaties, I am also instructed to inform the
+Minister for Foreign Affairs of Belgium that _Sir Edward Grey presumes
+that Belgium will do her utmost to maintain her neutrality_.'
+
+"I immediately thanked Sir Francis Villiers for this communication,
+which the Belgian Government appreciates very highly, and I added that
+Great Britain and the other nations, guarantors of our independence,
+might be sure that we would neglect no effort to maintain our
+neutrality, and that we were convinced that the other powers, in view
+of the excellent relations of friendship and confidence which we have
+always enjoyed with them, would observe and maintain this neutrality."
+
+At the decisive moment, the attitude of Belgium was thus
+irreproachable. She was not bound to any other nation; she had her
+hands free. She declared that she was ready to make the necessary
+sacrifices to defend her neutrality and to resist any aggression from
+whatever source, and she added that, trusting in her friendly
+relations with the powers, she was unwilling to believe that any of
+them would violate her neutrality.
+
+On Aug. 3, at 7 A.M., after having received the ultimatum from
+Germany, Belgium declared that she refused to repudiate her
+engagements.
+
+The next day, the 4th of August, at 3 P.M., the Belgian Minister for
+Foreign Affairs received from Sir F. Villiers, Minister of England in
+Brussels, the following note:
+
+     BRUSSELS, Aug. 4, 1914.
+
+     I am instructed to inform the Belgian Government that if
+     Germany exercises pressure for the purpose of compelling
+     Belgium to abandon her position of a neutral country, the
+     Government of his Britannic Majesty expects Belgium to
+     resist by every possible means. The Government of his
+     Britannic Majesty is ready, in that event, to join with
+     Russia and France, _if desired by Belgium_, to offer to the
+     Belgian Government, at once, common action for the purpose
+     of resisting the use of force by Germany against Belgium,
+     and at the same time to offer a guarantee to maintain the
+     independence and the integrity of Belgium in the future.
+
+England offered her help _but did not impose it_. She did not intend
+to send troops into Belgian territory as a preventive measure. She
+expressly subordinated her assistance _to the desire of Belgium_.
+
+It was only on the 4th of August, during the evening, after having
+vainly hoped and waited for a change in the attitude of Germany, that
+Belgium called England, France, and Russia to co-operate, as guarantor
+powers, in the defense of her territory.
+
+In the preface published by Dr. B. Dernburg, with the documents, it is
+said that "only the prompt action at Liege that put this important
+railway centre, commanding the railway connections to France and
+Germany, into German hands, prevented the English landing and invading
+Belgium."
+
+It is impossible to conceive how the taking of Liege prevented the
+English from landing and invading Belgium. That statement is hardly a
+compliment to the intelligence or the geographical knowledge of the
+American people. The fact is that Liege was taken a long time before
+the British troops landed at Calais, and it is still today in the
+hands of the Germans without in the least interfering with the arrival
+of British reinforcements in France and in the territory still left in
+the possession of Belgium. The fact is that Liege was not taken to
+prevent the British from entering Belgium, but because it was part of
+the plan of the German General Staff to invade Belgium at once, to
+march across her territory, to crush the army of France as soon as
+possible, and then to turn and attack the Russians on the east.
+
+It is interesting to recall here the famous conversation held between
+the British Ambassador in Berlin, on one side, and the Chancellor of
+the Empire, Mr. Bethmann-Hollweg, and the German Secretary for Foreign
+Affairs, Mr. von Jagow, on the other side, at the time of the invasion
+of Belgium by the German troops. These conversations prove,
+indisputably, the premeditated intention of Germany to violate
+Belgium's neutrality:
+
+     To the request of Sir Edward Goschen, the English Ambassador
+     in Berlin, to be allowed to know if Germany would pledge
+     herself to respect the neutrality of Belgium, the German
+     Secretary of State replied that "this neutrality had already
+     been violated by Germany." Herr von Jagow went again into
+     the "reasons why the Imperial Government had been obliged to
+     take this step, namely, that they had to advance into France
+     by the quickest and easiest way so as to be able to get well
+     ahead with their operations and endeavor to strike some
+     decisive blow as early as possible. It was a matter of life
+     and death to them, for, if they had gone by the more
+     southern route, they could not have hoped, in view of the
+     paucity of the roads and the strength of the fortresses, to
+     have got through without formidable opposition entailing
+     great loss of time. This loss of time would mean time gained
+     by the Russians for the bringing up of their troops to the
+     German frontier. Rapidity of action was the great German
+     asset, while that of Russia was the inexhaustible supply of
+     troops." (Official report of the British Ambassador in
+     Berlin to the British Government.)
+
+This conversation preceded by a few minutes that in which the German
+Chancellor, giddy at the sight of the abyss into which Germany was
+falling, uttered these celebrated words: "Just for a word, NEUTRALITY,
+a word which in war times has been so often disregarded; just for A
+SCRAP OF PAPER, Great Britain is going to make war on a kindred
+nation. At what price would that compact (neutrality) have been kept?
+Has the British Government thought of that?" Sir Edward Goschen
+replied that fear of consequences would hardly be regarded as an
+excuse for breaking a solemn engagement. (Official report of the
+British Ambassador in Berlin to his Government.)
+
+Finally, the solemn avowal of the German Chancellor, during the
+sitting of the Reichstag on Aug. 4, 1914, settles this question
+definitely: "We are in a state of legitimate defense. NECESSITY KNOWS
+NO LAW. Our troops have occupied Luxemburg and have perhaps already
+penetrated into Belgium. This is against the law of nations."
+
+The truth is that every step taken by Germany was a clear indication
+of her intentions against Belgium. Her strategic railroads are
+concentrated on the Belgian frontier, and her military writers, von
+Bernhardi, von Schliefenbach, and von der Goltz, made no secret of her
+plan to carry on her war by means of an invasion of Belgium's neutral
+country. Events have shown how, long before the war, preparations had
+been made to carry this plan into effect.
+
+Dr. B. Dernburg says that the one-sidedness of the Belgian inclination
+is indicated by the placing of all Belgian fortresses on the eastern
+frontier. The distinguished statesman (apparently confused by the
+ardor of discussion) has already in another article, published in The
+Independent of Dec. 7, 1914, placed Antwerp at the mouth of the Rhine;
+today he places Namur on the German frontier, whereas that fortress is
+situated near the frontier of France. There are three fortresses in
+Belgium--Antwerp, Liege, and Namur. Antwerp is in the north, Liege in
+the east, and Namur in the south. Namur, being near the French
+frontier, could menace Germany only in case the Germans should have
+penetrated about one-third of Belgium. It is, in fact, a fortress
+against France.
+
+Nothing has been brought forward to show that, if Germany had not
+invaded Belgium, France or England would have done so. The exact
+contrary is clearly indicated by the documents.
+
+Dr. B. Dernburg cites a decision of the Supreme Court of the United
+States and attempts to apply it to the case of Germany's violation of
+Belgian neutrality and to justify Germany by the law of necessity. The
+example chosen (the Chinese question) does not involve massacres,
+bombardments, nor the burning of towns. It is not an analogous case.
+The following would be a closer analogy to Germany's action in regard
+to Belgium: A man pretending that he has been attacked in the street
+by a powerful enemy, claims that he is justified in killing an
+innocent person, if by doing so he can gain an advantage over his
+adversary.
+
+It would be difficult for any one to produce a decision of the Supreme
+Court justifying a crime on the plea that the perpetration of the
+crime was advantageous to the culprit who committed it.
+
+When a nation has to resort to such arguments to defend its actions it
+must realize that its case is desperate.
+
+Germany has converted smiling and peaceful Belgium into a land of
+sorrow, of mourning, and of ruins. There is not a family that does not
+mourn one of its dear ones. In the face of the indignation which has
+aroused the world, Germany, today, endeavors to refute the accusation
+which rises against her from so many tombs, and she endeavors to throw
+upon the innocent the terrible responsibility of her own crimes.
+
+It is not probable that this course of action will win back to Germany
+the sympathy which she has lost throughout the world.
+
+The foregoing documents show clearly that Belgium had made no
+agreement with England for attacking Germany, nor even an agreement
+for British military defense of Belgian neutrality.
+
+     [Having replied to the representations made in the German
+     indictment drawn by Dr. Dernburg, the Belgian authorities
+     proceeded to compile a pamphlet, the contents of which are
+     reproduced on the following pages, purporting to show from
+     original documents the manner of the German violation of
+     Belgium's neutralized territory.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE BIG AND THE GREAT
+
+By WILLIAM ARCHER.
+
+[From King Albert's Book.]
+
+     The Big and the Great
+       When they to History's judgment seat shall come,
+       Which will shine glorious in the eyes of men,
+     Huge Germany or heroic BELGIUM?
+       Which will be hailed Great, Wilhelm or ALBERT, then?
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     [The following title and article are reproduced from the
+     second pamphlet referred to in the letter from the Belgian
+     Legation at Washington to THE NEW YORK TIMES CURRENT
+     HISTORY, appearing on Page 1110.--EDITOR.]
+
+[BELGIAN LEGATION ARTICLE NO. 2.]
+
+"Why Belgium Was Devastated"
+
+"As Recorded in Proclamations of the German Commanders in Belgium"
+
+     "_Necessity knows no law_."
+
+     --BETHMANN-HOLLWEG.
+
+     "_The wrong that we are committing we will endeavor to
+     repair as soon as our military goal has been reached._"
+
+     --BETHMANN-HOLLWEG.
+
+
+EXTRACT FROM A PROCLAMATION TO THE MUNICIPAL AUTHORITIES OF THE CITY
+OF LIEGE.
+
+Aug. 22, 1914.
+
+The inhabitants of the town of Andenne, after having declared their
+peaceful intentions, have made a surprise attack on our troops.
+
+It is with my consent that the Commander in Chief has ordered the
+whole town to be burned and that about one hundred people have been
+shot.
+
+I bring this fact to the knowledge of the City of Liege, so that
+citizens of Liege may realize the fate with which they are menaced if
+they adopt a similar attitude.
+
+The General Commanding in Chief.
+(Signed) VON BUELOW.
+
+
+NOTICE POSTED AT NAMUR, AUGUST THE 25TH, 1914.
+
+(1) French and Belgian soldiers must be surrendered as prisoners of
+war at the prison before 4 o'clock. _Citizens who do not obey will be
+condemned to enforced labor for life in Germany._
+
+_A rigorous inspection of houses will begin at 4 o'clock. Every
+soldier found will be immediately shot._
+
+(2) Arms, powder, dynamite, must be surrendered at 4 o'clock. Penalty:
+death by shooting.
+
+The citizens who know where a store of arms is located must inform the
+Burgomaster, _under penalty of enforced labor for life_.
+
+(3) Each street will be occupied by a German guard who will take ten
+hostages in each street, whom they will keep in custody.
+
+If any outrage is committed in the street, _the ten hostages will be
+shot_.
+
+(4) Doors must not be locked, and at night after 8 o'clock three
+windows must be lighted in each house.
+
+(5) It is forbidden to remain in the street after 8 o'clock. The
+people of Namur must understand that there is no greater nor more
+horrible crime than to endanger the existence of the city and the life
+of its inhabitants by attacks upon the German Army.
+
+The Commandant of the City.
+(Signed) VON BUELOW.
+
+Namur, 25th of August, 1914. (Imprimerie Chantraine.)
+
+
+LETTER ADDRESSED ON AUG. 27, 1914, BY LIEUT. GEN. VON NIEBER TO THE
+BURGOMASTER OF WAVRE.
+
+On Aug. 22, 1914, the General commanding the Second Army, Herr von
+Buelow, imposed upon the City of Wavre a war levy of three million
+francs, to be paid before Sept. 1, as expiation for its unqualifiable
+behavior (contrary to the law of nations and the usages of war) in
+making a surprise attack on the German troops.
+
+The General in command of the Second Army has just given to the
+General commanding this station of the Second Army the order to send
+in without delay, this contribution which it should pay on account of
+its conduct.
+
+I order and command you to give to the bearer of the present letter
+the two first installments, that is to say, two million francs in
+gold.
+
+Furthermore, I require that you give the bearer a letter, duly sealed
+with the seal of the city, stating that the balance, that is to say,
+one million francs, will be paid, without fail, on the 1st of
+September.
+
+I draw the attention of the city to the fact that in no case can it
+count on further delay, as the civil population of the city has put
+itself outside the law of nations by firing on the German soldiers.
+
+_The City of Wavre will be burned and destroyed if the levy is not
+paid in due time, without regard for any one; the innocent will suffer
+with the guilty._
+
+
+PROCLAMATION POSTED AT GRIVEGNEE, Sept. 8, 1914.
+
+_Commune of Grivegnee.
+Very Important Notice._
+
+The Major Commandant Dieckmann, at the Chateau des Bruyeres, requests
+me to bring the following statement to the knowledge of the
+inhabitants:
+
+Dieckmann Battalion,
+Chateau des Bruyeres, Sept. 6, 1914.
+
+Present at the discussion:
+
+(1) The Cure Fryns of Bois de Breux.
+(2) The Cure Franssen of Beyne.
+(3) The Cure Lepropres of Heusay.
+(4) The Cure Paquay of Grivegnee.
+(5) The Burgomaster Dejardin of Beyne.
+(6) The Burgomaster Hodeige of Grivegnee.
+(7) Major Dieckmann.
+(8) Lieut. R. Reil.
+
+Major Dieckmann brought to the knowledge of the persons present the
+following orders:
+
+"(1) Before the 6th of September, 1914, at 4 o'clock in the afternoon,
+all arms, munitions, explosives, and fireworks which are still in the
+hands of the citizens must be surrendered at the Chateau des Bruyeres.
+_Those who do not obey will render themselves liable to the death
+penalty. They will be shot on the spot, or given military execution,
+unless they can prove their innocence._
+
+"(2) All inhabitants of houses in Beyne-Heusay, Grivegnee, Bois de
+Greux, and Fleron must remain at home after sunset, (at present 7
+o'clock P.M., German time.) The aforesaid houses must be lighted as
+long as any one remains up. The entrance door must be shut. Those who
+do not conform to the regulations expose themselves to severe
+penalties. Any resistance to these orders will be followed by sentence
+of death.
+
+"(3) The Commandant should meet no opposition whatever in these
+domiciliary visits. Each inhabitant must open all the rooms of his
+house without even a summons. Whoever makes any opposition will be
+severely punished.
+
+"(4) Beginning Sept. 7, at 9 o'clock in the morning, I will permit the
+houses of Beyne-Heusay, Grivegnee, Bois de Breux, to be occupied by
+persons formerly dwelling in them as long as no formal prohibition to
+frequent these places shall have been issued against the inhabitants
+above referred to.
+
+"(5) In order to be sure that this permission is not abused, the
+Burgomasters of Beyne-Heusay and of Grivegnee shall immediately draw
+up a list of persons who shall be held as hostages, at the fort of
+Fleron, in twenty-four-hour shifts; on Sept. 6, for the first time,
+from 6 o'clock in the evening until midday, Sept. 7.
+
+"_The life of these hostages will depend upon the population of the
+aforesaid communes remaining pacific under all circumstances._
+
+"During the night it is strictly prohibited to make any luminous
+signal whatever. The circulation of bicycles is only allowed from 7
+A.M. until 5 P.M., German time.
+
+"(6) I will designate from the lists submitted to me the persons who
+will be detained as hostages from noon of one day to noon of the next
+day. If the substitute does not arrive in time, the hostage will
+remain another twenty-four hours. _After this second period of
+twenty-four hours, the hostage incurs the penalty of death if the
+substitution is not made._
+
+"(7) Hostages will be chosen, primarily, from among priests,
+Burgomasters, and other members of the civic administration.
+
+"(8) I demand that all civilians living in the vicinity, especially in
+Beyne-Heusay, Fleron, Bois de Breux, and Grivegnee, shall show
+deference toward the German officers by taking off their hats and by
+carrying the hand to the head in military salute. In case of doubt,
+every German soldier must be saluted. If any one refuses to do so, he
+must expect the German soldiers to make themselves respected by any
+means they may select.
+
+"(9) The German soldiers have the right to visit any wagon or package
+belonging to the inhabitants of the surrounding country. Any
+opposition will be severely punished.
+
+"(10) _Any one knowing of the location of a store of more than one
+hundred litres of petroleum, benzine, benzol, or other similar liquids
+in the aforesaid communes, and who does not report same to the
+military commander on the spot, incurs the penalty of death, provided
+there is no doubt about the quantity and the location of the store.
+Quantities of 100 litres are alone referred to._
+
+"(11) Any one who does not instantly obey the command of 'hands up'
+becomes guilty (sic) of the death penalty.
+
+"(12) _The entrance to the Chateau des Bruyeres_ and to the park _is
+prohibited under the penalty of death_ from dark till dawn, (6 P.M. to
+6 A.M., German time,) to all who are not soldiers of the German Army.
+
+"(13) During daytime entrance to the Chateau des Bruyeres is allowed
+only by the northeast entrance, where there is a guard, and only to
+the people to whom cards of admission have been given. Any gathering
+near the guard is prohibited in the interest of the population.
+
+"(14) Any one who by spreading false news prejudicial to the morale of
+the German troops or who by any means tries to take measures against
+the German Army renders himself a suspect and incurs the risk of
+being shot immediately.
+
+"(15) Whereas by the above regulations the inhabitants in the vicinity
+of the fortress are threatened with severe penalties if they violate
+these regulations in any way, on the other hand these same
+inhabitants, if they remain peaceful, may rely upon the most
+benevolent protection and help on all occasions when wrong is done
+them.
+
+"(16) The requisition of cattle in specified quantities will take
+place daily from 10 A.M. until noon and from 2 P.M. to 3 P.M. at the
+Chateau des Bruyeres before the Cattle Commission.
+
+"(17) Any one who under the protection of the insignia of the Swiss
+(Red Cross) Convention harms, or even tries to harm, the German Army
+and is discovered shall be hung."
+
+(Signed) DIECKMANN,
+Major in Command.
+
+Grivegnee, Sept. 8, 1914.
+
+For certified copy: The Burgomaster,
+(Signed) VICTOR HODEIGE.
+
+
+SUMMONS TO CAPITULATE.
+
+Sept. 4, 1914.
+
+To the Commander of Termonde and, at the same time, to the Burgomaster
+of Termonde:
+
+The Germans have taken Termonde. We have placed the heaviest siege
+artillery all around the town. Still, at the present time, one dares
+shoot from houses upon German soldiers. The town and the fortress are
+summoned to hoist immediately the white flag and to stop fighting. If
+you do not yield to this summons immediately the town will be razed to
+the ground within a quarter of an hour by a heavy bombardment. All the
+armed forces of Termonde will immediately lay down their arms at the
+Porte de Bruxelles (Brussels Gate) at the south exit from Termonde.
+Arms held by the inhabitants will be deposited at the same time and at
+the same place.
+
+The General Commanding the German Forces Before Termonde,
+(Signed) VON BOEHN.
+
+
+PROCLAMATION POSTED IN BRUSSELS SEPT. 25, 1914.
+
+General Government in Belgium.
+
+It has happened recently in some places which are not at the present
+time occupied by strong forces of German troops, military convoys or
+patrolling parties have been attacked by surprise by the inhabitants.
+
+I draw the attention of the public to the fact that _a record_ is kept
+of the towns and villages in the vicinity in which such attacks have
+taken place and that they must expect their punishment as soon as
+German troops pass near by.
+
+The Governor General of Belgium,
+(Signed) BARON VON DER GOLTZ,
+Field Marshal.
+
+Brussels, 25th September.
+
+
+NOTICE POSTED AT BRUSSELS OCT. 5, 1914, AND PRESUMABLY IN MOST OF THE
+COMMUNES IN THE COUNTRY.
+
+On the evening of Sept. 25 the railway and telegraph lines were
+destroyed on the Lovenjoul-Vertryck line.
+
+Consequently the two above-mentioned places on the morning of Sept. 30
+had to give an account and to furnish hostages.
+
+In the future the communities in the vicinity of a place where such
+things happen (_no matter whether or not they are accomplices_) will
+be punished without mercy.
+
+To this end hostages have been taken from all places in the vicinity
+of railroad lines menaced by such attacks, and at the first attempt to
+destroy the railroad tracks or the telegraph or telephone wires they
+will be immediately shot.
+
+Furthermore, all troops in charge of the protection of the railroad
+lines have received orders to shoot any person approaching in a
+suspicious manner the railroad tracks or the telegraph or telephone
+lines.
+
+The Governor General of Belgium,
+(Signed) BARON VON DER GOLTZ,
+Field Marshal.
+
+
+NOTICE POSTED AT BRUSSELS, NOV. 1, 1914.
+
+A legally constituted court-martial has pronounced, the 28th of
+October, 1914, the following condemnations:
+
+"(1) Upon Policeman de Ryckere for attacking, in the exercise of his
+legal functions, an agent vested with German authority, for willfully
+inflicting bodily injury on two occasions in concert with other
+persons, for facilitating the escape of a prisoner on one occasion,
+and for attacking a German soldier--_Five years' imprisonment_.
+
+"(2) Upon Policeman Seghers for attacking, in the exercise of his
+legal functions, an agent vested with German authority, for willfully
+inflicting bodily injury upon said German agent, and for facilitating
+the escape of a prisoner (all these offenses constituting a single
+act)--_Three years' imprisonment_."
+
+These sentences have been confirmed by Gov. Gen. Baron von der Goltz
+on Oct. 31, 1914.
+
+The City of Brussels, excluding suburbs, has been punished for the
+crime committed by its policeman de Ryckere against a German soldier
+by an additional fine of 5,000,000 francs.
+
+The Governor of Brussels,
+(Signed) BARON VON LUETTWITZ,
+General.
+
+Brussels, Nov. 1, 1914.
+
+
+EXTRACT FROM THE SIXTH REPORT OF THE BELGIUM COMMISSION OF INQUIRY.
+
+After such proclamations, who will be surprised at the murders,
+burnings, pillage, and destruction committed by the German Army
+wherever they have met with resistance?
+
+If a German corps or patrolling party is received at the entrance to a
+village by a volley from soldiers of the regular troops who are
+afterward forced to retire the whole population is held responsible.
+The civilians are accused of having fired or having co-operated in the
+defense and, without inquiry, the place is given over to pillage and
+flames, and a part of the inhabitants are massacred.
+
+The Commission of Inquiry has already mentioned these facts in its
+report of Sept. 10, (third report.)
+
+The facts which have been gathered since then have confirmed its
+conclusions.
+
+The odious acts which have been committed in all parts of the country
+have a general character, throwing the responsibility upon the whole
+German Army. It is simply the application of a preconceived
+system--the carrying out of instructions--which has made of the
+enemy's troops in Belgium "a horde of barbarians and a band of
+incendiaries."
+
+The reports which the commission has had the honor of submitting to
+you up to the present, Mr. Minister, concern especially events of
+which the towns of Aerschot and Louvain and the communes in the
+Provinces of Antwerp and Brabant have been the theatre. New reports
+will be sent you shortly which will permit you to take cognizance of
+the gravity of acts committed by the invaders in other parts of the
+country, notably in the Provinces of Liege, Namur, Hainault, and
+Flanders.
+
+The President,
+(Signed) COOREMAN.
+
+The Vice President,
+(Signed) COUNT GOBLET D'ALVIELLA.
+
+The Secretaries,
+(Signed) CHEVALIER ERNEST DE BUNSWYCK,
+(Signed) ORTS.
+
+
+
+
+"FROM THE BODY OF THIS DEATH"
+
+By SIDNEY LOW.
+
+[From King Albert's Book.]
+
+     She is not dead! Although the spoiler's hand
+       Lies heavy as death upon her; though the smart
+       Of his accursed steel is at her heart,
+     And scarred upon her breast his shameful brand;
+     Though yet the torches of the vandal band
+       Smoke on her ruined fields, her trampled bones,
+       Her ravaged homes and desolated fanes,
+     She is not dead but sleeping, that wronged land.
+
+     O little nation, valorous and free,
+       Thou shalt o'erlive the terror and the pain;
+     Call back thy scattered children unto thee,
+       Strong with the memory of their brothers slain,
+     And rise from out thy charnel-house, to be
+       Thine own immortal, radiant self again.
+
+
+[Illustration: H.I.M. AUGUSTA VICTORIA
+
+The Most Recent Photograph of the German Empress.
+
+(_Photo from American Press Association._)]
+
+[Illustration: A WAR-TIME PICTURE OF THE KAISER
+
+The Effects of the Stress of War Are Noticeable in This Photograph of
+the War Lord, Taken in His Winter Campaign Uniform.
+
+(_Photo from Underwood & Underwood._)]
+
+
+
+
+"A Scrap of Paper"
+
+Recent Versions of the German Chancellor's Reference to the Belgian
+Treaty of Neutrality[2]
+
+By Chancellor von Bethmann-Hollweg and Sir Edward Grey.
+
+[Footnote 2: The report of Sir Edward Goschen, British Ambassador to
+Berlin, on the severance of diplomatic connections between England and
+Germany, was published by the British Foreign Office as a "White
+Paper" on Aug. 27, 1914. Sir Edward said that in pursuance of
+instructions from Downing Street, he went on Aug. 3 to see Gottlieb
+von Jagow, the German Foreign Minister, and asked if Germany would
+promise to respect Belgian neutrality. Herr von Jagow replied that it
+was too late, as German troops had already crossed the Belgian border,
+and explained the military necessity of this step.
+
+After remonstrance, Sir Edward withdrew, but made another visit the
+same afternoon and warned von Jagow that unless the German Government
+at once withdrew its troops from Belgian soil he must demand his
+passports. Herr von Jagow repeated that withdrawal was impossible;
+and, seeing that war was now certain, expressed his deep regret at the
+failure of the policy by which he and the Chancellor, Dr. von
+Bethmann-Hollweg, had been trying to get into more friendly relations
+with England and through her with France.
+
+The Ambassador, after mutual expressions of personal regard, withdrew
+and visited the Imperial Chancellor, who, according to Sir Edward's
+story, "began a harangue, which lasted about twenty minutes. Just for
+a word, 'neutrality'--a word which in war was so often disregarded--just
+for a scrap of paper, Great Britain was going to make war on a kindred
+nation. The policy to which he had devoted himself had tumbled like a
+house of cards. What Great Britain had done was unthinkable--it was
+like striking a man in the back when he was fighting for his life
+against two assailants."
+
+Sir Edward said that he protested strongly against this and told the
+Chancellor that, while an advance through Belgium might be a matter of
+life and death for Germany, the defense of Belgian neutrality, in
+compliance with her solemn engagement, was a matter of life and death
+for the honor of Great Britain.
+
+"The Chancellor said," Sir Edward continued: "'But at what a price
+will that compact have been kept! Has the British Government thought
+of that?' I hinted to his Excellency as plainly as I could that fear
+of consequences could hardly be regarded as an excuse for breaking a
+solemn engagement. But his Excellency was so excited, so little
+disposed to hear reason, so evidently overcome by the news of our
+action, that I refrained from adding fuel to the flame by further
+argument."]
+
+
+I.
+
+General Field Headquarters of the German Armies in France, via Berlin
+and London, Jan. 24.--"I am surprised to learn that my phrase, 'a
+scrap of paper,' which I used in my last conversation with the British
+Ambassador in reference to the Belgian neutrality treaty, should have
+caused such an unfavorable impression in the United States. The
+expression was used in quite another connection and the meaning
+implied in Sir Edward Goschen's report and the turn given to it in the
+biased comment of our enemies are undoubtedly responsible for this
+impression."
+
+The speaker was Dr. Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg, the German Imperial
+Chancellor, and the conversation with a representative of The
+Associated Press occurred at the German Army Field Headquarters, in a
+town of Northern France, and in a villa serving as the office and
+dwelling for the Imperial Chancellor, for the Foreign Minister,
+Gottlieb von Jagow, and for the members of the diplomatic suite
+accompanying Emperor William afield.
+
+The Chancellor apparently had not relished the subject until his
+attention was called to the extent to which the phrase had been used
+in discussion on the responsibility of the war. He then volunteered to
+give an explanation of his meaning, which in substance was that he had
+spoken of the treaty not as "a scrap of paper" for Germany, but as an
+instrument which had become obsolete through Belgium's forfeiture of
+its neutrality, and that Great Britain had quite other reasons for
+entering into the war, compared with which the neutrality treaty
+appeared to have only the value of a scrap of paper.
+
+"My conversation with Sir Edward Goschen," said the Chancellor,
+"occurred Aug. 4. I had just declared in the Reichstag that only dire
+necessity and only the struggle for existence compelled Germany to
+march through Belgium, but that Germany was ready to make compensation
+for the wrong committed.
+
+"When I spoke I already had certain indications, but no absolute proof
+upon which to base a public accusation, that Belgium long before had
+abandoned its neutrality in its relations with England. Nevertheless,
+I took Germany's responsibilities toward the neutral State so
+seriously that I spoke frankly of the wrong committed by Germany.
+
+"What was the British attitude on the same question?" continued the
+Chancellor. "The day before my conversation with Ambassador Goschen,
+Sir Edward Grey had delivered his well-known speech in Parliament, in
+which, while he had not stated expressly that England would take part
+in the war, he had left the matter in little doubt.
+
+"One needs only to read this speech through carefully to learn the
+reason for England's intervention in the war. Amid all his beautiful
+phrases about England's honor and England's obligations we find it
+over and over again expressed that England's interests--its own
+interests--call for participation in the war, for it is not in
+England's interests that a victorious and therefore stronger Germany
+should emerge from the war.
+
+"This old principle of England policy--to take as the sole criterion
+of its actions its private interests regardless of right, reason, or
+considerations of humanity--is expressed in that speech of Gladstone's
+in 1870 on Belgian neutrality, from which Sir Edward quoted.
+
+"Mr. Gladstone then declared that he was unable to subscribe to the
+doctrine that the simple fact of the existence of a guarantee is
+binding on every party thereto, irrespective altogether of the
+particular position in which it may find itself at a time when the
+occasion for action on the guarantee arrives; and he referred to such
+English statesmen as Aberdeen and Palmerston as supporters of his
+views.
+
+"England drew the sword," continued the Chancellor, "only because it
+believed its own interests demanded it. Just for Belgian neutrality it
+would never have entered the war.
+
+"That is what I meant when I told Sir Edward Goschen in that last
+interview, when we sat down to talk the matter over privately as man
+to man, that among the reasons which had impelled England to go into
+the war the Belgian neutrality treaty had for her only the value of a
+scrap of paper.
+
+"I may have been a bit excited and aroused," said the Chancellor. "Who
+would not have been at seeing the hopes and the work of the whole
+period of my Chancellorship going for nought? I recalled to the
+Ambassador my efforts for years to bring about an understanding
+between England and Germany; an understanding which, I reminded him,
+would have made a general European war impossible, and which
+absolutely would have guaranteed the peace of Europe.
+
+"Such an understanding," the Chancellor interjected parenthetically,
+"would have formed the basis on which we could have approached the
+United States as a third partner; but England had not taken up this
+plan, and through its entry into the war had destroyed forever the
+hope of its fulfillment.
+
+"In comparison with such momentous consequences was the treaty not a
+scrap of paper? England ought really to cease harping on this theme of
+Belgian neutrality," said the Chancellor. "Documents on the
+Anglo-Belgian military agreement which we have found in the meantime
+show plainly enough how England regarded this neutrality. As you know,
+we found in the archives of the Belgian Foreign Office documents which
+showed that England in 1911 was determined to throw troops into
+Belgium without the assent of the Belgian Government if war had then
+broken out--in other words, to do exactly the same thing for which,
+with all the pathos of virtuous indignation, it now reproaches
+Germany.
+
+"In some later dispatch Sir Edward Grey, I believe, informed Belgium
+that he did not believe England would take such a step because he did
+not think English public opinion would justify that action. And still
+people in the United States wonder that I characterized as a scrap of
+paper the treaty whose observance, according to responsible British
+statesmen, should be dependent on the pleasure of British public
+opinion--a treaty which England itself had long since undermined with
+its military agreements with Belgium!
+
+"Remember, too, that Sir Edward Grey expressly refused to assure us of
+England's neutrality even in the event that Germany respected Belgian
+neutrality.
+
+"I can understand, therefore, the English displeasure at my
+characterization of the Treaty of 1839 as a scrap of paper, for this
+scrap of paper was for England extremely valuable, furnishing an
+excuse before the world for embarking in the war.
+
+"I hope, however, that in the United States you will see clearly
+enough that England in this matter, too, acted solely on the principle
+of 'right or wrong, my interest.'"
+
+The Chancellor during the conversation had twice risen to take a few
+impatient steps about the room. He spoke calmly enough, but with an
+undercurrent of deep feeling, particularly when he mentioned his
+efforts for an understanding with England and the world peace which he
+had hoped would come from them based on an agreement between Great
+Britain, Germany, and the United States, and with a note of thorough
+conviction as to the justice of the German position toward Belgium.
+
+
+II.
+
+SIR EDWARD GREY'S REPLY.
+
+London, Jan. 26.--Sir Edward Grey, the British Secretary of State for
+Foreign Affairs, today authorized the following statement in reply to
+an interview obtained with Dr. von Bethmann-Hollweg, the German
+Imperial Chancellor, by a representative of The Associated Press and
+published in London on Jan. 26 and in the United States on Jan. 25:
+
+"The Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs authorizes the publication
+of the following observations upon the report of an interview recently
+granted by the German Chancellor to an American correspondent. It is
+not surprising that the German Chancellor should show anxiety to
+explain away his now historic phrase about a treaty being a mere
+'scrap of paper.'
+
+"The phrase has made a deep impression because the progress of the
+world largely depends upon the sanctity of agreements between
+individuals and between nations, and the policy disclosed in Herr von
+Bethmann-Hollweg's phrase tends to debase the legal and moral currency
+of civilization.
+
+"What the German Chancellor said was that Great Britain in requiring
+Germany to respect the neutrality of Belgium 'was going to make war
+just for a word, just for a scrap of paper'--that is, that Great
+Britain was making a mountain out of a molehill. He now asks the
+American public to believe that he meant the exact opposite of what he
+said; that it was Great Britain who really regarded the neutrality of
+Belgium as a mere trifle, and that it was Germany who 'took her
+responsibilities toward the neutral States so seriously.'
+
+"The arguments by which Herr von Bethmann-Hollweg seeks to establish
+the two sides of this case are in flat contradiction of the plain
+facts.
+
+"First, the German Chancellor alleges that 'England in 1911 was
+determined to throw troops into Belgium without the assent of the
+Belgian Government.' This allegation is absolutely false. It is based
+upon certain documents found in Brussels which record conversations
+between British and Belgian officers in 1906, and again in 1911.
+
+"The fact that there is no note of these conversations at the British
+War Office or the Foreign Office shows that they were of a purely
+informal character and that no military agreement of any sort was at
+either time made between the two Governments. Before any conversations
+took place between the British and the Belgian officers it was
+expressly laid down on the British side that discussion of the
+military possibilities was to be addressed to the manner in which, in
+case of need, British assistance could be most effectually afforded to
+Belgium for the defense of her neutrality, and on the Belgian side a
+marginal note upon the record explains that 'the entry of the English
+into Belgium would only take place after the violation of our
+(Belgium's) neutrality by Germany.'
+
+"As regards the conversation of 1911, the Belgian officer said to the
+British officer: 'You could only land in our country with our
+consent'; and in 1913 Sir Edward Grey gave the Belgian Government a
+categorical assurance that no British Government would violate the
+neutrality of Belgium and that 'so long as it was not violated by any
+other power we should certainly not send troops ourselves into their
+territory.'
+
+"The Chancellor's method of misusing documents may be illustrated in
+this connection. He represents Sir Edward Grey as saying, 'he did not
+believe England would take such a step because he did not think
+English public opinion would justify such action.'
+
+"What Sir Edward Grey actually wrote was: 'I said that I was sure
+that this Government would not be the first to violate the neutrality
+of Belgium, and I did not believe that any British Government would be
+the first to do so, nor would public opinion here ever approve of it.'
+
+"If the German Chancellor wishes to know why there were conversations
+on military subjects between British and Belgian officers he may find
+one reason in a fact well known to him--namely, that Germany was
+establishing an elaborate network of strategical railways leading from
+the Rhine to the Belgian frontier through a barren, thinly populated
+tract. The railways were deliberately constructed to permit of a
+sudden attack upon Belgium, such as was carried out in August last.
+
+"This fact alone was enough to justify any communications between
+Belgium and the other powers on the footing that there would be no
+violation of Belgian neutrality, unless it was previously violated by
+another power. On no other footing did Belgium ever have any such
+communications.
+
+"In spite of these facts the German Chancellor speaks of Belgium as
+having thereby 'abandoned and forfeited' her neutrality, and he
+implies that he would not have spoken of the German invasion as a
+'wrong' had he then known of the conversations of 1906 and 1911.
+
+"It would seem to follow that according to Herr von Bethmann-Hollweg's
+code wrong becomes right if the party which is to be the subject of
+the wrong foresees the possibility and makes preparations to resist
+it.
+
+"Those who are content with older and more generally accepted
+standards are likely to agree rather with what Cardinal Mercier said
+in his pastoral letter: 'Belgium was bound in honor to defend her own
+independence. She kept her oath. The other powers were bound to
+respect and to protect her neutrality. Germany violated her oath.
+England kept hers. These are the facts.'
+
+"In the second part of the German Chancellor's thesis, namely, that
+Germany 'took her responsibilities toward the neutral States
+seriously,' he alleges nothing except that 'he spoke frankly of the
+wrong committed by Germany' in invading Belgium.
+
+"That a man knows the right while doing the wrong is not usually
+accepted as proof of his serious conscientiousness. The real nature of
+Germany's view of her 'responsibilities toward the neutral States'
+may, however, be learned on authority which cannot be disputed by
+reference to the English 'White Paper.'
+
+"If those responsibilities were in truth taken seriously why, when
+Germany was asked to respect the neutrality of Belgium if it were
+respected by France, did Germany refuse? France, when asked the
+corresponding question at the same time, agreed. This would have
+guaranteed Germany from all danger of attack through Belgium.
+
+"The reason of Germany's refusal was given by Herr von
+Bethmann-Hollweg's colleague, (the German Foreign Secretary, Herr von
+Jagow.) It may be paraphrased in the well-known gloss upon
+Shakespeare: 'Thrice is he armed that hath his quarrel just, but four
+times he that gets his blow in fust.'
+
+"'They had to advance into France,' said Herr von Jagow, 'by the
+quickest and easiest way so as to be able to get well ahead with their
+operations and endeavor to strike some decisive blow as early as
+possible.'
+
+"Germany's real attitude toward Belgium was thus frankly given by the
+German Foreign Secretary to the British Ambassador, and the German
+Chancellor in his speech to the Reichstag claimed the right to commit
+a wrong in virtue of the military necessity of hacking his way
+through. The treaty which forbade the wrong was by comparison a mere
+scrap of paper.
+
+"The truth was spoken in these first statements by the two German
+Ministers. All the apologies and arguments which have since been
+forthcoming are afterthoughts to excuse and explain away a flagrant
+wrong. Moreover, all the attacks upon Great Britain in regard to this
+matter and all talk about 'responsibilities toward neutral States'
+come badly from the man who, on July 29, asked Great Britain to enter
+into a bargain to condone the violation of the neutrality of Belgium.
+
+"The German Chancellor spoke to the American correspondent of his
+'efforts for years to bring about an understanding between England and
+Germany.' An understanding, he added, which would have 'absolutely
+guaranteed the peace of Europe.'
+
+"He omitted to mention what Mr. Asquith made public in his speech at
+Cardiff,[3] that Germany required as the price of an understanding an
+unconditional pledge of England's neutrality. The British Government
+were ready to bind themselves not to be parties to any aggression
+against Germany. They were not prepared to pledge their neutrality in
+case of aggression by Germany.
+
+[Footnote 3: In his address at Cardiff, appearing in Vol. 1, No. 2, of
+THE NEW YORK TIMES CURRENT HISTORY, Premier Asquith said:
+
+     In a communication to the German Government in 1912
+     regarding her future policy Great Britain declared that she
+     would neither make nor join in any unprovoked attack upon
+     Germany. But that was not enough for German statesmanship.
+
+     Germany wanted us to go further and pledge ourselves to
+     absolute neutrality in the event of Germany being engaged in
+     war. To that demand there was but one answer, and that was
+     the answer which the Government gave.]
+
+"An Anglo-German understanding on the latter terms would not have
+meant an absolute guarantee for the peace of Europe, but it would have
+meant an absolutely free hand for Germany, so far as England was
+concerned, for Germany to break the peace of Europe.
+
+"The Chancellor says that in his conversation with the British
+Ambassador in August last he 'may have been a bit excited at seeing
+the hopes and work of the whole period of his Chancellorship going for
+nought.'
+
+"Considering that at the date of the conversation, Aug. 4, Germany had
+already made war on France, the natural conclusion is that the
+shipwreck of the Chancellor's hopes consisted not in a European war,
+but in the fact that England had not agreed to stand out of it.
+
+"The sincerity of the German Chancellor's professions to the American
+correspondent may be brought to a very simple test, the application of
+which is more apposite because it serves to recall one of the leading
+facts which produced the present war.
+
+"Herr von Bethmann-Hollweg refused the proposal which England put
+forward and in which France, Italy, and Russia concurred, for a
+conference at which the dispute would have been settled on fair and
+honorable terms without war. If he really wished to work with England
+for peace why did he not accept that proposal? He must have known
+after the Balkan conference in London that England could be trusted to
+play fair. Herr von Jagow had given testimony in the Reichstag to
+England's good faith in those negotiations.
+
+"The proposal for the second conference between the powers was made by
+Sir Edward Grey with the same straightforward desire for peace as in
+1912 and 1913. The German Chancellor rejected this means of averting
+the war. He who does not will the means must not complain if the
+conclusion is drawn that he did not will the end.
+
+"The second part of the interview with an American newspaper
+correspondent consists of a discourse upon the ethics of the war. The
+things which Germany has done in Belgium and France have been placed
+on record by those who have suffered from them and who know them at
+first hand. After this it does not lie with the German Chancellor to
+read to the other belligerents a lecture upon the conduct of the
+war."
+
+
+
+
+THE KAISER AT DONCHERY.
+
+[By The Associated Press.]
+
+
+Berlin, Jan. 29, (via London.)--The Lokalanzeiger has published some
+further accounts of the visit of Dr. Ludwig Ganghofer, the author, to
+Emperor William at the German Field Headquarters. It tells of a trip
+made by the Emperor and Dr. Ganghofer to Donchery, in the region of
+the Sedan battlefield. Here the Emperor, in speaking of the unity of
+the German people, is quoted as saying to Dr. Ganghofer: "It is my
+greatest pleasure that I could live to see it."
+
+The Emperor pointed out to the author where his father had stood at
+Sedan, where Napoleon and Bismarck met, and other historic spots.
+
+The trip by automobile finally brought the party to the headquarters
+of Crown Prince Frederick William, where, after luncheon had been
+eaten, the Emperor turned smiling to his son and said:
+
+"One gets better things to eat at your headquarters than at mine. I
+shall consider whether I shall not requisition your cook."
+
+The Emperor here had an opportunity to see a thousand French prisoners
+march by. He was greatly pleased when some of them doffed their caps
+to him and he returned their salute. During this review he turned to a
+photographer who was taking pictures, and said:
+
+"Photograph the prisoners and not always me."
+
+The party later climbed a steep ascent to get a view of the
+surrounding region. When descending, Dr. Ganghofer slipped, but the
+Emperor quickly grasped him by the arm and saved him from a fall,
+saying at the same time:
+
+"Soldiers and citizens must help each other all they can."
+
+
+
+
+HAIL!
+
+A HYMN TO BELGIUM
+
+POEM BY
+
+JOHN GALSWORTHY
+
+MUSIC BY
+
+FREDERIC H. COWEN.
+
+(_From King Albert's Book._)
+
+[Music illustration:
+
+     1. Men of Belgium! Honour's own!
+     Ye who saved the Holy Grail,
+     Ye who died for Freedom's Crown,
+     Hail, ye brave, for ever hail!
+
+     2. Wives of Belgium! who to Death
+     Paid the toll of Mother's wail,
+     Bound with widowed sorrow's wreath
+     The brows of Death, ye dear saints: hail!
+
+     3. Maids of Belgium! ye who gazed
+     At worse than sullen Death, and pale
+     In terror, yet with eyes undazed,
+     Smiled on at Hope--ye sweethearts--Hail!
+     Maids of Belgium! Sweethearts, Hail!
+
+     4. Land of Belgium! earth and sky
+     For evermore shall tell thy tale.
+     The morning comes! Thou shalt not die!
+     Hail! Thou Sad Immortal: Hail!
+     Hail! Thou Sad Immortal: Hail!
+
+N.B.--If it is desired to sing this as a simple Hymn, the Melody of
+the 3rd verse should be omitted and the words sung to the opening
+eight bars, as in the 1st and 2nd verses]
+
+
+
+
+Holland's Future
+
+By H.G. Wells.
+
+(_Copyright by The New York Times Company._)
+
+     The article which follows was written by H.G. Wells for
+     publication in England. The British censor, however, refused
+     to permit its appearance there, and thus it was printed in
+     the United States for the first time by THE NEW YORK TIMES
+     on Feb. 7, 1915. In the development of his argument Mr.
+     Wells points out that "the Dutch hold a sword at the back of
+     Germany." That Holland has no intention of sheathing this
+     sword, so removing a menace from Germany, is indicated by
+     the recent cable from The Hague telling of the message sent
+     by the Government to the Second Chamber of the Legislature
+     dealing with pending legislation to prolong the term of
+     enlistment in the regular army, in which this language is
+     used: "The position of our country demands today, as it did
+     in August, that our entire military force should be at all
+     times available."
+
+
+What changes for Holland are likely to result from the present war?
+
+Let me, as an irresponsible journalist, try to estimate them, and try
+to forecast what Holland is likely to do in the next few months. I do
+not want for a moment to suggest what Dutchmen ought to do; this
+preaching to highly intelligent neutrals is not a writer's business,
+but I want to imagine how things must look in the private mind of a
+wary patriotic Hollander, and to guess what may be the outcome.
+Because in many ways Holland does seem to hold the key to the present
+situation.
+
+It is clear that whatever fears may have been felt for the integrity
+of Holland at the beginning of the war must now be very much abated.
+The risk of Germany attacking Holland diminishes with each day of
+German failure, and the whole case and righteousness of the Allies
+rests upon their respect for Holland. Holland's position as regards
+Germany now is extraordinarily strong materially, and as regards the
+Allies it is overwhelmingly strong morally. She has behaved patiently
+and sanely through a trying crisis. She has endured much almost
+inevitable provocation and temptation with dignity and honesty. Were
+she now subjected to any German outrage she could strike with her
+excellent army of 400,000 men at Aix-la-Chapelle, and turn repulse
+into rapid disaster.
+
+That is the interesting thing about the Dutch position now. The Dutch
+hold a sword at the back of Germany. Were they to come into the war on
+the German side, they would, no doubt, provide a most effective but
+certainly not a decisive reinforcement to the German western front,
+but they would also lay open a convenient way for the Allies to the
+vital part of Germany, Westphalia. But were they to come in on the
+side of the Allies they would at once deliver a conclusive blow. They
+could cut the main communications of the German army in Flanders, they
+could round up and assist to capture a very large portion of the
+German western forces, and they could open the road not only to attack
+but to turn the Rhine defenses. In fact, they could finish Germany.
+
+This situation is already fairly obvious; I betray no strategic
+secret; it must become manifest to every Dutchman before many more
+weeks. One has but to look at the map. Every day now diminishes the
+possibility of Germany being able to make any effective
+counterattack, any Belgian destruction, in Holland, and every day
+increases the weight of the blow that Holland may deliver. What are
+the chances that Holland may not ultimately realize to the full the
+possibilities of that blow and join the Allies?
+
+Against her doing so is the consideration that she is doing very well
+as she is. She keeps her freedom. Practically the Allies fight to
+secure it for her. The dread of Germanization which has hung over
+Holland for forty years seems to recede.
+
+And, of course, as a secondary restraining force there is the
+reasonable fear of devastation. The "good German" vindictiveness might
+make one last supreme effort.
+
+But, on the other hand, is she really doing as well as it seems?
+Unless she intervenes this war will probably last for another full
+year. She wants it to end. It is a terrible oppression. Her army must
+remain mobilized, even if it does not fight. Her trade stagnates. She
+is incumbered by refugees. What if she struck to end the war and get
+the tension over? Not now, perhaps, but presently. Simultaneously with
+the Franco-British counter-stroke that now draws near.
+
+And what if she struck also for a hatred of what has happened to
+Belgium? Suppose the Dutch are not so much frightened by the horrible
+example of Belgium as indignant. My impression of the Dutch--and we
+English know something of the Dutch spirit--is that they are a people
+not easily cowed. Suppose that they have not only a reasonable fear
+but a reasonable hatred of "frightfulness." Suppose that an
+intelligent fellow-feeling for a small nation has filled them with a
+desire to give Germany a lesson. There, it may be, is a second reason
+why Holland should come in.
+
+And by coming in, there is something more than the mere termination of
+a strain and the vindication of international righteousness to
+consider. There is the possibility, and not only the possibility but
+the possible need, that Holland should come out of this world war
+aggrandized. I want to lay stress upon that, because it may prove a
+decisive factor in this matter.
+
+The Dutch desire aggrandizement for the sake of aggrandizement as
+little as any nation in Europe. But what if the path of aggrandizement
+be also the path of safety?
+
+It is clear that both France and Belgium will demand and receive
+territorial compensation for these last months of horror. It is
+ridiculous to suppose that the Germans may fling war in its most
+atrocious and filthy form over Belgium and some of the sweetest parts
+of France without paying bitterly and abundantly for the freak.
+
+Quite apart from indemnities, France and Belgium must push forward
+their boundaries so far that if ever Germany tries another rush she
+will have to rush for some days through her own lost lands. The only
+tolerable frontier against Germans is a day's march deep in Germany.
+Of course, Liege will have to be covered in the future by Belgian
+annexations in the Aix region and stretching toward Cologne, and
+France will go to the Rhine. I think Belgium as well as France will be
+forced to go to the Rhine.
+
+It is no good talking now of buffer States, because the German
+conscience cannot respect them. Buffer States are just anvil States.
+At any rate, very considerable annexations of German territory by
+Belgium and France are now inevitable, and Holland must expect a much
+larger and stronger Belgium to the south of her, allied firmly to
+France and England.
+
+And to the north is it very likely that the British will be able to
+tolerate the continued German possession of the Frisian Islands? These
+islands, and the coast of East Friesland, have had but one use in
+German hands, and that use has been the preparation of attacks on
+England. Clearly the British may decide to have no more of such
+attacks. Every advance in scientific warfare may make them more
+dangerous and exasperating. The British intend soberly and sanely to
+do their utmost to make a repetition of the present war impossible. To
+secure this they may find it necessary to have Germany out of the
+North Sea. But they have no desire whatever to take either the Frisian
+Islands or East Friesland, if Holland will save them that trouble.
+
+Now, suppose the Dutch will not think of this now. Suppose, for the
+want of their aid, the Allies are unable to press the war to the
+complete regimentation of Germany, what will be the position of
+Holland in twenty years' time?
+
+[Illustration: [map]]
+
+She will stand between England and Germany. A Germany incompletely
+beaten means an Anglophobe Germany. Belgium and France expanded,
+recuperated, allied, linked by a common literature and language, may
+be too formidable for another German attack. So that there is the
+possibility that in twenty years' time or so Germany, recovering and
+vindictive, may in some way contrive to hold off France and Belgium,
+and try her luck against England alone. By that time submarine and
+aeroplane may be so developed as to render a German attack on England
+much more hopeful than it is at present, especially by way of the
+Rhine mouth. What, in the light of the Belgian experience and the new
+doctrine of a "right of way," will be the outlook for a little
+isolated Holland, as small as she is now, as a buffer State in such a
+case.
+
+She has always been claimed as a part of the great Pan-German scheme,
+and at any time she may find the German heel upon her face,
+vindictively punishing her for her lack of enthusiasm for Teutonic
+brotherhood. Hadn't she better get herself a little larger and
+stronger now; hadn't she better help to make the ending of the German
+threat more conclusive, and link herself definitely with the grand
+alliance of the Western Powers? Now she could make a very good bargain
+indeed. If she inquired she would find Britain ready enough to
+guarantee the integrity and protection of Holland's colonial empire
+forever by the British fleet. All the four Western Powers, France,
+Belgium, Holland, Britain, would be willing to make the most binding
+pledges for such mutual protection. It is the manifest common-sense of
+the settlement that they should set up such a collective guarantee.
+And, in addition, there are those Frisian Islands, and East Friesland,
+and that dangerous wedge that Germany drives into Holland along the
+Rhine. It is not difficult to map a very much improved Dutch frontier
+along the Ems, and thence striking down to the Rhine and meeting the
+iron country on the left bank of the Rhine, whose annexation and
+exploitation is Belgium's legitimate compensation for her devastation
+and sufferings. Here are the makings of a safer Greater Holland!
+Thousands of Dutchmen must be looking on the map at the present time
+and thinking such things as this. There, clearly and attractively, is
+the price of alliance.
+
+The price of neutrality is an intact Holland--and a certain isolation
+in the years ahead. But still, I admit, a not unhappy Holland, Dutch
+and free. Until a fresh Anglo-German struggle begins. Yet, be it
+noted, a Holland a little helpless and friendless if some renascent
+Asiatic Power should presently covet her Eastern possessions.
