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diff --git a/20456.txt b/20456.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b8367f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/20456.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3386 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes on Certain Maya and Mexican +Manuscripts, by Cyrus Thomas + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Notes on Certain Maya and Mexican Manuscripts + Third Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the + Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1881-82, + Government Printing Office, Washington, 1884, pages 3-66 + +Author: Cyrus Thomas + +Release Date: January 27, 2007 [EBook #20456] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MAYA AND MEXICAN MANUSCRIPTS *** + + + + +Produced by Carlo Traverso, Julia Miller, and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by the Bibliotheque nationale de France (BnF/Gallica) at +http://gallica.bnf.fr) + + + + + +Transcriber's Note + +This book was originally published as a part of: + +Powell, J. W. 1884 Third Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the +Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution 1881-'82. pp. 3-66. Government +Printing Office, Washington, D.C. + +The index included in this version of the book was extracted from the +overall volume index. + +A number of typographical errors and inconsistencies have been maintained +in this version of this book. Typographical errors have been marked with +a [TN-#], which refers to a description in the complete list found at the +end of the text. A list of words that have been inconsistently spelled is +found at the end of the present text. + +Tables II and XV were lists printed in four columns. The contents have been +rearranged by month in this version. + + + + +SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION--BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY + +NOTES + +ON CERTAIN + +MAYA AND MEXICAN MANUSCRIPTS. + +BY + +PROF. CYRUS THOMAS. + + + + +CONTENTS. + + + Page. + Tableau des Bacab 7 + Plate 43 of the Borgian Codex 23 + Plate 44 of the Fejervary Codex 30 + Symbols of the cardinal points 36 + + +ILLUSTRATIONS. + + PLATE I.--Fac-simile of the Tableau des Bacab 7 + II.--The Tableau des Bacab restored 12 + III.--Fac-simile of Plate 44 of the Fejervary Codex 32 + IV.--Copy of Plates 65 and 66 of the Vatican Codex B 56 + + FIG. 1.--The four cardinal symbols 8 + 2.--Scheme of the Tableau des Bacab 13 + 3.--Copy from Plates 18 and 19, Codex Peresianus 19 + 4.--Copy of Plate 43, Borgian Codex 24 + 5.--Copy of Plates 51 and 52, Vatican Codex, B 27 + 6.--Scheme of Plate 44, Fejervary Codex 34 + 7.--Symbols of the four cardinal points 36 + 8.--Calendar wheel, as given by Duran 44 + 9.--Calendar wheel, from book of Chilan Balam 59 + 10.--Engraved shells 61 + 11.--Withdrawn + + + + +[Illustration: PL. I + +"TABLEAU DES BACAB" CODEX] + + + + +NOTES ON CERTAIN MAYA AND MEXICAN MANUSCRIPTS. + +BY CYRUS THOMAS. + + +"TABLEAU DES BACAB." + +Having recently come into possession of Leon de Rosny's late work +entitled "_Les Documents ecrits de l'Antiquite Americaine_,"[1] I find +in it a photo-lithographic copy of two plates (or rather one plate, for +the two are but parts of one) of the Maya Manuscript known as the _Codex +Cortesianus_. This plate (I shall speak of the two as one) is of so much +importance in the study of the Central American symbols and calendar +systems that I deem it worthy of special notice; more particularly so as +it furnishes a connecting link between the Maya and Mexican symbols and +calendars. + +This plate (Nos. 8 and 9 in Rosny's work), is entitled by Rosny +"_Tableau des Bacab_" or "Plate of the Bacabs," he supposing it to be a +representation of the gods of the four cardinal points, an opinion I +believe to be well founded. + +As will be seen by reference to our Plate No. 1, which is an exact copy +from Rosny's work, this page consists of three divisions: _First_, an +inner quadrilateral space, in which there are a kind of cross or sacred +tree; two sitting figures, one of which is a female, and six characters. +_Second_, a narrow space or belt forming a border to the inner area, +from which it is separated by a single line; it is separated from the +outer space by a double line. This space contains the characters for the +twenty days of the Maya month, but not arranged in consecutive order. +_Third_, an outer and larger space containing several figures and +numerous characters, the latter chiefly those representing the Maya +days. This area consists of two distinct parts, one part containing day +characters, grouped together at the four corners, and connected by rows +of dots running from one group to the other along the outer border; the +other part consisting of four groups of figures, one group opposite each +of the four sides. In each of the four compartments containing these +last-mentioned groups, there is one of the four characters shown in Fig. +1 (_a_ _b_ _c_ _d_), which, in my "Study of the Manuscript Troano," I +have concluded represent the four cardinal points, a conclusion also +reached independently by Rosny and Schultz Sellack.[TN-1] + +Before entering upon the discussion of this plate I will insert here +Rosny's comment, that the reader may have an opportunity of comparing +his view of its signification with the opinion I shall advance. + + I intend to close this report with some observations on the + criticisms which have been written since the publication of my + "Essay on the Decipherment of the Hieratic Writings," as much, + regarding the first data, for which we are indebted to Diego de + Landa, as that of the method to follow in order to realize new + progress in the interpretation of the Katounic texts. I will be + permitted, however, before approaching this discussion, to say a + word on two leaves of the _Codex Cortesianus_, which not only + confirm several of my former lectures, but which furnish us + probably a more than ordinarily interesting document relative to + the religious history of ancient Yucatan. + + The two leaves require to be presented synoptically, as I have done + in reproducing them on the plate [8 and 9[2]], for it is evident + that they form together one single representation. + + This picture presents four divisions, in the middle of which is + seen a representation of the sacred tree; beneath are the figures + of two personages seated on the ground and placed facing the + katounes, among which the sign of the day _Ik_ is repeated three + times on the right side and once with two other signs on the left + side. The central image is surrounded by a sort of framing in which + have been traced the twenty cyclic characters of the calendar. Some + of these characters would not be recognizable if one possessed only + the data of Landa, but they are henceforth easy to read, for I have + had occasion to determine, after a certain fashion, the value of + the greater part of them in a former publication. + + These characters are traced in the following order, commencing, for + example, with Muluc and continuing from left to right: 6, 2, 18, + 13, 17, 14, 5, 1, 16, 12, 8, 4, 20, 15, 11, 7, 19, 3, 9, 10. * * * + + In the four compartments of the Tablet appear the same cyclic signs + again in two series. I will not stop to dwell upon them, not having + discovered the system of their arrangement. + + Besides these cyclic signs no other katounes are found on the + Tablet, except four groups which have attracted my attention since + the beginning of my studies, and which I have presented, not + without some hesitation, as serving to note the four cardinal + points. I do not consider my first attempt at interpretation as + definitely demonstrated, but it seems to me that it acquires by the + study of the pages in question of the _Codex Cortesianus_, a new + probability of exactitude. + + These four katounic groups are here in fact arranged in the + following manner: + +[Illustration: FIG. 1.--The four cardinal symbols.] + + Now, not only do these groups include, as I have explained, several + of the phonetic elements of Maya words known to designate the four + cardinal points, but they occupy, besides, the place which is + necessary to them in the arrangement (orientation), to wit: + + West. + S N + o o + u r + t t + h h + . . + East. + + I have said, moreover, in my _Essay_, that certain characteristic + symbols of the gods of the four cardinal points (the _Bacab_) are + found placed beside the katounic groups, which occcpy[TN-2] me at + this moment, in a manner which gives a new confirmation of my + interpretation. + + On Plates 23, 24, 25, and 26 of the _Codex Cortesianus_, where the + same groups and symbols are seen reproduced of which I have just + spoken, the hierogrammat has drawn four figures identical in shape + and dress. These four figures represent the "god of the long nose." + Beside the first, who holds in his hand a flaming torch, appears a + series of katounes, at the head of which is the sign _Kan_ (symbol + of the south), and above, a defaced group. Beside the second, who + holds a flaming torch inverted, is the sign _Muluc_ (symbol of the + east), and above, the group which I have interpreted as east. At + the side of the third, who carries in the left hand the burning + torch inverted and a scepter (symbol of Bacabs), is the sign _Ix_ + (symbol of the north), and above, the group which I have translated + as north. Finally, beside the fourth, who carries in his left hand + the flaming torch inverted and a hatchet in the right hand, is the + sign _Cauac_ (symbol of the west), and above, not the entire group, + which I have translated as west, but the first sign of this group, + and also an animal characteristic of the Occident, which has been + identified with the armadillo. I have some doubts upon the subject + of this animal, but its affinity with the qualification of the west + appears to me at least very probable. + +We see from this quotation, that Rosny was unable to give any +explanation of the day characters, dots, and L-shaped symbols in the +outer space; also that he was unable to suggest any reason for the +peculiar arrangement of the day symbols in the intermediate circle or +quadrilateral. His suggestions are limited to the four characters placed +opposite the four sides, and which, he believes, and I think correctly, +to be the symbols of the four cardinal points. Whether his conclusion as +to the points they respectively refer to be correct or not, is one of +the questions I propose to discuss in this paper. But before entering +upon this, the most important question regarding the plate, I desire +first to offer what I believe will be admitted to be a correct +explanation of the object and uses of the day symbols, dots, &c., in the +outer space, and the intermediate circle of day characters. + +If we examine carefully the day characters and large black dots in the +outer space we shall find that all taken together really form but _one +continuous line_, making one outward and two inward bends or loops at +each corner. + +For example, commencing with _Cauac_ (No. 31) (see scheme of the plate, +Fig. 2), on the right side, and running upward toward the top along the +row of dots next the right-hand margin, we reach the character _Chuen_ +(No. 32); just above is _Eb_ (No. 33); then running inward toward the +center, along the row of dots to _Kan_ (No. 34); then upward to +_Chicchan_ (No. 35); then outward along the row of dots toward the +outer corner to _Caban_ (No. 36); then to the left to _Ezanab_ (No. 37); +then inward to _Oc_ (No. 38); then to the left to _Chuen_ (No. 39); +outward to _Akbal_ (No. 40), and so on around. + +Before proceeding further it is necessary that I introduce here a Maya +calendar, in order that my next point may be clearly understood. To +simplify this as far as possible, I give first a table for a single +_Cauac_ year, in two forms, one as the ordinary counting-house calendar +(Table I), the other a simple continuous list of days (Table II), but in +this latter case only for thirteen months, just what is necessary to +complete the circuit of our plate. + +As explained in my former paper[3], although there were twenty days in +each Maya month, each day with its own particular name, and always +following each other in the same order, so that each month would begin +with the same day the year commenced with, yet it was the custom to +number the days up to 13 and then commence again with 1, 2, 3, and so +on, thus dividing the year into weeks of thirteen days each. + +For a full explanation of this complicated calendar system I must refer +the reader to my former paper. But at present we shall need only an +understanding of the tables here given. I shall, as I proceed, refer to +Table I, leaving the reader who prefers to do so to refer to the list of +days marked Table II, as they are precisely the same thing, only +differing in form. + +TABLE I.--_Maya calendar for one year_ + + __________________________________________________________________ + Nos. of | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | + the months. | 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9|10|11|12|13|14|15|16|17|18 + ------------+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+-- + Cauac | 1| 8| 2| 9| 3|10| 4|11| 5|12| 6|13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3 + Ahau | 2| 9| 3|10| 4|11| 5|12| 6|13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3|10| 4 + Ymix | 3|10| 4|11| 5|12| 6|13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3|10| 4|11| 5 + Ik | 4|11| 5|12| 6|13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3|10| 4|11| 5|12| 6 + Akbal | 5|12| 6|13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3|10| 4|11| 5|12| 6|13| 7 + Kan | 6|13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3|10| 4|11| 5|12| 6|13| 7| 1| 8 + Chicchan | 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3|10| 4|11| 5|12| 6|13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9 + Cimi | 8| 2| 9| 3|10| 4|11| 5|12| 6|13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3|10 + Manik | 9| 3|10| 4|11| 5|12| 6|13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3|10| 4|11 + Lamat |10| 4|11| 5|12| 6|13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3|10| 4|11| 5|12 + Muluc |11| 5|12| 6|13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3|10| 4|11| 5|12| 6|13 + Oc |12| 6|13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3|10| 4|11| 5|12| 6|13| 7| 1 + Chuen |13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3|10| 4|11| 5|12| 6|13| 7| 1| 8| 2 + Eb | 1| 8| 2| 9| 3|10| 4|11| 5|12| 6|13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3 + Been | 2| 9| 3|10| 4|11| 5|12| 6|13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3|10| 4 + Ix | 3|10| 4|11| 5|12| 6|13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3|10| 4|11| 5 + Men | 4|11| 5|12| 6|13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3|10| 4|11| 5|12| 6 + Cib | 5|12| 6|13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3|10| 4|11| 5|12| 6|13| 7 + Caban | 6|13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3|10| 4|11| 5|12| 6|13| 7| 1| 8 + Ezanab | 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3|10| 4|11| 5|12| 6|13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9 + ------------------------------------------------------------------ + +TABLE II. + + 1ST MONTH. 2D MONTH. 3D MONTH. 4TH MONTH. + 1. _Cauac._ 8. Cauac. 2. Cauac. 9. Cauac. + 2. Ahau. 9. Ahau. 3. Ahau. 10. Ahau. + 3. Imix.[TN-3] 10. Ymix. 4. Ymix. 11. Ymix. + 4. Ik. 11. Ik. 5. Ik. 12. Ik. + 5. Akbal. 12. Akbal. 6. Akbal. 13. _Akbal._ + 6. Kan. 13. _Kan._ 7. Kan. 1. _Kan._ + 7. Chicchan. 1. _Chicchan._ 8. Chicchan. 2. Chicchan. + 8. Cimi. 2. Cimi. 9. Cimi. 3. Cimi. + 9. Manik. 3. Manik. 10. Manik. 4. Manik. + 10. Lamat. 4. Lamat. 11. Lamat. 5. Lamat. + 11. Muluc. 5. Muluc. 12. Muluc. 6. Muluc. + 12. Oc. 6. Oc. 13. _Oc._ 7. Oc. + 13. _Chuen._ 7. Chuen. 1. _Chuen._ 8. Chuen. + 1. _Eb._ 8. Eb. 2. Eb. 9. Eb. + 2. Been. 9. Been. 3. Been. 10. Been. + 3. Ix. 10. Ix. 4. Ix. 11. Ix. + 4. Men. 11. Men. 5. Men. 12. Men. + 5. Cib. 12. Cib. 6. Cib. 13. _Cib._ + 6. Caban. 13. _Caban._ 7. Caban. 1. _Caban._ + 7. Ezanab. 1. _Ezanab._ 8. Ezanab. 2. Ezanab. + + 5TH MONTH. 6TH MONTH. 7TH MONTH. 8TH MONTH. + 3. Cauac. 10. Cauac. 4. Cauac. 11. Cauac. + 4. Ahau. 11. Ahau. 5. Ahau. 12. Ahau. + 5. Ymix. 12. Ymix. 6. Ymix. 13. _Ymix._ + 6. Ik. 13. _Ik._ 7. Ik. 1. _Ik._ + 7. Akbal. 1. _Akbal._ 8. Akbal. 2. Akbal. + 8. Kan. 2. Kan. 9. Kan. 3. Kan. + 9. Chicchan. 3. Chicchan. 10. Chicchan. 4. Chicchan. + 10. Cimi. 4. Cimi. 11. Cimi. 5. Cimi. + 11. Manik. 5. Manik. 12. Manik. 6. Manik. + 12. Lamat. 6. Lamat. 13. _Lamat._ 7. Lamat. + 13. _Muluc._ 7. Muluc. 1. _Muluc._ 8. Muluc. + 1. _Oc._ 8. Oc. 2. Oc. 9. Oc. + 2. Chuen. 9. Chuen. 3. Chuen. 10. Chuen. + 3. Eb. 10. Eb. 4. Eb. 11. Eb. + 4. Been. 11. Been. 5. Been. 12. Been. + 5. Ix. 12. Ix. 6. Ix. 13. _Ix._ + 6. Men. 13. _Men._ 7. Men. 1. _Men._ + 7. Cib. 1. _Cib._ 8. Cib. 2. Cib. + 8. Caban. 2. Caban. 9. Caban. 3. Caban. + 9. Ezanab. 3. Ezanab. 10. Ezanab. 4. Ezanab. + + 9TH MONTH. 10TH MONTH. 11TH MONTH. 12TH MONTH. + 5. Cauac. 12. Cauac. 6. Cauac. 13. _Cauac._ + 6. Ahau. 13. _Ahau._ 7. Ahau. 1. _Ahau._ + 7. Ymix. 1. _Ymix._ 8. Ymix. 2. Ymix. + 8. Ik. 2. Ik. 9. Ik. 3. Ik. + 9. Akbal. 3. Akbal. 10. Akbal. 4. Akbal. + 10. Kan. 4. Kan. 11. Kan. 5. Kan. + 11. Chicchan. 5. Chicchan. 12. Chicchan. 6. Chicchan. + 12. Cimi. 6. Cimi. 13. _Cimi._ 7. Cimi. + 13. _Manik._ 7. Manik. 1. _Manik._ 8. Manik. + 1. _Lamat._ 8. Lamat. 2. Lamat. 9. Lamat. + 2. Muluc. 