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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Handbook of the Trees of New England, by
+Lorin Low Dame and Henry Brooks
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Handbook of the Trees of New England
+
+Author: Lorin Low Dame
+ Henry Brooks
+
+Release Date: January 28, 2007 [EBook #20467]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TREES OF NEW ENGLAND ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Janet Blenkinship, Joyce
+Wilson and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ HANDBOOK OF THE
+ TREES OF NEW ENGLAND
+
+
+ _WITH RANGES THROUGHOUT THE
+ UNITED STATES AND CANADA_
+
+ BY
+ LORIN L. DAME, S.D.
+ AND
+ HENRY BROOKS
+
+ _PLATES FROM ORIGINAL DRAWINGS_
+ BY
+ ELIZABETH GLEASON BIGELOW
+
+ BOSTON, U.S.A.
+ GINN & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS
+ The Athenaeum Press
+ 1904
+
+
+
+
+ COPYRIGHT, 1901, BY
+ LORIN L. DAME AND HENRY BROOKS
+
+ ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+There is no lack of good manuals of botany in this country. There still
+seems place for an adequately illustrated book of convenient size for
+field use. The larger manuals, moreover, cover extensive regions and
+sometimes fail by reason of their universality to give a definite idea
+of plants as they grow within more limited areas. New England marks a
+meeting place of the Canadian and Alleghanian floras. Many southern
+plants, long after they have abandoned more elevated situations
+northward, continue to advance up the valleys of the Connecticut and
+Merrimac rivers, in which they ultimately disappear entirely or else
+reappear in the valley of the St. Lawrence; while many northern plants
+pushing southward maintain a more or less precarious existence upon the
+mountain summits or in the cold swamps of New England, and sometimes
+follow along the mountain ridges to the middle or southern states. In
+addition to these two floras, some southwestern and western species have
+invaded Vermont along the Champlain valley, and thrown out pickets still
+farther eastward.
+
+At or near the limit of a species, the size and habit of plants undergo
+great change; in the case of trees, to which this book is restricted,
+often very noticeable. There is no fixed, absolute dividing line between
+trees and shrubs. In accordance with the usual definition, a tree must
+have a single trunk, unbranched at or near the base, and must be at
+least fifteen feet in height.
+
+Trees that are native in New England, or native in other sections of the
+United States and thoroughly established in New England, are described
+and, for the most part, figured. Foreign trees, though locally
+established, are not figured. Trees may be occasionally spontaneous
+over a large area without really forming a constituent part of the
+flora. Even the apple and pear, when originating spontaneously and
+growing without cultivation, quickly become degenerate and show little
+tendency to possess themselves of the soil at the expense of the native
+growths. Gleditsia, for example, while clearly locally established, has
+with some hesitation been accorded pictorial representation.
+
+The geographical distribution is treated under three heads: Canada and
+Alaska; New England; south of New England and westward. With regard to
+the distribution outside of New England, the standard authorities have
+been followed. An effort extending through several years has been made
+to give the distribution as definitely as possible in each of the New
+England states, and while previous publications have been freely
+consulted, the present work rests mainly upon the observations of living
+botanists.
+
+All descriptions are based upon the habit of trees as they appear in New
+England, unless special mention is made to the contrary. The
+descriptions are designed to apply to trees as they grow in open land,
+with full space for the development of their characteristics under
+favorable conditions. In forest trees there is much greater uniformity;
+the trunks are more slender, taller, often unbranched to a considerable
+height, and the heads are much smaller.
+
+When the trunk tapers uniformly from the ground upward, the given
+diameter is taken at the base; when the trunk is reinforced at the base,
+the measurements are made above the swell of the roots; when reinforced
+at the ground and also at the branching point, as often in the American
+elm, the measurements are made at the smallest place between the swell
+of the roots and of the branches.
+
+A regular order has been followed in the description for the purpose of
+ready comparison. No explanation of the headings used seems necessary,
+except to state that the _habitat_ is used in the more customary present
+acceptation to indicate the place where a plant naturally grows, as in
+swamps or upon dry hillsides. Under the head of "Horticultural Value,"
+the requisite information is given for an intelligent choice of trees
+for ornamental purposes.
+
+The order and names of families follow, in the main, Engler and Prantl.
+In accordance with the general tendency of New England botanists to
+conform to the best usage until an authoritative agreement has been
+reached with regard to nomenclature by an international congress, the
+Berlin rule has been followed for genera, and priority under the genus
+for species. Other names in use at the present day are given as synonyms
+and included in the index.
+
+Only those common names are given which are actually used in some part
+of New England, whether or not the same name is applied to different
+trees. It seems best to record what is, and not what ought to be. Common
+names that are the creation of botanists have been disregarded
+altogether. Any attempt to displace a name in wide use, even by one that
+is more appropriate, is futile, if not mischievous.
+
+The plates are from original drawings by Mrs. Elizabeth Gleason Bigelow,
+in all cases from living specimens, and they have been carefully
+compared with the plates in other works. So far as practicable, the
+drawings were made of life size, with the exception of the dissected
+portions of small flowers, which were enlarged. In this way, though not
+on a perfectly uniform scale, they are, when reduced to the necessary
+space, distinct in all their parts.
+
+So far as consistent with due precision, popular terms have been used in
+description, but not when such usage involved tedious periphrase.
+
+Especial mention should be made of those botanists whose assistance has
+been essential to a knowledge of the distribution of species in the New
+England states: Maine,--Mr. M. L. Fernald; New Hampshire,--Mr. Wm. F.
+Flint, Report of Forestry Commission; Vermont,--President Ezra Brainerd;
+Massachusetts,--trees about Northampton, Mrs. Emily Hitchcock Terry;
+throughout the Connecticut river valley, Mr. E. L. Morris; Rhode
+Island,--Professor W. W. Bailey, Professor J. F. Collins;
+Connecticut,--Mr. C. H. Bissell, Mr. C. K. Averill, Mr. J. N. Bishop.
+Dr. B. L. Robinson has given advice in general treatment and in matters
+of nomenclature; Dr. C. W. Swan and Mr. Charles H. Morss have made a
+critical examination of the manuscript; Mr. Warren H. Manning has
+contributed the "Horticultural Values" throughout the work; and Miss M.
+S. E. James has prepared the index. To these and to all others who have
+given assistance in the preparation of this work, the grateful thanks of
+the authors are due.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+ PAGES
+ KEY TO THE TREES OF NEW ENGLAND ix
+
+ LIST OF PLATES xi
+
+ AUTHORITIES xiii
+
+ ABBREVIATIONS xvii
+
+ TEXT AND PLATES 1
+
+ APPENDIX 171
+
+ GLOSSARY 173
+
+ INDEX 179
+
+
+
+
+KEY TO THE TREES OF NEW ENGLAND.
+
+ I. LEAVES SIMPLE.
+
+ =Leaves alternate= A
+ Outline entire A C
+ Outline slightly indented A D
+ Outline lobed A E
+ Lobes entire A E F
+ Lobes slightly indented A E G
+ Lobes coarsely toothed A E H
+ =Leaves opposite= B
+
+ A C Ovate to oval, obscurely toothed Tupelo
+ A C Ovate to oval Persimmon
+ A C Also 3-lobed Sassafras
+ A C Sometimes opposite, clustered at the ends of
+ the branchlets Dogwoods
+ A D Tremulous habit, oval Poplars
+ A D Lanceolate, finely serrate, sometimes entire Willows
+ A D Ovate-oval, serrate, doubly serrate { Birches
+ { Hornbeams
+ A D Oval, serrate, oblong-lanceolate, veins { Beeches
+ terminating in teeth { Chestnut
+ A D Ovate-oblong, doubly serrate, surface rough Elms
+ A D Ovate to ovate-lanceolate, serrate, surface
+ slightly rough Hackberry
+ A D Outline variable, ovate-oval, sometimes lobed
+ (3-7), serrate-dentate Mulberry
+ A D Ovate, serrate, oblong { Shadbush
+ { Plums
+ { Cherries
+ A D Oval or oval-oblong, spines, evergreen Holly
+ A D Broad-ovate, one-sided, serrate Linden
+ A D Obovate, oval, lanceolate, oblong Chestnut oaks
+ A D Broad-ovate to broad-elliptical, thorny Thorns
+ A E F Lobes rounded Sassafras
+ A E F Base truncate or heart-shaped Tulip tree
+ A E F Obtuse, rounded lobes White oaks
+ A E F 3-5-lobed, white-tomentose to glabrous
+ beneath White poplar
+ A E G 5-lobed, finely serrate Sweet gum
+ A E G Irregularly 3-7-lobed, serrate-dentate with
+ equal teeth Mulberry
+ A E H Pointed or bristle-tipped lobes Black oaks
+ A E H Coarse-toothed or pinnate-lobed, short lobes
+ ending in sharp point Sycamore
+ B Outline entire, ovate, veins prominent Flowering dogwood
+ B Outline serrate, apex often tapering Sheep berry
+ B Outline lobed Maples
+
+
+
+ II. LEAVES COMPOUND.
+
+ =Leaves pinnately compound= I
+ Leaflets alternate I A
+ Outlines of leaflets entire I A C
+ Leaflets opposite I B
+ =Leaves bi-pinnately compound= J
+
+ I A Outlines of leaflets with two or three teeth at base. Ailanthus
+ IA Outlines of leaflets serrate { Sumacs (except Poison sumac)
+ { Mountain ashes
+ { Walnuts
+ { Hickories
+ I A C Leaflets oval, apex obtuse Locusts (except Honey locust)
+ I A C Leaflets oblong, apex acute Poison sumac
+ I B Outlines of leaflets entire Ashes (except Mountain ashes)
+ I B Outlines of leaflets serrate Ashes (except Mountain ashes)
+ I B Leaflets irregularly or coarsely toothed, 3-lobed or nearly
+ entire Box elder
+ J Irregularly bi-pinnate, outlines of leaflets entire, thorns
+ on stem and trunk Honey locust
+
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF PLATES.
+
+
+ PLATE PAGE
+
+ I. Larix Americana 4
+ II. Pinus Strobus 6
+ III. Pinus rigida 7
+ IV. Pinus Banksiana 9
+ V. Pinus resinosa 11
+ VI. Picea nigra 14
+ VII. Picea rubra 16
+ VIII. Picea alba 18
+ IX. Tsuga Canadensis 20
+ X. Abies balsamea 22
+ XI. Thuja occidentalis 24
+ XII. Cupressus thyoides 26
+ XIII. Juniperus Virginiana 28
+ XIV. Populus tremuloides 30
+ XV. Populus grandidentata 32
+ XVI. Populus heterophylla 34
+ XVII. Populus deltoides 35
+ XVIII. Populus balsamifera 37
+ XIX. Populus candicans 39
+ XX. Salix discolor 41
+ XXI. Salix nigra 43
+ XXII. Juglans cinerea 47
+ XXIII. Juglans nigra 49
+ XXIV. Carya alba 51
+ XXV. Carya tomentosa 53
+ XXVI. Carya porcina 55
+ XXVII. Carya amara 57
+ XXVIII. Ostrya Virginica 58
+ XXIX. Carpinus Caroliniana 60
+ XXX. Betula lenta 62
+ XXXI. Betula lutea 64
+ XXXII. Betula nigra 66
+ XXXIII. Betula populifolia 68
+ XXXIV. Betula papyrifera 70
+ XXXV. Fagus ferruginea 72
+ XXXVI. Castanea sativa, var. Americana 74
+ XXXVII. Quercus alba 77
+ XXXVIII. Quercus stellata 78
+ XXXIX. Quercus macrocarpa 80
+ XL. Quercus bicolor 82
+ XLI. Quercus Prinus 84
+ XLII. Quercus Muhlenbergii 85
+ XLIII. Quercus rubra 87
+ XLIV. Quercus coccinea 89
+ XLV. Quercus velutina 91
+ XLVI. Quercus palustris 93
+ XLVII. Quercus ilicifolia 94
+ XLVIII. Ulmus Americana 97
+ XLIX. Ulmus fulva 98
+ L. Ulmus racemosa 100
+ LI. Celtis occidentalis 102
+ LII. Morus rubra 103
+ LIII. Liriodendron Tulipifera 103
+ LIV. Sassafras officinale 108
+ LV. Liquidambar Styraciflua 109
+ LVI. Platanus occidentalis 111
+ LVII. Pyrus Americana 113
+ LVIII. Pyrus sambucifolia 115
+ LIX. Amelanchier Canadensis 117
+ LX. Crataegus mollis 121
+ LXI. Prunus nigra 123
+ LXII. Prunus Americana 124
+ LXIII. Prunus Pennsylvanica 125
+ LXIV. Prunus Virginiana 126
+ LXV. Prunus serotina 128
+ LXVI. Gleditsia triacanthos 130
+ LXVII. Robinia Pseudacacia 132
+ LXVIII. Rhus typhina 135
+ LXIX. Rhus Vernix 137
+ LXX. Ilex opaca 140
+ LXXI. Acer rubrum 142
+ LXXII. Acer saccharinum 144
+ LXXIII. Acer Saccharum 146
+ LXXIV. Acer Saccharum var. nigrum 147
+ LXXV. Acer spicatum 149
+ LXXVI. Acer Pennsylvanicum 151
+ LXXVII. Acer Negundo 153
+ LXXVIII. Tilia Americana 155
+ LXXIX. Cornus florida 157
+ LXXX. Cornus alternifolia 158
+ LXXXI. Nyssa sylvatica 160
+ LXXXII. Diospyros Virginiana 162
+ LXXXIII. Fraxinus Americana 164
+ LXXXIV. Fraxinus Pennsylvanica 165
+ LXXXV. Fraxinus Pennsylvanica. var. lanceolata 166
+ LXXXVI. Fraxinus nigra 168
+ LXXXVII. Viburnum Lentago 169
+
+
+
+
+BOTANICAL AUTHORITIES.
+
+
+
+
+ PAGE
+ATKINS, C. G. Pinus Banksiana, Lamb 8
+
+AVERILL, C. K. v
+
+ Populus balsamifera, L.
+ (_Rhodora_, II, 35) 36
+
+ Prunus Americana, Marsh. 123
+
+ Quercus Muhlenbergii, Engelm. 84
+
+BAILEY, L. H. Populus candicans, Ait. 37
+
+BAILEY, W. W. Celtis occidentalis, L. 100
+
+ Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, _var._
+ lanceolata, Sarg. 166
+
+BARTRAM, WILLIAM Quercus tinctoria (1791) 89
+
+BATCHELDER, F. W. Betula nigra, L. 65
+
+ Salix discolor, Muhl.
+ (Laconia, N. H.) 41
+
+BATES, J. A. Pinus Banksiana, Lamb 8
+
+ Sassafras officinale, Nees 106
+
+BISHOP, J. N. v
+
+ Celtis occidentalis, L. 100
+
+ Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh. 164
+
+ Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, _var._
+ lanceolata, Sarg. 166
+
+ Juglans nigra, L.
+ (_in lit._, 1896) 48
+
+ Morus rubra, L. 102
+
+ Populus heterophylla, L. 33
+
+ Quercus Muhlenbergii, Engelm. 84
+
+ Thuja occidentalis, L. 23
+
+BISSELL, C. H. v
+
+ Crataegus Crus-Galli, L. 117
+
+ Pinus sylvestris, L.
+ (_in lit._, 1899) 12
+
+ Prunus Americana, Marsh.
+ (_in lit._, 1900) 123
+
+ Rhus copallina 137
+
+BRAINERD, EZRA Carya porcina, Nutt. 53
+
+ Crataegus punctata, Jacq. 118
+
+ Ulmus racemosa, Thomas 99
+
+BREWSTER, WILLIAM Pinus Banksiana, Lamb 8
+
+BRITTON, NATHANIEL LORD Acer Saccharum, _var._ nigrum 172
+
+BROWNE, D. T. Ilex opaca (_Trees of North
+ America_, 1846) 139
+
+_Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club_, XVIII, 150
+
+Pinus Banksiana, Lamb 8
+
+CHAMBERLAIN, E. B. Ulmus fulva, Michx. (1898) 97
+
+CHURCHILL, J. R. Prunus Americana, Marsh. 123
+
+COLLINS, J. F. v
+ Gleditsia triacanthos, L. 129
+
+DAME. L. L. Crataegus Crus-Galli, L. 171
+ Salix fragilis, L. (_Typical Elms and
+ other Trees of Massachusetts_,
+ p. 85) 44
+
+DAY, F. M. Pinus Banksiana, Lamb 8
+
+DEANE, WALTER Sassafras officinale, Nees (1895) 106
+
+DUDLEY, W. R. Populus heterophylla, L. 33
+
+EGGLESTON, W.W. Carya porcina, Nutt. 53
+ Celtis occidentalis, L. 100
+ Morus rubra, L. 102
+ Platanus occidentalis, L. 110
+ Populus deltoides, Marsh. 34
+ Sassafras officinale, Nees. 106
+ Ulmus racemosa, Thomas. 99
+
+ENGLER, ADOLPH v
+
+FERNALD, M. L. Fraxinus Pennsylvania, Marsh, _var._
+ lanceolata, Sarg. (_in lit._, Sept.,
+ 1901) 172
+ Gleditsia triacanthos, L. 129
+ Populus balsamifera, L. _var._
+ candicans, Gray (_Rhodora_.
+ III, 233) 171
+ Salix balsamifera, Barratt. 171
+ Salix discolor, Muhl.
+ (_in lit._, Sept., 1901) 171
+
+FLAGG Morus rubra, L. 102
+
+FLINT, W. F. v
+ Acer Negundo, L. 151
+ Quercus alba, L. 75
+
+_Flora of Vermont_ Betula lenta, L. (1900) 61
+ Crataegus Crus-Galli, L. (1900) 117
+ Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh.
+ (1900) 164
+ Picea nigra, Link (1900) 12
+ Pinus rigida, Mill (1900) 6
+ Populus deltoides, Marsh. (1900) 34
+ Quercus alba, L. (1900) 75
+
+FURBISH, MISS KATE Crataegus coccinea, L. (May, 1899) 119
+ Pinus Banksiana, Lamb 8
+
+GOODALE, G. L. Pinus Banksiana. Lamb 8
+
+GRANT Sassafras officinale, Nees 106
+
+GRAY, ASA Ilex opaca, Ait. (_Manual of
+ Botany_, 6th ed.) 138
+
+HAINES, MRS. Pinus Banksiana, Lamb 8
+
+HARGER, E. B. Picea nigra (_Rhodora_, II, 126) 13
+
+HARPER, R. M. Liriodendron Tulipifera, L. (_Rhodora_
+ II, 122) 104
+
+HARRINGTON, A. K. Picea alba, Link 17
+
+HASKINS, T. H. Ulmus racemosa, Thomas (_Garden and
+ Forest_, V, 86) 99
+
+HOLMES, DR. EZEKIEL Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh 159
+
+HOSFORD, F. H. Crataegus mollis, Scheele 120
+
+HOYT, MISS FANNY E. Pinus Banksiana, Lamb 8
+
+HUMPHREY, J. E. Picea alba, Link 17
+ Quercus palustris, Du Roi
+ (_Amherst Trees_) 91
+
+JACK, J. G. Crataegus coccinea, L. (1899-1900) 119
+
+JESSUP, HENRY GRISWOLD Carya amara, Nutt 55
+ Ulmus racemosa, Thomas 99
+
+JOSSELYN, JOHN Sassafras officinale, Nees (_New England
+ Rarities_, 1672) 106
+
+KNOWLTON, C. H. Pinus rigida, Mill. (_Rhodora_, II, 124) 6
+
+MANNING, WARREN H. vi
+
+MATTHEWS, F. SCHUYLER Morus rubra. L. 102
+
+MICHAUX, FILS, FRANCOIS ANDRE Ulmus fulva (_Sylva of North
+ America_, III, ed. 1853) 97
+
+MORRIS, E. L. v
+
+MORSS, CHARLES H. vi
+
+OAKES, WILLIAM Morus rubra, L. 102
+
+PARLIN, J. C. Sassafras officinale, Nees (1896) 106
+
+PRANTL, KARL VON v
+
+PRINGLE, C. G. Pinus Banksiana, Lamb 8
+ Pyrus sambucifolia, Cham.
+ & Schlecht 113
+ Quercus Muhlenbergii, Engelm 84
+
+RAND, E. L. Pinus Banksiana 8
+
+_Rhodora_, III, 234 Acer Saccharum, Marsh., _var._ barbatum,
+ Trelease 172
+ Acer Saccharum, Marsh., _var._ nigrum,
+ Britton 172
+
+_Rhodora_, III, 58 Ilex opaca, Ait. 139
+
+_Rhodora_, III, 234 Prunus Americana, Marsh 171
+
+ROBBINS, JAMES W. Sassafras officinale, Nees 106
+ Ulmus racemosa, Thomas 99
+
+ROBINSON, DR. B. L. vi
+
+ROBINSON, JOHN Crataegus coccinea, L. (1900) 119
+
+ROBINSON, R. E. Pinus Banksiana, Lamb 8
+
+RUSSELL, L. W. Diospyros Virginiana. L. 161
+ Quercus palustris, Du Roi 92
+ Quercus stellata. Wang 77
+
+SARGENT, CHARLES S. Crataegus coccinea, L. (_Botanical
+ Gazette_, XXXI, 12, 1901, by permission) 119
+ Crataegus mollis, Scheele
+ (_Botanical Gazette_. XXXI, 7, 223, 1901) 121
+
+SETCHELL, W. A. Populus heterophylla. L. 33
+
+STONE, W. E. Quercus palustris.
+ Du Roi (_Bull. Torr. Club_, IX, 57) 91
+
+SWAN, DR. C. W. vi
+
+TERRY, MRS. EMILY H. Picea alba. Link 17
+
+TRELEASE, WILLIAM Acer Saccharum, Marsh., _var._ barbatum 172
+
+TUCKERMAN, EDWARD Betula papyrifera, _var._ minor, Marsh. 68
+
+WAGHORNE, A. C. Crataegus coccinea, L. (1894) 119
+
+
+
+
+ABBREVIATIONS.
+
+ Ait.--Aiton, William.
+
+ Barratt, Joseph.
+ B. S. P.--Britton, Nathaniel Lord, Sterns, E. E., and Poggenburg,
+ Justus F.
+ Borkh.--Borkhausen, M. B.
+
+ Carr.--Carriere, Eli Abel.
+ Cham.--Chamisso, Adelbert von.
+ Coulter, John Merle.
+
+ DC.--De Candolle, Augustin Pyramus.
+ Desf.--Desfontaines, Rene Louiche.
+ Du Roi, Johann Philip.
+
+ Ehrh.--Ehrhart, Friedrich.
+ Engelm.--Engelmann, George.
+
+ Gray, Asa.
+
+ Jacq.--Jacquin, Nicholaus Joseph.
+
+ Karst.--Karsten, Hermann Gustav Karl Wilhelm.
+ Koch, Wilhelm Daniel Joseph.
+
+ L.--Linnaeus, Carolus.
+ L. f.--Linnaeus, fils, Carl von.
+ Lam.--Lamarck, J. B. P. A. de Monet.
+ Lamb, Aylmer Bourke.
+ Link, Heinrich Friedrich.
+
+ Marsh.--Marshall, Humphrey.
+ Medic.--Medicus, Friedrich Casimir.
+ Michx.--Michaux, Andre.
+ Michaux, fils.--Francois Andre.
+ Mill.--Miller, Philip.
+ Moench, Konrad.
+ Muhl.--Muhlenberg, H. Ernst.
+
+ Nees--Nees von Esenbeck, C. G.
+ Nutt.--Nuttall, Thomas.
+
+ Peck, Charles H.
+ Poggenburg, Justus F.
+ Pursh, Friedrich Trangott.
+
+ Roem.--Roemer, Johann Jacob.
+
+ Sarg.--Sargent, Charles S.
+ Scheele, A.
+ Schlecht--Schlechtendal, D. F. L. von.
+ Schr.--Schrader, Heinrich A.
+ Spach, Eduard.
+ Sterns, E. E.
+ Sudw.--Sudworth, George B.
+ Sweet, Robert.
+
+ T. and G.--Torrey, John, and Gray, Asa.
+ Thomas, David.
+
+ Vent.--Ventenat, Etienne Pierre.
+
+ Walt.--Walter, Thomas.
+ Wang.--Wangenheim, F. A. J. von.
+ Watson, Sereno.
+ Waugh, Frank A.
+ Willd.--Willdenow, Carl Ludwig.
+
+
+
+
+TREES OF NEW ENGLAND.
+
+
+
+
+PINOIDEAE. PINE FAMILY. CONIFERS.
+
+
+ABIETACEAE. CUPRESSACEAE.
+
+Trees or shrubs, resinous; leaves simple, mostly evergreen, relatively
+small, entire, needle-shaped, awl-shaped, linear, or scale-like;
+stipules none; flowers catkin-like; calyx none; corolla none; ovary
+represented by a scale (ovuliferous scale) bearing the naked ovules on
+its surface.
+
+
+ABIETACEAE.
+
+LARIX. PINUS. PICEA. TSUGA. ABIES.
+
+Buds scaly; leaves evergreen and persistent for several years (except in
+_Larix_), scattered along the twigs, spirally arranged or tufted,
+linear, needle-shaped, or scale-like; sterile and fertile flowers
+separate upon the same plant; stamens (subtended by scales) spirally
+arranged upon a central axis, each bearing two pollen-sacs surmounted by
+a broad-toothed connective; fertile flowers composed of spirally
+arranged bracts or cover-scales, each bract subtending an ovuliferous
+scale; cover-scale and ovuliferous scale attached at their bases;
+cover-scale usually remaining small, ovuliferous scale enlarging,
+especially after fertilization, gradually becoming woody or leathery and
+bearing two ovules at its base; cones maturing (except in _Pinus_) the
+first year; ovuliferous scales in fruit usually known as cone-scales;
+seeds winged; roots mostly spreading horizontally at a short distance
+below the surface.
+
+
+CUPRESSACEAE.
+
+THUJA. CUPRESSUS. JUNIPERUS.
+
+Leaf-buds not scaly; leaves evergreen and persistent for several years,
+opposite, verticillate, or sometimes scattered, scale-like, often
+needle-shaped in seedlings and sometimes upon the branches of older
+plants; flowers minute; stamens and pistils in separate blossoms upon
+the same plant or upon different plants; stamens usually bearing 3-5
+pollen-sacs on the underside; scales of fertile aments few, opposite or
+ternate; fruit small cones, or berries formed by coalescence of the
+fleshy cone-scales; otherwise as in _Abietaceae_.
+
+
+Larix Americana, Michx.
+
+_Larix laricina, Koch._
+
+TAMARACK. HACMATACK. LARCH. JUNIPER.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Low lands, shaded hillsides, borders of ponds; in
+New England preferring cold swamps; sometimes far up mountain slopes.
+
+ Labrador, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia, west to the Rocky
+ mountains; from the Rockies through British Columbia, northward
+ along the Yukon and Mackenzie systems, to the limit of tree growth
+ beyond the Arctic circle.
+
+Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont,--abundant, filling swamps acres in
+extent, alone or associated with other trees, mostly black spruce;
+growing depressed and scattered on Katahdin at an altitude of 4000 feet;
+Massachusetts,--rather common, at least northward; Rhode Island,--not
+reported; Connecticut,--occasional in the northern half of the state;
+reported as far south as Danbury (Fairfield county).
+
+ South along the mountains to New Jersey and Pennsylvania; west to
+ Minnesota.
+
+=Habit.=--The only New England conifer that drops its leaves in the
+fall; a tree 30-70 feet high, reduced at great elevations to a height of
+1-2 feet, or to a shrub; trunk 1-3 feet in diameter, straight, slender;
+branches very irregular or in indistinct whorls, for the most part
+nearly horizontal; often ending in long spire-like shoots; branchlets
+numerous, head conical, symmetrical while the tree is young, especially
+when growing in open swamps; when old extremely variable, occasionally
+with contorted or drooping limbs; foliage pale green, turning to a dull
+yellow in autumn.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk reddish or grayish brown, separating at the
+surface into small roundish scales in old trees, in young trees smooth;
+season's shoots gray or light brown in autumn.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, globular, reddish.
+
+Leaves simple, scattered along the season's shoots, clustered on the
+short, thick dwarf branches, about an inch long, pale green,
+needle-shaped; apex obtuse; sessile.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--March to April. Flowers lateral, solitary, erect; the
+sterile from leafless, the fertile from leafy dwarf branches; sterile
+roundish, sessile; anthers yellow: fertile oblong, short-stalked; bracts
+crimson or red.
+
+=Fruit.=--Cones upon dwarf branches, erect or inclining upwards, ovoid
+to cylindrical, 1/2-3/4 of an inch long, purplish or reddish brown while
+growing, light brown at maturity, persistent for at least a year; scales
+thin, obtuse to truncate; edge entire, minutely toothed or erose; seeds
+small, winged.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England; grows in any good soil,
+preferring moist locations; the formal outline of the young trees
+becomes broken, irregular, and picturesque with age, making the mature
+tree much more attractive than the European species common to
+cultivation. Rarely for sale in nurseries, but obtainable from
+collectors. To be successfully transplanted, it must be handled when
+dormant. Propagated from seed.
+
+ =Note.=--The European species, with which the mature plant is often
+ confused, has somewhat longer leaves and larger cones; a form
+ common in cultivation has long, pendulous branches.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE I.--Larix Americana.]
+
+ 1. Branch with sterile and fertile flowers.
+ 2. Sterile flowers.
+ 3. Different views of stamens.
+ 4. Ovuliferous scale with ovules.
+ 5. Fruiting branch.
+ 6. Open cone.
+ 7. Cone-scale with seeds.
+ 8. Leaf.
+ 9. Cross-section of leaf.
+
+
+PINUS.
+
+The leaves are of two kinds, primary and secondary; the primary are
+thin, deciduous scales, in the axils of which the secondary leaf-buds
+stand; the inner scales of those leaf-buds form a loose, deciduous
+sheath which encloses the secondary or foliage leaves, which in our
+species are all minutely serrulate.
+
+
+Pinus Strobus, L.
+
+WHITE PINE.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In fertile soils; moist woodlands or dry uplands.
+
+ Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, through Quebec and Ontario, to Lake
+ Winnipeg.
+
+New England,--common, from the vicinity of the seacoast to altitudes of
+2500 feet, forming extensive forests.
+
+ South along the mountains to Georgia, ascending to 2500 feet in the
+ Adirondacks and to 4300 in North Carolina; west to Minnesota and
+ Iowa.
+
+=Habit.=--The tallest tree and the stateliest conifer of the New England
+forest, ordinarily from 50 to 80 feet high and 2-4 feet in diameter at
+the ground, but in northern New England, where patches of the primeval
+forest still remain, attaining a diameter of 3-7 feet and a height
+ranging from 100 to 150 feet, rising in sombre majesty far above its
+deciduous neighbors; trunk straight, tapering very gradually; branches
+nearly horizontal, wide-spreading, in young trees in whorls usually of
+five, the whorls becoming more or less indistinct in old trees;
+branchlets and season's shoots slender; head cone-shaped, broad at the
+base, clothed with soft, delicate, bluish-green foliage; roots running
+horizontally near the surface, taking firm hold in rocky situations,
+extremely durable when exposed.
+
+=Bark.=--On trunks of old trees thick, shallow-channeled, broad-ridged;
+on stems of young trees and upon branches smooth, greenish; season's
+shoots at first rusty-scurfy or puberulent, in late autumn becoming
+smooth and light russet brown.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Leading branch-buds 1/4-1/2 inch long, oblong
+or ovate-oblong, sharp-pointed; scales yellowish-brown.
+
+Foliage leaves in clusters of five, slender, 3-5 inches long, soft
+bluish-green, needle-shaped, 3-sided, mucronate, each with a single
+fibrovascular bundle, sessile.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--June. Sterile flowers at the base of the season's
+shoots, in clusters, each flower about one inch long, oval, light brown;
+stamens numerous; connectives scale-like: fertile flowers near the
+terminal bud of the season's shoots, long-stalked, cylindrical; scales
+pink-margined.
+
+=Fruit.=--Cones, 4-6 inches long, short-stalked, narrow-cylindrical,
+often curved, finally pendent, green, maturing the second year; scales
+rather loose, scarcely thickened at the apex, not spiny; seeds winged,
+smooth.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; free from disease;
+grows well in almost any soil, but prefers a light fertile loam; in open
+ground retains its lower branches for many years. Good plants, grown
+from seed, are usually readily obtainable in nurseries; small collected
+plants from open ground can be moved in sods with little risk.
+
+Several horticultural forms are occasionally cultivated which are
+distinguished by variations in foliage, trailing branches, dense and
+rounded heads, and dwarfed or cylindrical habits of growth.
+
+ PLATE II. PINUS STROBUS.
+
+ 1. Branch with sterile flowers.
+ 2. Stamen.
+ 3. Branch with fertile flowers.
+ 4. Bract and ovuliferous scale, outer side.
+ 5. Ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side.
+ 6. Branch with cones.
+ 7. Cross-section of leaf.
+
+
+Pinus rigida, Mill.
+
+PITCH PINE. HARD PINE.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Most common in dry, sterile soils, occasional in
+swamps.
+
+ New Brunswick to Lake Ontario.
+
+Maine,--mostly in the southwestern section near the seacoast; as far
+north as Chesterville, Franklin county (C. H. Knowlton, _Rhodora_, II,
+124); scarcely more than a shrub near its northern limits; New
+Hampshire,--most common along the Merrimac valley to the White mountains
+and up the Connecticut valley to the mouth of the Passumpsic, reaching
+an altitude of 1000 feet above the sea level; Vermont,--common in the
+northern Champlain valley, less frequent in the Connecticut valley
+(_Flora of Vermont_, 1900); common in the other New England states,
+often forming large tracts of woodland, sometimes exclusively occupying
+extensive areas.
+
+ South to Virginia and along the mountains to northern Georgia; west
+ to western New York, Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee.
+
+=Habit.=--Usually a low tree, from 30 to 50 feet high, with a diameter
+of 1-2 feet at the ground, but not infrequently rising to 70-80 feet,
+with a diameter of 2-4 feet; trunk straight or more or less tortuous,
+tapering rather rapidly; branches rising at a wide angle with the stem,
+often tortuous, and sometimes drooping at the extremities, distinctly
+whorled in young trees, but gradually losing nearly every trace of
+regularity; roughest of our pines, the entire framework rough at every
+stage of growth; head variable, open, often scraggly, widest near the
+base and sometimes dome-shaped in young trees; branchlets stout,
+terminating in rigid, spreading tufts of foliage.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE II.--Pinus Strobus.]
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk in old trees thick, deeply furrowed, with broad
+connecting ridges, separating on the surface into coarse dark grayish or
+reddish brown scales; younger stems and branches very rough, separating
+into scales; season's shoots rough to the tips.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Leading branch-buds 1/2-3/4 inch long,
+narrow-cylindrical or ovate, acute at the apex, resin-coated; scales
+brownish.
+
+Foliage leaves in threes, 3-5 inches long, stout, stiff, dark
+yellowish-green, 3-sided, sharp-pointed, with two fibrovascular bundles;
+sessile; sheaths when young about 1/2 inch long.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Sterile flowers at the base of the season's shoots,
+clustered; stamens numerous; anthers yellow: fertile flowers at a slight
+angle with and along the sides of the season's shoots, single or
+clustered.
+
+=Fruit.=--Cones lateral, single or in clusters, nearly or quite sessile,
+finally at right angles to the stem or twisted slightly downward, ovoid,
+ovate-conical; subspherical when open, ripening the second season;
+scales thickened at the apex, armed with stout, straight or recurved
+prickles.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; well adapted to
+exposed situations on highlands or along the seacoast; grows in almost
+any soil, but thrives best in sandy or gravelly moist loams; valuable
+among other trees for color-effects and occasional picturesqueness of
+outline; mostly uninteresting and of uncertain habit; subject to the
+loss of the lower limbs, and not readily transplanted; very seldom
+offered in quantity by nurserymen; obtainable from collectors, but
+collected plants are seldom successful. Usually propagated from the
+seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE III.--Pinus rigida.]
+
+ 1. Branch with sterile flowers.
+ 2. Stamen, front view.
+ 3. Stamen, top view.
+ 4. Branch with fertile flowers.
+ 5. Fertile flower showing bract and ovuliferous scale, outer side.
+ 6. Fertile flower showing ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side.
+ 7. Fruiting branch with cones one and two years old.
+ 8. Open cone.
+ 9. Seed.
+ 10. Cross-section of leaf.
+
+
+=Pinus Banksiana, Lamb.=
+
+_Pinus divaricata. Sudw._
+
+SCRUB PINE. GRAY PINE. SPRUCE PINE. JACK PINE.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Sterile, sandy soil: lowlands, boggy plains, rocky
+slopes.
+
+ Nova Scotia, northwesterly to the Athabasca river, and northerly
+ down the Mackenzie to the Arctic circle.
+
+Maine,--Traveller mountain and Grand lake (G. L. Goodale); Beal's island
+on Washington county coast, Harrington, Orland, and Cape Rosier (C. G.
+Atkins); Schoodic peninsula in Gouldsboro, a forest 30 feet high (F. M.
+Day, E. L. Rand, _et al._); Flagstaff (Miss Kate Furbush); east branch
+of Penobscot (Mrs. Haines); the Forks (Miss Fanny E. Hoyt); Lake Umbagog
+(Wm. Brewster); New Hampshire,--around the shores of Lake Umbagog, on
+points extending into the lake, rare (Wm. Brewster _in lit._, 1899);
+Welch mountains (_Bull. Torr. Bot. Club_, XVIII, 150); Vermont,--rare,
+but few trees at each station; Monkton in Addison county (R. E.
+Robinson); Fairfax, Franklin county (Bates); Starkesboro (Pringle).
+
+ West through northern New York, northern Illinois, and Michigan to
+ Minnesota.
+
+=Habit.=--Usually a low tree, 15-30 feet high and 6-8 inches in diameter
+at the ground, but under favorable conditions, as upon the wooded points
+and islands of Lake Umbagog, attaining a height of 50-60 feet, with a
+diameter of 10-15 inches. Extremely variable in habit. In thin soils and
+upon bleak sites the trunk is for the most part crooked and twisted, the
+head scrubby, stunted, and variously distorted, resembling in shape and
+proportions the pitch pine under similar conditions. In deeper soils,
+and in situations protected from the winds, the stem is erect, slender,
+and tapering, surmounted by a stately head with long, flexible branches,
+scarcely less regular in outline than the spruce. Foliage
+yellowish-green, bunched at the ends of the branchlets.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk in old trees dark brown, rounded-ridged,
+rough-scaly at the surface; branchlets dark purplish-brown, rough with
+the persistent bases of the fallen leaves; season's shoots
+yellowish-green, turning to reddish-brown.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Branch-buds light brown, ovate, apex acute or
+rounded, usually enclosed in resin.
+
+Leaves in twos, divergent from a short close sheath, about 1 inch in
+length and scarcely 1/12 inch in width, yellowish-green, numerous,
+stiff, curved or twisted, cross-section showing two fibrovascular
+bundles; outline narrowly linear; apex sharp-pointed; outer surface
+convex, inner concave or flat.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--June. Sterile flowers at the base of the season's
+shoots, clustered, oblong-rounded: fertile flowers along the sides or
+about the terminal buds of the season's shoots, single, in twos or in
+clusters; bracts ovate, roundish, purplish.
+
+=Fruit.=--Cones often numerous, 1-2 inches long, pointing in the general
+direction of the twig on which they grow, frequently curved at the tip,
+whitish-yellow when young, and brown at maturity; scales when mature
+without prickles, thickened at the apex; outline very irregular but in
+general oblong-conical. The open cones, which are usually much
+distorted, with scales at base closed, have a similar outline.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England; slow growing and hard to
+transplant; useful in poor soil; seldom offered by nurserymen or
+collectors. Propagated from seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE IV.--Pinus Banksiana.]
+
+ 1. Branch with sterile flowers.
+ 2. Stamen, front view.
+ 3. Stamen, top view.
+ 4. Branch with fertile flowers.
+ 5. Ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side.
+ 6. Fruiting branch.
+ 7. Open cone.
+ 8, 9. Variant leaves.
+ 10, 11. Cross-sections of leaves.
+
+
+Pinus resinosa, Ait.
+
+RED PINE. NORWAY PINE.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In poor soils: sandy plains, dry woods.
+
+ Newfoundland and New Brunswick, throughout Quebec and Ontario, to
+ the southern end of Lake Winnipeg.
+
+Maine,--common, plains, Brunswick (Cumberland county); woods, Bristol
+(Lincoln county); from Amherst (western part of Hancock county) and
+Clifton (southeastern part of Penobscot county) northward just east of
+the Penobscot river the predominant tree, generally on dry ridges and
+eskers, but in Greenbush and Passadumkeag growing abundantly on peat
+bogs with black spruce; hillsides and lower mountains about Moosehead,
+scattered; New Hampshire,--ranges with the pitch pine as far north as
+the White mountains, but is less common, usually in groves of a few to
+several hundred acres in extent; Vermont,--less common than _P. Strobus_
+or _P. rigida_, but not rare; Massachusetts,--still more local, in
+stations widely separated, single trees or small groups; Rhode
+Island,--occasional; Connecticut,--not reported.
+
+ South to Pennsylvania; west through Michigan and Wisconsin to
+ Minnesota.
+
+=Habit.=--The most beautiful of the New England pines, 50-75 feet high,
+with a diameter of 2-3 feet at the ground; reaching in Maine a height of
+100 feet and upwards; trunk straight, scarcely tapering; branches low,
+stout, horizontal or scarcely declined, forming a broad-based, rounded
+or conical head of great beauty when young, becoming more or less
+irregular with age; foliage of a rich dark green, in long dense tufts at
+the ends of the branches.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk reddish-brown, in old trees marked by flat ridges
+which separate on the surface into thin, flat, loose scales; branchlets
+rough with persistent bases of leaf buds; season's shoots stout,
+orange-brown, smooth.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Leading branch-buds conical, about 3/4
+inch long, tapering to a sharp point, reddish-brown, invested with
+rather loose scales.
+
+Foliage leaves in twos, from close, elongated, persistent, and
+conspicuous sheaths, about 6 inches long, dark green, needle-shaped,
+straight, sharply and stiffly pointed, the outer surface round and the
+inner flattish, both surfaces marked by lines of minute pale dots.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Sterile flowers clustered at the base of the season's
+shoots, oblong, 1/2-3/4 inch long: fertile flowers single or few, at the
+ends of the season's shoots.
+
+=Fruit.=--Cones near extremity of shoot, at right angles to the stem,
+maturing the second year, 1-3 inches long, ovate to oblong conical; when
+opened broadly oval or roundish; scales not hooked or pointed, thickened
+at the apex.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England; a tall, dark-foliaged
+evergreen, for which there is no substitute; grows rapidly in all
+well-drained soils and in exposed inland or seashore situations; seldom
+disfigured by insects or disease; difficult to transplant and not common
+in nurseries. Propagated from seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE V.--Pinus resinosa.]
+
+ 1. Branch with sterile flowers.
+ 2. Stamen, front view.
+ 3. Stamen, top view.
+ 4. Branch with fertile flowers and one-year-old cones.
+ 5. Bract and ovuliferous scale, outer side.
+ 6. Ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side.
+ 7. Fruiting branch showing cones of three different seasons.
+ 8. Seeds with cone-scale.
+ 9, 10. Cross-sections of leaves.
+
+
+= Pinus sylvestris, L.=
+
+SCOTCH PINE (sometimes incorrectly called the Scotch fir).
+
+Indigenous in the northern parts of Scotland and in the Alps, and from
+Sweden and Norway, where it forms large forests eastward throughout
+northern Europe and Asia.
+
+At Southington, Conn., many of these trees, probably originating from an
+introduced pine in the vicinity, were formerly scattered over a rocky
+pasture and in the adjoining woods, a tract of about two acres in
+extent. Most of these were cut down in 1898, but the survivors, if left
+to themselves, will doubtless multiply rapidly, as the conditions have
+proved very favorable (C. H. Bissell _in lit._, 1899).
+
+Like _P. resinosa_ and _P. Banksiana_, it has its foliage leaves in
+twos, with neither of which, however, is it likely to be confounded;
+aside from the habit, which is quite different, it may be distinguished
+from the former by the shortness of its leaves, which are less than 2
+inches long, while those of _P. resinosa_ are 5 or 6; and from the
+latter by the position of its cones, which point outward and downward at
+maturity, while those of _P. Banksiana_ follow the direction of the
+twig.
+
+
+Picea nigra, Link.
+
+_Picea Mariana, B. S. P. (including Picea brevifolia, Peck)._
+
+BLACK SPRUCE. SWAMP SPRUCE. DOUBLE SPRUCE. WATER SPRUCE.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Swamps, sphagnum bogs, shores of rivers and ponds,
+wet, rocky hillsides; not uncommon, especially northward, on dry uplands
+and mountain slopes.
+
+ Labrador, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia, westward beyond the Rocky
+ mountains, extending northward along the tributaries of the Yukon
+ in Alaska.
+
+Maine,--common throughout, covering extensive areas almost to the
+exclusion of other trees in the central and northern sections,
+occasional on the top of Katahdin (5215 feet); New Hampshire and
+Vermont,--common in sphagnum swamps of low and high altitudes; the dwarf
+form, var. _semi-prostrata_, occurs on the summit of Mt. Mansfield
+(_Flora of Vermont_, 1900); Massachusetts,--frequent; Rhode Island,--not
+reported; Connecticut,--rare; on north shore of Spectacle ponds in Kent
+(Litchfield county), at an elevation of 1200 feet; Newton (Fairfield
+county), a few scattered trees in a swamp at an altitude of 400 feet:
+(New Haven county) a few small trees at Bethany; at Middlebury abundant
+in a swamp of five acres (E. B. Harger, _Rhodora_, II, 126).
+
+ South along the mountains to North Carolina and Tennessee; west
+ through the northern tier of states to Minnesota.
+
+=Habit.=--In New England, usually a small, slender tree, 10-30 feet high
+and 5-8 inches in diameter; attaining northward and westward much
+greater dimensions; reduced at high elevation to a shrub or dwarf tree,
+2 or 3 feet high; trunk tapering very slowly, forming a narrow-based,
+conical, more or less irregular head; branches rather short, scarcely
+whorled, horizontal or more frequently declining with an upward tendency
+at the ends, often growing in open swamps almost to the ground, the
+lowest prostrate, sometimes rooting at their tips and sending up shoots;
+spray stiff and rather slender; foliage dark bluish-green or glaucous.
+This tree often begins to blossom after attaining a height of 2-5 feet,
+the terminal cones each season remaining persistent at the base of the
+branches, sometimes for many years.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk grayish-brown, separating into rather close, thin
+scales; branchlets roughened with the footstalks of the fallen leaves;
+twigs in autumn dull reddish-brown with a minute, erect, pale, rusty
+pubescence, or nearly smooth.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds scaly, ovate, pointed, reddish-brown.