+
+The price of participation with Germany, on the other hand, is
+complete envelopment in the warm embrace of the "good German
+brotherhood"--the gradual substitution of the German language for the
+Dutch, and a Germanization of such colonies as the Allies may still
+leave for Holland, frequent State visits from Kaisers, and the
+subordination of Dutch mercantile interests to those of Hamburg and
+Altona and (Germanized) Antwerp. And--the everlasting howling
+everywhere of "Deutschland, Deutschland ueber Alles."
+
+(No! No! They will never fight for the Germans. No sane people will
+ever fight for the Germans if they can possibly avoid it. Not even our
+press censorship, not even the Maximilian Krafts in our silliest
+weekly papers will provoke Holland to that.)
+
+But I have a sort of feeling, for the reasons I have stated, that even
+without any serious breach of Dutch neutrality by the Germans, Holland
+may decide presently to put her troops beside the Belgians. And if, as
+is always possible, the Germans do make some lumpish onslaught upon
+Dutch neutrality, then I am convinced that at once that sturdy little
+country will up and fight like the very devil. And do remarkably well
+by it.
+
+And I have a much stronger feeling that presently the Dutch Government
+will ask the Germans to reconsider their proposed annexation of
+Belgium. Upon that point Holland has absolutely dictatorial power at
+the present moment. She could secure the independence of Belgium at
+the cost of a little paper and ink, she could force Germany to
+evacuate her sister country by the mere movement of her army.
+
+_Copyright in U.S.A._
+
+
+
+
+French Official Report on German Atrocities
+
+     Having been instructed to investigate atrocities said to
+     have been committed by the Germans in portions of French
+     territory which had been occupied by them, a commission
+     composed of four representatives of the French Government
+     repaired to these districts in order to make a thorough
+     investigation. The commission was composed of M. Georges
+     Payelle, First President of the Cour des Comptes; Armand
+     Mollard, Minister Plenipotentiary; Georges Maringer,
+     Counselor of State, and Edmond Paillot, Counselor of the
+     Cour de Cassation.
+
+     They started on their mission late in September last and
+     visited the Departments of Seine-et-Marne, Marne, Meuse,
+     Meurthe-et-Moselle, Oise, and Aisne. According to the
+     report, they made note only of those accusations against the
+     invaders which were backed up by reliable testimony and
+     discarded everything that might have been occasioned by the
+     exigencies of war.
+
+
+_Presented to the President of the Council by the commission
+instituted with a view to investigating acts committed by the enemy in
+violation of international law. Decree of Sept. 23, 1914. MM. Georges
+Payelle, First President of the Cour des Comptes; Armand Mollard,
+Minister Plenipotentiary; Georges Maringer, Counselor of State, and
+Edmond Paillot, Counselor at the Court of Appeal._
+
+To the President of the Council of Ministers:
+
+Sir: Having been appointed by virtue of a decree of the 23d of last
+September to carry out on the spot an inquiry in relation to acts
+committed in violation of international law in the portions of French
+territory occupied by the enemy which have been reconquered by the
+armies of the republic, we have the honor to lay before you the first
+results of our mission.
+
+We have already a full harvest of information to submit. It includes,
+however, a very limited part of the findings at which we should have
+been able to arrive if we had not submitted all the evidence which was
+laid before us to severe criticism and rigorous examination. We have
+indeed believed it to be our duty only to place on record those facts
+which, being established beyond dispute, constitute with absolute
+certainty what may be clearly termed crimes, omitting those the proofs
+of which were, in our view, insufficient, or which, however
+destructive or cruel they were, might have been the result of acts of
+war properly so-called, rather than of willful excesses, attributable
+to the enemy.
+
+Thus we are convinced that none of the incidents which we have
+investigated could be disputed in good faith. In addition the proof of
+each of them does not depend only on our personal observations; it is
+founded chiefly on photographs and on a mass of evidence received in
+judicial form, with the sanction of an oath.
+
+The lamentable sights which we have had before our eyes have made the
+task to which we all four addressed ourselves, with a close
+association of ideas and feelings, a very grievous one. It would
+indeed have been too painful, if we had not found a powerful support
+in the sight of the wonderful troops whom we met at the front, in the
+welcome of the military leaders whose kind assistance has never failed
+us, and in the sight of the population who bear unprecedented
+calamities with the most dignified resignation. In the districts which
+we crossed, and particularly in that country of Lorraine which was so
+frequently the victim of the scourge of war, not one entreaty for
+help, not one moan, reached our ears; and yet the terrible misery of
+which we have been witness surpasses in extent and horror anything
+which the imagination can conceive. On every side our eyes rested on
+ruin. Whole villages have been destroyed by bombardment or fire; towns
+formerly full of life are now nothing but deserts full of ruins; and,
+in visiting the scenes of desolation where the invader's torch has
+done its work, one feels continually as though one were walking among
+the remains of one of those cities of antiquity which have been
+annihilated by the great cataclysms of nature.
+
+In truth it can be stated that never has a war carried on between
+civilized nations assumed the savage and ferocious character of the
+one which at this moment is being waged on our soil by an implacable
+adversary. Pillage, rape, arson, and murder are the common practice of
+our enemies; and the facts which have been revealed to us day by day
+at once constitute definite crimes against common rights, punished by
+the codes of every country with the most severe and the most
+dishonoring penalties, and which prove an astonishing degeneration in
+German habits of thought since 1870.
+
+Crimes against women and young girls have been of appalling frequency.
+We have proved a great number of them, but they only represent an
+infinitesimal proportion of those which we could have taken up. Owing
+to a sense of decency, which is deserving of every respect, the
+victims of these hateful acts usually refuse to disclose them.
+Doubtless fewer would have been committed if the leaders of an army
+whose discipline is most rigorous had taken any trouble to prevent
+them; yet, strictly speaking, they can only be considered as the
+individual and spontaneous acts of uncaged beasts. But with regard to
+arson, theft, and murder the case is very different; the officers,
+even those of the highest station, will bear before humanity the
+overwhelming responsibility for these crimes.
+
+In the greater part of the places where we carried on our inquiry we
+came to the conclusion that the German Army constantly professes the
+most complete contempt for human life, that its soldiers, and even its
+officers, do not hesitate to finish off the wounded, that they kill
+without pity the inoffensive inhabitants of the territories which they
+have invaded, and they do not spare in their murderous rage women, old
+men, or children. The wholesale shootings at Luneville, Gerbeviller,
+Nomeny, and Senlis are terrible examples of this; and in the course of
+this report you will read the story of scenes of carnage in which
+officers themselves have not been ashamed to take part.
+
+The mind refuses to believe that all these butcheries should have
+taken place without justification. Still, it is so! It is true that
+the Germans have always advanced the same pretext for them, alleging
+that civilians had begun by firing upon them. This allegation is a
+lie, and those who advance it have been unable to give it any
+probability, even by firing rifle shots in the neighborhood of houses,
+as they are accustomed to do in order to be able to state that they
+have been attacked by an innocent population on whose ruin or massacre
+they have resolved. We have many times ascertained the truth of this;
+here is one among others:
+
+One evening the Abbe Colin, Cure of Croismare, was standing near an
+officer when the report of a gun rang out. The latter cried, "Monsieur
+le Cure, that is enough to cause you to be shot as well as the
+Burgomaster, and for a farm to be burned; look, there is one on fire."
+"Sir," replied the priest, "you are too intelligent not to recognize
+the sharp sound of your German rifle. For my part, I recognize it."
+The German did not press the point.
+
+Personal liberty, like human life, is the object of complete scorn on
+the part of the German military authorities. Almost everywhere
+citizens of every age have been dragged from their homes and led into
+captivity, many have died or been killed on the way.
+
+Arson, still more than murder, forms the usual procedure of our
+adversaries. It is employed by them either as a means of systematic
+devastation or as a means of terrorism. The German Army, in order to
+provide for it, possesses a complete outfit, which comprises torches,
+grenades, rockets, petrol pumps, fuse-sticks, and little bags of
+pastilles made of compressed powder which are very inflammable. The
+lust for arson is manifested chiefly against churches and against
+monuments which have some special interest, either artistic or
+historical.
+
+In the departments through which we have gone thousands of houses have
+been burned, but we have only investigated in our inquiry fires which
+have been occasioned by exclusively criminal intention, and we have
+not believed it our duty to deal with those that have been caused by
+shells in the course of violent fighting, or due to circumstances
+which it has not been possible to determine with absolute certainty,
+such as those at Villotte-devant-Louppy, Rembercourt, Mogneville,
+Amblaincourt, Pretz, Louppy-le-Chateau, and other places. The few
+inhabitants who remained among the ruins furnished us with information
+in absolute good faith on this subject.
+
+We have constantly found definite evidence of theft, and we do not
+hesitate to state that where a body of the enemy has passed it has
+given itself up to a systematically organized pillage, in the presence
+of its leaders, who have even themselves often taken part in it.
+Cellars have been emptied to the last bottle, safes have been gutted,
+considerable sums of money have been stolen or extorted; a great
+quantity of plate and jewelry, as well as pictures, furniture, objets
+d'art, linen, bicycles, women's dresses, sewing machines, even down to
+children's toys, after having been taken away, have been loaded on
+vehicles to be taken toward the frontier.
+
+The inhabitants have had no redress against all these exactions, any
+more than they have for the crimes already described; and if some
+wretched inhabitant dared to beg an officer to be good enough to
+intervene to spare a life or to protect his goods he received no
+other reply (when he was not greeted by threats) than the one
+invariable formula, accompanied by a smile, describing these most
+abominable cruelties as the inevitable results of war.
+
+As you have already learned from reading the documents of which we
+have sent you copies, we proceeded first to the Department of
+Seine-et-Marne. We there collected proofs of numerous abuses of the
+laws of war, as well as of crimes committed against common rights by
+the enemy, some of which exhibited features of special gravity.
+
+At Chauconin the Germans set fire to five dwelling houses and to six
+buildings used for agricultural purposes with the assistance of
+grenades, which they threw on to the roofs, and with sticks of resin
+which they placed under the doors. M. Lagrange asked an officer the
+reason of such acts and the latter merely replied: "It is war." Then
+he ordered M. Lagrange to point out to him the situation of the
+property known as the Farm Proffit, and a few moments later the
+buildings of this farm were in flames.
+
+At Congis a body of the enemy were engaged in burning a score of
+houses, into which they had thrown straw and poured petrol, when the
+arrival of a French detachment prevented them from carrying out their
+design.
+
+At Penchard, where three houses had been burned, Mme. Marius Rene saw
+a soldier carrying a torch which, stuck in his belt, appeared to form
+part of his equipment.
+
+At Barcy an officer and soldier made their way to the Mairie, and,
+after having taken all the blankets belonging to the schoolmaster, set
+fire to the muniment room.
+
+At Douy-la-Rame the Germans set fire to a mill, whose situation they
+had ascertained by inquiry in the neighborhood. A workman 66 years old
+had a narrow escape from being thrown into the flames. By struggling
+violently and clutching on to a wall he was able to avoid the fate
+with which he was threatened. Finally, at Courtacon, after having
+compelled the inhabitants to furnish them with matches and faggots,
+they sprinkled a great number of houses with petrol and set them
+ablaze. The village, a great part of which is in ruins, presents a
+lamentable appearance.
+
+Together with these crimes against property, we have been able to
+place on record in the Department of Seine-et-Marne many grave
+offenses against the person.
+
+Early in September a German cavalryman arrived one day at about 5
+o'clock in the afternoon at the house of M. Laforest, at
+May-en-Multien, and asked for a drink. M. Laforest hurried off to draw
+some wine from the cask, but the German, no doubt annoyed at not being
+served quickly enough, fired his rifle at the wife of his host, who
+was seriously wounded. Taken to Livry-sur-Ourcq, Mme. Laforest was
+there cared for by a German doctor and had her left arm amputated. She
+died recently in the hospital at Meaux.
+
+On Sept. 8 eighteen inhabitants of Vareddes, among whom was the
+priest, were arrested without cause and led away by the enemy. Three
+of them escaped. None of the others had returned up to Sept. 30, the
+day we were there. From information collected, three of these men were
+murdered. Anyhow, the death of one of the oldest among them, M.
+Jourdain, aged 73, is certain.
+
+Dragged as far as the village of Coulombs and being unable to walk
+further, the unfortunate man received a bayonet wound in the forehead
+and a revolver bullet through the heart.
+
+At about the same time a man of 66, named Dalissier, living at Congis,
+was ordered by the Germans to give up his purse to them. When he
+proved unable to give them any money, he was tied up with a halter and
+ruthlessly shot. The marks of about fifteen bullets were found on his
+dead body.
+
+On the 3d of September, at Mary-sur-Marne, M. Mathe, terrified at the
+arrival of the German troops, attempted to hide himself under the
+counter of a wine shop. He was found in his hiding place and killed by
+a thrust of a knife or bayonet in the chest.
+
+At Sancy-les-Provins, on the 6th of September, about 9 o'clock at
+night, about eighty people were summarily arrested and imprisoned in a
+sheep pen. On the next day thirty of them were taken by an officer's
+order some five kilometers from the village to the barn called
+"Pierrelez," where a German Red Cross ambulance was established. There
+an army doctor (medecin-major) addressed some words to the wounded
+under his charge, who at once proceeded to load four rifles and two
+revolvers, their intention being obvious. Moreover, a French hussar,
+who had been wounded in the arm and taken prisoner, said to the
+priest, while asking him for absolution: "I am going to be shot, and
+it will be your turn next." After having done as the soldier asked
+him, the priest, unbuttoning his cassock, went and took his place
+between the Mayor and another of his fellow-citizens, against a wall
+along which the hostages were lined up; but at this moment two French
+_chasseurs a cheval_ suddenly arrived, and the doctors, with their
+ambulance staff, surrendered to these soldiers, near whom the hussar
+had hastened to place himself.
+
+As showing the responsibility of officers of high rank for these
+proceedings, it is interesting to note that the schoolmaster at Sancy,
+when he was about to be taken off with the others, was allowed to
+retain his freedom as a favor by General von Dutag, who was quartered
+on him.
+
+On the 6th of the same month, after having set on fire some of the
+houses in Courtacon, a body of soldiers, believed to belong to the
+Imperial Guard, took five men and a child of thirteen out into the
+fields, and exposed them to the French fire so long as the engagement
+lasted. In the confines of the same commune, Edmond Rousseau, liable
+to serve in the 1914 class, was arrested for the sole reason that his
+age marked him out as being on the eve of being called up to the
+colors, and was murdered under tragic circumstances.
+
+The Mayor, who was one of the hostages, when questioned as to the
+position of this youth from the military point of view, replied that
+Rousseau had passed the medical examination, that he had been declared
+fit for service, but that his class had not yet been called up. The
+Germans thereupon made the prisoner strip, in order to satisfy
+themselves of his physical condition, then put his trousers on again,
+and shot him within fifty meters of his fellow-citizens.
+
+The town of Coulommiers has suffered considerable pillage. Plate,
+linen, and boots were taken away, principally from empty houses, and a
+large number of bicycles were loaded on motor wagons. The Germans
+occupied this place from the 5th to the 7th of September. On this day
+before they left they arrested, without any pretext, the Mayor and the
+Procureur de la Republique, and an officer grossly insulted them.
+These two officials were kept in custody until the next morning,
+together with the Secretary of the Mairie. Guards were set over the
+Procureur during the night, and did their best to persuade him by
+remarks exchanged between them that his execution was imminent.
+
+It is generally believed at Coulommiers that criminal attempts have
+been made on many women of that town, but only one crime of this
+nature has been proved for certain. A charwoman, Mme. X., was the
+victim. A soldier came to her house on the 6th of September, toward
+9:30 in the evening, and sent away her husband to go and search for
+one of his comrades in the street. Then, in spite of the fact that two
+small children were present, he tried to rape the young woman. X.,
+when he heard his wife's cries, rushed back, but was driven off with
+blows of the butt of the man's rifle into a neighboring room, of which
+the door was left open, and his wife was forced to suffer the
+consummation of the outrage. The rape took place almost under the eyes
+of the husband, who, being terrorized, did not dare to intervene, and
+used his efforts only to calm the terror of his children.
+
+In the same way, Mme. X., at Sancy-les-Provins, and Mme. Z., at
+Beton-Bazoches, were the victims of similar outrages. The former was
+forced to submit to the will of a soldier with a revolver at her
+throat; the second, in spite of her resistance, was thrown upon a bed
+and outraged in the presence of her little daughter, aged 3. The
+husbands of these two women have been with the army since the
+commencement of the war.
+
+On the 6th of September, at Guerard, where two workmen, Maitrier and
+Didelot, had been killed at the outposts, the enemy took possession of
+six hostages. One only was able to escape and return to his village.
+
+At Mauperthuis, on the same day, four Germans who had already gone in
+the morning to the house of M. Roger, presented themselves there again
+at 2 o'clock in the afternoon. "There were three of you here this
+morning, and now you are only two. Come out," said one of them.
+Immediately Roger and a refugee named M. Denet, who was a guest in the
+house, were seized and led away. The next day, at the end of the
+village, Mme. Roger found the body of her husband, pierced by two
+bullets. Denet had also been shot, and his body was discovered some
+little time afterward in such a state of decomposition as to make it
+impossible to ascertain the nature of the wounds which the unfortunate
+man had received.
+
+In a hamlet in the same commune, M. Fournier, caretaker of a farm at
+Champbrisset, resided with a Swiss named Knell. The Germans took them
+on a cart as far as Vaudoy and murdered them. An inhabitant of
+Voinsles, named Cartier, suffered the same fate. As he passed on his
+bicycle along a road a little way from Vaudoy, he was stopped by the
+Germans, who searched his bag, in which was a revolver. Cartier,
+without any resistance, gave up his weapon of his own accord. His eyes
+were bandaged, and he was shot then and there.
+
+On the 8th of September at Sablonnieres, where there were scenes of
+general pillage, M. Delaitre, who had left his house during the battle
+to take refuge under a culvert, was discovered in his hiding place by
+a German soldier, who fired at him five times; he died the same day.
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL CASTELNAU
+
+One of the Most Conspicuous of the French Commanders.]
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL DUBAIL
+
+Commanding the French Forces Operating Around Verdun.
+
+(_Photo_ (C) _International News Service._)]
+
+At the same place, M. Jules Griffaut, 66 years of age, was herding his
+cows peacefully in a field, when a detachment of the enemy passed 150
+meters from him. A soldier who was alone in the rear of the column
+took aim at him, and shot him in the face. It is proper to add that a
+German officer took the trouble to have the wounded man attended to by
+a German army doctor, and that Griffaut recovered fairly soon.
+
+At Rebais, on the 4th of September, at 11 in the evening, the Germans,
+after pillaging the jeweler's shop of M. Pantereau and loading the
+goods which they had taken on to a cart, set fire to the house. They
+also burned three private houses in the Rue de l'Etang by throwing
+lighted straw into them.
+
+In this little town serious acts of violence were committed. M.
+Auguste Griffaut, 79 years of age, was treated with horrible
+brutality. They repeatedly struck him on the head with their fists. A
+revolver shot grazed his head. His watch and his purse, containing 800
+francs, were stolen from his person.
+
+On the same day, some German soldiers grossly ill-treated Mme. X., a
+wine-shop keeper, aged 29, on the pretense that she was hiding English
+soldiers. They undressed her and kept her in the middle of them
+completely naked for one and a half hours; then they tied her to her
+counter, giving her to understand that they were going to shoot her.
+They were, however, called out just then, and went away, leaving their
+victim in charge of an Alsatian soldier, who untied her and restored
+her to liberty.
+
+Again, on the 4th of September, other soldiers attempted to rape Mme.
+Z., 34 years of age, after having sacked her grocery shop. Angered by
+her resistance, they tried to hang her, but she cut the rope with a
+knife which was open in her pocket. She was then beaten mercilessly
+until the arrival of an officer, who was fetched by a witness of the
+scene.
+
+At St. Denis-les-Rebais, on the 7th of September, a Uhlan obliged Mme.
+X. to undress, threatening her with his rifle; then he threw her on a
+mattress and raped her while her mother-in-law, powerless to
+intervene, endeavored to keep her grandson, 8 years old, from this
+revolting sight.
+
+On the same day, at the hamlet of Marais, in the Commune of
+Jouv-sur-Morin, the three daughters of Mme. X., aged respectively 18,
+15, and 13, were with their sick mother when two German soldiers
+entered, seized the eldest, dragged her into the next room and raped
+her in succession; while one committed his crime, the other watched
+the door and with his weapons kept back the half-maddened mother.
+
+Frightful scenes occurred at the Chateau de ---- in the neighborhood
+of La Ferte-Gaucher. There lived there an old gentleman, M. X., with
+his servant, Mlle. Y., 54 years old. On Sept. 5 several Germans, among
+whom was a non-commissioned officer, were in occupation of this
+property. After they had been supplied with food, the non-commissioned
+officer proposed to a refugee, a Mme. Z., that she should sleep with
+him; she refused. M. X., to save her from the designs of which she was
+the object, sent her to his farm, which was in the neighborhood. The
+German ran there to fetch her, dragged her back to the chateau and led
+her to the attic; then, having completely undressed her, he tried to
+violate her. At this moment M. X., wishing to protect her, fired
+revolver shots on the staircase and was immediately shot.
+
+The non-commissioned officer then made Mme. X. come out of the attic,
+obliged her to step over the corpse of the old man, and led her to a
+closet, where he again made two unsuccessful attempts upon her.
+Leaving her at last, he threw himself upon Mlle. Y., having first
+handed Mme. Z. over to two soldiers, who, after having violated her,
+one once and the other twice, in the dead man's room, made her pass
+the night in a barn near them, where one of them twice more had sexual
+connection with her.
+
+As for Mlle. Y., she was obliged, by threats of being shot, to strip
+herself completely naked and lie on a mattress with the
+non-commissioned officer, who kept her there until morning.
+
+We have also taken note of the fact that, as appears from declarations
+made by a municipal councilor of Rebais, two English cavalrymen who
+were surprised and wounded in this commune were finished off with
+gunshots by the Germans when they were dismounted and when one of them
+had thrown up his hands, showing thus that he was unarmed.
+
+
+MARNE.
+
+In the Department of the Marne, as everywhere else, the German troops
+gave themselves up to general pillage, which was carried out always
+under similar conditions and with the complicity of their leaders. The
+Communes of Heiltz-le-Maurupt; Suippes, Marfaux, Fromentieres, and
+Esternay suffered especially in this way. Everything which the invader
+could carry off from the houses was placed on motor lorries and
+vehicles. At Suippes, in particular, they carried off in this way a
+quantity of different objects, among these sewing machines and toys.
+
+A great many villages, as well as important country towns, were burned
+without any reason whatever. Without doubt these crimes were committed
+by order, as German detachments arrived in the neighborhood with their
+torches, their grenades, and their usual outfit for arson.
+
+At Lepine, a laborer named Caque, in whose house two German cyclists
+were billeted, asked the latter if the grenades which he saw in their
+possession were destined for his house. They answered: "No, Lepine is
+finished with." At that moment nine houses in the village were burned
+out.
+
+At Marfaux nineteen private houses were burned.
+
+At le Gault-la-Foret seven or eight houses were burned. Of the Commune
+of Glannes practically nothing remains. At Somme-Tourbe the entire
+village has been destroyed, with the exception of the Mairie, the
+church, and two private buildings.
+
+At Auve nearly the whole town has been destroyed. At Etrepy
+sixty-three families out of seventy are homeless. At Huiron all the
+houses, with the exception of five, have been burned. At
+Sermaize-les-Bains only about forty houses out of 900 remain. At
+Bignicourt-sur-Saultz thirty houses out of thirty-three are in ruins.
+
+At Suippes, the big market town which has been practically burned out,
+German soldiers carrying straw and cans of petrol have been seen in
+the streets. While the Mayor's house was burning, six sentinels with
+fixed bayonets were under orders to forbid any one to approach and to
+prevent any help being given.
+
+All this destruction by arson, which only represents a small
+proportion of the acts of the same kind in the Department of
+Seine-et-Marne, was accomplished without the least tendency to
+rebellion or the smallest act of resistance being recorded against the
+inhabitants of the localities which are today more or less completely
+destroyed. In some villages the Germans, before setting fire to them,
+made one of their soldiers fire a shot from his rifle so as to be able
+to pretend afterward that the civilian population had attacked them,
+an allegation which is all the more absurd since at the time when the
+enemy arrived the only inhabitants left were old men, sick persons, or
+people absolutely without any means of aggression.
+
+Numerous crimes against the person have also been committed. In the
+majority of the communes hostages have been taken away; many of them
+have not returned. At Sermaize-les-Bains, the Germans carried off
+about 150 people, some of whom were decked out with helmets and coats
+and compelled, thus equipped, to mount guard over the bridges.
+
+At Bignicourt-sur-Saulx thirty men and forty-five women and children
+were obliged to leave with a detachment. One of the men--a certain
+Emile Pierre--has not returned nor sent any news of himself. At
+Corfelix, M. Jacquet, who was carried off on the 7th of September with
+eleven of his fellow-citizens, was found five hundred meters from the
+village with a bullet in his head.
+
+At Champuis the cure, his maid-servant, and four other inhabitants,
+who were taken away the same day as the hostages of Corfelix, had not
+returned at the time of our visit to the place.
+
+At the same place an old man of 70, named Jacquemin, was tied down in
+his bed by an officer and left in this state without food for three
+days. He died a little time after.
+
+At Vert-la-Gravelle a farm-hand was killed. He was struck on the head
+with a bottle and his chest was run through with a lance.
+
+The garde champetre Brulefer of le Gault-la-Foret was murdered at
+Maclaunay, where he had been taken by the Germans. His body was found
+with his head shattered and a wound on his chest.
+
+At Champguyon, a commune which has been fired, a certain Verdier was
+killed in his father-in-law's house. The latter was not present at the
+execution, but he heard a shot and next day an officer said to him,
+"Son shot. He is under the ruins." In spite of the search made the
+body has not been found among them. It must have been consumed in the
+fire.
+
+At Sermaize, the roadmaker Brocard was placed among a number of
+hostages. Just at the moment when he was being arrested with his son,
+his wife and his daughter-in-law in a state of panic rushed to throw
+themselves into the Saulx. The old man was able to free himself for a
+moment and ran in all haste after them and made several attempts to
+save them, but the Germans dragged him away pitilessly, leaving the
+two wretched women struggling in the river. When Brocard and his son
+were restored to liberty, four days afterward, and found the bodies,
+they discovered that their wives had both received bullet wounds in
+the head.
+
+At Montmirail a scene of real savagery was enacted. On the 5th of
+September a non-commissioned officer flung himself almost naked on the
+widow Naude, on whom he was billeted, and carried her into his room.
+This woman's father, Francois Fontaine, rushed up on hearing his
+daughter's cry. At once fifteen or twenty Germans broke through the
+door of the house, pushed the old man into the street, and shot him
+without mercy. Little Juliette Naude opened the window at this moment
+and was struck in the stomach by a bullet, which went through her
+body. The poor child died after twenty-four hours of most dreadful
+suffering.
+
+On the 6th of September at Champguyon, Mme. Louvet was present at the
+martyrdom of her husband. She saw him in the hands of ten or fifteen
+soldiers, who were beating him to death before his own house, and ran
+up and kissed him through the bars of the gate. She was brutally
+pushed back and fell, while the murderers dragged along the unhappy
+man covered with blood, begging them to spare his life and protesting
+that he had done nothing to be treated thus. He was finished off at
+the end of the village. When his wife found his body it was horribly
+disfigured. His head was beaten in, one of his eyes hung from the
+socket, and one of his wrists was broken.
+
+At Esternay, on the 6th of September, toward 3 in the afternoon,
+thirty-five or forty Germans were leading away M. Lauranceau, when he
+made a sharp movement as if to free himself. He was immediately shot
+down.
+
+In the same town the following facts have been laid before us:
+
+During the night, between Sunday, the 6th of September, and Monday,
+the 7th, the soldiers who were scattered among the houses pillaging,
+discovered the widow Bouche, her two daughters, and Mmes. Lhomme and
+Mace, who had taken refuge under the cellar staircase. They ordered
+the two young girls to undress, then, as their mother tried to
+intervene, one of the soldiers, bringing his rifle to his shoulder,
+fired in the direction of the group of women. The bullet, after having
+struck Mme. Lhomme near the left elbow, broke the right arm of Mlle.
+Marcelle Bouche at the armpit. During the following day the young girl
+died as a result of her wound. According to the declarations made by
+witnesses, the wound was horrible to behold.
+
+Further, our inquiry in the Department of the Marne established other
+crimes of which women were the victims.
+
+On the 3rd of September, at Suippes, Mme. X., 72 years of age, was
+seized by a German soldier, who pushed the barrel of his revolver
+under her chin and brutally flung her on her bed. Her son-in-law
+rushed up at the noise, fortunately for her, at the moment when the
+rape was about to be consummated.
+
+At the same place and time little ----, 11 years old, was for three
+hours the prey of a licentious soldier, who, having found her with her
+sick grandmother, dragged her to a deserted house and stopped her
+mouth with a handkerchief to prevent her crying out.
+
+On the 7th of September, at Vitry-en-Perthois, Mme. X., aged 45, and
+Mme. Z., aged 89, were both raped; the latter died a fortnight later.
+
+At Jussecourt-Minecourt, on the 8th of September, toward 9 in the
+evening, Mlle. X. was violated by four soldiers, who broke in the door
+of her room with the help of a billhook. All four flung themselves on
+this young girl, who was 21 years old, and ravished her in succession.
+
+As the bombardment of open towns constitutes without doubt a violation
+of international law, we thought it necessary to go to Rheims, which
+was for eighty days bombarded by the Germans. We received a sworn
+statement from the Mayor, from which we learned that about 300 of the
+civilian population had already been killed; we saw that in different
+parts of the town numerous buildings had been destroyed, and we took
+note of the enormous and irreparable damage which had been inflicted
+on the cathedral. The bombardment has continued since the 7th of
+October, the day of our visit; the number of the victims, therefore,
+must now be very considerable. Every one knows how the unhappy town
+has suffered, and that the attitude of the municipality has been above
+all praise.
+
+While we were working at the Hotel de Ville, six shells were fired in
+the direction of this building. The fifth fell only a short distance
+from the principal front, and the sixth burst fifteen or twenty meters
+from the bureau.
+
+Next day we went to the Chateau of Baye and witnessed the traces of
+the sack which this building has suffered. On the first floor a door
+which leads into a room next to a gallery, where the owner had
+collected valuable works of art, has been broken in; four glass
+cabinets have been broken and another has been opened. According to
+the declarations of the caretaker who, in the absence of her masters,
+was unable to acquaint us of the full extent of the damage, the
+principal objects stolen were jewels of Russian origin and gold
+medals. We noticed that the mounts covered with black velvet, which
+must have been taken out of the cases, were stripped of a part of the
+jewels which had previously been affixed to them.
+
+Baron de Baye's room was in the greatest disorder. Numerous objects
+were strewn on the floor from the drawers which remained open. A
+writing table had been broken open. A Louis XVI. commode and a bureau
+a cylindre of the same period had been ransacked.
+
+This room must have been occupied by a person of very high rank, for
+on the door there still remains a chalk inscription, "J.K. Hoheit." No
+one could give us exact information as to the identity of this
+"Highness"; however, a General who lodged in the house of M. Houllier,
+Town Councilor, told his host that the Duke of Brunswick and the staff
+of the Tenth Corps had occupied the chateau.
+
+The same day we visited the Chateau of Beaumont, which is near
+Montmirail, and belongs to the Comte de la Rochefoucauld-Doudeauville.
+The wife of the caretaker declared that this house had been sacked by
+the Germans in the absence of its owners during an occupation which
+lasted from the 4th to the 6th of September. The invaders left it in
+an indescribable state of disorder and filth. The writing tables,
+bureaus, and safes had been broken open. The jewel boxes had been
+taken from the drawers and emptied.
+
+On the doors of the rooms we could read inscriptions in chalk, among
+which we took note of the following: "Excellenz," "Major von Ledebur,"
+"Graf Waldersee."
+
+
+MEUSE.
+
+The Department of the Meuse, a great part of which the German armies
+still occupy, has suffered cruelly. Important communes there have been
+destroyed by fires lighted willfully by the Germans in the absence of
+any kind of military necessity, and without the population's having
+given any provocation for such atrocities by their attitude. This is
+the case particularly at Revigny, Sommeilles, Triaucourt, Bulainville,
+Clermont-en-Argonne, and Villers-aux-Vents.
+
+The Germans having completely sacked the houses of Revigny and carried
+off their booty on vehicles, burned two-thirds of the town during
+three consecutive days from the 6th to the 9th of September,
+sprinkling the walls with petrol by means of hand pumps, and throwing
+into the houses little bags full of compressed powder in tablets. We
+have been furnished with specimens of these little bags and these
+tablets, as well as with fuse sticks of inflammable matter which had
+been left by the incendiaries.
+
+The church, which was classed as a historical monument, and the Mairie
+with all its archives, have been destroyed.
+
+Many inhabitants, among whom were children, have been taken away as
+hostages. They were, however, set at liberty next day, with the
+exception of M. Wladimir Thomas.
+
+Few localities in the Department of the Meuse have suffered as much as
+the Commune of Sommeilles. It is nothing but a heap of ruins, having
+been completely burned on the 6th of September by a regiment of German
+infantry bearing the number fifty-one. The place was set on fire with
+help of machinelike bicycle pumps with which many of the soldiers were
+furnished.
+
+This unhappy village was the scene of a terrible drama. At the
+commencement of the fire Mme. X., whose husband is with the colors,
+took refuge in the cellar of M. et Mme. Adnot, together with these
+latter and their four children, aged respectively 11, 5, 4, and 1-1/2
+years. A few days afterward the bodies of all these unfortunate people
+were discovered in the middle of a pool of blood. Adnot had been shot,
+Mme. X. had her breast and right arm cut off; the little girl of 11
+had a foot severed, the little boy of 5 had his throat cut. The woman
+X. and the little girl appeared to have been raped.
+
+At Villers-aux-Vents, on the 8th of September, German officers invited
+the inhabitants who had not yet fled to leave their dwellings, warning
+them that the village was about to be burned, because, they alleged,
+three French soldiers had dressed themselves in civilian clothes;
+others gave the pretext that an installation of wireless telegraphy
+had been found in a house. The threat was carried out so rigorously
+that one house alone remains standing.
+
+At Vaubecourt, where six dwelling houses were burned by the
+Wuerttemburgers, fire was set to a barn with straw piled up by the
+soldiers.
+
+At Triaucourt the Germans gave themselves up to the worst excesses.
+Angered doubtless by the remark which an officer had addressed to a
+soldier, against whom a young girl of 19, Mlle. Helene Proces, had
+made complaint on account of the indecent treatment to which she had
+been subjected, they burned the village and made a systematic massacre
+of the inhabitants. They began by setting fire to the house of an
+inoffensive householder, M. Jules Gand, and by shooting this
+unfortunate man just as he was leaving his house to escape the flames;
+then they dispersed among the houses in the streets, firing their
+rifles on every side. A young man of 17, Georges Lecourtier, who tried
+to escape, was shot. M. Alfred Lallemand suffered the same fate; he
+was pursued into the kitchen of his fellow-citizen, Tautelier, and
+murdered there, while Tautelier received three bullets in his hand.
+
+Fearing, not without reason, for their lives, Mlle. Proces, her
+mother, her grandmother of 71, and her old aunt of 81, Mlle. Laure
+Mennehand, tried with the help of a ladder to cross the trellis which
+separates their garden from a neighboring property. The young girl
+alone was able to reach the other side and to avoid death by hiding in
+the cabbages. As for the other women, they were struck down by rifle
+shots. The village cure collected the brains of Mlle. Mennehand on the
+ground on which they were strewn, and had the bodies carried into
+Proces's house. During the following night the Germans played the
+piano near the bodies.
+
+While the carnage raged, the fire rapidly spread and devoured
+thirty-five houses. An old man of 70, Jean Lecourtier, and a child of
+two months perished in the flames. M. Igier, who was trying to save
+his cattle, was pursued for 300 meters by soldiers, who fired at him
+ceaselessly. By a miracle this man had the good fortune not to be
+wounded, but five bullets went through his trousers. When the cure,
+Viller, expressed his indignation at the treatment inflicted upon his
+parish to the Duke of Wuerttemburg, who was lodged in the village, the
+latter replied: "What would you have? We have bad soldiers just as you
+have."
+
+In the same commune an attempt at rape was made which was unsuccessful
+by reason of the obstinate and courageous resistance of the victim.
+Three Germans made the attempt on Mme. D., 47 years old. Further, an
+old woman of 75, Mme. Maupoix, was kicked so violently that she died a
+few days afterward. While some of the soldiers were ill-treating her
+others were ransacking her wardrobes.
+
+The little town of Clermont-en-Argonne, on the slope of a picturesque
+hill in the middle of a pleasant landscape, used to be visited every
+year by numerous tourists. On the 4th of September, at night, the
+121st and 122d Wuerttemburg Regiments entered the place, breaking down
+the doors of the houses and giving themselves up to unrestrained
+pillage, which continued during the whole of the next day. Toward
+midday a soldier set fire to the dwelling of a clockmaker by
+deliberately upsetting the contents of an oil lamp which he used for
+making coffee. An inhabitant, M. Monternach, at once ran to fetch the
+town fire engine, and asked an officer to lend him men to work it.
+Brutally refused and threatened with a revolver, he renewed his
+request to several other officers, with no greater success. Meanwhile
+the Germans continued to burn the town, making use of sticks on the
+top of which torches were fastened. While the houses blazed the
+soldiers poured into the church, which stood by itself on the height,
+and danced there to the sound of the organ. Then, before leaving, they
+set fire to it with grenades as well as with vessels full of
+inflammable liquid, containing wicks.
+
+After the burning of Clermont, bodies of the Mayor of Vauquois, M.
+Poinsignon, (which was completely carbonized,) and that of a young boy
+of 11, who had been shot at point-blank range, were found.
+
+When the fire was out pillage recommenced in the houses which the
+flames had spared. Furniture carried off from the house of M.
+Desforges and stuffs stolen from the shop of M. Nordmann, a draper,
+were heaped together in motor cars. An army doctor (medicine-major)
+took possession of all the medical appliances in the hospital, and an
+officer of superior rank, after having put up a notice forbidding
+pillage on the entrance door of the house of M. Lebondidier, had a
+great part of the furniture of this house carried away on a carriage,
+intending it, as he boasted without any shame, for the adornment of
+his own villa.
+
+At the time when this happened the town of Clermont-en-Argonne was
+occupied by the Thirteenth Wuerttemburg Corps, under the command of
+Gen. von Durach, and by a troop of Uhlans, commanded by Prince von
+Wittenstein.
+
+On the 7th of September half a score of German cavalrymen entered the
+farm of Lamermont in the Commune of Lisle-en-Barrois, and, after
+having milk given to them, went away apparently satisfied. After their
+departure rifle shots were heard in the distance. A little later a
+second troop, composed of about thirty men, presented themselves in
+their turn, and accused the farm people of having killed a German
+soldier. Immediately the farmer, Elly, and one of his guests, M.
+Javelot, were seized and taken to a place near, where, in spite of
+their protestations of innocence, they were mercilessly shot.
+
+At Louppy-le-Chateau the Germans gave themselves over to immorality
+and disgusting brutality during the night of the 8th and 9th in a
+cellar where several women had taken refuge from the bombardment. All
+these unhappy women were vilely ill-treated. Mlle. X., aged 71; Mme.
+Y., aged 44, and her two daughters, one aged 13 and the other 8, and
+Mme. Z. were violated.
+
+Hostages have been taken away from many communes. At the beginning of
+September, at Laimont, eight persons were obliged to follow the German
+troops, and on the 27th of October none of them had returned. The cure
+of Nubecourt, who was carried off on the 5th of September, has not yet
+reappeared in his parish.
+
+At Saint-Andre, M. Havette, who was among the number of persons
+arrested, obtained from an officer permission to watch over the body
+of his wife, who had been killed on the previous day by a fragment of
+a shell. In the evening the inhabitants were ordered to collect
+together in a barn. Havette believed that he was exempt from this
+order by reason of the authority he had received, and remained at his
+house until 11 in the evening. When he left his house he was struck
+down by a rifle bullet.
+
+Of the other villages besides those whose burning we have related,
+Vassincourt and Brabant-le-Roi were more or less completely burned. Up
+to now it has not been possible for us to ascertain completely the
+circumstances of their destruction. Our inquiry so far as it concerns
+them will be further pursued.
+
+It has been brought to our knowledge that in the Department of the
+Meuse the enemy has committed acts of cruelty toward the French
+soldiers who were wounded and prisoners. We will set out the facts of
+this at the end of the present report.
+
+
+MEURTHE-ET-MOSELLE.
+
+We arrived in the Department of Meurthe-et-Moselle on the 26th of
+October, and visited a great number of communes in the arrondissements
+of Nancy and Luneville.
+
+Nancy, an open town into which the German Army has not been able to
+enter, was bombarded without formal warning during the night of the
+9th and 10th of September. About sixty shells fell into the middle of
+the town and in the southern cemetery--that is, in places where there
+is no military establishment. Three women, a young girl, and a little
+girl were killed; thirteen people were wounded; the material damage
+done was considerable.
+
+The enemy's aviators have flown over the town twice. On the 4th of
+September one of them dropped two bombs, by one of which a man and a
+little girl were killed and six people wounded, in the Place de la
+Cathedrale. On the 13th of October three bombs were thrown on the
+goods station. Four persons employed by the Eastern Railway Company
+were wounded.
+
+When we reached Pont-a-Mousson, on the morning of the 10th of
+November, seven shells had just been fired by the German batteries a
+few hours before. It was the 24th day of the bombardment, which began
+on the 11th of August. The evening before a young girl of 19 and a
+child of 4 had been killed in their beds by fragments of shells. On
+the 14th of August the Germans took as their special objective the
+hospital, from whose towers floated Red Cross flags, visible from a
+great distance. No less than seventy shells fell on to this building,
+and we have witnessed the damage they have caused.
+
+About eighty houses were damaged by the different bombardments, all of
+which took place without any warning. Fourteen civilians, mainly women
+and children, were killed. There were about the same number of
+wounded. Pont-a-Mousson is not fortified. Only the bridge over the
+Moselle had been put in a state of defense, on the outbreak of
+hostilities, by the Twenty-sixth Battalion of Chasseurs, who were then
+quartered in the town.
+
+We experienced real horror when we found ourselves before the
+lamentable ruins of Nomeny. With the exception of some few houses
+which still stood near the railway station in a spot separated by the
+Seille from the principal group of buildings, there remains of this
+little town only a succession of broken and blackened walls in the
+midst of ruins, in which may be seen here and there the bones of a few
+animals partially charred and the carbonized remains of human bodies.
+The rage of a maddened soldiery has been unloosed there without pity.
+
+Nomeny, on account of its proximity to the frontier, received from the
+beginning of the war the visits of German troopers from time to time.
+Skirmishes took place in its neighborhood, and on Aug. 14, in the
+courtyard of the farm de la Borde, which is a little distance off, a
+German soldier, without any motive, killed by a rifle shot the young
+farm servant, Nicholas Michel, aged 17.
+
+On Aug. 20, when the inhabitants sought refuge in the cellars from the
+bombardment, the Germans came up after having fired upon each other by
+mistake and entered the town toward midday.
+
+According to the account given by one of the inhabitants, the German
+officers asserted that the French were torturing the wounded by
+cutting off their limbs and plucking out their eyes. They were then in
+a state of terrible excitement. That day and part of the next the
+German soldiers gave themselves over to the most abominable excesses,
+sacking, burning and massacring as they went. After they had carried
+off from the houses everything which seemed worth taking away, and
+after they had dispatched to Metz the product of their rifling, they
+set fire to the houses with torches, pastilles of compressed powder
+and petrol which they carried in receptacles placed on little carts.
+Rifle shots were fired on every side; the unhappy inhabitants, who
+had been driven from the cellars before the firing, were shot down
+like game--some in their dwellings and others in the public streets.
+
+MM. Sanson, Pierson, Lallemand, Adam Jeanpierre, Meunier, Schneider,
+Raymond, Duponcel, and Hazotte, father and son, were killed by rifle
+shots in the streets. M. Killian, seeing himself threatened by a sabre
+stroke, protected his neck with his hand. He had three fingers cut off
+and his throat gashed. An old man aged 86, M. Petitjean, who was
+seated in his armchair, had his skull smashed by a German shot. A
+soldier showed the corpse to Mme. Bertrand, saying: "Do you see that
+pig there?" M. Chardin, Town Councilor, who was Acting Mayor, was
+required to furnish a horse and carriage. He had promised to do all he
+could to obey, when he was killed by a rifle shot. M. Prevot, seeing
+the Bavarians breaking into a chemist's shop of which he was
+caretaker, told them that he was the chemist, and that he would give
+them anything they wanted, but three rifle shots rang out and he fell,
+heaving a deep sigh. Two women who were with him ran away and were
+pursued to the neighborhood of the railway station, beaten all the way
+with the butts of rifles, and they saw many bodies heaped together in
+the station garden and on the road.
+
+Between 3 and 4 o'clock in the afternoon the Germans entered the
+butcher shop of Mme. Francois. She was then coming out of her cellar
+with her boy Stub, and an employee named Contal. As soon as Stub
+reached the threshold of the entrance to the door he fell severely
+wounded by a rifle shot. Then Contal, who rushed into the street, was
+immediately murdered. Five minutes afterward, as Stub was still
+groaning, a soldier leaned over him and finished him off with a blow
+of a hatchet on the back.
+
+The most tragic incident in this horrible scene occurred in the house
+of M. Vasse, who had collected a number of people in his cellar in the
+Faubourg de Nancy. Toward 4 o'clock about fifty soldiers rushed into
+the house, beat in the door and windows, and set it on fire. The
+refugees then made an effort to flee, but they were struck down one
+after the other as they came out. M. Mentre was murdered first; then
+his son Leon fell with his little sister, aged 8, in his arms. As he
+was not killed outright, the end of a rifle barrel was placed on his
+head and his brains blown out. Then it was the turn of the Kieffer
+family. The mother was wounded in the arm and shoulder. The father and
+little boy aged 10 and little girl aged 3 were shot. The murderers
+went on firing on them after they had fallen. Kieffer, stretched on
+the ground, received another bullet in the forehead, and his son had
+the top of his head blown off by a shot. Last of all M. Strieffert and
+one of the sons of Vasse were murdered, while Mme. Mentre received
+three bullets, one in the left leg, another in the arm on the same
+side, and one on her forehead, which was only grazed. M. Guillaume was
+dragged into the street and there found dead. Simonin, a young girl of
+17, came out last from the cellar, with her sister Jeanne, aged 3. The
+latter had her elbow almost carried away by a bullet. The elder girl
+flung herself on the ground and pretended to be dead, remaining for
+five minutes in terrible anguish. A soldier gave her a kick, crying
+"Capout."
+
+An officer arrived at the end of this butchery, and ordered the women
+who were still alive to get up, and shouted to them: "Go to France!"
+
+While all these people were being massacred, others, according to an
+expression used by an eyewitness, were driven like sheep into the
+fields under the threat of immediate execution. The cure, in
+particular, owed his escape from being shot to extraordinary
+circumstances.
+
+According to the depositions which we have received, all these
+abominations were committed chiefly by the Second and Fourth Regiments
+of Bavarian infantry. To explain them, the officers have alleged that
+civilians had fired on their troops. As our inquiry has established
+formally, this allegation is a lie, for at the moment when the enemy
+arrived all arms had been deposited at the Mairie, and the part of the
+population which had not quitted the country had hidden itself in the
+cellars, a prey to the greatest terror. Besides, the reason alleged,
+even were it true, would assuredly be insufficient to excuse the
+destruction of a whole city, the murder of women, and the massacre of
+children.
+
+A list of persons who were killed in the course of the burning and the
+shootings has been drawn up by M. Bievelot, Conseiller d'Arrondissement.
+The list includes no less than 50 names. We have not quoted all of
+them. For one thing, among the people whose death has been proved,
+some died under conditions which are not stated with sufficient
+precision; on the other hand, the dispersal of the inhabitants of the
+town which has now been destroyed made our inquiry very difficult. Our
+efforts will be continued. In any case, what we have already been able
+to establish beyond dispute is enough to give an idea of what was, on
+the day of Aug. 20, the martyrdom of Nomeny.
+
+Luneville was occupied by the Germans from Aug. 27 to Sept. 11. During
+the first few days they were content to rob the inhabitants without
+molesting them in any other way. Thus, in particular on Aug. 24, the
+house of Mme. Jeaumont was plundered. The objects stolen were loaded
+on to a large vehicle in which were three women, one of them dressed
+in black and the two others wearing military costumes and appearing,
+as we were told, to be canteen women.
+
+On Aug. 25 the attitude of the invaders suddenly changed. M. Keller,
+the Mayor, went to the hospital about 3:30 o'clock in the afternoon
+and saw soldiers firing in the direction of the attic of a neighboring
+house, and heard the whistling of the bullets, which appeared to him
+to come from behind. The Germans declared to him that the inhabitants
+had fired on them. He protested, and offered to go around the town
+with them in order to prove the absurdity of this allegation. His
+proposal was accepted, and as at the beginning of the circuit they
+came across in the street the body of M. Crombez, the officer
+commanding the escort said to M. Keller, "You see this body. It is
+that of a civilian who has been killed by another civilian who was
+firing on us from a house near the synagogue. Thus, in accordance with
+our law, we have burned the house and executed the inhabitants." He
+was speaking of the murder of a man whose timid character was known to
+all, the Jewish officiating minister, Weill, who had just been killed
+in his house, together with his 16-year-old daughter. The same officer
+added, "In the same way we have burned the house at the corner of the
+Rue Castara and the Rue Girardet, because civilians fired shots from
+there." It is from this dwelling that the Germans alleged shots had
+been fired on to the courtyard of the hospital, but the position of
+the building makes it impossible for such a statement to be true.
+
+While the Mayor and the soldiers who accompanied him were pursuing
+their investigation the fire broke out on different sides; the Hotel
+de Ville was burned as well as the synagogue, and a number of houses
+in the Rue Castara, and the Faubourg d'Einville was in flames. The
+massacres, which were continued until the next day, began at the same
+time. Without counting M. Crombez, the officiating minister, Weill,
+and his daughter, whose deaths we have already mentioned, the victims
+were MM. Hamman, Binder, Balastre, (father and son,) Vernier, Dujon,
+M. Kahn and his mother, M. Steiner and his wife, M. Wingerstmann and
+his grandson, and, finally, MM. Sibille, Monteils, and Colin.
+
+The murders were committed in the following circumstances:--
+
+On Aug. 25, after having fired two shots into the Worms Tannery to
+create the belief that they were being attacked from there, the
+Germans entered a workshop in this factory, in which the workman,
+Goeury, was working, in company with M. Balastre, father and son.
+Goeury was dragged into the street, robbed there and brutally
+ill-treated, while his two companions, who were found trying to hide
+themselves in a lavatory, were killed by rifle shots.
+
+On the same day soldiers came to summon M. Steiner, who had hidden in
+his cellar. His wife, fearing some misfortune, tried to keep him back.
+As she held him in her arms she received a bullet in the neck. A few
+moments after, Steiner, having obeyed the order which had been given
+to him, fell mortally wounded in his garden. M. Kahn was also murdered
+in his garden. His mother, aged 98, whose body was burned in the fire,
+had first been killed in her bed by a bayonet thrust, according to the
+account of an individual who acted as interpreter to the enemy. M.
+Binder, who was coming out to escape the flames, was also struck down.
+The German by whom he was killed realized that he had shot him without
+any motive, at the moment when the unfortunate man was standing
+quietly before a door. M. Vernier suffered the same fate as Binder.
+
+Toward 3 o'clock the Germans broke into a house in which were Mme.
+Dujon, her daughter aged 3, her two sons, and M. Gaumier, by breaking
+the windows and firing shots. The little girl was nearly killed; her
+face was burned by a shot. At this moment, Mme. Dujon, seeing her
+youngest son, Lucien, 14 years old, stretched on the ground, asked him
+to get up and escape with her. She then saw that his intestines were
+protruding from a wound, and that he was holding them in. The house
+was on fire; the poor boy was burned, as well as M. Gaumier, who had
+not been able to escape.
+
+M. Wingerstmann and his grandson, aged 12, who had gone to pull
+potatoes a little way from Luneville, at the place called Les Mossus,
+in the District of Chanteheux, were unfortunate enough to meet
+Germans. The latter placed them both against a wall and shot them.
+
+Finally, toward 5 o'clock in the evening, soldiers entered the house
+of the woman Sibille, in the same place, and without any reason took
+possession of her son, led him 200 meters from the house and murdered
+him there, together with M. Vallon, to whose body they had fastened
+him. A witness, who had seen the murderers at the moment when they
+were dragging their victim along, saw them return without him and
+noticed that their saw bayonets were covered with blood and bits of
+flesh.
+
+On the same day a hospital attendant named Monteils, who was looking
+after a wounded enemy officer at the hospital of Luneville, was struck
+down by a bullet in the forehead while he was looking through a window
+at a German soldier who was firing.