9. Muluc. 3. Muluc. 10. Muluc. + 3. Oc. 10. Oc. 4. Oc. 11. Oc. + 4. Chuen. 11. Chuen. 5. Chuen. 12. Chuen. + 5. Eb. 12. Eb. 6. Eb. 13. _Eb._ + 6. Been. 13. _Been._ 7. Been. 1. _Been._ + 7. Ix. 1. _Ix._ 8. Ix. 2. Ix. + 8. Men. 2. Men. 9. Men. 3. Men. + 9. Cib. 3. Cib. 10. Cib. 4. Cib. + 10. Caban. 4. Caban. 11. Caban. 5. Caban. + 11. Ezanab. 5. Ezanab. 12. Ezanab. 6. Ezanab. + + 13TH MONTH. + 7. Cauac. + 8. Ahau. + 9. Ymix. + 10. Ik. + 11. Akbal. + 12. Kan. + 13. _Chicchan._ + 1. _Cimi._ + 2. Manik. + 3. Lamat. + 4. Muluc. + 5. Oc. + 6. Chuen. + 7. Eb. + 8. Been. + 9. Ix. + 10. Men. + 11. Cib. + 12. Caban. + 13. _Ezanab._ + +Now, let us follow around this outer circle comparing it with our +calendar (Table I), or list of days (Table II), which, as before stated, +are for the Cauac year only. + +As this is a Cauac year, we must commence with the Cauac character No. +31, on the right border. Immediately to the left of this character and +almost in contact with it we see a single small dot. We take for granted +that this denotes 1 and that we are to begin with 1 _Cauac_. This +corresponds with the first day of the first month, that is, the top +number of the left-hand column of numbers in Table I or the first day in +Table II. Turning to the plate we run up the line of dots to the +character for _Chuen_ (No. 32); immediately to the left of this we see +two little bars and three dots [Illustration: Three dots over two bars] +or 13. + +Turning again to our table and running down the column of the first +month to the number 13 we find that it is _Chuen_, which is followed by +1 _Eb_. Turning again to the plate we observe that the character +immediately above Chuen[TN-4] is _Eb_.,[TN-5] and that it has adjoining +it below a single dot, or 1. Running from thence down the line of dots +toward the center we reach _Kan_, immediately above which is the +character for 13. Turning again to our table and starting with the 1 +opposite _Eb_ and running to the bottom of the column which ends with 7 +and passing to 8 at the top of the second column, and running down this +to 13, or following down our list of days (Table II), we find it to be +_Kan_, which is followed by 1 _Chicchan_. On the plate we see the +character for _Chicchan_ (No. 35) immediately above that of _Kan_ (No. +34), with a single small dot touching it above. Running from this upward +along the row of large dots toward the outer corner we next reach the +character for _Caban_ (No. 36), adjoining which we see the numeral +character for 13. + +[Illustration: PL. II + +THE TABLEAU DES BACAB RESTORED.] + +Running our eye down the second column of the table, from 1 opposite +_Chicchan_ to 13, we find it is opposite _Caban_, thus agreeing with +what we find in the plate. + +This will enable the reader to follow up the names and numbers on the +table as I will now give them from _Caban_ (No. 36), in the manner above +shown, remembering that the movement on the plate is around the circle +toward the left, that is, up the right side, toward the left on the top, +down the left side, &c., and that, on the tables, after one column is +completed we take the next to the right. + +From _Caban_ (No. 36) we go next to _Ezanab_ No. 37 (the single dot is +here effaced); then down the row of dots to _Oc_, No. 38, over which is +the numeral for 13; then to _Chuen_, No. 39, immediately to the left +(the single dot is dimly outlined immediately above it); then up the row +of large dots to _Akbal_ No. 40 (the numeral character for 13 is +immediately to the right); then to _Kan_ No. 1, immediately to the left +(the single dot adjoins it on the right); then to the left along the +border row of dots to _Cib_ No. 2, in the upper left-hand corner, +immediately under which we find the numeral character for 13. + +[Illustration: FIG. 2.--Scheme of the Tableau des Bacab.] + +Without following this further, I will now give a scheme or plan of the +plate (Fig. 2), adding the names of the effaced characters, which the +table enables us to do by following it out in the manner explained. I +also give in Plate II another figure of the plate of the Cortesian +Codex, with the effaced characters inserted, and the interchange of +_Caban_ and _Eb_ which will be hereafter explained. This plate +corresponds with the plan or scheme shown in Fig. 2.[4] + +In this we commence with Kan, numbered 1, in the top row, moving thence +toward the left as already indicated, following the course shown by the +numbers. + +By this time the reader, if he has studied the plate with care, has +probably encountered one difficulty in the way of the explanation given; +that there are usually _twelve_ large dots instead of _eleven_, as there +should be, between the day signs; as, for example, between Kan No. 1 and +Cib No. 2, in the upper row. This I am unable to explain, except on the +supposition that the artist included but one of the day signs in the +count, or that it was not the intention to be very exact in this +respect. The fact that the number of dots in a row is not always the +same, there being in some cases as many as thirteen, and in others but +eleven, renders the letter supposition probable. In the scheme the +number of dots in the lines is given as nearly as possible as on the +plate. + +As there are four different series of years in the Maya calendar, the +Cauac years, Kan years, Muluc years, and Ix years, it is necessary that +we have four different tables, similar to that given for the Cauac +years, to represent them, or to combine all in one table. + +As I have adopted in my former work[5] a scheme of combining them I will +insert it here (Table III). + +TABLE III.--_Condensed Maya Calendar._ + + ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + Cauac |Kan |Muluc |Ix | 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9|10|11|12|13 + column. |column. |column. |column. |14|15|16|17|18| | | | | | | | + ---------+---------+---------+---------+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+-- + Cauac. |Kan. |Muluc. |Ix. | 1| 8| 2| 9| 3|10| 4|11| 5|12| 6|13| 7 + Ahau. |Chicchan.|Oc. |Men. | 2| 9| 3|10| 4|11| 5|12| 6|13| 7| 1| 8 + Ymix. |Cimi. |Chuen. |Cib. | 3|10| 4|11| 5|12| 6|13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9 + Ik. |Manik. |Eb. |Caban. | 4|11| 5|12| 6|13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3|10 + Akbal. |Lamat. |Ben. |Ezanab. | 5|12| 6|13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3|10| 4|11 + Kan. |Muluc. |Ix. |Cauac. | 6|13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3|10| 4|11| 5|12 + Chicchan.|Oc. |Men. |Ahau. | 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3|10| 4|11| 5|12| 6|13 + Cimi. |Chuen. |Cib. |Ymix. | 8| 2| 9| 3|10| 4|11| 5|12| 6|13| 7| 1 + Manik. |Eb. |Caban. |Ik. | 9| 3|10| 4|11| 5|12| 6|13| 7| 1| 8| 2 + Lamat. |Ben. |Ezanab. |Akbal. |10| 4|11| 5|12| 6|13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3 + Muluc. |Ix. |Cauac. |Kan. |11| 5|12| 6|13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3|10| 4 + Oc. |Men. |Ahau. |Chicchan.|12| 6|13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3|10| 4|11| 5 + Chuen. |Cib. |Ymix. |Cimi. |13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3|10| 4|11| 5|12| 6 + Eb. |Caban. |Ik. |Manik. | 1| 8| 2| 9| 3|10| 4|11| 5|12| 6|13| 7 + Ben. |Ezanab. |Akbal. |Lamat. | 2| 9| 3|10| 4|11| 5|12| 6|13| 7| 1| 8 + Ix. |Cauac. |Kan. |Muluc. | 3|10| 4|11| 5|12| 6|13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9 + Men. |Ahau. |Chicchan.|Oc. | 4|11| 5|12| 6|13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3|10 + Cib. |Ymix. |Cimi. |Chuen. | 5|12| 6|13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3|10| 4|11 + Caban. |Ik. |Manik. |Eb. | 6|13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3|10| 4|11| 5|12 + Ezanab. |Akbal. |Lamat. |Ben. | 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3|10| 4|11| 5|12| 6|13 + ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +But I must request the reader to refer to that work for an explanation +of the method of using it. + +By using the different columns in this table, viz, the Cauac column, the +Kan column, the Muluc column, and the Ix column, in the same way as we +have that of the previous Table No. I, we shall find that the plate is +intended to apply in the same way to each of the four years.[6] A +further correspondence will also be found in the fact that the thirteen +figure columns of our table just complete the circuit of the plate, and +that for the other months (or rather weeks) we commence again at the +first, just as the table. + +For the Kan years we commence on our scheme (Fig. 2) or the plate (No. +II) at Kan No. 1, at the top, and moving around to the left, as shown, +we end the thirteenth column of the calendar (13 Akbal) with Akbal No. +40. For the Muluc years we commence with Muluc No. 11, of the left side +of the scheme, and end with Lamat No. 10. For the Ix years we begin with +Ix No. 21, at the bottom, and end with Been No. 20. For the Cauac years +we begin with Cauac No. 31, at the right side, and end with Ezanab No. +30. + +By following this plan we will find that the characters and numerals in +the plate agree in every case with the names and numbers of the days in +the table, showing that I have properly interpreted this part of the +plate. It is impossible that there should be such exact agreement if I +were wrong in my interpretation. + +This, it seems to me, will show beyond controversy the respective +quarters to which the different years are assigned in the plate--Kan to +the top, where this year begins; Muluc to the left; Ix to the bottom, +and Cauac to the right hand; and, as a consequence, that the top is the +east; left, north; bottom, west, and right hand, south. But this is a +point to be discussed hereafter. + +Our next step is to ascertain the object in view in placing the +twenty-day characters around the inner space in the order we find them. +Here I confess we shall encounter greater difficulty in arriving at a +satisfactory explanation; still, I think we shall be able to show one +object in view in this singular arrangement, although we fall short of a +complete interpretation. + +If we commence with Ymix, in the upper line of the quadrilateral, and +move around it to the left, as heretofore, noting the days in each side +in the order they come on the plate, we find them to be as follows: + +In the top line: Ymix, Chicchan, Muluc, Been, Eb. + +Left column: Cimi, Ik, Oc, Ix, Ezanab. + +Bottom line: Akbal, Manik, Chuen, Men, Cauac. + +Right column (upward): Kan, Lamat, Caban, Ahau, Cib. + +Now let us take the twenty days, in the order they stand in the +calendar, commencing with Kan, writing them in four columns, placing +one name in each in succession, thus: + + Kan. Chicchan. Cimi. Manik. + Lamat. Muluc. Oc. Chuen. + Eb. Been. Ix. Men. + Cib. Caban. Ezanab. Cauac. + Ahau. Ymix. Ik. Akbal. + +If we commence with any other day the groups will contain respectively +the same days, as, for example, if we begin with Ymix as here shown +(Table IV). + +As I am inclined to believe the author of the plate adopted this order I +shall use and refer to this table in speaking of these groups. + +TABLE IV. + + 1. 2. 3. 4. + Ymix. Ik. Akbal. Kan. + Chicchan. Cimi. Manik. Lamat. + Muluc. Oc. Chuen. Eb. + Been. Ix. Men. Cib. + Caban. Ezanab. Cauac. Ahau. + +Examining the five names in the third column we find they are the same +as those in the bottom line of the quadrilateral of the plate, and also +in the same order. Those of the second column are the same as those in +the left column of the plate, though not precisely in the same order; +those in the first column the same as those in the top line of the +plate, except that in our column we have Caban in place of Eb; and those +in the fourth column the same as those in the right column of the plate, +except that in our column we have Eb instead of Caban. I am satisfied, +therefore, that the artist who made the plate has transposed the +characters Eb and Caban; that in place of Eb, the left-hand character of +the upper line, there should be Caban, and in place of Caban, the middle +character of the right column, there should be Eb, and have made this +change in my scheme (Fig. 2) and in Plate II. + +This, I admit, has the appearance of making an arbitrary change to suit +a theory; but besides the strong evidence in favor of this change shown +by the arrangement of the days in four columns just given, I propose to +present other testimony. + +That the characters here interpreted _Eb_ and _Caban_ are the same as +those given by Landa, and in the Manuscript Troano we have positive +evidence in the tortous[TN-6] line in the outer space, of which we have +already given an explanation. Hence there is no escape from the +difficulty by supposing the artist had reversed the characters in their +reference to the names. Either he has reversed them as to place, or we +are mistaken in our supposition as to how the four groups were +obtained. + +If we turn, now, to the Manuscript Troano, and examine the day columns, +comparing them with these four groups as I have corrected them by this +single transposition, I think we shall find one clue at least to the +object of the arrangement we observe on this plate. As but few are +likely to have the Manuscript at hand, I will refer to Chapter VII of my +work (_A Study of the Manuscript Troano_), where a large number of these +day columns are given. In making the comparison I ask the reader to use +my scheme (Fig. 2). Commencing with the first column on page 165, we +find it to be Manik, Cauac, Chuen, Akbal, Men, precisely the same days +as in the bottom line. The next two on the same page are first Akbal, +Muluc, Men, Ymix, Manik, and second, Ben, Cauac, Chicchan, Chuen, Caban, +taken alternately from the bottom and top lines of the quadrilateral. + +On the lower part of the same page (165) is another column with the +following days, Ahau, Oc, Eb, Ik, Kan, Ix, Cib, Cimi, Lamat, taken +alternately from the right and left sides of the plate as given in our +scheme. But there are only nine names in the column, when the order in +which they are taken would seem to require ten. By examining the plate +(IV) in the Manuscript the reader will see that there are indications +that one at the top has been obliterated. By examining the right and +left columns of our scheme we see that the omitted one is Ezanab. By +counting the intervals between the days, as explained in my work, we +find them to be alternately two and ten, and that by this rule the +missing day is Ezanab. The reader will notice in these examples that Eb +and Caban belong to the positions I have given them in my scheme (Fig. +2). + +Turning to page 166 we find the first column (from "second division," +Plate IV) to be Kan, Cib, Lamat, Ahau, Eb, the same days as in the right +column of our scheme. The second column, Cauac, Chuen, Akbal, Men, +Manik, the same as the lower line of the scheme. The first column on +page 167 has the same days as the right column of the plate, as +corrected in my scheme and our Plate II. The second column of this page +presents a new combination. We have so far found the names of a day +column all in a single group or line of our plate, or taken alternately +from opposite sides; here we find them taken alternately from each of +the four sides of the quadrilateral moving around to the left in the +order I have heretofore explained. The days in this column are Caban, +Ik, Manik, Eb, Caban. One is taken from the upper line (as corrected), +then one from the left side, next from the bottom line, then from the +right side (as corrected), and then the same from the top line. + +It is unnecessary for me to give more examples, as the reader can make +the comparison for himself; and he will, as I believe, find my theory +sustained. + +The only real objection I can see to my explanation of the arrangement +of the days in this circle is the fact that it necessitates the +transposition of two characters, but it is not unreasonable to suppose +that the artist may have made this one mistake. + +Fortunately we find on Plates 18 and 19 of the Codex Peresianus[1][TN-7] +what appears to be a complete confirmation of the theory here advanced. + +This is a kind of tabular arrangement of certain days, with accompanying +numbers, as shown in our Fig. 3, which is an exact copy of those +portions of Plates 18 and 19 of the Codex Peresianus, to which I refer. + +I also give in Table V the names of the days and the numbers +corresponding with the symbols and characters of Fig. 3. In this table +the erased days and obliterated numerals are restored, these being in +italics to distinguish them from those on the plate. + +TABLE V. + + _10. Kan._ 8. Cib. 6. Lamat. 4. Ahau. 2. Eb. + _10. Lamat._ 8. Ahau. 6. Eb. 4. Kan. 2. Cib. + _10. Eb._ 8. Kan. 6. Cib. 4. Lamat. 2. Ahau. + _10. Cib._ 8. Lamat. 6. Ahau. 4. Eb. 2. Kan. + _10. Ahau._ 8. Eb. 6. Kan. 4. Cib. 2. Lamat. + + 13. _Kan._ _11. Cib._ 9. Lamat. 7. Ahau. 5. Eb. + 13. _Lamat._ _11. Ahau._ 9. Eb. 7. Kan. 5. Cib. + 13. _Eb._ _11. Kan._ 9. Cib. 7. Lamat. 5. Ahau. + 13. _Cib._ _11. Lamat._ 9. Ahau. 7. Eb. 5. Kan. + 13. _Ahau._ _11. Eb._ 9. Kan. 7. Cib. 5. Lamat. + + 3. Kan. 1. _Cib._ _12. Lamat._ + 3. Lamat. 1. _Ahau._ _12. Eb._ + 3. Eb. 1. _Kan._ _12. Cib._ + 3. Cib. 1. _Lamat._ _12. Ahau._ + 3. Ahau. 1. _Eb._ _12. Kan._ + + +An inspection of this table shows us that the five days repeated in each +column are the same as those on the right of the quadrilateral of our +scheme (Fig. 2), and are exactly in the order obtained by arranging the +days of the month in four columns in the manner heretofore shown. (See +column 4, Table IV.) + +If I am correct in my supposition, we then have one clue to, if not a +full explanation of, the method of obtaining the day columns in the +Manuscript Troano. + +[Illustration: FIG. 3.