+Leaves scattered, needle-shaped, dark bluish-green, the upper sides
+becoming yellowish in the sunlight, the faces marked by parallel rows of
+minute bluish dots which sometimes give a glaucous effect to the lower
+surface or even the whole leaf on the new shoots, 4-angled, 1/4-3/4 of
+an inch long, straight or slightly incurved, blunt at the apex, abruptly
+tipped or mucronate, sessile on persistent, decurrent footstalks.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April to May, a week or two earlier than the red
+spruce; sterile flowers terminal or axillary, on wood of the preceding
+year; about 3/8 inch long, ovate; anthers madder-red: fertile flowers at
+or near end of season's shoots, erect; scales madder-red, spirally
+imbricated, broader than long, margin erose, rarely entire.
+
+=Fruit.=--Cones, single or clustered at or near ends of the season's
+shoots, attached to the upper side of the twig, but turning downward by
+the twisting of the stout stalk, often persistent for years; 1/2-1-1/2
+inches long; purplish or grayish brown at the end of the first season,
+finally becoming dull reddish or grayish brown, ovate, ovate-oval, or
+nearly globular when open; scales rigid, thin, reddish on the inner
+surface; margin rounded, uneven, eroded, bifid, or rarely entire.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Best adapted to cool, moist soils; of little
+value under cultivation; young plants seldom preserving the broad-based,
+cone-like, symmetrical heads common in the spruce swamps, the lower
+branches dying out and the whole tree becoming scraggly and unsightly.
+Seldom offered by nurserymen.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE VI.--Picea nigra.]
+
+ 1. Branch with sterile flowers.
+ 2. Stamen, front view.
+ 3. Stamen, side view.
+ 4. Stamen, top view.
+ 5. Branch with fertile flowers.
+ 6. Cover-scale and ovuliferous scale, outer side.
+ 7. Ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side.
+ 8. Fruiting branch.
+ 9. Seed.
+ 10. Leaf.
+ 11. Cross-sections of leaves.
+
+
+=Picea rubra, Link.=
+
+_Picea rubens, Sarg. Picea nigra, var. rubra, Engelm._
+
+RED SPRUCE.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Cool, rich woods, well-drained valleys, slopes of
+mountains, not infrequently extending down to the borders of swamps.
+
+ Prince Edward island and Nova Scotia, along the valley of the St.
+ Lawrence.
+
+Maine,--throughout: most common towards the coast and in the
+extreme north, thus forming a belt around the central area, where
+it is often quite wanting except on cool or elevated slopes; New
+Hampshire,--throughout; the most abundant conifer of upper Coos, the
+White mountain region where it climbs to the alpine area, and the higher
+parts of the Connecticut-Merrimac watershed; Vermont,--throughout; the
+common spruce of the Green mountains, often in dense groves on rocky
+slopes with thin soil; Massachusetts,--common in the mountainous regions
+of Berkshire county and on uplands in the northern sections, occasional
+southward; Rhode Island and Connecticut,--not reported.
+
+ South along the Alleghanies to Georgia, ascending to an altitude of
+ 4500 feet in the Adirondacks, and 4000-5000 feet in West Virginia;
+ west through the northern tier of states to Minnesota.
+
+=Habit.=--A hardy tree, 40-75 feet high; trunk 1-2-1/2 feet in diameter,
+straight, tapering very slowly; branches longer than those of the black
+spruce, irregularly whorled or scattered, the lower often declined,
+sometimes resting on the ground, the upper rising toward the light,
+forming while the tree is young a rather regular, narrow, conical head,
+which in old age and in bleak mountain regions becomes, by the loss of
+branches, less symmetrical but more picturesque; foliage dark
+yellowish-green.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk smoothish and mottled on young trees, at length
+separating into small, thin, flat, reddish scales; in old trees striate
+with shallow sinuses, separating into ashen-white plates, often
+partially detached; spray reddish or yellowish white in autumn with
+minute, erect, pale rusty pubescence.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds scaly, conical, brownish, 1/3 inch long.
+Leaves solitary, at first closely appressed around the young shoots,
+ultimately pointing outward, those on the underside often twisting
+upward, giving a brush-like appearance to the twig, 1/2-3/4 inch long,
+straight or curved (curvature more marked than in _P. nigra_),
+needle-shaped, dark yellowish-green, 4-angled; apex blunt or more or
+less pointed, often mucronate; base blunt; sessile on persistent
+leaf-cushions.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Sterile flowers terminal or axillary on wood of
+the preceding year, 1/2-3/4 inch long, cylindrical; anthers pinkish-red:
+fertile flowers lateral along previous season's shoots, erect; scales
+madder-purple, spirally imbricated, broader than long, margin entire or
+slightly erose.
+
+=Fruit.=--Cones; single or clustered, lateral along the previous
+season's shoots, recurved, mostly pointing downward at various angles,
+on short stalks, falling the first autumn but sometimes persistent a
+year longer, 1-2 inches long (usually larger than those of _P. nigra_),
+reddish-brown, mostly ovate; scales thin, stiff, rounded; margin entire
+or slightly irregular.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; adapts itself to a
+great variety of soils and lives to a great age. Its narrow-based
+conical form, dense foliage, and yellow green coloring form an effective
+contrast with most other evergreens. It grows, however, slowly, is
+subject to the loss of its lower branches and to disfigurement by
+insects. Seldom offered in nurseries.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE VII.--Picea rubra.]
+
+ 1. Branch with sterile flowers.
+ 2. Stamen, front view.
+ 3. Stamen, side view.
+ 4. Branch with fertile flowers.
+ 5. Cover-scale and ovuliferous scale, outer side.
+ 6. Ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side.
+ 7. Fruiting branch with cones of two seasons.
+ 8. Seed.
+ 9. Leaf.
+ 10. Cross-sections of leaves.
+
+
+=Picea alba, Link.=
+
+_Picea Canadensis, B. S. P._
+
+WHITE SPRUCE. CAT SPRUCE.[1] SKUNK SPRUCE.[2] LABRADOR SPRUCE.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Low, damp, but not wet woods; dry, sandy soils,
+high rocky slopes and exposed hilltops, often in scanty soil.
+
+[Footnote 1, 2: So called from the peculiarly unpleasant odor of the
+crushed foliage and young shoots,--a characteristic which readily
+distinguishes it from the _P. nigra_ and _P. rubra_.]
+
+ Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, through the provinces of Quebec and
+ Ontario to Manitoba and British Columbia, northward beyond all
+ other trees, within 20 miles of the Arctic sea.
+
+Maine,--frequent in sandy soils, often more common than _P. rubra_, as
+far south as the shores of Casco bay; New Hampshire,--abundant around
+the shores of the Connecticut river, disappearing southward at
+Fifteen-Mile falls; Vermont,--restricted mainly to the northern
+sections, more common in the northeast; Massachusetts,--occasional in
+the mountainous regions of Berkshire county; a few trees in Hancock (A.
+K. Harrington); as far south as Amherst (J. E. Humphrey) and Northampton
+(Mrs. Emily H. Terry), probably about the southern limit of the species;
+Rhode Island and Connecticut,--not reported.
+
+ West through the northern sections of the northern tier of states
+ to the Rocky mountains.
+
+=Habit.=--A handsome tree, 40-75 feet high, with a diameter of 1-2 feet
+at the ground, the trunk tapering slowly, throwing out numerous
+scattered or irregularly whorled, gently ascending or nearly horizontal
+branches, forming a symmetrical, rather broad conical head, with
+numerous branchlets and bluish-green glaucous foliage spread in dense
+planes; gum bitter.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk pale reddish-brown or light gray, on very old
+trees ash-white; not as flaky as the bark of the red spruce, the scales
+smaller and more closely appressed; young trees and small branches much
+smoother, pale reddish-brown or mottled brown and gray, resembling the
+fir balsam; branchlets glabrous; shoots from which the leaves have
+fallen marked by the scaly, persistent leaf-cushions; new shoots pale
+fawn-color at first, turning darker the second season; bark of the tree
+throughout decidedly lighter than that of the red or black spruces.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds scaly, ovoid or conical, about 1/4 inch
+long, light brown. Leaves scattered, stout as those of _P. rubra_ or
+very slender, those on the lower side straight or twisted so as to
+appear on the upper side, giving a brush-like appearance to the twig,
+about 3/4 of an inch long; bluish-green, glaucous on the new shoots,
+needle-shaped, 4-angled, slightly curved, bluntish or sharp-pointed,
+often mucronate, marked on each side with several parallel rows of dots,
+malodorous, especially when bruised.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April to May. Sterile flowers terminal or axillary, on
+wood of the preceding season; distinctly stalked; cylindrical, 1/2 an
+inch long; anthers pale red: fertile flowers at or near ends of season's
+shoots; scales pale red or green, spirally imbricated, broader than
+long; margin roundish, entire or nearly so; each scale bearing two
+ovules.
+
+=Fruit.=--Cones short-stalked, at or near ends of branchlets, light
+green while growing, pale brownish when mature, spreading, 1-2-1/2
+inches long, when closed cylindrical, tapering towards the apex,
+cylindrical or ovate-cylindrical when open, mostly falling the first
+winter; scales broad, thin, smooth; margin rounded, sometimes
+straight-topped, usually entire.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--A beautiful tree, requiring cold winters for its
+finest development, the best of our New England spruces for ornamental
+and forest plantations in the northern sections; grows rapidly in moist
+or well-drained soils, in open sun or shade, and in exposed situations.
+The foliage is sometimes infested by the red spider. Propagated from
+seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE VIII.--Picea alba.]
+
+ 1. Branch with sterile flowers.
+ 2. Stamen, front view.
+ 3. Stamen, side view.
+ 4. Branch with fertile flowers.
+ 5. Cover-scale and ovuliferous scale, outer side.
+ 6. Ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side.
+ 7. Fruiting branch.
+ 8. Open cone.
+ 9. Seed with ovuliferous scale.
+ 10. Leaves.
+ 11. Cross-sections of leaves.
+
+
+=Tsuga Canadensis, Carr.=
+
+HEMLOCK.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Cold soils, borders of swamps, deep woods,
+ravines, mountain slopes.
+
+ Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, through Quebec and Ontario.
+
+Maine,--abundant, generally distributed in the southern and central
+portions, becoming rare northward, disappearing entirely in most of
+Aroostook county and the northern Penobscot region; New
+Hampshire,--abundant, from the sea to a height of 2000 feet in the White
+mountains, disappearing in upper Coos county; Vermont,--common,
+especially in the mountain forests; Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and
+Connecticut,--common.
+
+ South to Delaware and along the mountains to Georgia and Alabama,
+ ascending to an altitude of 2000 feet in the Adirondacks; west to
+ Michigan and Minnesota.
+
+=Habit.=--A large handsome tree, 50-80 feet high; trunk 2-4 feet in
+diameter, straight, tapering very slowly; branches going out at right
+angles, not disposed in whorls, slender, brittle yet elastic, the lowest
+declined or drooping; head spreading, somewhat irregular, widest at the
+base; spray airy, graceful, plume-like, set in horizontal planes;
+foliage dense, extremely delicate, dark lustrous green above and silver
+green below, tipped in spring with light yellow green.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk reddish-brown, interior often cinnamon red,
+shallow-furrowed in old trees; young trunks and branches of large trees
+gray brown, smooth; season's shoots very slender, buff or light
+reddish-brown, minutely pubescent.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Winter buds minute, red brown. Leaves
+spirally arranged but brought by the twisting of the leafstalk into two
+horizontal rows on opposite sides of the twig, about 1/2 an inch long,
+yellow green when young, becoming at maturity dark shining green on the
+upper surface, white-banded along the midrib beneath, flat, linear,
+smooth, occasionally minutely toothed, especially in the upper half;
+apex obtuse; base obtuse; leafstalk slender, short but distinct,
+resting on a slightly projecting leaf-cushion.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Sterile flowers from the axils of the preceding year's
+leaves, consisting of globose clusters of stamens with spurred anthers:
+fertile catkins at ends of preceding year's branchlets, scales crimson.
+
+=Fruit.=--Cones, on stout footstalks at ends of branchlets, pointing
+downward, ripening the first year, light brown, about 3/4 of an inch
+long, ovate-elliptical, pointed; scales rounded at the edge, entire or
+obscurely toothed.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows almost
+anywhere, but prefers a good, light, loamy or gravelly soil on moist
+slopes; a very effective tree single or in groups, useful in shady
+places, and a favorite hedge plant; not affected by rust or insect
+enemies; in open ground retains its lower branches for many years. About
+twenty horticultural forms, with variations in foliage, of columnar,
+densely globular, or weeping habit, are offered for sale in nurseries.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE IX.--Tsuga Canadensis.]
+
+ 1. Branch with flower-buds.
+ 2. Branch with sterile flowers.
+ 3. Sterile flowers.
+ 4. Spurred anther.
+ 5. Branch with fertile flowers.
+ 6. Ovuliferous scale with ovule, inner side.
+ 7. Fruiting branch.
+ 8. Cover-scales with seeds.
+ 9. Leaf.
+ 10. Cross-section of leaf.
+
+
+=Abies balsamea, Mill.=
+
+FIR BALSAM. BALSAM. FIR.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Rich, damp, cool woods, deep swamps, mountain
+slopes.
+
+ Labrador, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia, northwest to the Great
+ Bear Lake region.
+
+Maine,--very generally distributed, ordinarily associated with white
+pine, black spruce, red spruce, and a few deciduous trees, growing at an
+altitude of 4500 feet upon Katahdin; New Hampshire,--common in upper
+Coos county and in the White mountains, where it climbs up to the alpine
+area; in the southern part of the state, in the extensive swamps
+around the sources of the Contoocook and Miller's rivers, it is the
+prevailing timber; Vermont,--common; not rare on mountain slopes and
+even summits; Massachusetts,--not uncommon on mountain slopes in the
+northwestern and central portions of the state, ranging above the red
+spruces upon Graylock; a few trees here and there in damp woods or cold
+swamps in the southern and eastern sections, where it has probably been
+accidentally introduced; Rhode Island and Connecticut,--not reported.
+
+ South to Pennsylvania and along high mountains to Virginia; west to
+ Minnesota.
+
+=Habit.=--A slender, handsome tree, the most symmetrical of the New
+England spruces, with a height of 25-60 feet, and a diameter of 1-2 feet
+at the ground, reduced to a shrub at high altitudes; branches in young
+trees usually in whorls; branchlets mostly opposite. The branches go out
+from the trunk at an angle varying to a marked degree even in trees of
+about the same size and apparent age; in some trees declined near the
+base, horizontal midway, ascending near the top; in others horizontal or
+ascending throughout; in others declining throughout like those of the
+Norway spruce; all these forms growing apparently under precisely the
+same conditions; head widest at the base and tapering regularly upward;
+foliage dark bright green; cones erect and conspicuous.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk in old trees a variegated ashen gray, appearing
+smooth at a short distance, but often beset with fine scales, with one
+edge scarcely revolute, giving a ripply aspect; branches and young trees
+mottled or striate, greenish-brown and very smooth; branchlets from
+which the leaves have fallen marked with nearly circular leaf-scars;
+season's shoots pubescent; bark of trunk in all trees except the oldest
+with numerous blisters, containing the Canada balsam of commerce.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, roundish, resinous, grouped on
+the leading shoots. Leaves scattered, spirally arranged in rows, at
+right angles to twig, or disposed in two ranks like the hemlock; 1/2-1
+inch long, dark glossy green on the upper surface, beneath silvery
+bluish-white, and traversed lengthwise by rows of minute dots, flat,
+narrowly linear; apex blunt, in young trees and upon vigorous shoots,
+often slightly but distinctly notched, or sometimes upon upper branches
+with a sharp, rigid point; sessile; aromatic.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Early spring. Lateral or terminal on shoots of the
+preceding season; sterile flowers oblong-cylindrical, 1/4 inch in
+length; anthers yellow, red-tinged: fertile flowers on the upper side of
+the twig, erect, cylindrical; cover-scales broad, much larger than the
+purple ovuliferous scales, terminating in a long, recurved tip.
+
+=Fruit.=--Cones along the upper side of the branchlets, erect or nearly
+so in all stages of growth, purplish when young, 3-5 inches long, 1 inch
+or more wide; puberulous; cover-scales at maturity much smaller than
+ovuliferous scales, thin, obovate, serrulate, bristle-pointed;
+ovuliferous scales thin, broad, rounded; edge minutely erose, serrulate
+or entire; both kinds of scales falling from the axis at maturity; seeds
+winged, purplish.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England, but best adapted to the
+northern sections; grows rapidly in open or shaded situations,
+especially where there is cool, moist, rich soil; easily transplanted;
+suitable for immediate effects in forest plantations, but not desirable
+for a permanent ornamental tree, as it loses the lower branches at an
+early period. Nurserymen and collectors offer it in quantity at a low
+price. Propagated from seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE X.--Abies balsamea.]
+
+ 1. Branch with flower-buds.
+ 2. Branch with sterile flowers.
+ 3. Branch with fertile flowers.
+ 4. Cover-scale and ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side.
+ 5. Fruiting branch.
+ 6. Ovuliferous scales with ovules at maturity, inner side.
+ 7. Cone-scale and ovuliferous scale at maturity, outer side.
+ 8-9. Leaves.
+ 10-11. Cross-sections of leaves.
+
+
+=Thuja occidentalis, L.=
+
+ARBOR-VITAE. WHITE CEDAR. CEDAR.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Low, swampy lands, rocky borders of rivers and
+ponds.
+
+ Southern Labrador to Nova Scotia; west to Manitoba.
+
+Maine,--throughout the state; most abundant in the central and northern
+portions, forming extensive areas known as "cedar swamps"; sometimes
+bordering a growth of black spruce at a lower level; New
+Hampshire,--mostly confined to the upper part of Coos county,
+disappearing at the White river narrows near Hanover; seen only in
+isolated localities south of the White mountains; Vermont,--common in
+swamps at levels below 1000 feet; Massachusetts,--Berkshire county;
+occasional in the northern sections of the Connecticut river valley;
+Rhode Island,--not reported; Connecticut,--East Hartford (J. N. Bishop).
+
+ South along the mountains to North Carolina and East Tennessee;
+ west to Minnesota.
+
+=Habit.=--Ordinarily 25-50 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 1-2 feet,
+in northern Maine occasionally 60-70 feet in height, with a diameter of
+3-5 feet; trunk stout, more or less buttressed in old trees, tapering
+rapidly, often divided, inclined or twisted, ramifying for the most part
+near the ground, forming a dense head, rather small for the size of the
+trunk; branches irregularly disposed and nearly horizontal, the lower
+often much declined; branchlets many, the flat spray disposed in
+fan-shaped planes at different angles; foliage bright, often
+interspersed here and there with yellow, faded leaves.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk in old trees a dead ash-gray, striate with broad
+and flat ridges, often conspicuously spirally twisted, shreddy at the
+edge; young stems and large branches reddish-brown, more or less striate
+and shreddy; branchlets ultimately smooth, shining, reddish-brown,
+marked by raised scars; season's twigs invested with leaves.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Leaf-buds naked, minute. Leaves in opposite
+pairs, 4-ranked, closely adherent to the branchlet and completely
+covering it, keeled in the side pairs and flat in the others,
+scale-like, ovate (in seedlings needle-shaped), obtuse or pointed at the
+apex, glandular upon the back, exhaling when bruised a strong aromatic
+odor.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April to May. Flowers terminal, dark reddish-brown;
+sterile and fertile, usually on the same plant, rarely on separate
+plants; anthers opposite; filaments short; ovuliferous scales opposite,
+with slight projections near the base, usually 2-ovuled.
+
+=Fruit.=--Cones, terminal on short branchlets, spreading or recurved,
+about 1/2 inch long, reddish-brown, loose-scaled, opening to the base at
+maturity; persistent through the first winter; scales 6-12, dry, oblong,
+not shield-shaped, not pointed; margin entire or nearly so; seeds winged
+all round.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England; adapts itself to all soils
+and exposures, but prefers moist locations; grows slowly. Young trees
+have a narrowly conical outline, which spreads out at the base with age;
+retains its lower branches in open places, and is especially useful for
+hedges or narrow evergreen screens; little affected by insects; often
+disfigured, however, by dead branches and discolored leaves; is
+transplanted readily, and can be obtained in any quantity from
+nurserymen and collectors. The horticultural forms in cultivation range
+from thick, low, spreading tufts, through very dwarf, round, oval or
+conical forms, to tall, narrow, pyramidal varieties. Some have all the
+foliage tinged bright yellow, cream, or white; others have variegated
+foliage; another form has drooping branches. The bright summer foliage
+turns to a brownish color in winter. It is propagated from the seed and
+its horticultural forms from cuttings and layers.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XI.--Thuja occidentalis.]
+
+ 1. Flowering branch with the preceding year's fruit.
+ 2. Branch.
+ 3. Sterile flower.
+ 4. Stamen.
+ 5. Fertile flower.
+ 6. Scale with ovules.
+
+
+=Cupressus thyoides, L.=
+
+_Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea, Spach. Chamaecyparis thyoides, B. S. P._
+
+WHITE CEDAR. CEDAR.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In deep swamps and marshes, which it often fills
+to the exclusion of other trees, mostly near the seacoast.
+
+ Cape Breton island and near Halifax, Nova Scotia, perhaps
+ introduced in both.
+
+Maine,--reported from the southern part of York county; New
+Hampshire,--limited to Rockingham county near the coast; Vermont,--no
+station known; Massachusetts,--occasional in central and eastern
+sections, very common in the southeast; Rhode Island,--common;
+Connecticut,--occasional in peat swamps.
+
+ Southward, coast region to Florida and west to Mississippi.
+
+=Habit.=--20-50 feet high and 1-2 feet in diameter at the ground,
+reaching in the southern states an altitude of 90 and a diameter of 4
+feet; trunk straight, tapering slowly, throwing out nearly horizontal,
+slender branches, forming a narrow, conical head often of great elegance
+and lightness; foliage light brownish-green; strong-scented; spray flat
+in planes disposed at different angles; wood permanently aromatic.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk thick, reddish, fibrous, shreddy, separating into
+thin scales, becoming more or less furrowed in old trees; branches
+reddish-brown; fine scaled; branches after fall of leaves, in the third
+or fourth year, smooth, purplish-brown; season's shoots at first
+greenish.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Leaf-buds naked, minute. Leaves mostly
+opposite, 4-ranked, adherent to the branchlet and completely covering
+it; keeled in the side pairs and slightly convex in the others, dull
+green, pointed at apex or triangular awl-shaped, mostly with a minute
+roundish gland upon the back.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April. Flowers terminal, sterile and fertile, usually
+on the same plant, rarely on separate plants, fertile on short
+branchlets: sterile, globular or oblong, anthers opposite, filaments
+shield-shaped: fertile, oblong or globular; ovuliferous scales opposite,
+slightly spreading at top, dark reddish-brown.
+
+=Fruit.=--Cones, variously placed, 1/2 inch in diameter, roundish,
+purplish-brown, opening towards the center, never to the base; scales
+shield-shaped, woody; seeds several under each scale, winged.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England, growing best in
+the southern sections. Young trees are graceful and attractive, but soon
+become thin and lose their lower branches; valued chiefly in landscape
+planting for covering low and boggy places where other trees do not
+succeed as well. Seldom for sale in nurseries, but easily procured from
+collectors. Several unimportant horticultural forms are grown.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XII.--Cupressus thyoides.]
+
+ 1. Branch with flowers.
+ 2. Sterile flower.
+ 3. Stamen, back view.
+ 4. Stamen, front view.
+ 5. Fertile flower.
+ 6. Ovuliferous scale with ovules.
+ 7. Fruiting-branch.
+ 8. Fruit.
+ 9. Branch.
+
+
+=Juniperus Virginiana, L.=
+
+RED CEDAR. CEDAR. SAVIN.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Dry, rocky hills but not at great altitudes,
+borders of lakes and streams, sterile plains, peaty swamps.
+
+ Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to Ontario.
+
+Maine,--rare, though it extends northward to the middle Kennebec valley,
+reduced almost to a shrub; New Hampshire,--most frequent in the
+southeast part of the state; sparingly in the Connecticut valley as far
+north as Haverhill (Grafton county); found also in Hart's location in
+the White mountain region; Vermont,--not abundant; occurs here and there
+on hills at levels less than 1000 feet; frequent in the Champlain and
+lower Connecticut valleys; Massachusetts,--west and center occasional,
+eastward common; Rhode Island and Connecticut,--common.
+
+ South to Florida; west to Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Indian
+ Territory.
+
+=Habit.=--A medium-sized tree, 25-40 feet high, with a trunk diameter of
+8-20 inches, attaining much greater dimensions southward; extremely
+variable in outline; the lower branches usually nearly horizontal, the
+upper ascending; head when young very regular, narrow-based, close and
+conical; in old trees frequently rather open, wide-spreading, ragged,
+roundish or flattened. In very exposed situations, especially along the
+seacoast, the trunk sometimes rises a foot or two and then develops
+horizontally, forming a curiously contorted lateral head. Under such
+conditions it occasionally becomes a dwarf tree 2-3 feet high, with
+wide-spreading branches and a very dense dome; spray close, foliage a
+sombre green, sometimes tinged with a rusty brownish-red; wood pale red,
+aromatic.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk light reddish-brown, fibrous, shredding off, now
+and then, in long strips, exposing the smooth brown inner bark; season's
+shoots green.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Leaf-buds naked, minute. Leaves dull green or
+brownish-red, of two kinds:
+
+1. Scale-like, mostly opposite, each pair overlapping the pair above,
+4-ranked, ovate, acute, sometimes bristle-tipped, more or less convex,
+obscurely glandular.
+
+2. Scattered, not overlapping, narrowly lanceolate or needle-shaped,
+sharp-pointed, spreading. The second form is more common in young trees,
+sometimes comprising all the foliage, but is often found on trees of all
+ages, sometimes aggregated in dense masses.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Early May. Flowers terminating short branches, sterile
+and fertile, more commonly on separate trees, often on the same tree;
+anthers in opposite pairs; ovuliferous scales in opposite pairs,
+slightly spreading, acute or obtuse; ovules 1-4.
+
+=Fruit.=--Berry-like from the coalescence of the fleshy cone-scales, the
+extremities of which are often visible, roundish, the size of a small
+pea, dark blue beneath a whitish bloom, 1-4-seeded.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; prefers sunny
+slopes and a loamy soil, but grows well in poor, thin soils and upon
+wind-swept sites; young plants increase in height 1-2 feet yearly and
+have a very formal, symmetrical outline; old trees often become
+irregular and picturesque, and grow very slowly; a long-lived tree;
+usually obtainable in nurseries and from collectors, but must frequently
+be transplanted to be moved with safety. If a ball of earth can be
+retained about the roots of wild plants, they can often be moved
+successfully. There are horticultural forms distinguished by a slender
+weeping or distorted habit, and by variegated bluish or yellowish
+foliage, occasionally found in American nurseries. The type is usually
+propagated from the seed, the horticultural forms from cuttings or by
+grafting.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XIII.--Juniperus Virginiana.]
+
+ 1. Branch with sterile and fertile flowers.
+ 2. Sterile flower.
+ 3. Stamen with pollen-sacs.
+ 4. Fertile flower.
+ 5. Fruiting branch.
+ 6. Branch.
+ 7. Branch with needle-shaped leaves.
+
+
+
+
+SALICACEAE. WILLOW FAMILY.
+
+
+Trees or shrubs; leaves simple, alternate, undivided, with stipules
+either minute and soon falling or leafy and persistent; inflorescence
+from axillary buds of the preceding season, appearing with or before the
+leaves, in nearly erect, spreading or drooping catkins, sterile and
+fertile on separate trees; flowers one to each bract, without calyx
+or corolla; stamens one to many; style short or none; stigmas 2, entire
+or 2-4-lobed; fruit a 2-4-celled capsule.
+
+
+POPULUS.
+
+Inflorescence usually appearing before the leaves; flowers with lacerate
+bracts, disk cup-shaped and oblique-edged, at least in sterile flowers;
+stamens usually many, filaments distinct; stigmas mostly divided,
+elongated or spreading.
+
+
+SALIX.
+
+Inflorescence appearing with or before the leaves; flowers with entire
+bracts and one or two small glands; disks wanting; stamens few.
+
+
+=Populus tremuloides, Michx.=
+
+POPLAR. ASPEN.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In all soils and situations except in deep swamps,
+though more usual in dry uplands; sometimes springing up in great
+abundance in clearings or upon burnt lands.
+
+ Newfoundland, Labrador, and Nova Scotia to the Hudson bay region
+ and Alaska.
+
+New England,--common, reaching in the White mountain region an altitude
+of 3000 feet.
+
+ South to New Jersey, along the mountains in Pennsylvania and
+ Kentucky, ascending 3000 feet in the Adirondacks; west to the
+ slopes of the Rocky mountains, along which it extends to Mexico and
+ Lower California.
+
+=Habit.=--A graceful tree, ordinarily 35-40 feet and not uncommonly
+50-60 feet high; trunk 8-15 inches in diameter, tapering, surmounted by
+a very open, irregular head of small, spreading branches; spray sparse,
+consisting of short, stout, leafy rounded shoots set at a wide angle;
+distinguished by the slenderness of its habit, the light color of trunk
+and branches, the deep red of the sterile catkins in early spring, and
+the almost ceaseless flutter of the delicate foliage.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk pale green, smooth, dark-blotched below the branches,
+becoming ash-gray and roughish in old trees; season's shoots dark
+reddish-brown or green, shining; bitter.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds 1/8-1/4 inch long, reddish-brown and
+lustrous, usually smooth, ovate, acute, often slightly incurved at apex,
+the upper often appressed. Leaves 1-2-1/2 inches long, breadth usually
+equal to or exceeding the length, yellowish-green and ciliate when
+young, dark dull green above when mature, lighter beneath, glabrous on
+both sides, bright yellow in autumn; outline broadly ovate to orbicular,
+finely serrate or wavy-edged, with incurved, glandular-tipped teeth,
+apex rather abruptly acute or short-acuminate; base acute, truncate or
+slightly heart-shaped, 3-nerved; leafstalk slender, strongly flattened
+at right angles to the plane of the blade, bending to the slightest
+breath of air; stipules lanceolate, silky, soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April to May. Sterile catkins 1-3 inches long, fertile
+at first about the same length, gradually elongating; bracts cut into
+several lanceolate or linear divisions, silky-hairy; stamens about 10;
+anthers red: ovary short-stalked; stigmas two, 2-lobed, red.
+
+=Fruit.=--June. Capsules, in elongated catkins, conical; seeds numerous,
+white-hairy.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England in the most exposed
+situations; grows almost anywhere, but prefers a moist, rich loam; grows
+rapidly; foliage and spray thin; generally short-lived; often used as a
+screen for slow-growing trees; type seldom found in nurseries, but one
+or two horticultural forms are occasionally offered. Propagated from
+seed or cuttings.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XIV.--Populus tremuloides.]
+
+ 1. Branch with sterile catkins.
+ 2. Sterile flower.
+ 3. Branch with fertile catkins.
+ 4. Fertile flower.
+ 5. Fruiting branch.
+ 6. Branch with mature leaves.
+ 7. Variant leaves.
+
+
+=Populus grandidentata, Michx.=
+
+POPLAR. LARGE-TOOTHED ASPEN.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In rich or poor soils; woods, hillsides, borders
+of streams.
+
+ Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, southern Quebec, and Ontario.
+
+New England,--common, occasional at altitudes of 2000 feet or more.
+
+ South to Pennsylvania and Delaware, along the mountains to
+ Kentucky, North Carolina, and Tennessee; west to Minnesota.
+
+=Habit.=--A tree 30-45 feet in height and 1 foot to 20 inches in
+diameter at the ground, sometimes attaining much greater dimensions;
+trunk erect, with an open, unsymmetrical, straggling head; branches
+distant, small and crooked; branchlets round; spray sparse, consisting
+of short, stout, leafy shoots; in time and manner of blossoming,
+constant motion of foliage, and general habit, closely resembling _P.
+tremuloides._
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk on old trees dark grayish-brown or blackish,
+irregularly furrowed, broad-ridged, the outer portions separated into
+small, thickish scales; trunk of young trees soft greenish-gray;
+branches greenish-gray, darker on the underside; branchlets dark
+greenish-gray, roughened with leaf-scars; season's twigs in fall dark
+reddish-brown, at first tomentose, becoming smooth and shining.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds 1/8 inch long, mostly divergent, light
+chestnut, more or less pubescent, dusty-looking, ovate, acute. Leaves
+3-5 inches long, two-thirds as wide, densely white-tomentose when
+opening, usually smooth on both sides when mature, dark green above,
+lighter beneath, bright yellow in autumn; outline roundish-ovate,
+coarsely and irregularly sinuate-toothed; teeth acutish; sinuses in
+shallow curves; apex acute; base truncate or slightly heart-shaped;
+leafstalks long, strongly flattened at right angles to the plane of the
+blade; stipules thread-like, soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--March to April. Sterile catkins 1-3 inches long,
+fertile at first about the same length, but gradually elongating;
+bracts cut into several lanceolate divisions, silky-hairy; stamens about
+10; anthers red: ovaries short-stalked; stigmas two, 2-lobed, red.
+
+=Fruit.=--Fruiting catkins at length 3-6 inches long; capsule conical,
+acute, roughish-scurfy, hairy at tip: seeds numerous, hairy.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows almost
+anywhere, but prefers moist, rich loam; grows rapidly and is safely
+transplanted, but is unsymmetrical, easily broken by the wind, and
+short-lived; seldom offered by nurserymen, but readily procured from
+northern collectors of native plants. Useful to grow for temporary
+effect with permanent trees, as it will fail by the time the desirable
+kinds are well established. Propagated from seed or cuttings.
+
+=Note.=--Points of difference between _P. tremuloides_ and _P.
+grandidentata_. These trees may be best distinguished in early spring by
+the color of the unfolding leaves. In the sunlight the head of _P.
+tremuloides_ appears yellowish-green, while that of _P. grandidentata_
+is conspicuously cotton white. The leaves of _P. grandidentata_ are
+larger and more coarsely toothed, and the main branches go off usually
+at a broader angle. The buds of _P. grandidentata_ are mostly divergent,
+dusty-looking, dull; of _P. tremuloides_, mostly appressed, highly
+polished with a resinous lustre.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XV.--Populus grandidentata.]
+
+ 1. Branch with sterile catkins.
+ 2. Sterile flower, back view,
+ 3. Sterile flower, front view.
+ 4. Branch with fertile catkins.
+ 5. Bract of fertile flower.
+ 6. Fertile flower, front view.
+ 7. Fruiting branch with mature leaves.
+ 8. Fruit.
+ 9. Fruit.
+
+
+=Populus heterophylla, L.=
+
+POPLAR. SWAMP POPLAR. COTTONWOOD.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In or along swamps occasionally or often
+overflowed; rare, local, and erratically distributed.
+
+Connecticut,--frequent in the southern sections; Bozrah (J. N. Bishop);
+Guilford, in at least three wood-ponds (W. E. Dudley _in lit._), New
+Haven, and near Norwich (W. A. Setchell).
+
+ Following the eastern coast in wide belts from New York (Staten
+ island and Long island) south to Georgia; west along the Gulf coast
+ to western Louisiana, and northward along the Mississippi and Ohio
+ basins to Arkansas, Indiana, and Illinois.
+
+=Habit.=--A slender, medium-sized tree, attaining a height of 30-50
+feet, reaching farther south a maximum of 90 feet; trunk 9-18 inches in
+diameter, usually branching high up, forming a rather open hemispherical
+or narrow-oblong head; branches irregular, short, rising, except the
+lower, at a sharp angle; branchlets stout, roundish, varying in color,
+degree of pubescence, and glossiness, becoming rough after the first
+year with the raised leaf-scars; spray sparse.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk dark ash-gray, very rough, and broken into
+loosely attached narrow plates in old trees; in young trees light
+ash-gray, smooth at first, becoming in a few years roughish, low-ridged.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds conical, acute, more or less resinous.
+Leaves 3-6 inches long, two-thirds as wide, densely white-tomentose when
+young, at length dark green on the upper side, lighter beneath and
+smooth except along the veins; outline ovate, wavy-toothed; base
+heart-shaped, lobes often overlapping; apex obtuse; leafstalk long,
+round, downy; stipules soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April to May. Sterile catkins when expanded 3-4 inches
+long, at length pendent; scales cut into irregular divisions, reddish;
+stamens numerous, anthers oblong, dark red: fertile catkins spreading,
+few and loosely flowered, gradually elongating; scales reddish-brown;
+ovary short-stalked; styles 2-3, united at the base; stigmas 2-3,
+conspicuous.
+
+=Fruit.=--Fruiting catkins spreading or drooping, 4-5 inches long:
+capsules usually erect, ovoid, acute, shorter than or equaling the
+slender pedicels: seeds numerous, white-hairy.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Not procurable in New England nurseries or from
+collectors; its usefulness in landscape gardening not definitely known.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XVI.--Populus heterophylla.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Branch with sterile catkin.
+ 3. Sterile flower.
+ 4. Scale of sterile flower.
+ 5. Branch with fertile catkin.
+ 6. Fertile flower.
+ 7. Fruiting branch with mature leaves.
+
+
+=Populus deltoides, Marsh.=
+
+_Populus monilifera, Ait._
+
+COTTONWOOD. POPLAR.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In moist soil; river banks and basins, shores of
+lakes, not uncommon in drier locations.
+
+ Throughout Quebec and Ontario to the base of the Rocky mountains.
+
+Maine,--not reported; New Hampshire,--restricted to the immediate
+vicinity of the Connecticut river, disappearing near the northern part
+of Westmoreland; Vermont,--western sections, abundant along the shores
+of the Hoosac river in Pownal and along Lake Champlain (W. W.
+Eggleston); in the Connecticut valley as far north as Brattleboro
+(_Flora of Vermont_, 1900); Massachusetts,--along the Connecticut and
+its tributaries; Rhode Island,--occasional; Connecticut,--occasional
+eastward, common along the Connecticut, Farmington, and Housatonic
+rivers.
+
+ South to Florida; west to the Rocky mountains.
+
+=Habit.=--A stately tree, 75-100 feet in height; trunk 3-5 feet in
+diameter, light gray, straight or sometimes slightly inclined, of nearly
+uniform size to the point of branching, surmounted by a noble,
+broad-spreading, open, symmetrical head, the lower branches massive,
+horizontal, or slightly ascending, more or less pendulous at the
+extremities, the upper coarse and spreading, rising at a sharper angle;
+branchlets stout; foliage brilliant green, easily set in motion; the
+sterile trees gorgeous in spring with dark red pendent catkins.
+
+=Bark.=--In old trees thick, ash-gray, separated into deep, straight
+furrows with rounded ridges; in young trees light yellowish-green,
+smooth; season's shoots greenish, marked with pale longitudinal lines.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds large, conical, smooth, shining. Leaves
+3-6 inches long, scarcely less in width, variable in color and shape,
+ordinarily dark green and shining above, lighter beneath, ribs raised on
+both sides; outline broadly ovate, irregularly crenate-toothed; apex
+abruptly acute or acuminate; base truncate, slightly heart-shaped or
+sometimes acute; stems long, slender, somewhat flattened at right angles
+to the plane of the blade; stipules linear, soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April to May. In solitary, densely flowered catkins;
+bracts lacerate-fringed, each bract subtending a cup-shaped scale;
+stamens very numerous; anthers longer than the filaments, dark red:
+fertile catkins elongating to 5 or 6 inches; ovary ovoid; stigmas 3 or
+4, nearly sessile, spreading.
+
+=Fruit.=--Capsules ovate, rough, short-stalked; seeds densely cottony.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in southern-central New England; grows
+rapidly in almost any soil and is readily obtainable in nurseries. Where
+an immediate effect is desired, the cottonwood serves the purpose
+excellently and frequently makes very fine large individual trees, but
+the wood is soft and likely to be broken by wind or ice. Usually
+propagated from cuttings.
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XVII.--Populus deltoides.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Branch with sterile catkins.
+ 3. Sterile flower, back view.
+ 4. Sterile flower, front view.
+ 5. Scale of sterile flower.
+ 6. Fertile flower.
+ 7. Fruiting catkin.
+ 8. Branch with mature leaves.
+ 9. Variant leaf.
+
+
+=Populus balsamifera, L.=
+
+BALSAM. POPLAR. BALM OF GILEAD.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Alluvial soils; river banks, valleys, borders of
+swamps, woods.
+
+ Newfoundland and Nova Scotia west to Manitoba; northward to the
+ coast of Alaska and along the Mackenzie river to the Arctic circle.
+
+Maine,--common; New Hampshire,--Connecticut river valley, generally near
+the river, becoming more plentiful northward; Vermont,--frequent;
+Massachusetts and Rhode Island,--not reported; Connecticut,--extending
+along the Housatonic river at New Milford for five or six miles, perhaps
+derived from an introduced tree (C. K. Averill, _Rhodora_, II, 35).
+
+ West through northern New York, Michigan, Minnesota, Dakota (Black
+ Hills), Montana, beyond the Rockies to the Pacific coast.
+
+=Habit.=--A medium-sized tree, 30-75 feet high, trunk 1-3 feet in
+diameter, straight; branches horizontal or nearly so, slender for size
+of tree, short; head open, narrow-oblong or oblong-conical; branchlets
+mostly terete; foliage thin.
+
+=Bark.=--In old trees dark gray or ash-gray, firm-ridged, in young trees
+smooth; branchlets grayish; season's shoots reddish or greenish brown,
+sparsely orange-dotted.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds 3/4 inch long, appressed or slightly
+divergent, conical, slender, acute, resin-coated, sticky, fragrant when
+opening. Leaves 3-6 inches long, about one-half as wide, yellowish when
+young, when mature bright green, whitish below; outline ovate-lanceolate
+or ovate, finely toothed, gradually tapering to an acute or acuminate
+apex; base obtuse to rounded, sometimes truncate or heart-shaped;
+leafstalk much shorter than the blade, terete or nearly so; stipules
+soon falling. The leaves of var. _intermedia_ are obovate to oval; those
+of var. _latifolia_ closely approach the leaves of _P. candicans_.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April. Sterile 3-4 inches long, fertile at first about
+the same length, gradually elongating, loosely flowered; bracts
+irregularly and rather narrowly cut-toothed, each bract subtending a
+cup-shaped disk; stamens numerous; anthers red: ovary short-stalked;
+stigmas two, 2-lobed, large, wavy-margined.
+
+=Fruit.=--Fruiting catkins drooping, 4-6 inches long: capsules ovoid,
+acute, longer than the pedicels, green: seeds numerous, hairy.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows in all
+excepting very wet soils, in full sun or light shade, and in exposed
+situations; of rapid growth, but subject to the attacks of borers, which
+kill the branches and make the head unsightly; also spreads from the
+roots, and therefore not desirable for ornamental plantations; most
+useful in the formation of shelter-belts; readily transplanted but not
+common in nurseries. Propagated from cuttings.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XVIII.--Populus balsamifera.]
+
+ 1. Branch with sterile flowers.
+ 2. Sterile flower, back view.
+ 3. Sterile flower, side view.
+ 4. Scales of sterile flower.
+ 5. Branch with fertile catkins.
+ 6. Fertile flower.
+ 7. Fruiting catkins, mature.
+ 8. Branch with mature leaves.
+
+
+=Populus candicans, Ait.=
+
+_Populus balsamifera_, var. _candicans, Gray._
+
+BALM OF GILEAD.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In a great variety of soils; usually in cultivated
+or pasture lands in the vicinity of dwellings; infrequently found in a
+wild state. The original site of this tree has not been definitely
+agreed upon. Professor L. H. Bailey reports that it is indigenous in
+Michigan, and northern collectors find both sexes in New Hampshire and
+Vermont; while in central and southern New England the staminate tree is
+rarely if ever seen, and the pistillate flowers seldom if ever mature
+perfect fruit. The evidence seems to indicate a narrow belt extending
+through northern New Hampshire, Vermont and Michigan, with the
+intermediate southern sections of the Province of Ontario as the home of
+the Balm of Gilead.
+
+ Nova Scotia and New Brunswick,--occasional; Ontario,--frequent.
+
+New England,--occasional throughout.
+
+ South to New Jersey; west to Michigan and Minnesota.
+
+=Habit.=--A medium-sized tree, 40-60 feet high; trunk 1-3 feet in
+diameter, straight or inclined, sometimes beset with a few crooked,
+bushy branchlets; head very variable in shape and size; solitary in open
+ground, commonly _broad-based, spacious, and pyramidal_, among other
+trees more often rather small; loosely and irregularly branched, with
+sparse, coarse, and often crooked spray; _foliage dark green, handsome,
+and abundant_; all parts characterized by a strong and peculiar resinous
+fragrance. A single tree multiplying by suckers often becomes parent of
+a grove covering half an acre, more or less, made up of trees of all
+ages and sizes.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk and lower portions of large branches dark gray,
+rough, irregularly striate and firm in old trees; in young trees and
+upon smaller branches smooth, soft grayish-green, often flanged by
+prominent ridges running down the stalk from the vertices of the
+triangular leaf-scars; season's shoots often flanged, shining reddish or
+olive green, with occasional longitudinal gray lines, viscid.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds dark reddish-brown, rather closely set
+along the stalk, conical or somewhat angled, narrow, often falcate,
+sharp-pointed, resinous throughout, viscid, aromatic, exhaling a
+powerful odor when the scales expand, terminal about 3/4 inch long.
+Leaves 4-6 inches long and nearly as wide, yellowish-green at first,
+becoming dark green and smooth on the upper surface with the exception
+of a _minute pubescence along the veins_, dull light green beneath,
+finely serrate with incurved glandular points, usually ciliate with
+minute stiff, whitish hairs; base heart-shaped; apex short-pointed;
+petioles about 1-1-1/2 inches long, _more or less hairy_, somewhat
+flattened at right angles to the blade; stipules short, ovate, acute,
+soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Similar to that of _P. balsamifera_.
+
+=Fruit.=--Similar to that of _P. balsamifera_.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; has an attractive
+foliage and grows rapidly in all soils and situations, but the branches
+are easily broken by the wind, and its habit of suckering makes it
+objectionable in ornamental ground; occasionally offered by nurserymen
+and collectors. Propagated from cuttings.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XIX.--Populus candicans.]
+
+ 1. Winter bud.
+ 2. Branch with fertile catkins.
+ 3. Fertile flower.
+ 4. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Populus alba, L.=
+
+ABELE. WHITE POPLAR. SILVER-LEAF POPLAR.
+
+=Range.=--Widely distributed in the Old World, extending in Europe from
+southern Sweden to the Mediterranean, throughout northern Africa, and
+eastward in Asia to the northwestern Himalayas. Introduced from England
+by the early settlers and soon established in the colonial towns, as in
+Plymouth and Duxbury, on the western shore of Massachusetts bay. Planted
+or spontaneous over a wide area.
+
+ New Brunswick and Nova Scotia,--occasional.
+
+New England,--occasional throughout, local, sometimes common.
+
+ Southward to Virginia.
+
+=Habit.=--A handsome tree, resembling _P. grandidentata_ more than any
+other American poplar, but of far nobler proportions; 40-75 feet high
+and 2-4 feet in diameter at the ground; growing much larger in England;
+head large, spreading; round-topped, in spring enveloped in a dazzling
+cloud of cotton white, which resolves itself later into two
+conspicuously contrasting surfaces of dark green and silvery white.