+
+The next day, the 26th, M. Hamman and his son, aged 21, were arrested
+in their own house and dragged out by a band of soldiers who had
+entered by breaking down the door. The father was beaten unmercifully;
+as for the young man, as he tried to struggle, a non-commissioned
+officer blew out his brains with a revolver shot.
+
+At 1 o'clock in the afternoon M. Riklin, a chemist, having been
+informed that a man had fallen about thirty meters from his shop, went
+to the spot indicated and recognized in the victim his brother-in-law,
+M. Colin, aged 68, who had been struck in the stomach by a bullet. The
+Germans alleged that this old man fired upon them. M. Riklin denied
+this statement. Colin, we are told, was a harmless person, absolutely
+incapable of an aggressive act, and completely ignorant of the means
+of using a firearm.
+
+It appeared to us desirable to deal also at Luneville with acts which
+are less grave, but which throw a peculiar light on the habits of
+thought of the invader. On Aug. 25 M. Lenoir, 67 years of age,
+together with his wife, were led into the fields with their hands tied
+behind their backs. After both had been cruelly ill-treated, a
+non-commissioned officer took possession of 1,800 francs in gold which
+M. Lenoir carried on him. As we have already stated, the most impudent
+theft seems to have formed part of the customs of the German Army, who
+practiced it publicly. The following is an interesting example:
+
+During the burning of a house belonging to Mme. Leclerc, the safes of
+two inhabitants resisted the flames. One, belonging to M. George,
+Sub-Inspector of Waters and Forests, had fallen into the ruins; the
+other safe, belonging to M. Goudchau, general dealer, remained fixed
+to a wall at the height of the second story. The non-commissioned
+officer, Weiss, who was well acquainted with the town, where he had
+often been welcomed when he used to come before the war to carry on
+his business of hop merchant, went with the soldiers to the place and
+ordered that the piece of wall which remained standing should be blown
+up with dynamite, and saw that the two safes were taken to the
+station, where they were placed on a truck destined for Germany. This
+Weiss was particularly trusted and esteemed by the persons in command.
+It was he who, installed at Headquarters, was given the duty of
+administering the commune in some sense, and was in charge of the
+requisitioning.
+
+After having committed numerous acts of pillage at Luneville, after
+having burned about seventy houses with torches, petrol, and various
+incendiary machines, and after having massacred peaceful inhabitants,
+the German military authorities thought it well to put up the
+following proclamation, in which they formulated ridiculous
+accusations to justify the extortion of enormous contributions in the
+form of an indemnity:
+
+     NOTICE TO THE POPULATION.
+
+     On Aug. 25, 1914, the inhabitants of Luneville made an
+     attack by ambuscade against the German columns and
+     transports. On the same day the inhabitants fired on
+     hospital buildings marked with the Red Cross. Further, shots
+     were fired on the German wounded and the military hospital
+     containing a German ambulance. On account of these acts of
+     hostility a contribution of 650,000 francs is imposed on the
+     commune of Luneville. The Mayor is ordered to pay this
+     sum--50,000 francs in silver and the remainder in gold--on
+     Sept. 6, at 9 o'clock in the morning, to the representative
+     of the German military authority. No protest will be
+     considered. No extension of time will be granted. If the
+     commune does not punctually obey the order to pay 650,000
+     francs all the goods which are available will be seized. In
+     case payment is not made domiciliary searches will take
+     place, and all the inhabitants will be searched. Any one who
+     shall have deliberately hidden money or shall have attempted
+     to hide his goods from the seizure of the military
+     authorities, or who seeks to leave the town, will be shot.
+     The Mayor and hostages taken by the military authorities
+     will be made responsible for the exact execution of the
+     above order. The Mayor is ordered to publish these
+     directions to the commune at once.
+
+     Henamenil, Sept. 3, 1914.
+
+     Commander in Chief,
+     Von FOSBENDER.
+
+On reading this extraordinary document one is justified in asking
+whether the arson and murders committed at Luneville on Aug. 25 and 26
+by an army which was not acting under the excitement of battle, and
+which during its preceding days had abstained from killing, were not
+ordered on purpose to make more plausible the allegation which was to
+serve as a pretext for the exaction of an indemnity.
+
+The village of Chanteheux, situated quite close to Luneville, was not
+spared either. The Bavarians, who occupied it from the 22d of August
+to the 12th of September, burned there 20 houses in the customary
+manner and massacred 8 persons on the 25th of August, MM. Lavenne,
+Toussaint, Parmentier, and Bacheler, who were killed, the first three
+by rifle shots, the fourth by two shots and a blow with a bayonet;
+young Schneider, aged 23, who was murdered in a hamlet of the commune;
+M. Wingerstmann and his grandson, whose death we have recorded above
+in setting out the crimes committed at Luneville; lastly, M. Reeb,
+aged 62, who certainly died as the result of the ill-treatment which
+he suffered. This man had been taken as hostage with some 42 of his
+fellow-citizens who were kept for 13 days. After having received
+terrible blows from the butt of a rifle in his face and a bayonet
+wound in his side, he continued to follow the column, although he lost
+much blood and his face was so bruised that he was almost
+unrecognizable, when a Bavarian, without any reason, gave him a great
+wound by throwing a wooden pail at his forehead. Between Henamenil and
+Bures his companions saw that he was no longer with them; no doubt he
+fell by the way.
+
+If this unhappy man was to suffer the most cruel martyrdom of all, the
+hostages taken with him in the commune had also to suffer violence and
+insult. Before setting fire to the village, the hostages were set with
+their backs to the parapet of the bridge while the troops passed by
+ill-treating them. As an officer accused them of firing on the
+Germans, the schoolmaster gave him his word of honor that it was not
+so. "Pig of a Frenchman," replied the officer, "do not speak of honor;
+you have none."
+
+At the moment when her house was burning Mme. Cherrier, who was coming
+out of the cellar to escape suffocation, was drenched with an
+inflammable liquid by some soldiers who were sprinkling the walls. One
+of them told her that it was benzine. She then ran behind a dunghill
+to hide herself with her parents, but the fire raisers dragged her by
+force in front of the blaze and she was obliged to witness the
+destruction of her dwelling.
+
+Like Nomeny, the pretty town of Gerbeviller, on the banks of the
+Mortagne, fell a victim to the fury of the Germans under terrible
+circumstances. On the 24th August the enemy's troops hurled themselves
+against some sixty chasseurs a pied, who offered heroic resistance,
+and who inflicted heavy loss upon them. They took a drastic vengeance
+upon the civilian population. Indeed, from the moment of their
+entrance into the town, the Germans gave themselves up to the worst
+excesses, entering the houses, with savage yells, burning the
+buildings, killing or arresting the inhabitants, and sparing neither
+women nor old men. Out of 475 houses, 20 at most are still habitable.
+More than 100 persons have disappeared, 50 at least have been
+massacred. Some were led into the fields to be shot, others were
+murdered in their houses or struck down in passing through the streets
+as they were trying to escape from the conflagration. Up to now 36
+bodies have been identified. They are those of MM. Barthelemy, Blosse
+(Senior), Robinet, Chretien, Remy, Bourguignon, Perrin, Guillaume,
+Bernasconi, Gauthier, Menu, Simon, Lingenheld (father and son),
+Benoit, Calais, Adam, Caille, Lhuillier, Regret, Plaid (aged 14),
+Leroi, Bazzolo, Gentil, Victor Dehan, Charles Dehan, Dehan the
+Younger, Brennevald, Parisse, Yong, Francois, Secretary of the Mairie;
+Mmes. Perrot, Courtois, Gauthier, and Guillaume, and Mlles. Perrin and
+Miquel.
+
+Fifteen of these poor people were executed at a place called "La
+Prele." They were buried by their fellow-citizens on Sept. 12 or 15.
+Almost all had their hands tied behind their backs; some were
+blindfolded; the trousers of the majority were unbuttoned and pushed
+down to their feet. This fact, as well as the appearance of the
+bodies, made the witnesses think that the victims had been mutilated.
+We did not think we ought to adopt this view, the bodies being in such
+an advanced state of decomposition that a mistake on the subject might
+be made. Besides, it is possible that the murderers unbuttoned the
+trousers of the prisoners so as to incumber their legs, and thus make
+it impossible for them to escape.
+
+On Oct. 16, at a place called Le Haut-de-Vormont, buried under fifteen
+to twenty centimeters of earth, we found the bodies of ten civilians
+with the marks of bullets upon them. On one of them was found a
+laissez passer in the name of Edward Seyer, of Badonviller. The other
+nine victims are unknown. It is believed that they were inhabitants of
+Badonviller, who had been taken by the Germans into the neighborhood
+of Gerbeviller to be shot there.
+
+In the streets and houses, during the day of the sacking, the most
+tragic scenes took place.
+
+In the morning the enemy entered the house of M. and Mme. Lingenheld,
+seized the son, 36 years of age, who wore the brassard of the Red
+Cross, tied his hands behind his back, dragged him into the street,
+and shot him. They then returned to look for the father, an old man of
+70. Mme. Lingenheld then took to flight. On her way she saw her son
+stretched on the ground, and as the unhappy man was still moving some
+Germans drenched him with petrol, to which they set fire in the
+presence of the terrified mother. In the meantime M. Lingenheld was
+led to La Prele, where he was executed.
+
+At the same time the soldiers knocked at the door of the house
+occupied by M. Dehan, his wife, and his mother-in-law, the widow
+Guillaume, aged 78. The latter, who opened the door, was shot
+point-blank, and fell into the arms of her son-in-law, who ran up
+behind her. "They have killed me!" she cried. "Carry me into the
+garden." Her children obeyed and laid her at the end of the garden
+with a pillow under her head and a blanket over her legs, and then
+stretched themselves at the foot of the wall to avoid shells. At the
+end of an hour the widow Guillaume was dead. Her daughter wrapped her
+in a blanket and placed a handkerchief over her face. Almost
+immediately the Germans broke into the garden. They carried off Dehan
+and shot him at La Prele, and led his wife away on to the Fraimbois
+road, where she found about forty people, principally women and
+children, in the enemy's hands, and heard an officer of high rank say:
+"We must shoot these women and children. We must make an end of them."
+However, the threat was not carried into effect. Mme. Dehan was set at
+liberty next day, and was able to return twenty-one days later to
+Gerbeviller. She is convinced, and all those who saw the body share
+her opinion, that her mother's body had been violated. In fact, the
+body was found stretched on its back with the petticoats pushed up,
+the legs separated, and the stomach ripped open.
+
+When the Germans arrived M. Perrin and his two daughters, Louise and
+Eugenie, had taken refuge in a stable. The soldiers entered, and one
+of them, seeing young Louise, fired a shot point-blank at her head.
+Eugenie succeeded in escaping, but her father was arrested as he fled,
+placed among the victims who were being taken to La Prele and shot
+with them.
+
+M. Yong, who was going out to exercise his horse, was struck down
+before his own house. The Germans in their fury killed the horse after
+the master, and set fire to the house. Some others raised the
+trap-door of a cellar in which several people were hidden and fired
+several shots at them. Mme. Denis Bernard and the boy, Parmentier, 7
+years of age, were wounded.
+
+At 5 in the evening Mme. Rozier heard an imploring voice crying,
+"Mercy! Mercy!" These cries came from one of two neighboring barns
+belonging to MM. Poinsard and Barbier. A man who was acting as
+interpreter to the Germans declared to a certain Mme. Thiebaut that
+the Germans boasted that they had burned alive in one of these barns,
+in spite of his entreaties and appeals to their pity, a man who was
+the father of five children. This declaration carries all the more
+conviction, since the remains of a burned human body have been found
+in the barn belonging to Poinsard.
+
+Side by side with this carnage, innumerable acts of violence were
+committed. The wife of a soldier, Mme. X., was raped by a German
+soldier in the passage of the house of her parents, while her mother
+was obliged to flee at the bayonet's point.
+
+On Aug. 29 Sister Julie, Mother Superior of the hospital, whose
+devotion has been admirable, went to the parish church with a
+mobilized priest to examine the state of the interior of the building,
+and found that an attempt had been made to break through the steel
+door of the tabernacle. The Germans had fired shots around the lock in
+order to get possession of the ciborium. The door was broken through
+in several places, and the bullets had caused almost symmetrical
+holes, which proved that the shots had been fired point blank. When
+Sister Julie opened the tabernacle she found the ciborium pierced with
+bullet holes.
+
+The excesses and crimes which were committed at Gerbeviller were
+principally the work of the Bavarians. The troops which committed them
+were under the command of the German General, Clauss, whose brutality
+has been brought to our notice in other places.
+
+On the 22d of August the Germans burned part of the village of Crevic,
+using torches and rockets. Seventy-six houses were burned, including
+in particular that of Gen. Lyautey, which the fire-raisers had
+entered, led by an officer, crying aloud: "We want Mme. and Mlle.
+Lyautey in order to cut their throats." A Captain, leveling his
+revolver at M. Voigin's throat, threatened to shoot him and throw him
+into the flames, together with one of his fellow-citizens, "whose
+brains," he said, "we have already blown out." He was alluding to the
+death of an old gentleman, M. Liegey, 78 years of age, whose body was
+found in the ruins with a bullet wound under his chin. The officer
+added, "Come and see the property of Gen. Lyautey, who is in
+Morocco--it is burning." Meanwhile a workman named Gerard was forced
+at the bayonet's point to go up to his garret. The Germans set fire to
+a heap of forage and obliged Gerard to remain near the blaze. When the
+soldiers were driven out by the intolerable heat, Gerard was able to
+escape through a little opening, but he had had one cheek already
+badly burned.
+
+At Deuxville, where the enemy willfully set fire to fifteen houses,
+the Mayor, Bajole, and the cure, Thiriet, were arrested. L'Abbe
+Marchal, cure of Crion, saw them both in his parish in the hands of
+the Germans; he approached his colleague and asked the reason of his
+arrest. The latter replied, "I made signs." L'Abbe Marchal gave him a
+little bread and went away; but he had scarcely gone thirty paces when
+he heard the sound of a volley. The two prisoners had just been
+executed. The next day an officer who spoke our language perfectly,
+and said that for eight years he had been attached to the German
+Embassy in Paris, told L'Abbe Marchal that the cure of Deuxville had
+made signs and had admitted it. "As for the Mayor," he added, "I do
+not believe the poor devil had done anything."
+
+At Maixe the Germans burned thirty-six houses and murdered MM. Gaucon,
+Demange, Jacques, Thomas, Marchal, Chaudre, Grand, Simonin, Vaconet,
+and Mme. Beurton on the pretext that they had been firing at them.
+Gaucon was dragged from his own house and thrown on a dunghill where a
+soldier killed him with a rifle shot in the stomach. Demange, who was
+wounded in both knees while in his cellar, succeeded in dragging
+himself as far as the kitchen. The Germans set fire to the house and
+prevented Mme. Demange from rescuing her husband, and left their
+victims to be burned in the blazing house.
+
+Mme. Beurton was also in her cellar with her family when two soldiers
+came down into it; one of them carried a lantern and the other a
+rifle. The latter fired haphazard on to the group and hit the unhappy
+woman. Vaconet was struck by a bullet in the side at the foot of M.
+Rediger's staircase; as for Simonin, he was taken away in the
+direction of Drouville. A few days afterward a German officer handed
+to M. Thouvenin, Municipal Councilor of the commune, a note stating
+that Simonin had been shot and that his last wishes were expressed in
+a document which was in the hands of the General commanding the Third
+Bavarian Division. On this document, of which a copy has been sent to
+us, appears the signature of an officer of the Third Regiment of the
+Chevauxlegers. The other victims at Maixe met their deaths under
+conditions which we have been unable to ascertain.
+
+In the same village, Mlle. X., aged 23 years, was raped by nine
+Germans during the night of Aug. 23-24. An officer was sleeping in the
+room above that in which this revolting scene was being enacted, but
+he did not consider it necessary to intervene, though he must
+certainly have heard the cries of the young girl and the noise made
+by the German soldiers.
+
+The Chateau of Beauzemont was broken into on the 22d of August. On the
+fifteenth day of its occupation, the wives of several German staff
+officers arrived in motor cars. Everything that had been stolen from
+the Chateau, especially plate, hats, and silk dresses, was loaded on
+the motor cars. On the 21st of October the Lieutenant Colonel
+commanding the ---- French Infantry Regiment took possession of this
+chateau. He found it in a state of disorder and revolting filth. The
+drawers of most of the furniture had been broken into and left open,
+and the floor of the billiard room was in a filthy condition. There
+was a disgusting smell in the bedroom occupied by the German General
+commanding the Seventh Reserve Division. The cupboard at the head of
+the bed contained body linen and muslin curtains full of excrements.
+
+At Baccarat the enemy did not massacre anybody, but on the 25th of
+August they carried out a systematic pillage, and in order to be able
+to do this undisturbed they had ordered the population to assemble at
+the railway station. The pillage was carried out under the supervision
+of the officers. Clocks and various articles of furniture and objets
+d'art were carried off. When the inhabitants returned home they were
+ordered out again an hour later and informed that the town was to be
+burned. Indeed, the centre of the town was ablaze. The conflagration,
+which was started by torches and pastilles, destroyed 112 houses; only
+four or five were burned by shells. After the fire sentinels were
+placed, who prevented the owners from approaching the ruins of their
+houses, and when the blaze had abated the Germans ransacked the ruins
+themselves in order to gain access to the cellars. After this
+operation Gen. Fabricius, commanding the artillery of the Fourteenth
+Baden Corps, said to M. Renaud, the Acting Mayor: "I did not think
+that Baccaret contained such a quantity of fine wine. We found more
+than 100,000 bottles." One must, however, add that at the glass works
+the enemy really displayed comparative honesty, inasmuch as they only
+exacted, at the revolver's point, a reduction of 60 to 75 per cent. on
+the goods which they bought.
+
+At Jolivet, on the 22d of August, M. Villemin was leaving M. Cohan's
+house with the latter and a M. Richard when German soldiers fell upon
+M. Richard. Struck on the head by the butt of a rifle, Richard fell.
+Cohan rushed back to his house. Villemin went to look after his
+cattle, after having followed Richard for a short distance as the
+latter was being led away by his aggressors. At about 5 o'clock in the
+evening he went out to see a neighbor, but was immediately arrested
+and shot. His assassins threw his body over a fence into a garden.
+
+On the 25th of August, in the same commune, Mme. Morin's house was
+pillaged. The Germans took linen, plate, furs and hats. The next day
+the house was set on fire by lighting bits of wood found in packing
+cases.
+
+At Bonvillers, on the 21st, 23d, and 25th of August, twenty-six houses
+were set on fire by the Germans, who made use of squibs and candles.
+
+At Einville, on the 22d of August, the day the Germans arrived, they
+shot a Town Councilor, M. Pierson, whom they wrongfully accused of
+having fired on them. They also executed, without reason, MM. Bouvier
+and Barbelin, whom they had taken away a short distance from the
+village. They also massacred a poacher called Pierrat, whom they had
+found carrying a sack containing a small net and a gun in pieces. The
+wretched man was terribly tortured by them. Having dragged him beyond
+the village, they brought him back in front of Mme. Famose's house.
+This lady saw him pass by in the midst of the Germans. His nose was
+nearly cut off. His eyes were haggard and, to quote the witness's
+remark, he seemed to have aged ten years in a quarter of an hour. At
+this moment an officer gave an order and eight soldiers went off with
+the prisoner. When they returned ten minutes later without him one of
+them said in French, "He was already dead."
+
+On the 12th of September M. Dieudonne, Mayor of Einville, was taken
+off as a hostage with his assistant and another of his townsmen by the
+enemy at the time of their retreat. He and his companions were taken
+to Alsace, then into Germany, where they were kept until the 24th of
+October. Before his arrest, and during a fight which took place around
+his commune, M. Dieudonne had been forced, notwithstanding his
+protests, to commandeer several of his townsmen in order to bury the
+dead. Three of the inhabitants of Einville thus forcible employed on
+this duty were wounded by bullets; another, M. Noel, was killed by a
+fragment of a shell.
+
+The farm of Remonville, situated within the boundaries of the same
+village, was burned down. The women were able to escape. Four men who
+were working on this estate must have been all killed. The bodies of
+two of them, Victor Chaudre and Thomas Prosper, were discovered two
+months later buried together near the buildings which had been burned.
+Both had been decapitated, and Thomas's head was smashed to pieces.
+
+At Sommerviller the enemy's course on the 23d of August was marked by
+the sack of the cafes and grocers' shops and of several private
+houses, and by the murder of M. Robert, aged 70, and M. Harau, aged
+65, who were killed by rifle shots. The latter at the moment when he
+received his death wound was quietly eating a piece of bread.
+
+At Rehainviller, on the 26th of August, the Germans seized the cure,
+Barbot, and M. Noircler in the street. The bodies of these two men
+were found a long time afterward buried in the fields a few hundred
+meters from the village. Their bodies were in an advanced state of
+decomposition, and it was therefore impossible to ascertain the wounds
+which the cure had received; as for Noircler, his head was found in
+the grave by the side of the rest of his body, in a line with his hip.
+
+[Illustration: AVIATOR-COMMANDANT MARCONNAY
+
+One of the Oldest and Best Known French Military Aviators Killed
+During a Reconnoissance.
+
+(_Photo from Underwood & Underwood._)]
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL SIR DOUGLAS HAIG
+
+Commanding the First British Army, One of the Six Armies Recently
+Incorporated.
+
+(_Photo_ (C) _American Press Association._)]
+
+In this commune twenty-seven houses have been burned. No one saw
+the fire lighted, but after the disaster a certain number of little
+fuse-sticks which the Germans frequently use for the purpose of
+fire-raising, and which the peasants call "macaronis," were collected.
+
+At Lamath, on the 24th of August, the Bavarians shot an old man of 70,
+M. Louis, who had come out of his house to relieve the needs of
+nature. The unhappy man received at least ten bullets in the chest.
+His son-in-law, who was in an advanced stage of tuberculosis, was
+taken and led away. No news has been received of him. Two other
+inhabitants of the commune who were made prisoners at the same time as
+this man are still in captivity in Bavaria.
+
+The Abbe Mathieu, cure of Fraimbois, was arrested on the 29th of
+August on the false allegation that shots had been fired at the
+Germans in his parish. In the course of his captivity, which lasted
+sixteen days, he was present at the murder of two of our
+fellow-countrymen, M. Poissonnier of Gerbeviller and M. Victor-Meyer
+of Fraimbois; the former, an invalid who could scarcely stand, was
+accused of having followed the armies as a spy. The latter had been
+arrested because his little girl had picked up a bit of telephone wire
+broken by shrapnel. One morning toward 6 o'clock the Bavarian officers
+went through a travesty of justice, reading documents drawn up in
+German, collecting the votes of eight or nine young Lieutenants to
+whom voting papers had been given. The two men were condemned
+unanimously and warned that they were about to die, and the priest was
+requested to give them the consolations of religion. They protested
+their innocence with prayers and tears, but they were compelled to
+kneel down against the embankment of the road, and a platoon of
+twenty-four soldiers drawn up in double file fired twice at them.
+
+The village of Fraimbois was pillaged, and the objects stolen were
+loaded on to vehicles. The Abbe Mathieu complained to Gens. Tanner and
+Clauss of the burning of his bee-house, and received from the former
+the simple reply, "What do you expect? It is war!" The latter did not
+even reply.
+
+At Mont three houses were burned with petrol. At Herimenil, on the
+29th of August, the enemy, who had arrived on the 24th, were guilty of
+monstrous acts. The inhabitants were asked to come to church and were
+kept there for four days, while their houses were sacked and the
+French bombarded the village. Twenty-four people were killed inside
+the church by a shell. As a woman, who had succeeded with great
+trouble in leaving the church for a moment, was returning with a
+little milk for the children, a Captain, furious at seeing that this
+prisoner had been allowed to pass, cried out, "I meant that the door
+should not be opened! I meant the French to fire on their own people."
+This same Captain, a short time before, had been guilty of a revolting
+cruelty. He was present, eyeglass in eye, when Mme. Winger, a young
+woman of 23, was going to church in obedience to the general order,
+together with her servants, a girl and two young men, each of them 18
+years old, and, considering their progress too slow, with a word he
+directed the soldiers to fire, and the four victims fell mortally
+wounded. The Germans left the corpses in the street for two days.
+
+Next day they shot M. Bocquel, who was ignorant of the orders which
+had been given and had remained in his house. They also killed in his
+own house M. Florentin, aged 77. This old man, who received several
+bullets in the chest, was probably killed in consequence of his
+deafness, which prevented him from understanding what the enemy had
+ordered.
+
+In this commune twenty-two houses were burned with petrol. Before
+setting fire to Mme. Combeau's house the soldiers dug up the floor of
+a cellar and distinterred the sum of 600 francs, which they
+appropriated.
+
+On the 23d of August young Simonin, aged 15-1/2, living at Hadiviller,
+was going back from Dombasle when the Germans threatened him with
+their rifles and took him prisoner. They began by beating him
+unmercifully. Then on the orders of an officer, he was led away by a
+soldier. As he went along he saw his father about 50 meters off
+calling to him. The soldier then tied him to a telegraph pole, and
+fired on Simonin's father, who fell vomiting blood, and soon after
+died as he lay. Meanwhile, the young man was able to free himself from
+his bonds, and succeeded in running the gauntlet of several shots, one
+of which tore his coat.
+
+At Magnieres, where one house only was burned, a German armed with a
+rifle entered, toward the end of August, the house of M. Laurent and
+compelled a girl of 12, young ----, who had taken refuge there, to
+accompany him into a room, where he raped her twice, in spite of her
+ceaseless cries and groans. The poor girl was absolutely terrorized.
+In addition, the soldier was so threatening that M. Laurent did not
+dare to interfere.
+
+At Croismare on the 25th of August, when the Germans were forced to
+beat a retreat, maddened by their check, they began to fire on
+everybody they met. A Uhlan officer killed with a rifle shot M.
+Kriegel, who had gone into the field to pull potatoes. He then saw MM.
+Matton and Barbier returning from their work. He rode up to them and
+ordered them to stop and stand up against an embankment. The two
+peasants thought at first that he was anxious to see them sheltered
+from the rifle shots that were being fired all round. But their
+delusion was soon dispelled when they saw him load his revolver. In
+the course of this operation three cartridges were dropped, and the
+officer ordered Matton and Barbier to pick them up. Barbier handed him
+one of the cartridges back with the words, "Do not do us any harm; we
+have just been working in the fields." "Nicht pardon, cochon de
+franzose, capout," replied the officer, and fired twice. Matton ducked
+quickly, and thanks to this movement was only hit in the right
+shoulder instead of full in the chest. As for Barbier, a bullet went
+through both his thumbs and ripped open his left forefinger.
+
+At Remereville on the 7th of September the enemy, alleging falsely
+that the inhabitants had fired on them from the steeple, set fire to
+the houses with the assistance of rockets. A few houses only escaped
+the flames. Before being burned the village had been bombarded by the
+Germans, who had taken as their objective an ambulance, whose flag
+they saw perfectly.
+
+The commune of Drouville, which was twice occupied, was absolutely
+sacked on the 5th of September. The invaders burned thirty-five
+houses, using torches and doubtless petrol also, for they left on the
+spot a can which contained twenty-five to thirty liters.
+
+At Courbesseaux arson and pillage were also committed on the 5th of
+September. Nineteen houses were burned, and M. Alix, who was trying to
+put out a fire in a stack of luzerne on his property, was shot at
+several times and obliged to flee.
+
+Finally, on the 23d of August, at Erbeviller, a Saxon Captain found a
+very practical means of getting money for himself. He collected the
+men in the village and tried vainly, by threatening to shoot them, to
+obtain a declaration from them that the sentries had been shot at,
+although he knew perfectly well that it was untrue. Then he shut them
+up in a barn. In the evening he had brought before him the wife of M.
+Jacques, a retired schoolmaster, who was one of the prisoners, and
+said to her, "I am not certain that these are the men who fired. They
+will be set at liberty tomorrow morning if you can give me a thousand
+francs in the next few minutes." Mme. Jacques gave him the amount, and
+in reply to her request he gave her a receipt for it, and the hostages
+were set at liberty.
+
+The receipt drawn up by the officer reads as follows:
+
+     Erbeviller, 23d August, 1914.
+
+     RECEIPT.
+
+     _As a punishment for being suspected_ of having fired on
+     German sentries during the night of August 22d and 23d I
+     have received from the Commune of Erbeviller one thousand
+     francs, (1,000 fr.)
+
+     BARON ---- (illegible).
+
+     haupt. reit. regim.
+
+In a commune of the Department of Meurthe-et-Moselle two nuns were for
+several hours exposed without defense to the lust of a soldier. By
+terrorizing them he obliged them to undress, and after having
+compelled the elder to pull off his boots, he committed obscenities on
+the younger. We undertook not to publish the names of the victims of
+this abominable scene, or of that of the village in which it took
+place, but the facts were laid before us under the sanction of an oath
+by witnesses who deserve the fullest confidence, and we take the
+responsibility of pledging ourselves as to their accuracy.
+
+During our stay at Nancy and Luneville, we had the opportunity of
+receiving a good deal of evidence with reference to crimes committed
+by the Germans in districts which were still occupied by their troops,
+and which the majority of the inhabitants had been forced to evacuate.
+The most cruel of these acts took place at the village of Embermenil.
+At the end of October or the beginning of November, an enemy patrol
+met near this commune a young woman, Mme. Masson, who was obviously
+pregnant, and questioned her as to whether there were French soldiers
+at Embermenil. She replied that she did not know, which was true. The
+Germans then entered the village and were received by our soldiers
+with rifle fire. On the 5th of November a detachment of the Fourth
+Bavarian Regiment arrived and collected all the inhabitants in front
+of the church. An officer then asked which person it was who had
+betrayed them. Suspecting that he referred to her meeting with the
+Germans some days before, and realizing the danger that all her
+fellow-citizens ran, Mme. Masson with great courage stepped forward
+and repeated what she had said, and declared that in saying it she had
+acted in good faith. She was immediately seized and forced to sit down
+on a bench beside young Dime, aged 24, who had been taken haphazard as
+a second victim. The whole population begged for mercy for the unhappy
+woman, but the Germans were inflexible. "One woman and one man," they
+said, "must be shot. Those are the Colonel's orders. What will you?
+It is war." Eight soldiers drawn up in two ranks fired three times at
+the two martyrs in the presence of the whole village. The house of
+Mme. Masson's father-in-law was then set on fire. That of M. Blanchin
+had been burned a few moments before.
+
+Mme. Millot of Domevre-sur-Vezouze has described to us the murder of
+her nephew, Maurice Claude, aged 17, of which she was an eyewitness.
+On the 24th of August, at the moment when the Germans arrived at
+Domevre, this young lad was with his family in his father's house, at
+the foot of a staircase, when he saw that soldiers were aiming at him
+from the street. He stepped aside to shield himself, but was not able
+to find shelter, and was struck by three bullets. Wounded in the
+stomach, in the buttock, and in the thigh, he died three days later,
+after having displayed admirable resignation. When he knew that he was
+dying he said to his disconsolate mother, "I can well die for my
+country."
+
+The same day MM. Auguste Claude and Adolphe Claude, the latter aged
+75, were also killed, and 136 houses in the village were burned by
+means of incendiary cartridges. Further, two inhabitants, MM. Bretton
+and Labart, were taken as hostages. It is not known what has become of
+them since.
+
+M. Veron, retired schoolmaster, at Audun-le-Roman, in the
+arrondissement of Briey, made a deposition before us which runs as
+follows:
+
+"On the 21st of August, toward 5 in the evening, the Germans who had
+occupied for seventeen days the village of Audun-le-Roman, began
+without any reason to fire upon the houses with rifles and machine
+guns. Four women, Mlle. Roux, Mlle. Trefel, Mme. Zapolli, and Mme.
+Giglio, were wounded. Mlle. Trefel was struck while she was giving a
+drink to a German soldier. Three men were killed: M. Martin, an
+agriculturist, aged 68, whose house was burned, was led out and shot
+in the street in the presence of his wife and children. M. Chary, aged
+55, foreman roadmaker, was escaping from the conflagration, holding
+his wife by the hand, when he was killed by rifle shots. I have seen
+his body, which was riddled with wounds. M. Ernest Samen was struck by
+five revolver bullets at the moment when he was shutting the door of
+his coach house.
+
+"I saw the enemy set fire to the Cafe Matte with petrol. Mme. Matte
+went out with a little bag in her hand containing her savings, about
+two thousand francs. She was robbed by a German officer, who snatched
+the bag away."
+
+The witness added that the Mayor must have been carried off by a
+patrol, but in any case he had disappeared.
+
+At Arracourt, M. Maillard was killed in the fields by a bullet which
+went right through him; five houses were burned.
+
+The village of Brin-sur-Seille was almost entirely destroyed by fire
+lighted by cartridges and round fuses. Further, the wife of a man at
+Raucourt who is with the colors, Mme. X., declared to us that she had
+been raped in her own house in the presence of her little boy, aged
+3-1/2, by a soldier who had placed the point of his bayonet on her
+breast to overcome the resistance which she opposed to him.
+
+
+OISE.
+
+In the Department of Oise we have ascertained the following facts:
+
+When on the 31st of August the Germans entered the village of
+Monchy-Humieres a group of about fifteen people were in the street
+looking at them as they entered. No act of provocation was committed,
+but an officer believed that he heard some one say the word
+"Prussian." At once he directed three dragoons to fall out and ordered
+them to fire. Young Gaston Dupuis was killed, M. Grandvalet was
+wounded in the right shoulder by a bullet, and a little girl of 4 who
+belonged to a family of refugees from Verdun was slightly wounded in
+the neck.
+
+Next day the commune of Ravenel was sacked, and the stolen objects
+were taken away in a carriage. A man named Vilette, while bicycling on
+the road near the village, met a motor car in which were several
+Germans. They began to fire at him without any reason. He jumped down
+from his machine and took to flight across country, but a bullet
+stopped him on his way. He died a few hours afterward, leaving a widow
+and two children.
+
+On the same day, near Mery, the enemy opened fire on some English guns
+which were drawn up at the place called Le Bout de la Ville, and an
+engagement began between the cavalry of the two armies. At this moment
+the Germans entered the sugar factory, which is situated in a hamlet
+of the commune. They seized the manager, his family, and all the staff
+of the factory, and, during the three hours which the engagement
+lasted, made them walk in a parallel line to themselves in order to
+protect themselves against the fusillade which was catching them on
+the flank. Among the twenty-five people who were thus exposed to grave
+danger were women and children. A work girl, Mme. Jeansenne, was
+killed, and a foreman, Courtois, had a bullet through his left arm. At
+10 in the evening, the enemy returned in force to the village. They
+left the next day after having burned the houses and carried out a
+general sack.
+
+On the 2d of September the Germans entered Senlis, where they were
+greeted by rifle fire from African troops. Alleging that they had been
+fired on by civilians, they set fire to two quarters of the town. One
+hundred and five houses were burned in the following manner: The
+Germans marched along the streets in a column; at a whistle from an
+officer, some of them fell out, and proceeded to break in the doors of
+the houses and the shop fronts; then others came along and lit the
+fire with grenades and rockets; patrols who followed them fired
+incendiary bullets with their rifles into those houses in which the
+fire was not taking hold fast enough.
+
+While our soldiers were firing in the outskirts of the town, the
+hostages who had been taken into the streets by the Germans were
+forced to walk in the middle of the road, while the Germans prudently
+kept to the footpaths. M. Levasseur, Mme. Dauchy and her little girl
+aged 5, MM. Pinchaux, Minouflet, and Leymarie were among the number of
+the hostages who were thus exposed to death. Near the hospital
+Levasseur was killed. Soon Leymarie in his turn fell mortally wounded.
+As he was carrying him to lay him at the foot of a wall, Minouflet was
+struck by a bullet on the knee. An officer approached him, and told
+him to show his wound, and then suddenly fired with his revolver into
+his shoulder. At the same spot a witness saw another officer in the
+act of torturing a French wounded soldier by beating him in the face
+with a stick.
+
+Meanwhile several murders were committed. M. Simon was dragged out of
+his house and killed by a rifle shot in the side. At 2 o'clock the
+Germans broke in the door of M. Megret's house. The latter came
+forward, promised to give them everything they asked for, and brought
+them ten bottles of wine. He was murdered by a shot full in the chest.
+MM. Ramu, Vilcoq, Chambellant and Gaudet, drawn by curiosity, went to
+look at the burning forage store to which the French troops had set
+fire as they retired. Enemy soldiers fired on them several times. Ramu
+was wounded, Gaudet was killed on the spot, Chambellant received two
+bullets, one in his right hand and the other below the groin, and died
+a week later. MM. Simon, Ecker, Chery, Leblond, Rigauld, Louis, and
+Momus were also killed in Senlis.
+
+At 3 o'clock the Mayor, M. Odent, was arrested at the Hotel de Ville
+on the allegation, against which he protested, that civilians had
+fired on the German troops. While he was being led away the Secretary
+of the Mairie joined him near the Hotel du Grand Cerf, and proposed
+that he should go and fetch his Deputies. "It is useless," he replied,
+"one victim is enough." The Magistrate was taken to Chamant, and
+during the journey was the butt of hateful brutality. His gloves were
+torn from him and thrown in his face; his stick was taken from him and
+he was violently beaten with it on the head. Finally, toward 11
+o'clock, he was made to appear before three officers. One of them
+questioned him, persisting in accusing him of having fired or caused
+others to fire on the Germans, and warned him that he was about to
+die. M. Odent then went to his fellow-captives, handed them his papers
+and money, shook hands with them, and with great dignity made his last
+adieu. He then returned to the officers. On their order, two soldiers
+dragged him ten meters away and sent two bullets through his head. The
+murderers made a little hollow in the ground, and flung over the
+corpse a layer of earth so thin that it did not cover the victim's
+feet. A few hours before, 200 meters off, six other inhabitants of
+Senlis, MM. Pommier, Barbier, Aubert, Cottereau, Arthur Rigault, and
+Dewert, had already been shot and buried.
+
+The same evening M. Jeandin, a baker, who had been arrested at 3 or 4
+in the afternoon without any reason, and then taken by the Forty-ninth
+Pomeranian Regiment of Infantry to Villers-Saint-Frambourg, was
+fastened to a stake in a field and pierced repeatedly with the point
+of a bayonet.
+
+It is unnecessary to say that the town of Senlis was pillaged. While
+the enemy sacked the houses they took pleasure in exciting the worst
+instincts of the populace by offering part of the booty to women in
+wretched circumstances.
+
+At Villers-Saint-Frambourg the woman X. was raped by a soldier who got
+into her house. After the crime she took refuge in a neighboring
+house. The precaution was a wise one, for numerous comrades of the
+aggressor broke into her house and, furious at not finding the victim
+they sought, smashed the windows and seized the chickens, rabbits, and
+pig which they found in an outhouse.
+
+On Sept. 3 at Creil, under the orders of a Captain who tried to force
+MM. Guillot and Demonts to show him the houses of the richest
+inhabitants, the Germans scattered among the houses, breaking in doors
+and windows, and gave themselves up to pillage with the complicity of
+their leaders, to whom they came constantly to show the jewelry which
+they had stolen. Demonts and Guillot were then led into the country,
+where they found about 100 inhabitants of Creil and Nogent-sur-Oise
+and the neighborhood. All these persons were forced to suffer the
+shame and grief of working against the defense of their country by
+cutting down a field of maize which hindered the firing of the enemy
+and by digging trenches intended to shelter the Germans. For seven
+days the enemy kept them there without giving them food. Some women of
+the neighborhood were, fortunately, able to give them a little.
+
+Meanwhile in the town several people were put to death. M. Parent, who
+was escaping, was killed in the Rue Victor Hugo by a shot by a Uhlan.
+As soon as he fell, troopers hurled themselves upon him to search his
+clothes. M. Alexandre had his head shattered, at the intersection of
+the Rue Gambetta and the Rue Carnot. Germans entered the shop of M.
+Breche, wine seller. Thinking, no doubt, that he was not serving them
+quickly enough, they dragged him into the courtyard of Mme. Egasse,
+his neighbor, where an officer accused him of having fired on the
+soldiers, and ordered, in spite of his denial, that he should be shot
+at once. Mme. Egasse tried to soften the murderers, but she was
+brutally ordered off. From the room to which she went she heard the
+reports, and through the window she saw Breche's body stretched on the
+ground. When she came down she could not prevent herself from
+expressing her grief. The officer then said to her: "A dead man! We
+see too many to take any notice. Besides, wherever we are fired upon,
+we kill and burn."
+
+A young man named Odener, carrying a bag of rice, had been taken from
+Liancourt of Creil. When he reached the Place de l'Eglise, worn out by
+fatigue and the ill-treatment which he had received, he put down his
+load and tried to escape. Two soldiers took aim at him, fired, and
+struck him down. A certain Leboeuf, who had been his fellow-prisoner,
+died at Creil a few days afterward in consequence of a wound which he
+had received on the way.
+
+Gen. von Kluck's army arrived at Crepy-en-Valois on the 2d of
+September, and took four days to march through. The town was
+completely sacked under the eyes of the officers. In particular the
+jewelers' shops were ransacked.
+
+Thefts of jewelry and body linen were committed in a house in which
+lodged a General commanding with some twelve officers of the General
+Staff. Almost all the safes in Crepy were gutted.
+
+On the 3d of the same month, at Baron, an artist of great talent,
+Prof. Alberic Magnard, fired two shots from a revolver on a troop
+which was entering his property. One soldier was killed and another
+wounded. The Germans, who in so many places have committed the worst
+cruelties without any motive, here contented themselves with burning
+the property of their aggressor. The latter committed suicide to avoid
+falling into their hands. None the less the commune was sacked. M.
+Robert, notary, was robbed of his jewelry, his linen, and of 1,471
+bottles of wine, and forced to open his safe and allow an officer to
+take 8,300 francs which were locked up there. In the evening he saw
+another officer who wore on his finger nine women's rings, and whose
+arms were adorned with six bracelets. Two soldiers told him, besides,
+that they received a premium of four marks whenever they brought their
+commanding officers a piece of jewelry.
+
+In this commune, Mme. X., a most respectable young woman, was violated
+by two soldiers in succession in the absence of her husband, who is
+with the colors. One of these two men ransacked a chest of drawers
+while his comrade was committing his crime.
+
+At Mesnil-sur-Bulles on the evening of the 4th of September two
+Germans arrived in a carriage and one on a bicycle and went to the
+house of the Deputy Mayor, M. Gustave Queste. As the latter did not
+understand them, he asked his cousin, M. Queste, Professor at the
+Lycee of Amiens, to act as interpreter for him. After having fulfilled
+this office the professor returned home. A few minutes afterward,
+hearing a shot, he went out to ascertain what was happening. He found
+himself in the presence of one of the three soldiers to whom he had
+just spoken in his cousin's house. This man, who was drunk, fired at
+him and killed him.
+
+The same three soldiers, passing through Nourard-le-Franc, set fire to
+seven houses with torches which they had brought with them in their
+carriage. A few hours before their arrival at Mesnil-sur-Bulles a
+Uhlan patrol had already made a reconnoissance in this commune.
+Troopers entered the house of M. Amedee Queste, burst open a door,
+broke the furniture, and stole a quantity of jewelry as well as a sum
+of 60 francs.
+
+At Choisy-au-Bac the Germans, who had been in the village since the
+31st of August, willfully set fire on the 1st and 2d of September to
+forty-five houses under the grossly false allegation that they had
+been fired upon, and previously, in the presence of their officers,
+gave themselves up to a general pillage, the product of which was
+carried away in vehicles stolen from the inhabitants. Two army
+doctors, wearing the brassards of the Red Cross, themselves pillaged
+the house of Mme. Binder.
+
+M. Morel, working carpenter, who was in his garden, was shot in the
+groin by a soldier who was passing on the road. He died next day. Four
+young men were taken as hostages and led away on the 8th of September.
+One of them was able to escape. His comrade, Rene Leclere, is said to
+have been shot at Besme, in the Department of the Aisne; as for the
+other two, no one knows what has become of them.
+
+At Compiegne, which was occupied by the enemy from the 31st of August
+to the 12th of September, the chateau suffered comparatively little;
+the thefts there were not very important. But a great number of houses
+were pillaged. The house of Comte d'Orsetti, which is situated
+opposite to the palace, was literally sacked, principally by
+non-commissioned officers. Plate, jewelry, and valuables were
+collected in the courtyard of the chateau, examined, inventoried, and
+packed up, and were then loaded in two removal vans on which had been
+placed the Red Cross flag.
+
+Application was made to Capt. Schroeder to put an end to the burglary
+and the scandalous orgy which was going on in the villa, and at last
+he went to the place; but after having glanced at the interior of the
+pillaged houses he went off again, saying, "It is war, and besides I
+have no time."
+
+On Sept. 4 a soldier, who had gone to pass the night at the house
+where Mme. X. was concierge, drove the husband with several of the
+former's relations out of the house, threatening them with his rifle,
+and then obliged Mme. X. to pass the night with him.
+
+At Trumilly, where they remained from the 2d to the 4th of September,
+the Germans pillaged the commune and carried off the product of their
+theft in artillery wagons as well as in carriages. The first day, Mme.
+Huet, on whom were billeted a part of the staff of the Nineteenth
+Regiment of Hanover Dragoons and a great number of soldiers, saw a
+non-commissioned officer take possession of a box containing her
+jewels to the value of about 10,000 francs. She went to complain to
+the Colonel, who contented himself with saying, with a smile, "I am
+sorry, Madame, it is war."
+
+On the 3d of September the advance troops had left, but stragglers
+remained in the country. One of them, a soldier of the Ninety-first
+Regiment of Infantry, on whose medal was engraved the name of "Ahne,"
+stole in Mme. Huet's house 115 francs from the servants, 300 francs
+from the mistress of the house, and 400 francs from M. Cornillet. This
+man then went to the house of Mme. X., whose husband was with the
+colors, and forced this woman to submit to him by threatening her with
+his revolver.
+
+During the occupation of the commune by the Germans M. Cornillet, the
+victim of one of the thefts of which we have just spoken, had an
+officer billeted upon him. After the departure of this guest he
+discovered that the sum of 150 francs, which had been placed in the
+wardrobe of the room in which the German had slept, had disappeared.
+Finally M. Colas, an old man of 70, was searched in the street by a
+soldier, and robbed of about 30 francs.
+
+One of the most serious acts of which we have been informed in the
+Department of the Oise was committed near Marqueglise, by an officer
+of high rank. Two young men of Saint Quentin, named Charlet and Gabet,
+who had left Paris to return to their native place with the object of
+obeying the summons to be enrolled for military service, met on the
+road two Belgian subjects making their way to Jemmapes, where they
+lived. The latter offered them a lift in their carriage, and the four
+men journeyed together as far as the village of Ressons, where they
+were arrested by a German detachment. They were bound, and then taken
+to the District of Marqueglise, and brought before a superior officer,
+who questioned them. When he learned that two of them were natives of
+Belgium this officer declared that the Belgians were "sales gens";
+then without any explanation he took his revolver and fired on each of
+the prisoners in turn. The two Belgians and young Gabet fell dead,
+struck in the head. As for Charlet, who was wounded in the neck and
+right shoulder, he pretended to be killed, and after the departure of
+the murderer, was able to drag himself a certain distance. Before
+being taken to Compiegne, where he died next day, the unfortunate man
+was able to describe to the Abbe Boulet, cure of Marqueglise, the
+cowardly deed of which his companions and himself had been the
+victims.
+
+
+AISNE.
+
+In the communes of the Department of the Aisne which we have been able
+to visit we have everywhere found evidences of acts of pillage and
+numerous crimes against women.
+
+At Connigis on the 8th of September at about 8 o'clock in the evening
+Mme. X. was the victim of grievous violence at the hands of two
+Germans, who had gone to her parents-in-law's house, where she was
+living in the absence of her husband, who had been mobilized. One of
+the Germans held M. X., the father, in front of the door while the
+other, threatening the young woman with his rifle, committed acts of
+revolting obscenity upon her in the presence of the mother-in-law.
+When he had accomplished his crime he took the place of his comrade,
+mounting guard over M. X., while the former in his turn outraged the
+young woman.
+
+At Brumetz, where the occupation by the enemy lasted from the 3d to
+the 10th, the village was pillaged. One house, as well as the chateau
+of M. de Maleyssie, a Captain on the staff of the Sixth French Army
+Corps, were burned.
+
+At Chierry, the Chateau of Varolles was burned with torches with
+petrol. The Chateau of Sparre was also set on fire after it had been
+completely pillaged, pictures taken from their frames, and the
+tapestries cut up with blows of the sword.
+
+At Jaulgonne, between the 3d and 10th of September, the Prussian Guard
+emptied the cellars, stole the linen, and did 250,000 francs' worth of
+damage. In addition, they burned a house on the allegation that the
+owner had fired on them when in reality he was hiding in terror in his
+cellar.
+
+Two inhabitants of this commune were killed. One, M. Rempenault, aged
+87, was found in the fields killed by a bullet; the other, named
+Blanchard, aged 61, had been arrested because the Prussians had seen
+him talking in a street with a French chasseur-a-pied, who, after
+having delayed in the village, had succeeded in taking to flight on a
+bicycle and escaped a rifle fusillade which was aimed at him.
+Blanchard was led into an outlying part of Jaulgonne and wounded with
+a bayonet by a soldier and then finished off by an officer, who
+shattered his head with a revolver shot.
+
+At Charmel the Germans, from the moment of their arrival, entered the
+houses by breaking in the doors. They did not leave a bottle of wine
+in the cellars and they pillaged chiefly the empty houses, carrying
+away linen, money, jewelry, and other articles. At the house of the
+schoolmaster they took the funds of the School Savings Bank, which
+amounted to 240 francs. On the 3d of September, at 11 o'clock at
+night, they set fire to the chateau of Mme. de Rouge, and the same day
+one of them entered the house of Mme. X., seized her by the throat and
+violated her.
+
+At Coincy, on the 3d and 4th of September, they emptied the cellars
+and sacked the empty houses and committed outrages on several women in
+the village.
+
+At Bezu-St.-Germain, on the 8th of September, two soldier cyclists
+came to the farm of ---- and passed part of the night there. Having
+obliged the inhabitants to go to bed, and having forbidden them on
+pain of death to move, whatever sounds they might hear, one of them
+went into the room of the little servant girl, aged 13, and, putting
+his hand on her mouth, committed a complete rape upon her. Hearing a
+loud cry, the farmer's daughter escaped through her window and called
+some officers who were lodging with a neighbor. One of them came down,
+had the two cyclists, who at that moment were coming from the farm,
+arrested, and marched to headquarters. The next day, when the victim
+was asked to recognize the culprit and point him out, he had
+disappeared.
+
+On the 3d of September, at Crezancy, the soldiers made young Lesaint,
+aged 18, come out of his house, and an officer killed him with a
+revolver shot. One of the murderer's comrades declared later that this
+murder had been committed because Lesaint was a soldier, and when a
+man to whom he was speaking denied this, he added, "He was on the way
+to be one." He said also that the young man had stupidly caused his
+own death, because, with the intention of escaping, he had put out the
+candle which was lighted in his room. Now this candle had not been put
+out by the unfortunate Lesaint, but had been removed by a soldier who
+wished to visit the house. In any case, the officer reluctantly
+admitted that his comrade had fired too soon.
+
+In the same locality M. Dupont, "gerant du familistere," was arrested
+on the 4th of September because he had tried to protect his till
+against a soldier who was in the act of ransacking it. With a
+trooper's cap on his head, which they had drawn down to his chin, and
+both his hands tied behind his back, he was made the butt of the
+Germans, who amused themselves by forcing him to go on to a very high
+slope, raining blows upon him and pricking him with bayonets every
+time he fell down. He was taken on the 6th to Charly-sur-Marne with a
+convoy of military prisoners, and on the 8th of September, in the
+morning, his murderers in their retreat forced him to follow the
+column. As he could not drag himself along in consequence of the
+violence which he had suffered, the Germans struck him with redoubled
+vigor and pushed him along, holding him under the arms. A kilometer
+further on they killed him with a blow from a lance or bayonet through
+the heart.
+
+At Chateau-Thierry, where the German troops remained from the 2d to
+the 9th of September, the pillage was carried out under the eyes of
+the officers. Later on army doctors who remained in the town after the
+departure of the army were included in an exchange of prisoners, and
+their canteens were opened. They contained articles of clothing which
+were the product of the sack of the shops.
+
+On the 5th of September the girl ----, aged 14, met a soldier as she
+was coming back from fetching some bread for her parents. She was
+dragged into the shop of a shoemaker, and from there into a room where
+two other Germans joined the first. She was threatened with a bayonet,
+thrown on to a bed, and violated by two of these men. The third was
+prepared to follow his comrades' example, but allowed himself to be
+moved by the child's entreaties.
+
+The aunt of this young girl was also the victim of serious crimes at
+Verdilly, where her family have the farm ----. After having bound her
+husband four soldiers belonging to the heavy artillery chased her to
+the house of a neighbor, whom they terrorized with threats, and while
+one of them held her the others violated her in succession.
+
+At Hartennes-et-Taux, in the Arrondissement of Soissons, the Germans,
+as everywhere else, pillaged the houses. At the hamlet of Taux they
+set fire to the straw with which they had stopped up the openings of
+an isolated cellar in which were three of the inhabitants whom they
+had taken for soldiers. The three men were suffocated by the smoke.
+
+
+ACTS OF A MILITARY NATURE.