--Copy from Plates 18 and 19, Codex Peresianus.] + +Not this only, for this table of the Codex Peresianus furnishes us also +the explanation of the red numerals found over the day columns in the +Manuscript Troano. Take, for example, Plate XIX, first or upper +division, given also in my Study of The Manuscript Troano, p. 176, here +the number is IV, corresponding with column 4 of the above table (V), +where the days are the same and the numeral prefixed to each day is 4. +Plate XXVI (Study Manuscript Troano, p. 177), lower division, the days +are the same and the number over the column is XIII, corresponding with +the sixth column of Table V. This corroborates the opinion I expressed +in my former work, that the number over the column was to be applied to +each day of the column. + +Why is the order of the numerals in the extract from the Codex +Peresianus precisely the same as the numbering of the Ahaues? I answer, +because each column, if taken as referring to the four classes of years, +will, when the number of the month is given, determine just the years of +an Ahau; or a fancy of the artist to follow an order considered sacred. + +To illustrate, let us take the next to the right-hand column of the +table where the numeral is 1, and let us assume the month to be Pop, or +the 1st. Then we have 1 Cib, 1 Ahau, 1 Kan, 1 Lamat, and 1 Eb of the +first month, and from this data we are to find the years. As there can +be four years found to each of these days, that is a Cauac year with 1 +Cib in the first month, a Muluc year with one Cib in the first month, a +Kan year with one Cib in the first month, an Ix year with one Cib in the +first month, a Kan year with one Ahau in the first month, &c., it is +evident that there will be, as the total result, just twenty years. + +As I cannot repeat here, without occupying too much space, the method of +finding the years, I must refer the reader to Study Manuscript Troano, +p. 23, _et al._ Hunting them out, by using our Table III, we find them +to be as follows: + + 1 _Cib._ 1 _Ahau._ 1. _Kan._ 1. _Lamat._ 1 _Eb._[TN-8] + Years 10 Cauac. 13 Cauac. 9 Cauac. 5 Cauac. 1 Cauac. + Years 2 Kan. 11 Kan. 1 Kan. 10 Kan. 6 Kan. + Years 7 Muluc. 3 Muluc. 12 Muluc. 8 Muluc. 11 Muluc. + Years 12 Ix. 8 Ix. 4 Ix. 13 Ix. 9 Ix. + +If we turn now to Table XVII (Study Manuscript Troano p. 44), we will +find that these are precisely the counted years (those in the space +inclosed by the dotted lines) in Ahau number VI. + +If we assume the month to be the 11th then the numbers of the Ahaues +will correspond exactly with the numbers of the columns of our Table +V.[8] + +As it may be supposed that using the same numeral to any five days of +the twenty in this way will produce a similar result, let us test it by +an example. For this purpose we select the same column of our foregoing +table, No. V--that with the number 1 prefixed--Cib, Ahau, Kan, Lamat, +Eb, but in place of Lamat we insert Cimi. Hunting out the years as +heretofore we find them to be as follows: + + 1 _Cib._ 1 _Ahau._ 1 _Kan._ 1 _Cimi._ 1 _Eb._ + Years 10 Cauac. 13 Cauac. 9 Cauac. 7 Cauac. 1 Cauac. + Years 2 Kan[TN-9] 11 Kan. 1 Kan. 12 Kan. 6 Kan. + Years 7 Muluc. 3 Muluc. 12 Muluc. 10 Muluc. 11 Muluc. + Years 12 Ix. 8 Ix. 4 Ix. 2 Ix. 9 Ix. + +If we try to locate these years in an Ahau in Table XVII (Study +Manuscript Troano p. 44), we shall find it impossible to do so, nor can +we locate them in any table that can be made which has either +twenty-four or twenty years in an Ahau, while on the other hand the +twenty years obtained by using a column of the table from the Codex +Peresianus can be located in some one of the Ahaues obtained by any +division of the Grand Cycle into consecutive groups of twenty-four years +that can be made. It would require too much space to prove this +assertion, but any one who doubts its correctness can test it. + +As the extract we have given from the Codex Peresianus relates only to +one of the four groups of days--that on the right of the +quadrilateral--I will supply in the following tables, Nos. VII, VIII, +and IX, the arrangement of the groups of the other three sides; adding +the other (Table VI), also, so as to bring the four together in the +order of the sides of the quadrilateral, commencing with the line on the +right, next the upper one, and so on. + +While this is undoubtedly the order in which they are to be taken; which +is the proper one to commence with? is a question yet to be discussed. + +TABLE VI. + + 10. Kan. 8. Cib. 6. Lamat. 4. Ahau. 2. Eb. + 10. Lamat. 8. Ahau. 6. Eb. 4. Kan. 2. Cib. + 10. Eb. 8. Kan. 6. Cib. 4. Lamat. 2. Ahau. + 10. Cib. 8. Lamat. 6. Ahau. 4. Eb. 2. Kan. + 10. Ahau. 8. Eb. 6. Kan. 4. Cib. 2. Lamat. + + 13. Kan. 11. Cib. 9. Lamat. 7. Ahau. 5. Eb. + 13. Lamat. 11. Ahau. 9. Eb. 7. Kan. 5. Cib. + 13. Eb. 11. Kan. 9. Cib. 7. Lamat. 5. Ahau. + 13. Cib. 11. Lamat. 9. Ahau. 7. Eb. 5. Kan. + 13. Ahau. 11. Eb. 9. Kan. 7. Cib. 5. Lamat. + + 3. Kan. 1. Cib. 12. Lamat. + 3. Lamat. 1. Ahau. 12. Eb. + 3. Eb. 1. Kan. 12. Cib. + 3. Cib. 1. Lamat. 12. Ahau. + 3. Ahau. 1. Eb. 12. Kan. + +TABLE VII. + + 10. Ymix. 8. Been. 6. Chicchan. 4. Caban. 2. Muluc. + 10. Chicchan. 8. Caban. 6. Muluc. 4. Ymix. 2. Been. + 10. Muluc. 8. Ymix. 6. Been. 4. Chicchan. 2. Caban. + 10. Been. 8. Chicchan. 6. Caban. 4. Muluc. 2. Ymix. + 10. Caban. 8. Muluc. 6. Ymix. 4. Been. 2. Chicchan. + + 13. Ymix. 11. Been. 9. Chicchan. 7. Caban. 5. Muluc. + 13. Chicchan. 11. Caban. 9. Muluc. 7. Ymix. 5. Been. + 13. Muluc. 11. Ymix. 9. Been. 7. Chicchan. 5. Caban. + 13. Been. 11. Chicchan. 9. Caban. 7. Muluc. 5. Ymix. + 13. Caban. 11. Muluc. 9. Ymix. 7. Been. 5. Chicchan. + + 3. Ymix. 1. Been. 12. Chicchan. + 3. Chicchan. 1. Caban. 12. Muluc. + 3. Muluc. 1. Ymix. 12. Been. + 3. Been. 1. Chicchan. 12. Caban. + 3. Caban. 1. Muluc. 12. Ymix. + +TABLE VIII. + + 10. Oc. 8. Ik. 6. Ix. 4. Cimi. 2. Ezanab. + 10. Ix. 8. Cimi. 6. Ezanab. 4. Oc. 2. Ik. + 10. Ezanab. 8. Oc. 6. Ik. 4. Ix. 2. Cimi. + 10. Ik. 8. Ix. 6. Cimi. 4. Ezanab. 2. Oc. + 10. Cimi. 8. Ezanab. 6. Oc. 4. Ik. 2. Ix. + + 13. Oc. 11. Ik. 9. Ix. 7. Cimi. 5. Ezanab. + 13. Ix. 11. Cimi. 9. Ezanab. 7. Oc. 5. Ik. + 13. Ezanab. 11. Oc. 9. Ik. 7. Ix. 5. Cimi. + 13. Ik. 11. Ix. 9. Cimi. 7. Ezanab. 5. Oc. + 13. Cimi. 11. Ezanab. 9. Oc. 7. Ik. 5. Ix. + + 3. Oc. 1. Ik. 12. Ix. + 3. Ix. 1. Cimi. 12. Ezanab. + 3. Ezanab. 1. Oc. 12. Ik. + 3. Ik. 1. Ix. 12. Cimi. + 3. Cimi. 1. Ezanab. 12. Oc. + +TABLE IX. + + 10. Men. 8. Manik. 6. Cauac. 4. Chuen. 2. Akbal. + 10. Cauac. 8. Chuen. 6. Akbal. 4. Men. 2. Manik. + 10. Akbal. 8. Men. 6. Manik. 4. Cauac. 2. Chuen. + 10. Manik. 8. Cauac. 6. Chuen. 4. Akbal. 2. Men. + 10. Chuen. 8. Akbal. 6. Men. 4. Manik. 2. Cauac. + + 13. Men. 11. Manik. 9. Cauac. 7. Chuen. 5. Akbal. + 13. Cauac. 11. Chuen. 9. Akbal. 7. Men. 5. Manik. + 13. Akbal. 11. Men. 9. Manik. 7. Cauac. 5. Chuen. + 13. Manik. 11. Cauac. 9. Chuen. 7. Akbal. 5. Men. + 13. Chuen. 11. Akbal. 9. Men. 7. Manik. 5. Cauac. + + 3. Men. 1. Manik. 12. Cauac. + 3. Cauac. 1. Chuen. 12. Akbal. + 3. Akbal. 1. Men. 12. Manik. + 3. Manik. 1. Cauac. 12. Chuen. + 3. Chuen. 1. Akbal. 12. Men. + +There is still another and somewhat probable supposition in regard to +the object of this division of the days of the month into groups of +five, which will obviate one objection to the explanation given in my +former work, viz, the very large number of dates given in the Manuscript +Troano on the supposition that there are four years to each numeral +connected with, the day columns. It is possible that the days of one +group indicate the year intended; that is, whether it is a Cauac, Kan, +Muluc, or Ix year. + +For example, column No. 4 (Table IV), or some other, one of the four, +may relate to Kan years; No. 1 to Muluc years; No. 2 to Ix years, and +No. 3 to Cauac years. Assuming this to be correct, then the example +heretofore given, where the days named are 1 Cib, 1 Ahau, 1 Kan, 1 +Lamat, and 1 Eb, and the month the first (Pop), would indicate only the +years 7 Muluc, 3 Muluc, 12 Muluc, 8 Muluc, and 11 Muluc. These would all +come in Ahau No. VI, as before, but would indicate that the festival, or +whatever they referred to, occurred but once every four years, in the +first month of the year. Hence if the five days of a column (as of the +Manuscript Troano) are all taken from one side of the quadrilateral of +our scheme they will refer to years of one dominical sign only; if +alternately from opposite sides, then to the years of two dominical +signs, but if taken alternately from the four sides they would refer to +the four classes of years. This will reduce the number of dates in the +Manuscript Troano very considerably from the other supposition, but will +not in any way change the position of the Ahaues in the Grand Cycle. + +As one further item of evidence in regard to this method of arranging +the twenty days of the month in four groups or columns, I call attention +to what is found on Plate 32 of the Dresden Codex. Here we find the four +columns of five days each, corresponding precisely with the arrangement +of the Maya days into four groups, as heretofore. I present here the +arrangement as found on this plate: + +TABLE X. + + _a._ _b._ _c._ _d._ + Manik. Cib. Chicchan. Ix. + Chuen. Ahau. Muluc. Ezanab. + Men. Kan. Been. Ik. + Cauac. Lamat. Caban. Cimi. + Akbal. Eb. Ymix. Oc. + +It will be seen by comparing this grouping with that in Table IV that +column _a_ of this plate contains the same days as column 3 of the +table; column _b_ the same as column 4; column _c_ the same as column 1, +and column _d_ the same as column 2. + +But so far have found no entirely satisfactory explanation of the order +given in many of these columns and in three of the sides of the +quadrilateral of the Cortesian plate. + +As this discussion is preliminary to a discussion of the assignment of +the symbols of the cardinal points, it becomes necessary, in order to +bring in all the evidence bearing upon the question, to examine certain +points of the Mexican calendar system, as given by various authors and +as exhibited in the Mexican Codices. + +If we refer now to Plate 43 of the Borgian Codex, as found in +Kingsborough's "Mexican Antiquities," Vol. III, a photo-engraved copy of +which is presented in our Fig. 4, we shall, as I believe, not only find +additional confirmation of the views I have advanced in reference to the +peculiar arrangement of the days around the quadrilateral in the plate +of the Cortesian Codex, but also strong evidence of a common origin of +the Mexican and Central American calendars. + +[Illustration: FIG. 4.--Copy of plate 43. Borgian Codex.] + +This plate of the Borgian Codex, which is Mexican and not Maya, consists +of four groups, the whole arranged in the form of a square; each group, +also a square, is surrounded by a serpent, the heads of the four +serpents being brought near together at the center, which is indicated +by the figure of the sun. Each of these serpents, as I have heretofore +intimated,[9] probably denotes one of the four-year series of the cycle +of fifty-two years, just as in the Maya cycle we would say "the Cauac +series," "Kan series," etc.[10] The thirteen years of each series, is +denoted by the small circles on the serpents. The four large figures +are, as we shall hereafter see, fanciful representations of certain +ideas held by this people in regard to the four cardinal points, each +probably with its significant color as understood by the artist, and +each probably indicating one of the four-year bearers. + +But at present our attention is directed to something else to be found +on this plate. In each of the four spaces and around each of the large +figures we observe five Mexican day symbols connected usually with the +main figure by heavy-waved colored lines. What is the signification of +these day symbols in this connection? Precisely the same, I believe, as +those in the four sides of the quadrilateral in the Codex Cortesianus. +But first I would remark that the waved, colored, connecting lines have +no other signification than to denote the parts of the body to which the +days are here severally assigned; hence, as they have no bearing on the +questions now under discussion, I shall have no occasion to take any +further notice of them. + +If we arrange the Mexican days in four columns as we did the Maya, that +is, placing the first name in the first column, the second in the second +column, and so on, following the usual orthography and the order given, +the groups will be as follows: + +TABLE XI. + + 1. 2. 3. 4. + Cipactli. Ehecatl. Calli. Cuetzpalin. + Coatl. Miquiztli. Mazatl. Tochtli. + Atl. Itzquintli. Ozomatli. Malinalli. + Acatl. Ocelotl. Quauhtli. Cozcaquauhtli. + Ollin. Tecpatl. Quiahuitl. Xochitl. + +Or, to give them their English equivalents as we usually find them, as +follows: + +TABLE XII. + + 1. 2. 3. 4. + Dragon. Wind. House. Lizard. + Snake. Death. Deer. Rabbit. + Water. Dog. Monkey. Grass. + Cane. Tiger. Eagle. Vulture. + Movement. Flint. Rain. Flower. + +Comparing these columns with the symbols around each one of these large +figures we find that to each one of the latter are assigned the days of +one of these four columns. In the lower left-hand square, to the large +green figure, those in column 1; thus, at the left foot, the Dragon; to +the back of the head, the Snake; to the eye, Cane; in the right hand, +Water; and below the elbow, but connected with the mouth, Ollin or +movement (sometimes translated earthquake). To the yellow figure, in the +lower right-hand square, are applied those of the second column; to the +black figure, in the upper right-hand square, those of the third column; +and to the red figure, in the upper left-hand square, those of the +fourth column. There is therefore scarcely any doubt that this +arrangement is for precisely the same purpose as that in the plate of +the Codex Cortesianus. + +As proof that the Mexicans used these combinations in much the same way +as the Maya priests I call attention to the following examples: + +On Plate 59, of the same (Borgian) Codex, we find two columns of days, +one on the right and the other on the left, as follows: + + _Left column._ _Right column._ + Tochtli. Quauhtli. + Ehecatl. Atl. + Cozcaquauhtli. Calli. + Itzquintli. Ollin. + Cuetzpalin. Ozomatli. + Tecpatl. Coatl. + Malinalli. Quiahuitl. + Miquiztli. Acatl. + Xochitl. Mazatl. + Ocelotl. Cipactli. + +Comparing these with the names in the four columns (Table XI), we find +that those on the left were taken alternately from columns 4 and 2, and +those on the right alternately from columns 3 and 1. On Plates 61 and 62 +we find substantially the same arrangement, or at least the same idea as +the extract from Codex Peresianus, heretofore referred to. On these two +plates (embracing all of 61, and the lower left-hand square of 62) we +find five squares, each one bordered on two sides with the symbol of a +single day repeated thirteen times and accompanied by numeral signs. + +Commencing with the square on page 62, where the repeated day symbol is +Cipactli, and reading the line from left to right and up the column, we +find the numbers to be as follows, filling out the effaced ones in the +line: + +_Cipactli_, 1, 8, 2, 9, 3, 10, 4, 11, 5, 12, 6, 13, 7 (the symbol being +repeated with each number.)[TN-10] + +[Illustration: FIG. 5.--Copy of Plates 51 and 52, Vatican Codex B.] + +In the next, the lower right-hand square on Plate 61, where the day is +Coatl, the numbers, reading the same way, are as follows (filling out +one effaced one): + +_Coatl_, 5, 12, 6, 13, 7, 1, 8, 2, 9, 3, 10, 4, 11. + +Taking the lower left-hand square next, the day Atl, and reading in the +same direction, we find the numbers to be as follows (filling out two +effaced groups): + +_Atl_, 9, 3, 10, 4, 11, 5, 12, 6, 13, 7, 1, 8, 2. + +We take the upper left hand next, reading from left to right and up: + +_Acatl_, 13, 7, 1, 8, 2, 9, 3, 10, 4, 11, 5, 12, 6. + +Lastly, the upper right-hand square, reading the same way as the last. + +_Ollin_, 4, 11, 5, 12, 6, 13, 7, 1, 8, 2, 9, 3, 10. + +We have only to turn to our abridged calendar (Table III) to find this +explained. If we take the Ix column and select every fourth day, to wit, +Ix, Ezanab, Ik, Cimi, and Oc, and read the line of numbers opposite +each, we shall find them corresponding precisely with those mentioned +here. For instance, those opposite _Ix_ the same as those opposite +_Cipactli_, &c. + +We further notice that these five names, _Cipactli_, _Coatl_, _Atl_, +_Acatl_, and _Ollin_, or, to use the English names, Dragon, Snake, +Water, Cane, and Movement, are precisely those of column 1 of the +arrangement of the Mexican days as heretofore given (Table XI). + +On plates 13-17 of the Vatican Codex, B, Kingsborough, Vol. III, we find +precisely the same arrangement as that just described, and where the +numerals are so distinct that there can be no doubt in regard to any of +them. The days are exactly the same--Cipactli, Coatl, Atl, Acatl, and +Ollin--and in the same order, but the plates are to be taken in the +reverse, order, commencing with 17, and the columns and lines are to be +read thus: Commencing at the bottom at the right hand, upward to the +top, and then along the line toward the left. + +On Plate 58 of the Borgian Codex we find six lines of days with five in +each line. Five out of these six lines are composed of the five days +just named, simply varied as to the respective positions they occupy in +the line, but maintaining the same order. + +On Plate 17, same Codex, we see two lines corresponding with the first +and second columns of the arrangement of the days heretofore given. + +But without further reference to these smaller or isolated groups, we +have conclusive proof of this method of arranging the days among the +Mexicans, in three extended series--one found on Plates 49-56 of the +Vatican Codex B; one on Plates 31-38 of the Borgian Codex, and another +on Plates 1-8 of the Bologna Codex. + +I give here the arrangement found in the first, which is precisely the +same as that of the Borgian Codex, except that this is to be read from +the left to the right, and that of the Borgian Codex from the right to +the left, both commencing with the bottom line (numbered 5 in the +following list): + +A photo-engraved copy of one plate of the former is also given in Fig. +5, as it furnishes proof that the days and the order in which they +follow each other are the same as I have given them. + +For the benefit of English readers the list is given in the English +equivalents of the Mexican names.