+
+=Bark.=--Light gray, smooth upon young trees, in old trees furrowed upon
+the trunk.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds not viscid, cottony. Leaves 1-4 inches
+long, densely white-tomentose while expanding, when mature dark green
+above and white-tomentose to glabrous beneath; outline ovate or deltoid,
+3-5-lobed and toothed or simply toothed, teeth irregular; base
+heart-shaped or truncate; apex acute to obtuse; leafstalk long, slender,
+compressed; stipules soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence and Fruit.=--April to May. Sterile catkins 2-4 inches
+long, cylindrical, fertile at first shorter,--stamens 6-16; anthers
+purple: capsules 1/4 inch long, narrow-ovoid; seeds hairy.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy. Thrives even in very poor soils and in
+exposed situations; grows rapidly in good soils; of distinctive value in
+landscape gardening but not adapted for planting along streets and upon
+lawns of limited area on account of its habit of throwing out numerous
+suckers and its liability to damage from heavy winds. The sides of
+country roads where the abele has been planted are sometimes obstructed
+for a considerable distance by the thrifty shoots from underground.
+
+
+=Salix discolor. Muhl.=
+
+PUSSY WILLOW. GLAUCOUS WILLOW.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Low, wet grounds; banks of streams, swamps, moist
+hillsides.
+
+ Nova Scotia to Manitoba.
+
+Maine,--abundant; common throughout the other New England states.
+
+ South to North Carolina; west to Illinois and Missouri.
+
+=Habit.=--Mostly a tall shrub with several stems, but occasionally
+assuming a tree-like habit, with a height of 15-20 feet and trunk
+diameter of 5-10 inches; one tree reported at Laconia, N. H., 35 feet
+high (F. W. Batchelder); branches few, stout, ascending, forming a very
+open, hemispherical head.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk reddish-brown; branches dark-colored; branchlets light
+green, orange-dotted.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds ovate-conical; apex obtuse to acute.
+Leaves simple, alternate, 2-4 inches long, smooth and bright green
+above, smooth and whitish beneath when fully grown; outline
+ovate-lanceolate to narrowly oblong-oval, crenulate-serrate to entire;
+apex acute, base acute and entire; leafstalk short; stipules toothed or
+entire.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--March to April. Appearing before the leaves in
+catkins, sterile and fertile on separate plants, occasionally both kinds
+on the same plant, sessile,--sterile spreading or erect,
+oblong-cylindrical, silky; calyx none; petals none; bracts entire,
+reddish-brown turning to black, oblong to oblong-obovate, with long,
+silky hairs; stamens 2; filaments distinct: fertile catkins spreading;
+bracts oblong to ovate, hairy; style short; stigma deeply 4-lobed.
+
+=Fruit.=--Fruiting catkins somewhat declined: capsules ovate-conical,
+tomentose, stem two-thirds the length of the scale: seeds numerous.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Picturesque in blossom and fruit; its value
+dependent chiefly upon its matted roots for holding wet banks, and its
+ability to withstand considerable shade. Sold by plant collectors;
+easily propagated from cuttings.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XX.--Salix discolor.]
+
+ 1. Leaf-buds.
+ 2. Branch with sterile catkins.
+ 3. Sterile flower.
+ 4. Branch with fertile catkins.
+ 5. Fertile flower.
+ 6. Fruiting branch.
+ 7. Mature leaves.
+
+
+=Salix nigra, Marsh.=
+
+BLACK WILLOW
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In low grounds, along streams or ponds, river
+flats.
+
+ New Brunswick to western Ontario.
+
+New England,--occasional throughout, frequent along the larger streams.
+
+ South to Florida; west to Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Indian
+ territory, Louisiana, Texas, southern California, and south into
+ Mexico.
+
+=Habit.=--A large shrub or small tree, 25-40 feet high and 10-15 inches
+in trunk diameter, attaining great size in the Ohio and Mississippi
+valleys and the valley of the lower Colorado; trunk short, surmounted by
+an irregular, open, often roundish head, with stout, spreading branches,
+slender branchlets, and twigs brittle towards their base.
+
+_S. nigra_, var. _falcata_, Pursh., covers about the same range as the
+type and differs chiefly in its narrower, falcate leaves.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk rough, in young trees light brown, in old trees
+dark-colored or nearly black, deeply and irregularly ridged, separated
+on the surface into thick, plate-like scales; branchlets reddish-brown;
+twigs bronze olive.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds narrowly conical, acute. Leaves simple,
+alternate, appearing much later than those of _S. discolor_, 2-5 inches
+long, somewhat pubescent on both sides when young, when mature green and
+smooth above, paler and sometimes pubescent along the veins beneath;
+outline narrowly lanceolate, finely serrate; apex acute or acuminate,
+often curved; base acutish to rounded or slightly heart-shaped; petiole
+short, usually pubescent; stipules large and persistent, or small and
+soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April to May. Appearing with the leaves from the axils
+of the short, lateral shoots, in catkins, sterile and fertile on
+different trees, stalked,--sterile spreading, narrowly cylindrical;
+calyx none; corolla none; bracts entire, rounded to oblong, villous,
+ciliate; stamens about 5: fertile catkins spreading; calyx none; corolla
+none; bracts ovate to narrowly oblong, acute, villous; ovary
+short-stalked, with two small glands at its base, ovate-conical,
+sometimes obovate, smooth; stigmas 2, short.
+
+=Fruit.=--Fertile catkins drooping: capsules ovate-conical,
+short-stemmed, minutely granular; style very short: seeds numerous.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England; grows rapidly in all
+soils, particularly useful in very wet situations; seriously affected by
+insects; occasionally offered in nurseries; transplanted readily;
+propagated from cuttings.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXI.--Salix nigra.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Branch with sterile catkins.
+ 3. Sterile flower, side view.
+ 4. Sterile flower, front view.
+ 5. Branch with fertile catkins.
+ 6. Fertile flower, side view.
+ 7. Fertile flower, front view.
+ 8. Fruiting branch.
+ 9. Fruit enlarged.
+
+
+=Salix fragilis and Salix alba.=
+
+The _fragilis_ and _alba_ group of genus _Salix_ gives rise to puzzling
+questions of determination and nomenclature. Pure _fragilis_ and pure
+_alba_ are perfectly distinct plants, _fragilis_ occasional, locally
+rather common, and _alba_ rather rare within the limits of the United
+States. Each species has varieties; the two species hybridize with each
+other and with native species, and the hybrids themselves have varietal
+forms. This group affords a tempting field for the manufacture of
+species and varieties, about most of which so little is known that any
+attempt to assign a definite range would be necessarily imperfect and
+misleading. The range as given below in either species simply points out
+the limits within which any one of the various forms of that species
+appears to be spontaneous.
+
+
+=Salix fragilis, L.=
+
+CRACK WILLOW. BRITTLE WILLOW.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In low land and along river banks. Indigenous in
+southwestern Asia, and in Europe where it is extensively cultivated;
+introduced into America probably from England for use in basket-making,
+and planted at a very early date in many of the colonial towns; now
+extensively cultivated, and often spontaneous in wet places and along
+river banks, throughout New England and as far south as Delaware.
+
+=Habit.=--Tree often of great size; attaining a maximum height of 60-90
+feet; head open, wide-spreading; branches except the lowest rising at a
+broad angle; branchlets reddish or yellowish green, smooth and polished,
+very brittle at the base. In 1890 there was standing upon the Groome
+estate, Humphreys Street, Dorchester, Mass., a willow of this species
+about 60 feet high, 28 feet 2 inches in girth five feet from the ground,
+with a spread of 110 feet (_Typical Elms and other Trees of
+Massachusetts_, p. 85).
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of the trunk gray, smooth in young trees, in old trees
+very rough, irregularly ridged, sometimes cleaving off in large plates.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds about 1/3 inch long, reddish-brown,
+narrow-conical. Leaves simple, alternate, 2-6 inches long, smooth, dark
+green and shining above, pale or glaucous beneath and somewhat pubescent
+when young; outline lanceolate, glandular-serrate; apex long-acuminate;
+tapering to an acute or obtuse base; leafstalk short, glandular at the
+top; stipules half-cordate when present, soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April to May. Catkins appearing with the leaves,
+spreading, stalked,--sterile 1-2 inches long; stamens 2-4, usually 2;
+filaments distinct, pubescent below; ovary abortive: fertile catkins
+slender; stigma nearly sessile; capsule long-conical, smooth,
+short-stalked.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows best near
+streams, but adapts itself readily to all rich, damp soils. A handsome
+ornamental tree when planted where its roots can find water, and its
+branches space for free development. Readily propagated from slips.
+
+
+SALIX ALBA, L.
+
+WHITE WILLOW.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Low, moist grounds; along streams. Probably
+indigenous throughout Europe, northern Africa, and Asia as far south as
+northwestern India. Extensively introduced in America, and often
+spontaneous over large areas.
+
+ New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Ontario.
+
+New England,--sparingly throughout.
+
+ South to Delaware; extensively introduced in the western states.
+
+=Habit.=--A large tree, 50-80 feet in height; trunk usually rather short
+and 2-7 feet in diameter; head large, not as broad-spreading as that of
+_S. fragilis_; branches numerous, mostly ascending.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk in old trees gray and coarsely ridged, in young
+trees smooth; twigs smooth, olive.
+
+=Leaves.=--Leaves simple, alternate, 2-4 inches long, _silky-hairy on
+both sides when young, when old still retaining more or less pubescence,
+especially on the paler under surface_; outline narrowly lanceolate or
+elliptic-lanceolate, glandular-serrate, tapering to a long pointed apex
+and to an acute base; leafstalk short, usually without glands; stipules
+ovate-lanceolate, soon falling.
+
+=Note.=--Var. _vitellina_, Koch., by far the most common form of this
+willow; mature leaves glabrous above; twigs _yellow_. Var. _caerulea_,
+Koch.; mature leaves bluish-green, glabrous above, glaucous beneath;
+twigs _olive_.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April to May. Catkins appearing with the leaves,
+slender, erect, stalked; scales linear; stamens 2; filaments distinct,
+hairy below the middle; stigma nearly sessile, deeply cleft; capsule
+glabrous, sessile or nearly so.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows best in
+moist localities; extensively cultivated to bind the soil along the
+banks of streams. Easily propagated from slips.
+
+
+
+
+JUGLANDACEAE. WALNUT FAMILY.
+
+
+=Juglans cinerea, L.=
+
+BUTTERNUT. OILNUT. LEMON WALNUT.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Roadsides, rich woods, river valleys, fertile,
+moist hillsides, high up on mountain slopes.
+
+ New Brunswick, throughout Quebec and eastern Ontario.
+
+Maine,--common, often abundant; New Hampshire,--throughout the
+Connecticut valley, and along the Merrimac and its tributaries, to the
+base of the White mountains; Vermont,--frequent; Massachusetts,--common
+in the eastern and central portions, frequent westward; Rhode Island and
+Connecticut,--common.
+
+ South to Delaware, along the mountains to Georgia and Alabama; west
+ to Minnesota, Kansas, and Arkansas.
+
+=Habit.=--Usually a medium-sized tree, 20-45 feet in height, with a
+disproportionately large trunk, 1-4 feet in diameter; often attaining
+under favorable conditions much greater dimensions. It ramifies at a few
+feet from the ground and throws out long, rather stout, and nearly
+horizontal branches, the lower slightly drooping, forming for the height
+of the tree a very wide-spreading head, with a stout and stiffish spray.
+At its best the butternut is a picturesque and even beautiful tree.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk dark gray, rough, narrow-ridged and wide-furrowed
+in old trees, in young trees smooth, dark gray; branchlets brown gray,
+with gray dots and prominent leaf-scars; season's shoots greenish-gray,
+faint-dotted, with a clammy pubescence. The bruised bark of the nut
+stains the skin yellow.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds flattish or oblong-conical, few-scaled,
+2-4 buds often superposed, the uppermost largest and far above the
+axil. Leaves pinnately compound, alternate, 1-1-1/2 feet long,
+viscid-pubescent throughout, at least when young; rachis enlarged at
+base; stipules none; leaflets 9-17, 2-4 inches long, about half as wide,
+upper surface rough, yellowish when unfolding in spring, becoming a dark
+green, lighter beneath, yellow in autumn; outline oblong-lanceolate,
+serrate; veins prominent beneath; apex acute to acuminate; base obtuse
+to rounded, somewhat inequilateral, sessile, except the terminal
+leaflet; stipels none.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Appearing while the leaves are unfolding, sterile
+and fertile flowers on the same tree,--the sterile from terminal or
+lateral buds of the preceding season, in single, unbranched, stout,
+green, cylindrical, drooping catkins 3-6 inches long; calyx irregular,
+mostly 6-lobed, borne on an oblong scale; corolla none; stamens 8-12,
+with brown anthers: fertile flowers sessile, solitary, or several on a
+common peduncle from the season's shoots; calyx hairy, 4-lobed, with 4
+small petals at the sinuses; styles 2, short; stigmas 2, large,
+feathery, diverging, rose red.
+
+=Fruit.=--Ripening in October, one or several from the same footstalk,
+about 3 inches long, oblong, pointed, green, downy, and sticky at first,
+dark brown when dry: shells sculptured, rough: kernel edible, sweet but
+oily.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows in any
+well-drained soil, but prefers a deep, rich loam; seldom reaches its
+best under cultivation. Trees of the same age are apt to vary in vigor
+and size, dead branches are likely to appear early, and sound trees 8 or
+10 inches in diameter are seldom seen; the foliage is thin, appears late
+and drops early; planted in private grounds chiefly for its fruit; only
+occasionally offered in nurseries, collected plants seldom successful.
+Best grown from seed planted where the tree is to stand, as is evident
+from many trees growing spontaneously.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXII.--Juglans cinerea.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Flowering branch.
+ 3. Sterile flower, side view.
+ 4. Fertile flower.
+ 5. Fruit.
+ 6. Leaf.
+
+
+=Juglans nigra, L.=
+
+BLACK WALNUT.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Rich woods.
+
+Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont,--not reported native;
+Massachusetts,--rare east of the Connecticut river, occasional along the
+western part of the Connecticut valley to the New York line; Rhode
+Island,--doubtfully native, Apponaug (Kent county) and elsewhere;
+Connecticut,--frequent westward, Darien (Fairfield county); Plainville
+(Hartford county, J. N. Bishop _in lit._, 1896); in the central and
+eastern sections probably introduced.
+
+ South to Florida; west to Minnesota, Kansas, Arkansas, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A large tree, 50-75 feet high, with a diameter above the swell
+of the roots of 2-5 feet; attaining in the Ohio valley a height of 150
+feet and a diameter of 6-8 feet; trunk straight, slowly tapering,
+throwing out its lower branches nearly horizontally, the upper at a
+broad angle, forming an open, spacious, noble head.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk in old trees thick, blackish, and deeply
+furrowed; large branches rough and more or less furrowed; branchlets
+smooth; season's twigs downy.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, ovate or rounded, obtuse, more or
+less pubescent, few-scaled. Leaves pinnately compound, alternate; rachis
+smooth and swollen at base, but less so than that of the butternut;
+stipules none; leaflets 13-21 (the odd leaflet at the apex often
+wanting), opposite or alternate, 2-5 inches long, about half as wide;
+dark green and smooth above, lighter and slightly glandular-pubescent
+beneath, turning yellow in autumn; outline ovate-lanceolate; apex
+taper-pointed; base oblique, usually rounded or heart-shaped; stemless
+or nearly so, except the terminal leaflet; stipels none. Aromatic when
+bruised.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Appearing while the leaves are unfolding, sterile
+and fertile flowers on the same tree,--the sterile along the sides or at
+the ends of the preceding year's branches, in single, unbranched,
+green, stout, cylindrical, pendulous catkins, 3-6 inches long; perianth
+of 6 rounded lobes, stamens numerous, filaments very short, anthers
+purple: fertile flowers in the axils of the season's shoots, sessile,
+solitary or several on a common peduncle; calyx 4-toothed, with 4 small
+petals at the sinuses; stigmas 2, reddish-green.
+
+=Fruit.=--Ripening in October at the ends of the branchlets, single, or
+two or more together; round, smooth, or somewhat roughish with uneven
+surface, not viscid, dull green turning to brown: husk not separating
+into sections: shell irregularly furrowed: kernel edible.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in central and southern New England; grows
+well in most situations, but in a deep rich soil it forms a large and
+handsome tree. Readily obtainable in western nurseries; transplants
+rather poorly, and collected plants are of little value. Its leaves
+appear late and drop early, and the fruit is often abundant. These
+disadvantages make it objectionable in many cases. Grown from seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXIII.--Juglans nigra.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Flowering branch.
+ 3. Sterile flower, front view.
+ 4. Sterile flower, back view.
+ 5. Fertile flower.
+ 6. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Carya alba, Nutt.=
+
+_Hicoria ovata, Britton._
+
+SHAGBARK. SHAGBARK OR SHELLBARK HICKORY. WALNUT.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In various soils and situations, fertile slopes,
+brooksides, rocky hills.
+
+ Valley of the St. Lawrence.
+
+Maine,--along or near the coast as far north as Harpswell (Cumberland
+county); New Hampshire,--common as far north as Lake Winnepesaukee;
+Vermont,--occasional along the Connecticut to Windsor, rather common in
+the Champlain valley and along the western slopes of the Green
+mountains; Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut,--common.
+
+ South to Delaware and along the mountains to Florida; west to
+ Minnesota, Kansas, Indian territory, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--The tallest of the hickories and proportionally the most
+slender, from 50 to 75 feet in height, and not more than 2 feet in trunk
+diameter; rising to a great height in the Ohio and Indiana river
+bottoms. The trunk, shaggy in old trees, rises with nearly uniform
+diameter to the point of furcation, throwing out rather small branches
+of unequal length and irregularly disposed, forming an oblong or rounded
+head with frequent gaps in the continuity of the foliage.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk in young trees and in the smaller branches ash-gray,
+smoothish to seamy; in old trees, extremely characteristic, usually
+shaggy, the outer layers separating into long, narrow, unequal plates,
+free at one or both ends, easily detachable; branchlets smooth and gray,
+with conspicuous leaf-scars; season's shoots stout, more or less downy,
+numerous-dotted.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds tomentose, ovate to oblong, terminal
+buds large, much swollen before expanding; inner scales numerous,
+purplish-fringed, downy, enlarging to 5-6 inches in length as the leaves
+unfold. Leaves pinnately compound, alternate, 12-20 inches long; petiole
+short, rough, and somewhat swollen at base; stipules none; leaflets
+usually 5, sometimes 3 or 7, 3-7 inches long, dark green above,
+yellowish-green and downy beneath when young, the three upper large,
+obovate to lanceolate, the two lower much smaller, oblong to
+oblong-lanceolate, all finely serrate and sharp-pointed; base obtuse,
+rounded or acute, mostly inequilateral; nearly sessile save the odd
+leaflet; stipels none.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Sterile and fertile flowers on the same tree,
+appearing when the leaves are fully grown,--sterile at the base of the
+season's shoots, in slender, green, pendulous catkins, 4-6 inches long,
+usually in threes, branching umbel-like from a common peduncle;
+flower-scales 3-parted, the middle lobe much longer than the other two,
+linear, tipped with long bristles; calyx adnate to scale; stamens
+mostly in fours, anthers yellow, bearded at the tip: fertile flowers
+single or clustered on peduncles at the ends of the season's shoots;
+calyx 4-toothed, hairy, adherent to ovary; corolla none; stigmas 2,
+large, fringed.
+
+=Fruit.=--October. Spherical, 3-6 inches in circumference: husks rather
+thin, firm, green turning to brown, separating completely into 4
+sections: nut variable in size, subglobose, white, usually 4-angled:
+kernel large, sweet, edible.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; prefers light,
+well-drained, loamy soil; when well established makes a moderately rapid
+growth; difficult to transplant, rarely offered in nurseries; collected
+plants seldom survive; a fine tree for landscape gardening, but its nuts
+are apt to make trouble in public grounds. Propagated from a seed. A
+thin-shelled variety is in cultivation.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXIV.--Carya alba.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Flowering branch.
+ 3. Sterile flower, front view.
+ 4. Sterile flower, back view.
+ 5. Fertile flower.
+ 6. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Carya tomentosa, Nutt.=
+
+_Hicoria alba, Britton._
+
+MOCKERNUT. WHITE-HEART HICKORY. WALNUT.
+
+Habitat and Range.--In various soils; woods, dry, rocky ridges, mountain
+slopes.
+
+ Niagara peninsula and westward.
+
+Maine and Vermont,--not reported; New Hampshire,--sparingly along the
+coast; Massachusetts,--rather common eastward; Rhode Island and
+Connecticut,--common.
+
+ South to Florida, ascending 3500 feet in Virginia; west to Kansas,
+ Nebraska, Missouri, Indian territory, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A tall and rather slender tree, 50-70 feet high, with a
+diameter above the swell of the roots of 2-3 feet; attaining much
+greater dimensions south and west; trunk erect, not shaggy, separating
+into a few rather large limbs and sending out its upper branches at a
+sharp angle, forming a handsome, wide-spreading, pyramidal head.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk dark gray, thick, hard, close, and rough,
+becoming narrow-rugged-furrowed; crinkly on small trunks and branches;
+leaf-scars prominent; season's shoots stout, brown, downy or dusty
+puberulent, dotted, resinous-scented.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds large, yellowish-brown, ovate, downy.
+Leaves pinnately compound, alternate, 15-20 inches long; rachis large,
+downy, swollen at the base; stipules none; leaflets 7-9, opposite,
+large, yellowish-green and smooth above, beneath paler and thick-downy,
+at least when young, turning to a clear yellow or russet brown in
+autumn, the three upper obovate, the two lower ovate, all the leaflets
+slightly serrate or entire, pointed, base acute to rounded, nearly
+sessile except the odd one. Aromatic when bruised.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Sterile and fertile flowers on the same tree,
+appearing when the leaves are fully grown,--sterile at the base of the
+season's shoots, in slender, pendulous, downy catkins, 4-8 inches long,
+usually in threes, branching umbel-like from a common peduncle; scales
+3-lobed, hairy; calyx adnate; stamens 4 or 5, anthers red, bearded at
+the tip: fertile flowers on peduncles at the end of the season's shoots;
+calyx toothed, hairy, adherent to ovary; corolla none; stigmas 2, hairy.
+
+=Fruit.=--October. Generally sessile on terminal peduncles, single or in
+pairs, as large or larger than the fruit of the shagbark, or as small as
+that of the pignut, oblong-globose to globose: husk hard and thick,
+separating in 4 segments nearly to the base, strong-scented: nut
+globular, 4-ridged near the top, thick-shelled: kernel usually small,
+sweet, edible. The superior size of the fruit and the smallness of the
+kernel probably give rise to the common name, "mockernut."
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; prefers a rich,
+well-drained soil, but grows well in rocky, ledgy, exposed
+situations, and is seldom disfigured by insect enemies. Young trees have
+large, deep roots, and are difficult to transplant successfully unless
+they have been frequently transplanted in nurseries, from which,
+however, they are seldom obtainable. Propagated from seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXV.--Carya tomentosa.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Flowering branch.
+ 3. Sterile flower, front view.
+ 4. Sterile flower, side view.
+ 5. Sterile flower, top view.
+ 6. Fertile flower, side view.
+ 7. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Carya porcina, Nutt.=
+
+_Hicoria glabra, Britton_.
+
+PIGNUT. WHITE HICKORY.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Woods, dry hills, and uplands.
+
+ Niagara peninsula and along Lake Erie.
+
+Maine,--frequent in the southern corner of York county; New
+Hampshire,--common toward the coast and along the lower Merrimac valley;
+abundant on hills near the Connecticut river, but only occasional above
+Bellows Falls; Vermont,--Marsh Hill, Ferrisburgh (Brainerd); W.
+Castleton and Pownal (Eggleston); Massachusetts,--common eastward; along
+the Connecticut river valley and some of the tributary valleys more
+common than the shagbark; Rhode Island and Connecticut,--common.
+
+ South to the Gulf of Mexico; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas,
+ Indian territory, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A stately tree, 50-65 feet high, reaching in the Ohio basin a
+height of 120 feet; trunk 2-5 feet in diameter, gradually tapering,
+surmounted by a large, oblong, open, rounded, or pyramidal head, often
+of great beauty.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk dark ash-gray, uniformly but very coarsely
+roughened, in old trees smooth or broken into rough and occasionally
+projecting plates; branches gray; leaf-scars rather prominent; season's
+shoots smooth or nearly so, purplish changing to gray, with numerous
+dots.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Lateral buds smaller than in _C. tomentosa_,
+oblong, pointed; terminal, globular, with rounded apex; scales numerous,
+the inner reddish, lengthening to 1 or 2 inches, not dropping till after
+expansion of the leaves. Leaves pinnately compound, alternate, 10-18
+inches long; petiole long and smooth; stipules none; leaflets 5-7,
+opposite, 2-5 inches long, yellowish-green above, paler beneath, turning
+to an orange brown in autumn, smooth on both sides; outline, the three
+upper obovate, the two lower oblong-lanceolate, all taper-pointed; base
+obtuse, sometimes acute, especially in the odd leaflet.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Sterile and fertile flowers on the same tree,
+appearing when the leaves are fully grown,--sterile at the base of the
+season's shoots, in pendulous, downy, slender catkins, 3-5 inches long,
+usually in threes, branching umbel-like from a common peduncle; scales
+3-lobed, nearly glabrous, lobes of nearly equal length, pointed, the
+middle narrower; stamens mostly 4, anthers yellowish, beset with white
+hairs: fertile flowers at the ends of the season's shoots; calyx
+4-toothed, pubescent, adherent to the ovary; corolla none; stigmas 2.
+
+=Fruit.=--October. Single or in pairs, sessile on a short, terminal
+stalk, shape and size extremely variable, pear-shaped, oblong, round, or
+obovate, usually about 1-1/2 inches in diameter: husk thin, green
+turning to brown, when ripe parting in four sections to the center and
+sometimes nearly to the base: nut rather thick-shelled, not ridged, not
+sharp-pointed: kernel much inferior in flavor to that of the shagbark.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows in all
+well-drained soils, but prefers a deep, rich loam; a desirable tree for
+ornamental plantations, especially in lawns, as the deep roots do not
+interfere with the growth of grass above them; ill-adapted, like all the
+hickories, for streets, as the nuts are liable to cause trouble; less
+readily obtainable in nurseries than the shellbark hickory and equally
+difficult to transplant. Propagated from the seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXVI.--Carya porcina.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Flowering branch.
+ 3, 4. Sterile flower, back view.
+ 5. Fertile flower, side view.
+ 6. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Carya amara, Nutt.=
+
+_Hicoria minima, Britton_.
+
+BITTERNUT. SWAMP HICKORY.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In varying soils and situations; wet woods, low,
+damp fields, river valleys, along roadsides, occasional upon uplands and
+hill slopes.
+
+ From Montreal west to Georgian bay.
+
+Maine,--southward, rare; New Hampshire,--eastern limit in the
+Connecticut valley, where it ranges farther north than any other of our
+hickories, reaching Well's river (Jessup); Vermont,--occasional west of
+the Green mountains and in the southern Connecticut valley;
+Massachusetts,--rather common, abundant in the vicinity of Boston; Rhode
+Island and Connecticut,--common.
+
+ South to Florida, ascending 3500 feet in Virginia; west to
+ Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, Indian territory, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A tall, slender tree, 50-75 feet high and 1 foot-2-1/2 feet in
+diameter at the ground, reaching greater dimensions southward. The
+trunk, tapering gradually to the point of branching, develops a
+capacious, spreading head, usually widest near the top, with lively
+green, finely cut foliage of great beauty, turning to a rich orange in
+autumn. Easily recognized in winter by its flat, yellowish buds.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk gray, close, smooth, rarely flaking off in thin
+plates; branches and branchlets smooth; leaf-scars prominent; season's
+shoots yellow, smooth, yellow-dotted.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Terminal buds long, yellow, flattish, often
+scythe-shaped, pointed, with a granulated surface; lateral buds much
+smaller, often ovate or rounded, pointed. Leaves pinnately compound,
+alternate, 12-15 inches long; rachis somewhat enlarged at base; stipules
+none; leaflets 5-11, opposite, 5-6 inches long, 1-2 inches wide, bright
+green and smooth above, paler and smooth or somewhat downy beneath,
+turning to orange yellow in autumn; outline lanceolate, or narrowly oval
+to oblong-obovate, serrate; apex taper-pointed to scarcely acute; base
+obtuse or rounded except that of the terminal leaflet, which is acute;
+sessile and inequilateral, except in terminal leaflet, which has a short
+stem and is equal-sided; sometimes scarcely distinguishable from the
+leaves of _C. porcina_; often decreasing regularly in size from the
+upper to the lower pair.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Sterile and fertile flowers on the same tree,
+appearing when the leaves are fully grown,--sterile at the base of the
+season's shoots, or sometimes from the lateral buds of the preceding
+season, in slender, pendulous catkins, 3-4 inches long, usually in
+threes, branching umbel-like from a common peduncle; scale 3-lobed,
+hairy-glandular, middle lobe about the same length as the other two but
+narrower, considerably longer toward the end of the catkin; stamens
+mostly 5, anthers bearded at the tip: fertile flowers on peduncles at
+the end of the season's shoots; calyx 4-lobed, pubescent, adherent to
+the ovary; corolla none; stigmas 2.
+
+=Fruit.=--October. Single or in twos or threes at the ends of the
+branchlets, abundant, usually rather small, about 1 inch long, the width
+greater than the length; occasionally larger and somewhat pear-shaped:
+husk separating about to the middle into four segments, with sutures
+prominently winged at the top or almost to the base, or nearly wingless:
+nut usually thin-shelled: kernel white, sweetish at first, at length
+bitter.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows almost
+anywhere, but prefers a rich, loamy or gravelly soil. A most graceful
+and attractive hickory, which is transplanted more readily and grows
+rather more rapidly than the shagbark or pignut, but more inclined than
+either of these to show dead branches. Seldom for sale by nurserymen or
+collectors. Grown readily from seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXVII.--Carya amara.]
+
+ 1. Winter bud.
+ 2. Flowering branch.
+ 3. Sterile flower, back view.
+ 4. Sterile flower, front view.
+ 5. Fertile flower.
+ 6. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+
+
+BETULACEAE. BIRCH FAMILY.
+
+
+=Ostrya Virginica, Willd.=
+
+_Ostrya Virginiana, Willd._
+
+HOP HORNBEAM. IRONWOOD. LEVERWOOD.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In rather open woods and along highlands.
+
+ Nova Scotia to Lake Superior.
+
+Common in all parts of New England.
+
+ Scattered throughout the whole country east of the Mississippi,
+ ranging through western Minnesota to Nebraska, Kansas, Indian
+ territory, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A small tree, 25-40 feet high and 8-12 inches in diameter at
+the ground, sometimes attaining, without much increase in height, a
+diameter of 2 feet; trunk usually slender; head irregular, often oblong
+or loosely and rather broadly conical; lower branches sometimes slightly
+declining at the extremities, but with branchlets mostly of an upward
+tendency; spray slender and rather stiff. Suggestive, in its habit, of
+the elm; in its leaves, of the black birch; and in its fruit, of
+clusters of hops.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk and large limbs light grayish-brown, very narrowly and
+longitudinally ridged, the short, thin segments in old trees often loose
+at the ends; the smaller branches, branchlets, and in late fall the
+season's shoots, dark reddish-brown.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, oblong, pointed, invested with
+reddish-brown scales. Leaves simple, alternate, roughish, 2-4 inches
+long, 1-2 inches wide, more or less appressed-pubescent on both sides,
+dark green above, lighter beneath; outline ovate to oblong-ovate,
+sharply and for the most part doubly serrate; apex acute to acuminate;
+base slightly and narrowly heart-shaped, rounded or truncate, mostly
+with unequal sides; leafstalks short, pubescent; stipules soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April to May. Sterile flowers from wood of the
+preceding season, lateral or terminal, in drooping, cylindrical catkins,
+usually in threes; scales broad, laterally rounded, sharp-pointed,
+ciliate, each subtending several nearly sessile stamens, filaments
+sometimes forked, with anthers bearded at the tip: fertile catkins about
+1 inch in length, on short leafy shoots, spreading; bracts lanceolate,
+tapering to a long point, ciliate, each subtending two ovaries, each
+ovary with adherent calyx, enclosed in a hairy bractlet; styles 2, long,
+linear.
+
+=Fruit.=--Early September. A small, smooth nut, enclosed in the
+distended bract; the aggregated fruit resembling a cluster of hops.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; prefers dry or
+well-drained slopes in gravelly or rocky soil; graceful and attractive,
+but of rather slow growth; useful in shady situations and worthy of a
+place in ornamental plantations, but too small for street use. Seldom
+raised by nurserymen; collected plants moved with difficulty. Propagated
+from seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXVIII.--Ostrya Virginica.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Flowering branch.
+ 3. Sterile flower, back view.
+ 4. Sterile flower, front view.
+ 5. Fertile catkin.
+ 6. Fertile flower.
+ 7. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt.=
+
+HORNBEAM. BLUE BEECH. IRONWOOD. WATER BEECH.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Low, wet woods, and margins of swamps.
+
+ Province of Quebec to Georgian bay.
+
+Rather common throughout New England, less frequent towards the coast.
+
+ South to Florida; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, Indian
+ territory, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A low, spreading tree, 10-30 feet high, with a trunk diameter
+of 6-12 inches, rarely reaching 2 feet; trunk short, often given a
+fluted appearance by projecting ridges running down from the lower
+branches to the ground; in color and smoothness resembling the beech;
+lower branches often much declined, upper going out at various angles,
+often zigzag but keeping the same general direction; head wide, close,
+flat-topped to rounded, with fine, slender spray.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk smooth, close, dark bluish-gray; branchlets grayish;
+season's shoots light green turning brown, more or less hairy.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Leaf-buds small, oval or ovoid, acute to
+obtuse. Leaves simple, alternate, 2-3 inches long, dull green above,
+lighter beneath, turning to scarlet or crimson in autumn; outline ovate
+or slightly obovate oblong or broadly oval, irregularly and sharply
+doubly serrate; veins prominent and pubescent beneath, at least when
+young; apex acuminate to acute; base rounded, truncate, acute, or
+slightly and unevenly heart-shaped; leafstalk rather short, slender,
+hairy; stipules pubescent, falling early.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Sterile flowers from growth of the preceding
+season in short, stunted-looking, lateral catkins, mostly single; scales
+ovate or rounded, obtuse, each subtending several stamens; filaments
+very short, mostly 2-forked; anthers bearded at the tip: fertile flowers
+at the ends of leafy shoots of the season, in loose catkins; bractlets
+foliaceous, each subtending a green, ovate, acute, ciliate, deciduous
+scale, each scale subtending two pistils with long reddish styles.
+
+=Fruit.=--In terminal catkins made conspicuous by the pale green, much
+enlarged, and leaf-like 3-lobed bracts, each bract subtending a
+dark-colored, sessile, striate nutlet.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; prefers moist,
+rich soil, near running water, on the edges of wet land or on rocky
+slopes in shade. Its irregular outline and curiously ridged trunk make
+it an interesting object in landscape plantations. It is not often used,
+however, because it is seldom grown in nurseries, and collected plants
+do not bear removal well. Propagated from the seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXIX.--Carpinus Caroliniana.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Flowering branch.
+ 3. Sterile flower, back view.
+ 4. Sterile flower, front view.
+ 5. Fertile catkin.
+ 6. Fertile flower.
+ 7. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=BETULA.=
+
+Inflorescence.--In scaly catkins, sterile and fertile on the same tree,
+appearing with or before the leaves from shoots of the previous
+season,--sterile catkins terminal and lateral, formed in summer, erect
+or inclined in the bud, drooping when expanded in the following spring;
+sterile flowers usually 3, subtended by a shield-shaped bract with 2
+bractlets; each flower consisting of a 1-scaled calyx and 2 anthers,
+which appear to be 4 from the division of the filaments into two parts,
+each of which bears an anther cell: fertile catkins erect or inclined at
+the end of very short leafy branchlets; fertile flowers subtended by a
+3-lobed bract falling with the nuts; bractlets none; calyx none; corolla
+none; consisting of 2-3 ovaries crowned with 2 spreading styles.
+
+
+=Betula lenta, L.=
+
+BLACK BIRCH. CHERRY BIRCH. SWEET BIRCH.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Moist grounds; rich woods, old pastures, fertile
+hill-slopes, banks of rivers.
+
+ Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to the Lake Superior region.
+
+Maine,--frequent; New Hampshire,--in the highlands of the southern
+section, and along the Connecticut river valley to a short distance
+north of Windsor; Vermont,--frequent in the western part of the state,
+and in the southern Connecticut valley (_Flora of Vermont_, 1900);
+Massachusetts and Rhode Island,--frequent throughout, especially in the
+highlands, less often near the coast; Connecticut,--widely distributed,
+especially in the Connecticut river valley, but not common.
+
+ South to Delaware, along the mountains to Florida; west to
+ Minnesota and Kansas.
+
+=Habit.=--A medium-sized or rather large tree, 50-75 feet high, with a
+trunk diameter of 1-4 feet, often conspicuous along precipitous ledges,
+springing out of crevices in the rocks and assuming a variety of
+picturesque forms. In open ground the dark trunk develops a symmetrical,
+wide-spreading, hemispherical head broadest at its base, the lower limbs
+horizontal or drooping sometimes nearly to the ground. The limbs are
+long and slender, often more or less tortuous, and separated ultimately
+into a delicate, polished spray. Distinguished by its long
+purplish-yellow, pendulous catkins in spring, and in summer by its
+glossy, bright green, and abundant foliage, which becomes yellow in
+autumn.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk on old trees very dark, separating and cleaving
+off in large, thickish plates; on young trees and on branches a dark
+reddish-brown, not separating into thin layers, smooth, with numerous
+horizontal lines 1-3 inches long; branchlets reddish-brown, shining,
+with shorter lateral lines; season's shoots with small, pale dots. Inner
+bark very aromatic, having a strong checkerberry flavor,--hence the
+common name, "checkerberry birch"; called also "cherry birch," from the
+resemblance of its bark to that of the garden cherry.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds reddish-brown, oblong or conical,
+pointed, inner scales whitish, elongating as the bud opens. Leaves
+simple, in alternate pairs, 3-4 inches long and one-half as wide,
+shining green above and downy when young, paler beneath and
+silvery-downy along the prominent, straight veins; outline ovate-oval,
+ovate-oblong, or oval; sharply serrate to doubly serrate; apex acute to
+acuminate; base heart-shaped to obtuse; leafstalk short, often curved,
+hairy when young; stipules soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April to May. Sterile catkins 3-4 inches long,
+slender, purplish-yellow; scales fringed: fertile catkins erect or
+suberect, sessile or nearly so, 1/2-1 inch long, oblong-cylindrical;
+bracts pubescent; lateral lobes wider than in _B. lutea._
+
+=Fruit.=--Fruiting catkins oblong-cylindrical, nearly erect; bracts with
+3 short, nearly equal diverging lobes: nut obovate-oblong, wider than
+its wings; upper part of seed-body usually appressed-pubescent.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows everywhere
+from swamps to hilltops, but prefers moist rocky slopes and a loamy or
+gravelly soil; occasionally offered by nurserymen; both nursery and
+collected plants are moved without serious difficulty; apt to grow
+rather unevenly.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXX.--Betula lenta.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Flowering branch.
+ 3. Sterile flower, back view.
+ 4. Sterile flower, front view.
+ 5. Fertile flower.
+ 6. Fruiting branch.
+ 7. Fruit.
+ 8. Mature leaf.
+
+
+=Betula lutea, Michx. f.=
+
+YELLOW BIRCH. GRAY BIRCH.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Low, rich woodlands, mountain slopes.
+
+ Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to Rainy river.
+
+New England,--abundant northward; common throughout, from borders of
+lowland swamps to 1000 feet above the sea level; more common at
+considerable altitudes, where it often occurs in extensive patches or
+belts.
+
+ South to the middle states, and along the mountains to Tennessee
+ and North Carolina; west to Minnesota.
+
+=Habit.=--A large tree, at its maximum in northern New England 60-90
+feet high and 2-4 feet in diameter at the base. In the forest the main
+trunk separates at a considerable height into a few large branches which
+rise at a sharp angle, curving slightly, forming a rather small,
+irregular head, widest near the top; while in open ground the head is
+broad-spreading, hemispherical, with numerous rather equal, long and
+slender branches, and a fine spray with drooping tendencies. In the
+sunlight the silvery-yellow feathering and the metallic sheen of trunk
+and branches make the yellow birch one of the most attractive trees of
+the New England forest.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunks and large limbs in old trees gray or blackish,
+lustreless, deep-seamed, split into thick plates, standing out at all
+sorts of angles; in trees 6-8 inches in diameter, scarf-bark lustrous,
+parted in ribbon-like strips, detached at one end and running up the
+trunk in delicate, tattered fringes; season's shoots light
+yellowish-green, minutely buff-dotted, woolly-pubescent, becoming in
+successive seasons darker and more lustrous, the dots elongating into
+horizontal lines. Aromatic but less so than the bark of the black birch;
+not readily detachable like the bark of the canoe birch.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds conical, 1/4 inch long, mostly
+appressed, tips of scales brownish. Leaves simple, in alternate pairs or
+scattered singly along the stem; 3-5 inches long, 1/2-2 inches wide,
+dull green on both sides, paler beneath and more or less pubescent on
+the straight veins; outline oval to oblong, for the most part doubly
+serrate; apex acuminate or acute; base heart-shaped, obtuse or truncate;
+leafstalk short, grooved, often pubescent or woolly; stipules soon
+falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April to May. Sterile catkins 3-4 inches long,
+purplish-yellow; scales fringed: fertile catkins sessile or nearly so,
+about 1 inch long, cylindrical; bracts 3-lobed, nearly to the middle,
+pubescent, lobes slightly spreading.
+
+=Fruit.=--Fruiting catkins oblong or oblong-ovoid, about 1 inch long and
+two-thirds as thick, erect: nut oval to narrowly obovate, tapering at
+each end, pubescent on the upper part, about the width of its wing.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows in wet or
+dry situations, but prefers wet, peaty soil, where its roots can find a
+constant supply of moisture; similar to the black birch, equally
+valuable in landscape-gardening, but less desirable as a street tree;
+transplanted without serious difficulty.
+
+Differences between black birch and yellow birch:
+
+=Black Birch.=--Bark reddish-brown, not separable into thin layers;
+leaves bright green above, finely serrate; fruiting catkins cylindrical;
+bark of twigs decidedly aromatic.
+
+=Yellow Birch.=--Bark yellow, separable into thin layers; leaves dull
+green above; serration coarser and more decidedly doubly serrate;
+fruiting catkins ovoid or oblong-ovoid; flavor of bark less distinctly
+aromatic.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXXI.--Betula lutea.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Flower-buds.
+ 3. Flowering branch.
+ 4-6. Sterile flowers.
+ 7. Fertile flower.
+ 8. Bract.
+ 9. Fruiting branch.
+ 10. Fruit.
+
+
+=Betula nigra, L.=
+
+RED BIRCH. RIVER BIRCH.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Along rivers, ponds, and woodlands inundated a
+part of the year.
+
+ Doubtfully and indefinitely reported from Canada.
+
+No stations in Maine, Vermont, Rhode Island, or Connecticut; New
+Hampshire,--found sparingly along streams in the southern part of the
+state; abundant along the banks of Beaver brook, Pelham (F. W.
+Batchelder); Massachusetts,--along the Merrimac river and its
+tributaries, bordering swamps in Methuen and ponds in North Andover.
+
+ South, east of the Alleghany mountains, to Florida; west, locally
+ through the northern tier of states to Minnesota and along the Gulf
+ states to Texas; western limits, Nebraska, Kansas, Indian
+ territory, and Missouri.
+
+=Habit.=--A medium-sized tree, 30-50 feet high, with a diameter at the
+ground of 1-1-1/2 feet; reaching much greater dimensions southward. The
+trunk, frequently beset with small, leafy, reflexed branchlets, and
+often only less frayed and tattered than that of the yellow birch,
+develops a light and feathery head of variable outline, with numerous
+slender branches, the upper long and drooping, the reddish spray clothed
+with abundant dark-green foliage.
+
+=Bark.=--Reddish, more or less separable into layers, fraying into
+shreddy, cinnamon-colored fringes; in old trees thick, dark
+reddish-brown, and deeply furrowed; branches dark red or cinnamon,
+giving rise to the name of "red birch"; season's shoots downy,
+pale-dotted.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, mostly appressed near the ends of
+the shoots, tapering at both ends. Leaves simple, alternate, 3-4 inches
+long, two-thirds as wide, dark green and smooth above, paler and
+soft-downy beneath, turning bright yellow in autumn; outline
+rhombic-ovate, with unequal and sharp double serratures; leafstalk short
+and downy; stipules soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April to May. Sterile catkins usually in threes, 2-4
+inches long, scales 2-3-flowered: fertile catkins bright green,
+cylindrical, stalked; bracts 3-lobed, the central lobe much the longest,
+tomentose, ciliate.
+
+=Fruit.=--June. Earliest of the birches to ripen its seed; fruiting
+catkins 1-2 inches long, cylindrical, erect or spreading; bracts with
+the 3 lobes nearly equal in width, spreading, the central lobe the
+longest: nut ovate to obovate, ciliate.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows in all
+soils, but prefers a station near running water; young trees grow
+vigorously and become attractive objects in landscape plantations;
+especially useful along river banks to bind the soil; retains its lower
+branches better than the black or yellow birches. Seldom found in
+nurseries, and rather hard to transplant; collected plants do fairly
+well.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXXII.--Betula nigra.]
+
+ 1. Leaf-buds.
+ 2. Flower-buds.
+ 3. Branch with sterile and fertile catkins.
+ 4. Sterile flower.
+ 5. Fertile flower.
+ 6. Scale of fertile flower.
+ 7. Fruit.
+ 8. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Betula populifolia, Marsh.=
+
+WHITE BIRCH. GRAY BIRCH. OLDFIELD BIRCH. POPLAR BIRCH. POVERTY
+BIRCH. SMALL WHITE BIRCH.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Dry, gravelly soils, occasional in swamps and
+frequent along their borders, often springing up on burnt lands.
+
+ Nova Scotia to Lake Ontario.
+
+Maine,--abundant; New Hampshire,--abundant eastward, as far north as
+Conway, and along the Connecticut to Westmoreland; Vermont,--common in
+the western and frequent in the southern sections; Massachusetts, Rhode
+Island, and Connecticut,--common.
+
+ South, mostly in the coast region, to Delaware; west to Lake
+ Ontario.