+
+Acts committed in the violation of the laws of war and affecting
+combatants, murder of wounded or prisoners, stratagems forbidden by
+international conventions, attacks on doctors and stretcher bearers,
+have been innumerable in all the places in which there has been
+fighting. We have not been able to verify the majority of them because
+the witnesses are for the most part soldiers, who are obliged to move
+from place to place continually. Besides, these acts have been set
+forth in reports addressed by corps leaders to the military
+authorities, who may add them to the documents of our inquiry if they
+think fit to do so. Many are also attested by evidence collected by
+magistrates in hospitals, and we are engaged at this moment in
+analyzing them with a view to drawing up a supplementary report. A
+certain number, however, have been laid before us in the course of our
+investigation.
+
+At Bar-le-Duc M. Ferry, the head surgeon, gave us a report of
+depositions made to him in the course of his duties. Sergt. Lemerre of
+the --th Infantry Regiment told him that on the 6th of September, when
+he was wounded in the leg at Rembercourt by a fragment of a shell, he
+had been left on the battlefield eight days by the German Red Cross
+people although they knew quite well that he was there. On the fourth
+day this non-commissioned officer received a further wound by a
+soldier, who fired at him on the order of an officer who was going
+over the scene of action with his revolver in his hand. Moreover, he
+repeatedly saw near him German stretcher bearers firing on our
+wounded.
+
+The soldier Dreyfus of the --th Infantry Regiment related the
+following story to Dr. Ferry:
+
+"On the 10th of September at Somaine, as he was leaving the
+battlefield, wounded, he met three Germans. He told them in German
+that he had just been wounded, but these men answered that this was no
+reason why he should not receive another bullet, and they thereupon
+shot him point blank in the eye."
+
+At Vaubecourt an infantry sergeant and two soldiers were shot by the
+enemy. They alleged that one of the latter was found on the church
+tower in the village, from which he would have been able to exchange
+signals with our troops.
+
+On the 22d of August a detachment of Germans arrived in the vicinity
+of Bouvillers in the Department of Meurthe-et-Moselle at the farm of
+La Petite Rochelle, where the owner, M. Houillon, had lodged some
+French wounded soldiers. The officer in command ordered four of his
+men to go and finish off nine wounded who were lying in the barn. Each
+one was shot in the ear. Mme. Houillon begged mercy for them, and the
+officer, placing the barrel of his revolver to her breast, told her to
+be silent.
+
+On the 25th of August the Abbe Denis, cure of Remereville, tended in
+the evening Lieut. Toussaint, who last July headed the list of
+candidates who left the School of Forestry. As he fell wounded on the
+battlefield this young officer was struck with bayonets by all the
+Germans who passed near him. His body was covered with wounds from
+head to foot.
+
+At the hospital at Nancy we saw the soldier Voyer of the --th Infantry
+Regiment, who still bore traces of German barbarity, having been badly
+wounded in the backbone outside the Forest of Champenoux on the 24th
+of August, and paralyzed in both legs as the result of his wound. He
+was lying on his face when a German soldier turned him over brutally
+with his gun and hit him three times on the head with the butt of his
+rifle. Other soldiers passing by kicked him and hit him also with the
+butts of their guns. Finally one of them with a single blow caused a
+wound of about three or four centimeters under each eye with what Dr.
+Weiss, head doctor and Professor of Faculty at Nancy, thinks must have
+been a pair of scissors.
+
+A hussar who was treated by the same doctor relates that, having
+fractured his leg falling off his horse, and being unable to extricate
+himself, he was assaulted by Uhlans, who stole his watch and chain
+after having taken his carbine and shot him in the eye with it.
+
+Seven French soldiers, also treated by Dr. Weiss, told him that they
+had seen the enemy finish off the wounded on the battlefield. As they
+had feigned death to escape massacre, the Germans belabored them with
+the butts of their guns to see if they were still alive.
+
+In the same hospital a German soldier wounded in the stomach told Dr.
+Rohmer that his wound had been caused by a revolver shot fired by his
+own officer because he had refused to finish off a French wounded
+soldier. Again, another German, wounded in the back, the result of a
+shot fired point-blank, told Dr. Weiss that a soldier had fired at him
+by order of an officer to punish him for having carried into a village
+near the battlefield several French wounded soldiers.
+
+On the 25th of August, at Einvaux, the Germans fired at a distance of
+300 yards at Dr. Millet, army doctor, belonging to the --th Colonial
+Regiment, just as, together with two stretcher bearers, he was
+attending to a man lying on a stretcher. As his left side was turned
+toward them, the enemy could perfectly see his brassard. And,
+furthermore, they could not mistake the nature of the work upon which
+these three men were engaged.
+
+On the same day Capt. Perraud of the same regiment, having noticed
+that the soldiers of a section of men upon whom his mitrailleuses were
+firing were wearing red trousers, ordered the firing to cease.
+Immediately this section fired on him and on his men. They were
+Germans in disguise.
+
+Believe us, &c.,
+
+G. PAYELLE, President.
+ARMAND MOLLARD.
+G. MARINGER.
+PAILLOT, Rapporteur.
+
+Paris, Dec. 17, 1914.
+
+
+
+
+A FRENCH MAYOR'S PUNISHMENT.
+
+[By The Associated Press.]
+
+
+Nancy, (via Paris,) Jan. 30.--The Mayor of a large township in the
+vicinity of Nancy has been suspended from office for a fortnight for
+shooting at a German aeroplane as it was flying over his town.
+
+In taking this measure the authorities of Nancy held that a civilian
+had no right to act as a combatant, as by so doing he only brought
+upon the heads of the civilian population severe reprisals.
+
+
+
+
+We Will Fight to the End
+
+By Premier Viviani of France.
+
+
+_Premier Viviani recently delivered to Parliament an address upon the
+war which attracted worldwide attention. Viviani served notice on
+Germany and Austria that France will not lay down her arms until she
+and her allies have won such a victory that they can dictate terms.
+Premier Viviani's speech was delivered by himself in the Chamber of
+Deputies on Dec. 22, while on the same day the speech was read in the
+Senate by M. Briand, Minister of Justice. It is as follows:_
+
+Gentlemen: This is not the usual communication in which a Government
+presenting itself for the first time before Parliament sets forth its
+policy. Just now there is only one policy--a relentless fight until we
+attain definite freedom for Europe by gaining a victory which shall
+guarantee peace.
+
+Gentlemen, that was the cry uttered by all when, in the sitting of
+Aug. 4, a sacred union arose, as the President of the Republic has so
+well said, which will throughout history remain an honor to the
+country. It is the cry which all Frenchmen will repeat after having
+put an end to the disagreements that have so often embittered our
+hearts and which a blind enemy took for irremediable division. It is
+the cry that rises from the glorious trenches into which France has
+thrown all her youth, all her manhood.
+
+Before this unexpected uprising of national feeling, Germany has been
+troubled in the intoxication of her dream of victory. On the first day
+of the conflict she denied right, appealed to force, flouted history,
+and, in order to violate the neutrality of Belgium and to invade
+France, invoked the law of self-interest alone.
+
+Since then her Government, learning that it had to reckon with the
+opinion of the world, has recently attempted to put her conduct in a
+better light by trying to throw the responsibility for the war upon
+the Allies. But through all the gross falsehoods, which fail to
+deceive even the most credulous, the truth has become apparent.
+
+All the documents published by the nations interested, and the
+remarkable speech made the other day at Rome by one of the most
+illustrious representatives of the noble Italian Nation, demonstrate
+that for a long time our enemy has intended a coup de force. If it
+were necessary, a single one of these documents would suffice to
+enlighten the world.
+
+When, on July 31, 1914, at the suggestion of the English Government
+all the nations concerned were asked to suspend their military
+preparations and enter into negotiations in London, France and Russia
+adhered to this proposal. But Germany precipitated matters. She
+declared war on Russia on Aug. 1, and made an appeal to arms
+inevitable. And if Germany by her diplomacy killed the germ of peace
+it is because for more than forty years she had untiringly pursued her
+aim, which was to crush France in order to achieve the enslavement of
+the world.
+
+All the revelations are brought before the tribunal of history, where
+corruption has no place, and as France and her allies, despite their
+attachment to peace, have been obliged to endure war they will pursue
+it to the uttermost.
+
+Faithful to the signature which she attached to the treaty of Sept. 4,
+1914, and by which she engaged her honor, that is to say, her life,
+France, in accord with her allies, will not lay down her arms until
+she has avenged outraged right and regained forever the provinces
+which were torn from her by force, restored heroic Belgium to the
+fullness of her material prosperity and political independence, and
+broken Prussian militarism so that the Allies may eventually
+reconstruct a regenerated Europe founded upon justice and right.
+
+We are not inspired, gentlemen, in this plan of war and of peace by
+any presumptuous hope, for we have the certainty of success. We owe
+this certitude to our army of all ranks and to our sailors, who,
+joined to the British Navy, secure for us the control of the seas, and
+to the troops who have repulsed in Morocco incessant aggressions.
+
+We owe it also to the soldiers who defend our flag in those far-off
+French colonies, who from the very first outbreak of the war hastened
+back with their tender solicitude for the mother country.
+
+We owe it to our army, whose heroism has been guided by incomparable
+leaders throughout the victory of the Marne, the victory of Flanders,
+and in many fights, and we owe it to the nation, which has equaled
+this heroism by a corresponding demonstration of silence and serenity
+during the critical hours through which the country has passed.
+
+Thus we have shown to the world that an organized democracy can serve
+by its vigorous action the ideal of liberty and equality which
+constitute its greatness. Thus we have shown to the world, to use the
+words of our Commander in Chief, who is both a great soldier and a
+noble citizen, that "the republic may well be proud of the army that
+she has prepared." And thus, this impious war has brought out all the
+virtues of our race, both those with which we were credited--of
+initiative, elan, bravery, and fearlessness--and those which we were
+not supposed to possess--endurance, patience, and stoicism.
+
+Let us do honor to all these heroes. Glory to those who have fallen
+before the victory, and to those also who through it will avenge them
+tomorrow! A nation which can arouse such enthusiasm can never perish.
+
+Sheltered by this heroism the nation has lived and labored, accepting
+all the consequences of the war, and domestic tranquillity has never
+been troubled.
+
+The Minister of Finance has laid before you in a masterly statement
+the financial situation and has explained the resources that we have
+obtained from the issue of Treasury bonds and advances from the Bank
+of France, which have enabled us to bear the expenditure imposed by
+the war, so that we have not had any need to resort to a loan. The
+Bank of France is in a position, thanks to its excellent condition, to
+furnish resources to the Treasury and to aid in the resumption of the
+economic life of the country.
+
+Everything serves to demonstrate the vitality of France, the security
+of her credit, the confidence which she inspires in all, despite the
+war which is shaking and impoverishing the world. The state of her
+finances is such that she can continue the war until the day when the
+necessary reparation has been obtained.
+
+Gentlemen, it is not sufficient for us to salute the victims who have
+fallen on the field of battle. We must uncover also before the civil
+non-combatants and innocent victims who up to now have been protected
+by the laws of war, but whom, in order to terrify a nation which is
+and will ever remain unshaken, the enemy either captured or massacred.
+The Government has done its duty toward their families, but the debt
+of the country is not yet discharged.
+
+Under the force of invasion, departments have been occupied and the
+ruins in them have accumulated. The Government solemnly undertakes
+before you--it has already partly carried it out, and has asked for a
+first credit of $70,000,000--that France will rebuild again those
+ruins, and the carrying out of this work will certainly be borne in
+mind in the indemnities which we shall exact.
+
+The day of a definite victory has not yet come. Our task until then
+will be heavy, and it may be long. Let us bring all our strength to
+bear in the carrying out of this task. Our allies know that we will do
+so, as well as the neutral nations, and it is in vain that a wild
+campaign of false news has been set on foot. If Germany at the outset
+pretended to have any doubt as to the attitude of France, she no
+longer doubts.
+
+Let Germany bear witness now that when the French Parliament reopened
+after over four months of war, it has renewed before the world the
+spectacle it offered on the day when, in the name of the nation, it
+took up the challenge.
+
+To conquer, heroism at the frontier will not suffice. It is necessary
+also to have internal union. Let us continue to preserve this sacred
+union from any blemish today, as in the past, and in the future. Let
+us keep before our minds the one cry of victory, the vision of our
+motherland, and the ideal of right.
+
+That is what we are fighting for and what Belgium is still fighting
+for, Belgium, who is giving to this ideal all the blood in her veins,
+and what also unshakable England is fighting for, as also faithful
+Russia, intrepid Servia, and the audacious Japanese Navy.
+
+Nothing more sublime has ever presented itself before the eyes of men
+than this struggle against barbarism and despotism, against a system
+of provocation and continual threats, which Germany called peace,
+against a system of murders and collective pillage, which Germany
+called war, against the insolent hegemony of a military caste. France
+with her allies has let loose the scourge of war against all these.
+France the emancipator and avenger has sprung up at one bound.
+
+That is the issue at stake. It goes beyond the life of the present
+generation. Let us continue to have but one soul and one mind, and
+tomorrow, when peace is restored and when our opinions, now
+voluntarily enthralled, are again given their liberty, we will recall
+with pride these tragic days, for they have tended to make us more
+valiant and better men.
+
+
+
+
+NUITS BLANCHES
+
+By H.S. HASKINS.
+
+     _The diminishing of lights in Paris houses as a precaution
+     against a raid by the enemy's aeroplanes is the new
+     rule.--Cable Dispatch._
+
+
+     The gaslights cast a saffron glow,
+     The ghostly tapers sputter low,
+     The lampwicks smolder, dimly red.
+     (Beware the gray shapes overhead!)
+     Lock tight the windows, bar the door!
+     Have done with laughter, sing no more,
+     For fear lays hand upon the throat.
+     (Beneath the stars the airmen float.)
+     Hush, hush, my babe, lest fiends that fly
+     Shall come to still your hunger cry.
+     Let grief not speak its tale aloud!
+     (Black death is racing with a cloud.)
+     Through heav'n's eternal window panes,
+     Far, far above the swift air lanes,
+     God's starlight shines forever more.
+     (How restless glide the ships of war!)
+
+
+
+
+Unconquered France
+
+Story of Two Months' Combat with 2,000,000 Invaders.
+
+[From the Bulletin Francais.]
+
+     Two million men were engaged on the German side in October
+     and November when the Kaiser's forces hammered at the
+     Allies' lines in an attempt to break through to Dunkirk and
+     Calais. Around Ypres alone the invaders' losses were more
+     than 120,000 men. These statements are made in a
+     semi-official account of the fighting in Flanders, which
+     takes up three pages of the Bulletin Francais, copies of
+     which reached THE NEW YORK TIMES on Jan. 11, 1915. As
+     translated, the article in the December Bulletin appears
+     below.
+
+
+The hour has arrived when the balance of these last weeks can be
+established and the results clearly seen. The formidable attempt by
+the Germans, first to turn the left of ourselves and our allies, and
+then, that having been prevented, to break through, has entirely
+failed. By the effort the enemy tried to repair the defeats of the
+Marne, and they have only added another check to the failure of
+September.
+
+Meanwhile, in order to invade our territory, according to their old
+plans the Germans have neglected nothing. On the front that extends
+from Lys to the sea they massed, in the beginning of October, fifteen
+army corps, including four divisions of cavalry. Their army heads, the
+Crown Prince of Bavaria, Gen. Deemling, the Duke of Wuerttemburg, have
+multiplied their exhortations and appeals to the troops in the effort
+to maintain the morale of their men.
+
+We have found their orders on dead officers and prisoners, and always
+they are the same. It is a question of "a decisive action against the
+French left" or a question of "piercing the line at Dupres or Ypres,"
+for, as one of these orders stated, "the decisive coup remains to be
+struck, and to accomplish this the allied line must be pierced." This,
+the orders stated, had to be accomplished at any price and in all
+haste. They wanted a decision in the western theatre of war before
+turning to the east.
+
+Then the Emperor himself was with his troops, hoping to animate the
+German soldiers with his presence. He announced to them that he would
+be at Ypres on Nov. 1, and that was the date fixed for the annexation
+of Belgium. In fact, everything had been taken into account, except,
+of course, the victorious resistance of the allied armies.
+
+To make possible this effective resistance it was necessary for the
+Allies to oppose the enemy with a force which if not equal to theirs
+was nevertheless sufficient for the purpose in view.
+
+What was the situation at the beginning of Oct. 1? The Belgian Army
+came out of Antwerp intact, but too exhausted to participate in the
+actions then pending. The English Army had left the Aisne to operate
+in the north. The army of Gen. de Castelnau did not extend on its left
+south of Arras. The army of Gen. Maudhuy stretched out from that point
+to the south of Lille. Further on were the territorial cavalry and the
+marines. This was not a sufficient force to meet the German advance.
+
+Gen. Joffre, the Commander in Chief, ordered Gen. Foch to the command
+of the armies of the north. Reinforcements were sent him in the
+ensuing three weeks, and during that period the rail and automobile
+services operated day and night, hurrying up reinforcements. They
+arrived on time by divisions and by corps, every man being animated by
+an admirable spirit.
+
+About Oct. 20 our battle line was from Nieuport to Dixmude, between
+which places one of our divisions and the marines held the railroad.
+Meanwhile, just back of them, the Belgian Army was being reorganized.
+South of Dixmude, and along the canal, our line stretched to the east,
+forming before Ypres a vast half circle occupied by four French and
+one British army corps. The line then descended toward the south of
+Messines to Armientieres, forming two sections, the first held by the
+English and the second by the French.
+
+The German attack had as its object the seizure of Dunkirk, which was
+necessary if Calais and Boulogne were to be reached. The purpose was
+to envelop us and cut the British lines of communication to the sea.
+All the heavy artillery was brought up from Antwerp and made ready for
+use against the Allies. What happened?
+
+On Nov. 3 the attack was made and repulsed, crushing the enemy, who
+had managed to gain the left bank of the river. We then pushed the
+German rear guard into the water, and to this day German cannon and
+the carcasses of their animals can be seen half buried in the water
+and mud.
+
+Finding it impossible to turn our left, the enemy tried to break
+through our lines. This was the battle of Ypres, a furious and savage
+struggle, with the German commanders hurling their organizations in
+enormous masses, regardless of the life of their men, sacrificing all
+for the end they hoped to attain.
+
+This end was not attained. During the following three weeks we
+suffered and withstood their repeated and frantic attacks. All these
+attacks were repulsed, and this despite the fact that our front, with
+its circular form, was not easy to maintain.
+
+In these actions about Ypres the armies of France and England worked
+in the closest union, and this union, in which co-operation was so
+splendidly maintained, is worthy to be recorded on the brightest pages
+of military history.
+
+On Nov. 12 the Germans were successful to the north of Ypres and
+crossed the canal in two places. A day passed and they were thrown
+back to the other side. On the 12th also they gained a little ground
+south of Ypres, but this loss was quickly regained, and by the 15th
+their attacks had become fewer and our position by then was
+practically impregnable.
+
+Subsequent actions by the Germans were likewise repulsed, and in these
+encounters we were brilliantly supported by our Allies. These actions
+have sealed the fraternity of the allied troops, and the energy of our
+resistance has likewise encouraged and strengthened the confidence of
+the Belgians.
+
+The losses of the Germans certainly exceed 120,000 men. In certain
+trenches of 1,200 meters length as many as 2,000 bodies have been
+found, and this is impressive when we take into consideration that the
+Germans take advantage of every opportunity to remove their dead from
+the fields of battle. These great losses explain the recent formation
+of new army corps in Germany.
+
+The numerous artillery commands that we have put in action south of
+Ypres have opened great chasms in the German masses. All this marks
+the importance of our successes, and significance is added by the fact
+that the Germans have always regarded the taking of Ypres as one of
+the decisive features of the campaign.
+
+If Dunkirk, Calais, and Boulogne had been taken, England would have
+found her lines of communication with her armies in France gravely
+endangered. In maintaining her lines from the sea to Arras we have
+obtained at the same time the best guarantee against the return of the
+enemy to Paris.
+
+To measure the extent of the allied successes we must compare the line
+occupied by our left and the German right at the beginning of
+September and since the middle of November. When we consider this, it
+is plain that our successes were not temporary, but have been a
+constant progress, rendering vain the attacks of the Germans.
+
+It has been demonstrated by facts that Gen. Joffre has read the plans
+of the German commanders and is ready for them everywhere and always.
+As for the allied troops, they have gained the qualities they perhaps
+lacked most in the beginning, particularly as regards rapid
+organization for the defensive and the digging of trenches. Today our
+troops are as expert in trench work as are the soldiers of the enemy.
+
+France remains unconquered. Since Sept. 6 she has registered only
+successes, in spite of the massing against her of fifty German army
+corps. These fifty German corps, it must be said, and said again, for
+such is the truth, are still facing us. Fifteen German army corps and
+the whole of the Austrian force are facing Russia. Yet the formidable
+mass which assails us has not made us flinch in any part of our line,
+and in many cases our enemy has drawn back under the weight of the
+Allies' efforts.
+
+
+
+
+Four Months of War
+
+[From the Official Bulletin des Armees, Dec. 6, 1914.]
+
+     The Bulletin des Armees, the newspaper published by the
+     French Government for the soldiers at the front, in the
+     issue of Dec. 6, 1914, contains an article bearing the
+     title, "Four Months of War," which is a summary account of
+     the events that have taken place since the outbreak of
+     hostilities. This document estimates as fifty-two army corps
+     and ten cavalry divisions the military forces which Germany
+     hurled against France. In a chapter entitled "Our Reverses
+     in August," it sums up the events that preceded the battle
+     of the Marne, as presented below.
+
+
+Our concentration had to be flexible enough to enable us to bring our
+chief effort to bear upon the spot where the enemy would prove most
+active. The violation of Belgium made us acquainted with the
+intentions of the German staff--the great conflict would take place in
+the north.
+
+As we were obliged, before engaging in it, to wait for the coming into
+line of the English army, which was to take place only on Aug. 20, we
+at once took measures to retain the greatest possible number of German
+troops in Alsace and in Lorraine.
+
+In Alsace, our first attack, which was badly conducted, took us to
+Muelhausen, but we could not hold the city (Aug. 7.)
+
+A second attack, led by General Pau, brought us back there. On Aug. 20
+we held the road to Colmar through the Vosges and the plain. The enemy
+had sustained great losses.
+
+But from that time the unfortunate events in Lorraine and Belgium
+forced us to limit the field of operations in Alsace as well as the
+intensity of our efforts (Aug. 20.)
+
+In Lorraine our offensive had first been brilliantly successful. On
+Aug. 19 we had reached Sarrebourg, Les Etangs, Dieuze, Morhange,
+Delme, and Chateau-Salins.
+
+But on the 20th the enemy, strongly intrenched on thoroughly fortified
+territory, resumed the offensive.
+
+On the 22d, 23d, and 24th we were compelled to fall back on
+Grand-Courenne de Nancy and south of Luneville.
+
+On the 25th simultaneous counterattacks from the armies of Gens.
+Dubail and Castelnau greatly strengthened our positions.
+
+But seven or eight German army corps and four divisions of cavalry had
+overcome the magnificent resistance of Liege. Every one knows of the
+conditions under which the French took the offensive in Belgium with
+the armies of Gens. Ruffey and Langle de Cary.
+
+As soon as the English Army was ready in the region of Mons we took
+the offensive in Belgian Luxemburg with the armies of Gens. Ruffey and
+Langle de Cary. This offensive was at once checked, with great losses
+on our side.
+
+Here again the ground had been strongly fortified by the enemy. There
+was also, in some of our army corps, a failure to transmit and carry
+out orders (Aug. 21-23.)
+
+On the left of these two armies and in conjunction with the English
+army Gen. Lanrezac's army, anxious for its right wing, then fell back
+(Aug. 24) on the line that stretches between Beaumont and Givet.
+
+On the 25th and 26th the English army, kept in check at Landrecies and
+Le Cateau, withdrew toward the Marne.
+
+These days were marked by bloody contests. The enemy lost heavily, but
+constantly gained ground.
+
+At that time we either had to hold the ground under the perilous
+conditions resulting from the retreat of our left wing or else retreat
+along the whole front until it were possible to resume the offensive
+under favorable conditions.
+
+The Commander in Chief decided upon the latter alternative.
+
+_The first object to attain was withdrawing in good order while
+weakening and delaying the enemy by constant attacks. Several of these
+attacks were brilliantly conducted, especially those of Lanrezac's
+army at Saint-Quentin and Guise, of Langle's army on the Meuse, and of
+Ruffey's army further east. They were supported from Nancy to the
+Vosges by Castelnau's and Dubail's armies. In order to prepare for the
+offensive a new army had been formed, that of Gen. Maunoury. It was
+to be concentrated in the last days of August in the vicinity of
+Amiens._
+
+But the advance of the enemy, by stages of forty-five kilometers a
+day, was so swift that Gen. Joffre, in order to realize his plan for
+the offensive, had to order the retreat to be continued.
+
+The army should withdraw to the Aube, and as far as the Seine if
+necessary; everything should be subordinated to preparing a successful
+offensive.
+
+On Sept. 5 the conditions which the General in Chief sought to realize
+were fulfilled--our left wing (Maunoury's army, the English Army, the
+army of Lanrezac which was now d'Esperay's army) was no longer in
+danger of being cut off.
+
+On the contrary, the German right, (Gen. von Kluck,) marching to the
+south toward Meaux and Coulommiers, was exposing its right wing to
+Maunoury's army.
+
+On the evening of the 5th the General in Chief ordered a general
+advance, adding: "The hour has come to advance at any cost and to die
+rather than fall back."
+
+
+VICTORY OF THE MARNE.
+
+As early as Sept. 8 the menace directed by Gen. Maunoury against the
+German right was beginning to tell.
+
+The enemy brought back from the south to the north two army corps and
+wheeled about facing west.
+
+Thus it presented a weak point to the English Army, which, having
+advanced from the line stretching from Rozoy to Lagny, (on the 6th,)
+straightened its line toward the north, crossed the Marne on the 9th,
+thus flanking the German Army already battling with Gen. Maunoury.
+
+On the right of the British d'Esperay's army also crossed the Marne,
+forcing the enemy to retreat, and at the same time supporting the
+action of its neighbors, that is to say, the English Army on the left
+and Foch's army on the right.
+
+[Illustration: Map of Operations in France During First Four Months of
+the War
+
+(1) Point where Germans failed to hold Nancy, Sept. 12, 1914.
+
+(2) Extreme limits of the dash to Paris, terminating Sept. 8, 1914.
+
+(3) Point to which the first unsuccessful flanking movement against
+the French left wing extended, Aug. 30, 1914.
+
+(4) Point of extension of similar flanking operations, balked Nov. 12,
+1914.
+
+(5) Scene of frustrated efforts to break through French centre, Sept.
+26, 1914.
+
+(6) Line of attacks upon Calais and Dunkirk, defeated Oct. 18, 1914.
+
+(7) Ypres, where desperate and fruitless assaults, ending Nov. 15,
+1914, were made by the Germans.
+
+(8) Intrenched line of battle, Feb. 1, 1915.]
+
+For it was on our centre, made up of Foch's army, which had been
+constituted on Aug. 20, that the Germans were going to seek revenge
+for the check of their right wing; if they had succeeded in cutting us
+off between Sezanne and Mailly, the situation would have been reversed
+with the advantage on their side.
+
+From Sept. 6 to Sept. 9 Foch's army met with repeated assaults, but on
+the evening of the 9th the left of his army, shifting from west to
+east toward Fere-Champenoise, flanked the Prussian Guard and the
+Saxons who were advancing southeast of this town.
+
+This bold manoeuvre insured success. The Germans withdrew in great
+haste, and on the 11th in the morning Gen. Foch entered
+Chalons-sur-Marne.
+
+On his right Langle de Gary's army had also moved forward, and on the
+12th, after spirited encounters, it joined, and added to, the line of
+Gen. Foch's army.
+
+Meanwhile Ruffey's army (now Darrail's) had succeeded in stretching
+its lines north, and, although meeting with a stubborn resistance,
+hastened the German retreat, which was accelerated by the offensive
+taken by Castelnau's and Dubail's armies from Nancy to the Vosges.
+
+Thanks to this strategic offensive, the campaign turned in our favor.
+We have maintained this advantage over the enemy ever since.
+
+
+THE RACE FOR THE COAST.
+
+_After Sept. 13 the German resistance, strengthened by strong
+defensive works prepared in advance, checked the French and English
+pursuit; then began the "race for the sea." During this long battle
+the German staff never lost the hope of turning the allied left wing,
+while we hoped to be able to outflank their right wing. The result was
+a race which at the end of October extended the fronts of the opposing
+armies as far as the North Sea._
+
+In this race the Germans had an advantage over us, namely, the
+concentric shape of their front which simplified the problem of
+carrying troops and supplies.
+
+In spite of this advantage, the turning movement attempted by their
+right with twelve army corps, six reserve corps, and four corps of
+cavalry, utterly failed.
+
+This failure confirmed the victory of the Marne.
+
+As early as Sept. 11 Gen. Joffre had directed the effort of Maunoury's
+army against the German right wing. But this army was not large enough
+to cope with the situation.
+
+So about Sept. 20 a new army was formed on the left of Maunoury's army
+and intrusted to Gen. de Castelnau.
+
+This army strongly intrenched itself in the district which stretches
+over Lassigny, Roye, and Peronne. It was supported on its left by the
+territorial divisions of Gen. Brugere. (Sept. 21-26.)
+
+But still it was inadequate to achieve our end, and on Sept. 30
+further north than the army of Castelnau, Maudhuy's army came to the
+front, and occupied the region of Arras and Lens, extending toward the
+north to co-operate with the divisions coming from Dunkirk.
+
+Nevertheless, all these troops, in presence of the strenuous exertions
+of the enemy, formed too thin a line, a line too extended to allow any
+breaking.
+
+At that time and at the request of Field Marshal French the
+transportation of the English Army from the Aisne to the Lys region
+was decided upon.
+
+The valiant Belgian Army which had left Antwerp on Oct. 9 thanks to
+the protection of the British and French marines was also on its way
+to the Yser region to reinforce the barrier which had to be created
+and maintained.
+
+These moves took time. The English Army was only to come into action
+by Oct. 20. On the other hand, the Belgian Army, which had been
+fighting for three months, was momentarily lacking ammunition. Gen.
+Joffre ordered a new effort.
+
+On Oct. 4 he had intrusted to Gen. Foch the mission of co-ordinating
+the operations of the armies in the north.
+
+On the 18th he placed at his disposal reinforcements which,
+continually increasing until Nov. 12, were to form the French army of
+Belgium under the command of Gen. d'Urbal.
+
+This army, in conjunction with the Belgians and an English corps, was
+henceforth to fight between the sea and the Lys River.
+
+The Journal de Geneve, judging this phase of the war, has written that
+the French General Staff, by shifting so swiftly such huge bodies of
+troops, gave evidence that it had the situation splendidly in hand.
+
+The result of this effort was a total failure of the German attack in
+Flanders.
+
+
+GERMAN OFFENSIVE CHECKED.
+
+_This attack was especially violent; twelve army corps and four
+cavalry corps were massed between the Lys and the sea._
+
+_The Emperor was at the head of his armies. He addressed his men,
+stating that a "decisive blow" was to be delivered. For three weeks
+the German staff hurled furious assaults in mass formation. But as
+early as Nov. 12 we were in a position to state that the outcome of
+these assaults had been a victory for the Allies._
+
+From the sea to Dixmude the Belgian Army, Gen. Grossetti and Admiral
+Ronarc'h held first the railroad from Nieuport to Dixmude, then the
+left bank of the Yser.
+
+A hostile army corps, which had succeeded in reaching the left bank,
+was forced to withdraw. It has never been able to go further than
+Dixmude.
+
+More to the south, from Dixmude to the north of Ypres, a like
+situation.
+
+The Germans, on Nov. 12, had crossed the river at two points, were
+pushed back to the other bank, thus giving Gen. Humbert the command of
+the bridges.
+
+East of Ypres, Gens. Dubois, Balfourrier, and Douglas Haig had not
+yielded an inch of ground.
+
+Further south the German attack, aiming at our lines of communication,
+had been particularly violent, but the English and the French regained
+all the ground that had been momentarily lost and made it impregnable.
+
+During the second half of November the shattered German attacks
+weakened. The infantry engaged us less frequently and the artillery
+showed less activity.
+
+The enemy, in the battle of Ypres alone, had lost at least 120,000
+men.
+
+Never had such a thoroughly prepared and spirited offensive undergone
+such a complete failure.
+
+
+A WAR OF SIEGE.
+
+_Meanwhile, from the banks of the Lys to the ridges of the Vosges a
+war of siege was ceaselessly raging. The Bulletin des Armees says:_
+
+It is hardly necessary to emphasize the meritorious behavior of our
+troops in waging this war inch by inch, never yielding, progressing
+often in spite of the added difficulty of transporting important
+French and English contingents to the north.
+
+In close conjunction with the armies of the north the armies of Gen.
+Maudhuy and Gen. de Castelnau held without flinching in the slightest
+the line between the Lys and Noyon, from the middle of October till
+the end of November.
+
+Their progress has been continuous since the end of October; our
+positions in Arras and La Bassee have been strengthened,
+Quesnoy-en-Santerre has been captured, and in all the encounters with
+the enemy our artillery and infantry have constantly made gains.
+
+Between the Oise and the Argonne the armies of Maunoury, d'Esperay,
+and Langle de Cary were confronted with very strong positions, viz.,
+the heights of the Aisne, of Berru, Nogent-l'Abbesse, Moronvilliers,
+and the wooded hills of Western Argonne.
+
+In September they had to resist a very violent general attack. This
+attack was a failure, especially east of Rheims, (Sept. 26.)
+
+The Emperor had witnessed this check of his troops just as a week
+later he was to witness the failure at Ypres.
+
+Our armies, that is to say, Sarrail's and Dubail's, fulfilled with
+method and success the task intrusted to them, viz., to protect our
+right flank against attacks on the line from Metz to Thionville; to
+retain in front of them the greatest possible number of German army
+corps; to free as far as practicable, the national territory that had
+been invaded, especially in the Woevre region and around Verdun.
+
+In a first period (Sept. 13-29) the enemy had the upper hand,
+fortified themselves in St. Mihiel, reached the Hauts-de-Meuse, and
+threatened Verdun.
+
+In the second period (Oct. 1 to Nov. 30) we regained the advantage.
+
+We cleared the vicinity of Verdun. We advanced east of Nancy, which is
+now quite safe from German shells, to the north of Luneville, and to
+the northeast and east of Saint-Die.
+
+In November we had recovered almost in its integrity the invaded
+territory between Belfort and the Moselle.
+
+_In brief, the situation on Dec. 1 was as follows:_
+
+In number of men, the French Army is equal to what it was on Aug. 2,
+as all the gaps have been filled up.
+
+The quality of the troops is infinitely better. Our men now fight like
+veterans. All are deeply convinced of their superiority and have
+absolute faith in the final victory.
+
+Several necessary changes were made among the commanding officers, and
+in the last three months none of those mistakes was committed that had
+been observed and punished in August.
+
+Our supply in artillery ammunition has been largely increased. The
+heavy artillery which we lacked has been provided for and seen at work
+on the battlefield.
+
+The English Army has been very heavily reinforced in November. It is
+numerically stronger than at the outset of the campaign. The Indian
+troops have completed their apprenticeship in European warfare.
+
+The Belgian Army has been reorganized into six divisions. It is ready
+and eager to reconquer the national territory.
+
+
+A SERIES OF GERMAN REVERSES.
+
+The enemy have failed in their abrupt attack upon Nancy.
+
+They failed in their swift march on Paris.
+
+They failed to envelop our left wing in August.
+
+They failed in the same attempt in November.
+
+They failed to pierce through our centre in September.
+
+They failed in their attack by way of the coast on Dunkirk and Calais.
+
+They failed in their attack on Ypres.
+
+_The Bulletin des Armees concludes its account in these words:_
+
+Germany has exhausted its reserves in this fruitless effort. Her newly
+formed troops are raw.
+
+Russia more and more asserts her superiority against Germany, as well
+as against Austria.
+
+The German armies after this check are fatally doomed to retreat.
+
+All this has been accomplished during the last four months. The moment
+had come to sum up these operations; the press is now free to comment
+upon them.
+
+
+
+
+LONG LIVE THE ALLIES!
+
+By CLAUDE MONET.
+
+[From King Albert's Book.]
+
+
+I feel myself greatly honored by the opportunity given me to express
+all my admiration of heroic Belgium, and to offer a like admiration to
+the noble and valiant King of the Belgians.
+
+Long live Belgium! Long live the Allies! Long live France!
+
+
+
+
+United States Fair to All
+
+Disclaimer of Bias Against Germany and Austria
+
+By William J. Bryan, American Secretary of State
+
+     The following letter is the most exhaustive document that
+     has come from the Administration at Washington since the
+     outbreak of the war dealing with any aspect of the relations
+     of this country toward that conflict. Its length is due to
+     the fact that it is intended as a categorical denial of the
+     different charges that have been made and of the arguments
+     current in German circles accusing the Administration of
+     unfriendliness to Germany and Austria-Hungary. Senator Stone
+     was interested in having these charges answered for two
+     reasons: First, there is a large German population in St.
+     Louis, the chief city of his State, and, second, he is
+     Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations. Senator
+     Stone wrote his letter of inquiry on Jan. 8, saying that he
+     had received many letters from sympathizers with Germany and
+     Austria who believed the United States Government had been
+     showing partiality to England, France, and Russia.
+
+
+WASHINGTON, Jan. 20, 1915.
+
+_Hon. William J. Stone, Chairman Committee on Foreign Relations,
+United States Senate, Washington, D.C._
+
+Dear Mr. Stone: I have received your letter of the 8th inst. referring
+to frequent complaints or charges made in one form or another through
+the press that this Government has shown partiality to Great Britain,
+France, and Russia against Germany and Austria during the present war
+and stating that you have received numerous letters to the same effect
+from sympathizers with the latter powers. You summarize the various
+grounds of these complaints and ask that you be furnished with
+whatever information the department may have touching these points of
+complaint in order that you may be informed as to what the true
+situation is in regard to these matters.
+
+In order that you may have such information as the department has on
+the subjects referred to in your letter, I will take them up seriatim.
+
+_(1) Freedom of communication by submarine cables versus censored
+communication by wireless._
+
+The reason that wireless messages and cable messages require different
+treatment by a neutral Government is as follows:
+
+Communication by wireless cannot be interrupted by a belligerent. With
+a submarine cable it is otherwise. The possibility of cutting the
+cable exists, and if a belligerent possesses naval superiority the
+cable is cut, as was the German cable near the Azores by one of
+Germany's enemies, and as was the British cable near Fanning Island by
+a German naval force. Since a cable is subject to hostile attack, the
+responsibility falls upon the belligerent, and not upon the neutral,
+to prevent cable communication.
+
+A more important reason, however, at least from the point of view of a
+neutral Government, is that messages sent out from a wireless station
+in neutral territory may be received by belligerent warships on the
+high seas. If these messages, whether plain or in cipher, direct the
+movements of warships or convey to them information as to the location
+of an enemy's public or private vessels, the neutral territory becomes
+a base of naval operations, to permit which would be essentially
+unneutral.
+
+As a wireless message can be received by all stations and vessels
+within a given radius, every message in cipher, whatever its intended
+destination, must be censored, otherwise military information may be
+sent to warships off the coast of a neutral. It is manifest that a
+submarine cable is incapable of becoming a means of direct
+communication with a warship on the high seas; hence its use cannot,
+as a rule, make neutral territory a base for the direction of naval
+operations.
+
+_(2) Censorship of mails and in some cases repeated destruction of
+American letters on neutral vessels._
+
+As to the censorship of mails, Germany, as well as Great Britain, has
+pursued this course in regard to private letters falling into their
+hands. The unquestioned right to adopt a measure of this sort makes
+objection to it inadvisable.
+
+It has been asserted that American mail on board of Dutch steamers has
+been repeatedly destroyed. No evidence to this effect has been filed
+with the Government, and therefore no representations have been made.
+Until such a case is presented in concrete form this Government would
+not be justified in presenting the matter to the offending
+belligerent. Complaints have come to the department that mail on board
+neutral steamers has been opened and detained, but there seem to be
+but few cases where the mail from neutral countries has not been
+finally delivered. When mail is sent to belligerent countries open and
+is of a neutral and private character it has not been molested so far
+as the department is advised.
+
+_(3) Searching of American vessels for German and Austrian subjects on
+the high seas and in territorial waters of a belligerent._
+
+So far as this Government has been informed, no American vessels on
+the high seas, with two exceptions, have been detained or searched by
+belligerent warships for German and Austrian subjects. One of the
+exceptions to which reference is made is now the subject of a rigid
+investigation, and vigorous representations have been made to the
+offending Government. The other exception, where certain German
+passengers were made to sign a promise not to take part in the war,
+has been brought to the attention of the offending Government with a
+declaration that such procedure, if true, is an unwarranted exercise
+of jurisdiction over American vessels in which this Government will
+not acquiesce.
+
+An American private vessel entering voluntarily the territorial waters
+of a belligerent becomes subject to its municipal laws, as do the
+persons on board the vessel.
+
+There have appeared in certain publications the assertion that failure
+to protest in these cases is an abandonment of the principle for which
+the United States went to war in 1812. If the failure to protest were
+true, which it is not, the principle involved is entirely different
+from the one appealed to against unjustifiable impressment of
+Americans in the British Navy in time of peace.
+
+_(4) Submission without protest to British violations of the rules
+regarding absolute and conditional contraband as laid down in The
+Hague Conventions, the Declaration of London, and international law._
+
+There is no Hague Convention which deals with absolute or conditional
+contraband and, as the Declaration of London is not in force, the
+rules of international law only apply. As to the articles to be
+regarded as contraband, there is no general agreement between nations.
+It is the practice of a century, either in time of peace or after the
+outbreak of war, to declare the articles which it will consider as
+absolute or conditional contraband. It is true that a neutral
+Government is seriously affected by this declaration, as the rights of
+its subjects or citizens may be impaired. But the rights and interests
+of belligerents and neutrals are opposed in respect to contraband
+articles and trade and there is no tribunal to which questions of
+difference may be readily submitted.
+
+The record of the United States in the past is not free from
+criticism. When neutral this Government has stood for a restricted
+list of absolute and conditional contraband. As a belligerent, we have
+contended for a liberal list, according to our conception of the
+necessities of the case.
+
+The United States has made earnest representations to Great Britain in
+regard to the seizure and detention by the British authorities of all
+American ships or cargoes bona fide destined to neutral ports, on the
+ground that such seizures and detentions were contrary to the existing
+rules of international law. It will be recalled, however, that
+American courts have established various rules bearing on these
+matters. The rule of "continuous voyage" has been not only asserted by
+American tribunals, but extended by them.
+
+They have exercised the right to determine from the circumstances
+whether the ostensible was the real destination. They have held that
+the shipment of articles of contraband to a neutral port "to order,"
+from which, as a matter of fact, cargoes had been transshipped to the
+enemy, is corroborative evidence that the cargo is really destined to
+the enemy, instead of to the neutral port of delivery. It is thus seen
+that some of the doctrines which appear to bear harshly upon neutrals
+at the present time are analogous to or outgrowths from policies
+adopted by the United States when it was a belligerent. The
+Government, therefore, cannot consistently protest against the
+application of rules which it has followed in the past, unless they
+have not been practiced as heretofore.
+
+_(5) Acquiescence without protest to the inclusion of copper and other
+articles in the British lists of absolute contraband._
+
+The United States has now under consideration the question of the
+right of a belligerent to include "copper unwrought" in its list of
+absolute contraband instead of in its list of conditional contraband.
+As the Government of the United States has in the past placed "all
+articles from which ammunition is manufactured" in its contraband
+list, and has declared copper to be among such materials, it
+necessarily finds some embarrassment in dealing with the subject.
+
+Moreover, there is no instance of the United States acquiescing in
+Great Britain's seizure of copper shipments. In every case in which it
+has been done vigorous representations have been made to the British
+Government, and the representatives of the United States have pressed
+for the release of the shipments.
+
+_(6) Submission without protest to interference with American trade to
+neutral countries in conditional and absolute contraband._
+
+The fact that the commerce of the United States is interrupted by
+Great Britain is consequent upon the superiority of her navy on the
+high seas. History shows that whenever a country has possessed that
+superiority our trade has been interrupted and that few articles
+essential to the prosecution of the war have been allowed to reach its
+enemy from this country. The department's recent note to the British
+Government, which has been made public, in regard to detentions and
+seizures of American vessels and cargoes, is a complete answer to this
+complaint.
+
+Certain other complaints appear aimed at the loss of profit in trade,
+which must include at least in part trade in contraband with Germany,
+while other complaints demand the prohibition of trade in contraband,
+which appears to refer to trade with the Allies.
+
+_(7) Submission without protest to interruption of trade in
+conditional contraband consigned to private persons in Germany and
+Austria, thereby supporting the policy of Great Britain to cut off all
+supplies from Germany and Austria._
+
+As no American vessel, so far as known, has attempted to carry
+conditional contraband to Germany or Austria-Hungary, no ground of
+complaint has arisen out of the seizure or condemnation by Great
+Britain of an American vessel with a belligerent destination. Until a
+case arises and the Government has taken action upon it, criticism is
+premature and unwarranted. The United States in its note of Dec. 28 to
+the British Government strongly contended for the principle of freedom
+of trade in articles of conditional contraband not destined to the
+belligerent's forces.
+
+_(8) Submission to British interference with trade in petroleum,
+rubber, leather, wool, &c._
+
+Petrol and other petroleum products have been proclaimed by Great
+Britain as contraband of war. In view of the absolute necessity of
+such products to the use of submarines, aeroplanes, and motors, the
+United States Government has not yet reached the conclusion that they
+are improperly included in a list of contraband. Military operations
+today are largely a question of motive power through mechanical
+devices. It is therefore difficult to argue successfully against the
+inclusion of petroleum among the articles of contraband. As to the
+detention of cargoes of petroleum going to neutral countries, this
+Government has, thus far, successfully obtained the release in every
+case of detention or seizure which has been brought to its attention.
+
+Great Britain and France have placed rubber on the absolute contraband
+list, and leather on the conditional contraband list. Rubber is
+extensively used in the manufacture and operation of motors, and, like
+petrol, is regarded by some authorities as essential to motive power
+today. Leather is even more widely used in cavalry and infantry
+equipment. It is understood that both rubber and leather, together
+with wool, have been embargoed by most of the belligerent countries.
+It will be recalled that the United States has in the past exercised
+the right of embargo upon exports of any commodity which might aid the
+enemy's cause.
+
+_(9) The United States has not interfered with the sale to Great
+Britain and her allies of arms, ammunition, horses, uniforms, and
+other munitions of war, although such sales prolong the conflict._
+
+There is no power in the Executive to prevent the sale of ammunition
+to the belligerents. The duty of a neutral to restrict trade in
+munitions of war has never been imposed by international law or by
+municipal statute. It has never been the policy of this Government to
+prevent the shipment of arms or ammunition into belligerent territory,
+except in the case of neighboring American republics, and then only
+when civil strife prevailed. Even to this extent the belligerents in
+the present conflict, when they were neutrals, have never, so far as
+the records disclose, limited the sale of munitions of war. It is only
+necessary to point to the enormous quantities of arms and ammunition
+furnished by manufacturers in Germany to the belligerents in the
+Russo-Japanese war, and in the recent Balkan wars, to establish the
+general recognition of the propriety of the trade by a neutral nation.
+
+It may be added that on the 15th of December last, the German
+Ambassador, by direction of his Government, presented a copy of a
+memorandum of the Imperial German Government which, among other
+things, set forth the attitude of that Government toward traffic in
+contraband of war by citizens of neutral countries. The Imperial
+Government stated that "under the general principles of international
+law, no exception can be taken to neutral States, letting war material
+go to Germany's enemies from or through neutral territory," and that
+the adversaries of Germany in the present war are, in the opinion of
+the Imperial Government, authorized to "draw on the United States
+contraband of war, and especially arms worth billions of marks."
+
+These principles, as the Ambassador stated, have been accepted by the
+United States Government in the statement issued by the Department of
+State on Oct. 15 last, entitled "Neutrality and Trade in Contraband."
+Acting in conformity with the propositions there set forth, the United
+States has itself taken no part in contraband traffic, and has, so far
+as possible, lent its influence toward equal treatment for all
+belligerents in the matter of purchasing arms and ammunition of
+private persons in the United States.
+
+_(10) The United States has not suppressed the sale of dumdum bullets
+to Great Britain._
+
+On Dec. 5 last the German Ambassador addressed a note to the
+department stating that the British Government had ordered from the
+Winchester Repeating Arms Company 20,000 "riot guns," Model 1897, and
+50,000,000 "buckshot cartridges" for use in such guns. The department
+replied that it saw a published statement of the Winchester Company,
+the correctness of which the company has confirmed to the department
+by telegraph. In this statement the company categorically denies that
+it has received an order for such guns and cartridges from or made any
+sales of such material to the British Government, or to any other
+Government engaged in the present war. The Ambassador further called
+attention to "information, the accuracy of which is not to be
+doubted," that 8,000,000 cartridges fitted with "mushroom bullets" had
+been delivered since October of this year by the Union Metallic
+Cartridge Company for the armament of the English Army.
+
+In reply the department referred to the letter of Dec. 10, 1914, of
+the Remington Arms-Union Metallic Cartridge Company of New York to the
+Ambassador, called forth by certain newspaper reports of statements
+alleged to have been made by the Ambassador in regard to the sales by
+that company of soft-nosed bullets. From this letter, a copy of which
+was sent to the department by the company, it appears that instead of
+8,000,000 cartridges having been sold only a little over 117,000 were
+manufactured and 109,000 were sold.
+
+The letter further asserts that these cartridges were made to supply a
+demand for a better sporting cartridge with a soft-nosed bullet than
+had been manufactured theretofore, and that such cartridges cannot be
+used in the military rifles of any foreign powers. The company adds
+that its statements can be substantiated and that it is ready to give
+the Ambassador any evidence that he may require on these points. The
+department further stated that it was also in receipt from the company
+of a complete detailed list of the persons to whom these cartridges
+were sold, and that from this list it appeared that the cartridges
+were sold to firms in lots of 20 to 2,000 and one lot each of 3,000,
+4,000, and 5,000. Of these only 960 cartridges went to British North
+America and 100 to British East Africa.
+
+The department added that if the Ambassador could furnish evidence
+that this or any other company is manufacturing and selling for the
+use of the contending armies in Europe cartridges whose use would
+contravene The Hague Conventions, the department would be glad to be
+furnished with this evidence, and that the President would, in case
+any American company is shown to be engaged in this traffic, use his
+influence to prevent so far as possible sales of such ammunition to
+the powers engaged in the European war, without regard to whether it
+is the duty of this Government upon legal or conventional grounds to
+take such action.
+
+The substance of both the Ambassador's note and the department's reply
+have appeared in the press.
+
+The department has received no other complaints of alleged sales of
+dumdum bullets by American citizens to belligerent Governments.
+
+_(11) British warships are permitted to lie off American ports and
+intercept neutral vessels._
+
+The complaint is unjustified from the fact that representations were
+made to the British Government that the presence of war vessels in the
+vicinity of New York Harbor was offensive to this Government, and a
+similar complaint was made to the Japanese Government as to one of its
+cruisers in the vicinity of the Port of Honolulu. In both cases the
+warships were withdrawn.
+
+It will be recalled that in 1863 the department took the position that
+captures made by its vessels after hovering about neutral ports would
+not be regarded as valid. In the Franco-Prussian war President Grant
+issued a proclamation warning belligerent warships against hovering in
+the vicinity of American ports for purposes of observation or hostile
+acts. The same policy has been maintained in the present war, and in
+all of the recent proclamations of neutrality the President states
+that such practice by belligerent warships is "unfriendly and
+offensive."
+
+_(12) Great Britain and her allies are allowed without protest to
+disregard American citizenship papers and passports._
+
+American citizenship papers have been disregarded in a comparatively
+few instances by Great Britain, but the same is true of all the
+belligerents. Bearers of American passports have been arrested in all
+the countries at war. In every case of apparent illegal arrest the
+United States Government has entered vigorous protests with request of
+release. The department does not know of any cases except one or two,
+which are still under investigation, in which naturalized Germans have
+not been released upon representations by this Government. There have,
+however, come to the department's notice authentic cases in which
+American passports have been fraudulently obtained and used by certain
+German subjects.
+
+The Department of Justice has recently apprehended at least four
+persons of German nationality who, it is alleged, obtained American
+passports under pretense of being American citizens, and for the
+purpose of returning to Germany without molestation by her enemies
+during the voyage. There are indications that a systematic plan had
+been devised to obtain American passports through fraud for the
+purpose of securing safe passage for German officers and reservists
+desiring to return to Germany.
+
+Such fraudulent use of passports by Germans themselves can have no
+other effect than to cast suspicion upon American passports in
+general. New regulations, however, requiring among other things the
+attaching of a photograph of the bearer to his passport, under the
+seal of the Department of State, and the vigilance of the Department
+of Justice, will doubtless prevent further misuse of American
+passports.