[11] + +TABLE XIII. + + 1. Water. Dog. Monkey. Grass. Cane. + 2. Movement. Flint. Rain. Flower. Dragon. + 3. Snake. Death. Deer. Rabbit. Water. + 4. Cane. Tiger.[12] Eagle. Vulture. Movement. + 5. Dragon. Wind. House. Lizard. Snake. + + 1. Tiger. Eagle. Vulture. Movement. Flint. + 2. Wind. House. Lizard. Snake. Death. + 3. Dog. Monkey. Grass. Cane. Tiger. + 4. Flint. Rain. Flower. Dragon. Wind. + 5. Death. Deer. Rabbit. Water. Dog. + + 1. Rain. Flower. Dragon. Wind. House. + 2. Deer. Rabbit. Water. Dog. Monkey. + 3. Eagle. Vulture. Movement. Flint. Rain. + 4. House. Lizard. Snake. Death. Deer. + 5. Monkey. Grass. Cane. Tiger. Eagle. + + 1. Lizard. Snake. Death. Deer. Rabbit. + 2. Grass. Cane. Tiger. Eagle. Vulture. + 3. Flower. Dragon. Wind. House. Lizard. + 4. Rabbit. Water. Dog. Monkey. Grass. + 5. Vulture. Movement. Flint. Rain. Flower. + + 1. Water. Dog. Monkey. Grass. Cane. + 2. Movement. Flint. Rain. Flower. Dragon. + 3. Snake. Death. Deer. Rabbit. Water. + 4. Cane. Tiger. Eagle. Vulture. Movement. + 5. Dragon. Wind. House. Lizard. Snake. + + 1. Tiger. Eagle. Vulture. Movement. Flint. + 2. Wind. House. Lizard. Snake. Death. + 3. Dog. Monkey. Grass. Cane. Tiger. + 4. Flint. Rain. Flower. Dragon. Wind. + 5. Death. Deer. Rabbit. Water. Dog. + + 1. Rain. Flower. Dragon. Wind. House. + 2. Deer. Rabbit. Water. Dog. Monkey. + 3. Eagle. Vulture. Movement. Flint. Rain. + 4. House. Lizard. Snake. Death. Deer. + 5. Monkey. Grass. Cane. Tiger. Eagle. + + 1. Lizard. Snake. Death. Deer. Rabbit. + 2. Grass. Cane. Tiger. Eagle. Vulture. + 3. Flower. Dragon. Wind. House. Lizard. + 4. Rabbit. Water. Dog. Monkey. Grass. + 5. Vulture. Movement. Flint. Rain. Flower. + + 1. Water. Dog. Monkey. Grass. Cane. + 2. Movement. Flint. Rain. Flower. Dragon. + 3. Snake. Death. Deer. Rabbit. Water. + 4. Cane. Tiger. Eagle. Vulture. Movement. + 5. Dragon. Wind. House. Lizard. Snake. + + 1. Tiger.[13] Eagle. Vulture. Movement. Flint. + 2. Wind. House. Lizard. Snake. Death. + 3. Dog. Monkey. Grass. Cane. Tiger. + 4. Flint. Rain. Flower. Dragon. Wind. + 5. Death. Deer. Rabbit. Water. Dog. + + 1. Rain. Flower. + 2. Deer. Rabbit. + 3. Eagle. Vulture. + 4. House. Lizard. + 5. Monkey. Grass. + +If we examine the columns of this list, we see that each one contains +the days of some one of the four columns of the arrangement heretofore +given; not always in precisely the same order, but the same days. + +Without stopping to attempt a further explanation of this calendar or +_Tonalamatl_, which is not within the scope of our present purpose, I +merely remark that it is evidently a representation of the Mexican +"cycle of two hundred and sixty days," or thirteen months, the common +multiple of 4, 5, 13, and 20, and hence a cycle, at the completion of +which the day, numeral, &c. (except the month), will be the same as at +the beginning. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] Published in 1882, as a memoir of the Societe d'Ethnographie of +Paris. + +[2] Rosny says by mistake "Planche VII-VIII." + +[3] A study of the Manuscript Troano. + +[4] As the reduction of the cut prevents the insertion of the names of +the days, letters have been substituted for them in the quadrilateral or +inner ring as follows: + +_In the top line._--Ymix, _a_; Chicchan, _b_; Muluc, _c_; Been, _d_, and +Caban, _e_. + +_In the left column._--Cimi, _f_; Ik, _g_; Oc, _h_; Ix, _i_, and Ezanab, +_j_. + +_In the bottom line._--Akbal, _k_; Manik, _l_; Chuen, _m_; Men, _n_, and +Cauac, _o_. + +_In the right column._--Kan, _p_; Lamat, _q_; Eb, _r_; Ahau, _s_, and +Cib, _t_. + +[5] Study of the Manuscript Troano, p. 11. + +[6] It is worthy of note that the numerals on the plate apply only to +the years 1 Cauac, 1 Kan, 1 Muluc, and 1 Ix, the first years of an +Indication or week of years. + +[1][TN-7] _Manuscrit dit Mexicain No. 2._--The Bureau of Ethnology has +had the good fortune to obtain a copy of Duruy's photographic +reproduction of this Manuscript, of which, according to Leclerc +(Bibliotheca Americana), only ten copies were issued, though Brasseur in +his Bibliotheque Mexico-Guatemalienne (p. 95) affirms that the edition +consisted of fifty copies. The full title is as follows: "_Manuscrit dit +Mexicain No. 2 de la Bibliotheque Imperiale Photographie (sans +reduction). Par ordre de S. E. M. Duruy, Ministre de l'Instruction +publique, President de la Commission scientifique du Mexique._ Paris, +1864." + +Rosny has given a _fac-simile_ copy from the two plates here referred to +in Plate XVI of his _Essai sur le Dechiffrement de l'Ecriture +Hieratique_. + +[8] An illustration can be seen, on pp. 36-40, Study Manuscript Troano. + +[9] Study Manuscript Troano, p. 86. + +[10] Possibly each serpent represents one indication of thirteen years, +but the proper answer to this question is not important in the present +investigation. + +[11] In order to accommodate the list to the paging it is divided into +sections, the second section to follow to the right of the first; the +third to the right of the second, and so on to the last, as though +extended continuously to the right. Those numbered 1 would then form one +continuous transverse line, as would also those numbered 2,3, 4 and 5 +respectively. + +[12] In the original, _Deer_, certainly an error. + +[13] In the original, _Deer_. + + + + + +PLATE 44 OF THE FEJERVARY CODEX. + +As a connecting link between the particular topic now under discussion +and the consideration of the symbols of the cardinal points, I wish to +refer to one plate of the Fejervary Codex, to wit, Plate 44, a +_fac-simile_ of which is presented in Plate III: + +A little careful inspection of this plate will suffice to convince the +reader that it was gotten up upon the same plan and for the same purpose +as the "Tableau des Bacab," or plate copied from the Codex Cortesianus, +which is reproduced in our Plate I. + +The sacred tree or cross, which is represented but once in that plate, +and that in the central area, is here shown four times--once in each of +the four outer spaces opposite the four sides of the inner area. + +It is true we do not find here the intermediate ring (or quadrilateral), +of clays, but these are not wanting, for the four groups, corresponding +with those on the four sides of the quadrilateral, are here found at the +four corners wedged in between the colored loops, one group of five at +each corner. The chief marked resemblance is to be found in the outer +looped line, in which the day characters are connected by rows of dots. +But here the lines and loops, although almost precisely in the form, and +relation, to each other as in the plate of the Cortesian Codex, are +variously and brightly colored, and the rows of dots are inclosed by +lateral lines. + +Now for the proof that it is designed for the same purpose as the looped +line on the other plate. But it is necessary that I present first, in a +tabular form, a Mexican calendar (Table XIV) similar to the condensed +Maya calendar heretofore given. + +I also give, immediately following, a list of Mexican days for thirteen +months, the number necessary to make the circuit of the plate, just as +the list of Maya days heretofore given. In this case I have used the +English equivalents of the Mexican words for the benefit of English +readers. + +TABLE XIV.--Condensed Mexican calendar. + + ____________________________________________________________________ + | | | | _Numbers of the months._ + | | | |______________________________________ + Tochtli|Acatl |Tecpatl|Calli | | | | | | | | | | | | | + years.|years.| years.|years.| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9|10|11|12|13 + | | | |14|15|16|17|18| | | | | | | | + -------+------+-------+------+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+-- + [ 1] | [ 6] | [11] | [16] | 1| 8| 2| 9| 3|10| 4|11| 5|12| 6|13| 7 + [ 2] | [ 7] | [12] | [17] | 2| 9| 3|10| 4|11| 5|12| 6|13| 7| 1| 8 + [ 3] | [ 8] | [13] | [18] | 3|10| 4|11| 5|12| 6|13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9 + [ 4] | [ 9] | [14] | [19] | 4|11| 5|12| 6|13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3|10 + [ 5] | [10] | [15] | [20] | 5|12| 6|13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3|10| 4|11 + [ 6] | [11] | [16] | [ 1] | 6|13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3|10| 4|11| 5|12 + [ 7] | [12] | [17] | [ 2] | 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3|10| 4|11| 5|12| 6|13 + [ 8] | [13] | [18] | [ 3] | 8| 2| 9| 3|10| 4|11| 5|12| 6|13| 7| 1 + [ 9] | [14] | [19] | [ 4] | 9| 3|10| 4|11| 5|12| 6|13| 7| 1| 8| 2 + [10] | [15] | [20] | [ 5] |10| 4|11| 5|12| 6|13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3 + [11] | [16] | [ 1] | [ 6] |11| 5|12| 6|13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3|10| 4 + [12] | [17] | [ 2] | [ 7] |12| 6|13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3|10| 4|11| 5 + [13] | [18] | [ 3] | [ 8] |13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3|10| 4|11| 5|12| 6 + [14] | [19] | [ 4] | [ 9] | 1| 8| 2| 9| 3|10| 4|11| 5|12| 6|13| 7 + [15] | [20] | [ 5] | [10] | 2| 9| 3|10| 4|11| 5|12| 6|13| 7| 1| 8 + [16] | [ 1] | [ 6] | [11] | 3|10| 4|11| 5|12| 6|13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9 + [17] | [ 2] | [ 7] | [12] | 4|11| 5|12| 6|13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3|10 + [18] | [ 3] | [ 8] | [13] | 5|12| 6|13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3|10| 4|11 + [19] | [ 4] | [ 9] | [14] | 6|13| 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3|10| 4|11| 5|12 + [20] | [ 5] | [10] | [15] | 7| 1| 8| 2| 9| 3|10| 4|11| 5|12| 6|13 + -------------------------------------------------------------------- + + [ 1] Cozcaquauhtli. [11] Miquiztli. + [ 2] Ollin. [12] Mazatl. + [ 3] Tecpatl. [13] Tochtli. + [ 4] Quiahuitl. [14] Atl. + [ 5] Xochitl. [15] Itzcuintli. + [ 6] Cipactli. [16] Ozomatli. + [ 7] Ehecatl. [17] Malinalli. + [ 8] Calli. [18] Acatl. + [ 9] Cuetzpalin. [19] Ocelotl. + [10] Coatl. [20] Quauhtli. + +This calendar begins the year _Acatl_ with Cipactli to correspond with +what I believe to have been the plan on which the Fejervary plate was +made; this, as will be seen, does not agree with what is generally +supposed to have been the usual method. The following table of days can +be used for either year, but commences as the Acatl years in the +preceding calendar. + +[Illustration: PL. III Fac-simile of Plate 44, Fejervary Codex.] + +TABLE XV.--A LIST OF MEXICAN DAYS FOR THIRTEEN MONTHS. + +[The dark lines indicate the points where the months end.][TN-11] + + 1. Dragon. 8. Dragon. 2. Dragon. 9. Dragon. + 2. Wind. 9. Wind. 3. Wind. 10. Wind. + 3. House. 10. House 4. House. 11. House. + 4. Lizard. 11. Lizard. 5. Lizard. 12. Lizard. + 5. Snake. 12. Snake. 6. Snake. 13. Snake. + 6. Death. 13. Death. 7. Death 1. Death. + 7. Deer. 1. Deer. 8. Deer. 2. Deer. + 8. Rabbit. 2. Rabbit. 9. Rabbit. 3. Rabbit. + 9. Water. 3. Water. 10. Water. 4. Water. + 10. Dog. 4. Dog. 11. Dog. 5. Dog. + 11. Monkey. 5. Monkey. 12. Monkey. 6. Monkey. + 12. Grass. 6. Grass. 13. Grass. 7. Grass. + 13. Cane. 7. Cane. 1. Cane. 8. Cane. + 1. Tiger. 8. Tiger. 2. Tiger. 9. Tiger. + 2. Eagle. 9. Eagle. 3. Eagle. 10. Eagle. + 3. Vulture. 10. Vulture. 4. Vulture. 11. Vulture. + 4. Movement. 11. Movement. 5. Movement. 12. Movement. + 5. Flint. 12. Flint. 6. Flint. 13. Flint. + 6. Rain. 13. Rain. 7. Rain. 1. Rain. + [7. Flower.] [1. Flower.] [8. Flower.] [2. Flower.] + + 3. Dragon. 10. Dragon. 4. Dragon. 11. Dragon. + 4. Wind. 11. Wind. 5. Wind. 12. Wind. + 5. House. 12. House. 6. House. 13. House. + 6. Lizard. 13. Lizard. 7. Lizard. 1. Lizard. + 7. Snake. 1. Snake. 8. Snake. 2. Snake. + 8. Death. 2. Death. 9. Death. 3. Death. + 9. Deer. 3. Deer. 10. Deer. 4. Deer. + 10. Rabbit. 4. Rabbit. 11. Rabbit. 5. Rabbit. + 11. Water. 5. Water. 12. Water. 6. Water. + 12. Dog. 6. Dog. 13. Dog. 7. Dog. + 13. Monkey 7. Monkey 1. Monkey. 8. Monkey. + 1. Grass. 8. Grass. 2. Grass. 9. Grass. + 2. Cane. 9. Cane. 3. Cane. 10. Cane. + 3. Tiger. 10. Tiger. 4. Tiger. 11. Tiger. + 4. Eagle. 11. Eagle. 5. Eagle. 12. Eagle. + 5. Vulture. 12. Vulture. 6. Vulture. 13. Vulture. + 6. Movement. 13. Movement. 7. Movement. 1. Movement. + 7. Flint. 1. Flint. 8. Flint. 2. Flint. + 8. Rain. 2. Rain. 9. Rain. 3. Rain. + [9. Flower.] [3. Flower.] [10. Flower.] [4. Flower.] + + 5. Dragon. 12. Dragon. 6. Dragon. 13. Dragon. + 6. Wind. 13. Wind. 7. Wind. 1. Wind. + 7. House. 1. House. 8. House. 2. House. + 8. Lizard. 2. Lizard. 9. Lizard. 3. Lizard. + 9. Snake. 3. Snake. 10. Snake. 4. Snake. + 10. Death. 4. Death. 11. Death 5. Death. + 11. Deer. 5. Deer. 12. Deer. 6. Deer. + 12. Rabbit. 6. Rabbit. 13. Rabbit. 7. Rabbit. + 13. Water. 7. Water. 1. Water. 8. Water. + 1. Dog. 8. Dog. 2. Dog. 9. Dog. + 2. Monkey. 9. Monkey. 3. Monkey. 10. Monkey. + 3. Grass. 10. Grass. 4. Grass. 11. Grass. + 4. Cane. 11. Cane. 5. Cane. 12. Cane. + 5. Tiger. 12. Tiger. 6. Tiger. 13. Tiger. + 6. Eagle. 13. Eagle. 7. Eagle. 1. Eagle. + 7. Vulture. 1. Vulture. 8. Vulture. 2. Vulture. + 8. Movement. 2. Movement. 9. Movement. 3. Movement. + 9. Flint. 3. Flint. 10. Flint. 4. Flint. + 10. Rain. 4. Rain. 11. Rain. 5. Rain. + [11. Flower.] [5. Flower.] [12. Flower.] [6. Flower.] + + 7. Dragon. + 6. Wind. + 9. House. + 10. Lizard. + 11. Snake. + 12. Death. + 13. Deer. + 1. Rabbit. + 2. Water. + 3. Dog. + 4. Monkey. + 5. Grass. + 6. Cane. + 7. Tiger. + 8. Eagle. + 9. Vulture. + 10. Movement. + 11. Flint. + 12. Rain. + 13. Flower. + +Although the Mexican equivalents of these names may be inferred from +what has already been given, I will insert the Mexican and English names +of the twenty days here, opposite each other. + +TABLE XVI. + + _Mex._ _Eng._ _Mex._ _Eng._ + Cipactli (Dragon). Ozomatli (Monkey). + Ehecatl (Wind). Malinalli (Grass). + Calli (House). Acatl (Cane). + Cuetzpalin (Lizard). Ocelotl (Tiger). + Coatl (Snake). Quauhtli (Eagle). + Miquiztli (Death). Cozcaquauhtli (Vulture). + Mazatl (Deer). Ollin (Movement). + Tochtli (Rabbit). Tecpatl (Flint). + Atl (Water). Quiahuitl (Rain). + Itzcuintli (Dog). Xochitl (Flower). + +Examining the looped line, Plate III, we notice at each of the outer and +inner bends one of the day symbols. (In the plate of the Cortesian Codex +there are two.) We therefore take for granted that this is the _first_ +day of the week, or indication of _thirteen days_, hence we should +commence with Cipactli (or Dragon). This we find at the upper right hand +corner of the inner square or right base of the large red loop. Judging +from the direction of the birds' heads and other facts heretofore noted, +we presume the direction in which we are to move is around toward the +left. Counting the day symbol as one, and each of the twelve dots up the +red line as one day, we come to the symbol in the upper right-hand +corner of the loop as the first day of the next week. This we find is +Ocelotl (Tiger), just as we find it to be in the calendar table and list +of days. Moving along the upper red line to the corner at the left we +find the next character is Mazatl (or Deer), agreeing exactly with the +calendar and list. Moving down the left red line to the inner corner we +come to the symbol for Xochitl (or Flower), also agreeing with the +calendar and list. Proceeding from thence up the white line we reach +next the symbol for the day Acatl (Cane) in the red circle surrounded by +a yellow line. Here we see a marked distinction between this and the +other day symbols we have named, a distinction which applies only to the +four at the corners--the four year symbols--_Acatl_, _Tecpatl_, _Calli_, +and _Tochtli_. + +In order that the reader may compare the names in this looped line with +the calendar, I present here a scheme of it similar to that given of +the plate from the Cortesian Codex. The explanation given of the other +will enable him to make the comparison without further aid. + +[Illustration: FIG. 6.