+
+=Habit.=--A small tree, 20-35 feet high, with a diameter at the ground
+of 4-8 inches, occasionally much exceeding these dimensions; under
+favorable conditions, of extreme elegance. The slender, seldom erect
+trunk, continuous to the top of the tree, throws out numerous short,
+unequal branches, which form by repeated subdivisions a profuse, slender
+spray, disposed irregularly in tufts or masses, branches and branchlets
+often hanging vertically or drooping at the ends. Conspicuous in winter
+by the airy lightness of the narrow open head and by the contrast of the
+white trunk with the dark spray; in summer, when the sun shines and the
+air stirs, by the delicacy, tremulous movement, and brilliancy of the
+foliage.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk grayish-white, with triangular, dusty patches below the
+insertion of the branches; not easily separable into layers; branches
+dark brown or blackish; season's shoots brown, with numerous small round
+dots becoming horizontal lines and increasing in length with the age of
+the tree. The white of the bark does not readily come off upon clothing.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds somewhat diverging from the twig; narrow
+conical or cylindrical, reddish-brown. Leaves simple, alternate, single
+or in pairs, 3-4 inches long, two-thirds as wide, bright green above,
+paler beneath, smooth and shining on both sides, turning to a pale
+shining yellow in autumn, resinous, glandular-dotted when young; outline
+triangular, coarsely and irregularly doubly serrate; apex taper-pointed;
+base truncate, heart-shaped, or acute; leafstalks long and slender;
+stipules dropping early.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Sterile catkins usually solitary or in pairs,
+slender-cylindrical, 2-3 inches long: fertile catkins erect, green,
+stalked; bracts minutely pubescent.
+
+=Fruit.=--Fruiting catkins erect or spreading, cylindrical, about 1-1/4
+inches long and 1/2 inch in diameter, stalked; scales 3-parted above the
+center, side lobes larger, at right angles or reflexed: nuts small,
+ovate to obovate, narrower than the wings, combined wings from broadly
+obcordate to butterfly-shape, wider than long.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England, growing in every
+kind of soil, finest specimens in deep, rich loam. Were this tree not so
+common, its graceful habit and attractive bark would be more appreciated
+for landscape gardening; only occasionally grown by nurserymen, best
+secured through collectors; young collected plants, if properly
+selected, will nearly all live.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXXIII.--Betula populifolia.]
+
+ 1. Branch with sterile and fertile catkins.
+ 2. Sterile flower, back view.
+ 3. Fertile flower.
+ 4. Scale of fertile flower.
+ 5. Fruiting branch.
+ 6. Fruit.
+
+
+=Betula papyrifera, Marsh.=
+
+CANOE BIRCH. WHITE BIRCH. PAPER BIRCH.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Deep, rich woods, river banks, mountain slopes.
+
+ Canada, Atlantic to Pacific, northward to Labrador and Alaska, to
+ the limit of deciduous trees.
+
+Maine,--abundant; New Hampshire,--in all sections, most common on
+highlands up to the alpine area of the White mountains, above the range
+of the yellow birch; Vermont,--common; Massachusetts,--common in the
+western and central sections, rare towards the coast; Rhode Island,--not
+reported; Connecticut,--occasional in the southern sections, frequent
+northward.
+
+ South to Pennsylvania and Illinois; west to the Rocky mountains and
+ Washington on the Pacific coast.
+
+Var. _minor_, Tuckerman, is a dwarf form found upon the higher mountain
+summits of northern New England.
+
+=Habit.=--A large tree, 50-75 feet high, with a diameter of 1-3 feet;
+occasionally of greater dimensions. The trunk develops a
+broad-spreading, open head, composed of a few large limbs ascending at
+an acute angle, with nearly horizontal secondary branches and a
+slender, flexible spray without any marked tendency to droop.
+Characterized by the dark metallic lustre of the branchlets, the dark
+green foliage, deep yellow in autumn, and the chalky whiteness of the
+trunk and large branches; a singularly picturesque tree, whether
+standing alone or grouped in forests.
+
+=Bark.=--Easily detachable in broad sheets and separable into thin,
+delicately colored, paper-like layers, impenetrable by water, outlasting
+the wood it covers. Bark of trunk and large branches chalky-white when
+fully exposed to the sun, lustreless, smooth or ragged-frayed, in very
+old forest trees encrusted with huge lichens, and splitting into broad
+plates; young trunks and smaller branches smooth, reddish or grayish
+brown, with numerous roundish buff dots which enlarge from year to year
+into more and more conspicuous horizontal lines. The white of the bark
+readily rubs off upon clothing.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, ovate, flattish, acute to
+rounded. Leaves simple, alternate, 3-5 inches long, two-thirds as wide,
+dark green and smooth above, beneath pale, hairy along the veins,
+sometimes in young trees thickly glandular-dotted on both sides; outline
+ovate, ovate-oblong, or ovate-orbicular, more or less doubly serrate;
+apex acute to acuminate; base somewhat heart-shaped, truncate or obtuse;
+leafstalk 1-2 inches long, grooved above, downy; stipules falling early.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April to May. Sterile catkins mostly in threes, 3-4
+inches long: fertile catkins 1-1-1/2 inches long, cylindrical,
+slender-peduncled, erect or spreading; bracts puberulent.
+
+=Fruit.=--Fruiting catkins 1-2 inches long, cylindrical, short-stalked,
+spreading or drooping: nut obovate to oval, narrower than its wings;
+combined wings butterfly-shaped, nearly twice as wide as long.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; prefers a
+well-drained loam or gravelly soil, but does fairly well in almost any
+situation; young trees rapid growing and vigorous, but with the same
+tendency to grow irregularly that is shown by the black and yellow
+birches; transplanted without serious difficulty; not offered by many
+nurserymen, but may be obtained from northern collectors.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXXIV.--Betula papyrifera.]
+
+ 1. Leaf-buds.
+ 2. Flower-buds.
+ 3. Flowering branch.
+ 4. Sterile flower, front view.
+ 5. Fertile flower, front view.
+ 6. Scale of fertile flower.
+ 7. Fruiting branch.
+ 8. Fruit.
+
+
+=Alnus glutinosa, Medic.=
+
+EUROPEAN ALDER.
+
+This is the common alder of Great Britain and central Europe southward,
+growing chiefly along water courses, in boggy grounds and upon moist
+mountain slopes; introduced into the United States and occasionally
+escaping from cultivation; sometimes thoroughly established locally. In
+Medford, Mass., there are many of these plants growing about two small
+ponds and upon the neighboring lowlands, most of them small, but among
+them are several trees 30-40 feet in height and 8-12 inches in diameter
+at the ground, distinguishable at a glance from the shrubby native
+alders by their greater size, more erect habit, and darker trunks.
+
+
+
+
+FAGACEAE. BEECH FAMILY.
+
+
+=Fagus ferruginea, Ait.=
+
+_Fagus Americana, Sweet. Fagus atropunicea, Sudw._
+
+
+BEECH.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Moist, rocky soil.
+
+Nova Scotia through Quebec and Ontario.
+
+Maine,--abundant; New Hampshire,--throughout the state; common on the
+Connecticut-Merrimac watershed, enters largely into the composition of
+the hardwood forests of Coos county; Vermont,--abundant;
+Massachusetts,--in western sections abundant, common eastward;
+Rhode Island and Connecticut,--common.
+
+ South to Florida; west to Wisconsin, Missouri, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A tree of great beauty, rising to a height of 50-75 feet, with
+a diameter at the ground of 1-1/2-4 feet; under favorable conditions
+attaining much greater dimensions; trunk remarkably smooth, sometimes
+fluted, in the forests tall and straight, in open situations short and
+stout; head symmetrical, of various shapes,--rounded, oblong, or even
+obovate; branches numerous, mostly long and slender, curving slightly
+upward at their tips, near the point of branching horizontal or slightly
+drooping, beset with short branchlets which form a flat, dense, and
+beautiful spray; roots numerous, light brown, long, and running near the
+surface. Tree easily distinguishable in winter by the dried
+brownish-white leaves, spear-like buds, and smooth bark.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk light blue gray, smooth, unbroken, slightly corrugated in
+old trees, often beautifully mottled in blotches or bands and invested
+by lichens; branches gray; branchlets dark brown and smooth; spray
+shining, reddish-brown; season's shoots a shining olive green,
+orange-dotted.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds conspicuous, long, very slender,
+tapering slowly to a sharp point; scales rich brown, lengthening as the
+bud opens. Leaves set in plane of the spray, simple, alternate, 3-5
+inches long, one-half as wide, silky-pubescent with fringed edges when
+young, nearly smooth when fully grown, green on both sides, turning to
+rusty yellows and browns in autumn, persistent till mid-winter; outline
+oval, serrate; apex acuminate; base rounded; veins strong, straight,
+terminating in the teeth; leafstalk short, hairy at first; stipules
+slender, silky, soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Appearing with the leaves from the season's
+shoots, sterile flowers from the lower axils, in heads suspended at the
+end of silky threads 1-2 inches long; calyx campanulate, pubescent,
+yellowish-green, mostly 6-lobed; petals none; stamens 6-16; anthers
+exserted; ovary wanting or abortive: fertile flowers from the upper
+axils, usually single or in pairs, at the end of a short peduncle;
+involucre 4-lobed, fringed with prickly scales; calyx with six
+awl-shaped lobes; ovary 3-celled; styles 3.
+
+=Fruit.=--A prickly bur, thick, 4-valved, splitting nearly to the base
+when ripe: nut sharply triangular, sweet, edible.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows well in any
+good soil, but prefers deep, rich, well-drained loam; usually obtainable
+in nurseries; when frequently transplanted, safely moved. Its clean
+trunk and limbs, deep shade, and freedom from insect pests make it one
+of the most attractive of our large trees for use, summer or winter, in
+landscape gardening; few plants, however, will grow beneath it; the bark
+is easily disfigured; it has a bad habit of throwing out suckers and is
+liable to be killed by any injury to the roots. Propagated from the
+seed. The purple beech, weeping beech, and fern-leaf beech are
+well-known horticultural forms.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXXV.--Fagus ferruginea.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Flowering branch.
+ 3. Sterile flower.
+ 4. Fertile flower.
+ 5. Fruiting branch.
+ 6. Section of fruit.
+ 7. Nut.
+
+
+=Castanea sativa, var. Americana, Watson and Coulter.=
+
+_Castanea dentata, Borkh. Castanea vesca, var. Americana, Michx._
+
+
+CHESTNUT.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In strong, well-drained soil; pastures, rocky
+woods, and hillsides.
+
+ Ontario,--common.
+
+Maine,--southern sections, probably not indigenous north of latitude 44 deg.
+20'; New Hampshire,--Connecticut valley near the river, as far north as
+Windsor, Vt.; most abundant in the Merrimac valley south of Concord, but
+occasional a short distance northward; Vermont,--common in the
+southern sections, especially in the Connecticut valley; occasional as
+far north as Windsor (Windsor county), West Rutland (Rutland county),
+Burlington (Chittenden county); Massachusetts,--rather common throughout
+the state, but less frequent near the sea; Rhode Island and
+Connecticut,--common.
+
+ South to Delaware, along the mountains to Alabama; west to
+ Michigan, Indiana, and Tennessee.
+
+=Habit.=--A tree of the first magnitude, rising to a height of 60-80
+feet and reaching a diameter of 5-6 feet above the swell of the roots,
+with a spread sometimes equaling or even exceeding the height; attaining
+often much greater proportions. The massive trunk separates usually a
+few feet from the ground into several stout horizontal or ascending
+branches, the limbs higher up, horizontal or rising at a broad angle,
+forming a stately, open, roundish, or inversely pyramidal head;
+branchlets slender; spray coarse and not abundant; foliage bright green,
+dense, casting a deep shade; flowers profuse, the long, sterile catkins
+upon their darker background of leaves conspicuous upon the hill
+slopes at a great distance. A tree that may well dispute precedence with
+the white or red oak.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk in old trees deeply cleft with wide ridges, hard,
+rough, dark gray; in young trees very smooth, often shining; season's
+shoots green or purplish-brown, white-dotted.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, ovate, brown, acutish. Leaves
+simple, alternate, 5-10 inches long, 1-3 inches wide, bright clear
+green above, paler beneath and smooth on both sides; outline
+oblong-lanceolate, sharply and coarsely serrate; veins straight,
+terminating in the teeth; apex acuminate; base acute or obtuse;
+leafstalk short; stipules soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--June to July. Appearing from the axils of the season's
+shoots, after the leaves have grown to their full size; sterile catkins
+numerous, clustered or single, erect or spreading, 4-10 inches long,
+slender, flowers pale yellowish-green or cream-colored; calyx pubescent,
+mostly 6-parted; stamens 15-20; odor offensive when the anthers are
+discharging their pollen: fertile flowers near the base of the upper
+sterile catkins or in separate axils, 1-3 in a prickly involucre; calyx
+6-toothed; ovary ovate, styles as many as the cells of the ovary,
+exserted.
+
+=Fruit.=--Burs round, thick, prickly, 2-4 inches in diameter, opening by
+4 valves: nuts 1-5, dark brown, covered with whitish down at apex, flat
+on one side when there are several in a cluster, ovate when only one,
+sweet and edible.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; prefers fertile,
+well-drained, gravelly or rocky soil; rather difficult to transplant;
+usually obtainable in nurseries. Its vigorous and rapid growth, massive,
+broad-spreading head and attractive flowers make it a valuable tree for
+landscape gardening, but in public places the prickly burs and edible
+fruit are a serious disadvantage. Propagated from the seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXXVI.--Castanea sativa, var. Americana.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Flowering branch.
+ 3. Sterile flower.
+ 4. Fertile flower.
+ 5. Fruit.
+ 6. Nut.
+
+
+=QUERCUS.=
+
+Inflorescence appearing with the leaves in spring; sterile catkins from
+terminal or lateral buds on shoots of the preceding year, bracted,
+usually several in a cluster, unbranched, long, cylindrical, pendulous;
+bracts of sterile flowers minute, soon falling; calyx parted or lobed;
+stamens 3-12, undivided: fertile flowers terminal or axillary upon the
+new shoots, single or few-clustered, bracted, erect; involucre scaly,
+becoming the cupule or cup around the lower part of the acorn; ovary
+3-celled; stigma 3-lobed.
+
+
+WHITE OAKS.
+
+Leaves with obtuse or rounded lobes or teeth; cup-scales thickened or
+knobbed at base; stigmas sessile or nearly so; fruit maturing the first
+year.
+
+
+BLACK OAKS.
+
+Leaves with pointed or bristle-tipped lobes and teeth; cup-scales flat;
+stigmas on spreading styles; fruit maturing the second year.
+
+
+=Quercus alba, L.=
+
+WHITE OAK.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Light loams, sandy plains, and gravelly ridges,
+often constituting extensive tracts of forest.
+
+ Quebec and Ontario.
+
+Maine,--southern sections; New Hampshire,--most abundant eastward; in
+the Connecticut valley confined to the hills in the immediate vicinity
+of the river, extending up the tributary streams a short distance and
+disappearing entirely before reaching the mouth of the Passumpsic (W. F.
+Flint); Vermont,--common west of the Green mountains, less so in the
+southern Connecticut valley (_Flora of Vermont_, 1900); Massachusetts,
+Rhode Island, and Connecticut,--common.
+
+ South to the Gulf of Mexico; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas,
+ Arkansas, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A tree of the first rank, 50-75 feet high and 1-6 feet in
+diameter above the swell of the roots, exhibiting considerable diversity
+in general appearance, trunk sometimes dissolving into branches like the
+American elm, and sometimes continuous to the top. The finest specimens
+in open land are characterized by a rather short, massive trunk, with
+stout, horizontal, far-reaching limbs, conspicuously gnarled and twisted
+in old age, forming a wide-spreading, open head of striking grandeur,
+the diameter at the base of which is sometimes two or three times the
+height of the tree.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk and larger branches light ash-gray, sometimes nearly
+white, broken into long, thin, loose, irregular, soft-looking flakes; in
+old trees with broad, flat ridges; inner bark light; branchlets
+ash-gray, mottled; young shoots grayish-green, roughened with minute
+rounded, raised dots.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds 1/8 to 1/4 inch long, round-ovate,
+reddish-brown. Leaves simple, alternate, 3-7 inches long, 2-4 inches
+wide, delicately reddish-tinted and pubescent upon both sides when
+young; at maturity glabrous, light dull or glossy green above, paler and
+somewhat glaucous beneath, turning to various reds in autumn; outline
+obovate to oval; lobes 5-9; ascending, varying greatly in different
+trees; when few, short and wide-based, with comparatively shallow
+sinuses; when more in number, ovate-oblong, with deeper sinuses, or
+somewhat linear-oblong, with sinuses reaching nearly to midrib; apex of
+lobe rounded; base of leaf tapering; leafstalks short; stipules linear,
+soon falling. The leaves of this species are often persistent till
+spring, especially in young trees.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Appearing when the leaves are half grown; sterile
+catkins 2-3 inches long, with slender, usually pubescent thread; calyx
+yellow, pubescent; lobes 5-9, pointed: pistillate flowers sessile or
+short-peduncled, reddish, ovate-scaled.
+
+=Fruit.=--Maturing in the autumn of the first year, single, or more
+frequently in pairs, sessile or peduncled: cup hemispherical to deep
+saucer-shaped, rather thin; scales rough-knobby at base: acorn varying
+from 1/2 inch to an inch in length, oblong-ovoid: meat sweet and edible,
+said to be when boiled a good substitute for chestnuts.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England; grows well in all except
+very wet soils, in all open exposures and in light shade; like all oaks,
+difficult to transplant unless prepared by frequent transplanting in
+nurseries, from which it is not readily obtainable in quantity; grows
+very slowly and nearly uniformly up to maturity; comparatively free
+from insect enemies but occasionally disfigured by fungous disease which
+attacks immature leaves in spring. Propagated from seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXXVII.--Quercus alba.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Flowering branch.
+ 3-4. Sterile flower, front view.
+ 5. Fertile flower, side view.
+ 6. Fruiting branch.
+ 7-8. Variant leaves.
+
+
+=Quercus stellata, Wang.=
+
+_Q. obtusiloba, Michx. Q. minor, Sarg_.
+
+POST OAK. BOX WHITE OAK.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=
+
+ Doubtfully reported from southern Ontario.
+
+In New England, mostly in sterile soil near the sea-coast;
+Massachusetts,--southern Cape Cod from Falmouth to Brewster, the most
+northern station reported, occasional; the islands of Naushon, Martha's
+Vineyard where it is rather common, and Nantucket where it is rare;
+Rhode Island,--along the shore of the northern arm of Wickford harbor
+(L. W. Russell); Connecticut,--occasional along the shores of Long
+Island sound west of New Haven.
+
+ South to Florida; west to Kansas, Indian territory, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--Farther south, a tree of the first magnitude, reaching a
+height of 100 feet, with a trunk diameter of 4 feet; in southern New
+England occasionally attaining in woodlands a height of 50-60 feet; at
+its northern limit in Massachusetts, usually 10 to 35 feet in height,
+with a diameter at the ground of 6-12 inches. The trunk throws out
+stout, tough, and often conspicuously crooked branches, the lower
+horizontal or declining, forming a disproportionately large head, with
+dark green, dense foliage. Near the shore the limbs often grow very low,
+stretching along the ground as if from an underground stem.
+
+=Bark.=--Resembling that of the white oak, but rather a darker gray,
+rougher and firmer; upon old trunks furrowed and cut into oblongs; small
+limbs brownish-gray, rough-dotted; season's shoots densely
+tawny-tomentose.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, rounded or conical, brownish,
+scales minutely pubescent or scurfy. Leaves simple, alternate, 3-8
+inches long, two-thirds as wide, thickish, yellowish-green and tomentose
+upon both sides when young, becoming a deep, somewhat glossy green
+above, lighter beneath, both sides still somewhat scurfy; general
+outline of leaf and of lobes, and number and shape of the latter,
+extremely variable; type-form 5-lobed, all the lobes rounded, the three
+upper lobes much larger, more or less subdivided, often squarish, the
+two lower tapering to an acute, rounded, or truncate base; sinuses deep,
+variable, often at right angles to the midrib; leafstalk short,
+tomentose; stipules linear, pubescent, occasionally persistent till
+midsummer. The leaves are often arranged at the tips of the branches in
+star-shaped clusters, giving rise to the specific name _stellata_.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Sterile catkins 1-3 inches long, connecting
+thread woolly; calyx 4-8 parted, lobes acute, densely pubescent, yellow;
+stamens 4-8, _anthers with scattered hairs_: pistillate flowers single
+or in clusters of 2, 3, or more, sessile or on a short stem; stigma red.
+
+=Fruit.=--Maturing the first season, single and sessile, or nearly so,
+or in clusters of 2, 3, or more, on short footstalks: cup top-shaped or
+cup-shaped, 1/3-1/2 the length of the acorn, about 3/4 inch wide, thin;
+scales smooth or sometimes hairy along the top, acutish or roundish,
+slightly thickened at base: acorn 1/2-1 inch long, sweet.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England; prefers a good,
+well-drained, open soil; quite as slow-growing as the white oak; seldom
+found in nurseries and difficult to transplant. Propagated from the
+seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXXVIII.--Quercus stellata.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Flowering branch.
+ 3. Sterile flower, back view.
+ 4. Sterile flower, front view.
+ 5. Fertile flower.
+ 6. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Quercus macrocarpa, Michx.=
+
+BUR OAK. OVER-CUP OAK. MOSSY-CUP OAK.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Deep, rich soil; river valleys.
+
+ Nova Scotia to Manitoba, not attaining in this region the size of
+ the white oak, nor covering as large areas.
+
+Maine,--known only in the valleys of the middle Penobscot (Orono)
+and the Kennebec (Winslow, Waterville); Vermont,--lowlands
+about Lake Champlain, especially in Addison county, not common;
+Massachusetts,--valley of the Ware river (Worcester county), Stockbridge
+and towns south along the Housatonic river (Berkshire county); Rhode
+Island,--no station reported; Connecticut,--probably introduced in
+central and eastern sections, possibly native near the northern border.
+
+ South to Pennsylvania and Tennessee; west to Montana, Nebraska,
+ Kansas, Indian territory, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A medium-sized tree, 40-60 feet high, with a trunk diameter of
+1-3 feet; attaining great size in the Ohio and Mississippi river basins;
+trunk erect, branches often changing direction, ascending, save the
+lowest, which are often nearly horizontal; branchlets numerous, on the
+lowest branches often declined or drooping; head wide-spreading, rounded
+near the center, very rough in aspect; distinguished in summer by the
+luxuriance of the dark-green foliage and in autumn by the size of its
+acorns.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk and branches ash-gray, but darker than that of
+the white oak, separating on old trees into rather firm, longitudinal
+ridges; bark of branches sometimes developed into conspicuous corky,
+wing-like layers; season's shoots yellowish-brown, minutely hairy, with
+numerous small, roundish, raised dots.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds brown, 1/16 to 1/8 inch long, conical,
+scattered along the shoots and clustered at the enlarged tips. Leaves
+simple, alternate, 6-9 inches long, 3-4 inches broad, smooth and dark
+green above, lighter and downy beneath; outline obovate to oblong,
+varying from irregularly and deeply sinuate-lobed, especially near the
+center, to nearly entire, base wedge-shaped; stalk short; stipules
+linear, pubescent.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Sterile catkins 3-5 inches long; calyx mostly
+5-parted, yellowish-green; divisions linear-oblong, more or less
+persistent; stamens 10; anthers yellow, glabrous: pistillate flowers
+sessile or short-stemmed; scales reddish; stigma red.
+
+=Fruit.=--Maturing the first season; extremely variable; sessile or
+short-stemmed: cup top-shaped to hemispherical, 3/4-2 inches in
+diameter, with thick, close, pointed scales, the upper row often
+terminating in a profuse or sparing hairy or leafy fringe: acorn ovoid,
+often very large, sometimes sunk deeply and occasionally entirely in the
+cup.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England; in general appearance
+resembling the swamp white oak, but better adapted to upland; grows
+rather slowly in any good, well-drained soil; difficult to transplant;
+seldom disfigured by insects or disease; occasionally grown in
+nurseries. Propagated from seed. A narrower-leafed form with small
+acorns (var. _olivaeformis_) is occasionally offered.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXXIX.--Quercus macrocarpa.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Flowering branch.
+ 3. Sterile flower, back view.
+ 4. Sterile flower, front view.
+ 5. Fertile flowers.
+ 6. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Quercus bicolor, Willd.=
+
+_Quercus platanoides, Sudw._
+
+SWAMP WHITE OAK.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In deep, rich soil; low, moist, fertile
+grounds, bordering swamps and along streams.
+
+ Quebec to Ontario, where it is known as the blue oak.
+
+Maine,--York county; New Hampshire,--Merrimac valley as far as the mouth
+of the Souhegan, and probably throughout Rockingham county;
+Vermont,--low grounds about Lake Champlain; Massachusetts,--frequent in
+the western and central sections, common eastward; Rhode Island and
+Connecticut,--common.
+
+ South to Delaware and along the mountains to northern Georgia; west
+ to Minnesota, Iowa, east Kansas, and Arkansas.
+
+=Habit.=--A medium-sized tree, 40-60 feet high, with a trunk diameter of
+2-3 feet; attaining southward of the Great Lakes and in the Ohio basin
+much greater dimensions; roughest of all the oaks, except the bur oak,
+in general aspect; trunk erect, continuous, in young trees often beset
+at point of branching with down-growing, scraggly branchlets, surmounted
+by a rather regular pyramidal head, the lower branches horizontal or
+declining, often descending to the ground, with a short, stiff,
+abundant, and bushy spray; smaller twigs ridgy, widening beneath buds;
+foliage a dark shining green; heads of large trees less regular, rather
+open, with a general resemblance to the head of the white oak, but
+narrower at the base, with less contorted limbs.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk and larger branches thick, dark grayish-brown,
+longitudinally striate, with flaky scales; bark of young stems,
+branches, and branchlets darker, separating in loose scales which curl
+back, giving the tree its shaggy aspect; season's shoots
+yellowish-green.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds brown, roundish-ovate, obtuse. Leaves
+simple, alternate, 3-8 inches long, 2-4 wide, downy on both sides when
+unfolding, at maturity thick and firm, smooth and dark shining green
+above, slightly to conspicuously whitish-downy beneath, in autumn
+brownish-yellow; obovate, coarsely and deeply crenate or obtusely
+shallow-lobed, when opening sometimes pointed and tapering to a
+wedge-shaped base, often constricted near the center; leafstalk short;
+stipules linear, soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Sterile catkins 2-3 inches long, thread hairy;
+calyx deeply 3-7-parted, pale yellow, hairy; stamens 5-8; anthers
+yellow, glabrous: pistillate flowers tomentose, on rather long, hairy
+peduncles; stigmas red.
+
+=Fruit.=--Variable, on stems 1-3 inches long, maturing the first season,
+single or frequently in twos: cup rounded, rather thin, deep, rough to
+mossy, often with fringed margins: acorn about 1 inch long,
+oblong-ovoid, more or less tapering: meat sweet, edible.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows in any good
+soil, wet or dry, but prefers a position on the edge of moist or boggy
+land, where its roots can find a constant supply of water; growth fairly
+rapid; seldom affected by insects or disease; occasionally offered by
+nurserymen and rather less difficult to transplant than most of the
+oaks. Its sturdy, rugged habit and rich dark green foliage make it a
+valuable tree for ornamental plantations or even for streets.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XL.--Quercus bicolor.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Flowering branch.
+ 3. Sterile flower, side view.
+ 4. Sterile flower, front view.
+ 5. Fertile flowers.
+ 6. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Quercus Prinus, L.=
+
+CHESTNUT OAK. ROCK CHESTNUT OAK.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Woods, rocky banks, hill slopes.
+
+ Along the Canadian shore of Lake Erie.
+
+Maine,--Saco river and Mt. Agamenticus, near the southern coast (York
+county); New Hampshire,--belts or patches in the eastern part of the
+state and along the southern border, Hinsdale, Winchester, Brookline,
+Manchester, Hudson; Vermont,--western part of the state throughout, not
+common; abundant at Smoke mountain at an altitude of 1300 feet, and
+along the western flank of the Green mountains, at least in Addison
+county; Massachusetts,--eastern sections, Sterling, Lancaster, Russell,
+Middleboro, rare in Medford and Sudbury, frequent on the Blue hills;
+Rhode Island,--locally common; Connecticut,--common.
+
+ South to Delaware and along the mountains to Georgia, extending
+ nearly to the summit of Mt. Pisgah in North Carolina; west to
+ Kentucky, Tennessee, and Alabama.
+
+=Habit.=--A small or medium-sized tree, 25-50 feet high, with a trunk
+diameter of 1-2-1/2 feet, assuming noble proportions southward, often
+reaching a height of 75-100 feet and trunk diameter of 5-6 feet; trunk
+tall, straight, continuous to the top of the tree, scarcely tapering to
+the point of ramification, surmounted by a spacious, open head.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk and large branches deep gray to dark brown or
+blackish, in firm, broad, continuous ridges, with small, close surface
+scales; bark of young trees and of branchlets smooth, brown, and more or
+less lustrous; season's shoots light brown.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds ovate to cylindrical, mostly acute,
+brownish. Leaves simple, alternate, 5-8 inches long, 2-5 inches wide,
+dark green and smooth above, paler and more or less downy beneath;
+outline obovate to oval, undulate-crenate; apex blunt-pointed; base
+wedge-shaped, obtuse or slightly rounded, often unequal-sided; veins
+straight, parallel, prominent beneath; leafstalk 1/2-1-1/2 inches long;
+stipules linear, soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Sterile catkins 2-3 inches long; calyx
+5-9-parted, yellow, hairy; divisions oblong, densely pubescent; stamens
+5-9; anthers yellow, glabrous: pistillate flowers with hairy scales and
+dark red stigmas.
+
+=Fruit.=--Seldom abundant, maturing the first season, variable in size,
+on stems usually equal to or shorter than the leaf-stems: cup thin,
+hemispheric or somewhat top-shaped, deep; scales small, knobby-thickened
+at the base: acorns 3/4-1-1/2 inches long, ovoid-conical, sweet.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; prefers a light
+gravelly or stony soil; rapid-growing and free from disease; more easily
+and safely transplanted than most oaks; occasionally offered by
+nurserymen, who propagate it from the seed. Its vigorous, clean habit of
+growth and handsome foliage should give it a place in landscape
+gardening and street use.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XLI.--Quercus Prinus.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Flowering branch.
+ 3. Sterile flower, back view.
+ 4. Sterile flower, front view.
+ 5. Fertile flowers.
+ 6. Fruiting branch.
+ 7. Variant leaf.
+
+
+=Quercus Muhlenbergii, Engelm.=
+
+_Quercus acuminata, Sarg._
+
+CHESTNUT OAK.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Dry hillsides, limestone ridges, rich bottoms.
+
+ Ontario.
+
+Vermont,--Gardner's island, Lake Champlain; Ferrisburg (Pringle);
+Connecticut,--frequent (J. N. Bishop, 1895); on the limestone formation
+in the neighborhood of Kent (Litchfield county, C. K. Averill); often
+confounded by collectors with _Q. Prinus_; probably there are other
+stations. Not authoritatively reported from the other New England
+states.
+
+ South to Delaware and District of Columbia, along the mountains to
+ northern Alabama; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, Indian
+ territory, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A medium-sized tree, 30-40 feet high, with a trunk diameter of
+1-2 feet, attaining much greater dimensions in the basins of the Ohio,
+Mississippi, and their tributaries; trunk in old trees enlarged at the
+base, erect, branches rather short for the genus, forming a narrow
+oblong or roundish head.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk and large branches grayish or pale ash-colored,
+comparatively thin, flaky; branchlets grayish-brown; season's shoots in
+early summer purplish-green with pale dots.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds ovate, acute to obtuse, brownish. Leaves
+simple, alternate; in the typical form as recognized by Muhlenburg, 3-6
+inches long, 1-1/2-2 inches wide, glossy dark green above, pale and
+minutely downy beneath; outline lanceolate or lanceolate-oblong, with
+rather equal, coarse, sharp, and often inflexed teeth; apex acuminate;
+base wedge-shaped or acute; stipules soon falling. There is also a form
+of the species in which the leaves are much larger, 5-7 inches in length
+and 3-5 inches in width, broadly ovate or obovate, with rounded teeth;
+distinguishable from _Q. Prinus_ only by the bark and fruit.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Appearing with the leaves; sterile catkins 2-4
+inches long; calyx yellow, hairy, segments 5-8, ciliate; stamens 5-8,
+anthers yellow: pistillate flowers sessile or on short spikes; stigma
+red.
+
+=Fruit.=--Maturing the first season, sessile or short-peduncled: cup
+covering about half the nut, thin, shallow, with small, rarely much
+thickened scales: acorn ovoid or globose, about 3/4 inch long.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England; grows in all good dry or
+moist soils, in open or partly shaded situations; maintains a nearly
+uniform rate of growth till maturity, and is not seriously affected by
+insects. It forms a fine individual tree and is useful in forest
+plantations. Propagated from seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XLII.--Quercus Muhlenbergii.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Flowering branch.
+ 3. Sterile flower.
+ 4. Fertile flowers.
+ 5. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Quercus prinoides, Willd.=
+
+SCRUB WHITE OAK. SCRUB CHESTNUT OAK.
+
+More or less common throughout the states east of the Mississippi;
+westward apparently grading into _Q. Muhlenbergii_, within the limits of
+New England mostly a low shrub, rarely assuming a tree-like habit. The
+leaves vary from rather narrow-elliptical to broadly obovate, are rather
+regularly and coarsely toothed, bright green and often lustrous on the
+upper surface.
+
+
+=Quercus rubra, L.=
+
+RED OAK.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Growing impartially in a great variety of soils,
+but not on wet lands.
+
+ Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to divide west of Lake Superior.
+
+Maine,--common, at least south of the central portions; New
+Hampshire,--extending into Coos county, far north of the
+White mountains; Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and
+Connecticut,--common; probably in most parts of New England the most
+common of the genus; found higher up the slopes of mountains than the
+white oak.
+
+ South to Tennessee, Virginia, and along mountain ranges to Georgia;
+ reported from Florida; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, and
+ Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--The largest of the New England oaks, 50-85 feet high, with a
+diameter of 2-6 feet above the swell of the roots; occasionally
+attaining greater dimensions; trunk usually continuous to the top of the
+tree, often heavily buttressed; point of branching higher than in the
+white oak; branches large, less contorted, and rising at a sharper
+angle, the lower sometimes horizontal; branchlets rather slender; head
+extremely variable, in old trees with ample space for growth, open,
+well-proportioned, and imposing; sometimes oblong in outline, wider near
+the top, and sometimes symmetrically rounded, not so broad, however, as
+the head of the white oak; conspicuous in summer by its bright green,
+abundant foliage, which turns to dull purplish-red in autumn.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk and lower parts of branches in old trees dark
+gray, firmly, coarsely, and rather regularly ridged, smooth elsewhere;
+in young trees greenish mottled gray, smooth throughout; season's shoots
+at first green, taking a reddish tinge in autumn, marked with pale,
+scattered dots.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds ovate, conical, sharp-pointed. Leaves
+simple, alternate, 4-8 inches long, 3-5 inches broad, bright green
+above, paler beneath, dull brown in autumn; outline oval or obovate,
+sometimes scarcely distinguishable by the character of its lobing from
+_Q. tinctoria_; in the typical form, lobes broadly triangular or oblong,
+with parallel sides bristle-pointed; leafstalks short; stipules linear,
+soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Earliest of the oaks, appearing in late April or early
+May, when the leaves are half-grown; sterile catkins 3-5 inches long;
+calyx mostly 4-lobed; lobes rounded; stamens mostly 4; anthers yellow:
+pistillate flowers short-stemmed; calyx lobes mostly 3 or 4; stigmas
+long, spreading.
+
+=Fruit.=--Maturing in the second year, single or in pairs, sessile or
+short-stalked: cup sometimes turbinate, usually saucer-shaped with a
+flat or rounded base, often contracted at the opening and surmounted by
+a kind of border; scales closely imbricated, reddish-brown, more or less
+downy, somewhat glossy, triangular-acute to obtuse, pubescent: acorn
+nearly cylindrical or ovoid, tapering to a broad, rounded top.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows in all
+well-drained soils, but prefers a rich, moist loam; more readily
+obtainable than most of our oaks; in common with other trees of the
+genus, nursery trees must be transplanted frequently to be moved with
+safety; grows rapidly and is fairly free from disfiguring insects; the
+oak-pruner occasionally lops off its twigs. When once established, it
+grows as rapidly as the sugar maple, and is worthy of much more extended
+use in street and landscape plantations. Propagated from the seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XLIII.--Quercus rubra.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Flowering branch.
+ 3. Sterile flower.
+ 4. Fertile flowers, side view.
+ 5. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Quercus coccinea, Wang.=
+
+SCARLET OAK.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Most common in dry soil.
+
+ Ontario.
+
+Maine,--valley of the Androscoggin, southward; New Hampshire and
+Vermont,--not authoritatively reported by recent observers;
+Massachusetts,--more common in the eastern than western sections,
+sometimes covering considerable areas; Rhode Island and
+Connecticut,--common.
+
+ South to the middle states and along the mountains to North
+ Carolina and Tennessee; reported from Florida; west to Minnesota,
+ Nebraska, and Missouri.
+
+=Habit.=--A medium-sized tree, 30-50 feet high and 1-3 feet in trunk
+diameter; attaining greater dimensions southward; trunk straight and
+tapering, branches regular, long, comparatively slender, not contorted,
+the lower nearly horizontal, often declined at the ends; branchlets
+slender; head open, narrow-oblong or rounded, graceful; foliage deeply
+cut, shining green in summer and flaming scarlet in autumn; the most
+brilliant and most elegant of the New England oaks.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk in old trees dark gray, roughly and firmly ridged; inner
+bark red; young trees and branches smoothish, often marked with dull red
+seams and more or less mottled with gray.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, reddish-brown, ovate to oval,
+acutish, partially hidden by enlarged base of petiole. Leaves simple,
+alternate, extremely variable, more commonly 3-6 inches long, two-thirds
+as wide, bright green and shining above, paler beneath, smooth on both
+sides but often with a tufted pubescence on the axils beneath, turning
+scarlet in autumn, deeply lobed, the rounded sinuses sometimes reaching
+nearly to the midrib; lobes 5-9, rather slender and set at varying
+angles, sparingly toothed and bristly tipped; apex acute; base truncate
+to acute; leafstalk 1-1-1/2 inches long, slender, swollen at base.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Early in May. Appearing when the leaves are half
+grown; sterile catkins 2-4 inches long; calyx most commonly 4-parted;
+pubescent; stamens commonly 4, exserted; anthers yellow, glabrous:
+pistillate flowers red; stigmas long, spreading, reflexed.
+
+=Fruit.=--Maturing in the autumn of the second year, single or in twos
+or threes, sessile or on rather short footstalks: cup top-shaped or
+cup-shaped, about half the length of the acorn, occasionally nearly
+enclosing it, smooth, more or less polished, thin-edged; scales closely
+appressed, firm, elongated, triangular, sides sometimes rounded,
+homogeneous in the same plant: acorn 1/2-3/4 inch long, variable in
+shape, oftenest oval to oblong: kernel white within; less bitter than
+kernel of the black oak.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows in any
+light, well-drained soil, but prefers a fertile loam. Occasionally
+offered by nurserymen, but as it is disposed to make unsymmetrical young
+trees it is not grown in quantity, and it is not desirable for streets.
+Its rapid growth, hardiness, beauty of summer foliage, and its brilliant
+colors in autumn make it desirable in ornamental plantations. Propagated
+from the seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XLIV.--Quercus coccinea.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Flowering branch.
+ 3. Sterile flowers, side view.
+ 4. Fertile flower, side view.
+ 5. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Quercus velutina, Lam.=
+
+_Quercus tinctoria, Bartram. Quercus coccinea_, var. _tinctoria, Gray._
+
+BLACK OAK. YELLOW OAK.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Poor soils; dry or gravelly uplands; rocky ridges.
+
+ Southern and western Ontario.
+
+Maine,--York county; New Hampshire,--valley of the lower Merrimac and
+eastward, absent on the highlands, reappearing within three or four
+miles of the Connecticut, ceasing at North Charlestown;
+Vermont,--western and southeastern sections; Massachusetts,--abundant
+eastward; Rhode Island and Connecticut,--frequent.
+
+ South to the Gulf states; west to Minnesota, Kansas, Indian
+ territory, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--One of our largest oaks, 50-75 feet high and 2-4 feet in
+diameter, exceptionally much larger, attaining its maximum in the Ohio
+and Mississippi basins; resembling _Q. coccinea_ in the general
+disposition of its mostly stouter branches; head wide-spreading,
+rounded; trunk short; foliage deep shining green, turning yellowish or
+reddish brown in autumn.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk dark gray or blackish, often lighter near the
+seashore, thick, usually rough near the ground even in young trees, in
+old trees deeply furrowed, separating into narrow, thick, and firmly
+adherent block-like strips; inner bark thick, yellow, and bitter;
+branches and branchlets a nearly uniform, mottled gray; season's shoots
+scurfy-pubescent.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds 1/8-1/4 inch long, bluntish to pointed,
+conspicuously clustered at ends of branches. Leaves simple, alternate,
+of two forms so distinct as to suggest different species, _a_ (Plate
+XLV, 8) varying towards _b_ (Plate XLV, 6), and _b_ often scarcely
+distinguishable from the leaf of the scarlet oak; in both forms outline
+obovate to oval, lobes usually 7, densely woolly when opening, more or
+less pubescent or scurfy till midsummer or later, dark shining green
+above, lighter beneath, becoming brown or dull red in autumn.
+
+Form _a_, sinuses shallow, lobes broad, rounded, mucronate.
+
+Form _b_, sinuses deep, extending halfway to the midrib or farther,
+oblong or triangular, bristle-tipped.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Early in May. Appearing when the leaves are half
+grown; sterile catkins 2-5 inches long, with slender, pubescent threads;
+calyx usually 3-4-lobed; lobes ovate, acute to rounded, hairy-pubescent;
+stamens 3-7, commonly 4-5; anthers yellow: pistillate flowers reddish,
+pubescent, at first nearly sessile; stigmas 3, red, divergent,
+reflexed.
+
+=Fruit.=--Maturing the second year; nearly sessile or on short
+footstalks: cup top-shaped to hemispherical; scales less firm than in
+_Q. coccinea_, tips papery and transversely rugulose, obtuse or rounded,
+or some of them acutish, often lacerate-edged, loose towards the thick
+and open edge of the cup: acorn small: kernel yellow within and bitter.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows in
+well-drained soils, but prefers a rich, moist loam; of vigorous and
+rapid growth when young, but as it soon begins to show dead branches and
+becomes unsightly, it is not a desirable tree to plant, and is rarely
+offered by nurserymen. Propagated from seed.
+
+=Note.=--Apparently runs into _Q. coccinea_, from which it may be
+distinguished by its rougher and darker trunk, the yellow color and
+bitter taste of the inner bark, its somewhat larger and more pointed
+buds, the greater pubescence of its inflorescence, young shoots and
+leaves, the longer continuance of scurf or pubescence upon the leaves,
+the yellow or dull red shades of the autumn foliage, and by the yellow
+color and bitter taste of the nut.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XLV.--Quercus velutina.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Flowering branch.
+ 3. Sterile flower, 4-lobed calyx.
+ 4. Sterile flower, 3-lobed calyx.
+ 5. Fertile flower.
+ 6. Fruiting branch.
+ 7. Fruit.
+ 8. Variant leaf.
+
+
+=Quercus palustris, Du Roi.=
+
+PIN OAK. SWAMP OAK. WATER OAK.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Low grounds, borders of forests, wet woods, river
+banks, islets in swamps.
+
+ Ontario.
+
+Northern New England,--no station reported; Massachusetts,--Amherst
+(Stone, _Bull. Torrey Club_, IX, 57; J. E. Humphrey, _Amherst Trees_);
+Springfield, south to Connecticut, rare; Rhode Island,--southern
+portions, bordering the great Kingston swamp, and on the margin of the
+Pawcatuck river (L. W. Russell); Connecticut,--common along the sound,
+frequent northward, extending along the valley of the Connecticut river
+to the Massachusetts line.
+
+ South to the valley of the lower Potomac in Virginia; west to
+ Minnesota, east Kansas, Missouri, Arkansas, and Indian territory.
+
+=Habit.=--A medium-sized tree, 40-50 feet high, with trunk diameter of
+1-2 feet, occasionally reaching a height of 60-70 feet (L. W. Russell),
+but attaining its maximum of 100 feet in height and upward in the basins
+of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers; trunk rather slender, often fringed
+with short, drooping branchlets, lower tier of branches short and mostly
+descending, the upper long, slender, and often beset with short, lateral
+shoots, which give rise to the common name; head graceful, open, rounded
+and symmetrical when young, in old age becoming more or less irregular;
+foliage delicate; bright shining green in autumn, often turning to a
+brilliant scarlet.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk dark, furrowed and broken in old trees, in young
+trees grayish-brown, smoothish; branchlets shining, light brown.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds short, conical, acute. Leaves simple,
+alternate, 3-5 inches long, bright green, smooth and shining above,
+duller beneath, with tufted hairs in the angles of the veins; outline
+broadly obovate to ovate; lobes divergent, triangular, toothed or
+entire, bristle-pointed; sinuses broad, rounded; leafstalk slender;
+stipules linear, soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Appearing when the leaves are half grown; sterile
+catkins 2-4 inches long; segments of calyx mostly 4 or 5, obtuse or
+rounded, somewhat lacerate; stamens mostly 4 or 5, anthers yellow,
+glabrous: pistillate flowers with broadly ovate scales; stigmas stout,
+red, reflexed.
+
+=Fruit.=--Abundant, maturing the second season, short-stemmed: cup
+saucer-shaped, with firm, appressed scales, shallow: acorns ovoid to
+globose, about 1/2 inch long, often striate, breadth sometimes equal to
+entire length of fruit.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Probably hardy throughout New England; grows in
+wet soils, but prefers a rich, moist loam; of rapid and uniform
+growth, readily and safely transplanted, and but little disfigured by
+insects; obtainable in leading nurseries. Propagated from the seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XLVI.--Quercus palustris.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Flowering branch.
+ 3. Sterile flower, side view.
+ 4. Fertile flower, side view.
+ 5. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Quercus ilicifolia, Wang.=
+
+_Quercus nana, Sarg. Quercus pumila, Sudw._
+
+SCRUB OAK. BEAR OAK.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In poor soils; sandy plains, gravelly or rocky
+hills.
+
+Maine,--frequent in eastern and southern sections and upon Mount Desert
+island; New Hampshire,--as far north as Conway, more common near the
+lower Connecticut; Vermont,--in the eastern and southern sections as far
+north as Bellows Falls; Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and
+Connecticut,--too abundant, forming in favorable situations dense
+thickets, sometimes covering several acres.
+
+ South to Ohio and the mountain regions of North Carolina and
+ Kentucky; west to the Alleghany mountains.
+
+=Habit.=--Shrub or small tree, usually 3-8 feet high, but frequently
+reaching a height of 15-25 feet; trunk short, sometimes in peaty swamps
+10-13 inches in diameter near the ground, branches much contorted,
+throwing out numerous branchlets of similar habit, forming a stiff,
+flattish head; beautiful for a brief week in spring by the delicate
+greens and reds of the opening leaves and reds and yellows of the
+numerous catkins. Sometimes associated with _Q. prinoides_.