+
+_(13) Change of policy in regard to loans to belligerents._
+
+War loans in this country were disapproved because inconsistent with
+the spirit of neutrality. There is a clearly defined difference
+between a war loan and the purchase of arms and ammunition. The policy
+of disapproving of war loans affects all Governments alike, so that
+the disapproval is not an unneutral act. The case is entirely
+different in the matter of arms and ammunition because prohibition of
+export not only might not, but, in this case, would not, operate
+equally upon the nations at war. Then, too, the reason given for the
+disapproval of war loans is supported by other considerations which
+are absent in the case presented by the sale of arms and ammunition.
+The taking of money out of the United States during such a war as this
+might seriously embarrass the Government in case it needed to borrow
+money, and it might also seriously impair this nation's ability to
+assist the neutral nations which, though not participants in the war,
+are compelled to bear a heavy burden on account of the war, and,
+again, a war loan, if offered for popular subscription in the United
+States, would be taken up chiefly by those who are in sympathy with
+the belligerents seeking the loan.
+
+The result would be that great numbers of the American people might
+become more earnest partisans, having material interest in the success
+of the belligerent whose bonds they hold. These purchasers would not
+be confined to a few, but would spread generally throughout the
+country, so that the people would be divided into groups of partisans,
+which would result in intense bitterness and might cause an
+undesirable if not a serious situation. On the other hand, contracts
+for and sales of contraband are mere matters of trade. The
+manufacturer, unless peculiarly sentimental, would sell to one
+belligerent as readily as he would to another. No general spirit of
+partisanship is aroused--no sympathies excited. The whole transaction
+is merely a matter of business.
+
+This Government has not been advised that any general loans have been
+made by foreign Governments in this country since the President
+expressed his wish that loans of this character should not be made.
+
+_(14) Submission to arrest of native-born Americans on neutral vessels
+and in British ports and their imprisonment._
+
+The general charge as to the arrest of American-born citizens on board
+neutral vessels and in British ports, the ignoring of their passports,
+and their confinement in jails, requires evidence to support it. That
+there have been cases of injustice of this sort is unquestionably
+true, but Americans in Germany have suffered in this way, as Americans
+have in Great Britain. This Government has considered that the
+majority of these cases resulted from overzealousness on the part of
+subordinate officials in both countries. Every case which has been
+brought to the attention of the Department of State has been properly
+investigated, and if the facts warranted a demand for release has been
+made.
+
+_(15) Indifference to confinement of non-combatants in detention camps
+in England and France._
+
+As to the detention of non-combatants confined in concentration camps,
+all the belligerents, with perhaps the exception of Servia and Russia,
+have made similar complaints, and those for whom this Government is
+acting have asked investigations, which representatives of this
+Government have made impartially. Their reports have shown that the
+treatment of prisoners is generally as good as possible under the
+conditions in all countries, and that there is no more reason to say
+that they are mistreated in one country than in another country, or
+that this Government has manifested an indifference in the matter. As
+this department's efforts at investigations seemed to develop
+bitterness between the countries, the department on Nov. 20 sent a
+circular instruction to its representatives not to undertake further
+investigation of concentration camps.
+
+But at the special request of the German Government that Mr. Jackson,
+former American Minister at Bucharest, now attached to the American
+Embassy at Berlin, make an investigation of the prison camps in
+England, in addition to the investigations already made, the
+department has consented to dispatch Mr. Jackson on this special
+mission.
+
+_(16) Failure to prevent transshipment or British troops and war
+materials across the territory of the United States._
+
+The department has had no specific case of the passage of convoys or
+troops across American territory brought to its notice. There have
+been rumors to this effect, but no actual facts have been presented.
+The transshipment of reservists of all belligerents who have requested
+the privilege has been permitted on condition that they travel as
+individuals and not as an organized, uniformed, or armed bodies. The
+German Embassy has advised the department that it would not be likely
+to avail itself of the privilege, but Germany's ally, Austria-Hungary,
+did so.
+
+Only one case raising the question of the transit of war material
+owned by a belligerent across United States territory has come to the
+department's notice. This was a request on the part of the Canadian
+Government for permission to ship equipment across Alaska to the sea.
+The request was refused.
+
+_(17) Treatment and final internment of German S.S. Geier and the
+collier Locksun at Honolulu._
+
+The Geier entered Honolulu on Oct. 15 in an unseaworthy condition. The
+commanding officer reported the necessity of extensive repairs which
+would require an indefinite period for completion. The vessel was
+allowed the generous period of three weeks, to Nov. 7, to make repairs
+and leave the port, or, failing to do so, to be interned. A longer
+period would have been contrary to international practice, which does
+not permit a vessel to remain for a long time in a neutral port for
+the purpose of repairing a generally run-down condition due to long
+sea service. Soon after the German cruiser arrived at Honolulu a
+Japanese cruiser appeared off the port, and the commander of the Geier
+chose to intern the vessel rather than to depart from the harbor.
+
+Shortly after the Geier entered the Port of Honolulu the steamer
+Locksun arrived. It was found that this vessel had delivered coal to
+the Geier en route and had accompanied her toward Hawaii. As she had
+thus constituted herself a tender or collier to the Geier, she was
+accorded the same treatment and interned on Nov. 7.
+
+_(18) Unfairness to Germany in rules relative to coaling of warships
+in Panama Canal Zone._
+
+By proclamation of Nov. 13, 1914, certain special restrictions were
+placed on the coaling of warships or their tenders or colliers in the
+Canal Zone. These regulations were framed through the collaboration of
+the State, Navy, and War Departments and without the slightest
+reference to favoritism to the belligerents. Before these regulations
+were proclaimed war vessels could procure coal of the Panama Railway
+in the Zone ports, but no belligerent vessels are known to have done
+so.
+
+Under the proclamation fuel may be taken on by belligerent warships
+only with the consent of the canal authorities and in such amounts as
+will enable them to reach the nearest accessible neutral port; and the
+amount so taken on shall be deducted from the amount procurable in
+United States ports within three months thereafter. Now it is charged
+that the United States has shown partiality, because Great Britain and
+not Germany happens to have colonies in the near vicinity where
+British ships may coal, while Germany has no such coaling facilities.
+Thus it is intimated the United States should balance the inequalities
+of geographical position by refusal to allow any warships of
+belligerents to coal in the Canal Zone until the war is over. As no
+German warship has sought to obtain coal in the Canal Zone the charge
+of discrimination rests upon a possibility which during several
+months of warfare has failed to materialize.
+
+_(19) Failure to protest against the modifications of the Declaration
+of London by the British Government._
+
+The German Foreign Office presented to the diplomats in Berlin a
+memorandum dated Oct. 10 calling attention to violations of and
+changes in the Declaration of London by the British Government, and
+inquiring as to the attitude of the United States toward such action
+on the part of the Allies. The substance of the memorandum was
+forthwith telegraphed to the department on Oct. 22, and was replied to
+shortly thereafter to the effect that the United States had withdrawn
+its suggestion, made early in the war, that for the sake of uniformity
+the Declaration of London should be adopted as a temporary code of
+naval warfare during the present war, owing to the unwillingness of
+the belligerents to accept the declaration without changes and
+modifications, and that thenceforth the United States would insist
+that the rights of the United States and its citizens in the war
+should be governed by the existing rules of international law.
+
+As this Government is not now interested in the adoption of the
+Declaration of London by the belligerents, the modifications by the
+belligerents in that code of naval warfare are of no concern to it,
+except as they adversely affect the rights of the United States and
+those of its citizens as defined by international law. In so far as
+those rights have been infringed the department has made every effort
+to obtain redress for the losses sustained.
+
+_(20) Generally unfriendly attitude of Government toward Germany and
+Austria._
+
+If any American citizens, partisans of Germany and Austria-Hungary,
+feel that this Administration is acting in a way injurious to the
+cause of those countries, this feeling results from the fact that on
+the high seas the German and Austro-Hungarian naval power is thus far
+inferior to the British. It is the business of a belligerent operating
+on the high seas, not the duty of a neutral, to prevent contraband
+from reaching an enemy.
+
+Those in this country who sympathize with Germany and Austria-Hungary
+appear to assume that some obligation rests upon this Government, in
+the performance of its neutral duty, to prevent all trade in
+contraband, and thus to equalize the difference due to the relative
+naval strength of the belligerents. No such obligation exists; it
+would be an unneutral act, an act of partiality on the part of this
+Government to adopt such a policy if the Executive had the power to
+do so. If Germany and Austria-Hungary cannot import contraband from
+this country it is not, because of that fact, the duty of the United
+States to close its markets to the Allies. The markets of this country
+are open upon equal terms to all the world, to every nation,
+belligerent or neutral.
+
+The foregoing categorical replies to specific complaints is sufficient
+answer to the charge of unfriendliness to Germany and Austria-Hungary.
+I am, my dear Senator, very sincerely yours,
+
+W.J. BRYAN.
+
+
+
+
+THE HOUSE WITH SEALED DOORS
+
+By EDITH M. THOMAS.
+
+
+     _... "A house with sealed doors, where a family of 7,000,000
+     sits in silence around a cheerless hearth.... America opened
+     the window ... and slipped a loaf of bread into the
+     larder."--Frederick Palmer, in_ THE NEW YORK TIMES.
+
+     Merchant ships many are on the main.
+     This that we send plies not for gain--
+     Ship of the loaves! May her course be straight,
+     When the starving millions her coming wait!
+
+     In a "Happy Province" beyond the sea
+     ("Happy" by fiat--a monarch's decree!)
+     They have seized their lands, they have taken their stores,
+     They have shut them up, they have sealed the doors!
+
+     The folk within--their table is bare.
+     But why should the lords of the "Province" care?--
+     Myrmidons, myrmidons, first to feed;
+     Afterwards think of the people's need.
+
+     Let the arm'd men eat, let the people wait,
+     (Say the lords of the "Province" who parcel out fate,)
+     Let the arm'd men feed--that their strength endure,
+     That their hearts be lusty, their grasp be sure!
+
+     In that "Happy Province" beyond the sea
+     They are not bond and they are not free:
+     In silence they sit by their smoldered hearth;
+     But the winds bear their burden around the earth!
+
+     The winds and the waters are rolling along
+     The rune of their sorrow (too cruel for song!) ...
+     Bring food for the family robbed of its stores;
+     Open a window where sealed are the doors!
+
+     Merchant ships many are on the main.
+     This that we send plies not for gain--
+     Ship of the loaves!... Ye have given them lead,
+     Ye lords of the "Province," but we give bread!
+
+
+
+
+Seizures of American Cargoes
+
+By William J. Bryan, American Secretary of State
+
+     By agreement between the Governments of the United States
+     and Great Britain the text of the American note, printed
+     below, setting forth the views of this Government in
+     opposition to British interference with American trade, was
+     made public in Washington on Dec. 31, 1914, and
+     simultaneously in London. At the same time copies of the
+     American communication were for the first time delivered to
+     the Ambassadors and Ministers of all the powers at
+     Washington, and the note was cabled by them to their
+     respective Governments. The American communication--it is
+     not a note, strictly speaking, because all notes are sent by
+     mail in diplomacy and never by telegraph--sets forth clearly
+     the conditions of which the American Government and people
+     complain resulting from the frequent seizures and detentions
+     by the British of American cargoes destined to neutral
+     European ports.
+
+
+_The Secretary of State to the American Ambassador at London._
+
+Department of State,
+WASHINGTON, Dec. 26, 1914.
+
+The present condition of American foreign trade resulting from the
+frequent seizures and detentions of American cargoes destined to
+neutral European ports has become so serious as to require a candid
+statement of the views of this Government in order that the British
+Government may be fully informed as to the attitude of the United
+States toward the policy which has been pursued by the British
+authorities during the present war.
+
+You will therefore communicate the following to his Majesty's
+principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, but in doing so you
+will assure him that it is done in the most friendly spirit and in the
+belief that frankness will better serve the continuance of cordial
+relations between the two countries than silence, which may be
+misconstrued into acquiescence in a course of conduct which this
+Government cannot but consider to be an infringement upon the rights
+of American citizens.
+
+The Government of the United States has viewed with growing concern
+the large number of vessels laden with American goods destined to
+neutral ports in Europe which have been seized on the high seas, taken
+into British ports, and detained sometimes for weeks by the British
+authorities. During the early days of the war this Government assumed
+that the policy adopted by the British Government was due to the
+unexpected outbreak of hostilities and the necessity of immediate
+action to prevent contraband from reaching the enemy.
+
+For this reason it was not disposed to judge this policy harshly, or
+protest it vigorously, although it was manifestly very injurious to
+American trade with the neutral countries of Europe. This Government,
+relying confidently upon the high regard which Great Britain has so
+often exhibited in the past for the rights of other nations,
+confidently awaited amendment of a course of action which denied to
+neutral commerce the freedom to which it was entitled by the law of
+nations.
+
+[Illustration: COUNT LADISLAUS STADNICKI
+
+Founder of the Polish Legion of the German Army.
+
+(_Photo from Engelbrecht._)]
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL VON KROBATKIN
+
+Chief of the Austrian General Staff.
+
+(_Photo from Paul Thompson._)]
+
+This expectation seemed to be rendered the more assured by the
+statement of the Foreign Office early in November that the British
+Government was satisfied with guarantees offered by the Norwegian,
+Swedish, and Danish Governments as to non-exportation of contraband
+goods when consigned to named persons in the territories of those
+Governments, and that orders had been given to the British fleet and
+customs authorities to restrict interference with neutral vessels
+carrying such cargoes so consigned to verification of ship's papers
+and cargoes.
+
+It is therefore a matter of deep regret that, though nearly five
+months have passed since the war began, the British Government has not
+materially changed its policy and do not treat less rigorously ships
+and cargoes passing between neutral ports in the peaceful pursuit of
+lawful commerce, which belligerents should protect rather than
+interrupt. The greater freedom from detention and seizure which was
+confidently expected to result from consigning shipments to definite
+consignees rather than "to order" is still awaited.
+
+It is needless to point out to his Majesty's Government, usually the
+champion of the freedom of the seas and the rights of trade, that
+peace, not war, is the normal relation between nations and that the
+commerce between countries which are not belligerents should not be
+interfered with by those at war unless such interference is manifestly
+an imperative necessity to protect their national safety, and then
+only to the extent that it is a necessity.
+
+It is with no lack of appreciation of the momentous nature of the
+present struggle in which Great Britain is engaged and with no selfish
+desire to gain undue commercial advantage that this Government is
+reluctantly forced to the conclusion that the present policy of his
+Majesty's Government toward neutral ships and cargoes exceeds the
+manifest necessity of a belligerent and constitutes restrictions upon
+the rights of American citizens on the high seas which are not
+justified by the rules of international law or required under the
+principle of self-preservation.
+
+The Government of the United States does not intend at this time to
+discuss the propriety of including certain articles in the lists of
+absolute and conditional contraband which have been proclaimed by his
+Majesty. Open to objection as some of these seem to this Government,
+the chief ground of present complaint is the treatment of cargoes of
+both classes of articles when bound to neutral ports.
+
+Articles listed as absolute contraband, shipped from the United States
+and consigned to neutral countries, have been seized and detained on
+the ground that the countries to which they were destined have not
+prohibited the exportation of such articles. Unwarranted as such
+detentions are, in the opinion of this Government, American exporters
+are further perplexed by the apparent indecision of the British
+authorities in applying their own rules to neutral cargoes.
+
+For example, a shipment of copper from this country to a specified
+consignee in Sweden was detained because, as was stated by Great
+Britain, Sweden had placed no embargo on copper. On the other hand,
+Italy not only prohibited the export of copper, but, as this
+Government is informed, put in force a decree that shipments to
+Italian consignees or "to order" which arrive in ports of Italy cannot
+be exported or transshipped. The only exception Italy makes is of
+copper which passes through that country in transit to another
+country. In spite of these decrees, however, the British Foreign
+Office has thus far declined to affirm that copper shipments consigned
+to Italy will not be molested on the high seas. Seizures are so
+numerous and delays so prolonged that exporters are afraid to send
+their copper to Italy, steamship lines decline to accept it, and
+insurers refuse to issue policies upon it. In a word, a legitimate
+trade is being greatly impaired through uncertainty as to the
+treatment which we may expect at the hands of the British authorities.
+
+We feel that we are abundantly justified in asking for information as
+to the manner in which the British Government propose to carry out the
+policy which they have adopted in order that we may determine the
+steps necessary to protect our citizens engaged in foreign trade in
+their rights and from the serious losses to which they are liable
+through ignorance of the hazards to which their cargoes are exposed.
+
+In the case of conditional contraband, the policy of Great Britain
+appears to this Government to be equally unjustified by the
+established rules of international conduct. As evidence of this,
+attention is directed to the fact that a number of the American
+cargoes which have been seized consist of foodstuffs and other
+articles of common use in all countries which are admittedly relative
+contraband. In spite of the presumption of innocent use because
+destined to neutral territory, the British authorities made these
+seizures and detentions without, so far as we are informed, being in
+possession of facts which warranted a reasonable belief that the
+shipments had in realty a belligerent destination, as that term is
+used in international law.
+
+Mere suspicion is not evidence, and doubts should be resolved in favor
+of neutral commerce, not against it. The effect upon trade in these
+articles between neutral nations resulting from interrupted voyages
+and detained cargoes is not entirely cured by reimbursement of the
+owners for the damages which they have suffered, after investigation
+has failed to establish an enemy destination. The injury is to
+American commerce with neutral countries as a whole through the hazard
+of the enterprise and the repeated diversion of goods from
+establishing markets.
+
+It also appears that cargoes of this character have been seized by the
+British authorities because of a belief that, though not originally so
+intended by the shippers, they will ultimately reach the territory of
+the enemies of Great Britain. Yet this belief is frequently reduced to
+a mere fear in view of the embargoes which have been decreed by the
+neutral countries to which they are destined on the articles composing
+the cargoes.
+
+That a consignment "to order" of articles listed as conditional
+contraband and shipped to a neutral port raises a legal presumption of
+enemy destination appears to be directly contrary to the doctrines
+previously held by Great Britain and thus stated by Lord Salisbury
+during the South African war:
+
+"Foodstuffs, though having a hostile destination, can be considered as
+contraband of war only if they are for the enemy forces; it is not
+sufficient that they are capable of being so used, it must be shown
+that this was in fact their destination at the time of their seizure."
+
+With this statement as to conditional contraband the views of this
+Government are in entire accord, and upon this historic doctrine,
+consistently maintained by Great Britain when a belligerent as well as
+a neutral, American shippers were entitled to rely.
+
+The Government of the United States readily admits the full right of a
+belligerent to visit and search on the high seas the vessels of
+American citizens or other neutral vessels carrying American goods and
+to detain them WHEN THERE IS SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE TO JUSTIFY A BELIEF
+THAT CONTRABAND ARTICLES ARE IN THEIR CARGOES; but his Majesty's
+Government, judging by their own experience in the past, must realize
+that this Government cannot without protest permit American ships or
+American cargoes to be taken into British ports and there detained for
+the purpose of searching generally for evidence of contraband or upon
+presumptions created by special municipal enactments which are clearly
+at variance with international law and practice.
+
+This Government believes and earnestly hopes his Majesty's Government
+will come to the same belief, that a course of conduct more in
+conformity with the rules of international usage, which Great Britain
+has strongly sanctioned for many years, will in the end better serve
+the interests of belligerents as well as those of neutrals.
+
+Not only is the situation a critical one to the commercial interests
+of the United States, but many of the great industries of this country
+are suffering because their products are denied long-established
+markets in European countries, which, though neutral, are contiguous
+to the nations at war. Producers and exporters, steamship and
+insurance companies, are pressing, and not without reason, for relief
+from the menace to transatlantic trade which is gradually but surely
+destroying their business and threatening them with financial
+disaster.
+
+The Government of the United States, still relying upon the deep sense
+of justice of the British Nation, which has been so often manifested
+in the intercourse between the two countries during so many years of
+uninterrupted friendship, expresses confidently the hope that his
+Majesty's Government will realize the obstacles and difficulties which
+their present policy has placed in the way of commerce between the
+United States and the neutral countries of Europe and will instruct
+its officials to refrain from all unnecessary interference with the
+freedom of trade between nations which are sufferers, though not
+participants, in the present conflict; and will in their treatment of
+neutral ships and cargoes conform more closely to those rules
+governing the maritime relations between belligerents and neutrals
+which have received the sanction of the civilized world and in which
+Great Britain has in other wars so strongly and successfully
+advocated.
+
+In conclusion, it should be impressed upon his Majesty's Government
+that the present condition of American trade with the neutral European
+countries is such that, if it does not improve, it may arouse a
+feeling contrary to that which has so long existed between the
+American and British people. Already it is becoming more and more the
+subject of public criticism and complaint. There is an increasing
+belief, doubtless not entirely unjustified, that the present British
+policy toward American trade is responsible for the depression in
+certain industries which depend upon European markets. The attention
+of the British Government is called to this possible result of their
+present policy, to show how widespread the effect is upon the
+industrial life of the United States and to emphasize the importance
+of removing the cause of complaint.
+
+WILLIAM J. BRYAN,
+Secretary of State.
+
+
+
+
+GERMAN CROWN PRINCE TO AMERICA
+
+[By The Associated Press.]
+
+
+Geneva, (via Paris,) Jan. 29.--Crown Prince Frederick William of
+Germany has sent to the local correspondent of The Associated Press,
+in response to a request for a statement on the war, the following
+reply, dated near Verdun, Jan. 22:
+
+"You ask me to send a message to the American people. Being an officer
+and no diplomat, I have no right to do so, but if you like I will tell
+you three things:
+
+"First--Every single German and Austrian is quite certain that we will
+come out on top, and will give his last drop of blood to this end.
+
+"Second--We are convinced that the day will come when the people of
+Russia and France will find out that they are only doing the dirty
+work for England.
+
+"Third--We expect from America absolutely fair play in all questions.
+
+"These are my personal ideas, but a good many of my countrymen feel
+the same. Greetings.
+
+"WILHELM, Kronprinz."
+
+
+
+
+The Official British Explanation
+
+By Sir Edward Grey, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs of Great
+Britain
+
+     The State Department in Washington and the Foreign Office in
+     London, by agreement, made public simultaneously on Jan. 10,
+     1915, the British reply to the American protest against the
+     undue detention of American ships and cargoes seized for
+     search for contraband. The answer, signed by Sir Edward
+     Grey, the British Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs,
+     was addressed to Walter Hines Page, the American Ambassador
+     in London, who cabled it to Washington on Jan. 7. The note
+     is preliminary, and was to be followed by a more detailed
+     reply.
+
+
+_The British Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs to the American
+Ambassador._
+
+FOREIGN OFFICE, Jan. 7, 1915.
+
+Your Excellency: I have the honor to acknowledge receipt of your note
+of the 28th of December. It is being carefully examined and the points
+raised in it are receiving consideration, as the result of which a
+reply shall be addressed to your Excellency dealing in detail with the
+issues raised and the points to which the United States Government
+have drawn attention. This consideration and the preparation of the
+reply will necessarily require some time, and I therefore desire to
+send without further delay some preliminary observations which will, I
+trust, help to clear the ground and remove some misconceptions that
+seem to exist.
+
+Let me say at once that we entirely recognize the most friendly spirit
+referred to by your Excellency and that we desire to reply in the same
+spirit and in the belief that, as your Excellency states, frankness
+will best serve the continuance of cordial relations between the two
+countries.
+
+His Majesty's Government cordially concur in the principle enunciated
+by the Government of the United States that a belligerent, in dealing
+with trade between neutrals, should not interfere unless such
+interference is necessary to protect the belligerent's national
+safety, and then only to the extent to which this is necessary. We
+shall endeavor to keep our action within the limits of this principle
+on the understanding that it admits our right to interfere when such
+interference is not with "bona-fide" trade between the United States
+and another neutral country, but with trade in contraband destined for
+the enemy's country; and we are ready, whenever our action may
+unintentionally exceed this principle, to make redress.
+
+We think that much misconception exists as to the extent to which we
+have, in practice, interfered with trade. Your Excellency's note seems
+to hold his Majesty's Government responsible for the present condition
+of trade with neutral countries, and it is stated that, through the
+action of his Majesty's Government, the products of the great
+industries of the United States have been denied long-established
+markets in European countries which, though neutral, are contiguous to
+the seat of war. Such a result is far from being the intention of his
+Majesty's Government, and they would exceedingly regret that it should
+be due to their action.
+
+I have been unable to obtain complete or conclusive figures showing
+what the state of trade with these neutral countries has been
+recently, and I can, therefore, only ask that some further
+consideration should be given to the question whether United States
+trade with these neutral countries has been so seriously affected. The
+only figures as to the total volume of trade that I have seen are
+those for the exports from New York for the month of November, 1914,
+and they are as follows, compared with the month of November, 1913:
+
+Exports from New York for November, 1913, and November, 1914,
+respectively: Denmark, $558,000, $7,101,000; Sweden, $377,000,
+$2,858,000; Norway, $477,000, $2,318,000; Italy, $2,971,000,
+$4,781,000; Holland, $4,389,000, $3,960,000.
+
+It is true that there may have been a falling off in cotton exports,
+as to which New York figures would be no guide, but his Majesty's
+Government have been most careful not to interfere with cotton, and
+its place on the free list has been scrupulously maintained.
+
+We do not wish to lay too much stress upon incomplete statistics; the
+figures above are not put forward as conclusive, and we are prepared
+to examine any further evidence with regard to the state of trade with
+these neutral countries, which may point to a different conclusion or
+show that it is the action of his Majesty's Government in particular
+and not the existence of a state of war and consequent diminution of
+purchasing power and shrinkage of trade, which is responsible for
+adverse effects upon trade with the neutral countries.
+
+That the existence of a state of war on such a scale has had a very
+adverse effect upon certain great industries, such as cotton, is
+obvious, but it is submitted that this is due to the general cause of
+diminished purchasing power of such countries as France, Germany, and
+the United Kingdom rather than to interference with trade with neutral
+countries. In the matter of cotton it may be recalled that the British
+Government gave special assistance through the Liverpool Cotton
+Exchange to the renewal of transactions in the cotton trade of not
+only the United Kingdom, but of many neutral countries.
+
+Your Excellency's note refers in particular to the detention of
+copper. The figures taken from official returns for the export of
+copper from the United States for Italy for the months during which
+the war has been in progress up to the end of the first three weeks of
+December are as follows:
+
+1913--Fifteen million two hundred and two thousand pounds.
+
+1914--Thirty-six million two hundred and eighty-five thousand pounds.
+
+Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and Switzerland are not shown separately for
+the whole period in the United States returns, but are included in the
+heading "Other Europe"; that is, Europe other than the United Kingdom,
+Russia, France, Belgium, Austria, Germany, Holland, and Italy. The
+corresponding figures under this heading are as follows:
+
+1913--Seven million two hundred and seventy-one thousand pounds.
+
+1914--Thirty-five million three hundred and forty-seven thousand
+pounds.
+
+With such figures the presumption is very strong that the bulk of
+copper consigned to these countries has recently been intended not for
+their own use, but for that of a belligerent who cannot import it
+direct. It is therefore an imperative necessity for the safety of this
+country while it is at war that his Majesty's Government should do all
+in its power to stop such part of this import of copper as is not
+genuinely destined for neutral countries.
+
+Your Excellency does not quote any particular shipment of copper to
+Sweden which has been detained. There are, however, four consignments
+to Sweden at the present time of copper and aluminium which, though
+definitely consigned to Sweden, are, according to positive evidence in
+the possession of his Majesty's Government, definitely destined for
+Germany.
+
+I cannot believe that, with such figures before them and in such cases
+as those just mentioned, the Government of the United States would
+question the propriety of the action of his Majesty's Government in
+taking suspected cargoes to a prize court, and we are convinced that
+it cannot be in accord with the wish either of the Government or of
+the people of the United States to strain the international code in
+favor of private interests so as to prevent Great Britain from taking
+such legitimate means for this purpose as are in her power.
+
+With regard to the seizure of foodstuffs, to which your Excellency
+refers, his Majesty's Government are prepared to admit that foodstuffs
+should not be detained and put into a prize court without the
+presumption that they are intended for the armed forces of the enemy
+or the enemy Government. We believe that this rule has been adhered to
+in practice hitherto, but if the United States Government have
+instances to the contrary we are prepared to examine them, and it is
+our present intention to adhere to the rule, though we cannot give an
+unlimited and unconditional undertaking, in view of the departure by
+those against whom we are fighting from hitherto accepted rules of
+civilization and humanity and the uncertainty as to the extent to
+which such rules may be violated by them in future.
+
+From the 4th of August last to the 3d of January the number of
+steamships proceeding from the United States for Holland, Denmark,
+Norway, Sweden, and Italy has been 773. Of these there are 45 which
+have had consignments of cargoes placed in the prize court, while of
+the ships themselves only eight have been placed in the prize court,
+and one of these has since been released.
+
+It is, however, essential under modern conditions that where there is
+real ground for suspecting the presence of contraband the vessel
+should be brought into port for examination. In no other way can the
+right of search be exercised, and but for this practice it would have
+to be completely abandoned.
+
+Information was received by us that special instructions had been
+given to ship rubber from the United States under another designation
+to escape notice, and such cases have occurred in several instances.
+Only by search in a port can such cases, when suspected, be discovered
+and proved.
+
+The necessity for examination in a port may also be illustrated by a
+hypothetical instance connected with cotton, which has not yet
+occurred. Cotton is not specifically mentioned in your Excellency's
+note, but I have seen public statements made in the United States that
+the attitude of his Majesty's Government with regard to cotton has
+been ambiguous and thereby responsible for depression in the cotton
+trade.
+
+There has never been any foundation for this allegation. His Majesty's
+Government have never put cotton on the list of contraband; they have
+throughout the war kept it on the free list, and on every occasion
+when questioned on the point they have stated their intention of
+adhering to this practice. But information has reached us that,
+precisely because we have declared our intention of not interfering
+with cotton, ships carrying cotton will be specially selected to carry
+concealed contraband, and we have been warned that copper will be
+concealed in bales of cotton.
+
+Whatever suspicions we have entertained we have not so far made these
+a ground for detaining any ship carrying cotton, but should we have
+information giving us real reason to believe in the case of a
+particular ship that the bales of cotton concealed copper or other
+contraband the only way to prove our case would be to examine and
+weigh the bales, a process that could be carried out only by bringing
+the vessel into a port. In such a case, if examination justifies the
+action of his Majesty's Government, the case shall be brought before a
+prize court and dealt with in the ordinary way.
+
+That the decisions of British prize courts hitherto have not been
+unfavorable to neutrals is evidenced by the decision in the Miramichi
+case. This case, which was decided against the Crown, laid down that
+the American shipper was to be paid even when he had sold a cargo,
+cost, insurance, and freight, and when the risk of loss after the
+cargo had been shipped did not apply to him at all.
+
+It has further been represented to his Majesty's Government, though
+this subject is not dealt with in your Excellency's note, that our
+embargoes on the export of some articles, more especially rubber, have
+interfered with commercial interests in the United States. It is, of
+course, difficult for his Majesty's Government to permit the export of
+rubber from British dominions to the United States at a time when
+rubber is essential to belligerent countries for carrying on the war,
+and when a new trade in exporting rubber from the United States in
+suspiciously large quantities to neutral countries has actually sprung
+up since the war.
+
+It would be impossible to permit the export of rubber from Great
+Britain unless the right of his Majesty's Government were admitted to
+submit to a prize court cargoes of rubber exported from the United
+States which they believed to be destined for an enemy country and
+reasonable latitude of action for this purpose were conceded. But his
+Majesty's Government have now provisionally come to an arrangement
+with the rubber exporters in Great Britain which will permit of
+licenses being given under proper guarantees for the export of rubber
+to the United States.
+
+We are confronted with the growing danger that neutral countries
+contiguous to the enemy will become, on a scale hitherto
+unprecedented, a base of supplies for the armed soldiers of our
+enemies and for materials for manufacturing armament. The trade
+figures of imports show how strong this tendency is, but we have no
+complaint to make of the attitude of the Governments of those
+countries, which, so far as we are aware, have not departed from
+proper rules of neutrality. We endeavor in the interest of our own
+national safety to prevent this danger by intercepting goods really
+destined for the enemy without interfering with those which are "bona
+fide" neutral.
+
+Since the outbreak of the war the Government of the United States have
+changed their previous practice and have prohibited the publication of
+manifests till thirty days after the departure of vessels from the
+United States ports. We had no "locus standi" for complaining of this
+change and did not complain. But the effect of it must be to increase
+the difficulty of ascertaining the presence of contraband and to
+render necessary in the interests of our national safety the
+examination and detention of more ships than would have been the case
+if the former practice had continued.
+
+Pending a more detailed reply I would conclude by saying that his
+Majesty's Government do not desire to contest the general principles
+of law on which they understand the note of the United States to be
+based, and desire to restrict their action solely to interferences
+with contraband destined for the enemy.
+
+His Majesty's Government are prepared, whenever a cargo coming from
+the United States is detained, to explain the case on which such
+detention has taken place, and would gladly enter into any arrangement
+by which mistakes can be avoided and reparation secured promptly, when
+any injury to the neutral owners of a ship or cargo has been
+improperly caused, for they are most desirous, in the interest both of
+the United States and of other neutral countries, that British action
+should not interfere with the normal importation and use by the
+neutral countries of goods from the United States.
+
+I have the honor to be, with the highest consideration, your
+Excellency's most obedient humble servant,
+
+E. GREY.
+
+
+
+
+Italy and the War
+
+By William Roscoe Thayer
+
+[From THE NEW YORK TIMES, Jan. 17, 1915.]
+
+     William Roscoe Thayer, author of the article printed below,
+     is one of the leading authorities on Italy in this country.
+     His works on Italian history include "The Dawn of Italian
+     Independence," "Italica," "A Short History of Venice," and
+     "The Life and Times of Cavour." The last named, published
+     three years ago, made a marked impression and won for its
+     author an enviable place as a historian. Mr. Thayer is a
+     graduate of Harvard and has edited the Harvard Graduates'
+     Magazine since 1892. Since 1913 he has been a member of the
+     Board of Overseers of Harvard College.
+
+
+Too little has been said about Italy's refusal to join Germany and
+Austria in their war for world power. During the past five months we
+have heard German apologists offer the most contradictory arguments to
+prove, first, that Russia, next, that France and Belgium, and,
+finally, that England began the struggle. The Kaiser himself, with
+that disdain of fact which is the privilege of autocrats, declared
+that the sword was forced into his hands. And all the while the mere
+abstention of Italy from supporting Germany and Austria gave the lie
+to the Germanic protestations and excuses.
+
+By the terms of the Triple Alliance every member of it is bound to
+communicate at once to the other members all international diplomatic
+transactions which concern the alliance. Germany and Austria failed to
+do this during the earlier stages in July, when they were preparing
+for the war. Only after they had laid their train so surely that an
+explosion was almost inevitable did they communicate the documents to
+Italy and call upon her to take her place in the field with them. But
+Italy refused; because, after examining the evidence, she concluded
+that Germany and Austria were the aggressors. Now, the terms of the
+Triple Alliance bind its members to stand by each other only in case
+of attack.
+
+Italy's verdict, therefore, threw the guilt of the war on Germany and
+Austria. She had testimony before her which does not appear even in
+the "White Papers" and other official diplomatic correspondence; and
+all the efforts of German zealots and casuists have not subtracted one
+iota from the meaning of her abstention. Germany and Austria were the
+aggressors--that is the Italian verdict which history will confirm.
+
+On this side of the water the German apologists made as little as
+possible of Italy's withdrawal--they were too busy trying to persuade
+the American public that trivialities like the passage of a French
+aeroplane or of a French automobile with two French officers in it,
+across a corner of Belgium, thirty minutes before the German Army
+invaded Belgium, proved that the French and Belgians began the war.
+They sneered a little at Italian honor; they implied that scuttling
+off was all that could be expected of a decadent Latin people; and
+they hinted that, after the Kaiser had disposed of France, Belgium,
+England, and Russia, he would punish Italy for her "flight."
+
+At Berlin, however, the importance--military, political, and naval--of
+Italy's withdrawal from the Triple Alliance was appraised at its true
+value. The German Foreign Office employed alternately threats and
+blandishments upon her. They warned her that, if she refused to back
+up her allies, she would be treated without mercy at the end of
+hostilities. When the policy of terrorizing failed, seductive promises
+were held out--suggestions of an addition to Italian territory and of
+a subsidy for military expenses. These also failed. Italy could not be
+induced to send her million soldiers against the Allies. Then Germany
+labored to prevent her from actively joining the Allies--and this
+effort Germany is keeping up at the present moment, under the
+direction of the sleek Prince von Buelow.
+
+The Italians, who have in large measure a sense of humor, that
+clarifying quality which Prussianization has destroyed in the Germans,
+must have smiled when they heard the German envoys expatiate on the
+beauties of neutrality, and, although they are a polite people, they
+must have found it hard to keep from laughing when the agents of Dr.
+Bethmann-Hollweg, who had just declared that a treaty is only a scrap
+of paper, to be torn up at pleasure, tried to impress upon Italy the
+sacredness of the treaty which bound her to the Triple Alliance.
+
+Not content with these official, or officious, manoeuvres, the German
+Government sent Socialist leaders into Italy to urge the Italian
+Socialists not to consent to a war in behalf of the Allies; but they,
+too, seem to have met with a chilly reception. The Italian Socialists,
+like the rest of the world, wondered why it was that 5,000,000
+Socialists in Germany should allow themselves to be commandeered,
+apparently without a murmur, to uphold a war waged to preserve and
+extend military despotism.
+
+In addition to these direct efforts to win Italy to their side, or at
+least to keep her from going over to the enemy, the Germans have been
+busy since early in August with their Press Bureau, which has pursued
+methods there similar to those they have made us familiar with here.
+But in Italy they have been more guarded and less truculent, and they
+have not, like the preposterous Bernstorff and his associates, assumed
+that the public they were addressing was not only ignorant of the
+simplest facts of recent European history, but were also morally
+imbecile.
+
+Although the Italians are not less susceptible than are other peoples
+to be swayed by sudden political gusts, they were not at the end of
+July, 1914, taken by surprise. For a long time past their King and
+statesmen had deliberated as to what ought to be Italy's course in
+case Germany should carry out her well-understood purpose of humbling
+England. The Italians were not deceived by the increase from year to
+year of the German Army. They knew perfectly well what the tremendous
+efforts of the Germans to create a great navy meant. They had no
+illusions as to the purpose of the strategic railways to the Belgian
+frontier on the west or to the Russian border on the east. They knew
+how narrowly a European war was averted during the Balkan cataclysm
+two years ago. They did not wrong the Kaiser by supposing that the
+immense fund which he had recently raised from "voluntary" 5 per cent.
+contributions on incomes was to be given to The Hague Tribunal to
+promote the cause of universal peace. They logically and honorably
+decided that, if Germany provoked war, Italy would not support her.
+The bond of the Triple Alliance called for no other action on her
+part. Germany and Austria provoked the war; Italy stood by her
+agreement.
+
+But a still further consideration influenced her. It was understood
+that, _if the war in which Germany and Austria engaged should involve
+England as an enemy, Italy's obligation to support the Triple Alliance
+would cease_. Since it would be suicidal for Italy to accept the
+liability of a _casus foederis_ which should expose her to attack by
+the English and French Navies, her participation in the Triple
+Alliance always carried the proviso that it did not bind her to fight
+England.
+
+Such is the substance of the statement made by the dean of Italian
+statesmen, in a letter I received from him two months ago. No Italian
+could speak from a more thorough knowledge of the facts than he
+possessed, and that it has long been surmised that the Triplice could
+not drive Italy against England appears in various publications. Gen.
+Bernhardi, for instance, who knew so accurately the intentions of the
+German General Staff and the secrets of the German Foreign Office,
+intimates more than once that Germany and Austria, in their war for
+world power, need not hope for Italy's support. Referring to Col.
+Boucher's book, "L'Offensive contre L'Allemagne," he says: "Modern
+French writers are already reckoning so confidently on the withdrawal
+of Italy from the Triple Alliance that they no longer think it
+necessary to put an army in the field against Italy, but consider that
+the entire forces of France are available against Germany."[4]
+
+[Footnote 4: Bernhardi: "Germany and the Next War." English popular
+edition, Page 138.]
+
+[Illustration: [map]]
+
+Why Italy made the reservation in the case of England will appear when
+we glance at the origin of the Triple Alliance.
+
+In 1871 Bismarck thought that the Franco-Prussian war, by the military
+losses and by the immense indemnity which it inflicted on the French
+people, had rendered France powerless for a generation. But within
+four years she paid the indemnity and had so far recovered in her
+armament, commerce, and prosperity, that the Iron Chancellor prepared
+to attack her again, and this time, to quote his butcher's phrase, "to
+bleed her white." Only the certainty that the other powers would
+interfere stayed his hand then.
+
+So he set about circumventing France by other means. A league of the
+three Emperors of Germany, Austria, and Russia was the combination he
+preferred; but Russia proved an uncertain partner, as she feared
+Germanization, on the one hand, and, on the other, she was the
+encourager of pro-Slavic aspirations which ran counter to the Germans'
+ambition. Bismarck, therefore, looked about him for an alternative
+plan.
+
+He would keep the friendship of Russia--even though Russia declined a
+formal league--and he would lure Italy into the Germanic alliance.
+England, he knew, could not be persuaded to enter a Continental
+combination. Her commercial interests pointed elsewhere, and she still
+clung to her policy of splendid isolation. But Italy was unattached;
+and while she was the least formidable of the six great powers,
+Bismarck saw that he could make good use of her for his own purposes.
+The adroitness by which he drew her into his net is in direct contrast
+to the bovine diplomacy by which Kaiser William II. and his
+subservient Chancellors have succeeded, during the past twenty years,
+in smashing all their alliances and in alienating the sympathy of the
+civilized world.
+
+After the completion of Italian unity in 1870, the new Italian Kingdom
+found itself harassed not only by the many details of solidifying the
+civil Government, but also by the perplexities of international
+relations. The abolition of the Pope's temporal power made her, in
+theory at least, an object of odium to zealous Roman Catholics
+throughout the world. Her nearest neighbors--France and
+Austria--having long been the most loyal supporters of the head of the
+Roman Church, Italy could not be sure that either or both of them
+might not intrigue against her in behalf of the restoration of the
+Papacy. There was also in Italy a group of patriotic Jingoes--the
+Irredentists--bent on "redeeming" from Austria territory whose
+inhabitants they claimed were Italian in language, ideals, and
+situation. The Irredentist propaganda naturally increased the rancor
+which Austria felt toward the Italians over whom she had recently
+despotized.
+
+When Crispi, who was passing from his earlier character of conspirator
+and Radical to that of constitutional statesman, made the tour of the
+European Chancelleries, in 1877, he found Bismarck profuse in his
+expression of good-will toward Italy. If we are to believe Crispi, the
+Chancellor was ready then to draw up a treaty with her, and went so
+far as to hint that he approved of Italy's aspirations. Among these
+were the possession of Tunis and a foothold on the east coast of the
+Adriatic. The next year, at the Berlin Congress, however, Italy's
+interests were ignored, and, instead, Austria was encouraged to extend
+her dominion south of the Balkans, and the French were at least not
+discouraged from coveting a stronger position in the Mediterranean.
+
+Finally, in 1882, France seized Tunis, to the immense indignation of
+the Italians, who had come to regard that as their predestined
+province. For it lay only a few hours by steamer from the southern
+coast of Sicily; it commanded the passage between the western and
+eastern Mediterranean; and, above all, it was the symbol of Italy's
+colonial ambition. To have a colony, if not several, was then regarded
+as the sign of being a first-class power; and that Italy should be
+tricked out of Tunis seemed to advertise to the world that she was not
+a first-class power. For her protests availed nothing.
+
+The Italians did not know then, nor for a long time afterward, that
+_the French seizure of Tunis was directly due to Bismarck's
+instigation_. Lord Salisbury, also, who seems to have been in the
+plot, approved it for his own reasons. Bismarck's motives were
+plain--he wished to entangle France further in African colonial
+ventures. It had taken forty years, many thousand soldiers' lives, and
+great expenditures for France to make Algiers reasonably safe. As
+Tunis would increase the French burdens, it followed that every
+regiment needed there would diminish the strength of the armies with
+which France guarded herself from a German attack on her eastern
+frontier.
+
+Having roused the Italians to wrath by this ruse, Bismarck had no
+difficulty in persuading them to join the Triple Alliance. He hardly
+needed to suggest that, if they had felt anxious at the possibility of
+French hostile pressure before, they had an even greater reason for
+such anxiety now that the French controlled the Mediterranean south of
+them. We may suspect also that Bismarck pointed out, as a special
+inducement, that, if Italy joined the alliance, she would be free from
+the likelihood of an attack by Austria.
+
+Accordingly, in 1882, Italy entered into partnership with Germany and
+Austria for mutual defense. The only powers likely to assail them at
+that time were France and Russia; for England was still isolated, and
+Bismarck, although he felt a strong antipathy toward the English, was
+too shrewd a statesman either to scorn or to provoke them. As late as
+1889, he approved of Italy's seeking an _entente_ with England.
+
+At the time Italy joined the Triplice she felt, no doubt, an unwonted
+sense of security. Were not two powerful empires standing by, ready
+to defend her? Her wounded pride, also, was solaced by her admission
+on equal terms into such a league. Neither France nor any other could
+henceforth taunt her with being a second-rate power.
+
+The immediate result of the alliance was the spread of German
+commercial and financial enterprises throughout the peninsula, and the
+steady growth of Italian bad feeling toward France. A large group of
+Italians made Gallophobia their guiding principle. They remembered
+that, in the sixties, Napoleon III. had maintained at Rome that French
+garrison which prevented them from emancipating the States of the
+Church from Papal control, and from completing the unification of
+Italy. They remembered that Napoleon annexed Nice--Garibaldi's
+birthplace--to France, and that the French _chassepots_ at Mentana
+dispersed Garibaldi and his red shirts bent on capturing the Eternal
+City. In the eighties, the Italians had good reason to suspect that
+the French Clericals were busy devising some imbroglio through which
+the Pope might be restored to the temporal power.
+
+A convinced Gallophobe and crafty intriguer like Crispi, therefore,
+easily inflamed Italian indignation, so recently excited by the
+seizure of Tunis and by Clerical intrigues, and he counted it a gay
+feather in his cap when, in 1889, he declared a tariff war on France.
+Hard times for Italy followed; the commerce of the country was
+dislocated, and although Crispi tried to get compensation by
+negotiating special terms for trade with Germany and Austria, the new
+customers did not make up for the old. Germany could not furnish
+capital as France had done. Paris was, and is, the financial capital
+of the European Continent.
+
+On this side Italy lost and Bismarck gained by the Triple
+Alliance--for he had attained his purpose of splitting France and
+Italy apart. What advantage did the Italians derive from the
+agreement? The reply commonly given is, protection. But, we ask,
+protection from whom? Not from France, because it is clear enough
+that, whether the Triplice existed or not, Germany would have attacked
+the French, if they had attacked the Italians; so that Italy had in
+Germany a logical protector, to whom she need not have sacrificed her
+initiative.
+
+Her only other possible assailant was Austria, and it may fairly be
+argued that the alliance restrained Austria from attack; but Austria
+permitted herself every other unfriendly act toward Italy except open
+war; and Germany looked placidly on.
+
+The fact that Germany, the chief Protestant nation in Europe, was the
+ally of Italy, might also be regarded as a support to the Italians in
+their long conflict with Papal pretensions; but how little Germany
+cared for Italy's welfare in this struggle appeared in 1903, when
+Kaiser Wilhelm prevented the election of Cardinal Rampolla as Pope.
+Rampolla, if not a Liberal, was a devoted Italian; Sarti, who defeated
+him, was a Reactionary, controlled by the Jesuits, hostile to Italy.
+
+When we look at Germany's action in other affairs we find pleasant
+words but no tangible profit. From her geographical position Italy
+claimed an interest in the status of the Balkan Peninsula, and
+particularly in the eastern shore of the Adriatic. Germany pretended
+to favor her interests--according to Crispi, Bismarck even went so far
+as to ask, "Why don't you take Albania?"--but it was Austria that
+Germany steadily pushed on into the Balkans; and in 1908, when
+Austria, with Germany's connivance, appropriated Bosnia and
+Herzegovina, the Italians realized that they had been tricked again,
+as they were in the case of Tunis.
+
+Since 1908 the Teutonic partners, growing more and more arrogant, have
+shown indifference to the concerns of their Italian ally, who, seeing
+no future for her in Europe, swooped down on Tripoli, the only stretch
+of North African littoral not already possessed by the French and by
+the English. Persons on the inside at Rome whispered that, if Italy
+had not occupied Tripoli when she did, Germany would have forestalled
+her; for the Kaiser, furious at being thwarted in Morocco and at
+having failed to bully France into submission, as he had done in 1905,
+had determined to seize Tripoli, come what might. More than one
+Foreign Office has ample proof to settle this assertion. Its
+plausibility is patent--Germany was already in close league with
+Turkey, and, looking forward to a war on England, she saw the
+advantage of owning territory and a naval base within easy reach of
+the Suez Canal.
+
+Certain it is that both Germany and Austria frowned on Italy's Libyan
+enterprise, and that, in their intrigues in the Balkan Peninsula, in
+1912 and 1913, they ignored their Italian partner.
+
+And yet as long ago as 1895 Germany admitted that Italy was hardly
+getting a fair return from her bargain with her Teutonic allies. On
+March 5, 1895, Senator Lanza reported an interview he had just had
+with Emperor William, who said; "He had found Count Kalnoky (the
+Austrian Premier) ... still uneasy lest we (Italy) may come to
+consider the Triple Alliance insufficiently advantageous, merely
+because it cannot supply us, at once and in times of peace, with the
+necessary means of satisfying our desires with regard to the
+territories of Northern Africa and others as well. His Majesty ...
+added: 'Wait patiently. Let the occasion but present itself and you
+shall have whatever you wish.'"[5]
+
+[Footnote 5: Crispi's "Memoirs," iii., 326-7.]
+
+In spite of the Kaiser's assurance, Italy has got less and less return
+from the Triple Alliance every year since 1895.
+
+It appears, therefore, that Italy long ago opened her eyes as to the
+real profit the alliance brought her. When England loomed up as the
+objective which Germany resolved to destroy, Italy quite logically let
+it be understood that she would not engage in a fight against England.
+Over thirty years of political alliance had created no sympathy among
+the Italians for the Germans. Like all other Europeans, they resented
+the arrogance of the Teutons who strode over their country.
+
+But deeper, far deeper than personal dislike of bad manners was the
+fundamental antagonism between the Italian and the Prussian ideal. The
+Italians were pledged to Liberty, the Germans to Autocracy, bulwarked
+by militarism. In their long struggle for independence the Italians
+had had the sympathy of the best Englishmen, and in Palmerston, and
+especially in Lord John Russell, they found very powerful political
+helpers. But never since Bismarck took the helm of Prussia had one
+word in behalf of Democracy and Freedom been lisped by Monarch or
+Minister. For Italy to abandon her democratic ideal and to revert to
+the feudal-despotic ideal of the Pan-Germanists is unthinkable.
+
+If she goes into the war, as now seems probable, it will be to uphold
+the Allies, who are fighting against Teutonic ambition inspired by
+despotic aims. Self-preservation demands that choice--because, should
+Germany win, she will not spare Italy. A stronger reason than
+self-interest, or than fear, however, will guide the Italians. In
+their past civilization and in their modern ideals they belong with
+the Western powers. They know the origin of their national
+independence. And if any Ministry should attempt to send them to
+replenish the wasting armies of Germany and of Austria, they would
+invoke the memory of Victor Emmanuel and of Garibaldi, of Mazzini and
+of Cavour, and refuse to be partners in schemes to aggrandize the
+Hapsburgs and the Hohenzollerns.
+
+"I am the son of Liberty," said Cavour; "to her I owe all that I am."
+That, too, is Italy's motto, which she will not deny.
+
+
+
+
+HE HEARD THE BUGLES CALLING
+
+BY CAREY C.D. BRIGGS
+
+
+     There's an old red mill at the foot of the hill;
+       Hear the mill-wheel turning, turning
+     To the drip of tears through the long, long years
+       Of my heart's relentless yearning--
+     Oh, the tender note of the catch in his throat,
+       Oh, the tear that he dried with laughter;
+         "I'll be back some day--
+           Mind the mill while I'm away,"
+       And he waved one last kiss floating after.
+         Gone is the miller boy,
+           Gone from the mill;
+         Gone up the winding road,
+           Gone o'er the hill;
+     Gone with the drum-beat up over the hill,
+       Where he heard the bugles calling.
+
+     There's no grist for the mill or siller for the till,
+       But I've kept the mill-wheel turning
+     To the rumble and the beat of a million marching feet,
+       And my sad heart's muffled yearning.
+     Oh, the road his brave feet trod, lit with glory up to God,
+       Oh, the courage of his call shames my sorrow;
+         "I'll be back some day--
+           Mind the mill while I'm away,"
+       And I caught one last kiss for tomorrow.
+         Gone is the miller boy,
+           Gone from the mill;
+         Gone up the winding road,
+           Gone o'er the hill;
+     Gone with the drum-beat up over the hill,
+       Where he heard the bugles calling.
+
+
+
+
+German Soldiers Write Home
+
+Letter of Prince Joachim
+
+     The following letter was written by Prince Joachim of
+     Prussia, son of the Kaiser, to Sergt. Karl Kummer of a
+     Prussian Regiment of Guards, who had been sent, badly
+     wounded, to his sister at Teplitz, and whom the Prince had
+     known for years.