--Scheme of Plate 44, Fejervary Codex.] + +The numbers in the little circles at the corners and loops replace the +days of the original as follows: 1, Cipactli; 2, Ocelotl; 3, Mazatl; 4, +Xochitl; 5, Acatl; 6, Miquiztli; 7, Quiahuitl; 8, Malinalli; 9, Coatl; +10, Tecpatl; 14, Ozomatli; 12, Cuetzpalin; 13, Ollin; 14, Itzcuintli; +15, Calli; 16, Cozcaquauhtli; 17, Atl; 18, Echecatl;[TN-12] 19, Quauhtli; +20, Tochtli. + +As before stated, the four groups of five day symbols are found wedged +in between the loops at the corners. + +In the upper left-hand corner we see the following: Cipactli, Acatl, +Coatl, Ollin, and Atl (or, to give the English equivalents in the same +order, Dragon, Cane, Snake, Movement, and Water), the same as those of +column 1 of Tables XI and XII. In the lower left-hand corner, Ehecatl, +Itzcuintli, Tecpatl, Miquiztli, and Ocelotl (Wind, Dog, Flint, Death, +and Tiger), the same as column 2; in the lower right-hand corner, +Quauhtli, Calli, Ozomatli, Quiahuitl, and Mazatl (Eagle, House, Monkey, +Rain, and Deer), the same as column 3; and in the upper right-hand +corner, Tochtli, Cozcaquauhtli, Cuetzpalin, Malinalli, and Xochitl +(Rabbit, Vulture, Lizard, Grass, Flower), the same as column 4. But the +arrangement of the days in the respective columns, as in the "Table of +the Bacabs," varies from that obtained by placing the days of the month +in four groups, as heretofore explained. + +Turning again to the plate of the Cortesian Codex, as shown in our Plate +2,[TN-13] I call attention first to the heavy black <b>L</b>-shaped figures. I +presume from the number--eighteen--and the fact that they are found in +the line of weeks they are symbols of, or denote the months, but am +unable to suggest any explanation of their use in this connection. I +find nothing to correspond with them in either of the plates of the +Mexican Codices referred to. + + + + +SYMBOLS OF THE CARDINAL POINTS. + +We are now prepared to enter upon the discussion of the symbols of the +cardinal points, of which figures have already been given in connection +with the quotations from Rosny's work (Fig. 1), but as I shall have +occasion to refer to them very frequently I again present them in Fig. +7. + +[Illustration: FIG. 7.--Symbols of the cardinal points.] + +As it is conceded by all who have discussed this subject, that _a_ and +_c_ must be assigned to the east and west or equatorial points, the only +dispute being as to which should be referred to the east and which to +the west, it follows that the others must be referred to the polar +points. As each one of the four areas or compartments contains one of +these symbols--the top or upper compartment _a_, the left-hand _b_, the +bottom _c_, and the right-hand _d_--we naturally infer that the other +figures in these compartments have some reference to the cardinal points +with which they are respectively associated. + +I think that Rosny is correct in assuming that this plate places these +symbols in their proper positions, and hence that if we can determine +one with satisfactory certainty this will determine the rest. If their +correct positions are given anywhere it would seem that it would be +here, in what is evidently a general calendar table or possibly a +calendar wheel. + +I have already discussed the question of the assignment of the cardinal +symbols to some extent in my former work,[14] and will take for granted +that the reader is familiar with what is there stated. + +That one of the two characters _a_ and _c_ (Fig. 7), denotes the _east_ +or sunrise and the other _west_ or sunset, may, I think, be safely +assumed from what is given in the work mentioned, and from the evidence +presented by Rosny,[15] and Schultz-Sellack.[16] But which, east and +which west is the rock on which the deductions have been, so far, split +asunder; Rosny and Schultz-Sellack maintaining that _a_ is west and _c_ +east, and I that _a_ is east and _c_ west. If we admit that they are +correctly placed on this plate it necessitates the admission on my part +that I have been incorrect in my reference of two of them. If _a_ is +east then I have reversed those denoting north and south; if it is west, +then I was correct as to those denoting north and south, but have +reversed those indicating east and west. + +Without at present stating the result of my re-examination of this +subject I shall enter at once upon the discussion, leaving this to +appear as we proceed. + +It is well known that each of the dominical days or year-bearers +(_Cuch-haab_, as they were termed by the Mayas), Kan, Muluc, Ix, and +Cauac, was referred to one of the four cardinal points. Our first step, +therefore, is to determine the points to which these days were +respectively assigned. + +I have given in my former paper[17] my reasons for believing that Cauac +was referred to the south, Kan to the east, Muluc to the north, and Ix +to the west, from which I quote the following as a basis for further +argument: + +"Landa, Cogulludo, and Perez tell us that each of the four dominical +days was referred by the Indians to one of the four cardinal points. As +the statements of these three authorities appear at first sight to +conflict with each other, let us see if we can bring them into harmony +without resorting to a violent construction of the language used. Perez' +statement is clear and distinct, and as it was made by one thoroughly +conversant with the manners and customs of the natives, and also with +all the older authorities, it is doubtless correct. + +"He says, 'The Indians made a little wheel in which they placed the +initial days of the year. _Kan_ at the _east_, _Muluc_ at the _north_, +_Gix_ or _Hix_ at the _west_, and _Cauac_ at the _south_, to be counted +in the same order.' + +"The statement of Cogulludo, which agrees substantially with this, is as +follows: 'They fixed the first year at the east, to which they gave the +name _Cuch-haab;_ the second at the west, and called it _Hiix;_ the the +third at the south, named _Cauac_, and the fourth, _Muluc_, at the +north.' + +"Turning now to Landa's work (_Relac. de las Cosas_, Sec.Sec. XXXIV), we are +somewhat surprised to find the following language: 'The first of these +dominical letters is _Kan_. * * * They placed this on the south, side. +* * * The second letter is _Muluc_, which is placed on the eastern side. +* * * The third of these letters is _Yx_, * * * and it signified the +northern side. The fourth letter is _Cauac_, which is assigned to +the-western side.' + +"This, as we see, places Kan at the south, Muluc at the east, Ix at the +north, and Cauac at the west, conflicting directly with the statements +made by Cogulludo and Perez. If we turn now to the description of the +four feasts as given by Landa, and heretofore quoted, I think we shall +find an explanation of this difference. From his account of the feast at +the commencement of the Kan year (the intercalated days of the Cauac +year) we learn that first they made an idol called _Kan-u-uayeyab_, +which they bore to the heap of stones on the south side of the Village; +next they made a statue of the god _Bolon-Zacab_, which they placed in +the house of the elected chief, or chief chosen for the occasion. This +done they returned to the idol on the southern stone heap, where certain +religious ceremonies were performed, after which they returned with the +idol to the house, where they placed it _vis-a-vis_ with the other, just +as we see in the lower division of Plates XX-XXIII of the Manuscript +Troano. Here they kept constant vigil until the unlucky days +(_Uayeyab-haab_) had expired and the new Kan year appeared; then they +took the statue of _Bolon-Zacab_ to the temple and the other idol to the +heap of stones at the _east_ side of the village, where it was to remain +during the year, doubtless intended as a constant reminder to the common +people of what year was passing. + +"Similar transfers were made at the commencement of the other years; at +that of Muluc, first to the east, then to the house, and then to its +final resting place on the _north_ side; of Ix, first to the north, then +to the _west_; of Cauac, first to the west, then to the _south_. + +"This movement agrees precisely with the order given by Perez; the final +resting places of their idols for the year being the cardinal points of +the dominical days where he fixes them; that is, Kan at the _east_, +Muluc at the _north_, Ix at the _west_, and Cauac at the _south_. There +is, therefore, no real disagreement between these authorities on this +point." + +Most of the modern authors who have touched upon this topic, although in +some cases apparently at sea, without any fixed opinion on the subject, +are disposed to follow Landa's statement, without comparing it with his +account of the supplemental days, and appear to rely upon it rather than +upon the statements of Cogulludo and Perez; and hence they refer Kan to +the south, Muluc to the east, Ix to the north, and Cauac to the west. + +Brasseur, in his _Histoire des Nations civilisees du Mexique et de +l'Amerique Centrale_,[18] assigns Kan to the east, Muluc to the north, +Hix to the west, and Cauac to the south. But in his supplement to +_Etudes sur le Manuscrit Troano_,[19] and in his note to Landa's +_Relacion_,[20] refers Kan to the south, Muluc to the east, Ix to the +north, and Cauac to the west, although afterwards, in the same work, in +a note to Perez' _Cronologia_, he quotes Cogulludo's statement without +explanation or objection. + +Dr. Brinton, in his _Myths of the New World_,[21] places these dominical +days at the same points to which I have assigned them--Kan at the east, +&c.--although referring in a note at the same place to the very page of +Landa's _Relacion_, where they are assigned as given by Rosny. In a +subsequent work, _Hero Myths_, referring to the same passage in Landa, +and with Cogulludo's work before him, he assigns them to the same points +as Rosny--Kan to the south, &c.--yet without any reference whatever to +his former expressed opinion. + +Schultz-Sellack, in an article entitled _Die Amerikanischen Gotter der +vier Weltrichtungen und ihre Tempel in Palanque_, in the _Zeitschrift +fuer Ethnologie_ for 1879,[22] comes to the same conclusion as Rosny. + +Rosny's opinion on this subject has already been quoted.[23] + +From these facts it is evident that the assignment of the dominical days +to their respective cardinal points has not as yet been satisfactorily +determined, but that the tendency at the present day is to follow +Landa's simple statement rather than Cogulludo and Perez. This is +caused, I presume, in part, by the fact that certain colors--yellow, +red, white, and black--were also referred to the cardinal points, and +because it is supposed that among the Maya nations yellow was +appropriated to Kan, red to Muluc, white to Ix, and black to Cauac; and +as the first appears to be more appropriate to the south, red to the +east or sunrise, white to the north or region of snow, and black to the +west or sunset, therefore this is the correct assignment. + +But there is nothing given to show that this was the reason for the +selection or reference of these colors by the inhabitants of Central +America. + +This brings another factor into the discussion and widens the field of +our investigation; and as but little, save the terms applied to or +connected with the dominical days, is to be found in regard to the Maya +custom in this respect, we are forced to refer to the Mexican custom as +the next best evidence. But it is proper to state first that the chief, +and, so far as I am aware, the only, authority for the reference of the +colors named to the four Maya days, is found in the names applied to +them by Landa.[24] + +According to this writer, the other names applied to the _Bacab_ of Kan, +were _Hobnil_, _Kanil-Bacab_, _Kan-Pauahtun_, and _Kan-Xib-Chac;_ to +that of Muluc, _Canzienal_, _Chacal-Bacab_, _Chac-Pauahtun_, and +_Chac-Xib-Chac;_ to that of Ix, _Zac-Ziui_, _Zacal-Bacab_, +_Zac-Pauahtun_, and _Zac-Xib-Chac;_ and to that of Cauac, _Hozen-Ek_, +_Ekel-Bacab_, _Ek-Pauahtun_, and _Ek-Xib-Chac_. As _Kan_ or _Kanil_ of +the first signifies _yellow_, _Chac_ or _Chacal_ of the second signifies +_red_, _Zac_ or _Zacal_, of the third _white_, and _Ek_ or _Ekel_, of +the fourth _black_, it has been assumed, and, I think, correctly, that +these colors were usually referred to these days, or rather to the +cardinal points indicated, respectively, by these day symbols. If there +is any other authority for this conclusion in the works of the earlier +writers, I have so far been unable to find it. + +If the figures in our plate are properly and distinctly colored in the +original Codex Cortesianus, this might form one aid in settling this +point, but, as we shall hereafter see, the colors really afford very +little assistance, as they are varied for different purposes. + +Rosny gives us no information on this point, hence our discussion must +proceed without this knowledge, as we have no opportunity of referring +to the original. I may remark that it is the opinion of the artist, Mr. +Holmes, from an inspection of the photograph, that the plate was at +least partially colored. + +M. de Charencey, who has studied with much care the custom of +identifying colors with the cardinal points in both the New and Old +World, believes that in Mexico and Central America the original system +was to refer yellow to the east, black to the north, white to the west, +and red to the south.[25] + +When we turn to the Mexican system we find the data greatly increased, +but, unfortunately, the difficulties and confusion are increased in like +proportion. Here we have not only the four dominical days and the four +colors, but also the four ages, four elements, and four seasons, all +bearing some relation in this system to the four cardinal points. It +will be necessary, therefore, for us to carry along with us these +several ideas in our attempt to arrive at a satisfactory conclusion on +this complicated and mystified subject. + +Before referring to the codices I will present the conclusions of the +principal authorities who have devoted any attention to this question. +Sahagun says, "The names that they gave to the four parts of the earth +are these: Vitzlampa, the south; Tlapcopcopa, the east; Mictlampa, the +north; Coatlampa, the west. The names of the figures dedicated to these +parts are these: Tochtli, the rabbit, was dedicated to Vitzlampi, the +south; Acatl, the cane, to the east; Tecpatl, the flint, to the north; +Calli, the house, to the west; * * * * and at the end of fifty-two years +the count came back to _Cetochtliacatl_, which is the figure of the +reed, dedicated to the east, which they called _Tlapcopcopa_ and +_Tlavilcopa_, nearly towards the fire or the sun. Tecpatl, which is the +figure of a flint, was dedicated to Mictlampa, nearly towards hell, +because they believed that the dead went towards the north. For which +reason, in the superstition which represented the dead as covered with +mantas (cloths) and their bodies bound, they made them sit with their +faces turned toward the north, or Mictlampa. The fourth figure was the +house, and was dedicated to the west, which they called Cioatlampa, +which is nearly toward the house of the women, for they held the opinion +that the dead women, who are goddesses, live in the west, and that the +dead men, who are in the house of the sun, guide him from the east with +rejoicings every day, until they arrive at midday, and that the defunct +women, whom they regard as goddesses, and call Cioapipiltin, come out +from the west to receive him at midday and carry him with rejoicing to +the west."[26] + +Veytia's statement in regard to the same subject is as follows: + +"The symbols, then, which were used in the aforesaid monarchies for the +numeration of their years were these four: Tecpatl, that signifies +flint; Calli, the house; Tochtli, the rabbit; and Acatl, the reed. * * * +The material signification of the names are those just given, but the +allegories that they wished to set forth by them are the four elements, +which they understood to be the origin of all composite matter, and into +which all things could be resolved. + +"They gave to fire the first place, as the most noble of all, and +symbolized it by the flint. * * * By the hieroglyphic of 'the house' +they represent the element earth, and gave it the second place in their +initial characters. + +"By the rabbit they symbolized the air, * * * and represented it in +various ways, among which was the sign of the holy cross. * * * + +"Finally the fourth initial character, which is the reed, which is the +proper meaning of the word Acatl, is the hieroglyphic of the element +water."