+
+=Bark.=--Old trunks dark gray, with small, closely appressed scales;
+small trunks and branches grayish-brown, not furrowed or scaly; younger
+branches marked with pale yellow, raised dots; season's shoots
+yellowish-green, with a tawny, scurfy pubescence.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds 1/8-1/4 inch long, ovoid or conical,
+covered with imbricated, brownish, minutely ciliate scales. Leaves
+simple, alternate, 3-4 inches long and 2-3 inches broad; when unfolding
+reddish above and woolly on both sides, when mature yellowish-green and
+somewhat glossy above, smooth except on the midrib, rusty-white, and
+pubescent beneath; very variable in outline and in the number (3-7) and
+shape of lobes, sometimes entire, oftenest obovate with 5 bristle-tipped
+angular lobes, the two lower much smaller; base unequal, wedge-shaped,
+tip obtuse or rounded; leafstalk short; stipules linear, soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Early in May. Appearing when the leaves are half
+grown; sterile catkins 2-4 inches long; calyx pubescent, lobes oftenest
+2-3, rounded; stamens 3-5; anthers red or yellow: pistillate flowers
+numerous; calyx lobes ovate, pointed, reddish, pubescent; stigmas 3,
+reddish, recurved, spreading.
+
+=Fruit.=--Abundant, maturing in the autumn of the second year, clustered
+along the branchlets on stout, short stems: cup top-shaped or
+hemispherical: acorn about 1/2 inch long, varying greatly in shape,
+mostly ovoid or spherical, brown, often striped lengthwise.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England; grows well in dry,
+gravelly, ledgy, or sandy soil, where few other trees thrive; useful in
+such situations where a low growth is required; but as it is not
+procurable in quantity from nurseries, it must be grown from the seed.
+The leaves are at times stripped off by caterpillars, but otherwise it
+is not seriously affected by insects or fungous diseases.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XLVII.--Quercus ilicifolia.]
+
+ 1. Flowering branch.
+ 2. Sterile flower, side view.
+ 3. Fertile flowers, side view.
+ 4. Fruiting branch.
+ 5. Variant leaves.
+
+
+
+
+ULMACEAE. ELM FAMILY.
+
+
+=Ulmus Americana, L.=
+
+ELM. AMERICAN ELM. WHITE ELM.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Low, moist ground; thrives especially on rich
+intervales.
+
+ From Cape Breton to Saskatchewan, as far north as 54 deg. 30'.
+
+Maine,--common, most abundant in central and southern portions; New
+Hampshire,--common from the southern base of the White mountains to the
+sea; in the remaining New England states very common, attaining its
+highest development in the rich alluvium of the Connecticut river
+valley.
+
+ South to Florida; west to Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--In the fullness of its vigor the American elm is the most
+stately and graceful of the New England trees, 50-110 feet high and 1-8
+feet in diameter above the swell of the roots; characterized by an
+erect, more or less feathered or naked trunk, which loses itself
+completely in the branches, by arching limbs, drooping branchlets set at
+a wide angle, and by a spreading head widest near the top. Modifications
+of these elements give rise to various well-marked forms which have
+received popular names.
+
+1. In the vase-shaped tree, which is usually regarded as the type, the
+trunk separates into several large branches which rise, slowly
+diverging, 40-50 feet, and then sweep outward in wide arches, the
+smaller branches and spray becoming pendent.
+
+2. In the umbrella form the trunk remains entire nearly to the top of
+the tree, when the branches spread out abruptly, forming a broad,
+shallow arch, fringed at the circumference with long, drooping
+branchlets.
+
+3. The slender trunk of the plume elm rises, usually undivided, a
+considerable height, begins to curve midway, and is capped with a
+one-sided tuft of branches and delicate, elongated branchlets.
+
+4. The drooping elm differs from the type in the height of the arch and
+greater droop of the branches, which sometimes sweep the ground.
+
+5. In the oak form the limbs are more or less tortuous and less arching,
+forming a wide-spreading, rounded head.
+
+In all forms short, irregular, pendent branchlets are occasional along
+the trunks. The trees most noticeably feathered are usually of medium
+size, and have few large branches, the superfluous vitality manifesting
+itself in a copious fringe, which sometimes invests and obliterates the
+great pillars which support the masses of foliage. Conspicuous at all
+seasons of the year,--in spring when its brown buds are swollen to
+bursting, or when the myriads of flowers, insignificant singly, give in
+the sunlight an atmosphere of purplish-brown; when clothed with light,
+airy masses of deep green in summer or pale yellow in autumn, or in
+winter when the great trunk and mighty sweep of the arching branches
+distinguish it from all other trees. The roots lie near the surface and
+run a great distance.
+
+=Bark.=--Dark gray, irregularly and broadly striate, rather firmly
+ridged, in very old trees sometimes partially detached in plates;
+branches ash-gray, smooth; branchlets reddish-brown; season's shoots
+often pubescent, light brown in late fall.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds ovate, brown, flattened, obtuse to
+acute, smooth. Leaves simple, alternate, 2-5 inches long, 2-3 inches
+wide, dark green and roughish above, lighter and downy at first beneath;
+outline ovate or oval to obovate-oblong, sharply and usually doubly
+serrate; apex abruptly pointed; base half acute, half rounded, produced
+on one side, often slightly heart-shaped or obtuse; veins straight and
+prominent; leafstalk stout, short; stipules small, soon falling. Leaves
+drop in early autumn.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April. In loose lateral clusters along the preceding
+season's shoots; flowers brown or purplish, mostly perfect, with
+occasional sterile and fertile on the same tree; stems slender; calyx
+7-9-lobed, hairy or smooth; stamens 7-9, filaments slender, anthers
+exserted, brownish-red; ovary flat, green, ciliate; styles 2.
+
+=Fruit.=--Ripening in May, before the leaves are fully grown, a samara,
+1/2 inch in diameter, oval or ovate, smooth on both sides, hairy on
+the edge, the notch in the margin closed or partially closed by the two
+incurved points.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows in any soil,
+but prefers a deep, rich loam; the ideal street tree with its high,
+overarching branches and moderate shade; grows rapidly, throws out few
+low branches, bears pruning well; now so seriously affected by numerous
+insect enemies that it is not planted as freely as heretofore;
+objectionable on the borders of gardens or mowing land, as the roots run
+along near the surface for a great distance. Very largely grown in
+nurseries, usually from seed, sometimes from small collected plants.
+Though so extremely variable in outline, there are no important
+horticultural forms in cultivation.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XLVIII.--Ulmus Americana.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Flowering branch.
+ 3. Flower, side view.
+ 4. Fruiting branch.
+ 5. Mature leaf.
+
+
+=Ulmus fulva, Michx.=
+
+_Ulmus pubescens, Walt._
+
+SLIPPERY ELM. RED ELM.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Rich, low grounds, low, rocky woods and hillsides.
+
+ Valley of the St. Lawrence, apparently not abundant.
+
+Maine,--District of Maine (Michaux, _Sylva of North America_, ed. 1853,
+III, 53), rare; Waterborough (York county, Chamberlain, 1898); New
+Hampshire,--valley of the Connecticut, usually disappearing within ten
+miles of the river; ranges as far north as the mouth of the Passumpsic;
+Vermont,--frequent; Massachusetts,--rare in the eastern sections,
+frequent westward; Rhode Island.--infrequent; Connecticut,--occasional.
+
+ South to Florida; west to North Dakota and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A small or medium-sized tree, 40-60 feet high, with a trunk
+diameter of 1-2-1/2 feet; head in proportion to the height of the tree,
+the widest spreading of the species, characterized by its dark, hairy
+buds and rusty-green, dense and rough foliage.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk brown and in old trees deeply furrowed; larger
+branches grayish-brown, somewhat striate; branchlets grayish-brown,
+rough, marked with numerous dots, downy; season's shoots light gray and
+very rough; inner bark mucilaginous, hence the name "slippery elm."
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds ovate to rounded-cylindrical, acute or
+obtuse, very dark, densely tomentose, very conspicuous just before
+unfolding. Leaves simple, alternate, 4-8 inches long, 3-4 inches wide,
+thickish, minutely hairy above and woolly beneath when young, at
+maturity pale rusty-green and very rough both ways upon the upper
+surface, scarcely less beneath, rough and hairy along the ribs;
+sweet-scented when dried; outline oblong, ovate-oblong, or oval, doubly
+serrate; apex acuminate; base more or less heart-shaped or obtuse,
+inequilateral; leafstalk short, rough, hairy; stipules small, soon
+falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--March to April. Preceding the leaves, from the lateral
+buds of the preceding season, in clusters of nearly sessile, purplish
+flowers; sterile, fertile, and perfect on the same tree; calyx
+5-9-lobed, downy; corolla none; stamens 5-9, anthers dark red; ovary
+flattened; styles two, purple, downy.
+
+=Fruit.=--A samara, winged all round, 3/4 inch in diameter, roundish,
+pubescent over the seed, not fringed, larger than the fruit of _U.
+Americana_.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; does well in
+various situations, but prefers a light, sandy or gravelly soil near
+running water; grows more rapidly than _U. Americana_, and is less
+liable to the attacks of insects; its large foliage and graceful outline
+make it worthy of a place in ornamental plantations. Propagated from
+seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XLIX.--Ulmus fulva.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Flowering branch,
+ 3. Flower, top view.
+ 4. Flower, side view, part of perianth and stamens removed.
+ 5. Pistil.
+ 6. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Ulmus racemosa, Thomas.=
+
+CORK ELM. ROCK ELM.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Dry, gravelly soils, rich soils, river banks.
+
+ Quebec through Ontario.
+
+Maine,--not reported; New Hampshire,--rare and extremely local; Meriden
+and one or two other places (Jessup); Vermont,--rare, Bennington, Pownal
+(Robbins), Knowlton (Brainerd), Highgate (Eggleston); comparatively
+abundant in Champlain valley and westward (T. H. Haskins, _Garden and
+Forest_, V, 86); Massachusetts,--rare; Rhode Island and
+Connecticut,--not reported native.
+
+ South to Tennessee; west to Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska and Missouri.
+
+=Habit.=--A large tree, scarcely inferior at its best to _U. Americana_,
+50-75 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 2-3 feet; reaching in southern
+Michigan a height of 100 feet and a diameter of 5 feet; trunk rather
+slender; branches short and stout, often twiggy in the interior of the
+tree; branchlets slender, spreading, sometimes with a drooping tendency;
+head rather narrow, round-topped.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk brownish-gray, in old trees irregularly separated
+into deep, wide, flat-topped ridges; branches grayish-brown; leaf-scars
+conspicuous; season's shoots light brown, more or less pubescent or
+glabrous, oblong-dotted; branches and branchlets often marked lengthwise
+with corky, wing-like ridges.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds ovate to oblong, pointed, scales
+downy-ciliate, pubescent. Leaves simple, alternate, 3-4 inches long,
+half as wide, glabrous above, minutely pubescent beneath; outline ovate,
+doubly serrate (less sharp than the serratures in _U. Americana_); apex
+acuminate; base inequilateral, produced and rounded on one side, acute
+or slightly rounded on the other; veins straight; leafstalk short,
+stout; stipules soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April to May. Appearing before the leaves from lateral
+buds of the preceding season, in drooping racemes; calyx lobes 7-8,
+broad-triangular, with rounded edges and a mostly obtuse apex: pedicels
+thread-like, jointed; stamens 5-10, exserted, anthers purple, ovary
+2-styled: stigmas recurved or spreading.
+
+=Fruit.=--Samara ovate, broadly oval, or obovate, pubescent, margin
+densely fringed, resembling fruit of _U. Americana_ but somewhat larger.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; prefers a moist,
+rich soil, in open situations; less variable in habit than the American
+elm and a smaller tree with smaller foliage, scarcely varying enough to
+justify its extensive use as a substitute. Not often obtainable in
+nurseries, but readily transplanted, and easily propagated from the
+seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE L.--Ulmus racemosa.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds, at the time the flowers open.
+ 2. Flowering branch.
+ 3. Flower, side view.
+ 4. Flower, side view, perianth and stamens partly removed.
+ 5. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+CELTIS OCCIDENTALIS, L.
+
+HACKBERRY. NETTLE TREE. HOOP ASH. SUGAR BERRY.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In divers situations and soils; woods, river
+banks, near salt marshes.
+
+ Province of Quebec to Lake of the Woods, occasional.
+
+Maine,--not reported; New Hampshire,--sparingly along the Connecticut
+valley, as far as Wells river; Vermont,--along Lake Champlain, not
+common; Norwich and Windsor on the Connecticut (Eggleston);
+Massachusetts,--occasional throughout the state; Rhode Island,--common
+(Bailey); Connecticut,--common (J. N. Bishop).
+
+ South to the Gulf states; west to Minnesota and Missouri.
+
+=Habit.=--A small or medium-sized tree, 20-45 feet high, with a trunk
+diameter of 8 inches to 2 feet; attaining farther south a maximum of 100
+feet in height, with a trunk diameter of 4-6 feet; variable; most
+commonly the rough, straight trunk, sometimes buttressed at the base,
+branches a few feet from the ground, sending out a few large limbs and
+numerous slender, horizontal or slightly drooping and more or less
+tortuous branches; head wide-spreading, flattish or often rounded, with
+deep green foliage which lasts into late autumn with little change in
+color, and with cherry-like fruit which holds on till the next spring.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk in young trees grayish, rough, unbroken, in old
+trees with deep, short ridges; main branches corrugated; secondary
+branches close and even; branchlets pubescent; season's shoots
+reddish-brown, often downy, more or less shining.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, ovate, acute, scales chestnut
+brown. Leaves simple, alternate, extremely variable in size, outline,
+and texture, usually 2-4 inches long, two-thirds as wide, thin, deep
+green, and scarcely rough above, more or less pubescent beneath, with
+numerous and prominent veins, outline ovate to ovate-lanceolate, sharply
+serrate above the lower third; apex usually narrowly and sharply
+acuminate; base acutish, inequilateral, 3-nerved, entire; leafstalk
+slender; stipules lanceolate, soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Appearing with the leaves from the axils of the
+season's shoots, sterile and fertile flowers usually separate on the
+same tree; flowers slender-stemmed, the sterile in clusters at the base
+of the shoot, the fertile in the axils above, usually solitary; calyx
+greenish, segments oblong; stamens 4-6, in the fertile flowers about the
+length of the 4 lobes, in the sterile exserted; ovary with two long,
+recurved stigmas.
+
+=Fruit.=--Drupes, on long slender stems, globular, about the size of the
+fruit of the wild red cherry, purplish-red when ripe, thin-meated,
+edible, lasting through the winter.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows in all
+well-drained soils, but prefers a deep, rich, moist loam. Young trees
+grow rather slowly and are more or less distorted, and trees of the same
+age often vary considerably in size and habit; hence it is not a
+desirable street tree, but it appears well in ornamental grounds. A
+disease which seriously disfigures the tree is extending to New England,
+and the leaves are sometimes attacked by insects. Occasionally offered
+by nurserymen and easily transplanted.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LI.--Celtis occidentalis.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Flowering branch.
+ 3. Sterile flower.
+ 4. Fertile flower.
+ 5. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+
+
+MORACEAE. MULBERRY FAMILY.
+
+
+=Morus rubra, L.=
+
+MULBERRY.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Banks of rivers, rich woods.
+
+ Canadian shore of Lake Erie.
+
+A rare tree in New England. Maine,--doubtfully reported; New
+Hampshire,--Pemigewasset valley, White mountains (Matthews);
+Vermont,--northern extremity of Lake Champlain, banks of the Connecticut
+(Flagg), Pownal (Oakes), North Pownal (Eggleston); Massachusetts,--rare;
+Rhode Island,--no station reported; Connecticut,--rare; Bristol,
+Plainville, North Guilford, East Rock and Norwich (J. N. Bishop).
+
+ South to Florida; west to Michigan, South Dakota, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A small tree, 15-25 feet in height, with a trunk diameter of
+8-15 inches; attaining much greater dimensions in the Ohio and
+Mississippi basins; a wide-branching, rounded tree, characterized by a
+milky sap, rather dense foliage, and fruit closely resembling in shape
+that of the high blackberry.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk light brown, rough, and more or less furrowed according
+to age; larger branches light greenish-brown; season's shoots gray and
+somewhat downy.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds ovate, obtuse. Leaves simple, alternate,
+4-8 inches long, two-thirds as wide, rough above, yellowish-green and
+densely pubescent when young; at maturity dark green and downy beneath,
+turning yellow in autumn; conspicuously reticulated; outline variable,
+ovate, obovate, oblong or broadly oval, serrate-dentate with equal
+teeth, or irregularly 3-7-lobed; apex acuminate; base heart-shaped to
+truncate; stalk 1-2 inches long; stipules linear, serrate, soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Appearing with the leaves from the season's
+shoots, in axillary spikes, sterile and fertile flowers sometimes on the
+same tree, sometimes on different trees,--sterile flowers in spreading
+or pendulous spikes, about 1 inch long; calyx 4-parted; petals none;
+stamens 4, the inflexed filaments of which suddenly straighten
+themselves as the flower expands: fertile spikes spreading or pendent;
+calyx 4-parted, becoming fleshy in fruit; ovary sessile; stigmas 2,
+spreading.
+
+=Fruit.=--July to August. In drooping spikes about 1 inch long and 1/2
+inch in diameter; dark purplish-red, oblong, sweet and edible;
+apparently a simple fruit but really made up of the thickened calyx
+lobes of the spike.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in southern New England; grows rapidly in
+a good, moist soil in sun or shade; the large leaves start late and drop
+early; useful where it is hardy, in low tree plantations or as an
+undergrowth in woods; readily transplanted, but seldom offered for sale
+by nurserymen or collectors; propagated from seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LII.--Morus rubra.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Branch with sterile flowers.
+ 3. Sterile flower with stamens incurved.
+ 4. Sterile flower expanded.
+ 5. Branch with fertile flowers.
+ 6. Fertile flower, side view.
+ 7. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Morus alba, L.=
+
+Probably a native of China, where its leaves have from time immemorial
+furnished food for silkworms; extensively introduced and naturalized in
+India and central and southern Europe; introduced likewise into the
+United States and Canada from Ontario to Florida; occasionally
+spontaneous near dwellings, old trees sometimes marking the sites of
+houses that have long since disappeared.
+
+It may be distinguished from _M. rubra_ by its smooth, shining leaves,
+its whitish or pinkish fruit, and its greater susceptibility to frost.
+
+
+
+
+MAGNOLIACEAE. MAGNOLIA FAMILY.
+
+
+=Liriodendron Tulipifera, L.=
+
+TULIP TREE. WHITEWOOD. POPLAR.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Prefers a rich, loamy, moist soil.
+
+Vermont,--valley of the Hoosac river in the southwestern corner of the
+state; Massachusetts,--frequent in the Connecticut river valley and
+westward; reported as far east as Douglas, southeastern corner of
+Worcester county (R. M. Harper, _Rhodora_, II, 122); Rhode Island and
+Connecticut,--frequent, especially in the central and southern portions
+of the latter state.
+
+ South to the Gulf states; west to Wisconsin; occasional in the
+ eastern sections of Missouri and Arkansas; attains great size in
+ the basins of the Ohio and its tributaries, and southward along the
+ Mississippi river bottoms.
+
+=Habit.=--A medium-sized tree, 50-70 feet high; trunk 2-3 feet in
+diameter, straight, cylindrical; head rather open, more or less
+cone-shaped, in the dense forest lifted high and spreading; branches
+small for the size of the tree, set at varying angles, often decurrent,
+becoming scraggly with age. The shapely trunk, erect, showy blossoms,
+green, cone-like fruit, and conspicuous bright green truncate leaves
+give the tulip tree an air of peculiar distinction.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk ashen-gray and smoothish in young trees, becoming
+at length dark, seamed, and furrowed; the older branches gray; the
+season's shoots of a shining chestnut, with minute dots and conspicuous
+leaf-scars; glabrous or dusty-pubescent; bark of roots pale brown,
+fleshy, with an agreeable aromatic smell and pungent taste.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Terminal buds 1/2-1 inch long; narrow-oblong;
+flattish; covered by two chestnut-brown dotted scales, which persist as
+appendages at the base of the leafstalk, often enclosing several leaves
+which develop one after the other. Leaves simple, alternate, lobed; 3-5
+inches long and nearly as broad, dark green and smooth on the upper
+surface, lighter, with minute dusty pubescence beneath, becoming yellow
+and russet brown in autumn; usually with four rounded or pointed lobes,
+the two upper abruptly cut off at the apex, and separated by a slight
+indentation or notch more or less broad and shallow at the top; all the
+lobes entire, or 2-3 sublobed, or coarsely toothed; base truncate, acute
+or heart-shaped; leafstalks as long or longer than the blade, slender,
+enlarged at the base; stipules 1-2 inches long, pale yellow, oblong,
+often persisting till the leaf is fully developed.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Late May or early June. Flowers conspicuous, solitary,
+terminal, held erect by a stout stem, tulip-shaped, 1-1/2-2 inches long,
+opening at the top about 2 inches. There are two triangular bracts which
+fall as the flower opens; three greenish, concave sepals, at length
+reflexed; six greenish-yellow petals with an orange spot near the base
+of each; numerous stamens somewhat shorter than the petals; and pistils
+clinging together about a central axis.
+
+=Fruit.=--Cone-like, formed of numerous carpels, often abortive, which
+fall away from the axis at maturity; each long, flat carpel encloses in
+the cavity at its base one or two orange seeds which hang out for a time
+on flexible, silk-like threads.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--An ornamental tree of great merit; hardy except
+in the coldest parts of New England; difficult to transplant, but
+growing rapidly when established; comes into leaf rather early and holds
+its foliage till mid-fall, shedding it in a short time when mature;
+adapts itself readily to good, light soils, but grows best in moist
+loam. It has few disfiguring insect enemies. Mostly propagated by seed,
+but sometimes successfully collected; for sale in the leading nurseries
+and usually obtainable in large quantities. Of abnormal forms offered by
+nurserymen, one has an upright habit approaching that of the Lombardy
+poplar; another has variegated leaves, and another leaves without lobes.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LIII.--Liriodendron Tulipifera.]
+
+ 1. Winter bud, terminal.
+ 2. Opening leaf-bud with stipules.
+ 3. Flowering branch.
+ 4. Fruit.
+ 5. Fruit with many carpels removed.
+ 6. Carpel with seeds.
+
+
+
+
+LAURACEAE. LAUREL FAMILY.
+
+
+=Sassafras officinale, Nees.=
+
+_Sassafras Sassafras, Karst._
+
+SASSAFRAS.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In various soils and situations; sandy or rich
+woods, along the borders of peaty swamps.
+
+ Provinces of Quebec and Ontario.
+
+Maine,--this tree grows not beyond Black Point (Scarboro, Cumberland
+county) eastward (Josselyn's _New England Rarities_, 1672); not reported
+again by botanists for more than two hundred years; rediscovered at
+Wells in 1895 (Walter Deane) and North Berwick in 1896 (J. C. Parlin);
+New Hampshire,--lower Merrimac valley, eastward to the coast and along
+the Connecticut valley to Bellows Falls; Vermont,--occasional south of
+the center; Pownal (Robbins, Eggleston); Hartland and Brattleboro
+(Bates), Vernon (Grant); Massachusetts,--common especially in the
+eastern sections; Rhode Island and Connecticut,--common.
+
+ South to Florida; west to Michigan, Iowa, Kansas, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--Generally a shrub or small tree but sometimes reaching a
+height of 40-50 feet and a trunk diameter of 2-4 feet; attaining a
+maximum in the southern and southwestern states of 80-100 feet in height
+and a trunk diameter of 6-7 feet; head open, flattish or rounded;
+branches at varying angles, stout, crooked, and irregular; spray bushy;
+marked in winter by the contrasting reddish-brown of the trunk, the
+bright yellowish-green of the shoots and the prominent flower-buds, in
+early spring by the drooping racemes of yellow flowers, in autumn by the
+rich yellow or red-tinted foliage and handsome fruit, at all seasons by
+the aromatic odor and spicy flavor of all parts of the tree, especially
+the bark of the root.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk deep reddish-brown, deeply and firmly ridged in
+old trees, in young trees greenish-gray, finely and irregularly striate,
+the outer layer often curiously splitting, resembling a sort of filagree
+work; branchlets reddish-brown, marked with warts of russet brown;
+season's shoots at first minutely pubescent, in the fall more or less
+mottled, bright yellowish-green.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Flower-buds conspicuous, terminal, ovate to
+elliptical, the outer scales rather loose, more or less pubescent, the
+inner glossy, pubescent; lateral buds much smaller. Leaves simple,
+alternate, often opposite, 3-5 inches long, two-thirds as wide,
+downy-tomentose when young, at maturity smooth, yellowish-green above,
+lighter beneath, with midrib conspicuous and minutely hairy; outline of
+two forms, one oval to oblong, entire, usually rounded at the apex,
+wedge-shaped at base; the other oval to obovate, mitten-shaped or
+3-lobed to about the center, with rounded sinuses; apex obtuse or
+rounded; base wedge-shaped; leafstalk about 1 inch long; stipules none.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April or early May. Appearing with the leaves in
+slender, bracted, greenish-yellow, corymbous racemes, from terminal buds
+of the preceding season, sterile and fertile flowers on separate
+trees,--sterile flowers with 9 stamens, each of the three inner with two
+stalked orange-colored glands, anthers 4-celled, ovary abortive or
+wanting: fertile flowers with 6 rudimentary stamens in one row; ovary
+ovoid; style short.
+
+=Fruit.=--Generally scanty, drupes, ovoid, deep blue, with club-shaped,
+bright red stalk.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; adapted to a great
+variety of soils, but prefers a stony, well-drained loam or gravel. Its
+irregular masses of foliage, which color so brilliantly in the fall,
+make it an extremely interesting tree in plantations, but it has always
+been rare in nurseries and difficult to transplant; suckers, however,
+can be moved readily. Propagated easily from seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LIV.--Sassafras officinale.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Branch with sterile flowers.
+ 3. Sterile flower.
+ 4. Branch with fertile flowers.
+ 5. Fertile flower.
+ 6. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+
+
+HAMAMELIDACEAE. WITCH HAZEL FAMILY.
+
+
+=Liquidambar Styraciflua, L.=
+
+SWEET GUM.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Low, wet soil, swamps, moist woods.
+
+Connecticut,--restricted to the southwest corner of the state, not far
+from the seacoast; Darien to Five Mile river, probably the northeastern
+limit of its natural growth.
+
+ South to Florida; west to Missouri and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--Tree 40-60 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 10 inches to 2
+feet, attaining a height of 150 feet and a diameter of 3-5 feet in the
+Ohio and Mississippi valleys; trunk tall and straight; branches rather
+small for the diameter and height of the tree, the lower mostly
+horizontal or declining; branchlets beset with numerous short, rather
+stout, curved twigs; head wide-spreading, ovoid or narrow-pyramidal,
+symmetrical; conspicuous in summer by its deep green, shining foliage,
+in autumn by the splendor of its coloring, and in winter by the
+long-stemmed, globular fruit, which does not fall till spring.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk gray or grayish-brown, in old trees deeply furrowed and
+broken up into rather small, thickish, loose scales; branches
+brown-gray; branchlets with or without prominent corky ridges on the
+upper side; young twigs yellowish.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds ovate, reddish-brown, glossy, acute.
+Leaves simple, alternate, regular, 3-4 inches in diameter, dark green
+turning to reds, purples, and yellows in autumn, cut into the figure of
+a star by 5-7 equal, pointed lobes, glandular-serrate, smooth, shining
+on the upper surface, fragrant when bruised; base more or less
+heart-shaped; stalk slender.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Developing from a bud of the season; sterile
+flowers in an erect or spreading, cylindrical catkin; calyx none; petals
+none, stamens many, intermixed with minute scales: fertile flowers
+numerous, gathered in a long peduncled head; calyx consisting of fine
+scales; corolla none; pistil with 2-celled ovary and 2 long styles.
+
+=Fruit.=--In spherical, woody heads, about 1 inch in diameter, suspended
+by a slender thread: a sort of aggregate fruit made up of the hardened,
+coherent ovaries, holding on till spring, each containing one or two
+perfect seeds.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy along the southern shores of New England;
+grows in good wet or dry soils, preferring clays. Young plants are
+tender in Massachusetts, but if protected a few seasons until well
+established make hardy trees of medium size. It is offered by
+nurserymen, but must be frequently transplanted to be moved with safety;
+rate of growth rather slow and nearly uniform to maturity. Propagated
+from seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LV.--Liquidambar styraciflua.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Flowering branch.
+ 3. Sterile flower.
+ 4. Fertile flower.
+ 5. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+
+
+PLATANACEAE. PLANE-TREE FAMILY.
+
+
+=Platanus occidentalis, L.=
+
+BUTTONWOOD. SYCAMORE. BUTTONBALL. PLANE TREE.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Near streams, river bottoms, and low, damp woods.
+
+ Ontario.
+
+Maine,--apparently restricted to York county; New Hampshire,--Merrimac
+valley towards the coast; along the Connecticut as far as Walpole;
+Vermont,--scattering along the river shores, quite abundant along the
+Hoosac in Pownal (Eggleston); Massachusetts,--occasional; Rhode Island
+and Connecticut,--rather common.
+
+ South to Florida; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A tree of the first magnitude, 50-100 feet and upwards in
+height, with a diameter of 3-8 feet; reaching in the rich alluvium of
+the Ohio and Mississippi valleys a maximum of 125 feet in height and a
+diameter of 20 feet; the largest tree of the New England forest,
+conspicuous by its great height, massive trunk and branches, and by its
+magnificent, wide-spreading, dome-shaped or pyramidal, open head. The
+sunlight, streaming through the large-leafed, rusty foliage, reveals the
+curiously mottled patchwork bark; and the long-stemmed, globular fruit
+swings to every breeze till spring comes again.
+
+The lower branches are often very long and almost horizontal, and the
+branchlets frequently have a tufted, broom-like appearance, due probably
+to the action of a fungous disease on the young growth.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk and large branches dark greenish-gray, sometimes
+rough and closely adherent, but usually flaking off in broad, thin,
+brittle scales, exposing the green or buff inner bark, which becomes
+nearly white on exposure; branchlets light brown, sometimes ridgy
+towards the ends, marked with numerous inconspicuous dots.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds short, ovate, obtuse, enclosed in the
+swollen base of a petiole, and, after the fall of the leaf, encircled
+by the leaf-scar. Leaves simple, alternate, 5-6 inches long, 7-10 wide,
+pubescent on both sides when young, at maturity light rusty-green above,
+light green beneath, finally smooth, turning yellow in autumn,
+coriaceous; outline reniform; margin coarse-toothed or sinuate-lobed,
+the short lobes ending in a sharp point; base heart-shaped to nearly
+truncate; leafstalk 1-2 inches long, swollen at the base; stipules
+sheathing, often united, forming a sort of ruffle.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. In crowded spherical heads; flowers of both kinds
+with insignificant calyx and corolla,--sterile heads from terminal or
+lateral buds of the preceding season, on short and pendulous stems;
+stamens few, usually 4, anthers 2-celled: fertile heads from shoots of
+the season, on long, slender stems, made up of closely compacted ovate
+ovaries with intermingled scales, ovaries surmounted by hairy one-sided
+recurved styles, with bright red stigmas.
+
+=Fruit.=--In heads, mostly solitary, about 1 inch in diameter,
+persistent till spring: nutlets small, hairy, 1-seeded.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; prefers a deep,
+rich, loamy soil near water, but grows in almost any situation; of more
+rapid growth than almost any other native tree, and formerly planted
+freely in ornamental grounds and on streets, but fungous diseases
+disfigure it so seriously, and the late frosts so often kill the young
+leaves that it is now seldom obtainable in nurseries; usually propagated
+from seed. The European plane, now largely grown in some nurseries, is a
+suitable substitute.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LVI.--Platanus occidentalis.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Flowering branch with sterile and fertile heads.
+ 3. Stamen.
+ 4. Pistil.
+ 5. Fruiting branch.
+ 6. Stipule.
+ 7. Bud with enclosing base of leafstalk.
+
+
+
+
+POMACEAE. APPLE FAMILY.
+
+
+Trees or shrubs; leaves simple or pinnate, mostly alternate, with
+stipules free from the leafstalk and usually soon falling; flowers
+regular, perfect; calyx 5-lobed; calyx-tube adnate to ovary; petals 5,
+inserted on the disk which lines the calyx-tube; stamens usually many,
+distinct, inserted with the petals; carpels of the ovary 1-5, partially
+or entirely united with each other; ovules 1-2 in each carpel; styles
+1-5; fruit a fleshy pome, often berry-like or drupe-like, formed by
+consolidation of the carpels with the calyx-tube.
+
+
+PYRUS. MALUS. AMELANCHIER. CRATAEGUS.
+
+
+=Pyrus Americana, DC.=
+
+_Sorbus Americana, Marsh._
+
+MOUNTAIN ASH.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--River banks, cool woods, swamps, and mountains.
+
+ Newfoundland to Manitoba.
+
+Maine,--common; New Hampshire,--common along the watersheds of the
+Connecticut and Merrimac rivers and on the slopes of the White
+mountains; Vermont,--abundant far up the slopes of the Green mountains;
+Massachusetts,--Graylock, Wachusett, Watatic, and other mountainous
+regions; rare eastward; Rhode Island and Connecticut,--occasional in the
+northern sections.
+
+ South, in cold swamps and along the mountains to North Carolina;
+ west to Michigan and Minnesota.
+
+=Habit.=--A small tree, 15-20 feet high, often attaining in the woods of
+northern Maine and on the slopes of the White mountains a height of
+25-30 feet, with a trunk diameter of 12-15 inches; reduced at its
+extreme altitudes to a low shrub; head, in open ground, pyramidal or
+roundish; branches spreading and slender.
+
+=Bark.=--Closely resembling bark of _P. sambucifolia_.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.,=--Buds more or less scythe-shaped, acute,
+smooth, glutinous. Leaves pinnately compound, alternate; stem grooved,
+enlarged at base, reddish-brown above; stipules deciduous; leaflets
+11-19, 2-4 inches long, bright green above, paler beneath, smooth,
+narrow-oblong or lanceolate, the terminal often elliptical, finely and
+sharply serrate above the base; apex acuminate; base roundish to acute
+and unequally sided; sessile or nearly so, except in the odd leaflet.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--In terminal, densely compound, large and flattish
+cymes; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5, white, roundish, short-clawed; stamens
+numerous; ovary inferior; styles 3.
+
+=Fruit.=--Round, bright red, about the size of a pea, lasting into
+winter.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; prefers a good,
+well-drained soil; rate of growth slow and nearly uniform. It is readily
+transplanted and would be useful on the borders of woods, in plantations
+of low trees, and in seaside exposures. Rare in nurseries and seldom for
+sale by collectors. The readily obtainable and more showy European _P.
+aucuparia_ is to be preferred for ornamental purposes.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LVII.--Pyrus Americana.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Flowering branch.
+ 3. Flower with part of perianth and stamens removed.
+ 4. Petal.
+ 5. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Pyrus sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht.=
+
+_Sorbus sambucifolia, R[oe]m._
+
+MOUNTAIN ASH.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Mountain slopes, cool woods, along the shores of
+rivers and ponds, often associated with _P. Americana_, but climbing
+higher up the mountains.
+
+From Labrador and Nova Scotia west to the Rocky mountains, then
+northward along the mountain ranges to Alaska.
+
+Maine,--abundant in Aroostook county, Piscataquis county, Somerset
+county at least north to the Moose river, along the boundary mountains,
+about the Rangeley lakes and locally on Mount Desert Island; New
+Hampshire,--in the White mountain region; Vermont,--Mt. Mansfield,
+Willoughby mountain (Pringle); undoubtedly in other sections of these
+states; to be looked for along the edges of deep, cool swamps and at
+considerable elevations.
+
+ South of New England, probably only as an escape from cultivation;
+ west through the northern tier of states to the Rocky mountains,
+ thence northward along the mountain ranges to Alaska and south to
+ New Mexico and California.
+
+=Habit.=--A shrub 3-10 feet high, or small tree rising to a height of
+15-25 feet, reaching its maximum in northern New England, where it
+occasionally attains a height of 30-35 feet, with a trunk diameter of 15
+inches. It forms an open, wide-spreading, pyramidal or roundish head,
+resembling the preceding species in the color of bark, in foliage and
+fruit. Whether these are two distinct species is at the present
+problematical, as there are many intermediate forms, and the same tree
+sometimes furnishes specimens that would indubitably be referred to
+different species.
+
+=Bark.=--On old trees light brown and roughish on the trunk, separating
+into small scales curling up on one side; large limbs light-colored,
+smoothish, often conspicuously marked with coarse horizontal blotches
+and leaf-scars; season's shoots light brown, smooth, silvery dotted.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Terminal bud 1 inch long, lateral 1/2 inch,
+appressed, brownish, scythe-shaped, acute, more or less glutinous.
+Leaves pinnately compound, alternate, stems grooved and reddish above,
+enlarged at base; stipules deciduous; leaflets 7-15, the odd one
+stalked, 1-3 inches long, 1/2-1 inch wide, bright green above, paler
+beneath, smooth, mostly ovate-oblong, serrate above the base; apex
+rounded or more usually tapering suddenly to a short point, or rarely
+acuminate; base inequilateral.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--In broad, compound cymes at the ends of the branches;
+flowers white and rather larger than those of _P. Americanus_; calyx
+5-lobed; petals 5, ovate, short-clawed; stamens numerous; pistil
+3-styled.
+
+=Fruit.=--In broad cymes; berries bright red, roundish, rather larger
+than those of _P. Americana_, holding on till winter.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England, though of shrub-like
+proportions in the southern sections; grows in exposed situations
+inland, and along the seashore. The dwarf habit, graceful foliage, and
+showy fruit give it an especial value in artificial plantations; but it
+is seldom for sale in nurseries and only occasionally by collectors. It
+is readily transplanted and is propagated by seed.
+
+=Note.=--In the European mountain ash, _P. aucuparia_, the leaves have a
+blunter apex than is usually found in either of the American species,
+and have a more decided tendency to double serration.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LVIII.--Pyrus sambucifolia.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Flowering branch.
+ 3. Flower with part of perianth and stamens removed.
+ 4. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Pyrus communis, L.=
+
+PEAR TREE.
+
+The common pear, introduced from Europe; a frequent escape from
+cultivation throughout New England and elsewhere; becomes scraggly and
+shrubby in a wild state.
+
+
+=Pyrus Malus, L.=
+
+_Malus Malus, Britton_.
+
+APPLE TREE.
+
+The common apple; introduced from Europe; a more or less frequent escape
+wherever extensively cultivated, like the pear showing a tendency in a
+wild state to reversion.
+
+
+=Amelanchier Canadensis, Medic.=
+
+SHADBUSH. JUNE-BERRY.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Dry, open woods, hillsides.
+
+ Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to Lake Superior.
+
+New England,--throughout.
+
+ South to the Gulf of Mexico; west to Minnesota, Kansas, and
+ Louisiana.
+
+=Habit.=--Shrub or small tree, 10-25 feet high, with a trunk diameter of
+6-10 inches, reaching sometimes a height of 40 feet and trunk diameter
+of 18 inches; head rather wide-spreading, slender-branched, open;
+conspicuous in early spring, while other trees are yet naked, by its
+profuse display of loose spreading clusters of white flowers, and the
+delicate tints of the silky opening foliage.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk and large branches greenish-gray, smooth; branchlets
+purplish-brown, smooth.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, oblong-conical, pointed. Leaves
+2-3-1/2 inches long, about half as wide, slightly pubescent when young,
+dark bluish-green above at maturity, lighter beneath; outline varying
+from ovate to obovate, finely and sharply serrate; apex pointed or
+mucronate, often abruptly so; base somewhat heart-shaped or rounded;
+leafstalk about 1 inch long; stipules slender, silky, ciliate, soon
+falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April to May. Appearing with the leaves at the end of
+the branchlets in long, loose, spreading or drooping, nearly glabrous
+racemes; flowers large; calyx 5-cleft, campanulate, pubescent to nearly
+glabrous; segments lanceolate, acute, reflexed; petals 5, whole,
+narrow-oblong or oblong-spatulate, about 1 inch long, two to three times
+the length of the calyx; stamens numerous: ovary with style deeply
+5-parted.
+
+=Fruit.=--June to July. In drooping racemes, globose, passing through
+various colors to reddish, purplish, or black purple, long-stemmed,
+sweet and edible without decided flavor.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows in all soils
+and situations except in wet lands, but prefers deep, rich, moist loam;
+very irregular in its habit of growth, sometimes forming a shrub, at
+other times a slender, unsymmetrical tree, and again a symmetrical tree
+with well-defined trunk. Its beautiful flowers, clean growth, attractive
+fruit and autumn foliage make it a desirable plant in landscape
+plantations where it can be grouped with other trees. Occasionally in
+nurseries; procurable from collectors.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LIX.--Amelanchier Canadensis.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Flowering branch.
+ 3. Flower with part of perianth and stamens removed.
+ 4. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+CRATAEGUS.
+
+A revision of genus _Crataegus_ has long been a desideratum with
+botanists. The present year has added numerous new species, most of
+which must be regarded as provisional until sufficient time has elapsed
+to note more carefully the limits of variation in previously existing
+species and to eliminate possible hybrids. During the present period of
+uncertainty it seems best to exclude most of the new species from the
+manuals until their status has been satisfactorily established by
+raising plants from the seed, or by prolonged observation over wide
+areas.
+
+
+=Crataegus Crus-Galli, L.=
+
+COCKSPUR THORN.
+
+Rich soils, edge of swamps.
+
+ Quebec to Manitoba.
+
+Found sparingly in western Vermont (_Flora of Vermont_, 1900); southern
+Connecticut (C. H. Bissell).
+
+ South to Georgia; west to Iowa.
+
+A small tree, 10-25 feet in height and 6-12 inches in trunk diameter;
+best distinguished by its thorns and leaves.
+
+Thorns numerous, straight, long (2-4 inches), slender; leaves thick,
+smooth, dark green, shining on the upper surface, pale beneath, turning
+dark orange red in autumn; outline obovate-oblanceolate, serrate above,
+entire or nearly so near base; apex acute or rounded; base decidedly
+wedge-shaped shaped; leafstalks short.
+
+Fruit globose or very slightly pear-shaped, remaining on the tree
+throughout the winter.
+
+Hardy throughout southern New England; used frequently for a hedge
+plant.
+
+
+=Crataegus punctata, Jacq.=
+
+Thickets, hillsides, borders of forests.
+
+ Quebec and Ontario.
+
+Small tree, common in Vermont (Brainerd) and occasional in the other New
+England states.
+
+ South to Georgia.
+
+Thorns 1-2 inches long, sometimes branched; leaves 1-2-1/2 inches long,
+smooth on the upper surface, finally smooth and dull beneath; outline
+obovate, toothed or slightly lobed above, entire or nearly so beneath,
+short-pointed or somewhat obtuse at the apex, wedge-shaped at base;
+leafstalk slender, 1-2 inches long; calyx lobes linear, entire; fruit
+large, red or yellow.
+
+
+=Crataegus coccinea, L.=
+
+In view of the fact of great variation in the bark, leaves,
+inflorescence, and fruit of plants that have all passed in this country
+as _C. coccinea_, and in view of the further uncertainty as to the plant
+on which the species was originally founded, it seems "best to consider
+the specimen in the Linnaean herbarium as the type of _C. coccinea_ which
+can be described as follows:
+
+ "Leaves elliptical or on vigorous shoots mostly semiorbicular,
+ acute or acuminate, divided above the middle into numerous acute
+ coarsely glandular-serrate lobes, cuneate and finely
+ glandular-serrate below the middle and often quite entire toward
+ the base, with slender midribs and remote primary veins arcuate
+ and running to the points of the lobes, at the flowering time
+ membranaceous, coated on the upper surface and along the upper
+ surface of the midribs and veins with short soft white hairs, at
+ maturity thick, coriaceous, dark green and lustrous on the upper
+ surface, paler on the lower surface, glabrous or nearly so, 1-1/2-2
+ inches long and 1-1-1/2 inches wide, with slender glandular
+ petioles 3/4-1 inch long, slightly grooved on the upper surface,
+ often dark red toward the base, and like the young branchlets
+ villous with pale soft hairs; stipules lanceolate to oblanceolate,
+ conspicuously glandular-serrate with dark red glands, 1/2-3/4 inch
+ long. Flowers 1/2-3/4 inch in diameter when fully expanded, in
+ broad, many-flowered, compound tomentose cymes; bracts and
+ bractlets linear-lanceolate, coarsely glandular-serrate, caducous;
+ calyx tomentose, the lobes lanceolate, glandular-serrate, nearly
+ glabrous or tomentose, persistent, wide-spreading or erect on the
+ fruit, dark red above at the base; stamens 10; anthers yellow;
+ styles 3 or 4. Fruit subglobose, occasionally rather longer than
+ broad, dark crimson, marked with scattered dark dots, about 1/2
+ inch in diameter, with thin, sweet, dry yellow flesh; nutlets 3 or
+ 4, about 1/4 inch long, conspicuously ridged on the back with high
+ grooved ridges.
+
+ "A low, bushy tree, occasionally 20 feet in height with a short
+ trunk 8-10 inches in diameter, or more frequently shrubby and
+ forming wide dense thickets, and with stout more or less zigzag
+ branches bright chestnut brown and lustrous during their first
+ year, ashy-gray during their second season and armed with many
+ stout, chestnut-brown, straight or curved spines 1-1-1/2 inches
+ long. Flowers late in May. Fruit ripens and falls toward the end of
+ October, usually after the leaves.
+
+ "Slopes of hills and the high banks of salt marshes usually in
+ rich, well-drained soil, Essex county, Massachusetts, John
+ Robinson, 1900; Gerrish island, Maine, J. G. Jack, 1899-1900;
+ Brunswick, Maine, Miss Kate Furbish, May, 1899; Newfoundland, A. C.
+ Waghorne, 1894."[1]
+
+[Footnote 1: Prof. C. S. Sargent in _Bot. Gaz._, XXXI, 12. By permission
+of the publishers.]
+
+
+=Crataegus mollis, Scheele.=
+
+_Crataegus subvillosa, Schr. Crataegus coccinea,_ var. _mollis, T. & G._
+
+THORN.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Bordering on low lands and along streams.
+
+ Provinces of Quebec and Ontario.
+
+Maine,--as far north as Mattawamkeag on the middle Penobscot, Dover on
+the Piscataquis, and Orono on the lower Penobscot; reported also from
+southern sections; Vermont,--Charlotte (Hosford); Massachusetts,--in the
+eastern part infrequent; no stations reported in the other New England
+states.
+
+ South to Pennsylvania, Louisiana, and Texas; west to Michigan and
+ Missouri.