+
+
+My Dear Kummer: How sincerely I rejoiced to receive your very
+solicitous letter. I was sure of Kummer for that--that no one could
+hold him back when the time came to do some thrashing! God grant that
+you may speedily recover, so that you can enter Potsdam, crowned with
+glory, admired and envied. Who is nursing you?
+
+The old proud First Guard Regiment has proved that it was ready to
+conquer and to die. Kummer, if I can in any way help you I shall
+gladly do so by providing anything that will make you comfortable. You
+know how happy I have always been for your devotion to the service,
+and how we two always were for action (Schwung.) I, too, am proud to
+have been wounded for our beloved Fatherland, and I regret only that I
+am not permitted to be with the regiment. Well, may God take care of
+you. Your devoted,
+
+JOACHIM OF PRUSSIA.
+
+
+
+
+Letter of Rudolf Herzog
+
+     The following letter, written from the field by Rudolf
+     Herzog, one of the leading German novelists and poets, was
+     published in rhymed verse in No. 41 of Die Woche.
+
+
+It had been a wild week. The storm wind swept with its broom of rain;
+it lashed us and splashed us, thrashed noses and ears, whistled
+through our clothing, penetrated the pores of our skin. And in the
+deluge--sights that made us shudder--gaunt skeleton churches, cracked
+walls, smoking ruins, piled hillock high; cities and villages--judged,
+annihilated.
+
+Over there a stone pit; faces grown like the faces of beasts, a
+picked-up rabble of assassins. A short command. A howling of death.
+Squarely across the road we surge. A bloody grappling coil; batteries
+broken and shattered; iron and wood and bits of clothing and bones.
+
+And upon the just and the unjust alike, the lashing rain for days and
+nights.
+
+We rushed through the gray Ardennes woods, the Chief Lieutenant and I,
+racing along day after day, wrapped up tightly, our rifles ready,
+through wood and marsh. No time to lose! No time to lose! Down into
+the valley of the Meuse!
+
+Of twenty bridges, there remained but beams rolled up by the
+waters--and yawning gaps.
+
+Now comes the order: In three days new bridges must be finished!
+
+Haste, men! Haste! Rain or no rain, it must be done!
+
+Pioneers and railway builders working together, hunt up material, drag
+and hammer and ram it together; take the rain for the sweat of their
+brows; look like fat toiling devils; hang along the banks, lie in the
+water--after all, in this weather, no one can get any wetter! They
+speak very little, and never laugh. Three days are short. Nothing,
+nothing but duty!
+
+Not a thought remained for the distant homeland and dear ones far
+away; the only thought, by day and by night--on to the enemy, come
+what may! No mind intent on any other goal. No time to lose! No time
+to lose! Haste! Haste!
+
+And forward and backward and criss-cross through the gray Ardennes,
+the Chief Lieutenant and I, racing day after day. Laughter, when we
+tried it, died sickly on our lips. The bridges! the bridges! and
+nothing but the bridges! Empty belly, and limbs like lead. Once more,
+now; all together for a last great heave!
+
+There lies Fumay on the smooth-flowing river; and next to the old
+bridge, a newly built one stretches from shore to shore--a German
+roadway, a roadway to good fortune!
+
+Captain of the Guard! You? From the Staff Headquarters?
+
+He shouts my name as he approaches.
+
+"Congratulations! Congratulations!"
+
+And he waves a paper above a hundred heads.
+
+"Telegram from home! Make way there, you rascal! At the home of our
+poet--I've just learned it--a little war girl has arrived!"
+
+I hold the paper in my outstretched hand. Has the sun broken suddenly
+into the enemy's land? Light and life on all the ruins?...
+
+I see a new bridge reaching on--
+
+Springtime scatters the shuddering Autumn dreariness.
+
+My little girl! I have a little girl in my home!...
+
+You bring back my smile to me in a heavy time....
+
+I gaze up at the sky and am silent. And far and near the busy, noisy
+swarm of workers is silent. Every one looks up, seeking some point in
+the far sky. Officers and men for a single heart-throb listen as to a
+distant song from the lips of children and from a mother's
+mouth--stand there and smile around me, in blissful pensiveness, as if
+there were no longer an enemy. Every one seems to feel the sun, the
+sun of olden happiness.
+
+And yet, it had merely chanced that on the German Rhine, in an old
+castle lost amid trees, a dear little German girl was born.
+
+(Written Sept. 17, 1914, in the field.)
+
+
+
+
+Letter of the Duke of Altenburg
+
+     From a letter written from the front by the Duke of
+     Altenburg on Sept. 5, and published in the Altenburger
+     Zeitung.
+
+
+We have lived through a great deal and done a great deal, marching,
+marching continually, without rest or respite. On Aug. 10 we reached
+Willdorf, near Juelich, by train, and from the 12th of August we
+marched without a single day of rest except Aug. 16, which we spent in
+a Belgian village near Liege, until today, when we reached ----. Those
+have been army marches such as history has never known.
+
+[Illustration: DJEMAL PASHA
+
+The Turkish Minister of Marine, Who Shares with Enver Pasha the
+Control of Turkish Affairs.
+
+(_Photo_ (C) _International News Service._)]
+
+[Illustration: EMIR ALI PASHA
+
+Vice President of the Turkish Parliament, Who Was Sent to Berlin to
+Take Back to Turkey Mohammedan Prisoners Captured from the Allies.
+
+(_Photo from Press Illustrating Co._)]
+
+The weather was fine, except that a broiling heat blazed down upon us.
+The regiment can point back to several days' marches of fifty
+kilometers ----. Everywhere our arrival created great amazement, in
+Louvain as well as in Brussels, into which the entire ---- marched
+at one time. At first we were taken for Englishmen in almost every
+village, and we still are, because the inhabitants cannot realize that
+we have arrived so early. The Belgians, moreover, in the last few days
+almost invariably set fire to their own villages.
+
+On Aug. 24 we first entered battle; I led a combined brigade
+consisting of ----. The regiment fought splendidly, and in spite of
+the gigantic strain put upon it, it is in the best of spirits and full
+of the joy of battle. On that day I was for a long time in the
+sharpest rifle and artillery fire. Since that time there have been
+almost daily skirmishes and continual long marches; the enemy stalks
+ahead of us in seven-league boots. On Aug. 26 we put behind us a
+march of exactly twenty-three hours, from 6:30 o'clock in the morning
+till 5:30 the next morning. With all that, I was supposed to lead my
+regiment across a bridge to take a position guarding a new bridge in
+course of construction; but the bridge, as we discovered in the nick
+of time, was mined; twenty minutes later it flew into the air.
+
+After resting for three hours in a field of stubble, and after we had
+all eaten in common with the men in a field kitchen--as we usually
+do--we continued marching till dark.
+
+The spirit among our men is excellent. Tonight I am to have a real
+bed--the fourth, I believe, since the war began. Today I undressed for
+the first time in eight days.
+
+
+
+
+Letter of Paul Oskar Hoecker
+
+     The German novelist, Paul Oskar Hoecker is a Captain of the
+     Landwehr.
+
+
+I wanted to write to you from the village of D., which we captured by
+storm. Hundreds of Frenchmen, upon the retreat of their troops,
+preferred to flee to the cellars, where they promptly transformed
+themselves into civilians. Our battalion had orders to conduct
+investigations, arrest those apparently liable to military service,
+and to take possession of all arms. Unexpectedly large stores of
+ammunition thus fell into our hands. Among these seizures were many
+chests containing dumdum bullets and bearing the stamp of the
+ammunition factory where they were made. The cartridges were intended
+for use in carabines. Accordingly, it would seem to be chiefly a
+question of the unlawful use of these missiles, repulsive to the laws
+of nations, by bicycle and scout corps.
+
+These bullets lay also in a factory package in a writing desk next to
+a draft of the last will and testament which Monsieur le Capitaine
+wrote out on the first day of mobilization: He bequeathed his cash
+fortune of 110,000 francs, as well as his household furniture and his
+two hunting dogs, to Mme. Isabelle H. The forsaken Mme. Isabelle, who
+sought distant and clearer skies two days before our entry into the
+village, does not, however, seem to have been very fond of animals;
+for out of the forsaken house there rose piteously the whimpering and
+whining of the half-starved setters.
+
+But what are the thousand bright recollections of the captured town,
+what are all the experiences of this campaign, compared to the heavy,
+heavy days of fighting which our battalion had to battle through near
+L.!
+
+On Sunday, Oct. 4 the detachment marched from D. in the direction of
+L. It had been known for some time that the enemy was attempting a
+movement around our extreme right flank. Continual detrainments of
+French troops were taking place at L. A further advance was to be
+permitted to them under no conditions. The march toward L. took place
+on various roads. A cavalry division cleared the territory north of
+the city, and dispatched, simultaneously with our own advance, a
+company of Jaegers and a company of bicycle men against L.
+
+At 1 o'clock we received fire. The point of our column returns it. As
+ever in small towns and suburbs the skill of the French is great in
+street fighting, turning to best advantage every protruding corner and
+extension of a building, and utilizing every alley of trees for firing
+attacks. Then the Frenchman clears these spaces quickly and hurries
+for protection to the next block of houses, till he has lured the foe
+far enough forward to surprise him with a carefully prepared fire from
+the side.
+
+By leaps and bounds we advance along the broad road to the heights of
+the two suburbs F. and R. Here for the first time there is a matching
+of fighting forces. Undoubtedly the foe is far superior to us
+numerically; and he seems firmly determined not to allow himself to be
+crowded out of his excellent sheltered positions.
+
+Our battery rolls up, and lets her brazen tongue speak. The infantry
+fight ceases, until the foremost buildings are set aflame on all three
+sides. Troop at a time, the French now take to flight, most of them
+abandoning their cartridges, as is evidenced by the rattle of
+exploding ammunition on every floor of the buildings.
+
+But R. holds out, while F., at the right of the roadway, and the
+houses afire on the road toward Lille itself are quickly cleared of
+the enemy. The bicycle patrol, which has undertaken a determined
+advance to F., meets no further foe.
+
+But upon the two companies engaged on my right there is poured a
+murderous fire that presently exacts heavy toll; and in the rough
+country hereabout it is impossible to discover the masked positions of
+the sharpshooters and machine guns. The Frenchman is an expert in the
+location of excellent hiding places, wire entanglements, and the like.
+He even puts forth infinite efforts to make his fortified positions
+extremely comfortable nests from which he can enjoy a view of all the
+points at which, in the irregular lay of the land, the enemy must
+necessarily halt; and thereupon the Frenchman meets the hesitating
+column of attack with his concentrated fire.
+
+Four guns are nibbling at the edge of the village with their shells.
+Perhaps the machine guns, whose monotonous rattle lashes our nerves to
+the snapping point, may be hidden there in the church tower. But the
+battery commander hesitates to damage the house of God. So he leaves a
+gap there, and sweeps the smaller houses. Suddenly one of the machine
+guns ceases--it must have been concealed in the hedge close to the
+church; the gun squad serving it must have been found by the fire of
+our gunners; for presently there is noticeable in that quarter a foot
+race of red-trousered infantrymen. In the moaning of the shells there
+mingles the rattling of shrapnel. A whole group tumbles pell-mell;
+yonder one of them dashes madly this way and that, until a new load
+strikes him--they move like dolls in a miniature theatre; it is hard
+to realize at this distance that human lives are being crushed out
+here.
+
+But an hour later we entered R. Night has fallen. Through the mighty
+gaps in the gabled roofs of the houses of the narrow street on which
+we enter shines the moon. Four men of the bicycle corps stand silent
+at the entrance to the village; the prisoners in their midst,
+infantrymen in uniform or in rapidly donned civil garb--the tell-tale
+red of the trousers shows under the short vest of one of them. In the
+streets lie curious bundles, the corpses of those who have fallen
+here. A wounded soldier drags wearily up to the subaltern officer's
+post, with hands raised above his head; it is a Frenchman who has
+thrown away his blue coat, but still wears his cap. The steps of the
+incoming battalion ring out on the village pavement. Otherwise an icy
+silence, night, and the smell of blood and burning.
+
+And now horror creeps over us. We greet Death. He greets us.
+
+In R. scarcely a single house is still inhabited. All have fled to L.
+In the street that has been assigned to my company, I must have almost
+every house opened by force, in order that the men, worn out with
+marching and fighting, may rest. Here and there, in answer to
+prolonged knocking, one of the inhabitants comes to the door. When the
+shell fire began they took refuge in their cellars.
+
+In the brightly tiled hall of a pretty house that has escaped damage I
+sit with the gentlemen for several hours over glasses of mulled wine.
+We are waiting for orders for the next day. The orders reach us at 1
+o'clock that night; the detachment is to take its stand at 7 o'clock
+beside the church at R., in order to continue the advance toward L.
+
+But during the hours of the night many changes have taken place. The
+troops driven out of R. have sent their patrols, the black scouts, to
+the very edge of the suburb again, under cover of darkness; and
+reports of our cavalry and bicycle men tell that during the night
+heavy detachments of troops sent from the north have reached L. They
+talk of 40,000 to 50,000 men, chiefly newly enlisted forces and
+territorials; but Englishmen, too, are said to be among them. Our
+assigned task does not include fighting a destructive battle. We are
+simply to compel the enemy to unfold his forces, for certain strategic
+reasons the nature of which, of course, we do not know. Accordingly,
+our small detachment must risk everything in order to lure upon itself
+as many as possible of the enemy's troops. That, too, is just what
+happened.
+
+We take our former positions. The cavalry division has departed, with
+its artillery, its bicycle corps, its Jaegers, and its machine guns.
+New problems are in store on the right wing for the brave division
+which has already distinguished itself throughout the entire campaign.
+We remain alone with our battery--the third battalion of the active
+regiment and our provincial Landwehr battalion.
+
+It is going to be a heavy, heavy, heavy day of fighting.
+
+Patrols establish the fact that F. is free of the enemy's forces. But
+as we enter the road toward L. the French machine guns at once
+announce themselves. They sing and whistle and whirr above our heads.
+After yesterday's losses (half a column of the Fifth Company is still
+busy burying our dead, laying our wounded in automobiles and wagons to
+be sent to the hospitals) our artillery will first shoot breaches in
+the enemy's lines before we advance.
+
+But at midday the field artillery of the Frenchmen already replies to
+ours. They must have transshipped, at night, from their positions on
+the canal to L., in the belief that mighty forces were being assembled
+here for a further tremendous blow. The object of our assignment would
+in that case already have been for the most part accomplished. But all
+of us subordinate officers--who neither possess nor should possess an
+insight into the strategic movement--we have but a single desire:
+Forward!
+
+For a few minutes, after the first thundering crash of the French
+artillery, there is deep silence. It seems as if nature itself were
+holding its breath. The crash had fallen in the alley of poplars along
+the road. The roadway is strewn with branches and twigs. Just beside
+the northern column of our battery the monstrous shell has buried
+itself in the clay soil. A hail of earth-crumbs has rained upon us. We
+cannot note any other damage. But all the companies that are still in
+closed formation spread out in order to offer no compact target.
+
+For hours, now, there continues this terrible cannonading backward and
+forward, this dreadful argument of batteries. Horrible as is the
+devastation which such an instrument of murder can wreak, you
+gradually grow accustomed to the roaring storm. And you almost smile
+because you still lower your head each time. Until you remember: We
+greet Death, and he greets us.
+
+"Near the church tower southeast of L. where the railway bridge can be
+seen, are hostile riflemen, strength several companies."
+
+Our cavalry patrol disappears again--a French machine gun fires at it
+without hitting--and the battalion commander calls to me:
+
+"Company left across the road, right and left of the farmhouse,
+developing a column on each side, with wide intervals between!"
+
+Quickly the right wing column darts across. My Turkish professor, the
+Chief Lieutenant, manages it beautifully. One sharpshooter always
+darts ahead, throws himself on his belly, creeps on; a second follows.
+At one, two kilometers, scarcely a headpiece is visible. The left
+column is less successful. Over the heads of the sharpshooters there
+at once whistle shells. They feel the air pressure; the tremendous
+noise grips them.
+
+"Dodge! Lie down! Forward only one at a time, with long pauses! You'll
+betray our positions, fellows!"
+
+And at this moment there is a clattering sound in the air above. A
+French airman!
+
+"An airman, Captain!"
+
+"Yes, yes, I've heard him."
+
+The only thing that can help us is to keep from looking up. Only the
+rows of flesh-colored oval faces, that immediately turn up to greet
+each flight of an airman, permit the strength of forces to be
+estimated at such great distances.
+
+Beyond any doubt the foe has overestimated our strength tenfold.
+Otherwise he would not have put forth these tremendous efforts. His
+strength, in such fortified positions, would have sufficed to hold an
+entire army corps in check. And our poor weak brigade?
+
+I lie on my belly, creeping forward. To remain standing would be
+suicide.
+
+Sst-sst-teewheet--boom-buzz--tsha! Tacktack-tacktack-tack!
+
+It's a bad music. We are being rained upon with iron. We hear it
+whistle past our ears, we feel it whizz over our helmets. Our
+artillery covers us in front, so that we cannot fire at the single
+bodies of advance riflemen. They are drawing to the left toward the
+entrance to F. Soon the infantry bullets are striking close among us.
+
+Nothing to be seen! Nothing to be seen!
+
+"We must advance further!" I shout into the line of sharpshooters. The
+battalion commander shouts it at the same time. He wouldn't let any
+one rob him of the honor of advancing in the foremost row of riflemen.
+We crawl forward on all fours. After thirty meters, halt. Still
+nothing to be seen. The land rises in front of us. Fifty meters
+further; eighty; a hundred. At last we have a clear view ahead. Rifles
+are advanced.
+
+"Half way to the left, at the entrance to F., sharpshooters, stand!"
+
+A few shots from our ranks. The blue figures falter, fall. But at the
+same time we have betrayed our position. And now the hail begins anew.
+
+"They all shoot too high! Aim well, men! Every shot a bullseye!"
+
+My voice reaches only the rows of riflemen nearest to me. The clatter
+and crashing is tremendous, but even more horrible is this singing and
+whizzing past of shells, especially when the enemy's machine guns
+sweep us.
+
+"Are those some of our men?" my bugler beside me asks. "They're
+already standing half way down the road back of us!"
+
+A shiver of horror creeps over us. Yes, they have enticed and held us
+fast in the midst of their artillery--and on the left their infantry,
+well protected, has advanced under cover to our flank. And now the
+French machine gun patters on our right, in monotonous rhythm, in this
+concert of hell.
+
+Behind us there is no longer a sign of life. Our battery is gone; it
+must have shot away its ammunition.
+
+"Order of the Brigade Commander: Company retire slowly!" A man at the
+end of our serried line near the roadside has called the order to me.
+The order travels by word of mouth along our line. It is a long time
+before it reaches the riflemen furthest left. And as soon as the
+slightest movement is noticeable in the beet fields, the deadly hail
+rattles down upon us again.
+
+My eyeglass is covered with sweat and dirt. I tear it away. Now, as
+the shells strike, clouds of dirt fly into my eyes. I close them. At
+my left, a rifleman crawling along, nudges me:
+
+"The dogs!" he mutters: "Now they've got us in a hell of a pinch!"
+
+I can speak no more. We go crawling along another 500 meters. My
+revolver bangs along on the ground at my left; my fieldglass at my
+right. For a moment I think of the droll problem given to the officer
+at the military examination: "What would you do if you saw artillery
+unfold before you, infantry on your left, and artillery against your
+flank on the right?" Answer: "I'd order: Take off helmets and pray!"
+
+Take off helmets and pray! Yes, there is now no help for it. Now it's
+a case of dying decently like gentlemen.
+
+"No running away, men! We're no Frenchmen!"
+
+A minute's stop to take breath, at yon hay-rick on the left. So, there
+they're advancing, in a gay company, the blue-frocks!
+
+"Left, riflemen, along the church yard wall, stand! Rifle fire!"
+
+And two groups are daring enough to stand upright and fire, although
+the machine gun fire is sweeping us again. The man next to me is
+loading his gun; suddenly he throws up an arm:
+
+"Hell! That's pretty warm!" A bullet has passed midway through the
+cover of his rifle barrel.
+
+"Go on! Slowly! One at a time! Don't crowd!"
+
+On the road we find a man of the second column, pressed against a
+tree.
+
+"Where is the battalion?"
+
+He points in the direction of R.
+
+"There they are, still fighting, Captain."
+
+Yes, there still stand some riflemen in a rifle fight. An officer with
+them.
+
+"Forward!" and I point in their direction.
+
+But over there the witches' caldron is boiling more fiercely. The
+machine guns are nearer there. After a short consultation with the
+leader of the division I order: "Retire. Singly."
+
+The narrow road through which we retire is swept continually with
+fire. I climb up to the ridge. Now nothing further matters. Only not
+to fall alive in the hands of those over there! To die! I stumble over
+a ridge in the field. A few moments of unconsciousness. Then again the
+tacktack-tacktack of the machine guns. God, our Lord, Thou art our
+refuge forever and aye! I pray Thee, I pray Thee, let me die an honest
+soldier's death. And not suffer long. Now, dear Lord, please; now! If
+only my fellows don't begin to run!
+
+"Slowly, men; slowly. Halt at the brown stretch of field."
+
+Panting, we lie there. "Rifles in position! Take aim! Fire!"
+
+As soon as a few shots have been fired, there ensues a pause in the
+firing over there. We make good use of it. Then, "Down on your bellies
+again!"
+
+I cannot go further.
+
+"Go ahead without me, boys. Greet my people for me. God with you.
+You've fought well. Damn you, fellow, run, I tell you! Down on your
+faces! Take breath. Fire!"
+
+When, long ago, I went to my confirmation lesson, the Superintendent
+once said--ah, what a remarkable man that was!--"I would like only to
+take a single look at my little garden. I'm a city child, and have
+grown so fond of the flowers, this little bit of earth!"--Hui! hui!
+there it whistles over our heads again. I greet Death. And my lips
+touch the ridge of the field furrow.
+
+Of dust thou art; to dust thou shalt return.
+
+"Boys, you're not afraid? Eh?" And I try to laugh.
+
+"The apes over there! They don't know how to shoot. Such clowns!
+They'll hit the sky!"
+
+Hui! hui! tack-a-tack-tacktack! Run on! The patent-leathered lackeys
+can't hit us!
+
+But there lies one of the other company. Dead.
+
+"Don't run! Keep halting! Fire!"
+
+From the village a hail of shrapnel. From the opposite side, the same.
+But now nobody runs with lowered head. We are now used to the
+benediction of bullets. Further on, further on!
+
+Of the brigade there's not a trace. When the artillery had shot away
+its ammunition, the order was given: "Retire, all!" It reached me, in
+front there with the rifle lines, fully an hour later than the rest.
+
+Scattered stragglers join me.
+
+"Where is our Chief Lieutenant?"
+
+"Wounded in the neck; only a glancing bullet. Has returned slowly on
+an artillery horse. Midway among the shrapnels. Great fellow."
+
+Nobody knows where the point of reunion is. I lead the rest of the
+battalion after the other companies. Night is falling. Somewhere a
+cavalry patrol tells us: They're to bivouac over there at the fort.
+
+We march toward that. Bicycle men come to meet us. We hear from
+them--no one believed that a single man of us could escape that
+devil's caldron alive. My orderly (Bursche) comes riding to meet me.
+His eyes are wet.
+
+"My Captain! My Captain!"
+
+I must press many hands. I warm myself at the bivouac fire. The
+Quartermaster has brought me a half flask of champagne. There's red
+wine for the men in the baggage division. It has already been mulled.
+A plate of rice soup. The earth-crumb is still sticking to my lips. I
+swallow it down with the first draught of foaming wine: "I greet thee,
+Life! I greet thee, Earth!" And comrades come up and are glad to see
+me, old monster, again.
+
+Thank God, my company has suffered only few losses! When I order the
+Sergeant Major to read the list, only a few are missing. But this one
+or that one has been seen by some one of his comrades after the fight.
+Well, then they are only scattered, and will find their way back by
+and by. The battalion in these two days of fighting lost thirty-eight
+dead and sixty-six wounded. That includes some light wounds from
+glancing bullets.
+
+It all lies behind me like a confused dream. We are bivouacking in the
+casemates of the fort. I awake several times in terror. Deep, deep
+silence. Only the pacing to and fro of the sentinel on guard. To and
+fro, to and fro. He is cold.
+
+I creep deeper into the straw. Poor fellow, the sentinel. How soft
+I've got it! So warm here! I have hot eyes and hot cheeks, but
+ice-cold hands.
+
+I pity all those who know life and death only from books. War is a
+great teacher. We learn to love the earth. And thus our homeland
+becomes so sacred to us.
+
+
+
+
+Damp Humor of the Night Watch
+
+     From a field postcard written by a German soldier in the
+     Franco-Prussian war and sent home by one who recalled it
+     under similar circumstances in the present one.
+
+
+     I guard this shed,
+       But who guards me?
+     Around my head
+       But night I see.
+     This only comfort sweet is mine,
+       To soothe my graveyard cough:
+     "This town will pay a lovely fine
+       If some one picks me off."
+
+
+
+
+War Correspondence
+
+The Place of Tombs
+
+By Perceval Gibbon.
+
+[Special Cable to THE NEW YORK TIMES.]
+
+
+Zyrddow, Poland, Received in London Jan. 19.--There is a spot above
+the river which must not be indicated too explicitly, but whose name
+signifies in Russian the place of tombs. It is thus christened by the
+troops who camp in a great forest which shadows the whole position. It
+is a point at which the new German plan of thrusting toward the
+railway instead of as hitherto toward the road has produced fighting
+of more than Homeric quality.
+
+The Russians, who never misjudge the value of ground, were established
+here in well-made trenches, with the shelter of the forest at their
+backs for reserves and supports. Upon this iron front the Germans
+spent themselves in fruitless attacks, incurring crippling losses. It
+was only after repeated and disastrous failure of these tactics that
+they began a different method of approach.
+
+Here, as everywhere else, they have a large amount of artillery, and
+under incessant shell fire they proceeded to sap their way toward the
+Russian trenches. Incidentally they expended shells enough to last an
+army through the whole of a small war, and where formerly six acres of
+trees projected from the main forest there are now no trees at all.
+
+The parapet of their trench is only thirty-five paces from the Russian
+parapet, and the men crouching behind their shelter can hear the
+voices of their enemies. None dare lift head or hand to even the
+loopholes on the breastworks, since the worst shot in the world can
+send bullet after bullet through any loophole at that distance. The
+Russians are able to throw hand grenades, with which their trenches
+are supplied, clear into the German trenches, while the German
+shelling has had to cease since their own men are in equal danger from
+any shell aimed at the Russian trenches.
+
+I rode down through the forest in an effort to reach one of the
+trenches two nights ago, passing from the pale shine of the snow upon
+the bare fields to sheer darkness. I found the staff established in a
+spacious dugout some 400 yards behind the actual first line. Here, as
+always, was a straw-padded, candle-lit interior, with an orderly
+waiting, with telephone to ear, and all those rough-and-ready
+contrivances by which men live who have death forever at their elbow.
+Here, too, their faces disguised by weeks of beard and grimed with the
+smirch of war, were burly Russian officers, those adequate and quietly
+confident men who are the strength and inspiration of the Russian
+Army.
+
+In all the gloom, where all life was balanced on a hair, one thing was
+steadfast and cordial, and that was the unshaken assurance of these
+cheerful, expert fighting men in their power to hold the Germans and
+presently to resume the offensive, to which each one of them looks
+forward, and advance at last toward the frontier of Germany. None
+underestimates the enemy. They criticise him in a spirit of absolute
+professional impartiality, admiring quite frankly the organization and
+courage of the German infantry, but condemning the artillery and
+pooh-poohing the cavalry.
+
+Yesterday morning the Germans renewed their bombardment of the
+positions at Radziwillow, where the fine Russian trench is practically
+impregnable, and has already cost them huge losses in their attempts
+to assault it.
+
+I had an illustration of their lack of system in artillery fire while
+returning along the rear of this position. Their shells sailed up
+across the woods to the south of the railway, bursting on an empty
+stretch of fields about a thousand yards away, and turned seven or
+eight hundred acres of virgin snow into an inferno of smoke and torn
+earth, but no single shell fell nearer than a thousand yards to any
+living soul.
+
+During the last day or two I have seen a change in the nature of the
+fighting on this front. The German procedure has no longer its old
+character of desperate decision but has become more desultory and
+their pressure flickers up and down the line as though in a panic of
+effort to find some point at which the defense is weak.
+
+I learned here from prisoners that the Germans lately have been
+celebrating victories. Berlin and other cities are said to be gay with
+flags, and Gen. von Hindenburg has been acclaimed as a national hero.
+I can only keep my eyes on the small portion of the long front limited
+by Socahczew on the north and Msczonow on the south, but in regard to
+this region I can offer my personal testimony that at no point have
+the Germans gained anything in the nature of a success nor made any
+attack which has not been immensely more costly in lives to them than
+to the Russians.
+
+
+
+
+Shelled Tsing-tao With Wireless Aid
+
+By Jefferson Jones,
+
+Staff Correspondent of The Minneapolis Journal and Japan Advertiser.
+
+[From THE NEW YORK TIMES, Jan. 24, 1915.]
+
+
+Tokio, Dec. 15.--Far out in the Yellow Sea busy gunners on a Japanese
+battleship aimed a 12-inch gun at one of the German forts in
+Tsing-tao. Opening the breech, they removed the smoking cartridge
+case, put in another loaded one, and waited to learn whether the
+projectile had scattered death among the enemy or exploded harmlessly
+in soft earth. They were five or six miles from their target.
+
+The gunners gazed toward the battleship's wireless masts. Presently
+came a sputter and crackle of electric sparks. An officer appeared in
+the turret and said, perhaps, "Very good. Put some more in the same
+place," or, "That one was fifty feet to the right or sixty feet too
+high." He had received a wireless message from the shore telling
+exactly where the shell had struck, probably for the first time since
+naval warfare began.
+
+At the rear of the Japanese lines, where a naval lookout had been
+erected, I saw several marines focusing horned telescopes on the
+besieged forts. As soon as a shell landed one of the men would
+telephone the exact location to the naval wireless station at Sesheco,
+which relayed the message to the warships.
+
+The fourth day of the siege was the most severe of the whole siege of
+Tsing-tao. Gen. Johoji on the extreme left, with Gen. Barnardiston of
+the British expeditionary force, was pressing the intrenched Germans
+near Moltke Fort. Early in the morning Gen. Johoji had sent a
+detachment against the triangular pumping station fort, as it was
+deemed wise not to turn the siege guns on the place, because the fort
+might be destroyed and the supply of water be cut off in the city
+when the troops entered. The detachment approached the fort without
+any resistance from the Germans, and, surrounding it, discovered that
+there was a small garrison, which had barred itself inside. The
+Japanese commanded the men to surrender, threatening to dynamite the
+place. The steel door was opened and twenty-three Germans walked out.
+
+The capture of this fort was the key for the final attack of the
+Japanese, as it left the central fort and redoubts exposed to fire.
+
+Late in the afternoon the fire became extremely heavy. The Germans
+seemed to be making sharp resistance to the Japanese, lest they
+advance within the quarter-mile zone of the redoubt walls. The
+Japanese infantry, however, were sapping away, and as dusk settled
+over the field we saw the bright flash of bursting shrapnel from the
+German forts. It was the first shrapnel sent out by the Germans during
+the siege.
+
+Ten, twelve, fifteen, and sometimes even twenty shrapnel shells could
+be counted bursting at one time, all in a straight line, over the
+Japanese front line, and then the big German searchlights would flash
+about the field. They would fall on fifteen or twenty Japanese sappers
+on the top of their trenches placing sandbags, and then the flash
+would disappear.
+
+Thursday, Nov. 5, seemed only a repetition of what we had seen the day
+before. All night long the firing kept up, and it was evident that the
+German garrison at Tsing-tao was making stubborn and gallant
+resistance.
+
+That night the Japanese forces advanced 200 yards under a heavy
+shrapnel fire from the Germans. A snowstorm, followed by rain, had
+filled the trenches with water a foot deep, and it was in these that
+the Japanese and British forces found themselves during the closing
+days of the siege.
+
+Friday, Nov. 6, was a bitter morning. A forty-mile gale was blowing
+off the Yellow Sea, and with the thermometer at 2 below zero it was
+not any too comfortable, even for those of us who were fortunate
+enough to get near a charcoal burner.
+
+Toward midnight Gen. Yamada, whose men were intrenched in front of
+Forts 2 and 3, sent out a detachment to learn the condition of the
+German garrison opposing him. The men approached the redoubt walls of
+the forts, climbed ten feet to the bottom, and found themselves face
+to face with wire entanglements twenty yards wide and running the
+length of the wall. No Germans were seen. Reinforcements were called
+for while the scouts were cutting the entanglements. At 1 A.M., Nov.
+7, Gen. Yamada with more than 300 men was behind the redoubt walls of
+Fort 3.
+
+In the meantime, heavily protected on all sides by planks and
+sandbags, a detachment of 200 Germans with machine guns was watching
+the approach of Gen. Barnardiston's men, who had been stationed to the
+right of Gen. Yamada. The Germans were unaware that the Japanese had
+gained the wall, when suddenly a sentry heard Japanese voices. The
+signal was given and the Germans rushed from their sandbag houses into
+the shadow of the wall, hoping to reach their comrades, stationed 500
+yards back along the casement walls. Some, perhaps, reached their
+destination, but the majority of the men were shot down by the
+Japanese infantry.
+
+The capture of Forts 2 and 3 by Gen. Yamada was quickly reported to
+Gen. Horiuchi, and within an hour his men had captured Forts 4 and 5
+with very little resistance. Gen. Johoji, on the extreme left, with
+Gen. Barnardiston of the British force, also advanced with the news of
+the capture of the positions, but the Germans put up a stubborn
+resistance, and it was not until 6:30 A.M. that the attackers gained
+the coast fort and Fort 1.
+
+With the capture of the redoubt fortifications there still remained
+the mountainous forts, Iltis, Bismarck, and Moltke, a quarter of a
+mile back toward Tsing-tao. With detachments of engineers and
+infantrymen, Gens. Horiuchi and Yamada ordered the general attack. The
+men rushed from their trenches for the base of the forts. It was to
+be a hand-to-hand bayonet attack.
+
+But two guns on the Iltis fort had already been silenced, the four big
+28-centimeter mortars on the same fort were useless for use at the
+base of Iltis, while the other guns had been so placed and sandbagged
+at the rear of the fort that they could not be quickly brought forward
+and utilized for work along the steep slopes leading to the forts.
+Rifles and machine guns were resorted to.
+
+The Japanese, as they charged up the slope, were mowed down by the
+machine guns, but on they came from all sides--17,000 men against
+3,800. The German garrison could not hold out, and the white flag was
+hoisted from Fort C, close to Gov. Gen. Meyer Waldeck's residence. The
+surrender came at 7:05 A.M.
+
+
+
+
+THE BROKEN ROSE
+
+(TO KING ALBERT)
+
+By ANNIE VIVANTI CHARTRES.
+
+[From King Albert's Book.]
+
+
+     Shy, youthful, silent--and misunderstood,
+     In the white glare of Kinghood thou didst stand.
+     The sceptre in thy hand
+     Seemed but a flower the Fates had tossed to thee,
+     And thou wert called, perchance half scornfully,
+     Albert the Good.
+
+     Today thou standest on a blackened grave,
+     Thy broken sword still lifted to the skies.
+     Thy pure and fearless eyes
+     Gaze into Death's grim visage unappalled
+     And by the storm-swept nations thou art called
+     Albert the Brave.
+
+     Tossed on a blood-red sea of rage and hate
+     The frenzied world rolls forward to its doom.
+     But high above the gloom
+     Flashes the fulgent beacon of thy fame,
+     The nations thou hast saved exalt thy name--
+     Albert the Great!
+
+            *       *       *       *       *
+
+     Albert the good, the brave, the great, thy land
+     Lies at thy feet, a crushed and morient rose
+     Trampled and desecrated by thy foes.
+     One day a greater Belgium will be born,
+     But what of this dead Belgium wracked and torn?
+     What of this rose flung out upon the sand?
+
+     Behold! Afar where sky and waters meet
+     A white-robed Figure walketh on the sea
+     (Peace goes before Him and her face is sweet.)
+     As once He trod the waves of Galilee
+     He comes again--the tumult sinks to rest,
+     The stormy waters shine beneath His feet.
+
+     He sees the dead rose lying in the sand,
+     He lifts the dead rose in His holy hand
+     And lays it at His breast.
+
+     O broken rose of Belgium, thou art blest!
+
+
+
+
+The Emden at Penang
+
+Pen Picture by a Times Correspondent of the Havoc She Wrought
+
+[From THE NEW YORK TIMES Correspondent in Penang.]
+
+
+Penang, Straits Settlements, Oct. 29.--The German cruiser Emden called
+here yesterday and departed, leaving death and destruction behind her.
+You will doubtless have learned long before this story of her visit,
+carried by the slow mails of the Far East, is read in the United
+States some account of the Emden's raid, but the cable can hardly
+carry a detailed picture of the destruction wrought in a brief hour or
+so yesterday in this busy harbor, and it seems worth while to describe
+for you how this sudden vision of war burst on Penang.
+
+For those who do not know, the City of Penang lies on the western
+coast of the Malay Peninsula, just below the Siamese border. It is the
+shipping point of the Federated Malay States, where 65 per cent. of
+the world's tin is produced, as well as a great amount of rubber and
+copra. With a population of 246,000, it is growing by leaps and bounds
+and gives every indication of soon becoming one of the largest ports
+in the Far East.
+
+The thing that makes this city a point of importance in the present
+war is the fact that it is the last port of call for ships going from
+China and Japan to Colombo and Europe. As a result, it has been made
+more or less of a naval base by the English Government. Large stores
+of Admiralty coal have been collected and all vessels have been
+commanded to stop here for orders before crossing the Bay of Bengal.
+
+It was probably with the idea of crippling this base, from which her
+pursuers were radiating, that the Emden made her raid here. Had she
+found it temporarily undefended she could at one blow seriously have
+embarrassed the English cruisers patrolling these waters and at the
+same time cause a terrific loss to English commerce by sinking the
+many merchantmen at anchor in the harbor.
+
+It was early on Wednesday morning that the Emden, with a dummy fourth
+funnel and flying the British ensign, in some inexplicable fashion
+sneaked past the French torpedo boat Mosquet, which was on patrol duty
+outside, and entered the outer harbor of Penang. Across the channel
+leading to the inner harbor lay the Russian cruiser Jemtchug. Inside
+were the French torpedo boats Fronde and Pistolet and the torpedo boat
+destroyer D'Iberville. The torpedo boats lay beside the long
+Government wharf, while the D'Iberville rode at anchor between two
+tramp steamers.
+
+At full speed the Emden steamed straight for the Jemtchug and the
+inner harbor. In the semi-darkness of the early morning the Russian
+took her for the British cruiser Yarmouth, which had been in and out
+two or three times during the previous week and did not even "query"
+her. Suddenly, when less than 400 yards away, the Emden emptied her
+bow guns into the Jemtchug and came on at a terrific pace, with all
+the guns she could bring to bear in action. When she had come within
+250 yards she changed her course slightly, and as she passed the
+Jemtchug poured two broadsides into her, as well as a torpedo, which
+entered the engine room but did comparatively little damage.
+
+The Russian cruiser was taken completely by surprise and was badly
+crippled before she realized what was happening. The fact that her
+Captain was spending the night ashore and that there was no one on
+board who seemed capable of acting energetically completed the
+demoralization. She was defeated before the battle began. However, her
+men finally manned the light guns and brought them into action.
+
+In the meantime the Emden was well inside the inner harbor and among
+the shipping. She saw the French torpedo boats there, and apparently
+realized at once that unless she could get out before they joined in
+the action her fate was sealed. At such close quarters (the range was
+never more than 450 yards) their torpedoes would have proved deadly.
+Accordingly, she turned sharply and made for the Jemtchug once more.
+
+All the time she had been in the harbor the Russian had been
+bombarding her with shrapnel, but, owing to the notoriously bad
+marksmanship prevalent in the Czar's navy, had succeeded for the most
+part only in peppering every merchant ship within range. As the Emden
+neared the Jemtchug again both ships were actually spitting fire. The
+range was practically point-blank. Less than 150 yards away the Emden
+passed the Russian, and as she did so torpedoed her amidships,
+striking the magazine. There was a tremendous detonation, paling into
+insignificance by its volume all the previous din; a heavy black
+column of smoke arose and the Jemtchug sank in less than ten seconds,
+while the Emden steamed behind the point to safety.
+
+No sooner had she done so, however, than she sighted the torpedo boat
+Mosquet, which had heard the firing and was coming in at top speed.
+The Emden immediately opened up on her, thereby causing her to turn
+around in an endeavor to escape. It was too late. After a running
+fight of twenty minutes the Mosquet seemed to be hit by three shells
+simultaneously and sank very rapidly. The German had got a second
+victim.
+
+It was here that the chivalrous bravery of the Emden's Captain, which
+has been many times in evidence throughout her meteoric career, was
+again shown. If the French boats were coming out, every moment was of
+priceless value to him. Nevertheless, utterly disregarding this, he
+stopped, lowered boats, and picked up the survivors from the Mosquet
+before steaming on his way.
+
+The English here now say of him, admiringly, "He played the game."
+
+Meantime, boats of all descriptions had started toward the place where
+the Russian cruiser had last been seen. The water was covered with
+debris of all sorts, to which the survivors were clinging. They
+presented a horrible sight when they were landed on Victoria Pier,
+which the ambulance corps of the Sikh garrison turned into a temporary
+hospital. Almost all of them had wounds of one sort or another. Many
+were covered with them. Their blood-stained and, for the most part,
+naked bodies were enough to send shivers through even the most
+cold-blooded person. It was a sight I shall not forget for many a day.
+Out of a crew of 334 men 142 were picked up wounded. Only 94 were
+found practically untouched. Ninety-eight were "missing." It is not
+yet known how many of the crew of the 78 of the Mosquet were rescued
+by the Emden.
+
+So much of the story I am able to write from personal observation and
+investigation. Here, however, is an account of what occurred from an
+officer who saw it all from closer range and more intimate conditions,
+for he was on the French torpedo boat destroyer Pistolet. I tell his
+story exactly as he told it to me:
+
+"The Captain of the Pistolet had invited Capt. T. and myself to have a
+game of bridge whist on board. His ship was lying alongside the
+Government wharf, just inside the inner harbor. The game proved a most
+interesting one and time flew by unnoticed. Finally, just before 1
+A.M., it came to a close, but, owing to the fact that our going home
+at that hour of the morning would mean a rikisha ride of over two
+miles, the Captain stretched a point and invited us to remain on
+board, which we did. Little did we know what our decision was to mean
+to us.
+
+"At 5:25 the next morning, just as day was breaking, I was awakened by
+a deafening crash, followed by two others in rapid succession. Without
+waiting for more, I pulled my ducks over my pajamas and hurried on
+deck. Right before us, at the entrance to the inner harbor, lay the
+Russian cruiser Jemtchug. Steaming toward her at full speed came the
+German cruiser Emden, her bow guns belching forth vast clouds of
+smoke, through which the flash of the guns could just be
+distinguished. She was less than half a mile away. After what seemed
+to me an interminable delay, the surprised Jemtchug started to reply
+with her small guns, and the din grew greater and greater.
+
+"As the Emden came on she swerved slightly out of her course and
+steamed down the far side of the channel, thus bringing her broadside
+guns to bear on the Jemtchug, which by this time was literally
+spitting fire. The range now was less than 300 yards, and the
+execution being done must have been terrible. We noticed, however,
+that the greater number of the Russian shells were 'carrying over.'
+
+"The Emden now changed her course again, to the right, and disappeared
+behind a group of several tramp steamers so as to enable her to turn
+around without unduly exposing herself. While she was doing this the
+firing diminished greatly, owing to the disinclination on the part of
+either, I imagine, wantonly to damage harmless merchant vessels. No
+sooner had she started on her way out of the harbor, however, than the
+din arose once more.
+
+"Just at this time the French torpedo boat Fronde dropped back from
+her position alongside us and started in to take part in the melee
+with a machine gun. This caused the Emden to devote part of her time
+to us, and we were made the objective of a severe machine-gun fire
+which, owing to our position in the shadow of the pier and of the fact
+that the light was very poor, did little or no damage. Nevertheless,
+it was rather disconcerting to hear the rattle of lead on the
+corrugated iron sheds behind us.
+
+"By this time the Emden must have realized that at such close quarters
+she was subject to the danger of a torpedo attack, (although as a
+matter of fact no effort seemed to have been made along these lines,)
+and she accordingly started up the north channel toward the outer
+harbor at full speed, firing broadside after broadside at the
+Jemtchug, now badly crippled.
+
+"Suddenly, as the two cruisers were abreast and no more than 150 yards
+from one another, there was a tremendous crash. The Jemtchug heaved up
+amidships, there was another detonation even louder than the first,
+and she sank before I could realize what had happened. All that
+remained was a large pillar of smoke to mark the spot where she had
+been. A German torpedo had found its mark, and the Emden sailed around
+the point without firing another shot.
+
+"By this time--less than thirty minutes after the first shot had been
+fired--the Pistolet had cast off and we started across the harbor
+toward the place where we had last seen the Jemtchug, with the Fronde
+close behind us. It was slow work, as we had very little steam.
+
+"As we neared the scene of the disaster I received my first impression
+of the horror of modern naval warfare. The water was strewn with
+wreckage, amid which heads were popping up and down like corks in a
+lily pond. It seemed as if it were alive with men. They were
+everywhere, hanging on to pieces of wood, clutching life preservers,
+clinging to debris of all kinds.
+
+"When we reached them we immediately started in getting them aboard by
+means of boats, ropes looped at the end, by hand, and in any way
+possible. They were indeed a most terrible sight. Most of them were
+wounded, and those that were were bleeding profusely. Practically none
+were wearing more than a pair of trousers, and a considerable number
+did not even have that. A few were frightfully lacerated, and we
+recovered one man who had had his leg blown off below the knee--he
+died five minutes after we got him on board. It was like living a
+frightful nightmare. Everywhere you turned you met a groaning, greasy
+mass of humanity.
+
+"Discipline was thrown aside and Captain and men alike toiled in
+their efforts to alleviate the suffering of the Jemtchug's survivors.
+My partner at bridge the previous night, the doctor, asked my
+assistance, and together we went from man to man doing what emergency
+work we could. My pajama-decked costume was rapidly covered with
+blood. It was a case of everybody helping everybody else.
+
+"Finally, when numerous launches of all sizes and makes had put out to
+relieve us, we returned to the Victoria jetty, which the ambulance
+corps of the Sikh garrison, aided by volunteers and local doctors, had
+turned into a temporary hospital. Here were removed what remained of
+the Jemtchug.
+
+"While the last few men were taken off the Pistolet, another
+cannonading was heard. I hurried ashore, with no feeling of regret, I
+might say, and took a rikisha to the outer sea wall to see whatever
+fighting was going on. The ships were so far away that it was hard to
+tell with the naked eye exactly what was going on. We could see the
+little torpedo boat Mosquet trying to get beyond the range of the
+Emden's guns while the shells were throwing up water all around her.
+The chase had kept on for twenty minutes, I should say, when we saw
+the little craft sink by the bow. The Emden lowered boats to pick up
+any possible survivors, but, from the short time they were down, I
+imagine most of the crew were lost.
+
+"I have tried to give you some little idea in the foregoing of the
+frightful encounter I have witnessed. It seemed like a nightmare
+afterward, although while it was actually going on you felt as if you
+were looking at a sham battle. Even when the bullets started in to
+rattle on the iron-covered sheds above our heads there was nothing
+terrifying about it. After the effect of the first few shots had worn
+off I felt as if I were watching a play. That quiet, staid Penang with
+her shaded streets and sampan covered harbor should be the scene of a
+naval engagement such as I witnessed today is almost unbelievable. Yet
+the sordid aftereffects are before our eyes.
+
+"Only the masterly manoeuvring of that gentleman of the German
+fleet--the Captain of the Emden--prevented the city from being the
+scene of a terrible carnage. His refusal to sink unarmed vessels while
+the crews were on board, his refraining from bombarding the town, his
+stopping to pick up the crew of the Mosquet, although every minute was
+valuable to him, at once made him 'that gentleman, the Captain of the
+Emden.' On all sides you heard 'I hope they sink the Emden, but it
+will be a shame if any of her crew are lost.'
+
+"While steaming away from Penang he met the tramp Glen. Instead of
+capturing her, he sent her into Penang with the message: 'I tried not
+to hit the town. If I did so, I am very sorry, indeed.' Well, he
+'played the game,' and he has made me, for one, feel extremely
+doubtful whether the much-talked-of German 'atrocities' are true,
+except where the exigencies of war have made them unavoidable."
+
+Here you have the story of an engagement which will go down in history
+as a demonstration that, even under the conditions of modern naval
+warfare, it is possible for two ships of almost equal armament to
+fight by daylight at almost point-blank range without resulting in the
+disabling of both. A sight similar to that witnessed yesterday would
+be considered by most naval critics as impossible, or, rather,
+suicidal.
+
+The sad, or, rather, disgraceful, part of the story has yet to be
+told. It was true that the Jemtchug was caught unprepared. Her Captain
+was spending the night ashore, her decks were not cleared, she was
+slow to get into action, and when she did so her marksmanship was
+poor. All this could hardly be excused, but it becomes insignificant
+when we consider the case of the French torpedo boats and the
+D'Iberville, whose help the Jemtchug had a right to expect. Here they
+lay in a harbor with fully ten minutes' warning that a hostile ship
+was approaching, yet they allowed that ship to enter the harbor, steam
+around it, turn, and make her escape without so much as firing a shot,
+when, if they had gone into action, the Emden could hardly have
+escaped. The range was everything they could have desired.
+
+What was the matter? Why did they remain silent? The answer is this:
+Although it was a time of war, a large percentage of the officers of
+these ships had been allowed to remain ashore over night. Not one of
+the ships had steam up. Their decks were not even cleared for action.
+Yet, even taking this into consideration, it is inexplicable that,
+when two or three torpedoes from any one of them would have saved the
+day, none was fired. The ships need not have moved an inch to have
+done so. The range was ridiculously short--less than 200 yards at one
+time. But surprise, lack of discipline, and general inefficiency
+seemed to hold them paralyzed.
+
+The prevailing opinion here is that they did not wish to draw the
+Emden's fire on themselves--although one did use her machine gun
+toward the end of the engagement. Whatever is said, however, it is
+impossible to get away from the fact that the French Navy yesterday
+sustained a blow to its efficiency that it will take a long time to
+wipe out. Theirs was a "masterly inaction" caused by something which
+they do not attempt themselves to define. Both army and navy
+commanders here are one in their contemptuous condemnation of such a
+spectacle.
+
+
+
+
+The Belgian Soldier
+
+[From The London Times, Oct. 17, 1914. By its Special Correspondent
+lately in Antwerp.]
+
+
+Before it fades I would like to record my impression of the Belgian
+soldier as I have seen him day after day through the two months ending
+with the fall of Antwerp.
+
+I have seen him on every kind of duty and off, on the roads, in
+cabarets, in camp and barrack, on the march, in trenches, fighting
+from behind all sorts of cover or from none, on foot, on horseback, on
+bicycles, mounted proudly on his auto-mitrailleuse, or running behind
+his gun-team of dogs, each dog pulling and barking as if it would tear
+the whole German Army to pieces. I have seen him wounded on
+battlefields, by the roadside, and in hospitals; I have seen him, in
+the later days at Antwerp, brought back from the forts and from those
+terrible advanced trenches unwounded, but from sheer exhaustion in
+almost more serious plight than any of his comrades whom the shells
+had hit. And I have seen him dead.
+
+As a result there has grown up in me an extraordinary affection for
+him. Greater even than my admiration of his careless courage is my
+liking for the man. For all his manhood he has so much of the child in
+him; he is such a chatterbox and so full of laughter, and never are
+his laugh and badinage so quick as when he has the sternest work on
+hand. Unshaven, mud-bespattered, hungry, so tired that he can hardly
+walk or lift his rifle to his shoulder, he will bear himself with a
+gallant gayety which, I think, is quite his own and is altogether
+fascinating.
+
+As time goes on perhaps it will be the faces of the dead and wounded
+that will live most clearly in the memory, but at present the pictures
+of the Belgian soldier which stand out sharpest are less lugubrious
+and more commonplace.
+
+I walked one day back toward Antwerp, along that awful road which ran
+by Contich and Waerloos to Waelhem. Daily along that road the German
+shells fell nearer to the city, so that whenever one went out to the
+place that he had visited yesterday he was likely to find himself
+disagreeably surprised. One day I found myself, (I would not have
+been there had I known it,) perhaps a mile inside the range of the
+enemy's guns. A Red Cross car had dropped me and picked up wounded men
+instead, and there was nothing for it but to walk back along the road.
+
+Along the road from the foremost trenches came a dozen Belgian
+soldiers, just relieved after twenty-four hours of what it is
+difficult to describe otherwise than as hell. Muddied from head to
+heel, they could hardly drag their feet along, and, glad of any
+company, I fell in and walked with the last straggler of the little
+band, while the shrapnel with its long-drawn scream--whew-ew-ew-ew-bang!--broke
+on either side of us.