[27] + +At page 48: "It is to be noted that most of the old calendars--those of +the cycles as well as those of years and months, which they used to form +in circles and squares, ran from the right to the left, in the way the +orientals write and not as we are accustomed to form such figures. + +* * * But they did not maintain this order in the figures that they +painted and used as hieroglyphics in them, but placed them some looking +to one side and some to the other." + +Gemelli Carreri[28] writes as follows in regard to the Mexican calendar +system: + +"A snake turned itself round into a circle and in the body of the +serpent there were four divisions. The first denoted the south, in that +language call'd _Uutzlampa_, whose hieroglyphick was a rabbit in a blew +field, which they called _Tochtli_. Lower was the part that signify'd +the east, called _Tlacopa_ or _Tlahuilcopa_, denoted by a cane in a red +field, call'd _Acatl_. The hieroglyphick of the north, or Micolampa, +was a sword pointed with flint, call'd _Tecpatl_, in a yellow field. +That of the west or _Sihuatlampa_, was a house in a green field, and +called _Cagli_. * * * + +"These four divisions were the beginning of the four terms that made up +the age. Between every two on the inside of the snake were twelve small +divisions, among which the four first names or figures were successively +distributed, giving every one its number to thirteen, which was the +number of years that composed an indication; the like was done in the +second indication with the same names from one to thirteen, and so in +the third and fourth, till they finished the circle of fifty-two years. +* * * From what has been said above, there arise several doubts; the +first is, why they begin to reckon-their years from the south; the +second, why they made use of the four figures, of a rabbit, a cane, a +flint, and a house." + +He then goes on to state that the Mexicans believed the sun or light +first appeared in the south, and that hell or inferno was in the north; +then adds the following: + +"Having found this analogy between the age and the year, they would +carry the similitude or proportions on further, and, as in the year +there are four seasons, so they would adapt the like to the age, and +accordingly they appointed _Tochtli_ for its beginning in the south, as +it were, the spring and youth of the sun's age; _Acatl_ for the summer, +_Tecpatl_ for the autumn, and _Cagli_ for his old age or winter. + +"These figures so disposed were also the hieroglyphicks of the elements, +which is the second doubt; for _Tochtli_ was dedicated to _Tevacayohua_, +god of earth; _Acatl_ to _Tlalocatetuhtli_, god of water; _Tecpatl_ to +_Chetzahcoatl_, god of air; and _Cagli_ to _Xiuhtecuhil_, god of +fire. * * * + +"The days _Cipactli_, _Michitzli_, _Ozomatli_, and _Cozcaquauhtli_ are +companions to--that is, in all respects follow--the order of the four +figures that denote the years of an age, viz, _Tochtli_, _Acatl_, +_Tecpatl_, and _Cagli_, to signify that every year whose symbol is +_Tochtli_ will have _Cipactli_ for the first day of the month; that +whose symbol or distinctive mark is _Acatl_ will have _Michitzli_ for +the first of the month; _Tecpatl_ will have _Ozomatli_, and _Cagli_ will +have _Cozcaquauhtli_." + +Clavigero[29] agrees with Gemelli in reference to the correspondence of +the year symbols with the first days of the years, and inserts the +following remark in a note: + +"Cav. Boturini says that the year of the rabbet began uniformly with the +day of the rabbet, the year of the cane with the day of the cane, &c., +and never with the days which we have mentioned; but we ought to give +more faith to Siguenza, who was certainly better informed in Mexican +antiquity. The system of this gentleman is fantastical and full of +contradictions." + +From this statement we infer that Siguenza held the same opinion on this +point as Clavigero and Gemelli. + +Boturini[30] gives the following arrangement of the "symbols of the four +parts or angles of the world," comparing it with that of Gemelli. + + "Gemelli. "Boturini. + + 1. Tochtli = South. 1. Tecpatl = South. + 2. Acatl = East. 2. Calli = East. + 3. Tecpatl = North. 3. Tochtli = North. + 4. Calli = West." 4. Acatl = West." + +SYMBOLS OF THE FOUR ELEMENTS. + + "Gemelli. "Boturini. + + 1. Tochtli = Earth. 1. Tecpatl = Fire. + 2. Acatl = Water. 2. Calli = Earth. + 3. Tecpatl = Air. 3. Tochtli = Air. + 4. Calli = Fire." 4. Acatl = Water." + +Herrera speaks only of the year symbols and colors, and, although he +does not directly connect them, indicates his understanding in regard +thereto by the order in which he mentions them:[31] + +"They divided the year into four signs, being four figures, the one of a +house, another of a rabbit, the third of a cane, the fourth of a flint, +and by them they reckoned the year as it passed on, saying, such a thing +happened at so many houses or at so many flints of such a wheel or +rotation, because their life being as it were an age, contained four +weeks of years consisting of thirteen, so that the whole made up +fifty-two years. They painted a sun in the middle from which issued four +lines or branches in a cross to the circumference of the wheel, and they +turned so that they divided it into four parts, and the circumference +and each of them moved with its branch of the same color; which were +four, _Green_, _Blue_, _Red_, and _Yellow_; and each of those parts had +thirteen subdivisions with the sign of a house, a rabbit, a cane, or a +flint." + +From this statement I presume his arrangement would be as follows: + + Calli -- Green. + Tochtli -- Blue. + Acatl -- Red. + Tecpatl -- Yellow. + +Still, this is at best but a supposition. It is evident that he had +before him or referred to a wheel similar to that figured by Duran in +his _Historia de las Indias_, as his description agrees with it in every +respect, except as to the arrangement of the colors. + +According to Duran[32] "The circle was divided into four parts, each +part containing thirteen years, the first part pertaining to the east, +the second to the north, the third to the west, and the fourth to the +south. The first part, which pertained to the east, was called the +thirteen years of the _Cane_, and in each house of the thirteen was +painted a cane, and the number of the corresponding year. * * * The +second part applied to the north, in which were other thirteen houses +(divisions), called the thirteen houses of the _Flint_, and there were +also painted in each one a flint and the number of the year. * * * The +third part, that which appertained to the west, was called the thirteen +_Houses_; there were also painted in this thirteen little houses, and +joined to each the number of the year. * * * In the fourth and last part +were other thirteen years called the thirteen houses of the _Rabbit_, +and in each of these houses were also likewise painted the head of a +rabbit, and joined to it a number." + +[Illustration: FIG. 8--Calendar wheel from Duran.] + +The plate or figure accompanying this statement[33] is a wheel in the +form shown in Fig. 8, the quadrant _a_ green, with thirteen figures of +the cane in it; _b_ red, with thirteen figures of the flint in it; _c_ +yellow with thirteen figures of the house in it, and _d_ blue, with +thirteen figures of the rabbit's head in it, each figure with its +appropriate numeral. At the top is the word "Oriente," at the left +"Norte," at the bottom "Occidente," and at the right "Sur." + +Although this figure was evidently made by this author or for him, it +expresses his understanding of the assignment of the years and +arrangement of the colors as ascertained from the data accessible to +him. + +His arrangement will therefore be as follows: + + Acatl -- East -- Green. + Tecpatl -- North -- Red. + Calli -- West -- Yellow. + Tochtli -- South -- Blue. + +We find the same idea frequently expressed in the codices now +accessible, as, for example, the Borgian and the Vatican B, though the +colors do not often correspond with Duran's arrangement. + +Shultz-Sellack,[34][TN-14] in his article heretofore quoted, arranges the +colors in connection with the dominical days in the Maya system as +follows: + + Kan -- South -- Yellow. + Muluc -- East -- Red. + Ix -- North -- White. + Cauac -- West -- Black. + +He does not appear to be so clear in reference to the Mexican system, in +fact he seems to avoid the question of the assignment of the year +symbols. His arrangement, as far as I can understand it, is as follows: + + --? Quetzalcoatl -- South -- Wind -- Yellow. + --? Huitzilopuchtli -- East -- Fire -- Red. + --? Tezcatlipoca -- North -- Water -- White. + --? Tlaloc -- West -- Earth -- Black. + +Orozco y Berra[35] gives his preference to the opinion of Sahagun, which +has already been quoted, and which is the same as that held by +Torquemada.[36] + +The most thorough and extensive discussion of this subject which has so +far been made, is by Dr. D. Alfredo Chavero, in the _Anales del Museo +Nacional de Mexico_.[37] + +According to this author, who had access not only to the older as well +as more recent authorities usually referred to, but also to the +manuscript of Fabrigat and the Codex Chimalpopoca or Quauhtitlan, the +order of the year symbols or year bearers--Tecpatl, Calli, Acatl, and +Tochtli--varied "_segun les[TN-15] pueblos_," the Toltecs commencing the +cycle with _Tecpatl_, those of Teotihuacan with _Calli_, those of +Tezcuco with _Acatl_, and the Mexicans with _Tochtli_.[38] He also +shows that the relation and order of the four ages or creations and +elements in regard to the cardinal points, are by no means uniform, not +only in the Spanish and early authorities, but in the codices and +monuments (supposing his interpretation to be correct). + +His arrangement, as derived from the leading codices, is as follows: + + Tochtli -- South -- Earth. + Acatl -- East -- Water. + Tecpatl -- North -- Fire. + Calli -- West -- Air. + +In order that the various views may be seen at a glance, I give here a +tabulated _resume_: + +MEXICAN SYMBOLS OF THE CARDINAL POINTS. + + _Veytia._ + + 1. Tecpatl -- Flint -- Fire. + 2. Calli -- House -- Earth. + 3. Tochtli -- Rabbit -- Air. + 4. Acatl -- Cane -- Water. + + _Sahagun._ + + 1. Tochtli -- Rabbit -- South. + 2. Acatl -- Cane -- East. "Toward the fire or sun." + 3. Tecpatl -- Flint -- North. "Nearly towards hell." + 4. Calli -- House -- West. "Towards the house of women." + + _Gemelli._ + + 1. Tochtli -- Rabbit -- South -- Blue -- Earth -- Cipactli. + 2. Acatl -- Cane -- East -- Red -- Water -- Michiztli. + 3. Tecpatl -- Flint -- North -- Yellow -- Air -- Ozomatli. + 4. Calli -- House -- West -- Green -- Fire -- Cozcaquauhtli. + + _Boturini._ + + 1. Tecpatl -- Flint -- South -- Fire. + 2. Calli -- House -- East -- Earth. + 3. Tochtli -- Rabbit -- North -- Air. + 4. Acatl -- Cane -- West -- Water. + + _Herrera._ + + Calli -- House -- Green. + Tochtli -- Rabbit -- Blue. + Acatl -- Cane -- Red. + Tecpatl -- Flint -- Yellow. + + _Duran._ + + 1. Acatl -- Cane -- East -- Green. + 2. Tecpatl -- Flint -- North -- Red. + 3. Calli -- House -- West -- Yellow. + 4. Tochtli -- Rabbit -- South -- Blue. + + _Schultz-Sellack._ + + 1. -- ? -- Quetzalcoatl -- South -- Wind -- Yellow. + 2. -- ? -- Huitzilopuchtli -- East -- Fire -- Red. + 3. -- ? -- Tezcatlipoca -- North -- Water -- White. + 4. -- ? -- Tlaloc -- West -- Earth -- Black. + + _Charencey._ + + 1. -- ? -- East -- Yellow. + 2. -- ? -- North -- Black. + 3. -- ? -- West -- White. + 4. -- ? -- South -- Red.[39] + + _Orozco y Berra._ + + 1. Tochtli -- Rabbit -- South -- Air. + 2. Acatl -- Cane -- East -- Water. + 3. Tecpatl -- Flint -- North -- Fire. + 4. Calli -- House -- West -- Earth. + + _Chavero._ + + 1. Tochtli -- Rabbit -- South -- Earth. + 2. Acatl -- Cane -- East -- Water. + 3. Tecpatl -- Flint -- North -- Fire. + 4. Calli -- House -- West -- Air. + +Judging from the differences shown in these lists, we are forced to the +conclusion that no entirely satisfactory result has been reached in +reference to the assignment of the different symbols to the cardinal +points; still a careful analysis will bring out the fact that there is a +strong prevalency of opinion on one or two points among the earlier +authorities. In order that this may be seen I present here a list in a +different form from the preceding. + +REFERENCE OF THE YEARS TO THE CARDINAL POINTS. + + _Tochtli_--_Acatl_--_Tecpatl_--_Calli._ + Sahagun -- South -- East -- North -- West. + Gemelli -- South -- East -- North -- West. + Duran -- South -- East -- North -- West. + Orozco y Berra -- South -- East -- North -- West. + Chavero -- South -- East -- North -- West. + Torquemada -- South -- East -- North -- West. + Boturini -- North -- West -- South -- East. + +REFERENCE OF COLORS TO THE CARDINAL POINTS. + + _South_ --_East_ --_North_ --_West._ + Gemelli -- Blue -- Red -- Yellow -- Green. + Duran -- Blue -- Green -- Red -- Yellow. + Charencey[40] -- Red -- Yellow -- Black -- White. + Schultz-Sellack -- Yellow -- Red -- White -- Black. + +REFERENCE OF ELEMENTS TO THE CARDINAL POINTS. + + _South_--_East_ --_North_ --_West._ + Gemelli -- Earth -- Water -- Air[41] -- Fire. + Boturini -- Fire -- Earth -- Air -- Water. + Schultz-Sellack -- Air -- Fire -- Water -- Earth. + Chavero -- Earth -- Water -- Fire -- Air. + +REFERENCE OF THE ELEMENTS TO THE YEARS. + + _Tochtli_--_Acatl_--_Tecpatl_--_Calli_ + Veytia -- Air -- Water -- Fire -- Earth. + Gemelli -- Earth -- Water -- Air -- Fire. + Boturini -- Air -- Water -- Fire -- Earth. + Chavero -- Earth -- Water -- Fire -- Air. + Orozco y Berra -- Air -- Water -- Fire -- Earth. + +As will be seen from this list, there is entire uniformity in the +assignment of the years or year symbols to the cardinal points, with the +single exception of Boturini. As this author's views in regard to the +calendar are so radically different from all other authorities as to +induce the belief that it applies to some other than the Aztec or true +Mexican calendar we will probably be justified in eliminating his +opinion from the discussion. + +Omitting this author, we have entire uniformity among the authorities +named in regard to the reference of the years to the cardinal points, as +follows: + +_Tochtli_ to the _south_; _Acatl_ to the _east_; _Tecpatl_ to the +_north_, and _Calli_ to the _west_. + +The reference of the colors and the elements to the cardinal points is +too varied to afford us any assistance in arriving at a conclusion in +this respect. In the assignment of the elements to the years we find +that, water is referred by all the authorities named to _Acatl_, and +fire by all but one (Gemelli), to _Tecpatl_. + +One thing more must be mentioned before we appeal directly to the +codices. As the groups of five days, so often heretofore referred to, +were assigned to the cardinal points, it is proper to notice here what +is said on this point. So far, I have found it referred to only in the +Exposition of the Vatican Codex and by Schultz-Sellack in the article +before cited. + +As the latter refers to them by numbers only, I give here a list of the +Mexican days, with numbers corresponding with the positions they +severally hold in their regular order. + + _First column._ _Second column._ _Third column._ _Fourth column._ + + 1. Cipactli. 2. Ehecatl. 3. Calli. 4. Cuetzpalin. + 5. Coatl. 6. Miquitzli.[TN-16] 7. Mazatl. 8. Tochtli. + 9. Atl. 10. Itzquintli. 11. Ozomatli. 12. Malinalli. + 13. Acatl. 14. Ocelotl. 15. Quauhtli. 16. Cozcaquauhtli. + 17. Ollin. 18. Tecpatl. 19. Quiahuitl. 20. Xochitl. + +Using the numbers only, 1, 5, 9, 13, and 17 will denote the first +column; 2, 6, 10, 14, and 18 the second, &c. + +Schultz-Sellack states that: + + 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 were assigned to the south. + 1, 5, 9, 13, 17, to the east. + 2, 6, 10, 14, 18, to the north. + 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, to the west. + +But, as he only quotes from the explanation of the Vatican Codex as +given by Kingsborough,[42] will present here the statement of this +authority: + +"Thus they commenced reckoning from the sign of One Cane. For example: +One Cane, two, three, &c., proceeding to thirteen; for, in the same way, +as we have calculations in our repertories by which to find what sign +rules over each of the seven-days of the week, so the natives of that +country had thirteen signs for the thirteen days of their week; and this +will be better understood by an example. To signify the first day of the +world, they painted a figure like the moon, surrounded with splendor, +which is emblematical of the deliberation which they say their god held +respecting the creation, because the first day after the commencement of +time began with the second figure, which was One Cane. Accordingly, +completing their reckoning of a cycle at the sign of Two Canes, they +counted an Age, which is a period of fifty-two years, because, on +account of the bissextile years which necessarily fell in this sign of +the Cane, it occurred at the expiration of every period of fifty-two +years. Their third sign was a certain figure which we shall presently +see, resembling a serpent or viper, by which they intended to signify +the poverty and labors which men suffer in this life. Their fourth sign +represented an earthquake, which they called Nahuolin, because they say +that in that sign, the sun was created. Their fifth sign was Water, for, +according to their account, abundance was given to them in that sign. +[The five days Cipactli, Acatl, Coatl, Ollin, Atl.] These five signs +they placed in the upper part, which they called Tlacpac, that is to +say, the east. They placed five other signs at the south, which they +named Uitzlan, which means a place of thorns--the first of which was a +flower, emblematical of the shortness of life, which passes away +quickly, like a blossom or flower. The second was a certain very green +herb, in like manner denoting the shortness of life, which is as grass. +The third sign was a lizard, to show that the life of man, besides being +brief, is destitute, and replete with the ills of nakedness and cold, +and with other miseries. The fourth was a certain very cruel species of +bird which inhabits that country. The fifth sign was a rabbit, because +they say that in this sign their food was created, and accordingly they +believed that it presided over drunken revels. [Xochitl, Malinalli, +Cuetzpalin, Cozcaquauhtli, Tochtli.] They placed five other signs at the +west, which region they called Tetziuatlan. The first was a deer, by +which they indicated the diligence of mankind in seeking the necessaries +of life for their sustenance. The second sign was a shower of rain +falling from the skies, by which they signified pleasure and worldly +content. The third sign was an ape, denoting leisure time. The fourth +was a house, meaning repose and tranquillity. The fifth was an eagle, +the symbol of freedom and dexterity. [Mazatl, Quiahuitl, Ozomatli, +Calli, Quauhtli.] At the north, which they call Teutletlapan, which +signifies the place of the gods, they placed the other five signs which +were wanting to complete the twenty. The first was a tiger, which is a +very ferocious animal, and accordingly they considered the echo of the +voice as a bad omen and the most unlucky of any, because they say that +it has reference to that sign. The second was a skull or death, by which +they signified that death commenced with the first existence of mankind. +The third sign was a razor or stone knife, by which are meant the wars +and dissensions of the world; they call it Tequepatl. The fourth sign is +the head of a cane, which signifies the devil, who takes souls to hell. +The fifth and last of all the twenty signs was a winged head, by which +they represented the wind, indicative of the variety of worldly +affairs." [Ocelotl, Miquiztli, Tecpatl, Itzquintli, Ehecatl.] + +According, therefore, to this author the first column was assigned to +the East, the second to the North, the third to the West, and the +fourth to the South. He also says that the counting of the years began +with 1 Cane.