+
+=Habit.=--Shrub or often a small tree, 20-30 feet high, with trunk 6-12
+inches in diameter, often with numerous suckers; branches at 4-6 feet
+from the ground, at an acute angle with the stem, lower often horizontal
+or declining; head spreading, widest at base, spray short, angular, and
+bushy; thorns slender, 1-3 inches long, straight or slightly recurved.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of the whole tree, except the ultimate shoots, light gray,
+on the trunk and larger branches separating lengthwise into thin narrow
+plates, in old trees dark gray and more or less shreddy; season's shoots
+reddish or yellowish-brown, glossy.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, ovate, reddish-brown, shining;
+scales broad, glandular-edged. Leaves simple, alternate, 3-5 inches
+long, light green above, lighter beneath, broad-ovate to
+broad-elliptical; rather regularly and slightly incised with fine,
+glandular-tipped teeth; apex acute; base wedge-shaped, truncate, or
+subcordate; roughish above and slightly pubescent beneath, especially
+along the veins; leaf-stalk pubescent; stipules linear,
+glandular-edged, deciduous.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May to June. In cymes from the season's growth;
+flowers white, 3/4 inch broad, ill-smelling; calyx lobes 5, often
+incised, pubescent; petals roundish; stamens indefinite, styles 3-5;
+flower stems pubescent; bracts glandular.
+
+=Fruit.=--A drupe-like pome, 1/2-1 inch long, bright scarlet, larger
+than the fruit of the other New England species; ripens and falls in
+September.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England. An attractive and useful
+tree in low plantations; rarely for sale by nurserymen or collectors;
+propagated from the seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LX.--Crataegus mollis.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Branch with thorns.
+ 3. Flowering branch.
+ 4. Flower with part of perianth and stamens removed.
+ 5. Fruiting branch.
+
+ =Note.=--The New England plants here put under the head of
+ _Crataegus mollis_ have been referred by Prof. C. S. Sargent to
+ _Crataegus submollis_ (_Bot. Gaz_., XXXI, 7, 1901). The new species
+ differs from the true _Crataegus mollis_ in its smaller ovate leaves
+ with cuneate base and more or less winged leafstalk, in the smaller
+ number of its stamens, usually 10, and in its pear-shaped
+ orange-red fruit, which drops in early September.
+
+ It is also probable that _C. Arnoldiana_, Sargent, new species, has
+ been collected in Massachusetts as _C. mollis_. It differs from _C.
+ submollis_ "in its broader, darker green, more villose leaves which
+ are usually rounded, not cuneate at the base, in its smaller
+ flowers, subglobose, not oblong or pear-shaped, crimson fruit with
+ smaller spreading calyx lobes, borne on shorter peduncles and
+ ripening two or three weeks earlier, and by its much more zigzag
+ and more spiny branches, which make this tree particularly
+ noticeable in winter, when it may readily be recognized from all
+ other thorn trees."--C. S. Sargent in _Bot. Gaz._, XXXI, 223, 1901.
+
+
+
+
+DRUPACEAE. PLUM FAMILY.
+
+
+Trees or shrubs; bark exuding gum; bark, leaves, and especially seeds of
+several species abounding in prussic acid; leaves simple, alternate,
+mostly serrate; stipules small, soon falling; leafstalk often with one
+to several glands; flowers in umbels, racemes, or solitary, regular;
+calyx tube free from the ovary, 5-lobed; petals 5, inserted on the
+calyx; stamens indefinite, distinct, inserted with the petals; pistil 1,
+ovary with 1 carpel, 1-seeded; fruit a more or less fleshy drupe.
+
+
+=Prunus nigra, Ait.=
+
+_Prunus Americana_, var. _nigra, Waugh._
+
+WILD PLUM. RED PLUM. HORSE PLUM. CANADA PLUM.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Native along streams and in thickets, often
+spontaneous around dwellings and along fences.
+
+ From Newfoundland through the valley of the St. Lawrence to Lake
+ Manitoba.
+
+Maine,--abundant in the northern sections and common throughout; New
+Hampshire and Vermont,--frequent, especially in the northern sections;
+Massachusetts,--occasional; Rhode Island and Connecticut,--not reported.
+
+ Rare south of New England; west to Wisconsin.
+
+=Habit.=--A shrub or small tree, 20-25 feet high; trunk 5-8 inches in
+diameter; branches stout, ascending, somewhat angular, with short, rigid
+branchlets, forming a stiff, narrow head.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk grayish-brown, smooth in young trees, in old
+trees separating into large plates; smaller branches dark brown,
+season's shoots green.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, ovate, acute, dark brown.
+
+Leaves 3-5 inches long, light green on the upper side, paler beneath,
+pubescent when young; outline ovate-obovate or orbicular,
+crenulate-serrate; teeth not bristle-tipped; apex abruptly acuminate;
+base wedge-shaped, rounded, somewhat heart-shaped, or narrowing to a
+short petiole more or less red-glandular near the blade; stipules
+usually linear, ciliate, soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Appearing in May before the leaves, in lateral,
+2-3-flowered, slender-stemmed umbels; flowers about an inch broad, white
+when expanding, turning to pink; calyx 5-lobed, glandular; petals 5,
+obovate-oblong, contracting to a claw; stamens numerous; style 1, stigma
+1.
+
+=Fruit.=--A drupe, oblong-oval, 1-1-1/2 inches long, orange or
+orange-red, skin tough, flesh adherent to the flat stone and pleasant to
+the taste. The fruit toward the southern limit of the species is often
+abortive, or develops through the growth of a fungus into monstrous
+forms.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England, and will grow,
+when not shaded, in almost any dry or moist soil. It has a tendency to
+sucker freely, forming low, broad thickets, especially attractive from
+their early spring flowers and handsome autumn leaves.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXI.--Prunus nigra.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Flowering branch.
+ 3. Flower with petals removed.
+ 4. Petal.
+ 5. Fruiting branch.
+ 6. Stone.
+
+
+=Prunus Americana, Marsh.=
+
+A rare plant in New England, scarcely attaining tree-form. The most
+northern station yet reported is along the slopes of Graylock,
+Massachusetts, where a few scattered shrubs were discovered in 1900 (J.
+R. Churchill). In Connecticut it seems to be native in the vicinity of
+Southington, shrubs, and small trees 10-15 feet high (C. H. Bissell _in
+lit._, 1900); New Milford and Munroe, small trees (C. K. Averill).
+
+Distinguished from _P. nigra_ by its sharply toothed leaves, smaller
+blossoms (the petals of which do not turn pink), and by its globose
+fruit.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXII.--Prunus Americana.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Flowering branch.
+ 3. Flower with part of perianth and stamens removed.
+ 4. Petal.
+ 5. Flowering branch.
+ 6. Stone.
+
+=Prunus Pennsylvanica, L. f.=
+
+ RED CHERRY. PIN CHERRY. PIGEON CHERRY. BIRD CHERRY.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Roadsides, clearings, burnt lands, hill slopes,
+occasional in rather low grounds.
+
+ From Labrador to the Rocky mountains, through British Columbia to
+ the Coast Range.
+
+Throughout New England; very common in the northern portions, as high up
+as 4500 feet upon Katahdin, less common southward and near the seacoast.
+
+ South to North Carolina; west to Minnesota and Missouri.
+
+=Habit=.--A slender tree, seldom more than 30 feet high; trunk 8-10
+inches in diameter, erect; branches at an angle of 45 deg. or less; head
+rather open, roundish or oblong, characterized in spring by clusters of
+long-stemmed white flowers, and in autumn by a profusion of small red
+fruit.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk in fully grown trees dark brownish-red,
+conspicuously marked with coarse horizontal lines; the outer layer
+peeling off in fine scales, disclosing a brighter red layer beneath; in
+young trees very smooth and shining throughout; lines very conspicuous
+in the larger branches; branchlets brownish-red with small horizontal
+lines; spray and season's shoots polished red, with minute orange dots.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, broad-conical, acute. Leaves
+numerous, 3-4 inches long, 1-2 inches wide, light green and shining on
+both sides, ovate-lanceolate, oval or oblong-lanceolate, finely
+serrate; teeth sharp-pointed, sometimes incurved; apex acuminate; base
+obtuse or roundish; midrib depressed above; leafstalks short, channeled;
+stipules falling early.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--June. Appearing with the leaves, in lateral clusters,
+the flowers on long, slender, somewhat branching stems; calyx 5-cleft;
+segments thin, reflexed; petals 5, white, obovate, short-clawed; stamens
+numerous; pistil 1; style 1.
+
+=Fruit.=--About the size of a pea, round, light red, thin-meated and
+sour: stone oval or ovate.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; prefers a light
+gravelly loam, but grows in poor soils and exposed situations; habit so
+uncertain and tendency to sprout so decided that it is not wise to use
+it in ornamental plantations; sometimes very useful in sterile land. A
+variety with transparent yellowish fruit is occasionally met with, but
+is not yet in cultivation.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXIII.--Prunus Pennsylvanica.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Flowering branch.
+ 3. Flower with part of perianth and stamens removed.
+ 4. Petal.
+ 5. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Prunus Virginiana, L.=
+
+CHOKECHERRY.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In varying soils; along river banks, on dry
+plains, in woods, common along walls, often thickets.
+
+ From Newfoundland across the continent, as far north on the
+ Mackenzie river as 62 deg..
+
+Common throughout New England; at an altitude of 4500 feet upon Mt.
+Katahdin.
+
+ South to Georgia; west to Minnesota and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--Usually a shrub a few feet high, but occasionally a tree 15-25
+feet in height, with a trunk diameter of 5-6 inches; head, in open
+places, spreading, somewhat symmetrical, with dull foliage, but very
+attractive in flower and fruit, the latter variable in color and
+quantity.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk and branches dull gray, darker on older trees, rough with
+raised buff-orange spots; branchlets dull grayish or reddish brown;
+season's shoots lighter, minutely dotted. Bitter to the taste.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds 1-1-1/4 inches long, conical,
+sharp-pointed, brown, slightly divergent from the stem.
+
+Leaves 2-5 inches long and two-thirds as wide, dull green on the upper
+side, lighter beneath, obovate or oblong, thin, finely, sharply, and
+often doubly serrate; apex abruptly pointed; base roundish, obtuse or
+slightly heart-shaped; leafstalk round, grooved, with two or more glands
+near base of leaf; stipules long, narrow, ciliate, falling when the
+leaves expand.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Appearing in May, a week earlier than _P. serotina_,
+terminating lateral, leafy shoots of the season in numerous handsome,
+erect or spreading racemes, 2-4 inches long; flowers short-stemmed,
+about 1/3 inch across; petals white, roundish; edge often eroded; calyx
+5-cleft with thin reflexed lobes, soon falling; stamens numerous; pistil
+1; style 1.
+
+=Fruit.=--In drooping racemes; varying from yellow to nearly black,
+commonly bright red, edible, but more or less astringent; stem somewhat
+persistent after the cherry falls.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows in almost
+any soil, but prefers a deep, rich, moist loam. Vigorous young trees are
+attractive, but in New England they soon begin to show dead branches,
+and are so seriously affected by insects and fungous diseases that it is
+not wise to use them in ornamental plantations, or to permit them to
+remain on the roadside.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXIV.--Prunus Virginia.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Flowering branch.
+ 3. Flower with part of perianth and stamens removed.
+ 4. A petal.
+ 5. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Prunus serotina, Ehrh.=
+
+RUM CHERRY. BLACK CHERRY.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In all sorts of soils and exposures; open places
+and rich woods.
+
+ Nova Scotia to Lake Superior.
+
+Maine,--not reported north of Oldtown (Penobscot county); frequent
+throughout the other New England states.
+
+ South to Florida; west to North Dakota, Kansas, and Texas,
+ extending through Mexico, along the Pacific coast of Central
+ America to Peru.
+
+=Habit.=--Usually a medium-sized tree, 30-50 feet in height, with a
+trunk diameter varying from 8 or 10 inches to 2 feet; attaining much
+greater dimensions in the middle and southern states; branches few,
+large, often tortuous, subdividing irregularly; head open, widest near
+the base, rather ungraceful when naked, but very attractive when clothed
+with bright green, polished foliage, profusely decked with white
+flowers, or laden with drooping racemes of handsome black fruit.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk deep reddish-brown and smooth in young trees, in
+old trees very rough, separating into close, thick, irregular, blackish
+scales; branches dark reddish-brown, marked with small oblong, raised
+dots. Bitter to the taste.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds ovate, 1/8 inch long, covered with
+imbricated brown scales.
+
+Leaves 2-5 inches long, about half as wide, dark green above and glossy
+when full grown, paler below, turning in autumn to orange, deep red, or
+pale yellow, firm, smooth on both sides, elliptical, oblong, or
+lanceolate-oblong; finely serrate with short, incurved teeth; apex
+sharp; base acute or roundish; meshes of veins minute; petioles 1/2 inch
+long, with usually two or more glands near the base of the leaf;
+stipules glandular-edged, falling as the leaf expands.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May to June. From new leafy shoots, in simple, loose
+racemes, 4-5 inches long; flowers small; calyx with 5 short teeth
+separated by shallow sinuses, persistent after the cherry falls; petals
+5, spreading, white, obovate; stamens numerous; pistil one; style
+single.
+
+=Fruit.=--September. Somewhat flattened vertically, 1/4 inch in
+diameter; purplish-black, edible, slightly bitter.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England; in rich soil in open
+situations young trees grow very rapidly, old trees rather slowly.
+Seldom used for ornamental purposes, but serves well as a nurse tree for
+forest plantations, or where quick results and a luxurious foliage
+effect is desired, on inland exposures or near the seacoast. The
+branches are very liable to disfigurement by the black-knot and the
+foliage by the tent-caterpillar. Large plants are seldom for sale, but
+seedlings may be obtained in large quantities and at low prices. A
+weeping horticultural form is occasionally offered. Propagated from
+seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXV.--Prunus serotina.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Flowering branch.
+ 3. Flower with part of perianth and stamens removed.
+ 4. A petal.
+ 5. Fruiting branch.
+ 6. Mature leaf.
+
+
+=Prunus Avium, L.=
+
+MAZARD CHERRY.
+
+Introduced from England; occasionally spontaneous along fences and the
+borders of woodlands. As an escape, 25-50 feet high, with a trunk
+diameter of 1-2 feet; head oblong or ovate; branches mostly ascending.
+Leaves ovate to obovate, more or less pubescent beneath, serrate, 3-5
+inches long; leafstalk about 1/2 inch long, often glandular near base of
+leaf; inflorescence in umbels; flowers white, expanding with the leaves;
+fruit dark red, sweet, mostly inferior or blighted.
+
+
+
+
+LEGUMINOSAE. PULSE FAMILY.
+
+
+=Gleditsia triacanthos, L.=
+
+HONEY LOCUST. THREE-THORNED ACACIA.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In its native habitat growing in a variety of
+soils; rich woods, mountain sides, sterile plains.
+
+ Southern Ontario.
+
+Maine,--young trees in the southern sections said to have been
+produced from self-sown seed (M. L. Fernald); New Hampshire and
+Vermont,--introduced; Massachusetts,--occasional; Rhode
+Island,--introduced and fully at home (J. F. Collins); Connecticut,--not
+reported. Probably sparingly naturalized in many other places in New
+England.
+
+ Spreading by seed southward; indigenous along the western slopes of
+ the Alleghanies in Pennsylvania; south to Georgia and Alabama; west
+ from western New York through southern Ontario (Canada) and
+ Michigan to Nebraska, Kansas, Indian territory, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A medium-sized tree, reaching a height of 40-60 feet and a
+trunk diameter of 1-3 feet; becoming a tree of the first magnitude in
+the river bottoms of Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee; trunk dark and
+straight, the upper branches going off at an acute angle, the lower
+often horizontal, both trunk and larger branches armed above the axils
+with stout, sharp-pointed, simple, three-pronged or numerously branched
+thorns, sometimes clustered in forbidding tangles a foot or two in
+length; head wide-spreading, very open, rounded or flattish, with
+extremely delicate, fern-like foliage lying in graceful planes or
+masses; pods flat and pendent, conspicuous in autumn.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk and larger branches a sombre iron gray, deepening on old
+trees almost to black; yellowish-brown in second year's growth; season's
+shoots green, marked with short buff, longitudinal lines; branchlets
+rough-dotted.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Winter buds minute, in clusters of three or
+four, the upper the largest. Leaves compound, once to twice pinnate,
+both forms often in the same leaf, alternate, 6 inches to 1 foot long,
+rachis abruptly enlarged at base and covering the winter buds: leaflets
+18-28, 3/4-1-1/4 inches long, about one-third as wide, yellowish-green
+when unfolding, turning to dark green above, slightly lighter beneath,
+yellow in autumn; outline lanceolate, oblong to oval, obscurely
+crenulate-serrate; apex obtuse, scarcely mucronate; base mostly rounded;
+leafstalks and leaves downy, especially when young.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Early June. From lateral or terminal buds on the old
+wood, in slender, pendent, greenish racemes scarcely distinguishable
+among the young leaves; sterile and fertile flowers on different trees
+or on the same tree and even in the same cluster; calyx somewhat
+campanulate, 3-5-cleft; petals 3-5, somewhat wider than the sepals, and
+inserted with the 3-10 stamens on the calyx: pistil in sterile flowers
+abortive or wanting, conspicuous in the fertile flowers. Parts of the
+flower more or less pubescent, arachnoid-pubescent within, near the
+base.
+
+=Fruit.=--Pods dull red, 1-1-1/2 feet long, flat, pendent, and often
+twisted, containing several flat brown seeds.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England, grows in any
+well-drained soil, but prefers a deep, rich loam; transplants readily,
+grows rapidly, is long-lived, free from disease, and makes a picturesque
+object in ornamental plantations, but is objectionable in public places
+and highly finished grounds on account of the stiff spines, which are a
+source of danger to pedestrians, and also on account of the long
+strap-shaped pods, which litter the ground. There is a thornless form
+which is better adapted than the type for ornamental purposes. The type
+is sometimes offered in nurseries at a low price by the quantity.
+Propagated from seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXVI.--Gleditsia triacanthos.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Winter buds with thorns.
+ 3. Flowering branch.
+ 4. Sterile flower, enlarged.
+ 5. Flowering branch, flowers mostly fertile.
+ 6. Fertile flower, enlarged.
+ 7. Fruiting branch.
+ 8. Leaf partially twice pinnate.
+
+
+=Robinia Pseudacacia, L.=
+
+LOCUST.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In its native habitat growing upon mountain
+slopes, along the borders of forests, in rich soils.
+
+ Naturalized from Nova Scotia to Ontario.
+
+Maine,--thoroughly at home, forming wooded banks along streams; New
+Hampshire,--abundant enough to be reckoned among the valuable timber
+trees; Vermont,--escaped from cultivation in many places; Massachusetts,
+Rhode Island, and Connecticut,--common in patches and thickets and along
+the roadsides and fences.
+
+ Native from southern Pennsylvania along the mountains to Georgia;
+ west to Iowa and southward.
+
+=Habit.=--Mostly a small tree, 20-35 feet high, under favorable
+conditions reaching a height of 50-75 feet; trunk diameter 8 inches to 2
+1/2 feet; lower branches thrown out horizontally or at a broad angle,
+forming a few-branched, spreading top, clothed with a tender green,
+delicate, tremulous foliage, and distinguished in early June by loose,
+pendulous clusters of white fragrant flowers.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk dark, rough and seamy even in young trees, and
+armed with stout prickles which disappear as the tree matures; in old
+trees coarsely, deeply, and firmly ridged, not flaky; larger branches a
+dull brown, rough; branchlets grayish-brown, armed with prickles;
+season's shoots green, more or less rough-dotted, thin, and often
+striped.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Winter buds minute, partially sunken within
+the leaf-scar. Leaves pinnately compound, alternate; petiole swollen at
+the base, covering bud of the next season; often with spines in the
+place of stipules; leaflets 7-21, opposite or scattered, 3/4-1-1/4
+inches long, about half as wide, light green; outline ovate or
+oval-oblong; apex round or obtuse, tipped with a minute point; base
+truncate, rounded, obtuse or acutish; distinctly short-stalked;
+stipellate at first.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Late May or early June. Showy and abundant, in loose,
+pendent, axillary racemes; calyx short, bell-shaped, 5-cleft, the two
+upper segments mostly coherent; corolla shaped like a pea blossom, the
+upper petal large, side petals obtuse and separate; style and stigma
+simple.
+
+=Fruit.=--A smooth, dark brown, flat pod, about 3 inches long,
+containing several small brown flattish seeds, remaining on the tree
+throughout the winter.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England in all dry, sunny
+situations, of rapid growth, spreading by underground stems, ordinarily
+short-lived and subject to serious injury by the attacks of borers.
+Occasionally procurable in large quantities at a low rate. In Europe
+there are many horticultural forms, a few of which are occasionally
+offered in American nurseries. The type is propagated from seed, the
+forms by grafting.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXVII.--Robinia Pseudacacia.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Flowering branch.
+ 3. Flower with corolla removed.
+ 4. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Robinia viscosa, Vent.=
+
+CLAMMY LOCUST.
+
+This tree appears to be sparingly established in southern Canada and at
+many points throughout New England.
+
+Common in cultivation and occasionally established through the middle
+states; native from Virginia along the mountains of North Carolina,
+South Carolina, and Georgia.
+
+Easily distinguished from _R. Pseudacacia_ by its smaller size,
+glandular, viscid branchlets, later period of blossoming, and by its
+more compact, usually upright, scarcely fragrant, rose-colored
+flower-clusters.
+
+
+
+
+SIMARUBACEAE. AILANTHUS FAMILY.
+
+
+=Ailanthus glandulosus, Desf.=
+
+AILANTHUS. TREE-OF-HEAVEN. CHINESE SUMAC.
+
+Sparsely and locally naturalized in southern Ontario, New England, and
+southward.
+
+A native of China; first introduced into the United States on an
+extensive scale in 1820 at Flushing, Long Island; afterwards
+disseminated by nursery plants and by seed distributed from the
+Agricultural Department at Washington. Its rapid growth, ability to
+withstand considerable variations in temperature, and its dark luxuriant
+foliage made it a great favorite for shade and ornament. It was planted
+extensively in Philadelphia and New York, and generally throughout the
+eastern sections of the country. When these trees began to fill the
+ground with suckers and the vile-scented sterile flowers poisoned the
+balmy air of June and the water in the cisterns, occasioning many
+distressing cases of nausea, a reaction set in and hundreds of trees
+were cut down. The female trees, against the blossoms of which no such
+objection lay, were allowed to grow, and have often attained a height of
+50-75 feet, with a trunk diameter of 3-5 feet. The fruit is very
+beautiful, consisting of profuse clusters of delicate pinkish or
+greenish keys.
+
+The tree is easily distinguished by its ill-scented compound leaves,
+often 2-3 feet long, by the numerous leaflets, sometimes exceeding 40,
+each ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, with one or two teeth near the base, by
+its vigorous growth from suckers, and in winter by the coarse, blunt
+shoots and conspicuous, heart-shaped leaf-scars.
+
+
+
+
+ANACARDIACEAE. SUMAC FAMILY.
+
+
+=Rhus typhina, L.=
+
+_Rhus hirta, Sudw._
+
+STAGHORN SUMAC.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In widely varying soils and localities; river
+banks, rocky slopes to an altitude of 2000 feet, cellar-holes and waste
+places generally, often forming copses.
+
+ From Nova Scotia to Lake Huron.
+
+Common throughout New England.
+
+ South to Georgia; west to Minnesota and Missouri.
+
+=Habit.=--A shrub, or small tree, rarely exceeding 25 feet in height;
+trunk 8-10 inches in diameter; branches straggling, thickish, mostly
+crooked when old; branchlets forked, straight, often killed at the tips
+several inches by the frost; head very open, irregular, characterized by
+its velvety shoots, ample, elegant foliage, turning in early autumn to
+rich yellows and reds, and by its beautiful, soft-looking crimson cones.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk light brown, mottled with gray, becoming dark
+brownish-gray and more or less rough-scaly in old trees; the season's
+shoots densely covered with velvety hairs, like the young horns of deer
+(giving rise to the common name), the pubescence disappearing after two
+or three years; the extremities dotted with minute orange spots which
+enlarge laterally in successive seasons, giving a roughish feeling to
+the branches.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds roundish, obtuse, densely covered with
+tawny wool, sunk within a large leaf-scar. Leaves pinnately compound,
+1-2 feet long; stalk hairy, reddish above, enlarged at base covering the
+axillary bud; leaflets 11-31, mostly in opposite pairs, the middle pair
+longest, nearly sessile except the odd one, 2-4 inches long; dark green
+above, light and often downy beneath; outline narrow to broad-oblong or
+broad-lanceolate, usually serrate, rarely laciniate, long-pointed,
+slightly heart-shaped or rounded at base; stipules none.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--June to July. Flowers in dense terminal, thyrsoid
+panicles, often a foot in length and 5-6 inches wide; sterile and
+fertile mostly on separate trees, but sterile, fertile, and perfect
+occasionally on the same tree; calyx small, the 5 hairy,
+ovate-lanceolate sepals united at the base and, in sterile flowers,
+about half the length of the usually recurved petals; stamens 5,
+somewhat exserted; ovary abortive, smooth; in the fertile flowers the
+sepals are nearly as long as the upright petals; stamens short; ovary
+pubescent, 1-celled, with 3 short styles and 3 spreading stigmas.
+
+=Fruit.=--In compound terminal panicles, 6-10 or 12 inches long, made up
+of small, dryish, smooth-stoned drupes densely covered with acid,
+crimson hairs, persistent till spring.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England. Grows in any
+well-drained soil, but prefers a deep, rich loam. The vigorous growth,
+bold, handsome foliage, and freedom from disease make it desirable for
+landscape plantations. It spreads rapidly from suckers, a single plant
+becoming in a few years the center of a broad-spreading group. Seldom
+obtainable in nurseries, but collected plants transplant easily.
+
+The cut-leaved form is cultivated in nurseries for the sake of its
+exceedingly graceful and delicate foliage.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXVIII.--Rhus typhina.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Branch with staminate flowers.
+ 3. Staminate flower.
+ 4. Branch with pistillate flowers.
+ 5. Pistillate flower.
+ 6. Fruit cluster.
+ 7. Fruit.
+
+
+=Rhus Vernix, L.=
+
+_Rhus venenata, DC._
+
+DOGWOOD. POISON SUMAC. POISON ELDER.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Low grounds and swamps; occasional on the moist
+slopes of hills.
+
+ Infrequent in Ontario.
+
+Maine,--local and apparently restricted to the southwestern sections; as
+far north as Chesterville (Franklin county); Vermont,--infrequent;
+common throughout the other New England states, especially near the
+seacoast.
+
+ South to northern Florida; west to Minnesota and Louisiana.
+
+=Habit.=--- A handsome shrub or small tree, 5-20 feet high; trunk
+sometimes 8-10 inches in diameter; broad-topped in the open along the
+edge of swamps; conspicuous in autumn by its richly colored foliage and
+diffusely panicled, pale, yellowish-white fruit.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk and branches mottled gray, roughish with round spots;
+branchlets light brown; season's shoots reddish at first, turning later
+to gray, thickly beset with rough yellowish warts; leaf-scars prominent,
+triangular.
+
+=Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, roundish. Leaves pinnately compound,
+alternate; rachis abruptly widened at base; leaflets 5-13, opposite,
+short-stalked except the odd one, 2-3 inches long, 1-2 inches wide,
+smooth, light green and mostly glossy when young, becoming dark green
+and often dull, obovate to oval or ovate; entire, often wavy-margined;
+apex acute, acuminate, or obtuse; base mostly obtuse or rounded; veins
+prominent, often red; stipules none.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Early in July. Near the tips of the branches, in
+loose, axillary clusters of small greenish flowers; sterile, fertile,
+and perfect flowers on the same tree, or occasionally sterile and
+fertile on separate trees; calyx deeply 5-parted, divisions ovate,
+acute; petals 5, oblong; stamens 5, exserted in the sterile flowers;
+ovary globose, styles 3.
+
+=Fruit.=--Drupes about as large as peas, smooth, more or less glossy,
+whitish; stone ridged; strongly resembling the fruit of _R.
+Toxicodendron_ (poison ivy).
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--No large shrub or small tree, so attractive as
+this, does so well in wet ground; it grows also in any good soil, but it
+is seldom advisable to use it, on account of its noxious qualities. It
+can be obtained only from collectors of native plants.
+
+=Note.=--This sumac has the reputation of being the most poisonous of
+New England plants. The treacherous beauty of its autumn leaves is a
+source of grief to collectors. Many are seriously affected, without
+actual contact, by the exhalation of vapor from the leaves, by grains of
+pollen floating in the air, and even by the smoke of the burning wood.
+
+It is easily distinguished from the other sumacs. The leaflets are not
+toothed like those of _R. typhina_ (staghorn sumac) and _R. glabra_
+(smooth sumac); it is not pubescent like _R. typhina_ and _R. copallina_
+(dwarf sumac); the rachis of the compound leaf is not wing-margined as
+in _R. copallina_; the panicles of flower and fruit are not upright and
+compact, but drooping and spreading; the fruit is not red-dotted with
+dense crimson hairs, but is smooth and whitish. Unlike the other sumacs,
+it grows for the most part in lowlands and swamps.
+
+In the vicinity of Southington, southern Connecticut, _Rhus copallina_
+is occasionally found with a trunk 5 or 6 inches in diameter (C. H.
+Bissell).
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXIX.--Rhus Vernix.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Branch with sterile flowers.
+ 3. Sterile flower.
+ 4. Branch with fertile flowers.
+ 5. Fertile flower.
+ 6. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+
+
+AQUIFOLIACEAE. HOLLY FAMILY.
+
+
+=Ilex opaca, Ait.=
+
+HOLLY. AMERICAN HOLLY.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Generally found in somewhat sheltered situations
+in sandy loam or in low, moist soil in the vicinity of water.
+
+Maine,--reported on the authority of Gray's _Manual_, sixth edition, in
+various botanical works, but no station is known; New Hampshire and
+Vermont,--no station reported; Massachusetts,--occasional from Quincy
+southward upon the mainland and the island of Naushon; rare in the peat
+swamps of Nantucket; Rhode Island,--common in South Kingston and Little
+Compton and sparingly found upon Prudence and Conanicut islands in
+Narragansett bay; Connecticut,--mostly restricted to the southwestern
+sections.
+
+ Southward to Florida; westward to Missouri and the bottom-lands of
+ eastern Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A shrub or small tree, exceptionally reaching a height of 30
+feet, with a trunk diameter of 15-18 inches, but attaining larger
+proportions south and west; head conical or dome-shaped, compact;
+branches irregular, mostly horizontal, clothed with a spiny evergreen
+foliage. The fertile trees are readily distinguished through late fall
+and early winter by the conspicuous red berries.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk thick, smooth on young trees, roughish, dotted on
+old, of a nearly uniform ash-gray on trunk and branches; the young
+shoots more or less downy, bright greenish-yellow, becoming smooth and
+grayish at the end of the season.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds short, roundish, generally obtuse,
+scales minutely ciliate. Leaves evergreen, simple, alternate, 2-4 inches
+long, 1-1/2-3 inches wide, flat when compared with those of the European
+holly, thickish, smooth on both sides, yellowish-green, scarcely glossy
+on the upper surface, paler beneath, elliptical, oval or oval-oblong;
+apex acutish, spine-tipped; base acutish or obtuse; margin wavy and
+concave between the large spiny teeth, sometimes with one or two teeth
+or entire; midrib prominent beneath; leafstalks short, grooved; stipules
+minute, awl-shaped, becoming blackish, persistent.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Flowers in June along the base of the season's shoots;
+sterile and fertile flowers usually on separate trees,--the sterile in
+loose, few-flowered clusters, the fertile mostly solitary; peduncles and
+pedicels slender, bracted midway; calyx persistent, with 4 pointed,
+ciliate teeth; corolla white, monopetalous, with 4 roundish, oblong
+divisions; stamens 4, alternating with and shorter than the lobes of the
+corolla in the fertile flowers, but longer in the sterile; ovary green,
+nearly cylindrical, surmounted by the sessile, 4-lobed stigma. Parts of
+the flower sometimes in fives or sixes.
+
+=Fruit.=--A dull red, berry-like drupe, with 4 nutlets, ribbed or
+grooved on the convex back, ripening late, and persistent into winter. A
+yellow-fruited form reported at New Bedford, Mass. (_Rhodora_, III, 58).
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in southern New England; though preferring
+moist, gravelly loam, it does fairly well in dry soil; of slow growth;
+useful to form low plantation in shade and to enrich the undergrowth of
+woods; occasionally sold by collectors but rare in nurseries; nursery
+plants must be frequently transplanted to be moved successfully; only a
+small percentage of ordinary collected plants live. The seed seldom
+germinates in less than two years.
+
+=Notes.=--The cultivated European holly, which the American tree closely
+resembles, may be distinguished by its deeper green, glossier, and more
+wave-margined leaves and the deeper red of its berries.
+
+"There are several fine specimens of the _Ilex opaca_ on the farm of
+Col. Minot Thayer in Braintree, Mass., which are about a foot in
+diameter a yard above the ground and 25 feet in height. They have
+maintained their present dimensions for more than fifty years."--D. T.
+Browne's _Trees of North America_, published in 1846.
+
+This estate is now owned by Mr. Thomas A. Watson. Several of these
+trees have been cut down, but one of them is still standing and of
+substantially the dimensions given above. It must have reached the limit
+of growth a hundred years ago and now shows very evident signs of
+decrepitude. This may be due, however, to the loss of a square foot or
+more of bark from the trunk.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXX.--Ilex opaca.]
+
+ 1. Branch with staminate flowers.
+ 2. Staminate flower.
+ 3. Pistillate flower.
+ 4. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+
+
+ACERACEAE. MAPLE FAMILY.
+
+
+=Acer rubrum, L.=
+
+RED MAPLE. SWAMP MAPLE. SOFT MAPLE. WHITE MAPLE.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Borders of streams, low lands, wet forests,
+swamps, rocky hillsides.
+
+ Nova Scotia to the Lake of the Woods.
+
+Common throughout New England from the sea to an altitude of 3000 feet
+on Katahdin.
+
+ South to southern Florida; west to Dakota, Nebraska, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A medium-sized tree, 40-50 feet high, rising occasionally in
+swamps to a height of 60-75 feet; trunk 2-4 feet in diameter, throwing
+out limbs at varying angles a few feet from the ground; branches and
+branchlets slender, forming a bushy spray, the tips having a slightly
+upward tendency; head compact, in young trees usually rounded and
+symmetrical, widest just above the point of furcation. In the first warm
+days of spring there shimmers amid the naked branches a faint glow of
+red, which at length becomes embodied in the abundant scarlet, crimson,
+or yellow of the long flowering stems; succeeded later by the brilliant
+fruit, which is outlined against the sober green of the foliage till it
+pales and falls in June. The colors of the autumn leaves vie in
+splendor with those of the sugar maple.
+
+=Bark.=--In young trees smooth and light gray, becoming very dark and
+ridgy in large trunks, the surface separating into scales, and in very
+old trees hanging in long flakes; young shoots often bright red in
+autumn, conspicuously marked with oblong white spots.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds aggregated at or near the ends of the
+preceding year's shoots, about 1/8 inch long; protected by dark reddish
+scales; inner scales lengthening with the growth of the shoot. Leaves
+simple, opposite, 3-4 inches long, green and smooth above, lighter and
+more or less pubescent beneath, especially along the veins; turning
+crimson or scarlet in early autumn; ovate, 3-5-lobed, the middle lobe
+generally the longest, the lower pair (when 5 lobes are present) the
+smallest; unequally sharp-toothed, with broad, acute sinuses; apex
+acute; base heart-shaped, truncate, or obtuse; leafstalk 1-3 inches
+long. The leaves of the red maple vary greatly in size, outline, lobing,
+and shape of base.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April 1-15. Appearing before the leaves in close
+clusters encircling the shoots of the previous year, varying in color
+from dull red or pale yellow to scarlet; the sterile and fertile flowers
+mostly in separate clusters, sometimes on the same tree, but more
+frequently on different trees; calyx lobes oblong and obtuse; petals
+linear-oblong; pedicels short; stamens 5-8, much longer than the petals
+in the sterile and about the same length in the fertile flowers; the
+smooth ovary surmounted by a style separating into two much-projecting
+stigmatic lobes.
+
+=Fruit.=--Fruit ripe in June, hanging on long stems, varying from brown
+to crimson; keys about an inch in length, at first convergent, at
+maturity more or less divergent.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; found in a wider
+range of soils than any other species of the genus, but seeming to
+prefer a gravelly or peaty loam in positions where its roots can reach a
+constant supply of moisture. It is more variable than any other of the
+native maples and consequently is not so good a tree for streets, where
+a symmetrical outline and uniform habit are required. It is
+transplanted readily, but recovers its vigor more slowly than does the
+sugar or silver maple and is usually of slower growth. Its variable
+habit makes it an exceedingly interesting tree in the landscape.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXXI.--Acer rubrum.]
+
+ 1. Leaf-buds.
+ 2. Flower-buds.
+ 3. Branch with sterile flowers.
+ 4. Sterile flower.
+ 5. Branch with sterile and fertile flowers.
+ 6. Fertile flower.
+ 7. Fruiting branch.
+ 8. Variant leaves.
+
+
+=Acer saccharinum, L.=
+
+_Acer dasycarpum, Ehrh._
+
+SILVER MAPLE. SOFT MAPLE. WHITE MAPLE. RIVER MAPLE.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Along streams, in rich intervale lands, and in
+moist, deep-soiled forests, but not in swamps.
+
+ Infrequent from New Brunswick to Ottawa, abundant from Ottawa
+ throughout Ontario.
+
+Occasional throughout the New England states; most common and best
+developed upon the banks of rivers and lakes at low altitudes.
+
+ South to the Gulf states; west to Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and
+ Indian territory; attaining its maximum size in the basins of the
+ Ohio and its tributaries; rare towards the seacoast throughout the
+ whole range.
+
+=Habit.=--A handsome tree, 50-60 feet in height; trunk 2-5 feet in
+diameter, separating a few feet from the ground into several large,
+slightly diverging branches. These, naked for some distance, repeatedly
+subdivide at wider angles, forming a very wide head, much broader near
+the top. The ultimate branches are long and slender, often forming on
+the lower limbs a pendulous fringe sometimes reaching to the ground.
+Distinguished in winter by its characteristic graceful outlines, and by
+its flower-buds conspicuously scattered along the tips of the
+branchlets; in summer by the silvery-white under-surface of its deeply
+cut leaves. It is among the first of the New England trees to blossom,
+preceding the red maple by one to three weeks.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk smooth and gray in young trees, becoming with age
+rougher and darker, more or less ridged, separating into thin, loose
+scales; young shoots chestnut-colored in autumn, smooth, polished,
+profusely marked with light dots.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Flower-buds clustered near the ends of the
+branchlets, conspicuous in winter; scales imbricated, convex, polished,
+reddish, with ciliate margins; leaf-buds more slender, about 1/8 inch
+long, with similar scales, the inner lengthening, falling as the leaf
+expands. Leaves simple, opposite, 3-5 inches long, of varying width,
+light green above, silvery-white beneath, turning yellow in autumn;
+lobes 3, or more usually 5, deeply cut, sharp-toothed, sharp-pointed,
+more or less sublobed; sinuses deep, narrow, with concave sides; base
+sub-heart-shaped or truncate; stems long.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--March to April. Much preceding the leaves; from short
+branchlets of the previous year, in simple, crowded umbels; flowers
+rarely perfect, the sterile and fertile sometimes on the same tree and
+sometimes on different trees, generally in separate clusters,
+yellowish-green or sometimes pinkish; calyx 5-notched, wholly included
+in bud-scales; petals none; sterile flowers long, stamens 3-7 much
+exserted, filaments slender, ovary abortive or none: fertile flowers
+broad, stamens about the length of calyx-tube, ovary woolly, with two
+styles scarcely united at the base.
+
+=Fruit.=--Fruit ripens in June, earliest of the New England maples. Keys
+large, woolly when young, at length smooth, widely divergent,
+scythe-shaped or straight, yellowish-green, one key often aborted.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in cultivation throughout New England. The
+grace of its branches, the beauty of its foliage, and its rapid growth
+make it a favorite ornamental tree. It attains its finest development
+when planted by the margin of pond or stream where its roots can reach
+water, but it grows well in any good soil. Easily transplanted, and more
+readily obtainable at a low price than any other tree in general use for
+street or ornamental purposes. The branches are easily broken by wind
+and ice, and the roots fill the ground for a long distance and exhaust
+its fertility.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXXII.--Acer saccharinum.]
+
+ 1. Leaf-buds.
+ 2. Flower-buds.
+ 3. Branch with sterile flowers.
+ 4. Branch with fertile flowers.
+ 5. Branch with sterile and fertile flowers.
+ 6. Sterile flower.
+ 7. Fertile flower.
+ 8. Perfect flower.
+ 9. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Acer Saccharum, Marsh.=
+
+_Acer saccharinum, Wang._ _Acer barbatum, Michx._
+
+ROCK MAPLE. SUGAR MAPLE. HARD MAPLE. SUGAR TREE.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Rich woods and cool, rocky slopes.
+
+ Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, westward to Lake of the Woods.
+
+New England,--abundant, distributed throughout the woods, often forming
+in the northern portions extensive upland forests; attaining great size
+in the mountainous portions of New Hampshire and Vermont, and in the
+Connecticut river valley; less frequent toward the seacoast.
+
+ South to the Gulf states; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, and
+ Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A noble tree, 50-90 feet in height; trunk 2-5 feet in
+diameter, stout, erect, throwing out its primary branches at acute
+angles; secondary branches straight, slender, nearly horizontal or
+declining at the base, leaving the stem higher up at sharper and sharper
+angles, repeatedly subdividing, forming a dense and rather stiff spray
+of nearly uniform length; head symmetrical, varying greatly in shape; in
+young trees often narrowly cylindrical, becoming pyramidal or broadly
+egg-shaped with age; clothed with dense masses of foliage, purple-tinged
+in spring, light green in summer, and gorgeous beyond all other trees of
+the forest, with the possible exception of the red maple, in its
+autumnal oranges, yellows, and reds.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk and principal branches gray, very smooth, close
+and firm in young trees, in old trees becoming deeply furrowed, often
+cleaving up at one edge in long, thick, irregular plates; season's
+shoots at length of a shining reddish-brown, smooth, numerously
+pale-dotted, turning gray the third year.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds sharp-pointed, reddish-brown, minutely
+pubescent, terminal 1/4 inch long, lateral 1/8 inch, appressed, the
+inner scales lengthening with the growth of the shoot. Leaves simple,
+opposite, 3-5 inches long, with a somewhat greater breadth, purplish and
+more or less pubescent when opening, at maturity dark green above,
+paler, with or without pubescence beneath, changing to brilliant reds
+and yellows in autumn; lobes sometimes 3, usually 5, acuminate,
+sparingly sinuate-toothed, with shallow, rounded sinuses; base
+subcordate, truncate, or wedge-shaped; veins and veinlets conspicuous
+beneath; leafstalks long, slender.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April 1-15. Appearing with the leaves in nearly
+sessile clusters, from terminal and lateral buds; flowers
+greenish-yellow, pendent on long thread-like, hairy stems; sterile and
+fertile on the same or on different trees, usually in separate, but not
+infrequently in the same cluster; the 5-lobed calyx cylindrical or
+bell-shaped, hairy; petals none; stamens 6-8, in sterile flowers much
+longer than the calyx, in fertile scarcely exserted; ovary smooth,
+abortive in sterile flowers, in fertile surmounted by a single style
+with two divergent, thread-like, stigmatic lobes.
+
+=Fruit.=--Keys usually an inch or more in length, glabrous, wings broad,
+mostly divergent, falling late in autumn.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England. Its long life,
+noble proportions, beautiful foliage, dense shade, moderately rapid
+growth, usual freedom from disease or insect disfigurement, and
+adaptability to almost any soil not saturated with water make it a
+favorite in cultivation; readily obtainable in nurseries, transplants
+easily, recovers its vigor quickly, and has a nearly uniform habit of
+growth.
+
+=Note.=--Not liable to be taken for any other native maple, but
+sometimes confounded with the cultivated Norway maple, _Acer
+platanoides_, from which it is easily distinguished by the milky juice
+which exudes from the broken petiole of the latter.
+
+The leaves of the Norway maple are thinner, bright green and glabrous
+beneath, and its keys diverge in a straight line.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXXIII.--Acer saccharum.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Flowering branch.
+ 3. Sterile flower.
+ 4. Fertile flower, part of perianth and stamens removed.
+ 5. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Acer saccharum, Marsh., var. nigrum, Britton.=
+
+_Acer nigrum, Michx. Acer saccharinum,_ var. _nigrum, T. & G. Acer
+barbatum,_ var. _nigrum, Sarg._
+
+BLACK MAPLE.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Low, damp ground on which, in New England at
+least, the sugar maple is rarely if ever seen, or upon moist, rocky
+slopes.
+
+ Apparently a common tree from Ottawa westward throughout Ontario.
+
+The New England specimens, with the exception of those from the
+Champlain valley, appear to be dubious intermediates between the type
+and the variety.
+
+Maine,--the Rangeley lake region; New Hampshire,--occasional near the
+Connecticut river; Vermont,--frequent in the western part in the
+Champlain valley, occasional in all other sections, especially in the
+vicinity of the Connecticut; Massachusetts,--occasional in the
+Connecticut river valley and westward, doubtfully reported from eastern
+sections; Rhode Island,--doubtful, resting on the authority of Colonel
+Olney's list; Connecticut,--doubtfully reported.
+
+ South along the Alleghanies to the Gulf states; west to the 95th
+ meridian.
+
+The extreme forms of _nigrum_ show well-marked varietal differences; but
+there are few, if any, constant characters. Further research in the
+field is necessary to determine the status of these interesting plants.
+
+=Habit.=--The black maple is somewhat smaller than the sugar maple, the
+bark is darker and the foliage more sombre. It generally has a
+symmetrical outline, which it retains to old age.
+
+=Leaves.=--The fully grown leaves are often larger than those of the
+type, darker green above, edges sometimes drooping, width equal to or
+exceeding the length, 5-lobed, margin blunt-toothed, wavy-toothed, or
+entire, the two lower lobes small, often reduced to a curve in the
+outline, broad at the base, which is usually heart-shaped; texture firm;
+the lengthening scales of the opening leaves, the young shoots, the
+petioles, and the leaves themselves are covered with a downy to a
+densely woolly pubescence. As the parts mature, the woolliness usually
+disappears, except along the midrib and principal veins, which become
+almost glabrous.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England, preferring a
+moist, fertile, gravelly loam; young trees are rather more vigorous than
+those of the sugar maple, and easily transplanted. Difficult to secure,
+for it is seldom offered for sale or recognized by nurseries, although
+occasionally found mixed with the sugar maple in nursery rows.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXXIV.--Acer Saccharum, var. nigrum.]
+
+ 1. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Acer spicatum, Lam.=
+
+MOUNTAIN MAPLE.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In damp forests, rocky highland woods, along the
+sides of mountain brooks at altitudes of 500-1000 feet.
+
+ From Nova Scotia and Newfoundland to Saskatchewan.
+
+Maine,--common, especially northward in the forests; New Hampshire and
+Vermont,--common; Massachusetts,--rather common in western and central
+sections, occasional eastward; Rhode Island,--occasional northward;
+Connecticut,--occasional in northern and central sections; reported as
+far south as North Branford (New Haven county).
+
+ Along mountain ranges to Georgia.