+
+At every whew-ew-ew-ew which came too near I dived for cover. If there
+was no friendly wall or vehicle or tree trunk at hand the ditch beside
+the road was always there. And every time I dived my companion stood
+in the middle of the road and shook with laughter--not unkindly, but
+in the utmost friendliness and good humor--waiting till I rejoined him
+and we resumed our walk.
+
+A little man, shockingly bedraggled, worn out almost to the point of
+collapse, utterly indifferent to his own danger, and taking a huge,
+childlike delight in my care for my personal safety, the picture of
+him as he stood and laughed all alone in the bare road amid the
+bursting shells seems to me curiously typical of the whole Belgian
+Army.
+
+Another picture also--a composite photograph--I shall never forget. It
+is the same man--sometimes blonde, sometimes dark, but always the same
+smallish man--as, on picket duty, he stops you to examine your papers.
+He does not understand the papers in the least. The British passport
+begins with the words, "We, Sir Edward Grey, a Baronet of the United
+Kingdom...." Sternly he wrinkles his brow over the formidable
+document, earnestly trying to do his duty. At last, "Votre nom,
+Edouard Gra-ee?" he asks. You explain that you wish that it was and
+call attention to the place where your own insignificant name is
+mentioned lower down. To his immense relief he has mastered the
+central fact, namely, that you are English. And his face lights up
+with the smile which one has come to know so well; a smile of real
+pleasure and good-will.
+
+Sometimes he speaks a word of English, and with what pride he uses it!
+"All ri'!" "Good night!" "How do?" And you go on into the night
+feeling that you are leaving a friend behind whom you would like to
+stop and talk to. And he, you know, has been cheered in his lonely
+duty by the mere contact with an ally.
+
+
+
+
+THE HEROIC LANGUAGE
+
+By ALICE MEYNELL.
+
+[From King Albert's Book.]
+
+
+     When our now living languages are "dead,"
+     Which in the classes shall be treasured?
+       Which will the masters teach?
+     Kepler's, and Shakespeare's, and thy word, thy phrase,
+     Thy grammar, thou heroic, for all days,
+       O little Flemish speech!
+
+
+
+
+Cheerful Spirits in Trench Inferno
+
+[Special Cable to THE NEW YORK TIMES.]
+
+
+Northern France, Dec. 20, (Dispatch to The London Daily News.)--This
+week--a week of many significant things--has ended in the wildest
+whirl of weather imaginable. The rains have been terrific, blinding,
+tropical in their almost ceaseless roar and fury. Surely only madmen
+or fiends would fight in such an elemental maelstrom. We may be both,
+and perhaps we are, now that the whole world is topsy-turvy; for we
+are going savagely on at this dread business, half blind and wholly
+desperate. If the furious sky were to rain red-hot pitchforks the
+contending armies would still be undismayed and would crawl, if not
+fly, at one another's throats.
+
+But there is no romance in trench fighting; it is sickening,
+demoralizing. Ask any soldier who has been at it for a time. He will
+pour a few plain truths into your shocked ear. Down at the railroad
+terminal today I met some of them--a queer mixture. There was a batch
+of German prisoners; there was a squad of wounded Belgians, and there
+were four lost, stolen, or strayed British soldiers from the Seventh
+Division--a Sergeant and three men. They were all so plastered over
+with dirt that it was difficult to sort out their nationality.
+
+What struck me most was their absolute and undisguised cheerfulness. I
+have lively recollection of the first German prisoners I saw in the
+early days of the war. They were in a gray funk, which is several
+degrees more sheer than a blue funk. They absolutely believed that the
+next moment or two would be their last on this woeful earth and that
+they would be shot out of hand.
+
+The young Prussians I met today said that they had been having a very
+thin time recently; that their food was bad, and getting worse and
+more scanty every day; that pneumonia and rheumatism were rife in
+their trenches, to say nothing of the dreaded typhoid, and that they
+were tremendously glad to be out of it all. They understood that they
+were going to England. Anyway, they hoped so fervently.
+
+The Belgian soldiers were all slightly wounded, mostly in the legs and
+arms. The mud and slime of the trenches north of Furnes had not yet
+dried upon their sodden clothes. They were cold and benumbed and
+desperately hungry, for their train had been held up for hours while
+certain private and confidential military scene changing was going on.
+In spite of the pain their hurriedly dressed wounds were giving them
+they, too, were cheerful.
+
+"We are in great heart," said one of them, "for we are moving on
+surely and certainly. This week something new has come to us. The
+knell of retreat no longer sounds in our hearts; the tocsin rings
+there instead. We are marching on; we are driving the barbarians back.
+Every inch of our motherland regained is sweet and precious to us.
+Three days ago I saw our King. He was as muddy and stained, Monsieur,
+as I am now. An officer who was with him wanted to remove the mud from
+his clothes. 'But no,' said the King, 'let it stay. If my own land
+clings thus to me, let it stay; it is better that it should be so,'
+and he laughed as he passed on. We all cheered him, and he laughed the
+more, showing a shining face and bidding us take heart, as a brighter
+day was dawning.
+
+"So we went into the fight that evening, afraid of nothing. In rain
+and mist we charged a small village with a mighty shout. Though our
+numbers were small we charged. We were beaten back, and then we
+charged again. My bayonet broke off short in the breast of a huge
+German, and then in the dark and mist a great crowd swept over us as
+we both went down. I came to in the dawn. Our men were singing the
+chant of victory. The gray enemy had gone. The village, smoking and
+shattered, was ours. Our guns were rattling up the street to take
+another and stronger position.
+
+"A small victory, perhaps, but none the less sweet for that. Alas! I
+could not follow, and they brought me on here. The fortunes of war
+were hard."
+
+He raised himself painfully. The big Sergeant from the lost legion,
+coming along at the moment, picked him up like a baby, hoisted him on
+his shoulders, and bore him along through mud to the clearing house
+beyond the station yard.
+
+"Lucky chap," said the Sergeant. "He is going to have a warm, snug
+Christmas in a snug, warm hospital; and here's me only lorst in this
+bloomin' swamp, an' got to report for duty somewhere in the
+mornin'--Lord knows where!" he grinned ruefully at me.
+
+
+
+
+King George's Visit to the Troops
+
+[From The London Times, Dec. 8, 1914.]
+
+
+_An officer in the Indian Expeditionary Force sends the following
+description of an episode in the King's visit to the front:_
+
+A red-letter day indeed--for the King turned up here at 10:45 this
+morning and stayed quite a long time, inspecting detachments of the
+Indian Army Corps. He only crossed from England last night I believe,
+stayed with the General for breakfast, and saw us all before lunch,
+going on to the next army corps. It was quite the most informal show I
+have ever seen. He strolled up and down the ranks chatting with all
+and sundry. He asked two of our native officers how long they had been
+in the regiment, the General interpreting.
+
+The secret of his visit was well kept. Last night after dinner the
+Adjutant biked over from Headquarters and said he and I and ---- had
+been chosen by lot from the officers, with thirty-three men from each
+of the three squadrons here, to represent the regiment at an
+inspection by the Commander in Chief. Well, we went off this morning,
+and found similar detachments from all the corps not in the trenches.
+It was a dull morning and the mud was awful, and just before his
+Majesty was due a German aeroplane appeared heading straight for us.
+Our guns opened fire on it and it made off north, but it added
+excitement. Otherwise it was a quiet morning and hardly any firing
+from the trenches. The King and Sir James arrived in the first car,
+then the Prince of Wales driving his own car, and a crowd of staff
+officers. The two divisional staffs were presented, and then they
+started walking down the lines. My new horse is a real good 'un, but
+can't stand "Present arms!" under his nose, and he nearly backed into
+his Majesty as he came up from behind.
+
+The Leicesters were in front of us. They had only come up out of the
+trenches at midnight and were in a lovely state of mud and
+unshavedness. The King simply reveled in them. He stopped and chatted
+to quite every one man in three; wanted to know all about trench
+fighting, and didn't seem to mind a bit their being covered with mud
+and unshaved for days. The Prince was just as interested. He wandered
+about at will, paying no attention to his father, and chatting with
+all and sundry. One man was wearing a pair of German boots which
+interested the King very much. He spent quite twenty minutes with the
+Leicesters, and they deserved it. They have done splendidly all
+through.
+
+After that he gave two V.C.s to gunners who had won them very early in
+the war, and then when he ought to have been moving on he began
+strolling up and down the line again, asking all sorts of questions
+and noticing everything. At last they got him into his car to move on
+to the next army corps. The General came back to give us his message.
+It was that he was very pleased with all he had seen and heard; that
+he wanted the troops to know that both he and the Queen always kept
+them in their thoughts, and that he meant to see all of them again,
+with his own eye, as soon as the war was over. The General gave it out
+very well, (he is fluent in Hindustani,) and it made a great
+impression on the men.
+
+It was altogether a wonderful visit, so quiet and informal and
+businesslike; no apparent precautions or rehearsal; the King tramping
+about in the mud as though he were partridge shooting, while the
+Prince wandered about as he listed. My interpreter, a French-Canadian,
+was amazed.
+
+
+_A member of the London Scottish writes:_
+
+IN THE TRENCHES, Nov. 11.
+
+This is our third day in the trenches. We have not had an attack yet,
+though there has been hard fighting on our immediate right and left.
+We are fairly safe here behind barbed wire entanglements, and this
+would be an easy job if one could get used to the row and the watching
+through the night, which is rather nerve-racking. This trench is in a
+bonnie fir wood, just like bonnie Scotland, but the shell fire has
+damaged nearly all the trees. Today, being windy, they are falling in
+all directions. We have not had a hot meal since we came here. We are
+not allowed to build fires, and it is impossible to get anything hot.
+We have lost our blankets again in the meantime. I am just going to
+have my lunch of "bully" and bread and plain water.
+
+Nov. 18.
+
+We have had a pretty rough time lately. Last night was the first for
+ten days that I have had a roof over my head. The weather has been
+atrocious--pouring rain and driving, cutting snow--but it did not get
+through my overcoat, which is richly caked with mud. We have had a
+fortnight's fighting and have marched back now from the firing line
+for a short rest to refit. It meant two days' marching through roads
+and fields ankle deep in clinging, porridgy mud, but we were all glad
+enough to put up with any hardship so long as we got away from the
+strain of flying shells and bullets. In the trenches we lost some more
+of our men, but not many. I just wish you could see our battalion now;
+what a change from the crowd that used to march through London. Every
+man, almost, has a beard, and you could not imagine the dirty,
+bedraggled crowd we are. The strain of watching through the night in
+the trenches is pretty awful. The nights were pitch black, and the
+rain came pouring down, making the trenches an awful mess. One chap
+gave a loud cry in his sleep. Thinking it came from the wood in front,
+I blazed away. We sent a burial party out in front of us one morning.
+There must have been hundreds of Germans lying there, with thousands
+further on. All we could do was just to cover them with earth. It was
+a horrible sight, and it is impossible for you folks at home to
+realize anything of the awfulness of this war. This awful pace surely
+cannot last long. But despite all the discomfort, I would not have
+liked to miss the chance of doing my part here.
+
+Nov. 20.
+
+The Prince of Wales visited us yesterday. We are billeted in a cafe,
+and he came in rubbing his hands with the cold. He looked jolly well,
+and has a fine, healthy, clear complexion. We have been living in the
+lap of luxury lately. Yesterday was just like Christmas Day. We were
+inundated with parcels from home, and the room is one litter of all
+sorts of comforts, and any amount of sweets, shortbread, cake, &c. I
+cannot recollect two such happy days as these have been. You can have
+no idea how all these luxuries are appreciated after living on "bully"
+and biscuits. We have a perfect avalanche of cigarettes and tobacco.
+We had a bit of a panic this morning, as we were under orders to move
+at any moment, but by good luck it did not come off, and we are
+looking forward to a few more days' rest. Our last week in the
+trenches was a picnic compared with our first experience. This is a
+grand, free life, a sight better than mooching around the city. I'm
+just going to have a tot of rum now and turn in--it warms the cockles
+of one's heart and makes one sleep like Rip Van Winkle.
+
+Nov. 29.
+
+I never felt so fit in my life and never had such a good time before.
+This is simply a splendid life, and I am very glad, indeed, I did not
+miss my chance of being here. We were inspected today by Sir John
+French, who is tremendously pleased with us. Rumor has it that we are
+still to be here a few days, which is giving us a fine long rest. Then
+we may be wanted again. One of our fellows has just gone past the
+window with a huge sack on his back. It is most laughable to see
+immaculate city chaps out here doing all sorts of "orra" jobs. We have
+been served out with fur coats, no less; what on earth will they give
+us next, I wonder? We are still living in the lap of luxury and are a
+most happy family. We have a march every morning, which in this fine
+cold weather is delightful.
+
+
+
+
+French Amenities
+
+[From The London Times, Dec. 18, 1914.]
+
+
+_An officer in the R.A.M.C. writes:_
+
+Figure to yourself (as Wells says, isn't it?) a country of flat plowed
+field, pollard willows and deep muddy ditches. Then we come along, and
+in military parlance "dig ourselves in." That is, with the sweat of
+the brows of hundreds of Tommies working by night deep narrow trenches
+five feet deep and at least with the earth thrown up another two and a
+half feet as a bank on top. These trenches are one and a half to two
+feet wide, and curl and twist about in a maddening manner to make them
+safer from shell-fire. Little caves are scooped in the walls of the
+trenches, where the men live about four to a hole, and slightly bigger
+dugouts where two officers live. All the soil is clay, stickier and
+greasier than one could believe possible. It's like almost solid
+paint, and the least rain makes the sides of the trenches slimy, and
+the bottom a perfect sea of mud--pulls the heels off your boots
+almost. One feels like Gulliver walking along a Lilliputian town all
+the time. The front line of trenches--the firing line--have scientific
+loopholes and lookout places in them for seeing and firing from, and a
+dropping fire goes on from both sides all day long, but is very
+harmless.
+
+Dec. 3, 1914.--I was just starting for my daily constitutional "on
+top" when the enemy began their bombarding, nearly one and a half
+hours earlier than usual, so I will postpone my little walk and finish
+this instead. Yesterday we had one man killed and two wounded, the
+first casualties for over a week. The story of one of the wounded is
+worth telling to show you the pluck of these men. He told me he
+noticed some new digging going on on the side of the enemy in front
+of his firing post. One can see the spadefuls of earth coming up from
+below the ground level when new trenches are being dug. Although this
+was in broad daylight, our man thought he would go and see what the
+Germans were up to, so he hops over the side of his trench and runs
+forward thirty yards to a ditch and crawls along it some hundred yards
+or so. He then spots a large shell-hole in the field on one side of
+the ditch, so doubles off and gets into that and has a good look
+around. Not satisfied with the point of view, he sprints to a line of
+willows nearer still to the enemy--within 250 yards of them
+indeed--and proceeds to climb up one of them. While doing this he gets
+shot through the shoulder. He told me he thought he had ricked his arm
+at first, as it felt numb and useless. Meanwhile a great pal of his in
+the regiment, hearing that he had gone out like this, hops over the
+parapet and sets off to look for him, and comes up just as he gets
+hit. The second man upbraids the first roundly for being a fool,
+carries his rifle for him, and brings him back. All this is done quite
+in the day's work and "sub rosa," as they would get punished for
+leaving the trench like that in the daytime if it was spotted. The
+pluck of these men is perfectly extraordinary, and the placid way life
+goes on under the risk of being sniped or shelled any moment is, until
+one gets used to seeing it, quite past belief. I must say the officers
+set the men a magnificent example.
+
+
+_A young officer attached to the Yorkshire Light Infantry writes on
+Dec. 6:_
+
+One wonders when one sees a German face to face, is this really one of
+those devils who wrought such devastation--for devastation they have
+surely wrought. You can hardly believe it, for he seems much the same
+as other soldiers. I can assure you that there is none of that
+insensate hatred that one hears about, out here. We are out to kill,
+and kill we do, at any and every opportunity. But, when all is done
+and the battle is over, the splendid universal "soldier spirit" comes
+over all the men, and we cannot help thinking that Kipling must have
+been in the firing line when he wrote that "East is East and West is
+West" thing. Just to give you some idea of what I mean, the other
+night four German snipers were shot on our wire. The next night our
+men went out and brought one in who was near and getatable and buried
+him. They did it with just the same reverence and sadness as they do
+to our own dear fellows. I went to look at the grave the next morning,
+and one of the most uncouth-looking men in my company had placed a
+cross at the head of the grave, and had written on it:
+
+     Here lies a German,
+     We don't know his name,
+     He died bravely fighting
+     For his Fatherland.
+
+And under that, "got mit uns," (sic,) that being the highest effort of
+all the men at German. Not bad for a bloodthirsty Briton, eh? Really,
+that shows the spirit.
+
+I don't believe there is a man living who, when first interviewing an
+11-inch howitzer shell, is not pink with funk. After the first ten,
+one gets quite used to them, but really, they are terrible! They hit a
+house. You can see the great shell--a black streak--just before it
+strikes, then, before you hear the explosion, the whole house simply
+lifts up into the air, apparently quite silently; then you hear the
+roar, and the whole earth shakes. In the place where the house was
+there is a huge fountain-spout of what looks like pink fluff. It is
+the pulverized bricks. Then a monstrous shoot of black smoke towering
+up a hundred feet or more, and, finally, there is a curious
+willow-like formation, and then--you duck, as huge pieces of shell,
+and house, and earth, and haystack tumble over your head. And yet, do
+you know, it is really remarkable how little damage they do against
+earth trenches. With a whole morning's shelling, not a single man of
+my company was killed, although not a single shell missed what it had
+aimed at by more than fifty yards. That makes all the difference, that
+fifty yards. If you only keep your head down, you are as safe as
+houses; exactly, you will remark, "as safe as houses."
+
+
+
+
+The Things the Wounded Talk About
+
+[A British Surgeon, in The London Times, Dec. 22, 1914.]
+
+
+If you would realize fully what the war, as an event in the procession
+of events, means you must come to France and visit a military
+hospital. You must make this visit not as a sightseer, nor yet in the
+spirit of a philanthropist, but only as a friend. You must come
+prepared to listen to stories that have no relation to war and the
+affairs of war--most soldiers, I think, are reluctant to speak of the
+things they have seen--to stories that concern home ties and the
+doings, real and conjectured, of children--queer, sentimental stories
+woven around old ideas like the Christmas idea and the idea of home.
+
+They will fill you with wonder at first, those unwarlike tales,
+because they belong to the truly unexpected, against which it is
+impossible to be prepared. It would not be an exaggeration to describe
+the first effect of them as startling. They kill so many illusions and
+they discredit so many beliefs. War, rendered thus the background of
+life, assumes a new proportion and a new meaning. Or, rather, it
+becomes vague and meaningless, like a darkness.
+
+A few days ago I sat by the bedside of a wounded sapper--a
+reservist--and heard the story of life in a signal-box on a branch
+line in the North of England. The man was dying. I think he knew it.
+But the zest of his everyday life was still strong in him. He
+described the manner in which, on leaving the army originally, he had
+obtained his post on the railway. He told me that there were three
+trains each way in the day, and mentioned that on Winter nights the
+last train was frequently very late. This meant a late supper, but his
+wife saw to it that everything was kept hot. Sometimes his wife came
+to the box to meet him if it was a dry night.
+
+In the next bed there was a young Scotsman from a Highland district
+which I know very well. We were friends so soon as he learned that I
+knew his home. He was a roadman, and we talked of his roads and the
+changes which had been wrought in them of late years by motor traffic.
+He recalled a great storm, during which the sea wall around a certain
+harbor was washed away and the highway rendered impassable. Then,
+rather diffidently, he confessed that he had lost a foot and would be
+handicapped in his work--"at Ypres."
+
+At the far end of the ward there was a German who spoke a little
+English. He was a married man and came from Saxony. His wife and
+children, he said, would miss him at Christmas. We spoke a long time
+on the subject of Christmas. I suppose by all the orthodox canons that
+this German should have told me that he was glad to be a prisoner or
+else should have declared his conviction that the German Army would
+speedily carry everything before it to victory. But somehow he forgot
+to say these things and I forgot to ask him about them. These things
+seemed far away in the quiet ward, even--and for this I beg
+forgiveness--grotesque and uninteresting.
+
+I had the curiosity to return to the young Scot and to ask him if he
+regretted the decision which had led to his being maimed for life. He
+shook his head. "No, because I've had a good home. A man with a good
+home should fight for it." He added that his father had advised him
+very strongly to enlist.
+
+By the touchstone of the men it has broken this war is judged, and the
+makers of this war. And more than ruined villages and desecrated
+churches these soldiers pronounce condemnation. They, who have given
+so much, are, in a sense, without joy and without enthusiasm; rather
+they shun recollection. There is no zest in the killing of men. Their
+thoughts, especially at this season, are directed away from the dull,
+mechanic force which labors against its bonds across Europe, and dwell
+in the homes it has threatened. The war is revealed as a thing gross
+and dull-witted, a crime even against the ancient, chivalrous spirit
+of war.
+
+
+
+
+Three Dying Foes Made Friends
+
+[From The Hartford Courant, Jan. 14, 1915.]
+
+
+_To the Editor of The Courant:_
+
+_I have read nothing more tender and moving than the subjoined letter
+found by a Red Cross agent at the side of a dead officer and forwarded
+to the person to whom it was addressed. The writer was a French
+cavalry officer engaged to a young American girl in Paris. It was
+written as he lay dying from wounds received in a cavalry charge. Let
+it speak for itself._
+
+_E.P.P._
+
+There are two other men lying near me, and I do not think there is
+much hope for them either. One is an officer of a Scottish regiment
+and the other a private in the Uhlans. They were struck down after me,
+and when I came to myself, I found them bending over me, rendering
+first aid.
+
+The Britisher was pouring water down my throat from his flask, while
+the German was endeavoring to stanch my wound with an antiseptic
+preparation served out to them by their medical corps. The Highlander
+had one of his legs shattered, and the German had several pieces of
+shrapnel buried in his side.
+
+In spite of their own sufferings they were trying to help me, and when
+I was fully conscious again the German gave us a morphia injection and
+took one himself. His medical corps had also provided him with the
+injection and the needle, together with printed instructions for its
+use.
+
+After the injection, feeling wonderfully at ease, we spoke of the
+lives we had lived before the war. We all spoke English, and we talked
+of the women we had left at home. Both the German and the Britisher
+had only been married a year....
+
+I wondered, and I supposed the others did, why we had fought each
+other at all. I looked at the Highlander, who was falling to sleep,
+exhausted, and in spite of his drawn face and mud-stained uniform, he
+looked the embodiment of freedom. Then I thought of the Tricolor of
+France and all that France had done for liberty. Then I watched the
+German, who had ceased to speak. He had taken a Prayer Book from his
+knapsack and was trying to read a service for soldiers wounded in
+battle.
+
+And ... while I watched him, I realized what we were fighting for....
+He was dying in vain, while the Britisher and myself, by our deaths,
+would probably contribute something toward the cause of civilization
+and peace.
+
+[The letter ends with a reference to the failing light and the roar of
+guns.]
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+Chronology of the War
+
+Showing Progress of Campaigns on All Fronts and Collateral Events from
+Jan. 7 to and Including Jan. 31, 1915
+
+
+CAMPAIGN IN EASTERN EUROPE
+
+[Continued from the Last Number.]
+
+Jan. 8--Germans are trying to carry the Russian lines near Bolinow by
+the use of steel shields to protect riflemen.
+
+Jan. 9--Germans renew offensive from direction of Mlawa; fighting on
+the Rawka and in the north; Russians enter Transylvania; Austrians
+meet delays near Nida River.
+
+Jan. 11--Russians are strengthening their lines.
+
+Jan. 12--Russians are pressing the Austrians near the Nida; Austrians
+are fleeing from Bukowina.
+
+Jan. 13--Russians occupy several villages in the Masurian Lake region
+and threaten Mlawa; Austrians state that Russians lost heavily in
+Przemysl siege.
+
+Jan. 14--Russians push north from Warsaw; Germans retake several
+positions on Bzura River; it is reported that Germans are short of
+supplies.
+
+Jan. 15--New Russian army marches north in Poland; Germans near Mlawa
+are in peril; von Hindenburg declared in danger.
+
+Jan. 16--Austrians bring up heavy artillery to hold the Donajec River;
+Germans are on way to Budapest.
+
+Jan. 17--Russians take Kirlibaba Pass and progress along right bank of
+the Vistula; Germans pushed back on Plock.
+
+Jan. 18--Germans occupy Kielce; Russians fall back to Radom; Russian
+capture of Kirlibaba Pass flanks Austrians; Germans out of Plock.
+
+Jan. 20--Russians drive Austrians back in Hungary and march on
+Jacobeni.
+
+Jan. 21--Russians renew offensive against Mlawa; Austrians rout
+Russians from intrenchments on Donajec River.
+
+Jan. 22--New Russian army nears Prussia; invasion of Hungary halted;
+Russian advance is causing alarm in Budapest.
+
+Jan. 23--Germans are massing in Hungary; Russians advance in the
+north.
+
+Jan. 24--Russians checked in Transylvania.
+
+Jan. 25--Armies are deadlocked in Central Poland; Austrians declare
+that Transylvania is safe; fierce fighting in Bukowina; Russians
+forced from trenches south of Tarnow.
+
+Jan. 27--Austrians report the recapture of Uzsok Pass; Russians seize
+Pilkalen; ten army corps are gathered in Southern Hungary, with many
+Germans in them.
+
+Jan. 28--Great struggle for the Carpathians is opening; Austro-German
+forces advance on eighty-mile front.
+
+Jan. 29--Russian wings advance in East Prussia and the Carpathians;
+Russians close in on Insterburg; Tilsit surrounded.
+
+Jan. 30--Russians cut railway between Memel and Tilsit, and enter
+Hungary.
+
+Jan. 31--Russians gain in Carpathians.
+
+
+CAMPAIGN IN WESTERN EUROPE.
+
+Jan. 8--Allies gain north of Soissons, near Rheims, and in Alsace;
+French Alpine troops use skis in gaining an advantage in Alsace.
+
+Jan. 9--Germans retake Steinbach and Burnhaupt; French take Perthes
+and gain near Soupir.
+
+Jan. 10--French cut German railway lines to prevent reserves from
+coming to the relief of Altkirch.
+
+Jan. 11--Allies, attacking from Perthes, are trying to cut German rail
+communications.
+
+Jan. 12--French attempt offensive near Soissons and Perthes; they are
+checked in Alsace; British forces at the front are steadily increasing
+in number.
+
+Jan. 13--Germans, reinforced, win victory at Soissons, forcing French
+to abandon five miles of trenches and to cross the Aisne, leaving guns
+and wounded; heights of Vregny are won in this fight by the Germans
+under the eyes of the Kaiser; Germans take 3,150 prisoners and
+fourteen guns in two days' fighting.
+
+Jan. 15--French are calm over the Soissons defeat; British gain near
+La Bassee.
+
+Jan. 17--Allies take trenches in Belgium; deadlock at La Bassee;
+Allies closing on Lille.
+
+Jan. 18--Fierce fighting at La Boisselle; both sides are claiming
+success at Tracy-le-Val.
+
+Jan. 19--French advance in attempt to cut off St. Mihiel.
+
+Jan. 20--French are nearer Metz; British take Freylinghuysen.
+
+Jan. 21--Germans repulsed in Ardennes woods by French and Belgians;
+French retake trenches at Notre Dame de Lorette; Germans retake Le
+Pretre woods; it is learned that the Soissons battle was won by von
+Kluck's veterans, and that the Germans granted a half-hour truce while
+French Red Cross aided wounded.
+
+Jan. 22--Fierce fighting in Hartmanns-Weiler region.
+
+Jan. 23--Germans renew activity near Ypres and bombard left wing of
+Allies; fighting in Argonne region.
+
+Jan. 24--Germans are bombarding Flanders towns; Allies leave St.
+Georges.
+
+Jan. 25--Kaiser sends Prince Eitel Friedrich to capture Thann and
+direct fighting in Alsace; French gain toward Altkirch and destroy
+bridges over the Meuse at St. Mihiel; Germans forced to abandon
+Dixmude trenches because of floods.
+
+Jan. 26--Another battle on at La Bassee; Germans gain ground by
+vigorous offensive near Craonne and in Alsace.
+
+Jan. 27--Germans attack between La Bassee and Bethune, this being the
+Kaiser's birthday; the French claim that the German loss is 20,000;
+indecisive fighting near Ypres.
+
+Jan. 28--French defeated at Craonne; Germans make gains in the Vosges
+and Upper Alsace.
+
+Jan. 29--Germans checked in two attempts to cross the Aisne; they
+drain the Yser flood area.
+
+Jan. 30--Germans win in the Argonne.
+
+Jan. 31--Kaiser directs German assault on La Bassee; zouaves and
+Indians win the Great Dune west of Lombaertzyde.
+
+
+CAMPAIGN IN AFRICA.
+
+Jan. 9--French win in Kamerun.
+
+Jan. 15--British take Swakopmund.
+
+
+CAMPAIGN IN ASIA MINOR AND EGYPT.
+
+Jan. 9--Turks hasten construction of railway lines across Sinai
+peninsula.
+
+Jan. 10--Turks are marching on Egypt; reserve Turkish army, trying to
+save Erzerum, repulsed at frontier.
+
+Jan. 12--Erzerum road is being fought for; Noury Bey captured by
+Russians.
+
+Jan. 13--Turks occupy Tabriz and report Arab victory over British
+troops on the lower Tigris.
+
+Jan. 14--Armenian refugees cross Russian frontier; Turkish invasion of
+Persia continues.
+
+Jan. 15--Turks advance in Persia.
+
+Jan. 17--Turkish corps cut to pieces in the Caucasus.
+
+Jan. 18--Turkish soldiers are being frozen to death.
+
+Jan. 21--Turks are pushing plans for a strategic railway to the
+Egyptian frontier.
+
+Jan. 24--Russians check Turkish advance on Erzerum.
+
+Jan. 27--British defeat Turkish advance guard toward El Kantara on the
+Suez Canal; three Turkish army corps now marching on Egypt; British
+win at Korna.
+
+Jan. 28--Turks, reinforced, attack Russians in the Caucasus.
+
+Jan. 29--Turks fortify Erzerum, and order civilians to depart.
+
+Jan. 30--Russians take Tabriz.
+
+Jan. 31--Turks defeated near Sari-Kamysh.
+
+
+NAVAL RECORD.
+
+Jan. 11--Report from Vienna that French dreadnought Courbet has been
+sunk.
+
+Jan. 12--Japanese cruisers are hunting the German converted cruiser
+Prince Eitel Friedrich off the coast of Peru.
+
+Jan. 13--Dover forts drive off two German submarines; bombardment of
+the Dardanelles by the allied fleets continues.
+
+Jan. 16--French submarine Saphir sunk by Turkish mine at the
+Dardanelles; Italian gunboat Coatit damaged in the Adriatic.
+
+Jan. 20--Dutch naval patrol boat sunk by a mine, five men being lost.
+
+Jan. 21--German cruiser Karlsruhe reported off Porto Rico.
+
+Jan. 22--German submarine U-19 sinks British freighter Durward.
+
+Jan. 23--German supply ship sunk by Australian cruiser.
+
+Jan. 24--British patrolling squadron under Vice Admiral Beatty defeats
+German squadron attempting to reach English coast; German battle
+cruiser Bluecher sunk and two other German battle cruisers damaged;
+British battle cruisers Lion and Tiger damaged; Germans claim three
+British ships were sunk.
+
+Jan. 28--British Admiralty denies that any British ship was sunk.
+
+Jan. 30--German submarine sinks three British steamers in Irish
+Channel and chases Liverpool passenger boat.
+
+Jan. 31--German submarine sinks two British steamers in English
+Channel; third steamer escapes.
+
+
+AERIAL RECORD.
+
+Jan. 10--German aeroplanes threw thirty bombs on Dunkirk, damaging
+several houses; Belgian aviators give battle to the Germans at great
+altitude and finally drive them off; German aviator shot down by
+French near Amiens.
+
+Jan. 16--German hydroaeroplane lost in North Sea; nine aviators of the
+Allies drop bombs on Ostend.
+
+Jan. 19--German airships drop bombs on Yarmouth, King's Lynn, and
+other English towns; four persons are killed, ten wounded, and
+considerable property damage is done; it is reported that the German
+plant at Friedrichshafen produces a super-Zeppelin every three weeks.
+
+Jan. 21--Allies drop bombs on Essen.
+
+Jan. 22--Holland is to investigate a report that a Zeppelin violated
+her neutrality by flying over her territory.
+
+Jan. 23--Germans drop bombs on Dunkirk; it is reported that the
+American Consulate is damaged.
+
+Jan. 25--It is reported from Amsterdam that 400 German war automobiles
+were destroyed in the raid on Essen.
+
+Jan. 26--Russians bring down German airship that bombarded Libau.
+
+Jan. 28--Crew of German airship that bombarded Libau will be tried by
+military court and will not be treated as prisoners of war; bomb
+dropped on Belgrade.
+
+
+AMERICAN INTERESTS.
+
+Jan. 24--Administration makes public in Washington a letter written by
+Secretary Bryan to Senator Stone of Missouri in which discrimination
+against Germany and Austria-Hungary is denied; twenty charges made by
+pro-Germans are taken up and the Administration's position and action
+on each are stated in detail.
+
+
+AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
+
+Jan. 17--Anti-war demonstrations in Vienna; Czech editor executed for
+treason.
+
+Jan. 20--Governor of Cracow orders partial evacuation of the city.
+
+Jan. 21--Archduke Charles Francis, the Austrian Crown Prince, is in
+Berlin, where he will be joined shortly by Baron Burian, the new
+Austro-Hungarian Minister of Foreign Affairs; plans of campaign
+against Russia are to be discussed with German officials.
+
+Jan. 23--Baron Burian leaves Berlin for German Army Headquarters to
+confer with the Kaiser.
+
+Jan. 25--Riots in many parts of Hungary.
+
+Jan. 28--Riot among Southern Slavs because of mobilization order.
+
+Jan. 29--Prisoners of war are to be employed in farm work.
+
+Jan. 30--Warning is sent to Rumania against agitation among Rumanian
+population of Transylvania.
+
+
+BELGIUM.
+
+Jan. 8--Cardinal Mercier has been placed under restraint by the German
+authorities because of his pastoral, read in the churches on Jan. 3,
+in which he told the Belgians that they owe German authority "neither
+respect, nor attachment, nor obedience."
+
+Jan. 9--It is reported that Cardinal Mercier was arrested, but the
+report is denied by the Military Governor of Belgium; circulation of
+the Mercier pastoral is not being permitted.
+
+Jan. 10--The Mercier pastoral is read in English churches; Belgian
+refugees are proving a problem in England and Holland.
+
+Jan. 11--Admiration for Cardinal Mercier expressed by King Albert in a
+letter to the Pope.
+
+Jan. 12--It is reported from Rome that the Vatican has asked Germany
+for an explanation regarding the acts with reference to Cardinal
+Mercier.
+
+Jan. 22--Full text of the Mercier pastoral is printed in THE NEW YORK
+TIMES.
+
+
+CANADA.
+
+Jan. 22--Major General Hughes, Minister of Militia and Defense,
+arrives in Vancouver to arrange for enlistment of third contingent.
+
+Jan. 30--First detachment of Canadian troops is in France; other
+detachments are en route; nine German prisoners escape from Halifax
+citadel; war fund of $1,500,000 raised in five days in Montreal.
+
+Jan. 31--Six Canadians, including two officers, killed in La Bassee
+fight.
+
+
+EGYPT.
+
+Jan. 10--Abbas Hilmi, deposed Khedive, calls upon Egyptians and
+Sudanese to rise against England.
+
+
+ENGLAND.
+
+Jan. 8--House of Lords adjourns after discussion of recruiting and
+other phases of the war.
+
+Jan. 12--Government appeals to women to induce men to enlist.
+
+Jan. 15--War Office issues statement that letters destined for hostile
+countries will be held up unless they are unsealed.
+
+Jan. 16--Seven British naval officers, interned in Holland, escape,
+but five are recaptured.
+
+Jan. 23--Statement shows that total casualty list of officers up to
+Jan. 12 was 4,344, of whom 1,266 were killed, the rest being wounded
+and missing; many interned Germans and Austrians released on parole.
+
+Jan. 27--Two Hindu soldiers win Victoria Crosses; London financial
+papers deprecate a joint loan for the Allies.
+
+Jan. 28--Many Oxford "blues" are serving in the army.
+
+Jan. 31--There are 178 peers serving in the army.
+
+
+FRANCE.
+
+Jan. 10--Government will surrender German surgeons and nurses held as
+prisoners of war only in equal exchange.
+
+Jan. 14--Socialist Senator demands postponement of war discussion in
+Parliament and says speeches must give way to voice of cannon.
+
+Jan. 18--Paris darkened by police order.
+
+Jan. 22--Capt. Uhde, stated to be a relative of the Kaiser, is sent to
+concentration camp after being accused of having spied on the French
+fleet at Toulon.
+
+Jan. 27--Many doctors have been killed, wounded, and taken prisoner,
+the reason for lengthy casualty list being stated to be that the
+French doctors do not desert their wounded on approach of the enemy.
+
+Jan. 29--Officer stops Mrs. Asquith and party on way to the front for
+a weekend.
+
+
+GERMANY.
+
+Jan. 8--Government charges that San Marino has been encouraging
+espionage by its wireless station.
+
+Jan. 9--Tobacco sent to French prisoners to be admitted free of duty.
+
+Jan. 10--Retired Belgian General and Lieutenant sentenced to life
+imprisonment for aiding Belgians to escape to Holland; it is said that
+the Landsturm can still furnish 5,000,000 men; Socialist meeting
+prohibited in Saxony.
+
+Jan. 11--Reports from Russia state that German women in men's uniform
+have been taken prisoners in bayonet charges recently and that some of
+them are wounded and in hospital; sale of blankets forbidden in Berlin
+and Brandenburg; the stocks are to be placed at the disposal of the
+military authorities; French women and children taken from occupied
+territory are being sent home.
+
+Jan. 12--The Pope is negotiating for better treatment of clerical
+prisoners.
+
+Jan. 17--Official reports state that the prisoners of war held by
+Germany and Austria are now 800,000.
+
+Jan. 22--Escaped British officer charges cruelty toward British
+prisoners.
+
+Jan. 23--Money prizes are offered to the first invaders of England.
+
+Jan. 25--Secretary Bryan makes public the text of German Government's
+notification of cancellation of exequaturs granted by Belgian
+Government to foreign Consular representatives, and the reply of the
+United States.
+
+Jan. 27--Prince von Buelow tells Italian statesmen that Italy's
+preparations for war are resented and that an ultimatum may be sent;
+French charge that German soldiers reverse bullets for short-range
+fighting; wife of Greek Consul at Liege sentenced to prison for aiding
+Belgians to escape; all neutrals to be expelled from Upper Alsace;
+Gen. von Bissing orders all Englishmen in Belgium sent to Germany.
+
+Jan. 30--Value of French territory occupied by the Germans is
+estimated at $1,900,000,000 by the Inspector General of the Credit
+Foncier, or 7.2 per cent., of the total value of all France; according
+to the census of 1911 3,255,000 persons, or 8.2 per cent. of the
+population of France, live in this territory; Berlin night life is
+under the war ban, yet the opera and theatres are open.
+
+
+ITALY.
+
+Jan. 11--Troops sent to garrison the Italian islands in the Aegean.
+
+Jan. 12--Demonstration when the body of Constantino Garibaldi, killed
+while serving with the French, arrives in Rome; many applications for
+nationality by Germans are being refused; Committee of National
+Defense formed at Milan.
+
+Jan. 13--Italians in all parts of the world are offering to enlist in
+event of war; a special police census shows 700,000 Austrians and
+Germans in the country; embassies advise them to leave.
+
+Jan. 23--Vice Consul at Liege dismissed for aiding Belgians; prominent
+Italians appeal to neutral countries to take steps to preserve art
+treasures in belligerent countries.
+
+Jan. 25--Radicals want war.
+
+Jan. 29--Soldiers of the First and Third Categories are called to the
+colors; retired officers fit for service are liable to be recalled.
+
+Jan. 30--Contracts for army and navy supplies are placed in the United
+States.
+
+Jan. 31--Riots in Rome against neutralists.
+
+
+RUMANIA.
+
+Jan. 8--The nation is mobilizing 750,000 men, of whom 500,000 form the
+field army.
+
+Jan. 11--London experts think that Rumania will soon enter war on side
+of Allies, her army linking with the extreme Russian left.
+
+Jan. 16--Students in Switzerland summoned home because of
+mobilization.
+
+Jan. 22--Orders are placed with Swiss firms for medical supplies.
+
+Jan. 26--Exportation of army supplies to Hungary recommenced.
+
+
+RUSSIA.
+
+Jan. 9--Girl fights with Cossacks and wins Cross of St. George.
+
+Jan. 10--Only half the number of this year's recruits liable for
+military service are called out.
+
+Jan. 20--It is reported that some members of the imperial family are
+opposed to the war.
+
+Jan. 21--Troops are warned against bogus proclamations, bearing Czar's
+name, circulated by Austrians.
+
+Jan. 22--Orders issued for expulsion of Austrian and German subjects.
+
+Jan. 26--Foreign Minister Sazonof says there will be no peace while a
+single soldier of the enemy remains on Russian soil.
+
+Jan. 29--Poles form legion at Warsaw.
+
+
+RELIEF WORK.
+
+Jan. 8--California's relief cargo is on the way to Rotterdam.
+
+Jan. 9--To date the value of cargoes of food, clothing, and medical
+supplies delivered, in transit on the Atlantic, or arranged for from
+the United States to Belgium amount to more than $14,000,000; milk and
+sugar are scarce in Belgium, the babies feeling the influence of the
+food crisis.
+
+Jan. 10--Antwerp Council passes resolution of thanks to Americans,
+whose help "is literally saving us."
+
+Jan. 11--American party sent to relieve German and Austrian prisoners
+in Russia is halted by the Russian Government pending negotiations.
+
+Jan. 15--Large consignment of supplies is sent to Saloniki by American
+Red Cross; Virginia and Maryland send Belgian relief ships; Georgia is
+raising funds for a ship.
+
+Jan. 21--American Red Cross issues report of its European activities
+from Aug. 1 to Jan. 9; war fund thus far amounts to $1,188,000;
+forty-five American Red Cross surgeons and 150 nurses are on war duty
+in Europe; Sing Sing prisoners are to knit socks for Polish destitute.
+
+Jan. 23--Mme. Grouitch, wife of the Secretary General for Foreign
+Affairs of Servia, arrives in New York seeking funds for seeds for the
+Servian Spring planting; Dr. Wickliffe Rose and Ernest Bicknell, who
+have been in Russian Poland for the American Red Cross, report from
+Berlin that conditions in Poland are worse, if anything, than those in
+Belgium.
+
+Jan. 24--Commission for Relief in Belgium has thirty-five chartered
+steamships running between American ports and Rotterdam carrying
+supplies.
+
+Jan. 26--American Red Cross ships large consignment of supplies for
+Constantinople and Servia.
+
+Jan. 27--Commission for Relief in Belgium states that 76,000 tons of
+food, in addition to supplies in sight, are needed for next three
+months; there are now 1,400,000 destitute, and the number is
+increasing daily.
+
+Jan. 28--Committee of prominent American educators plans to have the
+20,000,000 children of the United States help war sufferers through a
+new fund, to be called the Children of America's Fund.
+
+Jan. 31--Rockefeller Foundation denies that it has withdrawn from
+Belgium relief work.
+
+
+
+
+TO HIS MAJESTY KING ALBERT
+
+By WILLIAM WATSON.
+
+[From King Albert's Book.]
+
+
+     Receive, from one who hath not lavished praise
+       On many Princes, nor was ever awed
+       By empire such as groveling slaves applaud,
+     Who cast their souls into its altar-blaze--
+     Receive the homage that a freeman pays
+       To Kinghood flowering out of Manhood broad,
+       Kinghood that toils uncovetous of laud,
+     Loves whom it rules, and serves the realm it sways.
+
+     For when Your people, caught in agony's net,
+       Rose as one dauntless heart, their King was found
+     Worthy on such a throne to have been set,
+       Worthy by such as They to have been crowned;
+     And loftier praise than this did never yet
+       On mortal ears from lips of mortals sound.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+Vol. I. From the Beginning to March, 1915
+
+[Titles of articles appear in _italics_.]
+
+
+A
+
+ABBOTT, (Dr.) L., "Militarism and Christianity," 610.
+
+ABOUKIR, 752, 755, 761.
+
+ACLAND, F.D., speech, 277.
+
+ACTORS, Russian, appeal, 817.
+
+ADAMS, Adeline, poems, 593, 1004.
+
+ADCOCK, A. St. J., review of book, "In the Firing Line," 971.
+
+ADLER, Felix, criticism of A. Bennett, 95.
+
+AERONAUTICS, 659, 664, 710, 932.
+
+AERSCHOT, 380, 945.
+
+_After the Russian Advance in Galicia_, 958.
+
+AISNE, Battle of, 635, 650.
+
+ALABAMA Claims, 258.
+
+ALBANIA, 1062.
+
+ALBERT, King of the Belgians, appeal to King George, 287;
+  tributes in poems, 1210, 1228.
+
+_All-Night Attack_, 979.
+
+ALLENBY, (Maj. Gen.) E.H.H., 620-622, 635, 645.
+
+_Along the German Lines Near Metz_, 731.
+
+ALSACE-LORRAINE, 97, 147, 483, 488, 491, 492, 555, 557, 729, 736.
+
+ALTENBURG, Duke of, letter, 1200.
+
+AMERICANS, arrest on neutral vessels, 1181.
+
+_America's Peril in Judging Germany_, 515.
+
+AMMUNITION, sale of, 1178.
+
+ANDENNE, 1115.
+
+ANGELL, Norman, "On the Impending Crisis," 107.
+
+ANGLO-RUSSIAN Treaty, 45.
+
+_Another "Happy Thought"_, 789.
+
+_Answering the "Chant of Hate"_, 988.
+
+_Anti-Christian War_, 129.
+
+ANTWERP, 682, 784, 787.
+
+_Appeal of the German Universities_, 187.
+
+_Appeal to America for Belgium_, 924.
+
+_Appeal to the Civilized World_, 185.
+
+_Apportioning the Blame_, 548.
+
+ARBITRATION, 150;
+  treaties, 50, 225.
+
+ARCHER, William, poem, 1114.
+
+_Are We Barbarians?_ 178
+
+ARIF Bey, 1029.
+
+ARNOLD, Winifred, poem, 789.
+
+ARRAS, Battle of, 707.
+
+ARTISTS, British, protest against vandalism, 130;
+  Russian, appeal of, 817.
+
+_As America Sees the War_, 582.
+
+_As the French Fell Back on Paris_, 689.
+
+"_As They Tested Our Fathers_," 106.
+
+ASHMEAD-BARTLETT, 714.
+
+ASQUITH, (Premier) H.H., criticisms, 23, 29, 62;
+  statements, 278, 279, 291, 292, 299;
+  letter to Mayors, 308;
+  speeches, 309-325.
+
+_At the Kaiser's Headquarters_, 718.
+
+_At the Villa Achilleion Corfu_, 999.
+
+ATROCITIES, German, 104, 129, 185, 192;
+  Allies accused by Bethmann-Hollweg, 223;
+  charges against Belgians, 261, 266;
+  official statements, 374-391;
+  letters of G.H. Putnam and R.F. Thienes, 563;
+  statement by Lord Channing, 592;
+  Aerschot, 945;
+  French official report, 1132.
+
+_Atrocities of the War_, 374.
+
+_Attack on Tsing-tao_, 745.
+
+AUGUSTA Victoria, _see_ GERMANY:--Empress.
+
+AUSTRIA-HUNGARY:--
+  Balkan policy, 227.
+  Conditions in Galicia, 958.
+  Declaration of war on Serbia, 226.
+  Ultimatum to Serbia criticised, 109, 136, 189, 195, 202, 203, 339, 559.
+
+_Austria-Hungary's Version of the War_, 225.
+
+AUSTRO-GERMAN Treaty, 298.
+
+AUTHORS, British, defend England, 82;
+  Russian, appeal of, 817;
+  British, on Russian literature, 819.
+
+AVLONA, 1065.
+
+
+B
+
+BAKHMETEFF, (Ambassador) George, on Russia and the war, 364;
+  authenticity of interview denied, 617.
+
+BALKAN States, 1025-1071.
+
+BALKAN WAR, 247.
+
+BALUHTCHICH, (Serbian Minister,) statement, 1039.
+
+_Baptism of Fire_, 977.
+
+_Barnardiston_, (Col.,) 1104, 1105, 1110.
+
+_Barrie at Bay: Which Was Brown?_ 100.
+
+BARRY, Beatrice, poems, 850, 948, 988.
+
+BASS, J.F., on visit to Russian trench, 963.
+
+BATTLE of Dorking, 13, 61.
+
+BATTLES, _see_ CAMPAIGNS, SEA fights, names of battles.
+
+BAVARIA:--Crown Prince Rupprecht's army orders, 984.
+
+BAZIN, Rene, appreciation of article in London Times on France, 153.
+
+BECK, J.M., "In the Supreme Court of Civilization," 413;
+  criticisms and replies, 431-448.
+
+BEER, G.L., "What Gladstone Said About Belgium," 448.
+
+BEGBIE, Harold, "As America Sees the War," 582.
+
+_Belgian Battleground_, 1109.
+
+_Belgian Cities Germanized_, 780.
+
+_Belgian Boy Tells Story of Aerschot_, 945.
+
+_Belgian Ruin_, 786.
+
+_Belgian Soldier_, 1215.
+
+BELGIUM:--
+  Army, 725.
+  Claims, 48, 97.
+  Effects of war, 765.
+  "Gray Book," 371, 413-448.
+  Neutrality Violation and Treaty of London, opinion of G.B. Shaw, 25,
+  30, 58;
+    A. Bennett, 62;
+    C. Graham, 65;
+    editorial in New York Times; C. Pankhurst; letter from Shaw to
+    President Wilson, 77;
+    H. Eulenberg, 80;
+    British authors, 82;
+    J. Galsworthy, 102;
+    R. Kipling, 107;
+    G.K. Chesterton, 108, 123;
+    A.C. Doyle, 136;
+    R. Rolland, 174;
+    G. Hauptmann, 175;
+    L. Fulda, 182;
+    German professors, 185;
+    British scholars, 189;
+    Y. Guyot and Professor Bellet, 196;
+    British theologians, 201;
+    von Harnack, 204;
+    Bethmann-Hollweg, 222;
+    German analysis of British "White Papers," 241;
+    "Truth About Germany," 249, 258;
+    Sir E. Grey, 286;
+    Asquith, 292, 321;
+    Lloyd George, 336;
+    statement by Legation at Washington, 365;
+    G.L. Beer on Gladstone's views, 448;
+    J.H. Schiff, 460;
+    Dr. C.W. Eliot, 484;
+    Dr. Dernburg, 488;
+    Prof. Burgess, 511;
+    A. von Briesen, 551;
+    W. Ostwald, 572;
+    Dr. N.D. Hillis, 575;
+    Germany's strategic railways, 1000;
+    "A Scrap of Paper," 1120.
+  Refugees, 48, 614, 776.
+  Treatment of resident Austrian and German citizens, 268.
+
+_Belgium's Bitter Need_, 614.
+
+BELGO-BRITISH Plot, 204, 369-372; 545-547; 990; 1000; 1101-1119.
+
+BELGRADE, 969, 1042.
+
+BELLET, (Prof.), reply to German professor's appeal to civilization, 194.
+
+BELLOC, Hilaire, "Why England Fights Germany," 993.
+
+BENEDICT XV., Pope, on destruction of Rheims, 392;
+ letter to Cardinal Mercier, 923.
+
+BENNETT, Arnold, "Shaw's Nonsense About Belgium," 60;
+  reply from Shaw, 63;
+  "What the German Conscript Thinks," 93;
+  comment of F. Adler, 95;
+  "When Peace Is Seriously Desired," 97.
+
+BERCHTOLD, (Count), on Austria-Hungary, 227.
+
+BERGSON, Henri, "The Vital Energies of France," 152.
+
+BERNHARDI, (Gen.) Friedrich von, criticisms of, 13, 15, 25, 56, 135,
+140, 343.
+
+BERNHEIMER, G.E., reply to J.M. Beck, 431.
+
+BERNSTORFF, (Count) Heinrich von, on peace proposals, 274;
+  on Anglo-Belgian plot, 371.
+
+BETHMANN-HOLLWEG, (Dr.) Theobald von, criticism by G.K. Chesterton, 114;
+  speeches and statements, 219-225;
+  conference with Ambassador Gerard on peace, 273;
+  reply to Asquith, 313;
+  full text of speech in Reichstag, 989;
+  on Belgian neutrality, 1113;
+  "A Scrap of Paper," 1120.
+
+BEVIS, (Dr.), work among the wounded in Belgium, 714.
+
+_Big and the Great_, 1114.
+
+BLACKFORD, (Dr.) C.M., 107.
+
+_Bloodless Capture of German Samoa_, 749.
+
+BODKINSON, H.W., on refugees in Warsaw, 957.
+
+BOEHN, (Gen.) von, 1117.
+
+BOER War, 126, 133, 214.
+
+_Bombardment of Rheims Cathedral_, 392.
+
+BONN, (Prof.) M.J., "Tools of the Russian Juggernaut," 851.
+
+BOON, John, on German entry into Brussels, 679.
+
+BOSPORUS, Strait of, 1027.