[43] + +Turning now to Plate 44 of the Fejervary Codex (our Plate III), we +notice that the symbols of the days of the first column are wedged in +between the loops of the upper left-hand corner, and that here we also +find the symbol of the year-bearer, _Acatl_, in the red circle at the +outer extremity of the loop. Here, then, according to the expounder of +the Vatican Codex, is the east, and this agrees also with all the other +authorities except Boturini. As these day symbols are between the red +and yellow loops, the next point to be determined is to which of the two +they belong. + +This is a very important point, the determination of which must have a +strong bearing on our decision as to the cardinal points. As it is here +that the apparently strongest evidence against my conclusion is to be +found, it is necessary that I explain somewhat fully my reasons for +deciding against this apparent evidence. + +If we take for granted that the day columns relate to the large angular +loops, then the column in the upper right-hand corner would seem to +belong to the top or red loop and not to the one on the right; and the +column in the upper left-hand corner to the left or yellow loop and not +to that at the top, and so on. This I concede is a natural inference +which it is necessary to outweigh by stronger evidence. + +In the first place it is necessary to bear in mind that although the +sides of the plate, that is to say the large loops, are spoken of as +facing the cardinal points, yet it is possible the artist intended that +the corner or round loops should indicate the cardinal points, as here +are found the days assigned to these quarters. + +Even admitting that the large angular loops indicate the cardinal +points, we must suppose the figures of one corner, either those at the +right or left, belong respectively to them. As the symbols of the +year-bearers Acatl, Tecpatl, Calli, and Tochtli have peculiar marks of +distinction, we are justified in believing that this distinction is for +the purpose of signifying the quarter to which they belong. Examining +carefully the bird on the symbol for Acatl in the upper left-hand corner +loop, we find that it can be identified only with that on the tree in +the top or red angular loop. It is true the identification in the other +cases is not so certain, but in this case there can be very little +doubt, as the green top-knot, the peculiar beak, and green feathers are +sufficient of themselves to connect the upper left-hand white loop and +figures of this corner with the top red loop and figures embraced in it. + +Studying the plate carefully and also our scheme of it--Fig. 6--we +observe that Cipactli is found at the right base of the red loop, +Miquitzli[TN-17] at the right base of the yellow loop (the center of the +plate being considered the point of observation), Ozomatli at the right +base of the blue loop, and Cozcaquauhtli at the right base of the green +loop (but in this case it can be determined only by the order, not by +the figure). These are the four days, as is well known, on which the +Mexican years begin. + +I take for granted, therefore, that the year _Acatl_ or Cane applies to +the top or red loop. This, I am aware, necessitates commencing the year +with 1 Cipactli, thus apparently contradicting the statement of Gemelli +that the Tochtli year began with Cipactli. But it must be borne in mind +that this author expressly proceeds upon the theory that the counting of +the years began in the south with Tochtli. If the count began with 1 +Cane, as both the expounder of the Vatican Codex and Duran affirm, +Cipactli would be the first day of this year, as it appears evident from +the day lists in the Codices that the first year of all the systems +commenced with this day. That Acatl was assigned to the east is affirmed +by all authorities save Boturini, and this agrees very well with the +plate now under consideration. There is one statement made by the +expounder of the Vatican Codex which not only enables us to understand +his confused explanation, but indicates clearly the kind of painting he +had in view, and tends to confirm the opinion here advanced. + +He says that "to signify the first day of the world they painted a +figure like the moon," &c. Let us guess this to be Cipactli, as nothing +of the kind named is to be found. The next figure was a cane; their +third figure was a serpent; their fourth, earthquake (Ollin); their +fifth, water. "These five signs they placed in the _upper part_, which +they called _Tlacpac_, that is to say, the _east_." That he does not +mean that these days followed each other consecutively in counting time +must be admitted. That he saw them placed in this order in some painting +may be inferred with positive certainty. It is also apparent that they +are the five days of the first column in the arrangement of the Mexican +days shown in Table No. XI, though not in the order there given, which +is as follows: + + Dragon, Snake, Water, Cane, Movement. + +The order in which they are placed by this author is this: + + Dragon? Cane, Serpent, Movement, Water. + +Which, by referring to page 35, we find to be precisely the same as that +of the five days wedged in between the loops in the _upper_ left-hand +corner of Plate 44 of the Fejervary Codex; thus agreeing in order and +position with this author's statement. Duran, as we have seen, also +places the east at the top. The same thing is true in regard to the +calendar wheel from the book of Chilan Balam hereafter shown. + +Accordingly, I conclude that the top of this plate--the red loop--will +be east; the left-hand or yellow loop, north; the bottom or blue loop, +west, and the right-hand or green loop, south. This also brings the year +Acatl to the east, Tecpatl to the north, Calli to the west, and Tochtli +to the south. As the commencement was afterwards changed to Tochtli, as +we are informed by Chavero (and as appears to be the case in the Borgian +Codex), it would begin at the south, just as stated by Gemelli and other +early writers, who probably refer to the system in vogue at the time of +the conquest. + +Shultz-Sellack[TN-18] alludes to this plate in his article heretofore +quoted, but considers the red loop the south, notwithstanding his +assignment of red among the Aztecs to the east. He was led to this +conclusion, I presume, by two facts: First, the close proximity of the +fourth column of days to this red loop, and second, the figure of the +sun at the foot of the tree or cross, the sun of the first creation +having made its appearance, according to Mexican mythology, in the +south. But it is far more likely that the artist intended here to be +true to known phenomena rather than to a tradition which was in +contradiction to them. The presence of this figure _above_ the horizon +is, I think, one of the strongest possible proofs that this part of the +plate denotes the east. + +According to Gemelli[44] the south was denoted by a "blue field," and +the symbol Tochtli; east by a red field, and the symbol Acatl; the north +by a "yellow field," and the symbol Tecpatl, and the west by a "green +field," and the symbol Calli. In this plate we have precisely the colors +he mentions, red in the east, and yellow in the north, but green is at +the south, and blue at the west. + +Sahagun remarks[45] that "at the end of fifty-two years the count came +back to _Cetochtliacatl_ (one-Rabbit-Cane), which is the figure of the +reed dedicated to the east, which they called _Tlapcopcopa_ and +_Tlavilcopa_, nearly towards the fire or sun."[46] + +This language is peculiar and important, and indicates that he had a +Mexican painting similar to the plate now under discussion before him, +in which the year symbols were at the _corners_ instead of at the +_sides_. On this supposition only can we understand his use of the term +"_Cetochtli-acatl_," and the expression "nearly towards the fire," &c. +His use of the term "fire" in this connection undoubtedly indicates red. +His language is therefore in entire harmony with what we find on this +plate. + +According to Gemelli and Chavero the element _earth_ was assigned to the +south; in this plate, in the right space inclosed by the green loop, we +see the great open jaws representing the earth out of which the tree +arises. From a careful examination of this figure, so frequently found +in this and other Mexican Codices, I am convinced it is used as the +symbol of the grave and of the earth. The presence of this symbol and of +the figure of death in this space, as also the figures of the gods of +death and the under world in the corresponding space of the Cortesian +plate, strongly inclined me for a time to believe that this should be +considered the north, as in the Aztec superstitions one class of the +dead was located in that region; but a more thorough study leads me to +the conclusion that these figures are intended to represent the earth +and to symbolize the fact that here is to be found the point where the +old cycle ends and the new begins. I will refer to this again when I +return to the description of the Cortesian plate. + +All the authorities, except Boturini, refer the year Tecpatl or Flint to +the north, which agrees with the theory I am advancing, and in the lower +left-hand corner we find in the red circle the figure of a flint, which +according to my arrangement applies to the north, represented by the +yellow loop. + +How, then, are we to account for the presence of this symbol on the head +of the right figure in the red or eastern loop? Veytia says, "They (the +Mexicans) gave to fire the first place as the most noble of all (the +elements), and symbolized it by the flint." This I acknowledge presents +a difficulty that I am unable to account for only on the supposition +that this author has misinterpreted his authorities, for no one so far +as I can find gives the "sun" or "age of fire" as the first, the only +difference in this respect being as to whether the "sun of water" or the +"sun of earth" was first. This difference I am inclined to believe +(though without a thorough examination of the subject) arises chiefly +from a variation of the cardinal point with which they commence the +count, those starting at the south commencing with the element earth, +those beginning at the east with water.[47] Not that the authors +themselves always indicated these points, but that a proper +interpretation of the original authorities would have resulted in this +conclusion, supposing a proper adjustment of the different calendar +systems of the Nahua nations to have been made. I think it quite +probable that the artist who painted this plate, of the Fejervary Codex +believed the first "sun" or "age" should be assigned to the east, and +that here the flint indicates origin, first creative power or that out +of which the first creation issued, an idea which I believe is consonant +with Nahua traditions. I may as well state here as elsewhere that +notwithstanding the statement made by Gemelli and others that it was the +belief or tradition of the Mexicans that the sun first appeared in the +south, I am somewhat skeptical on this point. + +Such a tradition might be possible in an extreme northern country, but +it is impossible to conceive how it would have originated in a tropical +region. + +The calendar and religious observances were the great and all-absorbing +topics of the Nahua nations, and hence it is to these, and especially +the first, that we must look for an explanation of their paintings and +sculpture, and not so much to the traditions given by the old Spanish +authors. + +Finally, the assignment of the year symbols to the four points at which +we find them was not, as these early authors supposed, because of their +significance, but because in forming the circle of the days they fell at +these points. This fact is so apparent from the plates of the Codices +that it seems to me to forbid any other conclusion. + +In the bottom, blue loop, which we call the west, we see two female +figures, one of them with cross-bones on her dress. This agrees +precisely with the statement of Sahagun heretofore given, to wit, "for +they held the opinion that the dead women, who are goddesses, live in +the west, and that the dead men, who are in the house of the sun, guide +him from the east with rejoicings every day, until they arrive at +midday, and that the defunct women, whom they regard as goddesses and +call _Cioapipiltin_, come out from the west to receive him at midday (or +south?), and carry him with rejoicing to the west." Before comparing +with the plate of the Cortesian Codex, we call attention to some other +plates of the Mexican Codices, in order to see how far our +interpretation of the plates of the Fejervary Codex will be borne out. + +Turning now to Plates 65 and 66 of the Vatican Codes B[48] (shown in our +Plate IV), we observe four trees (or crosses) each with an individual +clasping the trunk. One of these individuals is red, the other white, +with slender red stripes and with the face black, another green, and the +other black. On the top of each tree, except the one at the right, is a +bird; on the right tree, or rather broad-leaved tropical plant, which is +clasped by the black individual, is the figure of the tiger or rabbit. +As these are probably intended to represent the seasons (spring, summer, +&c.), the ages, or the years, and consequently the cardinal points, let +us see with what parts of the plate of the Fejervary Codex they +respectively correspond. + +By turning back to page 50 the reader will see that the days of the +first column, viz, Cipactli, Coatl, &c., or numbers 1, 5, 9, 13, 17 were +referred to the east, the second column 2, 6, 8, 12, 16 to the north, +&c. Each of the four trees has below it, in a line, five day characters. +Below the fourth one are Xochitl, Malinalli, Cuetzpalin, Cozcaquauhtli, +and Tochtli, precisely those of the fourth column, and which, in +accordance with our interpretation of the Fejervary Codex, are assigned +to the south. + +Referring to the first or left-hand of these four groups, we observe +that the clasping figure is red, and that the days in the line +underneath are 1, 5, 9, 13, 17, those of the east, agreeing in all +respects with our interpretation of the Fejervary plate. + +[Illustration: PL. IV + +COPY OF PLATE 65, VATICAN CODEX, _B_ + +COPY OF PLATE 66, VATICAN CODEX, _B_] + +The days below the second group, with the white and red striped +individual, are 2, 6, 10, 14, 18, indicating the north, and those below +the third, with the green individual, 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, denoting the +west. + +So far the agreement with our theory of the other plate is perfect, but +in this case we have taken the figures from the left to the right, this +being, as we have seen in the _Tonalamatl_, or table of days, copied +from this Codex, the direction in which they are to be read when in a +line. + +We notice also that the bird over the first tree, although differing in +some respects from it, is the same as that in the top or red loop of the +other plate, and that over the third tree the same as that in the blue +or bottom loop, agreeing also in this respect. + +From these facts we understand that the black figure is sometimes at +least assigned to the south. + +I am fully aware of the difficulties to be met with in attempting to +carry out this assignment of colors, in explanation of other plates of +this and other Codices, nor do I believe colors can be relied upon. They +form some aid in the few plates of general application to the calendar, +and where there are reasons, as in the cases given, to suppose the +cardinal points will be indicated in some regular order. The same thing +is true also in regard to the Manuscript Troano. For example, if we +suppose character _a_ of Fig. 7 to denote the east, _b_ north, _c_ west, +and _d_ south, we shall find them arranged in the following different +ways: + + ______ ______ + | | abcd cdab | | + | c b | | c a | + | | | | + | d a | | d b | + |______| |______| + + + ______ ______ + | | | | + | a d | | c d | + | | | | + | c b | | a b | + |______| |______| + +Combine with these colors and other distinctive marks, then vary them in +proportion, and we should have an endless variety, just as we see in the +Mexican Codices. We can only hope to solve the problem, therefore, by +selecting, after careful study, those plates which appear to have the +symbols arranged in their normal order. + +Turning to plate 43 of the Borgian Codex, we find it impossible to make +it agree, either with the plate of the Fejervary Codex or the Vatican +Codex. Here we find the days 1, 5, 9, 13, 17 associated with the green +figure in the lower left-hand square; 2, 6, 10, 14, 18 with the yellow +figure in the lower right-hand square; 3, 7, 11, 15, and 19 with the +black figure in the upper right-hand square, and 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 with +the red figure in the upper left-hand square. What adds to the +difficulty is the fact that the symbol of the _Cane_ accompanies the +black figure, thus apparently indicating that this denotes the year +Acatl. That these groups are to be taken in the same order as those of +Plate 44 of the Fejervary Codex, that is around to the left, opposite +the sun's course, is evident from the days and also from Plate 9 of this +(Borgian) Codex, where the twenty days of the month are placed in a +circle. + +In this latter the order of the four years is indicated by the first +days of the years, viz, _Cipactli_, _Miquiztli_, _Ozomatli_, and +_Cozcaquauhtli_ placed in blue circles at the corners in the following +order: + + -------------------------------- + |Ozomatli. Miquiztli.