+
+=Habit.=--Mostly a shrub, but occasionally attaining a height of 25
+feet, with a diameter, near the ground, of 6-8 inches; characterized by
+a short, straight trunk and slender branches; bright green foliage
+turning a rich red in autumn, and long-stemmed, erect racemes of
+delicate flowers, drooping at length beneath the weight of the maturing
+keys.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk thin, smoothish, grayish-brown; primary branches
+gray; branchlets reddish-brown streaked with green, retaining in the
+second year traces of pubescence; season's shoots yellowish-green,
+reddish on the upper side when exposed to the sun, minutely pubescent.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, flattish, acute, slightly
+divergent from the stem. Leaves simple, opposite, 4-5 inches long,
+two-thirds as wide, pubescent on both sides when unfolding, at length
+glabrous on the upper surface, 3-lobed above the center, often with two
+small additional lobes at the base, coarsely or finely serrate, lobes
+acuminate; base more or less heart-shaped; veining 3-5-nerved,
+prominent, especially on the lower side, furrowed above; leafstalks
+long, enlarged at the base.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--June. Appearing after the expansion of the leaves, in
+long-stemmed, terminal, more or less panicled, erect or slightly
+drooping racemes; flowers small and numerous, both kinds in the same
+raceme, the fertile near the base; all upon very slender pedicels; lobes
+of calyx 5, greenish, downy, about half as long as the alternating
+linear petals; stamens usually 8, in the sterile flower nearly as long
+as the petals, in the fertile much shorter; pistil rudimentary, hairy in
+the sterile flower; in the fertile the ovary is surmounted by an erect
+style with short-lobed stigma.
+
+=Fruit.=--In long racemes, drooping or pendent; the keys, which are
+smaller than those of any other American maple, set on hair-like
+pedicels, and at a wide but not constant angle; at length reddish, with
+a small cavity upon one side.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in cultivation throughout New England;
+prefers moist, well-drained, gravelly loam in partial shade, but grows
+well in any good soil; easily transplanted, but recovers its vigor
+rather slowly; foliage free from disease.
+
+Seldom grown in nurseries, but readily obtainable from northern
+collectors of native plants.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXXV.--Acer spicatum.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Flowering branch.
+ 3. Sterile flower.
+ 4. Abortive ovary in sterile flower.
+ 5. Fertile flower with part of the perianth and stamens removed.
+ 6. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Acer Pennsylvanicum, L.=
+
+STRIPED MAPLE. MOOSEWOOD. WHISTLEWOOD.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Cool, rocky or sandy woods.
+
+ Nova Scotia to Lake Superior.
+
+Maine,--abundant, especially northward in the forests; New Hampshire and
+Vermont,--common in highland woods; Massachusetts,--common in the
+western and central sections, rare towards the coast; Rhode
+Island,--frequent northward; Connecticut,--frequent, reported as far
+south as Cheshire (New Haven county).
+
+ South on shaded mountain slopes and in deep ravines to Georgia;
+ west to Minnesota.
+
+=Habit.=--Shrub or small tree, 15-25 feet high, with a diameter at the
+ground of 5-8 inches; characterized by a slender, beautifully striate
+trunk and straight branches; by the roseate flush of the opening
+foliage, deepening later to a yellowish-green; and by the long,
+graceful, pendent racemes of yellowish flowers, succeeded by the
+abundant, drooping fruit.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk and branches deep reddish-brown or dark green,
+conspicuously striped longitudinally with pale and blackish bands;
+roughish with light buff, irregular dots; the younger branches marked
+with oval leaf-scars and the linear scars of the leaf-scales; the
+season's shoots smooth, light green, mottled with black.
+
+In spring the bark of the small branches is easily separable, giving
+rise to the name "whistle wood."
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Terminal bud long, short-stalked, obscurely
+4-sided, tapering to a blunt tip; lateral buds small and flat; opening
+foliage roseate. Leaves simple, opposite; 5-6 inches long and nearly as
+broad; the upper leaves much narrower; when fully grown light green
+above, paler beneath, finally nearly glabrous, yellow in autumn, divided
+above the center into three deep acuminate lobes, finely, sharply, and
+usually doubly serrate; base heart-shaped, truncate, or rounded;
+leafstalks 1-3 inches long, grooved, the enlarged base including the
+leaf-buds of the next season.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--In simple, drooping racemes, often 5-6 inches long,
+appearing after the leaves in late May or early June; the sterile and
+fertile flowers mostly in separate racemes on the same tree; the
+bell-shaped flowers on slender pedicels; petals and sepals
+greenish-yellow; sepals narrowly oblong, somewhat shorter than the
+obovate petals; stamens usually 8, shorter than the petals in the
+sterile flower, rudimentary in the fertile, the pistil abortive or none
+in the sterile flower, in the fertile terminating in a recurved
+stigma.
+
+=Fruit.=--In long, drooping racemes of pale green keys, set at a wide
+but not uniform angle; distinguished from the other maples, except _A.
+spicatum_, by a small cavity in the side of each key; abundant; ripening
+in August.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy, under favorable conditions, throughout
+New England. Prefers a rich, moist soil near water, in shade; but grows
+well in almost any soil when once established, many young plants failing
+to start into vigorous growth. Occasionally grown by nurserymen, but
+more readily obtainable from northern collectors of native plants.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXXVI.--Acer Pennsylvanicum.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Flowering branch.
+ 3. Sterile flower.
+ 4. Fertile flower with part of the perianth removed.
+ 5. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Acer Negundo, L.=
+
+_Negundo aceroides, Moench. Negundo Negundo, Karst._
+
+BOX ELDER. ASH-LEAVED MAPLE.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In deep, moist soil; river valleys and borders of
+swamps.
+
+ Infrequent from eastern Ontario to Lake of the Woods; abundant from
+ Manitoba westward to the Rocky mountains south of 55 deg. north
+ latitude.
+
+Maine,--along the St. John and its tributaries, especially in the French
+villages, the commonest roadside tree, brought in from the wild state
+according to the people there; thoroughly established young trees,
+originating from planted specimens, in various parts of the state; New
+Hampshire,--occasional along the Connecticut, abundant at Walpole;
+extending northward as far as South Charlestown (W. F. Flint _in lit._);
+Vermont,--shores of the Winooski river and of Lake Champlain;
+Connecticut,--banks of the Housatonic river at New Milford, Cornwall
+Bridge, and Lime Rock station.
+
+ South to Florida; west to the Rocky and Wahsatch mountains,
+ reaching its greatest size in the river bottoms of the Ohio and its
+ tributaries.
+
+=Habit.=--A small but handsome tree, 30-40 feet high, with a diameter of
+1-2 feet. Trunk separating at a small height, occasionally a foot or two
+from the ground, into several wide-spreading branches, forming a broad,
+roundish, open head, characterized by lively green branchlets and
+foliage, delicate flowers and abundant, long, loose racemes of
+yellowish-green keys hanging till late autumn, the stems clinging
+throughout the winter.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk when young, smooth, yellowish-green, in old trees
+becoming grayish-brown and ridgy; smaller branchlets greenish-yellow;
+season's shoots pale green or sometimes reddish-purple, smooth and
+shining or sometimes glaucous.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, ovate, enclosed in two dull-red,
+minutely pubescent scales. Leaves pinnately compound, opposite; leaflets
+usually 3, sometimes 5 or 7, 2-4 inches long, 1-1/2-2-1/2 inches broad,
+light green above, paler beneath and woolly when opening, slightly
+pubescent at maturity, ovate or oval, irregularly and remotely
+coarse-toothed mostly above the middle, 3-lobed or nearly entire; apex
+acute; base extremely variable; veins prominent; petioles 2-3 inches
+long, enlarging at the base, leaving, when they fall, conspicuous
+leaf-scars which unite at an angle midway between the winter buds.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--April 1-15. Flowers appearing at the ends of the
+preceding year's shoots as the leaf-buds begin to open, small,
+greenish-yellow; sterile and fertile on separate trees,--the sterile in
+clusters, on long, hairy, drooping, thread-like stems; the calyx hairy,
+5-lobed, with about 5 hairy-stemmed, much-projecting linear anthers;
+pistil none: the fertile in delicate, pendent racemes, scarcely
+distinguishable at a distance from the foliage; ovary pubescent, rising
+out of the calyx; styles long, divergent; stamens none.
+
+=Fruit.=--Loose, pendent, greenish-yellow racemes, 6-8 inches long, the
+slender-pediceled keys joined at a wide angle, broadest and often
+somewhat wavy near the extremity, dropping in late autumn from the
+reddish stems, which hang on till spring.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; flourishes best in
+moist soil near running water or on rocky slopes, but accommodates
+itself to almost any situation; easily transplanted. Plants of the same
+age are apt to vary so much in size and habit as to make them unsuitable
+for street planting.
+
+An attractive tree when young, especially when laden with fruit in the
+fall. There are several horticultural varieties with colored foliage,
+some of which are occasionally offered in nurseries. A western form,
+having the new growth covered with a glaucous bloom, is said to be
+longer-lived and more healthy than the type.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXXVII.--Acer Negundo.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Branch with sterile flowers.
+ 3. Sterile flower.
+ 4. Branch with fertile flowers.
+ 5. Fertile flower.
+ 6. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+
+
+TILIACEAE. LINDEN FAMILY.
+
+
+=Tilia Americana, L.=
+
+BASSWOOD. LINDEN. LIME. WHITEWOOD.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In rich woods and loamy soils.
+
+ Southern Canada from New Brunswick to Lake Winnipeg.
+
+Throughout New England, frequent from the seacoast to altitudes of 1000
+feet; rare from 1000 to 2000 feet.
+
+ South along the mountains to Georgia; west to Kansas, Nebraska, and
+ Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A large tree, 5O-75 feet high, rising in the upper valley of
+the Connecticut river to the height of 100 feet; trunk 2-4 feet in
+diameter, erect, diminishing but slightly to the branching point; head,
+in favorable situations, broadly ovate to oval, rather compact,
+symmetrical; branches mostly straight, striking out in different trees
+at varying angles; the numerous secondary branches mostly horizontal,
+slender, often drooping at the extremities, repeatedly subdividing,
+forming a dense spray set at broad angles. Foliage very abundant, green
+when fully grown, almost impervious to sunlight; the small creamy
+flowers in numerous clusters; the pale, odd-shaped bracts and pea-like
+fruit conspicuous among the leaves till late autumn.
+
+=Bark.=--Dark gray, very thick, smooth in young trees, later becoming
+broadly and firmly ridged; in old trees irregularly furrowed; branches,
+especially upon the upper side, dark brown and blackish; the season's
+shoots yellowish-green to reddish-brown, and numerously rough-dotted.
+The inner bark is fibrous and tough.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Leaf-buds small, conical, brownish red,
+contrasting strongly with the dark stems. Leaves simple, alternate, 4-5
+inches long, three-fourths as wide, green and smooth on both sides,
+thickish, paler beneath, broad-ovate, one-sided, serrate, the point
+often incurved; apex acuminate or acute; base heart-shaped to truncate;
+midrib and veins conspicuous on the under surface with minute, reddish
+tufts of down at the angles; stems smooth, 1-1-1/2 inches long; stipules
+soon falling.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--Late June or early July. In loose, slightly fragrant,
+drooping cymes, the peduncle attached about half its length to a
+narrowly oblong, yellowish bract, obtuse at both ends, free at the top,
+and tapering slightly at the base, pedicels slender; calyx of 5 colored
+sepals united toward the base; corolla of 5 petals alternate with the
+sepals, often obscurely toothed at the apex; 5 petal-like scales in
+front of the petals and nearly as long; calyx, petals, and scales
+yellowish-white; stamens indefinite, mostly in clusters inserted with
+the scales; anthers 2-celled, ovary 5-celled; style 1; stigma 5-toothed.
+
+=Fruit.=--About the size of a pea, woody, globose, pale green, 1-celled
+by abortion: 1-2 seeds.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Useful as an ornamental or street tree; hardy
+throughout New England, easily transplanted, and grows rapidly in almost
+any well-drained soil; comes into leaf late and drops its foliage in
+early fall. The European species are more common in nurseries. They are,
+however, seriously affected by wood borers, while the native tree has
+few disfiguring insect enemies. Usually propagated from the seed. A
+horticultural form with weeping branches is sometimes cultivated.
+
+=Note.=--There is so close a resemblance between the lindens that it is
+difficult to distinguish the American species from each other, or from
+their European relatives.
+
+American species sometimes found in cultivation:
+
+_Tilia pubescens, Ait._, is distinguished from _Americana_ by its
+smaller, thinner leaves and densely pubescent shoots.
+
+_Tilia heterophylla, Vent._, is easily recognized by the pale or silver
+white under-surface of the leaves.
+
+There are several European species more or less common in cultivation,
+indiscriminately known in nurseries as _Tilia Europaea_. They are all
+easily distinguished from the American species by the absence of
+petal-like scales.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXXVIII.--Tilia Americana.]
+
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Flowering branch.
+ 3. Flower enlarged.
+ 4. Pistil with cluster of stamens, petaloid scale, petal, and sepal.
+ 5. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+
+
+CORNACEAE. DOGWOOD FAMILY.
+
+
+=Cornus florida, L.=
+
+FLOWERING DOGWOOD. BOXWOOD.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Woodlands, rocky hillsides, moist, gravelly
+ridges.
+
+ Provinces of Quebec and Ontario.
+
+Maine,--Fayette Ridge, Kennebec county; New Hampshire,--along the
+Atlantic coast and very near the Connecticut river, rarely farther north
+than its junction with the West river; Vermont,--southern and
+southwestern sections, rare; Massachusetts,--occasional throughout the
+state, common in the Connecticut river valley, frequent eastward; Rhode
+Island and Connecticut,--common.
+
+ South to Florida; west to Minnesota and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A small tree, 15-30 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 6-10
+inches. The spreading branches form an open, roundish head, the young
+twigs curving upwards at their extremities. In spring, when decked with
+its abundant, showy white blossoms, it is the fairest of the minor trees
+of the forest; in autumn, scarcely less beautiful in the rich reds of
+its foliage and fruit.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk in old trees blackish, broken-ridged, rough,
+often separating into small, firm, 4-angled or roundish plates; branches
+grayish, streaked with white lines; season's twigs purplish-green,
+downy; taste bitter.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Terminal leaf-buds narrowly conical, acute;
+flower-buds spherical or vertically flattened, grayish. Leaves simple,
+opposite, 3-5 inches long, two-thirds as wide, dark green above, whitish
+beneath, turning to reds, purples, and yellows in the autumn, ovate to
+oval, nearly smooth, with minute appressed pubescence on both surfaces;
+apex pointed; base acutish; veins distinctly indented above, ribs
+curving upward and parallel; leafstalk short-grooved.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May to June. Appearing with the unfolding leaves in
+close clusters at the ends of the branches, each cluster subtended by
+a very conspicuous 4-leafed involucre (often mistaken for the corolla
+and constituting all the beauty of the blossom), the leaves of which are
+white or pinkish, 1-1/2 inches long, obovate, curiously notched at the
+rounded end. The real flowers are insignificant, suggesting the tubular
+disk flowers of the Compositae; calyx-tube coherent with the ovary,
+surmounting it by 4 small teeth; petals greenish-yellow, oblong,
+reflexed; stamens 4; pistil with capitate style.
+
+=Fruit.=--Ovoid, scarlet drupes, about 1/2 inch long, united in
+clusters, persistent till late autumn or till eaten by the birds.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in southern and southern-central New
+England, but liable farther north to be killed outright or as far down
+as the surface of the snow; not only one of the most attractive small
+trees on account of its flowers, habit, and foliage, but one of the most
+useful for shady places or under tall trees. The species, a
+red-flowering and also a weeping variety are obtainable in leading
+nurseries. Collected plants can be made to succeed. It is a plant of
+rather slow growth.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXXIX.--Cornus florida.]
+
+ 1. Leaf-buds.
+ 2. Flower-buds.
+ 3. Flowering branch.
+ 4. Flower.
+ 5. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Cornus alternifolia, L. f.=
+
+DOGWOOD. GREEN OSIER.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Hillsides, open woods and copses, borders of
+streams and swamps.
+
+ Nova Scotia and New Brunswick along the valley of the St. Lawrence
+ river to the western shores of Lake Superior.
+
+Common throughout New England.
+
+ South to Georgia and Alabama; west to Minnesota.
+
+=Habit.=--A shrub or small tree, 6-20 feet high, trunk diameter 3-6
+inches; head usually widest near the top, flat; branches nearly
+horizontal with lateral spray, the lively green, dense foliage lying in
+broad planes.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk and larger branches greenish, warty, streaked with gray;
+season's shoots bright yellowish-green or purplish, oblong-dotted.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, acute. Leaves simple, alternate
+or sometimes opposite, clustered at the ends of the branchlets, 2-4
+inches long, dark green on the upper side, paler beneath, with minute
+appressed pubescence on both sides, ovate to oval, almost entire; apex
+long-pointed; base acutish or rounded; veins indented above, ribs
+curving upward and parallel; petiole long, slender, and grooved.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--June. From shoots of the season, in irregular open
+cymes; calyx coherent with ovary, surmounting it by 4 minute teeth;
+corolla white or pale yellow, with the 4 oblong petals at length
+reflexed: stamens 4, exserted; style short, with capitate stigma.
+
+=Fruit.=--October. Globular, blue or blue black, on slender, reddish
+stems.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England, adapting itself to
+a great variety of situations, but preferring a soil that is constantly
+moist. Nursery or good collected plants are easily transplanted. A
+disease, similar in its effect to the pear blight, so often disfigures
+it that it is not desirable for use in important plantations.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXXX.--Cornus alternifolia.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Flowering branch.
+ 3. Flower with one petal and two stamens removed, side view.
+ 4. Flower, view from above.
+ 5. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh.=
+
+TUPELO. SOUR GUM. PEPPERIDGE.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--In rich, moist soil, in swamps and on the borders
+of rivers and ponds.
+
+ Ontario.
+
+Maine,--Waterville on the Kennebec, the most northern station
+yet reported (Dr. Ezekiel Holmes); New Hampshire,--most
+common in the Merrimac valley, seldom seen north of the White
+mountains; Vermont,--occasional; Massachusetts, Rhode Island,
+and Connecticut,--rather common.
+
+ South to Florida; west to Michigan, Missouri, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--Tree 20-50 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 1-2 feet,
+rising in the forest to the height of 60-80 feet; attaining greater
+dimensions farther south; lower branches horizontal or declining, often
+touching the ground at their tips, the upper horizontal or slightly
+rising, angular, repeatedly subdividing; branchlets very numerous, short
+and stiff, making a flat spray; head extremely variable, unique in
+picturesqueness of outline; usually broad-spreading, flat-topped or
+somewhat rounded; often reduced in Nantucket and upon the southern shore
+of Cape Cod to a shrub or small tree of 10-15 feet in height, forming
+low, dense, tangled thickets. Foliage very abundant, dark lustrous
+green, turning early in the fall to a brilliant crimson.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk of young trees grayish-white, with irregular and shallow
+striations, in old trees darker, breaking up into somewhat hexagonal or
+lozenge-shaped scales; branches smooth and brown; season's shoots
+reddish-green, with a few minute dots.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds ovoid, 1/8-1/4 inch long, obtuse. Leaves
+simple, irregularly alternate, often apparently whorled when clustered
+at the ends of the shoots, 2-5 inches long, one-half as wide; at first
+bright green beneath, dullish-green above, becoming dark glossy green
+above, paler beneath, obovate or oblanceolate to oval; entire, few or
+obscurely toothed, or wavy-margined above the center; apex more or less
+abruptly acute; base acutish; firm, smooth, finely sub-veined; stem
+short, flat, grooved, minutely ciliate, at least when young; stipules
+none.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May or early June. Appearing with the leaves in
+axillary clusters of small greenish flowers, sterile and fertile usually
+on separate trees, sometimes on the same tree,--sterile flowers in
+simple or compound clusters; calyx minutely 5-parted, petals 5, small or
+wanting; stamens 5-12, inserted on the outside of a disk; pistil none:
+fertile flowers larger, solitary, or several sessile in a bracted
+cluster; petals 5, small or wanting; calyx minutely 5-toothed.
+
+=Fruit.=--Drupes 1-several, ovoid, blue black, about 1/2 inch long,
+sour: stone striated lengthwise.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; adapts itself
+readily to most situations but prefers deep soil near water. Seldom
+offered in nurseries and difficult to transplant unless frequently
+root-pruned or moved; collected plants do not thrive well; seedlings are
+raised with little difficulty. Few trees are of greater ornamental
+value.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXXXI.--Nyssa sylvatica.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Branch with sterile flowers.
+ 3-4. Sterile flowers.
+ 5. Branch with fertile flowers.
+ 6. Fertile flower.
+ 7. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+
+
+EBENACEAE. EBONY FAMILY.
+
+
+=Diospyros Virginiana, L.=
+
+PERSIMMON.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Rhode Island,--occasional but doubtfully native;
+Connecticut,--at Lighthouse Point, New Haven, near the East Haven
+boundary line, there is a grove consisting of about one hundred
+twenty-five small trees not more than a hundred feet from the water's
+edge, in sandy soil just above the beach grass, exposed to the
+buffeting of fierce winds and the incursions of salt water, which comes
+up around them during the heavy winter storms. These trees are not in
+thriving condition; several are dead or dying, and no new plants are
+springing up to take their places. A cross-section of the trunk of a
+dead tree, as large as any of those living, shows about fifty annual
+rings. There is no reason to suppose that the survivors are older. This
+station is said to have been known as early as 1846, at which date the
+ground where they stand was grassy and fertile. These trees, if standing
+at that time, must assuredly have been in their infancy. The
+encroachment of the sea and subsequent change of conditions account well
+enough for the present decrepitude, but their general similarity in size
+and apparent age point rather to introduction than native growth.
+
+ South to Florida, Alabama, and Louisiana; west to Iowa, Kansas, and
+ Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--One of the Rhode Island trees measured 3 feet 11 inches girth
+at the base, and gradually tapered to a height of more than 40 feet (L.
+W. Russell). The trees at New Haven are 15-20 feet in height, with a
+trunk diameter of 6-10 inches, trunk and limbs much twisted by the
+winds. Their branches, beginning to put out at a height of 6-8 feet, lie
+in almost horizontal planes, forming a roundish, open head.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk in old trees dark, rough, deeply furrowed, separating
+into small, firm sections; large limbs dark reddish-brown; season's
+shoots green, turning to brown.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds oblong, conical, short. Leaves simple,
+alternate, 3-6 inches long, about half as wide, dark green and mostly
+glossy above, somewhat lighter and minutely downy (at least when young)
+beneath, ovate to oval, entire; apex acute to acuminate; base acute,
+rounded or truncate; leafstalk short; stipules none.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--June. Sterile and fertile flowers on separate or on
+the same trees; not conspicuous, axillary; sterile often in clusters,
+fertile solitary; calyx 4-6-parted; corolla 4-6-parted; about 1/2 inch
+long, pale yellow, thickish, urn-shaped, constricted at the mouth and
+somewhat smaller in the sterile flowers; stamens 16 in the sterile
+flowers, in fertile flowers 8 or less, imperfect; styles 4, ovary
+8-celled.
+
+=Fruit.=--A berry, ripe in late fall, roundish, about an inch in
+diameter, larger farther south, with thick, spreading, persistent calyx,
+yellow to yellowish-brown, very astringent when immature, edible and
+agreeable to the taste after exposure to the frost; several-seeded.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy along the south shore of New England;
+prefers well-drained soil in open situations; free from disfiguring
+enemies; occasionally cultivated in nurseries but difficult to
+transplant. Propagated from seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXXXII.--Diospyros Virginiana.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Branch with sterile flowers.
+ 3. Vertical section of sterile flower.
+ 4. Branch with fertile flowers.
+ 5. Section of fertile flower.
+ 6. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+
+
+OLEACEAE. OLIVE FAMILY.
+
+
+Fraxinus Americana, L.
+
+WHITE ASH.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Rich or moist woods, fields and pastures, near
+streams.
+
+ Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to Ontario.
+
+Maine,--very common, often forming large forest areas; in the other New
+England states, widely distributed, but seldom occurring in large
+masses.
+
+ South to Florida; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas.
+
+=Habit.=--A tall forest tree, 50-75 feet high, with a trunk diameter of
+2-3 feet; rising in the rich bottom lands of the Ohio river 100 feet or
+more, often in the forest half its height without a limb. In open
+ground the trunk, separating at a height of a few feet, throws off two
+or three large limbs, and is soon lost amid the slender, often gently
+curving branches, forming a rather open, rounded head widest at or near
+the base, with light and graceful foliage, and a stout, rather sparse,
+glabrous, and sometimes flattish spray.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk in mature trees easily distinguishable at some
+distance by the characteristic gray color and uniform striation; ridges
+prominent, narrow, flattish, firm, without surface scales but with fine
+transverse seams; furrows fine and strong, sinuous, parallel or
+connecting at intervals; large limbs more or less furrowed; smaller
+branches smooth and grayish-green; season's shoots polished olive green;
+leaf-scars prominent.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds short, rather prominent, smooth, dark or
+pale rusty brown. Leaves pinnately compound, opposite, 6-12 inches long;
+petiole smooth and grooved; leaflets 5-9, 2-5 inches long, deep green
+and smooth above, paler and smooth, or slightly pubescent (at least when
+young) beneath; ovate to lance-oblong, entire or somewhat toothed; apex
+pointed; base obtuse, rounded or sometimes acute; leaflet stalks short,
+smooth; stipules and stipels none.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. In loose panicles from lateral or terminal buds
+of the previous season's shoots, sterile and fertile flowers for the
+most part on separate trees, numerous, inconspicuous; calyx in sterile
+flowers 4-toothed, petals none, stamens 2-4, anthers oblong; calyx in
+fertile flowers unequally 4-toothed or nearly entire, persistent; petals
+none, stamens none, pistil 1, style 1, stigma 2-cleft.
+
+=Fruit.=--Ripening in early fall, and hanging in clusters into the
+winter; a samara or key 1-2 inches long, body nearly terete, marginless
+below, dilating from near the tip into a wing two or three times as long
+as the body.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; prefers a rich,
+moist, loamy soil, but grows in any well-drained situation; easily
+transplanted, usually obtainable in nurseries, and can be collected
+successfully. It is one of the most desirable native trees for landscape
+and street plantations, on account of its rapid and clean growth,
+freedom from disease, moderate shade, and richly colored autumn foliage.
+As the leaves appear late in spring and fall early in autumn, it is
+desirable to plant with other trees of different habit. Propagated from
+seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXXXIII.--Fraxinus Americana.]
+
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Branch with sterile flowers.
+ 3. Sterile flowers.
+ 4. Branch with fertile flowers.
+ 5. Fertile flower.
+ 6. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh.=
+
+_Fraxinus pubescens, Lam._
+
+RED ASH. BROWN ASH. RIVER ASH.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--River banks, swampy lowlands, margins of streams
+and ponds.
+
+ New Brunswick to Manitoba.
+
+Maine,--infrequent; New Hampshire,--occasional, extending as far north
+as Boscawen in the Merrimac valley; Vermont,--common along Lake
+Champlain and its tributaries (_Flora of Vermont_, 1900); occasional in
+other sections; Massachusetts and Rhode Island,--sparingly scattered
+throughout; Connecticut,--reported from East Hartford, Westville,
+Canaan, and Lisbon (J. N. Bishop).
+
+ South to Florida and Alabama; west to Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and
+ Missouri.
+
+=Habit.=--Medium-sized to large tree, 30-70 feet high, with trunk 1-3
+feet in diameter; erect, branches spreading, broad-headed; in general
+appearance resembling the white ash.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk dark gray or brown, smooth in young trees, furrowed in
+old, furrows rather shallower than in the white ash; branches grayish;
+young shoots greenish-gray with a rusty-velvety or scurfy pubescence
+lasting often into the second year.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds rounded, dark reddish-brown, more or
+less downy, smaller than those of the white ash, partially covered by
+the swollen petiole. Leaves pinnately compound, opposite, 9-15 inches
+long; petiole short, downy, enlarged at base; leaflets 7-9, opposite,
+3-5 inches long, about one half as wide, light green and smooth above,
+paler and more or less downy beneath; outline extremely variable, ovate,
+narrow-oblong, elliptical or sometimes obovate, entire or slightly
+toothed; apex acute to acuminate; base acute or rounded; leaflet stalks
+short, grooved, downy; stipules and stipels none.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Similar to that of the white ash.
+
+=Fruit.=--Ripening in early fall, and hanging in clusters into the
+winter; samara or key about 1-1/2 inches long; body of the fruit
+narrowly cylindrical, the edges gradually widening from about the center
+into linear or spatulate wings, obtuse or rounded at the ends, sometimes
+mucronate.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows readily in
+any good soil, but prefers a wet or moist, rich loam; almost as rapid
+growing when young as the white ash, and is not seriously affected by
+insects or fungous diseases; worthy of a place in landscape plantations
+and on streets, but not often found in nurseries; propagated from seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXXXIV.--Fraxinus Pennsylvanica.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Branch with sterile flowers.
+ 3. Sterile flowers.
+ 4. Branch with fertile flowers.
+ 5. Fertile flower.
+ 6. Fruiting branch.
+ 7. Mature leaf.
+
+
+=Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, var. lanceolata, Sarg.=
+
+_Fraxinus viridis, Michx. f. Fraxinus lanceolata, Borkh._
+
+GREEN ASH.
+
+River valleys and wet woods.
+
+ Ontario to Saskatchewan.
+
+Maine,--common along the Penobscot river from Oldtown to Bangor;
+Vermont,--along Lake Champlain; Gardner's island, and the north end of
+South Hero; Rhode Island (Bailey); Connecticut,--frequent (J. N. Bishop,
+_Report of Connecticut Board of Agriculture_, 1895).
+
+ South along the mountains to Florida; west to the Rocky mountains.
+
+The claims to specific distinction rest mainly upon the usual absence of
+pubescence from the young shoots, leaves and petioles, the color of the
+leaves (which is bright green above and scarcely less so beneath), the
+usually more distinct serratures above the center, and a rather more
+acuminate apex.
+
+Apparently an extreme form of _F. pubescens_, connected with it by
+numerous intermediate forms through the entire range of the species.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXXXV.--Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, var.
+lanceolata.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+=Fraxinus nigra, Marsh.=
+
+_Fraxinus sambucifolia, Lam._
+
+BLACK ASH. SWAMP ASH. BASKET ASH. HOOP ASH. BROWN ASH.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Wet woods, river bottoms, and swamps.
+
+ Anticosti through Ontario.
+
+Maine,--common; New Hampshire,--south of the White mountains;
+Vermont,--common; Massachusetts,--more common in central and western
+sections; Rhode Island,--infrequent; Connecticut,--occasional
+throughout.
+
+ South to Delaware and Virginia; west to Arkansas and Missouri.
+
+=Habit.=--A tall tree reaching a height of 60-80 feet, with a trunk
+diameter of 1-2 feet; attaining greater dimensions southward. In swamps,
+when shut in by other trees, the trunk is straight, very slender,
+scarcely tapering to point of branching, in open situations under
+favorable conditions forming a large, round, open head. Easily
+distinguished from the other ashes by its sessile leaflets.
+
+=Bark.=--Bark of trunk a soft ash-gray, in old trees marked by parallel
+ridges separating into fine, thin, close flakes; limbs light gray,
+rough-warted, the smaller with conspicuous leaf-scars; season's shoots
+olive green, stout; flattened at apex, with small, black, vertical dots.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds roundish, pointed, very dark, the
+terminal 1/8 inch long. Leaves compound, opposite, 12-15 inches long;
+stipules none; stem grooved and smooth; leaflets 7-11, more frequently
+9, 3-5 inches long, 1-1/2-2 inches wide, green on both sides, lighter
+beneath and more or less hairy on the veins; outline variable, more
+usually oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate; apex acuminate; base obtuse
+to rounded, sessile except the odd leaflets; stipels none.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May. Appearing before the leaves in loose panicles
+from lateral or terminal buds of the preceding season, sterile and
+fertile flowers on different trees; bracted; calyx none; petals none.
+
+=Fruit.=--August to September. Samaras, in panicles, rather more than 1
+inch long, rounded at both ends: body entirely surrounded by the wing.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows in any good
+soil, but prefers swamp or wet land. Its very tall, slender habit makes
+it a useful tree in some positions, but it is not readily obtainable in
+nurseries and is seldom used. Propagated from the seed.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXXXVI.--Fraxinus nigra.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Branch with sterile flowers.
+ 3. Sterile flower.
+ 4. Branch with fertile flowers.
+ 5. Fertile flower.
+ 6. Fruiting branch.
+ 7. Fruit.
+
+
+
+
+CAPRIFOLIACEAE. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.
+
+
+=Viburnum Lentago, L.=
+
+SHEEP BERRY. SWEET VIBURNUM. NANNY PLUM.
+
+=Habitat and Range.=--Rich woods, thickets, river valleys, along fences.
+
+ Province of Quebec to Saskatchewan.
+
+Frequent throughout New England.
+
+ South along the mountains to Georgia and Kentucky; west to
+ Minnesota, Nebraska, and Missouri.
+
+=Habit.=--A shrub or small tree, 10-25 feet in height with numerous
+branches forming a wide-spreading, compact rounded head; conspicuous by
+rich foliage, profuse, fragrant yellowish-white flowers, and long,
+drooping clusters of crimson fruit which deepen to a rich purple when
+fully ripe.
+
+=Bark.=--Trunk and larger branches dark purplish or reddish brown,
+separating in old trees into small, firm sections; branchlets
+grayish-brown; season's shoots reddish-brown, dotted, more or less
+scurfy.
+
+=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Leaf-buds long, narrow, covered with scurfy,
+brown, leaf-like scales; flower-buds much longer, swollen at the base,
+with two leaf-like scales extended into a long, spire-like point. Leaves
+simple, opposite, 2-4 inches long, upper surface bright green, lower
+paler and set with rusty scales, ovate to oblong-ovate or orbicular,
+sharply and finely serrate, smooth, tapered or abruptly pointed; base
+acute to rounded or truncate; stem slender, wavy-margined, channeled
+above; stipules none.
+
+=Inflorescence.=--May or early June. Terminal, in broad, flat-topped,
+compound, sessile cymes; calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, 5-toothed;
+corolla white, salver-shaped, segments 5, oval, reflexed; stamens 5,
+projecting, anthers yellow; pistil truncate.
+
+=Fruit.=--Profuse, in clusters; drupes 1/2 inch long, oval, crimson when
+ripening, deep purple when fully ripe, edible, sweet: stone flat, oval,
+rough, obscurely striate lengthwise.
+
+=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; prefers a rich
+soil in open places or in light shade. Its showy flowers, healthy
+foliage, and vigorous growth make it a desirable plant for high shrub
+plantations, and as an undergrowth in open woods. Offered for sale by
+collectors and occasionally by nurserymen; easily transplanted;
+propagated from seed or from cuttings.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE LXXXVII.--Viburnum Lentago.]
+
+ 1. Winter buds.
+ 2. Flowering branch.
+ 3. Flower.
+ 4. Flower, side view.
+ 5. Flower with petals and stamens removed.
+ 6. Fruiting branch.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+
+The range of several trees as given in the text has been extended by
+discoveries made during the summer of 1901, but reported too late for
+incorporation in its proper place.
+
+_Populus balsamifera_, L., var. _candicans_, Gray.--One of the commonest
+and stateliest trees in the alluvium of the Connecticut and the Cold
+rivers; with negundo, river maple, and white and slippery elm, forming a
+tall and dense forest along the Connecticut at the foot of Fall
+mountain, and opposite Bellows Falls. The densely pubescent petioles and
+the ciliate margins of the broad cordate leaves at once distinguish this
+tree from the usually smaller but more common _P. balsamifera_ ("Some
+Trees and Shrubs of Western Cheshire County, N. H." Mr. M. L. Fernald,
+in _Rhodora_, III, 233).
+
+The above is the _Populus candicans_, Ait., of the text.
+
+_Salix discolor_, Muhl.--There are many fine trees at Fort Kent, Maine,
+one with trunk 13 inches in diameter. (M. L. Fernald _in lit._,
+September, 1901.)
+
+_Salix balsamifera_, Barrett.--A handsome tree at Fort Kent, 25-30 feet
+high, with trunk 4-6 inches in diameter. (M. L. Fernald _in lit._,
+September, 1901.)
+
+_Crataegus Crus-Galli_, L.--Nantucket, Massachusetts. Young trees were
+set out in 1830, enclosing an oblong of about an acre and a half. The
+most flourishing of these have obtained a height of about 30 feet and a
+trunk diameter near the ground of 10-12 inches. Now established,
+probably through the agency of birds, along swamps and upon
+hill-slopes. (L. L. D.)
+
+_Prunus Americana_, Marsh.--One clump of small trees in a thicket at
+Alstead Centre, N. H., has the characteristic spherical fruit of this
+species. _P. nigra_, Ait., with oblong, laterally flattened fruit, is
+abundant. (_Rhodora_, III, 234.)
+
+_Acer Saccharum_, Marsh., var. _barbatum_, Trelease.--Characteristic
+trees (Cheshire County, N. H.), with small, firm, deep green,
+three-lobed leaves, appear very distinct, but many transitions are noted
+between this and the typical _Acer Saccharum_. (_Rhodora_, III, 234.)
+
+_Acer Saccharum_, Marsh., var. _nigrum_, Britton.--Occasional in
+alluvium of the Cold river (Cheshire county, N. H.). The large, dark
+green, "flabby" leaves, with closed sinuses and with densely pubescent
+petioles and lower surfaces, quickly distinguish this tree from the
+ordinary forms of the sugar maple. (_Rhodora_, III. 234.)
+
+_Fraxinus Pennsylvanica_. Marsh., var. _lanceolata_, Sarg.--Common along
+the Connecticut at Walpole, N. H. (M. L. Fernald _in lit._, September,
+1901.)
+
+
+
+
+GLOSSARY.
+
+
+=Abortive.= Defective or barren, through non-development of a part.
+
+=Acuminate.= Long-pointed.
+
+=Acute.= Ending with a sharp but not prolonged point.
+
+=Adherent.= Growing fast to; adnate anther, attached for its whole
+length to the ovary.
+
+=Adnate.= Essentially same as adherent, with the added idea of
+congenital adhesion.
+
+=Aggregate fruits.= Formed by crowding together all the carpels of the
+same flower; as in the blackberry.
+
+=Ament.= Name given to such flower-clusters as those of the willow,
+birch, poplar, etc.
+
+=Anther.= The part of the stamen which bears the pollen.
+
+=Appressed.= Lying close against another organ.
+
+=Ascending.= Rising upward, or obliquely upward.
+
+=Axil.= Angle formed on the upper side between the leaf stem or flower
+stem and the branch from which it springs.
+
+=Bract.= Reduced leaf subtending a flower or flower-cluster.
+
+=Branches, primary.= The leading or main branches thrown out directly
+from the trunk, giving a general shape to the head.
+
+=Branches, secondary.= Never directly from the trunk but from other
+branches.
+
+=Buttressed.= Supported against strain in any direction by a conspicuous
+ridge-like enlargement of the trunk vertically to the roots. Several of
+these buttresses often give a tree a square appearance.
+
+=Caducous.= Dropping off very early after development.
+
+=Calyx.= The outer set of the leaves of the flower.
+
+=Campanulate.= Bell-shaped.
+
+=Capitate.= Head-shaped or collected in a head.
+
+=Capsule.= A dry compound fruit.
+
+=Carpel.= A simple pistil.
+
+=Catkin.= See ament.
+
+=Ciliate.= Margin with hairs or bristles.
+
+=Coherent.= One organ uniting with another.
+
+=Compound.= See leaf, ovary, etc.
+
+=Connate.= Similar organs, more or less grown together.
+
+=Connective.= The part of the anther connecting its two cells.
+
+=Coriaceous.= Thick, leathery in texture.
+
+=Corolla.= Leaves of the flower within the calyx.
+
+=Corymb.= That sort of flower-cluster in which the flower stems arranged
+along the central axis elongate, forming a broad convex or level top,
+the flowers opening successively from the outer edge towards the center.
+
+=Crenate.= Edge with rounded teeth.
+
+=Crenulate.= Edge with small rounded teeth.
+
+=Cyme.= Flat-topped or convex flower-cluster, the central flower opening
+first; blossoming outward.
+
+=Deciduous.= Falling off, as leaves in autumn, or calyx and corolla
+before fruit grows.
+
+=Declining.= Bent downwards.
+
+=Decurrent.= Leaves prolonged on the stem beneath the insertion:
+branchlets springing out beneath the point of furcation, as the
+feathering along the trunk of elms, etc.
+
+=Dentate.= With teeth pointing outwards.
+
+=Disk.= Central part of a head of flowers; fleshy expansion of the
+receptacle of a flower; any rounded, flat surface.
+
+=Drupe.= A stone fruit; soft externally with a stone at the center, as
+the cherry and peach.
+
+=Erose.= Eroded, as if gnawed.
+
+=Exserted.= Protruding, projecting out of.
+
+=Falcate.= Scythe-shaped.
+
+=Fertile.= Flowers containing the pistil, capable of producing fruit.
+Anthers in such blossoms, if any, are generally abortive.
+
+=Fibrovascular.= Bundle or tissue, formed of wood fibers, ducts, etc.
+
+=Filament.= Part of stamen supporting anther.
+
+=Fungus.= A division of cryptogamous plants, including mushrooms, etc.
+
+=Furcation.= Branching.
+
+=Glabrous.= Smooth without hairiness or roughness.
+
+=Glandular.= Bearing glands or appendages having the appearance of
+glands.
+
+=Glaucous.= Covered with a bloom: bluish hoary.
+
+=Globose= or =globous.= Spherical or nearly so.
+
+=Habit.= The general appearance of a plant.
+
+=Habitat.= The place where a plant naturally grows, as in swamps, in
+water, upon dry hillsides, etc.
+
+=Hybrid.= A cross between two species.
+
+=Imbricated.= Overlapping.
+
+=Inflorescence.= Mode of disposition of flowers; sometimes applied to
+the flower-cluster itself.
+
+=Involucre.= Bracts subtending a flower or a cluster of flowers.
+
+=Keeled.= Having a central dorsal ridge like the keel of a boat.
+
+=Key.= A winged fruit; a samara.
+
+=Lacerate.= Irregularly cleft, as if torn.
+
+=Lanceolate.= Lance-shaped, broadest above the base, gradually narrowing
+to the apex.
+
+=Leaf.= Consisting when botanically complete of a blade, usually flat, a
+footstalk and two appendages at base of the footstalk; often consisting
+of blade only.
+
+=Leaf, compound.= Having two to many distinct blades on a common
+leafstalk or rachis. These blades may be sessile or have leafstalks of
+their own.
+
+=Leaf, pinnately compound.= With the leaflets arranged along the sides
+of the rachis.
+
+=Leaf, palmately compound.= With leaflets all standing on summit of
+petiole.
+
+=Leaf-cushions.= Organs resembling persistent decurrent footstalks, upon
+which leaves of spruces, etc., stand; sterigmata.
+
+=Leaf-scar.= The scar left on the twig where the petiole was attached.
+
+=Lenticel.= Externally appearing upon the bark as spots, warts, and
+perpendicular or transverse lines.
+
+=Linear.= Long and narrow with sides nearly parallel.
+
+=Monopetalous.= Having petals more or less united.
+
+=Mucronate.= Abruptly tipped with a small, sharp point.
+
+=Nerved.= Having prominent unbranched ribs or veins.
+
+=Obcordate.= Inversely heart-shaped.
+
+=Obovate.= Ovate with the broader end towards the apex.
+
+=Obtuse.= Blunt or rounded at the end.
+
+=Orbicular.= Having a circular or nearly circular outline.
+
+=Ovary.= The part of the pistil containing the ovules.
+
+=Ovoid.= A solid with an oval or ovate outline.
+
+=Ovuliferous.= Bearing ovules.
+
+=Panicle.= General term for any loose and irregular flower-cluster,
+commonly of the racemose type, with pedicellate flowers.
+
+=Pedicel.= The stalk of a single flower in the ultimate divisions of an
+inflorescence.
+
+=Peduncle.= The stem of a solitary flower or of a cluster.
+
+=Perfect.= Having both pistils and stamens.
+
+=Perianth.= The floral envelope consisting of calyx, corolla, or both.
+
+=Persistent.= Not falling for a long time.
+
+=Petal.= A division of the corolla.
+
+=Petiole.= The stalk of a leaf.
+
+=Petiolule.= The stalk of a leaflet in a compound leaf.
+
+=Pistil.= The seed-bearing organ of the flower.
+
+=Pistillate.= Provided with pistils; usually applied to flowers without
+stamens.
+
+=Pollen.= The fertilizing grains contained in the anthers.
+
+=Puberulent.= Minutely pubescent.
+
+=Pubescent.= Covered with short soft or downy hairs.
+
+=Raceme.= A simple cluster of pediceled flowers upon a common axis.
+
+=Rachis.= The main axis of a compound leaf, of a raceme or of a spike.
+
+=Ramification.= Branching.
+
+=Range.= The geographical extent and limits of a species.
+
+=Reflexed.= Turned backward.
+
+=Reticulated.= Netted; in the form of a network.
+
+=Revolute.= Rolled backward from the margin or apex.
+
+=Samara.= Key fruit; winged fruit, like that of the ash or maple.
+
+=Scarf-bark.= The thin, outermost layer which often peels off.
+
+=Segment.= One of the divisions into which a plane organ, such as a
+leaf, may be divided.
+
+=Sepal.= A calyx leaf.
+
+=Serrate.= With teeth inclining forward.
+
+=Serrulate.= With small teeth inclining forward.
+
+=Sessile.= Not stalked, as when the leaf blade or flower rests directly
+upon the twig.
+
+=Simple leaf.= Not compound, having one blade not jointed with its stem.
+
+=Sinuate.= Strongly wavy-margined.
+
+=Sinus.= Interval between two lobes or divisions of a leaf; sometimes
+sharp-angular, sometimes rounded.
+
+=Spatulate.= Gradually narrowed downward from a rounded summit.
+
+=Spike.= A cluster of sessile or nearly sessile lateral flowers on an
+elongated axis.
+
+=Spray.= The smaller branches and ultimate branchlets of a tree taken as
+a whole.
+
+=Stamens.= The pollen-bearing organs of a flower, each stamen consisting
+of a filament (stem) and anther which contains the pollen.
+
+=Staminate.= Having stamens.
+
+=Sterile.= Variously applied: to flowers with stamens only; to stamens
+without anthers; to anthers without pollen; to ovaries not producing
+seed, etc.
+
+=Stigma.= Part of pistil which receives the pollen.
+
+=Stipels.= Appendages to a leaflet, analogous to the stipules of a leaf.
+
+=Stipules.= Appendages of a leaf, usually at the point of insertion.
+
+=Striate.= Streaked, or very finely ridged lengthwise.
+
+=Style.= Part of pistil uniting ovary with stigma; often wanting.
+
+=Sucker.= A shoot of subterranean origin.
+
+=Suture.= The line of union between parts which have grown together;
+most often used with reference to the line along which an ovary opens.