+
+BOURTZEFF, (Russian revolutionist), 823.
+
+BOUTROUX, Emile, "Germany's Civilized Barbarism," 160.
+
+BRANDES, Georg, "Fate of the Jews in Poland," 854.
+
+BREZIZINY, Battle of, 740.
+
+BRIDGES, (Col.), 1102, 1107.
+
+BRIDGES, Robert, "An Anti-Christian War," 129.
+
+BRIESEN, Arthur von, "Apportioning the Blame," 548.
+
+BRIGGS, C.C.D., poem, 1198.
+
+_British Authors Defend England's War_, 82.
+
+_Broken Rose_, 1210.
+
+BROQUEVILLE, (Lieut.) de, 714.
+
+BROWN, Cyril, dispatches, 718, 780, 925-938.
+
+BRUSSELS, 679, 780, 1118.
+
+BRYAN, (Sec.) W.J., letter to Sen. Stone disclaiming bias against
+Germany and Austria, 1175;
+  "Seizures of American Cargoes," 1183.
+
+BRYCE, (Viscount) James, on teachings of Bernhardi, 343;
+  appreciation of letter by Dr. C.W. Eliot, 477.
+
+BUCHANAN, (Sir) George, 229-236.
+
+BUELOW, (Gen.) Karl von, 1115.
+
+BULGARIA, England's overtures, 1031;
+  Serbs' view, 1036-1040.
+
+_Bulgaria and Kultur_, 1040.
+
+_Bulgaria's Attitude_, 1044.
+  _See also_ BALKAN States.
+
+BUNSEN, (Sir) Maurice de, 231.
+
+BURGESS, John W., letter on "Truth About Germany," 244;
+  articles on the war and controversy, 507.
+
+BURGESS, William, letter, 973.
+
+BURNS, John, 23.
+
+BUTLER, (Dr.) N.M., "The United States of Europe," 565.
+
+BUXTON, Noel, 1031.
+
+BYNG, (Maj. Gen.) Julian, 649.
+
+
+C
+
+CABLE Censorship, 1175.
+
+_Caldron of the Balkans_, 1025.
+
+CAMBON, Paul, 233-242, 355.
+
+CAMPAIGN in Eastern Europe, 738-744; 957-965.
+
+CAMPAIGN in Western Europe, 620-738; 949-953; 1167-1174.
+
+CARGOES, Amer., seizures, 1183, 1188.
+
+CARNEGIE, Andrew, 206, 208;
+  interview, 451.
+
+CARTOONS, 1073-1100.
+
+CARUTHERS, M.V., poem, 864.
+
+_Case for Germany_, 209.
+
+_Case for the Triple Entente_, 276.
+
+_Case of Belgium_, 1101.
+
+CASTELNAU, (Gen.,) 643, 1170-1173.
+
+_Cathedrale, La_, 472.
+
+CAUSES of the War, views of T. Niemeyer, 206;
+  Dr. C.W. Eliot, 498;
+  M.J. Bonn, 852;
+  H. Belloc, 993.
+
+CHANNING of Wellingborough, (Lord), "What America Can Do," 588.
+
+"_Chant of Hate Against England_", 984;
+  answer, 988.
+
+CHARLES, King of Rumania, death, career, 1056.
+
+CHARTRES, Annie, poem, 1210.
+
+_Cheerful Spirits in Trench Inferno_, 1217.
+
+CHESTERTON, G.K., "Why England Came to be in It," 108;
+  "Russian or Prussian Barbarism," 111;
+  "Disposing of Germany's Civilizing Mission," 115;
+  "Russia Less Despotic Than Prussia," 119;
+  "The Bond of Teutonism," 122.
+
+CHILD, O.C.A., poem, 764.
+
+CHRONOLOGY of War, 793, 1007, 1224.
+
+CHURCHILL, W.S., criticism, 13;
+  speech, 330.
+
+_Civil Life in Berlin_, 943.
+
+COBB, Irvin S., on effects of war in four countries, 765.
+
+_Commercial Treaties After the War_, 863.
+
+_Common Sense About the War_, 11.
+
+_Commercial Aspects of War_, 526.
+
+_Concerning German Culture_, 542.
+
+_Concerning the German Professors_, 192.
+
+_Confiscation of German Patents_, 849.
+
+CONGO Conference, 259.
+
+CONNAUGHT, (Prince) Arthur of, 646.
+
+CONTRABAND, 1176, 1183, 1188.
+
+COWEN, F.H., music for hymn to Belgium, 1126.
+
+COX, John H., on fighting in Alsace, 736.
+
+_Credo for Keeping Faith_, 102.
+
+CRESSY, 753, 755, 761.
+
+_Crowds See the Niger Sink_, 760.
+
+CULTURE, 160, 178, 193-203; 317, 541, 543, 613, 821.
+
+_Culture vs. Kultur_, 543.
+
+CURZON, (Lord), criticism, 13;
+  speech, 308;
+  letter to London Times, 329.
+
+CYPRUS Island, 1035.
+
+
+D
+
+_Damp Humor of the Night Watch_, 1206.
+
+DANKL, (Gen.), 959.
+
+DARDANELLES, Strait of, 1027, 1031.
+
+DARRAIL, (Gen.), 1172.
+
+DAVIS, R.H., on Rheims Cathedral, 932.
+
+_Dawn of a New Day_, 678.
+
+DAWNAY, (Maj.) Hugh, 649.
+
+DECLARATION of London, 1182.
+
+_Declaration of the Russian Industrial Interests_, 835.
+
+DEFENDER, 973.
+
+_Defense of the Dual Alliance_, 438.
+
+DELCASSE, T., letter denying use of dumdum bullets by French, 376.
+
+DERNBURG, (Dr.) Bernhard, on German review of the evidence, 229;
+  reply to letter by Dr. C.W. Eliot, 487;
+  "The Case of Belgium," 1101.
+
+D'ESPEREY, (Gen.) Franchet, 652.
+
+DETENTION Camps, _see_ PRISON Camps.
+
+_Diary of Lydia Evans_, 981.
+
+D'IBERVILLE, 1211.
+
+DIECKMANN, (Maj.), 1118.
+
+DISARMAMENT, 50, 97, 223.
+
+DIXMUDE, Battle of, 712, 715.
+
+DOUMIC, Rene, "The Soldier of 1914," 156.
+
+DOYLE, (Sir) A.C., "To Arms!" 132;
+  on British militarism, 140.
+
+DUBAIL, (Gen.), 1173.
+
+DUCARME, (Maj. Gen.), 1104, 1105.
+
+DUMDUM Bullets, sale by Amer. firms, 1179.
+  _See also_ ATROCITIES.
+
+DURYEE, (Mrs.) Nina Larrey, appeal for aid for Belgians, 776.
+
+
+E
+
+ECOB, J.H., on the German Emperor, 510.
+
+ECONOMIC Aspects of War, discussed by F.H. Giddings, 526;
+  article by Prof. I. Fisher, 594;
+  article by R.G. Usher, 600.
+
+_Effects of War in Four Countries_, 765.
+
+_Effects of War on America_, 600.
+
+EGYPT, Sultan, _see_ HUSSEIN KAMEL.
+
+ELIOT, (Dr.) C.W., criticism, 182;
+  letters, 465, 473-506.
+
+EMDEN, poem, 816;
+  at Penang, 1211.
+
+_Emden's Last Fight_, 758.
+
+EMMICH, (Gen.) von, 935.
+
+ENGLAND:--
+  Agreement with France, 239.
+  Army, views of G.B. Shaw, 31, 32, 34;
+    H.G. Wells on need of equipment, 91;
+    recruits, 106, 132, 299, 304, 306, 312-333;
+    reports of officers, 619.
+  Conditions described by I.S. Cobb, 765;
+    interview with F.H. Smith, 772.
+  Declaration of war upon Turkey, 1035.
+  Foreign Office, 13, 19, 28, 30, 61.
+  Invasion by Germans, 89, 92.
+  Labor problem, 49.
+  Labor Party, 31, 33, 36.
+  Navy, 311, 332.
+  Overtures to Bulgaria, 1031.
+  Russian Alliance, 81, 103, 107, 203, 207, 223.
+  Ultimatum to Germany, 291.
+  War Office, 34.
+  "White Paper," 19, 61, 228, 413, 431-448, 548.
+  _See also_ BELGO-BRITISH Plot.
+
+_England Caused the War_, 989.
+
+_English Artists' Protests_, 130.
+
+_Entrance of France Into War_, 350.
+
+EPIRUS, 1052, 1065.
+
+ESCAILLE, de l', 237.
+
+ESCHENBACH, (Councilor,) 986.
+
+ESSAD Pasha, 1063.
+
+ESTOURNELLES DE CONSTANT, (Baron) d', letters, 146.
+
+EUCKEN, (Dr.) Rudolf, defense of Germany, 534.
+
+EULENBERG, Herbert, letter, 80.
+
+EUROPEAN Federation, _see_ UNITED States of Europe.
+
+EVANS, Lydia, diary, 981.
+
+_Exit Albania?_ 1062.
+
+"EYEWITNESS," reports, 650.
+
+
+F
+
+"_Facts About Belgium_," 365.
+
+_Fall of Antwerp_, 682.
+
+_Fate of the Jews in Poland_, 854.
+
+FAY, Frances C., translation of "La Cathedrale," 472.
+
+FERDINAND, King of Rumania, 1057.
+
+FERDINAND, Tsar of Bulgaria, speech from the throne, 1044.
+
+FERGUSSON, (Sir) Charles, 641.
+
+FERRIMAN, Z.D., on Serbians' re-entry into Belgrade, 969.
+
+FICHTE, J.G., 162.
+
+FIELDING, (Lady) Dorothie, 1714.
+
+_Fifteen Minutes on the Yser_, 949.
+
+_Fight to the Bitter End_, 451.
+
+FILIPESCU, N., on Rumanians in Hungary, 1061.
+
+_First Fight at Lodz_, 740.
+
+_First German Prisoners_, 974.
+
+_First Invasion of Serbia_, 742.
+
+_First Warnings of Europe's Peril_, 276.
+
+FISHER, Irving, on probable economic effects of the war, 594.
+
+FITZ CLARENCE, (Brig. Gen.), 649;
+  tribute from Sir J. French, 649.
+
+FLANDERS, Fighting in, 646, 1167.
+
+_Flaws in Shaw's Logic_, 65.
+
+FLEXNER, Hortense, poem, 612.
+
+_Flight Into Switzerland_, 966.
+
+FOCH, (Gen.), 647.
+
+FOSBENDER, (Gen.) von, 1148.
+
+_Four Months of War_, 1169.
+
+_Fourth of August_, 87.
+
+FOWLER, (Col.) J.S., 645.
+
+FOX, Frank, 685, 686.
+
+FRANCE:--
+  Army, 156.
+  Capital moved, 357.
+  General conditions, 146, 765, 767, 770, 772, 982.
+  Invasion of Germany, 221, 261, 264.
+  Treatment of resident German and Austrian citizens, 268.
+  Vital energies of, 152.
+
+_France and England as Seen in War-Time_, 772.
+
+_France Through English Eyes_, 153.
+  _See also_ CAMPAIGN in Western Europe.
+
+FRANCIS JOSEPH, Emperor of Austria, 225, 226.
+
+FRANCKE, (Prof.) Kuno, reply to letter by Dr. C.W. Eliot, 478;
+  "French Hate and English Jealousy," 554.
+
+FRANCO-PRUSSIAN War, 13, 69.
+
+FREDERICK WILLIAM, _see_ GERMANY--Crown Prince.
+
+FRENCH, (Sir) John, tributes, 304, 306;
+  reports, 619;
+  order to troops, 654;
+  arrival in Paris, 768.
+
+FRENCH, W.E.P., poem, 458.
+
+_French Amenities_, 1220.
+
+_French Hate and English Jealousy_, 555.
+
+_French Official Report on German Atrocities_, 1132.
+
+"_From the Body of This Death_," 1119.
+
+FRONDE, 1211.
+
+FULDA, Ludwig, 180.
+
+
+G
+
+GADKE, (Col.), 141.
+
+GALICIA, 958.
+
+GALLIENI, (Gen.), 702.
+
+GALSWORTHY, John, "A 'Credo' for Keeping Faith," 102;
+  poem, 1126.
+
+GEBWEILER, 738.
+
+GEIER (S.S.), 1181.
+
+GEORGE V., King of England, messages and addresses, 294, 298, 307, 1035;
+  visit to troops, 1035.
+
+GERARD, (Ambassador) J.W., report on peace talk in Germany, 273.
+
+_German Airmen_, 932.
+
+_German Attack on Tahiti_, 748.
+
+_German Declarations_, 534.
+
+_German Entry Into Brussels_, 679.
+
+_German Generals Talk of the War_, 934.
+
+_German Review of the Evidence_, 228.
+
+_German Religion of Duty_, 170.
+
+GERMAN Samoa, 749.
+
+_German Story of the Heligoland Fight_, 754.
+
+GERMAN-AMERICANS, 578.
+
+GERMANS, criticisms of, 93, 95, 124, 170.
+
+_Germans as Seen from a Convent_, 981.
+
+GERMANY:--
+  Address to Americans, 533.
+  Army, criticisms, 93, 95, 141;
+    mobilization, 252;
+    strength, 255;
+    officers, 256;
+    reports of correspondents, 718, 731, 925-934;
+    prisoners, 974;
+    commanders' proclamations, 1116.
+  Crown Prince's message to America, 1187.
+  Empress's appeal to German women, 211;
+    birthday celebration, 722.
+  General conditions, 765, 943.
+  Navy, 134, 215, 217, 254, 256.
+  Reichstag, 250.
+  South African intrigues, 127, 133, 214.
+  Treatment of resident citizens of hostile nations, 267.
+  White Book, 189, 413, 431-448.
+  _See also_ CAMPAIGN in Western Europe.
+
+_Germany and World Empire_, 493.
+
+_Germany of the Future_, 606.
+
+_Germany the Aggressor_, 608.
+
+_Germany vs. Belgium_, 1102.
+
+_Germany's Civilized Barbarism_, 160.
+
+_Germany's Strategic Railways_, 1000.
+
+GIBBONS, Perceval, dispatches, 777, 961, 964, 1207.
+
+GIBBS, Philip, dispatches, 691, 704, 714, 729.
+
+GIDDINGS, F.H., "Possible Profits from War," 526.
+
+GILDER, J.B., poem, 501.
+
+GLADSTONE, W.E., 287, 317, 448.
+
+GLEESON, 714.
+
+_Glory of War_, 1004.
+
+GOLTZ, (Baron) von der, 1118.
+
+GOSCHEN, (Sir) E., 230-238.
+
+GOUGH, (Maj. Gen.) H. de La P., 645.
+
+GRADOW, Battle of, 965.
+
+GRAHAM, Cunninghame, criticism of G.B. Shaw, 65.
+
+GRANT, Lawrence, criticism of G.B. Shaw, 74.
+
+GRAY Book, _see under_ BELGIUM.
+
+_Great Britain's Mobilization_, 294.
+
+_Grecian Neutrality Defined_, 1050.
+
+_Greco-Rumanian Friendship_, 1053.
+
+GREECE, 1050.
+  _See also_ BALKAN States.
+
+GREEN, Horace, 686.
+
+GRIENDL, (Baron,) 1102, 1104, 1108.
+
+GREY, (Sir) Edward, criticisms, 13, 18, 19, 61, 67, 232-243;
+  appeal for national unity, 276;
+  letters, speeches, &c., 277, 279, 281, 290, 314, 355, 1111, 1120, 1188.
+
+GRIVEGNEE, 1116.
+
+GUESDE, Jules, 396, 398.
+
+GUYOT, YVES, reply to German professors, 194.
+
+
+H
+
+HAASE, Hugo, speeches, 401.
+
+HAECKEL, (Prof.) Ernst, criticisms, 123, 525;
+  defense of Germany, 534.
+
+HAENISCH, (Gen.) von, 938.
+
+HAESELER, (Gen.) von, 722.
+
+HAGGARD, (Capt.) Mark, 128.
+
+HAGGARD, H.R., "South Africa's Boers and Britons," 126.
+
+HAIG, (Lieut. Gen. Sir) Douglas, 620, 637, 639, 641, 645, 648, 649.
+
+_Hail!_ (Hymn to Belgium), 1126.
+
+HAPSBURG Family, 138.
+
+_Hard Blows, Not Hard Words_, 103.
+
+HARDIE, Kier, on British Socialists and the war; questions Sir E. Grey,
+409.
+
+HARDY, Thomas, poem, 924.
+
+HARNACK, (Prof.) Adolf von, criticism, 123;
+  address to Americans in Germany, 198-203.
+
+HARRISON, Frederic, "Concerning the German Professors," 192.
+
+HASKINS, H.S., poem, 1166.
+
+HAUPTMANN, Gerhart, letter from R. Rolland, 174;
+  reply, 175;
+  "Are We Barbarians?" 178.
+
+HAVENITH, E., on Anglo-Belgian plot, 372.
+
+HAWKE (cruiser), 757.
+
+_He Heard the Bugles Calling_, 1198.
+
+HEIGEL, Edward, 686.
+
+HEINE, Henry, poem, 525.
+
+HELLPACH, (Prof.) W., 986.
+
+HELIGOLAND, battle, 754.
+
+_Helpless Victims_, 776.
+
+HENDERSON, Arthur, on British Socialists and war, 409.
+
+HENDERSON, Barbara, translation of "Chant of Hate Against England," 985.
+
+HENDERSON, (Sir) David, 624, 643, 645.
+
+HENGELMULLER, (Baron) L., defense of Austria, 559.
+
+_Heroic Language_, 1216.
+
+HERZOG, Rudolf, letter, 1199.
+
+HIBBEN, John Grier, address, 503;
+  "The Trespass in Belgium," 545.
+
+HILLIS, (Rev. Dr.) N.D., sermon, 573;
+  interview, 579.
+
+HOECKER, P.O., letter, 1201.
+
+HOGUE (cruiser), 752, 755, 761.
+
+HOHENZOLLERN Family, 138.
+
+HOEHNE, Wilhelm, poem, 987.
+
+HOLLAND'S Future, 1128.
+
+_Hopeful Road to Lasting Peace_, 497.
+
+"_House with Sealed Doors_," 1183.
+
+_How Paris Dropped Gayety_, 767.
+
+_How Prohibition Came to Russia_, 831.
+
+_How Russian Manufacturers Feel_, 838.
+
+_How the Baroness Hid Her Husband on a Vessel_, 956.
+
+_How the Belgians Fight_, 725.
+
+_How the Cressy Sank_, 752.
+
+_How Turkey Went to War_, 1025.
+
+HUDSON, Kate, criticism of G.B. Shaw, 73.
+
+HUGLI, E.T., "The Flight Into Switzerland," 966.
+
+HUGUET, (Col.) Victor, 646.
+
+"_Human Documents_," 679, 939.
+
+HUNT, E.E., 686.
+
+HUSSEIN, Kemal, Sultan of Egypt, letter from King George and reply, 1035.
+
+_Hymn to Belgium_, 1126.
+
+
+I
+
+_I Am for Peace_, 826.
+
+_If the Germans Raid England_, 87.
+
+IMERETINSKY, (Prince), statement to Americans, 362.
+
+_In Defense of Austria_, 436, 559.
+
+_In the Supreme Court of Civilization_, 413.
+
+INCOME Tax, Russia, 850.
+
+_Influence of the War Upon Russian Industry_, 834.
+
+"_Innocence of Belgium_," 1110.
+
+IRELAND, 276, 290, 323.
+
+IRISH-AMERICANS, 585.
+
+ISMAIL Kemal Bey, 1064.
+
+ISWOLSKI, 240.
+
+"_It Is for Us and for France_," 983.
+
+ITALY, 1064.
+
+_Italy and the War_, 1192.
+
+
+J
+
+JAGOW, Gottlieb von, 230, 238, 241, 367, 1113.
+
+JAURES, J.L., 53, 398, 399.
+
+JAWOROWSKI, Kazinirz, on Poland and the war, 360.
+
+_Jeanne d'Arc_, 506.
+
+JEMTCHUG, 1211.
+
+JEROME, J.K., "Hard Blows, Not Hard Words", 103.
+
+JEWS in Russia, 361, 854.
+
+JOACHIM, (Prince), letter, 1199.
+
+JOFFRE, (Gen.) Joseph, 619-642, 1167, 1170.
+
+JONES, Jefferson, dispatches, 745, 1208.
+
+JONESCO, Take, on the Balkan situation, 1061.
+
+JORDAN, (Dr.) D.S., "A War of Dishonor," 502.
+
+JORDAN, (Dr.) Daniel, on German aggression, 490.
+
+JUNGBLUTH, (Gen.), 1102, 1107, 1111.
+
+JUNKERISM, 11, 13, 69, 75.
+
+
+K
+
+_Kaiser and Belgium_, 507.
+
+KALISCH, 957.
+
+KANT, Immanuel, 168.
+
+KAROLYI, (Count) Michael, on Austria-Hungary and the war, 227.
+
+KAUFFMAN, Ruth, on Scarborough raid, 953.
+
+KAUTSKY, Karl, letter, 405.
+
+KENNEDY, J.B., poem, 581.
+
+KIPLING, Rudyard, "As They Tested Our Fathers", 106;
+  letter on "The Truce of the Bear", 107.
+
+KITCHENER, (Lord) H.H., speech, 304.
+
+KLUCK, (Gen.) A. von, 1170.
+
+KONOVALOV, A., appeal for Poles, 825.
+
+KORFF, (Baron,) on causes of the war, 363.
+
+KULTUR, _see_ CULTURE.
+
+
+L
+
+LA FRANCE, Geni, on attack on Tahiti, 748.
+
+LADD, G.T., on judgment of Germany, 524.
+
+LAMBTON, (Gen. Hon.) W., 624, 645.
+
+LANGLE DE CARY, (Gen.), 1170-1173.
+
+LANREZEC, (Gen.,) 1170.
+
+LANSDOWNE, Marquis of, tribute to army, 306.
+
+LAPRADELLE, (Prof.) A.G. de, "Germany of the Future", 606.
+
+LAW, A.B., speeches, 278, 290, 294, 303.
+
+LEIBNITZ, criticism by E. Boutroux, 168.
+
+LETTERS, soldiers', 970;
+  from French girls, 982, 983;
+  soldiers', 1199, 1218.
+
+LICHNOWSKY, (Prince), 233, 237.
+
+LIEBKNECHT, (Dr.) Carl, on German Socialists, 402.
+
+LIEGE, 265, 266.
+
+LISSAUER, Ernst, poem, 984.
+
+_Little Montenegro Speaks_, 1043.
+
+LLOYD GEORGE, David, speeches, 228, 336.
+
+LOANS, _see_ WAR Loans.
+
+LOCKSUN, 1182.
+
+LODGE, (Sir) Oliver, criticism of H.G. Wells, 92.
+
+LODZ, Battle of, 740.
+
+LONG Live the Allies! 1174.
+
+_Lord of Hosts_, 501.
+
+LORRAINE, _see_ ALSACE-LORRAINE.
+
+LOUIS XIV., 26.
+
+LOUVAIN, 130, 171, 183, 185, 196, 369, 381, 385, 388, 390, 783, 916.
+
+LOW, Sidney, poem, 1119.
+
+LUETTWITZ, (Gen.) Baron von, 1118.
+
+LUNEVILLE, 1147.
+
+LUXEMBURG, 222, 280.
+
+
+M
+
+MACDONALD, J.R., speech, 410;
+  criticism, 411, 520.
+
+MACH, (Dr.) Edmund von, defense of dual alliance, 438.
+
+MACK, Louise, 685, 686.
+
+MACNAUGTON, Miss, 714.
+
+MACREADY, (Maj. Gen.) Nevil, 627, 645.
+
+MACURDY, G.H., poem, 587.
+
+MAETERLINCK, Maurice, "The Need of Being Merciless," 144.
+
+MAIL Censorship, 1176.
+
+MARINGOVICH, Paul, on the Bulgarian menace, 1036.
+
+MARNE, Battle of, 627, 1169.
+
+MASLOV, P., "Commercial Treaties After the War", 863.
+
+MATHER, (Prof.) F.J., Jr., letters, 465, 514, 543.
+
+MATTHEWS, Brander, on German culture, 541.
+
+MAUNOURY, (Gen.), 1170-1173.
+
+MAYERHOFF, (Prof.), writes music for "Chant of Hate", 985.
+
+MEHMED-RESHAD, Sultan of Turkey, proclamations, 1033, 1034.
+
+"_Men of the Emden_", 816.
+
+MERCHANT Marine, 602.
+
+MERCIER, (Cardinal) Desideratus, pastoral letter, 913.
+
+MEUSE, Battle of, 691, 731.
+
+MEYNELL, Alice, poem, 1216.
+
+MICKIEWICZ, Adam, 857.
+
+_Might or Right_, 503.
+
+_Mighty Fate of Europe_, 219.
+
+MIGOULIN, (Prof.), on war situation, 836;
+  on Russian loans, 837.
+
+MILLE, Constantin, on Rumania, 1058.
+
+MILITARISM, views of G.B. Shaw, 11, 17, 25, 55, 59;
+  A. Bennett, 61;
+  C. Pankhurst, 69;
+  H. Eulenberg, 80;
+  J. Galsworthy, 102;
+  Sir A.C. Doyle, 138, 140;
+  M. Maeterlinck, 145;
+  d'Estournelles de Constant, 146, 149;
+  H. Bergson, 152;
+  L. Fulda, 181;
+  German professors, 185;
+  Y. Guyot and Prof. Bellet, 197;
+  Dr. C.W. Eliot, 475;
+  W.M. Sloane, 517;
+  A. von Briesen, 552;
+  Dr. N.D. Hillis, 573.
+
+_Militarism and Christianity_, 610.
+
+MOHAMMEDANS, holy war, 1034.
+
+MONET, Claude, "Long Live the Allies!" 1174.
+
+MONS, Battle of, 619, 971.
+
+MONTENEGRO, 1043.
+  _See also_ BALKAN States.
+
+MOROCCO, 258, 282, 283.
+
+MUNRO, (Dr.), 714.
+
+MURRAY, (Lieut. Gen.) Archibald, 624, 645.
+
+MUZZAFER Bey, 1029.
+
+
+N
+
+NAMUR, 1115.
+
+NAPOLEON I., 26, 56.
+
+NAVAL Engagements, _see_ SEA Fights.
+
+NAVAL Situation, 88.
+
+_Need of Being Merciless_, 144.
+
+_Neutrals_, 948.
+
+_New Russia Meets Germany_, 777.
+
+_New Russia Speaks_, 817.
+
+_New Source of Revenue Needed_, 839.
+
+_New World Map_, 571.
+
+_New Year's Day, Battle of_, 961.
+
+NEW ZEALAND, work of expeditionary force, 749.
+
+NEWS Censorship, 791, 1175.
+
+NICHOLAIOVITCH, (Grand Duke) Nicholas, appeal to Poles, 359.
+
+NICHOLAS, Czar of Russia, criticisms, 44, 246, 260;
+  manifesto, speeches, &c., 358;
+  tribute from P. Vinogradoff, 821;
+  interview on prohibition, 832.
+
+NICHOLSON, (Commander) B.W.L., on Cressy, 755.
+
+NICOLSON, A.D., poem, 506.
+
+NIEBER, (Gen.) von, letter, 1115.
+
+NIEMEYER, Theodore, "The Causes of the War," 206;
+  comment, 208.
+
+NIETZSCHE, F.W., 194, 504, 612.
+
+NIEUPORT, Battle of, 951.
+
+NIGER (gunboat), 760.
+
+NORTON, (Commander) R.A., on the Hogue, 755.
+
+
+O
+
+_Officer in Battle Had Little Feeling_, 959.
+
+_On the Impending Crisis_, 107.
+
+_Once Fair Belgrade Is a Skeleton City_, 969.
+
+_Open Letter to Pres. Wilson_, 76.
+
+"ORANGE Book," _see under_ RUSSIA.
+
+OSTWALD, Wilhelm, "A New World Map," 571.
+
+_Our Russian Ally_, 840.
+
+
+P
+
+PAN-SLAVISM, 203.
+
+PANKHURST, Christabel, criticism of G.B. Shaw, 68.
+
+PARIS, 691; 767.
+
+_Paris in October_, 770.
+
+PARKER, (Sir) Gilbert, "Belgium's Bitter Need," 614.
+
+_Parting_, 553.
+
+PASHITCH, (Serbian Premier,) on Serbia and the war, 1036.
+
+PASSPORTS, 1180.
+
+PATENTS, 849.
+
+PATEY, (Sir) George, 750.
+
+_Patriotism and Endurance_, 913.
+
+PAU, (Gene.), 691, 694, 696, 1169.
+
+PEACE, 12, 37, 97, 149, 273, 297.
+
+PENANG, 1211.
+
+PERRIS, G.H., "As the French Fell Back on Paris," 689.
+
+PERSIA, 45.
+
+PHILIP II., 26.
+
+PHILOSOPHERS, German, 129, 606.
+
+PHILLPOTTS, Eden, poem, 1066.
+
+PICK, Edward, defense of Austria, 436.
+
+PIGEONS, homing, 792.
+
+PISTOLET, 1211.
+
+_Ping Pong_, 850.
+
+PITT, William, 316.
+
+PIUS X., Pope, 374.
+
+_Place of Tombs_, 1207.
+
+POEMS:--
+  Adams, Adeline, "To a Cousin German", 593;
+    "Glory of War", 1004.
+  Archer, William, "The Big and the Great", 1114.
+  Arnold, Winifred, "Another 'Happy Thought'", 789.
+  Barry, Beatrice, "Ping Pong", 850;
+    "The Neutrals", 948;
+    answer to "Chant of Hate", 988.
+  Briggs, C.C.D., "He Heard the Bugles Calling", 1198.
+  Caruthers, Mazie V., "The Woman's Part," 864
+  Chartres, A.V., "The Broken Rose", 1210.
+  Child, O.C.A., "The Soliloquy of an old Soldier", 764.
+  Flexner, Hortense, "Vigil", 612.
+  French, W.E.P., "Shot Tell His Mother", 458.
+  Galsworthy, John, "Hail! Hymn to Belgium", 1126.
+  Gilder, J.B., "The Lord of Hosts", 501.
+  Hardy, Thomas, "Appeal to America for Belgium", 924.
+  Haskins, H.S., "Nuits Blanches", 1166.
+  Hohne, Wilhelm, poem to France, 987.
+  Kennedy, John B., "Tipperary", 581.
+  Lissauer, Ernst, "Chant of Hate Against England", 984;
+    answer by B. Barry, 988.
+  Low, Sidney, "From the Body of This Death", 1119.
+  Macurdy, G.H., "To Melos, Pomegranate Isle", 587.
+  Meynell, Alice, "The Heroic Language", 1216.
+  Nicolson, A.D., "Jeanne D'Arc", 506.
+  Phillpotts, E., "To Belgium", 1066.
+  Rostand, Edmond, "La Cathedrale", 472.
+  Sheldon, Lurana, "I Am for Peace!" 826.
+  Simons, K.D.M., "A Song of the Siege Gun", 992.
+  Sudduth, H.T., "At the Villa Achilleion Corfu", 999.
+  Thomas, E.M., "The House with Sealed Doors", 1183.
+  Vose, Edward Neville, "The Dawn of a New Day", 678.
+  Watson, W., "To His Majesty King Albert", 1228.
+  Wetter, Louise von, "Parting", 553.
+  Ybarra, T.R., "The Men of the Emden", 816.
+
+POINCARE, (Pres. of France) Raymond, proclamation on mobilization, 350;
+  address to Parliament, 351;
+  protest to Pres. Wilson against German atrocities, 375.
+
+POLAND, _see_ CAMPAIGN in Eastern Europe.
+
+POLES in Russia, 359, 360, 825, 829, 854, 957.
+
+POLYZOIDES, A.T., "The War in the Balkans," 1068.
+
+PONSONBY, Arthur, 1102.
+
+_Possible Profits from War_, 526.
+
+PRISON Camps, 1181.
+
+_Prayer for Victory_, 212.
+
+_Probable Causes and Outcome of the War_, 473.
+
+PROFESSORS, German, 125, 162, 185-195.
+
+PROHIBITION in Russia, 831.
+
+_Proposed Internal Loans of Russia_, 837.
+
+PRUSSIA, _see_ CHESTERTON, G.K.
+
+PULTENEY, (Lieut. Gen.) W.P., 645.
+
+PURUMBARN, (Rumanian Minister,) statement, 1060.
+
+PUTNAM, G.H., letter on atrocities, 563.
+
+
+R
+
+RADOSLAVOFF, (Bulgarian Premier,) statement, 1044.
+
+_Raid on Scarborough Seen from a Window_, 953.
+
+RAILWAYS, German, 1000.
+
+RAWLINSON, (Sir) Henry, 648.
+
+RED Cross, 33, 714, 765.
+
+REDMOND, J.E., speech, 291.
+
+RELIEF Work, 614, 776, 782.
+
+REMINGTON Arms Co., 1179.
+
+RENNENKAMPF, (Gen.) P.C. von, 738, 778.
+
+RESERVISTS, 1181.
+
+_Retreat to Paris_, 691.
+
+REUTER, Gabriele, "The German Religion of Duty," 170.
+
+RHEIMS, 55, 130, 184, 392, 393, 472, 928, 931.
+
+RITTENHOUSE, Anne, "How Paris Dropped Gayety," 767.
+
+ROBERTS, (Lord) F.S., 14.
+
+ROBERTSON, (Maj. Gen.) William, 624, 645.
+
+ROLLAND, Romain, letter, 174.
+
+ROOSEVELT, (Col.) Theodore, 591.
+
+ROSS, Malcolm, on capture of German Samoa, 749.
+
+ROSTAND, Edmond, poem, 472.
+
+ROUEN, 982.
+
+ROWAN, Edgar, on the Aboukir, Cressy, and Hogue, 752.
+
+RUFFEY, (Gen.), 1170-1173.
+
+RUHL, Arthur, 686.
+
+RUMANIANS in Hungary, 1061.
+
+RUMANIA, 1054-1062.
+  _See also_ BALKAN States.
+
+RUPPRECHT, (Prince), _see_ BAVARIA.
+
+RUSSIA:--
+  Army, 738, 777, 961, 963.
+  Commerce, 362.
+  Duma, message to Britain, 361;
+    criticism, 843.
+  Finance, 837, 839.
+  Industries, 834-838.
+  Mobilization, 220, 228, 249, 263.
+  "Orange Book," 413, 431-448.
+  Progress, 840.
+  Taxes, 850, 863.
+  Treatment of resident Austrians and German citizens, 268.
+  United Russia, 827.
+  _See also_ CHESTERTON, G.K.; CAMPAIGN in Eastern Europe.
+
+_Russia and Europe's War_, 821.
+
+_Russia in Literature_, 819.
+
+_Russia to Blame_, 434.
+
+_Russia to Her Enemy_, 358.
+
+_Russian Appeal for the Poles_, 825.
+
+_Russian Atrocities_, 563.
+
+_Russian Financial Authority on the War_, 836.
+
+_Russian Income Tax_, 850.
+
+
+S
+
+SAMOA, 749.
+
+SANDERS, (Gen.) Liman von, 1028.
+
+SANDERSON, (Dr.) R.L., reply to K. Francke, 557.
+
+SARGENT, (Dr.) Irene, on Alsace-Lorraine and Schleswig-Holstein, 492.
+
+SARRAIL, (Gen.), 1173.
+
+SASENO, 1064.
+
+SAUVEUR, Albert, "Germany the Aggressor," 609.
+
+SAVOFF, (Gen.), on Bulgaria's army and neutral States, 1047.
+
+SAZONOFF, (Count) Sergius, criticism, 19, 21;
+  interviews, 230-237;
+  on war and Russian trade, 362.
+
+SCARBOROUGH raid, 953.
+
+SCHEIDEMANN, Philipp, on German Socialists and the war, 402.
+
+SCHIFF, J.H., interview, the war, 459;
+  correspondence with Dr. Eliot, 465.
+
+SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN, 483, 487, 490, 492.
+
+SCHMOLLER, (Prof.) Gustav von, 194.
+
+SCHOLARS, British, reply to German professors, 188.
+
+"SCRAP OF PAPER," 1120.
+  _See also_ BETHMANN-HOLLWEG, (Dr.) T.
+
+SEA Fights, 745-761;
+  Scarborough raid, 953;
+  Black Sea Battle, 1032.
+
+_Seeing Nieuport Under Shell Fire_, 951.
+
+_Seeking Wounded on Battle Front_, 714.
+
+SEGGEBRUCH, Frank, attack on Russia, 434.
+
+SEIZURES of American cargoes, 1183, 1188.
+
+SERBIA:--
+  Army, "The Wounded Serb," 788;
+    mobilization, 1036.
+  Cabinet's statement, 1039.
+  Crown Prince Alexander's order to troops, 1040;
+    reply to address by Prince Troubetskoi, 1042.
+  Invasion, 742.
+  Russian domination, 204.
+  _See also_ BALKAN States.
+
+_Serbia and Her Neighbors_, 1036.
+
+SHAW, G.B., "Common Sense About the War," 11;
+  replies and criticisms, 60-73;
+  open letter to Pres. Wilson and comment of the nation, 76;
+  criticisms, 80, 775.
+
+SHELDON, Lurana, poem, 826.
+
+_Shelled Tsing-tao with wireless Aid_, 1208.
+
+"Shot. Tell His Mother," 458.
+
+SIMON, (Sir) John, speech, 276.
+
+SIMONS, Katherine Drayton Mayrant, Jr., poem, 992.
+
+_Sinking of the Cressy and the Hogue_, 755.
+
+_Sinking of the Hawke_, 757.
+
+_Slaughter in Alsace_, 736.
+
+SLAVS, 203, 519, 993.
+
+SLOANE, W.M., "America's Peril in Judging Germany," 515.
+
+SMITH, F.H., "France and England as Seen in War-Time," 772.
+
+SMITH-DORRIEN, (Sir) Horace, 622, 624, 645, 648.
+
+SOCIALISM, 31, 46, 54.
+
+SOCIALISTS, 94, 96, 172, 400.
+
+SOCIALISTS' Part, 397.
+
+_Sociological Aspects of War_, 530.
+
+SOKOLOV, A., on Russian finances, 839.
+
+_Soldier of 1914_, 156.
+
+_Soliloquy of an Old Soldier_, 764.
+
+SOLOMON, Abraham, "Nietzsche and German Culture," 612.
+
+SOMBART, (Prof.) Werner, on feeling of Germans toward the French, 986.
+
+_Song of the Siege Gun_, 992.
+
+SORDET, (Gen.), 622, 624.
+
+_South Africa's Boers and Britons_, 125.
+
+SPALAIKOWICH, (Serbian Minister,) on Bulgaria's position, 1037.
+
+_Speculations About Peace_, 273.
+
+SPIES, 104, 262, 780.
+
+_Spy Organization in England_, 790.
+
+STEIN, (Gen.) von, report on Liege, 266.
+
+STOLYPIN, 121.
+
+_Story of the "Eyewitness_," 650.
+
+_Story of the Man Who Fired on Rheims Cathedral_, 928.
+
+_Stout and Warlike Breed_, 479.
+
+STRAUS, Oscar S., 274.
+
+STRUVE, (Prof.) Peter, "United Russia," 827.
+
+SUDDUTH, H.T., poem, 999.
+
+_Summons of the Nation to Arms_, 308.
+
+_Supreme Court of Civilization, In the_, 413.
+
+SWIENTOCHOWSKI, Alexander, 858.
+
+_Swift Reversal to Barbarism_, 939.
+
+SWINTON, (Col.) E.D., reports, 650.
+
+SWITZERLAND, refugee problem, 966.
+
+SWOPE, Herbert B., North Sea battle, 761.
+
+SYDNEY (cruiser), 758.
+
+
+T
+
+TAFT, W.H., "The Belgian Battleground," 1109.
+
+TAHITI, 748.
+
+TANKOSITCH, (Capt), 742.
+
+TARDIEU, Charles, on fighting in the trenches, 979.
+
+TCHELISHEFF, M.D., on prohibition in Russia, 831.
+
+_Teachings of Gen. von Bernhardi_, 343.
+
+TERMONDE, 385, 786, 1117.
+
+TEST, Sam, criticism of G.B. Shaw, 75.
+
+THAYER, W.R., "Italy and the War," 1192.
+
+THEOLOGIANS, British, letter, 201.
+
+THIENES, R.F., letter on Russian atrocities, 563.
+
+_Things the Wounded Talk About_, 1222.
+
+THOMAS, Edith M., poem, 1183.
+
+THOMPSON, Donald C., 686.
+
+THOMPSON, Vance, on reversal to barbarism, 939.
+
+_Tipperary_, 581.
+
+TISZA, (Count), 1060.
+
+_To a Cousin German_, 593.
+
+_To Americans from a German Friend_, 180.
+
+_To Americans in Germany_, 198.
+
+"_To Americans Leaving Germany_," 533.
+
+_To Arms!_ 132.
+
+_To Belgium_, 1066.
+
+_To Melos, Pomegranate Isle_, 587.
+
+_Tools of the Russian Juggernaut_, 851.
+
+TRADE Unionism, 31.
+
+TREATY of Bucharest, 1068.
+
+TREATY of London (1839), _see_ BELGIUM--Neutrality.
+
+TREATY of Prague, 40.
+
+TREITSCHKE, (Prof.) Heinrich von, 135, 168, 194.
+
+_Trespass in Belgium_, 545.
+
+TRIPLE Entente, peace pact, 297.
+
+TRIPP, (Gen.) von, 712.
+
+TRUBETSKOI, (Prince) Eugene, on Russia against Germany, 361;
+  appeal for aid for Poles, 829;
+  address to Serbian Crown Prince, 1041.
+
+"_Truce of the Bear_," 107.
+
+"_Truth About Germany_," 244.
+
+TSING-TAO, 745, 1208.
+
+_Turk in Egypt's Eyes_, 1049.
+
+TURKEY:--
+  Diplomatic situation, 1028.
+  General conditions in Constantinople, 1026.
+  Mobilization, 1026, 1028.
+  Parliament prorogued, 1028.
+  Press comments on situation, 1025, 1028-1033.
+  Events leading to declaration of war, 1032.
+  _See also_ BALKAN States; MEHMED-RESHAD.
+
+
+U
+
+_Unburied Dead Strew Lorraine_, 729.
+
+_Unconquered France_, 1167.
+
+_United Russia_, 827.
+
+UNITED States, arbitration treaties, 50.
+
+_United States Fair to All_, 1175.
+
+UNITED States of Europe, 455, 565.
+
+UNIVERSITIES, German, 187.
+
+URBAL, (Gen.) d', 1172.
+
+USHER, Roland G., "Effects of the War on America," 600.
+
+
+V
+
+VALIEVO, 788.
+
+VANDERVELDE, Emil, on Socialists and the war, 397.
+
+VENIZELOS, E., on Greece's attitude, 1051.
+
+_Verdict of the American People_, 573.
+
+VESSELS, American, 1176.
+
+_Vigil_, 612.
+
+VILLIERS, (Sir) Francis, letter, 1112.
+
+VINOGRADOFF, Paul, "Russia and Europe's War," 820.
+
+VISE, 386.
+
+_Visit to the Firing Line in France_, 727.
+
+_Vital Energies of France_, 152.
+
+VIVIANI, (Premier) Rene, telegram to Ministry in Luxemburg, 350;
+  addresses before Parliament, 351, 1164.
+
+VOLLBEHR, Ernst, paintings done at the battle front, 938.
+
+VOORHAM, (Capt.) 753.
+
+VOSE, E.N., "The Dawn of a New Day," 678.
+
+
+W
+
+WALLACE, (Sir) D.M., "Our Russian Ally," 840.
+
+_War at Home_, 765.
+
+_War in the Balkans_, 1068.
+
+WAR Loans, 1180.
+
+WAR Material, shipment across U.S. territory, 1181.
+
+WAR Pictures, 865-913.
+
+_War of Dishonor_, 502.
+
+_War-Time Scenes in Rouen_, 982.
+
+WARSHIPS, British, off Amer. ports, 1179;
+  coaling in Panama Canal Zone, 1182.
+
+WARBEKE, John, reply to Eucken and Haeckel, 537.
+
+WARINSKI, A., 861.
+
+WARREN, Whitney, on Rheims Cathedral, 393.
+
+_Warsaw Swamped with Refugees_, 957.
+
+_Waste of German Lives_, 964.
+
+WATSON, William, poem, 1228.
+
+_Why England Fights Germany_, 993.
+
+WAVRE, 1115.
+
+_Way to Peace_, 459.
+
+_We Will Fight to the End_, 1164.
+
+WEDDIGEN, (Capt. Lieut.) Otto, on North Sea battle, 761.
+
+WELLS, H.G., criticisms, 22, 61;
+  "Fourth of August," 87;
+  "If the Germans Raid England," 89;
+  comment, 92;
+  "Holland's Future," 1128.
+
+WENGLER, (Lieut.) on Rheims Cathedral, 928;
+  comment, 931.
+
+WETTER, Louise von, poem, 553.
+
+_What America Can Do_, 588.
+
+_What Gladstone Said About Belgium_, 448.
+
+_What the Economic Effects May Be_, 594.
+
+_What the German Conscript Thinks_, 93.
+
+_When Peace Is Seriously Desired_, 97.
+
+_Where Rumania Stands in the Crisis_, 1054.
+
+"WHITE Papers," _see under_ ENGLAND _and_ GERMANY.
+
+WHITEHOUSE, J.H., "The Belgian Ruin," 786.
+
+WHITELEY, J.G., on Belgo-British plot, 1110.
+
+WHITLOCK, Brand, 782.
+
+_Who Began the War and Why?_ 209.
+
+"_Why Belgium Was Devastated_," 1115.
+
+_Why England Came to be in It_, 108.
+
+_Why England Fights Germany_, 993.
+
+_Why Is America Anti-German?_ 482.
+
+WILD, (Gen.) von, 937.
+
+WILLIAM II., German Emperor, criticisms, 13, 56, 77, 94, 112, 115, 117,
+121, 122, 139, 182, 185, 206, 208;
+  speeches and proclamations, 209-213;
+  prayer, 212;
+  telegram to King of Saxony, 213;
+  interview in 1908, 213;
+  letter to Lord Tweedmouth, 216;
+  comment, 218;
+  criticism, 260;
+  protest to Pres. Wilson against Allies' atrocities, 374;
+  criticisms, 508, 510, 576;
+  headquarters, 718;
+  at Donchery, 1125.
+
+WILLIAM, Prince of Wied, 1062, 1063.
+
+WILLIAMSON, (Mrs.) F.B., "Junkers," 75.
+
+WILSON, (Col.) G.C., 649.
+
+WILSON, (Maj. Gen.) Henry, 624, 645.
+
+WILSON, (Pres.) Woodrow, inquiries concerning sentiment in Germany on
+peace, 274;
+  reply to Kaiser's protest against atrocities, 375;
+  address to Belgian Commission, 377;
+  comment of Lord Channing on his utterances on the war, 591.
+
+WINCHESTER Repeating Arms Co., 1179.
+
+WIRELESS messages, 1175.
+
+_With the German Army_, 925.
+
+WOLF, (Baron) H.H. von, 956.
+
+WOLFSKEHL, Karl, reply to R. Rolland, 176.
+
+_Woman and War_, 458.
+
+_Wounded Serb_, 788.
+
+_Wounded Soldiers_, 1222, 1223.
+
+WRIGHT, (Sir) Almroth, 34.
+
+
+Y
+
+YBARRA, T.R., poem, 816.
+
+YPRES, Battle of, 647, 673, 675, 1167.
+
+YSER, Battle of, 711, 725, 948, 951.
+
+
+Z
+
+ZOELLNER, (Gen.), 937.
+
+_Zouave's Story_, 704.
+
+ZWEHL, (Gen.) von, 936.
+
+
+LIST OF MAPS.
+
+AISNE, Battle of the, 638, 640, 644.
+ALSACE-LORRAINE, 730.
+BALKAN States, 1067.
+BELGIUM, beginning of invasion, 681.
+EAST Prussia and Poland, 1006.
+EASTERN Prussia to Galicia, 741.
+FLANDERS and Northern France, 713.
+FRANCE, operations in, 1171.
+HOLLAND, 1130.
+ITALY, 1194.
+MARNE, Battle of the, 626, 628, 630, 634.
+MONS, retreat from, 623, 625.
+RAILROADS, German system that aided invasion of Belgium, 1002.
+SERBIA, 743.
+SOUTHEASTERN theatre of the war, 1024.
+WESTERN Europe, 1004.
+
+
+LIST OF PORTRAITS.
+
+ALBERT, King of the Belgians, 304.
+AMADE, (GEN.) D', 778.
+AUGUSTA VICTORIA, Empress of Germany, 209, 1120.
+BARRIE, J.M., 16.
+BECK, J.M., 413.
+BELGIAN CROWN PRINCE, 1041.
+BELGIAN PRINCESS, 1025.
+BENNETT, ARNOLD, 16.
+BERCHTOLD, (COUNT) LEOPOLD, 240.
+BETHMANN-HOLLWEG, (DR.) T. von, 240, 976.
+BISSING, (GEN.) von, 972.
+BOUTROUX, EMILE, 96.
+BRIESEN, ARTHUR von, 572.
+BRYCE (VISCOUNT) JAMES, 460.
+BUELOW, (GEN.) von, 666.
+BURGESS, J.W., 476.
+BUTLER, (DR.) N.M., 572.
+CARNEGIE, ANDREW, 444.
+CASTELNAU, (GEN.), 1136.
+CHESTERTON, G.K., 64.
+CHURCHILL, W.L.S., 256; with wife, 1104.
+CRADOCK (ADMIRAL SIR) CHRISTOPHER, 832.
+DANKL, (GEN.) VICTOR, 714.
+DE WIART, CARTON, 304.
+DERNBURG, (DR.) BERNHARD, 460.
+DJEMAL PASHA, 1200.
+DOYLE, (SIR) A.C., 64.
+DUBAIL, (GEN.), 1137.
+ELIOT, (DR.) C.W., 412.
+EUCKEN, RUDOLF, 508.
+EMIR ALI PASHA, 1201.
+FISHER, (ADMIRAL SIR) JOHN, 928.
+FREDERICK, (Austrian Archduke), 976.
+FRENCH, (SIR) JOHN, 619.
+FULDA, LUDWIG, 128.
+GALSWORTHY, JOHN, 32.
+GERMAN CROWN PRINCE, 634.
+GIDDINGS, F.H., 508.
+GREY, (SIR) EDWARD, 256.
+GUESDE, JULES, 368.
+GUYOT, YVES, 160.
+HAIG, (SIR) DOUGLAS, 634, 1152.
+HARDIE, KIER, 336.
+HARNACK, ADOLF von, 192.
+HARRISON, FREDERIC, 160.
+HAUPTMANN, GERHART, 128.
+HENRY, Prince of Prussia, 944.
+HIBBEN, (DR.) J.G., 460.
+HILLIS, N.D., 540.
+HINDENBURG, (GEN.) PAUL von, 682, 817.
+JELLICOE, (ADMIRAL SIR) JOHN, 714.
+JOFFRE, (GEN.) JOSEPH, 762.
+JORDAN. (DR.) D.S., 460.
+KAMIO, (GEN.), 992.
+KIPLING, RUDYARD, 32.
+KITCHENER, (EARL), 972.
+KLUCK, (GEN.) von, 682.
+KROBATKIN, (GEN.) von, 1184.
+LEOPOLD, Crown Prince of Belgium, 1041.
+LESSEN, JOSEPH, 1040.
+LOUIS ALEXANDER, Prince of Battenberg, 964.
+MAETERLINCK, MAURICE, 96.
+MARCONNAY, (COMMANDANT), 1152.
+MARIE, JOSE, (Princess), 1025.
+MATTHEWS, BRANDER, 540.
+MERCIER, (CARDINAL) D., 1025.
+MULLER, (CAPT.) KARL von, 762.
+NICHOLAIEVITCH, (GRAND DUKE) NICHOLAS, 730.
+NIEMEYER, THEODORE, 192.
+PANKHURST, CHRISTABEL, 16.
+PAU, (GEN.) PAUL, 778.
+PIUS X., Pope, 272.
+RENNENKAMPF, (GEN.), 730.
+ROBERTS, (LORD), 964.
+RUPPRECHT, Crown Prince of Bavaria, 666.
+SANDERS, (GEN.) LIMAN VON PASHA, 992.
+SAZONOFF, (MINISTER), 256.
+SCHEIDEMANN, PHILIPP, 336.
+SCHIFF, J.H., 445.
+SHAW, G.B., 16.
+SLOANE, W.M., 476.
+SMITH-DORRIEN, (GEN. SIR) HORACE, 619.
+SPEE, (ADMIRAL COUNT) von, 832.
+STADNICKI, (COUNT), LADISLAUS, 1183.
+STEIN, (GEN.) von, 1105.
+STURDEE, (VICE ADMIRAL) FREDERICK, 928.
+TIRPITZ, (ADMIRAL) von, 944.
+VAN DER VELDE, EMIL, 368.
+VIVIANI, RENE, 256.
+WALES, Prince of, 817.
+WILHELM, Crown Prince of Germany, 634.
+WILLIAM II., German Emperor, 209, 1120.
+WILSON, (PRES.) WOODROW, 272.
+YOUTHFUL BELGIAN HERO, 1040.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
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