+
+=Terete.= Cylindrical.
+
+=Ternate.= In threes.
+
+=Tomentose.= Densely pubescent or woolly.
+
+=Truncate.= As if cut off at the end.
+
+=Umbel.= An inflorescence in which the flower stems spring from the same
+point like the rays of an umbrella.
+
+=Verticillate.= Arranged in a circle round an axis; whorled.
+
+=Villose= or =villous.= With long, soft hairs.
+
+=Whorl.= Arranged in a circle about an axis.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+ A
+
+ Abele. (Populus alba, L.) 39, 40
+
+ Abies balsamea, Mill. _Fir balsam_ 20-22
+
+ =Abietacae.= (=Pinoideae=) 1-22
+ Larix 1-4
+ Pinus 4-12
+ Picea 12-18
+ Tsuga 19, 20
+ Abies 20-22
+
+ Acacia, (Robinia Pseudacacia, L.) 131, 132
+ (Robinia viscosa, Vent.) 132
+ Three-thorned. (Gleditsia triacanthos, L.) 129, 130
+
+ =Aceraceae.= (Maple family). 140-153
+ Acer barbatum, Michx. _Rock, Sugar, Hard maple, Sugar tree_ 144-146
+ barbatum, var. nigrum, Sarg. _Black maple_ 146, 147
+ dasycarpum, Ehrh. _Silver, Soft, White, River maple_ 142-144
+ Negundo, L. _Box elder, Ash-leaved maple_ 151-153
+ nigrum, Michx. _Black maple_ 146,147
+ Pennsylvanicum, L. _Striped maple, Moosewood, Whistlewood_ 149-151
+ platanoides _Norway maple_ 146
+ rubrum, L. _Red, Swamp, Soft, White maple_ 140-142
+ saccharinum, L. _Silver, Soft, White, River maple_ 142-144
+ saccharinum, Wang. _Rocky Sugar, Hard maple, Sugar tree_ 144-146
+ saccharinum, var. nigrum, T. and G. _Black maple_ 146, 147
+ Saccharum, Marsh. _Rock, Sugar, Hard maple, Sugar tree_ 144-146
+ Saccharum, Marsh., var. barbatum, Trelease 172
+ Saccharum, Marsh., var. nigrum, Britton. _Black maple_ 146, 147, 172
+ spicatum, Lam. _Mountain maple_ 148, 149
+ Negundo aceroides, Moench. _Box elder, Ash-leaved maple_ 151-153
+ Negundo, Karst, _Box elder, Ash-leaved maple_ 151-153
+
+ Ailanthus family. (=Simarubaceae=) 133
+
+ Ailanthus, Tree of Heaven, Chinese sumac (Ailanthus glanulosus,
+ Desf.) 133
+
+ Alder, European. (Alnus glutinosa, Medic.) 70
+
+ Alnus glutinosa, Medic, _European alder_ 70
+ Amelanchier Canadensis, Medic. _Shadbush, June-berry_, 116, 117
+ American elm (Ulmus Americana, L.) 95-97
+ holly. (Hex opaca, Alt.) 138-146
+
+ =Anacardiaceae.= (Sumac family) 134-137
+ Rhus copallina. _Dwarf sumac_, 137
+ glabra. _Smooth sumac_, 137
+ hirta, Sudw. _Staghorn sumac_, 134, 135
+ toxicodendron. _Poison ivy_, 137
+ typhina, L. _Staghorn sumac_, 134, 135
+ venenata, DC. _Dogwood, Poison sumac. Poison elder_, 136, 137
+ vernix, L. _Dogwood, Poison sumac. Poison elder_, 136, 137
+
+ Apple family. (=Pomaceae=) 112-121
+ Apple tree. (Pyrus malus, L.) 1
+ =Aquifoliaceae.= (Holly family) 138-140
+ Ilex opaca, Ait. _American holly_ 138, 140
+
+ Ash, Black, Swamp, Basket, Hoop, Brown ash. (Fraxinus nigra,
+ Marsh.) 167-168
+ European mountain ash. (Pyrus aucuparia) 113, 115
+ Green ash. (Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, var. lanceolata,
+ Sarg.) 166, 172
+ Mountain ash. (Pyrus Americana, DC.) 112, 113
+ Mountain ash. (Pyrus sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht.) 113-115
+ Red, Brown, River ash. (Fraxinus pubescens. Lam.) 164,165
+ White ash. (Fraxinus Americana, L.) 162-164
+
+ Ash-leaved maple. (Acer negundo, L.) 151-153
+
+ Aspen, Large-toothed. (Populusgrandidentata, Michx.) 31, 32
+ (Populus tremuloides, Michx.) 29, 30
+
+
+ B
+
+ Balm of Gilead. (Populus balsamifera, L.) 36, 37
+ (Populus candicans, Alt.). 37-39, 171
+
+ Balsam. (Abies balsamea, Mill.) 20-22
+ (Populus balsamifera, L.) 36, 37
+
+ Basket ash. (Fraxinus nigra, Marsh.) 167, 168
+
+ Basswood. (Tilia Americana, L.) 153-155
+
+ Bear oak. (Quercus ilicifolia, Wang.) 93, 94
+
+ Beech family. (=Fagaceae=) 70-94
+
+ Beech (Fagus ferruginea, Alt.) 70-72
+ Blue beech, Water beech. (Carpinus Caroliniana. Walt.) 59, 60
+
+ Betula lenta, L. _Black, Cherry, Sweet birch_ 61, 62
+ lutea, Michx. L. _Yellow, Gray birch_ 63, 64
+ nigra, L. _Red, River birch_ 55,66
+ papyrifera. Marsh. _White, Canoe. Paper birch,_ 68-70
+ Betula papyrifera, var. minor, Tuckerman. _Dwarf birch_ 68
+ populifolia, Marsh. _Gray, Poplar, Oldfield, Poverty, Small
+ white birch_ 66-68
+
+ =Betulaceae.= (Birch family) 57-70
+ Alnus glutinosa, Medic. _European alder_ 70
+ Betula lenta, L. _Black, Cherry, Sweet birch_ 61, 62
+ lutea, Michx. f. _Yellow, Gray birch_ 63, 64
+ nigra, L. _Red, River birch_ 65, 66
+ papyrifera, Marsh. _White, Canoe, Paper birch_ 68-70
+ var. minor, Tuckerman. _Dwarf birch_ 68
+ populifolia, Marsh. _Gray, Poplar, Oldfield, Poverty, Small
+ white birch_ 66-68
+ Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt. _Hornbeam, Blue beech, Ironwood,
+ Water beech_ 59, 60
+ Ostrya Virginica, Willd. _Hop hornbeam, Ironwood, Leverwood_ 57, 58
+
+ Birch family. (=Betulaceae=) 57-70
+
+ Birch. Black, Cherry, Sweet birch. (Betula lenta, L.) 61, 62
+ Canoe, White, Paper birch. (Betula papyrifera, Marsh.) 68-70
+ Red, River birch (Betula nigra, L.) 65, 66
+ White, Gray, Oldfield, Poplar, Poverty, Small white birch
+ (Betula populifolia, Marsh.) 66-68
+ Yellow, Gray birch. (Betula lutea, Michx. f.) 63, 64
+
+ Bird cherry (Prunus Pennsylvanica, L. f.) 124, 125
+
+ Bitternut (Carya amara, Nutt.) 55-57
+
+ Black ash (Fraxinus nigra, Marsh.) 167, 168
+ birch (Betula lenta, L.) 61, 62
+ cherry (Prunus serotina, Ehrh.) 127, 128
+ maple (Acer Saccharum, Marsh., _var_. nigrum, Britton) 146, 147, 172
+ oak (Quercus velutina, Lam.) 89-91
+ spruce (Picea nigra, Link) 12-14
+ walnut (Juglans nigra, L.) 48, 49
+ willow (Salix nigra, Marsh.) 42, 43
+
+ Blue beech (Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt.) 59, 60
+
+ Box elder (Acer negundo, L.) 151-153
+ white oak (Quercus stellata, Wang.) 77, 78
+
+ Boxwood (Cornus florida, L.) 156, 157
+
+ Braintree, Mass. Fine specimen of _Ilex opaca_ on farm of
+ Col. Minot Thayer 139
+
+ Brittle willow (Salix fragilis, L.) 43-45
+
+ Brown ash (Fraxinus nigra, Marsh.) 167, 168
+ (Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh.) 164, 165
+
+ Bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa, Michx.) 79, 80
+
+ Butternut (Juglans cinerea, L.) 46, 47
+
+ Buttonball (Platanus occidentalis, L.) 110, 111
+
+ Buttonwood (Platanus occidentalis, L.) 110, 111
+
+
+ C
+
+ Canada plum (Primus nigra. Ait.), 122, 123
+
+ Canoe birch (Betula papyrifera, Marsh.), 68-70
+
+ =Caprifoliaceae.= (Honeysuckle family) 168, 169
+
+ Viburnum Lentas L. _Sheep berry sweet viburnum. Nanny plum_ 168, 169
+
+ Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt. _Hornbeam. Blue beech. Ironwood.
+ Water beech_ 59,60
+
+ Carya alba, Nutt. _Shagbark, Shellbark hickory, Walnut_ 49-51
+ amara, Nutt. _Bitter nut. Swamp hickory_ 55-57
+ porcina, Nutt. _Pignut. White hickory_ 53-55
+ tomentosa, Nutt. _Mockernut. White-heart hickory. Walnut_ 51-53
+
+ Castanea dentata. Borkh. _Chestnut_ 72-74
+ sativa, _var._ Americana, Watson & Coulter. _Chestnut_ 72-74
+ vesca, _var._ Americana, Michx. _Chestnut_ 72-74
+
+ Cat spruce. (Picea alba, Link) 16-18
+
+ Cedar, Arbor vitae. White cedar. (Thuja occidentals, L.) 23,24
+ Red cedar. Savin. (Juniperus Virginiana. L.) 26-28
+ White cedar. (Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea, Spach) 25,26
+
+ Celtis occidentalis. L. _Hackberry, Nettle tree, Hoop ash,
+ Sugar berry_ 100-102
+
+ Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea. Spach. White cedar 25,26
+
+ Cherry. (Primus Avium, L.) 128
+ Chokecherry. (Prunus Virginiana, L.) 125,126
+ Rum, Black cherry. (Prunus serotina, Ehrh.) 127,128
+ Wild red, Pin, Pigeon, Bird cherry Prunus Pennsylvania, L. f. 124,125
+
+ Cherry birch. (Betula lenta, L.) 61,62
+
+ Chestnut. (Castanea sativa, _var_. Americana, Watson & Coulter) 72-74
+
+ Chestnut oak. (Quercus Muhlenbergii, Engelm.) 84,85
+ (Quercus prinus, L.) 82-84
+
+ Chinese sumac. (Ailanthus glandulosus, Desf.) 133
+
+ Chokecherry. (Prunus Virginiana, L.) 125,126
+
+ Clammy locust. (Robinia viscosa, Vent.) 132
+
+ Cockspur thorn (Crataegus Crus-Galli, L.) 117, 118, 171
+
+ Conifer family, (=Pinoideae=) 1-28
+
+ Cork elm. (Ulmus racemosa, Thomas) 99,100
+
+ =Cornaceae.= (Dogwood family) 150-160
+ Cornus alternifolia, L, f. _Dogwood, Green osier_ 157, 158
+ florida, L _Flowering dogwood, Boxwood_ 156, 157
+ Nyssa sylvatica. Marsh. _Tupelo, Sour gum, Pepperidge_ 159, 160
+
+ Cottonwood (Populus deltoides, Marsh.) 34, 35
+ (Populus heterophylla. L.) 33, 34
+
+ Crack willow. (Salix fragilis, L.) 43-45
+
+ Crataegus Arnoldiana, Sarg. _Thorn_ 121
+ coccinea, L. _Thorn_ 118, 119
+ coccinea, _var._ mollis, T. & G. _Thorn_, 120, 121
+ Crus-Galli, L. _Cockspur thorn_ 117, 118, 171
+ mollis, Scheele _Thorn_ 120, 121
+ punctata, Jacq. _Cockspur thorn_ 118
+ submollis, Sarg. _Thorn_ 121
+ subvillosa, Schr. _Thorn_ 120, 121
+
+ =Cupressaceae.= (Pinoideae) 23-28
+ Cupressus 25, 26
+ Juniperus 26-28
+ Thuja 23, 24
+
+ Cupressus thyoides, L. _White cedar_ 25, 26
+
+
+ D
+
+ Diospyros Virginiana, L. _Persimmon_ 160-162
+
+ Dogwood family. (=Cornaceae=) 156-160
+
+ Dogwood (Rhus vernix, L.) 136, 137
+ Flowering dogwood (Cornus florida, L.) 156, 157
+ Green osier (Cornus alternifolia, L. f.) 157, 158
+
+ Double spruce (Picea nigra, Link) 12-14
+
+ =Drupaceae.= (Plum family) 122-128
+ Prunus Americana, Marsh. _Wild plum_ 123, 124, 171
+ Americana, _var._ nigra, Waugh. _Wild, Red, Horse,
+ Canada plum_ 122, 123
+ Avium, L. _Mazard cherry_ 128
+ nigra, Ait. _Wild, Red, Horse, Canada plum_ 122, 123, 171
+ Pennsylvanica, L. f. _Wild red, Pin, Pigeon, Bird cherry_ 124, 125
+ serotina, Ehrh. _Rum, Black cherry_ 127, 128
+ Virginiana, L. _Chokecherry_ 125, 126
+
+ Dwarf birch. (Betula papyrifera, _var._ minor, Tuckerman) 68
+ black spruce. (Picea nigra, var. semiprostrata) 12
+ sumac. (Rhus copallina) 137
+
+
+ E
+
+ =Ebenaceae.= (Ebony family) 160-162
+ Diospyros Virginiana, L. Persimmon 160-162
+
+ Ebony family. (=Ebenaceae=) 160-162
+
+ Elder, Poison elder. (Rhus vernix, L.) 136, 137
+
+ Elm family. (=Ulmaceae=) 95-102
+
+ Elm, American elm (Ulmus Americana, L.) 95-97
+ Cork, Rock elm (Ulmus racemosa. Thomas) 99, 100
+ Slippery, Red elm (Ulmus fulva, Michx.) 97, 98
+
+ European alder (Alnus glutinosa. Medic.) 70
+ mountain ash (Pyrus aucuparia) 113-115
+
+
+ F
+
+ =Fagaceae.= (Beech family) 70-94
+
+ Castanea dentata, Borkh. _Chestnut_ 72-74
+ sativa, _var._ Americana, Watson & Coulter _Chestnut_ 72-74
+ vesca, _var._ Americana, Michx. _Chestnut_ 72-74
+
+ Fagus Americana, Sweet _Beech_ 70-72
+ atropunicea, Sudw. _Beech_ 70-72
+ ferruginea, Ait. _Beech_ 70-72
+
+ Quercus acuminata, Sarg. _Chestnut oak_ 84, 85
+ alba, L. _White oak_ 75-77
+ bicolor, Willd. _Swamp white oak_ 80-82
+ coccinea, Wang. _Scarlet oak_ 88, 89
+ coccinea, _var._ tinctoria, Gray. _Black, Yellow oak_ 89-91
+ ilicifolia, Wang. _Scrub, Bear oak_ 93, 94
+ macrocarpa, Michx. _Bur, Over-cup, Mossy-cup oak_ 79, 80
+ minor, Sarg. _Post, Box white oak_ 77-78
+ Muhlenbergii, Engelm. _Chestnut oak_ 84, 85
+ nana, Sarg. _Scrub oak, Bear oak_ 93, 94
+ obtusiloba, Michx. _Post, Box white oak_ 77, 78
+ palustris, Du Roi _Pin, Swamp, Water oak_ 91-93
+ platanoides, Sudw. _Swamp white oak_ 80-82
+ prinoides, Willd. _Scrub white oak. Scrub chestnut oak_ 85
+ prinus, L. _Chestnut, Rock chestnut oak_ 82-84
+ pumila, Sudw. _Scrub, Bear oak_ 93, 94
+ rubra, L. _Red oak_ 86, 87
+ stellata, Wang. _Post, Box white oak_ 77, 78
+ tinctoria, Bartram _Black, Yellow oak_ 89-91
+ velutina, Lam. _Black, Yellow oak_ 89-91
+
+ Fir (Abies balsamea, Mill.) 20-22
+
+ Fir balsam (Abies balsamea, Mill.) 20-22
+
+ Fraxinus Americana, L. _White ash_ 162-164
+ lanceolata. Borkh. _Green ash_ 166, 172
+ nigra. Marsh. _Black, Swamp, Basket, Hoop, Brown ash_ 167, 168
+ Pennsylvanica, Marsh. _Red, Brown, River ash_ 164, 165
+
+ Fraxinus Pennsylvania, _var._ lanceolata, Sarg. _Green ash_ 166, 172
+ pubescens, Lam. _Red, Brown, River ash_ 164,165
+ sambucifolia, Lam. _Black, Swamp, Basket, Hoop, Brown ash_ 167, 168
+ viridis, Michx. f. _Green ash_ 166, 172
+
+
+ G
+
+ Glaucous willow. (Salix discolor, Muhl.) 40, 41
+
+ Gleditsia triacanthos, L. _Honey locust_ 129, 130
+
+ Gray birch. (Betula lutea, Michx. f.) 63,64
+ (Betula populifolia, Marsh.) 66-68
+ pine. (Pinus Banksiana, Lam.) 8, 9
+
+ Green ash. (Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, _var._ lanceolata, Sarg.) 166, 172
+ osier. (Cornus alternifolia, L. f.) 157, 158
+
+ Groome estate, Dorchester, Mass., Willow. (_Salix fragilis_, 1890) 44
+
+ Gum, (Liquidambar Styraciflua, L.) 108, 109
+ Sour gum. (Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh.) 159, 160
+
+
+ H
+
+ Hackberry. (Celtis occidentalis, L.) 100-102
+
+ Hacmatack. (Larix Americana, Michx.) 2-4
+
+ =Hamamelidaceae.= (Witch Hazel family) 108, 109
+ Liquidambar styraciflua, L. _Sweet gum_ 108, 109
+
+ Hard maple. (Acer Saccharum, Marsh.) 144-146
+ pine. (Pinus rigida, Mill.) 6, 7
+
+ Hemlock. (Tsuga Canadensis, Carr.) 19, 20
+
+ Hickory. Bitternut, Swamp hickory. (Carya amara, Nutt.) 55-57
+ Mockernut, White-heart hickory. (Carya tomentosa, Nutt.) 51-53
+ Pignut, White hickory. (Carya porcina, Nutt.) 53-55
+ Shagbark, Shellbark hickory. (Carya alba, Nutt.) 49-51
+
+ Hicoria alba, Britton. _Mockernut, White-heart hickory, Walnut_ 51-53
+ glabra, Britton. _Pignut, White hickory_ 53-55
+ minima, Britton. _Butternut, Swamp hickory_ 55-57
+ ovata, Britton. _Shagbark, Shellbark hickory, Walnut_ 49-51
+
+ Holly family. (=Aquifoliaceae=) 138-140
+
+ Holly, American holly. (Ilex opaca, Ait.) 138-140
+
+ Honey locust. (Gleditsia triacanthos, L.) 129,130
+
+ Honeysuckle family. (=Caprifoliaceae=) 168,169
+
+ Hoop ash. (Celtis occidentals, L.) 100-102
+ (Fraxinus nigra, Marsh.) 167, 168
+
+ Hop hornbeam. (Ostrya Virginica, Willd.) 57,58
+
+ Hornbeam. (Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt.) 59, 60
+
+ Horse plum. (Prunus nigra, Ait.) 122,123
+
+
+ I
+
+ Ilex opaca, Ait. _American holly_ 138-140
+
+ Ironwood. (Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt.) 59, 60
+ (Ostrya Virginica, Willd.) 57, 58
+
+ Ivy, Poison ivy. (Rhus toxicodendron) 137
+
+
+ J
+
+ Jack pine. (Pinus Banksiana, Lamb) 8, 9
+
+ =Juglandaceae.= (Walnut family) 47-57
+ Carya alba, Nutt. _Shagbark, Shellbark hickory, Walnut_ 49-51
+ amara, Nutt. _Bitternut, Swamp hickory_ 55-57
+ porcina, Nutt. _Pignut, White hickory_ 53-55
+ tomentosa, Nutt. _Mockernut, White-heart hickory. Walnut_ 51-53
+
+ Hicoria alba, Britton _Mockernut, White-heart hickory. Walnut_ 51-53
+ glabra, Britton. _Pignut, White hickory_ 53-55
+ minima, Britton. _Bitternut, Swamp hickory_ 55-57
+ ovata, Britton. _Shagbark, Shellbark hickory, Walnut_, 49-51
+
+ Juglans cinerea, L. _Butternut, Oilnut, Lemon walnut_, 46, 47
+ nigra, L. _Black walnut_ 48, 49
+
+ June-berry. (Amelanchier Canadensis, Medic.) 116, 117
+
+ Juniper. (Larix Americana, Michx.) 2-4
+
+ Juniperus Virginiana, L. _Red cedar, Savin_ 26-28
+
+
+ L
+
+ Labrador spruce. (Picea alba, Link) 16-18
+
+ Laconia, N.H., Pussy willow, 35 ft. high. (Salix discolor, Muhl.) 41
+
+ Larch. (Larix Americana, Michx.) 2-4
+
+ Large-toothed aspen . . (Populus grandidenta, Michx.) 31,32
+
+ Larix Americana, Michx. _Tamarack, Hacmatack, Larch, Juniper_ 2-4
+ laricina, Koch. _Tamarack, Hacmatack, Larch, Juniper_ 2-4
+
+ =Lauraceae.= (Laurel family) 106-108
+ Sassafras officinale. Nees. _Sassafras_ 106-108
+ Sassafras, Karst. _Sassafras_ 106-108
+
+ Laurel family. (=Lauraceae=) 106-108
+
+ =Leguminosae.= (Pulse family) 129-132
+ Gleditsia triacanthos, L. _Honey locust, Three-thorned acacia_ 129, 130
+ Robinia pseudacacia. L. _Locust_ 131, 132
+ viscosa, Vent. _Clammy locust_ 132
+
+ Lemon walnut (Juglans cinerea, L.) 46, 47
+
+ Leverwood (Ostrya Virginica, Willd.) 57, 58
+
+ Lime. (Tilia Americana, L.) 153-155
+
+ Linden family. (=Tiliaceae=) 153-155
+
+ Linden. (Tilia Americana, L.) 153-155
+
+ Liquidambar Styraciflua, L. _Sweet gum_ 108, 109
+
+ Liriodendron Tulipifera, L. _Tulip tree, Whitewood, Poplar_ 104-106
+
+ Locust. (Robinia pseudacacia, L.) 131, 132
+ Clammy locust (Robinia viscosa, Vent.) 132
+ Honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos, L.) 129,130
+
+
+ M
+
+ Magnolia family. (=Magnoliaceae=) 104-106
+
+ =Magnoliaceae.= (Magnolia family) 104-106
+ Liriodendron Tulipifera, L. _Tulip tree, Whitewood, Poplar_ 104-106
+
+ Malus Malus, Britton. Apple tree 115
+
+ Maple family. (=Aceraceae=) 140-153
+
+ Maple, Black maple (Acer Saccharum, Marsh., _var._ nigrum,
+ Britton) 127, 146, 172
+ Box elder, Ash-leaved maple. (Acer negundo, L.) 151-153
+ Mountain maple (Acer spicatum, Lam.) 148, 149
+ Norway maple (_cultivated_) (Acer platanoides) 146
+ Red, Swamp, Soft, White maple. (Acer rubrum, L.) 140-142
+ Rock, Sugar, Hard maple, Sugar tree. (Acer Saccharum,
+ Marsh.) 144-146, 172
+ Silver, Soft, White maple, River (Acer saccharinum, L.) 142-144
+ Striped maple, Moosewood, Whistlewood. (Acer Pennsylvanicum,
+ L.) 149-151
+
+ Mazard cherry. (Prunus Avium, L.) 128
+
+ Mockernut. (Carya tomentosa, Nutt.) 51-53
+
+ Moosewood. (Acer Pennsylvanicum, L.) 149-151
+
+ =Moraceae.= (Mulberry family) 102-104
+
+ Morus alba, L. _White mulberry_ 104
+ rubra, L. _Red mulberry_ 102, 103
+
+ Mossy-cup oak (Quercus macrocarpa, Michx.) 79, 80
+
+ Mountain ash (Pyrus Americana, DC.) 112, 113
+ (Pyrus sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht.) 113-115
+
+ Mountain ash, European. (Pyrus aucuparia) 113, 115
+ maple (Acer spicatum, Lam.) 148, 149
+
+ Mulberry family. (=Moraceae=) 102-104
+
+ Mulberry, Red mulberry. (Morus rubra. L.) 102, 103
+ White mulberry. (Morus alba, L.) 104
+
+
+ N
+
+ Nanny plum (Viburnum Lentago, L.) 168, 169
+
+ Negundo aceroides, Moench. _Box elder, Ash-leaved maple_ 151-153
+ Negundo, Karst. 151-153
+
+ Nettle tree (Celtis occidentalis, L.) 100-102
+
+ Norway maple. (Acer platanoides) 146
+ pine (Pinus resinosa, Ait.) 10, 11
+
+ Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh. _Tupelo, Sour gum, Pepperidge_ 159, 160
+
+
+ O
+
+ Oak, Black, Yellow oak (Quercus velutina, Lam.) 89-91
+ Bur, Over-cup, Mossy-cup oak (Quercus macrocarpa, Michx.) 79, 80
+ Chestnut oak (Quercus Muhlenbergii) 84, 85
+ Chestnut, Rock chestnut oak (Quercus prinus, L.) 82-84
+ Pin, Swamp, Water oak (Quercus palustris, Du Roi) 91-08
+ Post, Box white oak (Quercus stellata, Wang.) 77, 78
+ Red oak (Quercus rubra, L.) 86, 87
+ Scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea, Wang.) 88, 89
+ Scrub, Bear oak (Quercus ilicifolia, Wang.) 93, 94
+ Scrub chestnut, Scrub white oak (Quercus prinoides. Willd.) 85
+ Swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor, Willd.), 80-82
+ White oak (Quercus alba, L.) 75-77
+
+ Oilnut (Juglans cinerea, L.) 46, 47
+
+ Oldfield birch (Betula populifolia, Marsh.) 66-68
+
+ =Oleaceae.= (Olive family) 162-168
+ Fraxinus Americana, L. _White ash_ 162-164
+ lanceolata, Borkh. _Green ash_ 166, 172
+ nigra, Marsh. _Black, Swamp, Basket, Hoop, Brown ash_ 167, 168
+ Pennsylvania, Marsh. _Red, Brown, River ash_ 164, 165
+ Pennsylvania, _var._ lanceolata, Sarg. _Green ash_ 166, 172
+ pubescens, Lam. _Red, Brown, River ash_ 164, 165
+ sambucifolia, Lam. _Black, Swamp, Basket, Hoop, Brown ash_ 167, 168
+ viridis, Michx. f. _Green ash_ 166
+
+ Olive family. (=Oleaceae=) 162-168
+
+ Osier (Cornus alternifolia, L. f.) 157, 158
+
+ Ostrya Virginica, Willd. _Hop hornbeam, Ironwood, Leverwood_ 57, 58
+
+ Over-cup oak. (Quercus macrocarpa, Michx.) 79, 80
+
+
+ P
+
+ Paper birch (Betula papyrifera, Marsh.) 68-70
+
+ Pear tree (Pyrus communis, L.) 115
+
+ Pepperidge (Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh.) 159, 160
+
+ Persimmon (Diospyros Virginiana, L.) 160-162
+
+ Picea alba, Link _White spruce_ 16-18
+ Canadensis, B. S. P. _White spruce_ 16-18
+ nigra, Link. _Black spruce_ 12-14
+ nigra, _var._ semiprostrata _Dwarf black spruce_ 12
+ rubra, Link _Red spruce_ 15, 16
+
+ Pigeon cherry (Primus Pennsylvanica, L. f.) 124, 125
+
+ Pignut (Carya porcina, Nutt.) 53-55
+
+ Pin cherry (Prunus Pennsylvanica, L. f.) 124, 125
+ oak (Quercus palustris, Du Roi) 91-93
+
+ Pine family: Conifers. (=Pinoideae=) 1-28
+
+ Pine. Jack, Gray, Scrub, Spruce pine (Pinus Banksiana, Lamb) 8, 9
+ Pitch, Hard pine (Pinus rigida, Mill.) 6, 7
+ Red, Norway pine (Pinus resinosa, Ait.) 10, 11
+ Scotch pine (_dit_ incorrectly Scotch fir) (Pinus sylvestris,
+ L.) 11, 12
+ White pine (Pinus Strobus, L.) 4-6
+
+ =Pinoideae.= (Pine family: Conifers) 1-28
+ =Abietaceae.= 1-22
+ Abies balsamea, Mill. _Fir balsam, Balsam, Fir_ 20-22
+ Larix Americana, Michx. _Tamarack, Hacmatack, Larch, Juniper_ 2-4
+ laricina, Koch. _Tamarack, Hacmatack, Larch, Juniper_ 2-4
+ Picea alba, Link _White, Cat, Skunk, Labrador spruce_ 16-18
+ Canadensis, B.S.P. _White, Cat, Skunk, Labrador spruce_ 16-18
+ nigra, Link. _Black, Double, Swamp, Water spruce_ 12-14
+ rubra, Link. _Red spruce_ 15, 16
+ semiprostrata _Dwarf black spruce_ 12
+ Pinus Banksiana, Lamb. _Jack, Gray, Scrub, Spruce pine_ 8, 9
+ resinosa, Ait. _Red, Norway pine_ 10, 11
+ rigida, Mill. _Pitch, Hard pine_ 6, 7
+ Strobus, L. _White pine_ 4-6
+ sylvestris, L. _Scotch pine_ 11, 12
+ Tsuga Canadensis, Carr. _Hemlock_ 19, 20
+
+ =Cupressaceae.= 2, 23-28
+ Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea, Spach. _White cedar, Cedar_ 25, 26
+ thyoides, L. _White cedar, Cedar_ 25, 26
+ Juniperus Virginiana, L. _Red cedar, Savin_ 26-28
+ Thuja occidentalis, L. _Arbor-vitae, White cedar_ 23, 24
+
+ Pitch pine. (Pinus rigida. Mill.) 6, 7
+
+ Plane tree family. (=Platanaceae=) 110, 111
+ =Platanaceae.= (Plane tree family) 110, 111
+
+ Platanus occidentalis, L. _Buttonwood, Sycamore. Buttonball,
+ Plane tree_ 110, 111
+
+ Plum family. (=Drupaceae=) 122-128
+
+ Plum, Wild plum. (Prunus Americana, Marsh.) 123, 124, 171
+ Wild, Red, Horse, Canada plum. (Prunus nigra, Ait.) 122, 123, 171
+
+ Poison elder (Rhus vernix. L.) 136, 137
+ ivy (Rhus toxicodendron) 137
+ sumac (Rhus vernix, L.) 136, 137
+
+ =Pomaceae.= (Apple family) 112-121
+ Amelanchier Canadensis, Medic. _Shadbush, June-berry_ 116, 117
+ Crataegus Arnoldiana, Sarg., _Thorn_ 121
+ coccinea, L,. _Thorn_ 118, 119
+ coccinea, _var._ mollis, T. & G. 120, 121
+ Crus-Galli, L. _Cockspur thorn_ 117, 118, 171
+ mollis, Scheele _Thorn_ 120, 121
+ punctata, Jacq....._Cockspur thorn_ 118
+ submollis, Sarg. _Thorn_ 121
+ subvillosa, Schr. _Thorn_ 120, 121
+
+ Malus malus, Britton _Apple tree_ 115
+
+ Pyrus Americana, DC. _Mountain ash_ 112, 113
+ aucuparia _European mountain ash_ 113, 115
+ communis, L. _Pear tree_ 115
+ malus, L. _Apple tree_ 115
+ sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht. _Mountain ash_ 113-115
+
+ Sorbus Americana, Marsh. _Mountain ash_ 112, 113
+ sambucifolia, R[oe]m. _Mountain ash_ 113, 115
+
+ Poplar, Tulip tree, White wood. (Liriodendron Tulipifera, L.) 104-106
+ Aspen. (Populus tremuloides, Michx.) 29, 30
+ Balsam, Balm of Gilead. (Populus balsamifera. L.) 36, 37
+ Cottonwood. (Populus deltoides, Marsh.) 34, 35
+ Poplar, Large-toothed aspen. (Populus grandidentata, Michx.) 31, 32
+ Swamp poplar, Cottonwood, Poplar. (Populus heterophylla, L.) 33, 34
+ White, Silver-leaved poplar. (Populus alba, L.) 39, 40
+
+ Poplar birch. (Betula populifolia, Marsh.) 66-68
+
+ Populus alba, L. _Abele, White, Silver-leaved poplar_ 39, 40
+ balsamifera, L. _Balsam_ 3, 36, 37
+ balsamifera, _var._ candicans, Gray. _Balm of Gilead_ 37-39, 171
+ balsamifera, _var._ intermedia _Balsam, Poplar, Balm of Gilead_ 36
+
+ Populus balsamifera, _var._ latifolia _Balsam, Poplar,
+ Balm of Gilead_ 36
+ candicans, Ait., _Balm of Gilead_ 37-39, 171
+ deltoides, Marsh. _Cottonwood, Poplar_ 34, 35
+ grandidentata, Michx. _Poplar, Large-toothed aspen_ 31, 32
+ heterophylla, L. _Swamp poplar, Poplar, Cottonwood_ 33, 34
+ monilifera, Ait. _Cottonwood_ 34, 35
+ tremuloides, Michx. _Aspen, Poplar_ 29, 30
+
+ Post oak (Quercus stellata, Wang.) 77, 78
+
+ Poverty birch (Betula populifolia, Marsh.) 66-68
+
+ Prunus Americana, Marsh. _Wild plum_ 123, 124, 171
+ _var_. nigra, Waugh _Wild, Red, Horse, Canada plum_ 122, 123, 171
+ Avium, L. _Mazard cherry_ 128
+ nigra, Ait. _Wild plum_ 122, 123, 171
+ Pennsylvanica, L. f. _Wild red, Pin, Pigeon, Bird cherry_ 124, 125
+ serotina, Ehrh. _Rum, Black cherry_ 127, 128
+ Virginiana, L. _Chokecherry_ 125, 126
+
+ Pulse family. (=Leguminosae=) 129-132
+
+ Pussy willow (Salix discolor, Muhl.) 40, 41, 171
+
+ Pyrus Americana, DC. _Mountain ash_ 112, 113
+ aucuparia _European mountain ash_ 113, 115
+ communis, L. _Pear tree_ 115
+ malus, L. _Apple tree_ 115
+ sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht. _Mountain ash_ 113-115
+
+
+ Q
+
+ Quercus acuminata, Sarg. _Chestnut oak_ 84, 85
+ alba, L. _White oak_ 75-77
+ bicolor, Willd. _Swamp white oak_ 80-82
+ coccinea, Wang. _Scarlet oak_ 88, 89
+ coccinea, _var._ tinctoria, Gray. _Black oak_ 89-91
+ ilicifolia, Wang. _Scrub, Bear oak_ 93, 94
+ macrocarpa, Michx. _Bur, Over-cup, Mossy-cup oak_ 79, 80
+ minor, Sarg. _Post, Box white oak_ 77, 78
+ Muhlenbergii, Engelm. _Chestnut oak_ 84, 85
+ nana, Sarg. ...._Scrub, Bear oak_ 93, 94
+ obtusiloba, Michx. _Post, Box white oak_ 77, 78
+ palustris, Du Roi. _Pin, Swamp, Water oak_ 91-93
+ platanoides, Sudw. _Swamp white oak_ 80-82
+ prinoides, Willd. _Scrub white, Scrub chestnut oak_ 85
+ prinus, L. _Chestnut, Rock chestnut oak_ 82-84
+ pumila, Sudw. _Scrub, Bear oak_ 93, 94
+
+ Quercus rubra, L. _Red oak_ 86, 87
+ stellata, Wang. _Post, Box white oak_ 77, 78
+ tinctoria, Bartram. _Black, Yellow oak_ 89-91
+ velutina, Lam. _Black, Yellow oak_ 89-91
+
+
+ R
+
+ Red ash (Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh.) 164, 165
+ birch (Betula nigra, L.) 65, 66
+ cedar (Juniperus Virginiana, L.) 26-28
+ elm (Ulmus fulva, Michx.) 97, 98
+ maple (Acer rubrum, L.) 140-142
+ mulberry (Morus rubra, L.) 102, 103
+ oak (Quercus rubra, L.) 86, 87
+ pine (Pinus resinosa, Ait.) 10, 11
+ plum (Prunus nigra, Ait.) 22, 123
+ spruce (Picea rubra, Link) 15, 16
+
+ Rhus copallina _Dwarf sumac_ 137
+ glabra _Smooth sumac_ 137
+ hirta, Sudw. _Staghorn sumac_ 134, 135
+ toxicodendron _Poison ivy_ 137
+ typhina, L. _Staghorn sumac_ 134, 135
+ venenata, DC. _Dogwood, Poison sumac_ 136, 137
+ vernix, L. _Dogwood, Poison sumac_ 136, 137
+
+ River ash (Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh.) 164, 165
+ birch (Betula nigra, L.) 65, 66
+ maple (Acer saccharinum, L.) 142-144
+
+ Robinia pseudacacia, L. _Locust_ 131, 132
+ viscosa, Vent. _Clammy locust_ 132
+
+ Rock chestnut oak (Quercus prinus, L.) 82-84
+ elm (Ulmus racemosa, Thomas) 99, 100
+ maple (Acer Saccharum, Marsh.) 144-146, 172
+
+ Rum cherry (Primus serotina, Ehrh.) 127, 128
+
+
+ S
+
+ =Salicaceae.= (Willow family) 28-46
+ Populus alba, L. _Abele, White, Silver-leaf poplar_ 39, 40
+ balsamifera, L. _Poplar, Balsam. Balm of Gilead_ 36, 37
+ balsamifera, _var._ candicans, Gray. _Balm of Gilead_ 37-39, 171
+ balsamifera, _var._ intermedia _Poplar, Balsam_ 36
+ balsamifera, _var._ latifolia _Poplar, Balsam_ 36
+ candicans, Ait. _Balm of Gilead_ 37-39, 171
+ deltoides, Marsh. _Cottonwood, Poplar_ 34, 35
+
+ Populus grandidentata, Michx. _Poplar, Large-toothed aspen_ 31, 32
+ heterophylla, L. _Poplar, Swamp poplar, Cottonwood_ 33, 34
+ monilifera, Ait. _Cottonwood poplar_ 34, 35
+ tremuloides, Michx. _Poplar, Aspen_ 29, 30
+
+ Salix alba, L. _White willow_ 43, 45, 46
+ _var._ caerulea, Koch _White willow_ 45
+ _var._ vitellina, Koch _White willow_ 4
+ balsamifera, Barrett 171
+ discolor, Muhl. _Pussy willow, Glaucous willow_ 40, 41, 171
+ falcata, Pursh _Black willow_ 42
+ fragilis, L. _Crack willow, Brittle willow_ 43-45
+ nigra, Marsh. _Black willow_ 42, 43
+
+ Sassafras officinale, Nees _Sassafras_ 106-108
+ Sassafras, Karst. _Sassafras_ 106-108
+
+ Savin (Juniperus Virginiana, L.) 26-28
+
+ Scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea, Wang.) 88, 89
+
+ Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris, L.) 11, 12
+
+ Scrub chestnut oak (Quercus prinoides, Willd.) 85
+ oak (Quercus ilicifolia, Wang.) 93, 94
+ pine (Pinus Banksiana, Lamb) 8,9
+ white oak (Quercus prinoides, Willd.) 85
+
+ Shadbush (Amelanchier Canadensis, Medic.) 116, 117
+
+ Shagbark (Carya alba, Nutt.) 49-51
+
+ Sheep berry (Viburnum Lentago, L.) 168, 169
+
+ Silver-leaf poplar (Populus alba, L.) 39, 40
+ maple (Acer saccharinum, L.) 142-144
+
+ =Simarubaceae.= (Ailanthus family) 133
+ Ailanthus glandulosus, Desf. _Tree of Heaven, Chinese sumac_ 133
+
+ Skunk spruce (Picea alba, Link) 16-18
+
+ Slippery elm (Ulmus fulva, Michx.) 97, 98
+
+ Small white birch (Betula populifolia, Marsh.) 66-68
+
+ Smooth sumac (Rhus glabra) 137
+
+ Soft maple (Acer rubrum, L.) 140-142
+ (Acer saccharinum, L.), 142-144
+
+ Sorbus Americana, Marsh. _Mountain ash_ 112, 113
+ sambucifolia, R[oe]m. _Mountain ash_ 113, 115
+
+ Sour gum (Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh.) 159, 160
+
+ Spruce, Black, Swamp, Double, Water. (Picea nigra, Link) 12-14
+ Red spruce (Picea rubra, Link) 15, 16
+ White, Cat, Skunk, Labrador. (Picea alba, Link) 16-18
+
+ Spruce pine (Pinus Banksiana, Lamb) 8, 9
+
+ Staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina, L.) 134, 135
+
+ Striped maple (Acer Pennsylvanicum, L.) 149-151
+
+ Sugar berry (Celtis occidentalis, L.) 100-102
+
+ Sugar maple (Acer Saccharum, Marsh.) 144-146
+ tree (Acer Saccharum, Marsh.) 144-146
+
+ Sumac family. (=Anacardiaceae=) 134-137
+
+ Sumac, Ailanthus, Tree of Heaven, Chinese sumac
+ (Ailanthus glandulosus, Desf.) 133
+ Dogwood, poison sumac. (Rhus vernix, L.) 136, 137
+ Dwarf sumac (Rhus copallina) 137
+ Smooth sumac (Rhus glabra) 137
+ Staghorn sumac (Rhus tyhina, L.) 134, 135
+
+ Swamp ash (Fraxinus nigra, Marsh.) 167, 168
+ hickory (Carya amara, Nutt.) 55-57
+ maple (Acer rubrum, L.), 140-142
+ oak (Quercus palustris, Du Roi) 91-93
+ poplar (Populus heterophylla, L.) 33, 34
+ spruce (Picea nigra, Link) 12-14
+ white oak (Quercus bicolor, Willd.) 80-82
+
+ Sweet birch (Betula lenta, L.) 61, 62
+ gum (Liquidambar Styraciflua, L.) 108, 109
+ viburnum (Viburnum Lentago, L.) 168, 169
+
+ Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis, L.) 110, 111
+
+
+ T
+
+ Tamarack. (Larix Americana, Michx.) 2-4
+
+ Thayer, Col. Minot estate, Braintree, Mass.,
+ _Ilex opaca_, fine specimen 139
+
+ Thorn. Cockspur (Crataegus Crus-Galli, L.) 117, 118, 171
+ (Crataegus coccinea, L.) 118, 119
+ (Crataegus mollis, Scheele) 120, 121
+
+ Three-thorned acacia (Gleditsia tricanthus, L.) 129, 130
+
+ Thuja occidentalis, L. _Arbor-vitae, White cedar, Cedar_ 23, 24
+
+ =Tiliaceae.= (Linden family) 153-155
+ Tilia Americana, L. _Basswood, Linden, Lime, Whitewood_ 153-155
+ Europaea _Basswood, Linden, Lime, Whitewood_ 155
+ heterophylla, Vent. _Basswood, Linden, Lime, Whitewood_ 155
+ puebescens, Ait. _Basswood, Linden, Lime, Whitewood_ 155
+
+ Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus glandulosus, Desf.) 183
+
+ Tsuga Canadensis, Carr. _Hemlock_ 19, 20
+
+ Tulip tree (Liriodendron Tulipifera, L.) 104-106
+
+ Tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh.) 159, 160
+
+
+ U
+
+ =Ulmaceae.= (Elm family) 95-102
+ Celtis occidentalis, L. _Hackberry_, _Nettle tree_, _Hoop ash_,
+ _Sugar berry_ 100-102
+ Ulmus Americana, L. _American_, _White elm_ 95-97
+ fulva, Michx. _Slippery_, _Red elm_ 97, 98
+ puebescens, Walt. _Slippery_, _Red elm_ 97, 98
+ racemosa, Thomas. _Cork_, _Rock elm_ 99, 100
+
+
+ V
+
+ Viburnum Lentago, L. _Sheep berry_ 168, 169
+
+
+ W
+
+ Walnut family. (=Juglandaceae=) 47-57
+
+ Walnut, Black walnut (Juglans nigra, L.) 48, 49
+ Butternut, Oilnut, Lemon walnut. (Juglans cinerea, L.) 46, 47
+ Mockernut, White-heart hickory. (Carya tomentosa, Nutt.) 51-53
+ Walnut, Shagbark, Shellbark hickory. (Carya alba, Nutt.) 49-51
+
+ Water beech (Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt.) 59, 60
+ oak (Quercus palustris, Du Roi) 91-93
+ spruce (Picea nigra, Link) 12-14
+
+ Watson, Thomas, Braintree, Mass., _Ilex opaca_, on estate of 139
+
+ Whistlewood (Acer Pennsylvanicum, L.) 149-151
+
+ White ash (Fraxinus Americana, L.) 162-164
+ birch (Betula papyrifera, Marsh.) 68-70
+ (Betula populifolia, Marsh.) 66-68
+ cedar (Cupressus thyoides, L.) 25, 26
+ (Thuja occidentalis, L.) 23, 24
+ elm (Ulmus Americana, L.) 95-97
+ hickory (Carya porcina, Nutt.) 53-55
+ maple (Acer rubrum, L.) 140-142
+ (Acer saccharinum, L.) 142-144
+ mulberry (Morus alba, L.) 104
+ oak (Quercus alba, L.) 75-77
+ pine (Pinus Strobus, L.) 4-6
+ poplar (Populus alba, L.) 39, 40
+ spruce (Picea alba, Link) 16-18
+ willow (Salix alba) 43, 45, 46
+
+ White-heart hickory (Carya tomentosa, Nutt) 51-53
+
+ Whitewood (Liriodendron Tulipifera, L.) 104-106
+
+ Whitewood (Tilia Americana, L.) 153-155
+
+ Wild plum (Prunus Americana, Marsh.) 171
+ (Prunus nigra, Ait.) 122, 123, 171
+ red cherry (Prunus Pennsylvanica, L. f.) 124, 125
+
+ Willow family. (=Salicaceae=) 28-46
+
+ Willow, Black willow (Salix nigra, Marsh.) 42, 43
+ Crack, Brittle willow. (Salix fragilis, L.) 43-45
+ Pussy willow, Glaucous willow (Salix discolor, Muhl.) 40, 41, 171
+ White willow. (Salix alba, L., _var._ vitellina, Koch) 45, 46
+
+ Witch hazel family. (=Hamamelidaceae=) 108, 109
+
+
+ Y
+
+ Yellow birch. (Betula lutea, Michx. f.) 63, 64
+ oak. (Quercus velutina, Lam.) 89-91
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Handbook of the Trees of New England, by
+Lorin Low Dame and Henry Brooks
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