| + | | + |Cozcaquauhtli. Cipactli. | + -------------------------------- + +In the lower right-hand corner of Plate 4, same Codex, is a square with +the four quadrants very distinctly colored and arranged thus: + + ------------------- + |Yellow. Green.| + | | + | Blue. Red. | + ------------------- + +and a large red circle in the center, on the body of what is evidently +intended as a symbol of _Cipactli_. As this appears to be a figure of +general application, we presume that it commences with _Cipactli_, the +day on which the cycles began. As the four names of the days with which +the years began probably show, as arranged in the above square, their +respective positions in the calendar wheel, I infer that, in their +normal arrangement, _Cipactli_ corresponded with the red, _Miquiztli_ +with the green, _Ozomatli_ with the yellow, and _Cozcaquauhtli_ with the +blue. This brings the colors in precise accordance with those on the +cross in the lower right-hand square of Plate 43; and if we suppose the +black figure to correspond with the blue it brings the colors in the +same order, but the day groups are shifted around one point to the left. +It is probable therefore that this plate, like a number of others in the +same Codex, is intended to denote the relation of colors and day groups +to each other in some other than the first or normal year, or possibly +to the seasons or the four Indications of the cycle. + +But be this as it may, I do not think the difficulty in reconciling the +arrangement of the colors and days in this Codex will warrant the +rejection of our explanation of the plates of the other codices. That +Plate 44 of the Fejervary Codex is one of general application must be +admitted, as is also the "Table of the Bacabs" from the Cortesian Codex; +and if the true assignment to the cardinal points is made anywhere it +will certainly be in these. Turning now to the latter, as shown in our +Plate II, where the erased characters are restored, we note the +following facts, and then with some general remarks conclude our paper, +as we have no intention of entering upon a general discussion of the +Mexican Calendar, which would be necessary if we undertook to explain +fully even the plates of the codices we have referred to. + +As before remarked, the Cortesian plate is arranged upon the same plan +as that of the Fejervary Codex, evidently based upon the same theory and +intended for the same purpose. In the latter the four year symbols are +placed in the outer looped line at the four corners, and so +distinguished as to justify us in believing they mark their respective +quadrants. In the former we find the four Maya year-bearers, Cauac, Kan, +Muluc, Ix, in corresponding positions, each distinguished by the numeral +character for 1 (see 31, 1, 11, and 21 in our scheme, Fig. 2), the +first, or the right, corresponding with the green loop and the year +Tochtli; the second, at the top, corresponding with the red loop and the +year Acatl; the third, at the left, corresponding with the yellow loop +and the year Tecpatl, and the fourth, at the bottom, corresponding with +the blue loop and the year Calli. This brings Cauac to the south, Kan to +the east, Muluc to the north, and Ix to the west, and the correspondence +is complete, except as to the colors, which, as we have seen, cannot +possibly be brought into harmony. This view is further sustained by the +fact that the god of death is found on the right of each plate, not for +the purpose of indicating the supposed abode of the dead, but to mark +the point at which the cycles close, which is more fully expressed in +the Cortesian plate by piercing or dividing the body of a victim with a +flint knife[49] marked with the symbol of Ezanab (the last day of the Ix +years) and the symbol of Ymix, with which, in some way not yet +understood, the counting of the cycles began. + +In the quotation already made from Sahagun we find the following +statement: "Tecpatl, which is the figure of a flint, was dedicated to +_Mictlampa_, nearly towards hell, because they believed that the dead +went towards the north. For which reason, in the superstition which +represented the dead as covered with mantas (cloths) and their bodies +bound, they made them sit with their faces turned toward the north or +_Mictlampa_." + +Although he is referring to Mexican customs, yet it is worthy of note +that in this Cortesian plate there is a sitting mummied figure, bound +with cords, in the left space, which, according to my interpretation, is +at the north side. + +Since the foregoing was written I have received from Dr. D. G. Brinton +a photo lithograph of the "wheel of the Ah-cuch-haab" found in the book +of Chilan Balam, which he has kindly allowed me to use. This is shown in +Fig. 9. + +[Illustration: FIG. 9.--Calendar wheel from book of Chilan Balam.] + +In this (smaller circle) we see that Kan is placed at the top of the +cross, denominated _Lakin_, or east; Cauac at the right, _Nohol_, or +south; Muluc at the left, _Xaman_, or north; and Hiix at the bottom, +_Chikin_, or west. + +Although this shows the marks of Spanish or foreign influence, yet it +affords corroborative evidence of the correctness of the view advanced. +The upper and larger circle is retained only to show that the reading +was around to the left, as in the Cortesian plate. + +This result of our investigations, I repeat, forces us to the conclusion +that _a_, Fig. 7, is the symbol for east, as stated in my former work, +_b_ of north, _c_ of west, and _d_ of south. + +Among the important results growing out of, and deductions to be drawn +from, my discovery in regard to these two plates, I may mention the +following: + +_First._ That the order in which the groups and characters are to be +taken is around to the left, opposite the course of the sun, which +tallies with most of the authorities, and in reference to the Maya +calendar confirms Perez's statement, heretofore mentioned. + +_Second._ That the cross, as has been generally supposed, was used among +these nations as a symbol of the cardinal points. + +_Third._ It tends to confirm the belief that the bird figures were used +to denote the winds. This fact also enables us to give a signification +to the birds' heads on the engraved shells found in the mounds of the +United States, a full and interesting account of which is given by Mr. +Holmes in a paper published in the Second Annual Report of the Bureau of +Ethnology.[50] Take for example the three shells figured on Plate +LIX--reproduced in our Fig. 10--Nos. 1, 2 and 3. Here is in each case +the four-looped circle corresponding with the four loops of the +Cortesian and Fejervary plates, also with the looped serpent of the +Mexican calendar stone, and the four serpents of Plate 43 of the Borgian +Codex. The four bird heads on each shell are pointed toward the left, +just as on Plate 44 of the Fejervary Codex, and Plates 65 and 66 of the +Vatican Codex B, and doubtless have the same signification in the former +as in the latter--the _four winds_, or winds of the four cardinal +points. If this supposition be correct, of which there is scarcely room +for a doubt, it not only confirms Mr. Holmes's suggestions, but also +indicates that the mound builders followed the same custom in this +respect as the Nahua nations, and renders it quite probable that there +was more or less intercourse between the two peoples, which will enable +us to account for the presence in the mounds of certain articles, which +otherwise appear as anomalies. + +_Fourth._ Another and more important result is the proof it furnishes of +an intimate relation of the Maya with the Nahua nations. That all the +Central American nations had calendars substantially the same in +principle as the Mexican, is well known. This of itself would indicate a +common origin not so very remote; but when we see two contiguous or +neighboring peoples making use of the same conventional signs of a +complicated nature, down even to the most minute details, and those of a +character not comprehensible by the commonalty, we have proof at least +of a very intimate relation. I cannot attempt in this place to discuss +the question of the identity or non-identity of the Maya, Toltec and +Aztec nations, nor the relations of one to the other, but follow the +usual method, and speak of the three as distinct. + +[Illustration: FIG. 10.--Engraved shells from mounds.] + +If Leon y Gama is correct in is statement,[51] "No todos comenzaban a +contar el circlo por un mismo ano; los Toltecos lo empezaban desde +_Tecpatl_; los de Teotihuacan desde _Calli_; los Mexicanos desde +_Tochtli_; y los Tezcocanos desde _Acatl_," and the years began with +_Cipactli_, we are probably justified in concluding that the Fejervary +Codex is a Tezcucan manuscript. + +Be this as it may, we have in these two plates the evidence of an +intimate relation between the Maya and Nahua nations, as that of the +Cortesian Codex certainly appertains to the former and the Fejervary as +certainly to the latter. + +Which was the original and which the copy is a question of still greater +importance, as its proper determination may have the effect to overturn +certain opinions which have been long entertained and generally conceded +as correct. If an examination should prove that the Mayas have borrowed +from the Nahuas it would result in proving the calendar and sculptures +of the former to be much more recent than has been generally supposed. + +It must be admitted that the Mexican or Nahua manuscripts have little or +nothing in them that could have been borrowed from the Maya manuscripts +or inscriptions; hence, if we find in the latter anything belonging to +or found in the former it will indicate that they are borrowed and that +the Mexican are the older. + +In addition to the close resemblance of these two plates, the following +facts bearing upon this question are worthy of notice. In the lower part +of Plate 52 of the Dresden Codex we see precisely the same figure as +that used by the Mexicans as the symbol of _Cipactli_. + +The chief character of the hieroglyphic, 15 R. (Rau's scheme), of the +Palenque Tablet is a serpent's head (shown correctly only on the stone +in the Smithsonian Museum and in Dr. Rau's photograph), and nearly the +same as the symbol for the same Mexican day. The method of representing +a house in the Maya manuscripts is substantially the same as the Mexican +symbol for _Calli_ (House). The cross on the Palenque Tablet has so many +features in common with those in the blue and red loops of the Fejervary +Codex as to induce the belief that they were derived from the same type. +We see in that of the Tablet the reptile head as at the base of the +cross in the blue loop, the nodes, and probably the bird of that in the +red loop, and the two human figures. + +What is perhaps still more significant, is the fact that in this plate +of the Fejervery[TN-19] Codex, and elsewhere in the same Codex, we see +evidences of a transition from pictorial symbols to conventional +characters; for example, the yellow heart-shaped symbol in the lower +left-hand corner of the Fejervary plate which is there used to denote +the day _Ocelotl_ (Tiger). On the other hand we find in the manuscript +Troano for example, on plate III, one of the symbols used in the +_Tonalamatl_ of the Vatican Codex B and in other Mexican codices to +signify water. On Plate XXV* of the same manuscript, under the four +symbols of the cardinal points, we see four figures, one a sitting +figure similar to the middle one with black head, on the left side of +the Cortesian plate; one a spotted dog sitting on what is apparently +part of the carapace of a tortoise; one a monkey, and the other a bird +with a hooked bill. Is it not possible that we have here an indication +of the four days--Dragon, Death, Monkey, Vulture, with which the Mexican +years began? + +In all the Maya manuscripts we find the custom of using heads as +symbols, almost, if not quite, as often as in the Mexican codices. Not +only so, but in the former, even in the purely conventional characters, +we see evidences of a desire to turn every one possible into the figure +of a head, a fact still more apparent in the monumental inscriptions. + +Turning to the ruins of Copan as represented by Stephens and others, we +find on the altars and elsewhere the same death's-head with huge +incisors so common in Mexico, and on the statues the snake-skin so often +repeated on those of Mexico. Here we find the _Cipactli_ as a huge +crocodile head,[52] also the monkey's head used as a hieroglyphic.[53] + +The pendant lip or lolling tongue, which ever it be, of the central +figure of the Mexican calendar stone is found also in the central figure +of the sun tablet of Palenque[54] and a dozen times over in the +inscriptions. + +The long, elephantine, Tlaloc nose, so often repeated in the Mexican +codices, is even more common and more elaborate in the Maya manuscripts +and sculptures, and, as we learn from a MS. paper by Mr. Gustav Eisen, +lately received by the Smithsonian Institution, has also been found at +Copan. + +Many more points or items of agreement might be pointed out, but these +will suffice to show that one must have borrowed from the other, for it +is impossible that isolated civilizations should have produced such +identical results in details even down to conventional figures. Again we +ask the question, Which was the borrower? We hesitate to accept what +seems to be the legitimate conclusion to be drawn from these facts, as +it compels us to take issue with the view almost universally held. One +thing is apparent, viz, that the Mexican symbols could never have grown +out of the Maya hieroglyphics. That the latter might have grown out of +the former is not impossible. + +If we accept the theory that there was a Toltec nation preceding the +advent of the Aztec, which, when broken up and driven out of Mexico, +proceeded southward, where probably colonies from the main stock had +already been planted, we may be able to solve the enigma. + +If this people were, as is generally supposed, the leaders in Mexican +and Central American civilization, it is possible that the Aztecs, a +more savage and barbarous people, borrowed their civilization from the +former, and, having less tendency toward development, retained the +original symbols and figures of the former, adding only ornamentation +and details, but not advancing to any great extent toward a written +language. + +Some such supposition as this, I believe, is absolutely necessary to +explain the facts mentioned. But even this will compel us to admit that +the monuments of Yucatan and Copan are of much more recent date than has +generally been supposed, and such I am inclined to believe is the fact. +At any rate, I think I may fairly claim, without rendering myself +chargeable with egotism, that my discovery in regard to the two plates +so frequently mentioned will throw some additional light on this vexed +question. + + NOTE.--Since the foregoing was printed, my attention has been + called by Dr. Brinton to the fact that the passage quoted from + Sahagun (see pages 41 and 54), as given in Bustamente's edition, + from which it was taken, is incorrect in combining _Cetochtli_ and + _Acatl_ into one word, when in fact the first is the end of one + sentence and the second the commencement of another. I find, by + reference to the passage as given in Kingsborough, the evidence of + this erroneous reading. The argument on page 54, so far as based + upon this incorrect reading, must fall. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[14] Study Manuscript Troano, pp. 69-74. + +[15] Les. Doc. Ecrit. l'Antiq. Ameriq. + +[16] Zeits. fuer Ethn., 1879. + +[17] Study Manuscript Troano, pp. 68-70. + +[18] Vol. III, p. 471. + +[19] P. 234. + +[20] P. 209. + +[21] P. 82. + +[22] P. 209. + +[23] See also hisDechiff.[TN-20] Ecrit. Hierat., p. 42. + +[24] Relacion, p.208.[TN-21] + +[25] _Des couleurs consideres comme Symboles des Points de l'Horizon +chez des Peuples du Noveau Monde_, in _Actes de la Societe +Philologique_, tome VI. See also his _Recherches sur les Noms des Points +de l'Espace_, in. _Mem. Acad. Nat. Sci. et Arts et Belles Lettres de +Caen_, 1882. + +Since the above was written I have received a copy of his _Ages ou +Soleils_, in which he gives the Mexican custom of assigning the colors +as follows: blue to the south, red to the east, yellow to the north, and +green to the west.--P. 40. + +[26] Hist. Gen. de las Cosas de Nueva Espana, tome 2, p. 256. + +[27] Hist. Ant. Mex., vol. 1, p. 42. + +[28] Churchill's Voyages, vol. IV, pp. 491, 492. + +[29] Hist. Mex. Cullen's Transl., I, 292. + +[30] _Idea de Una Nueva Historia General de la America Septentrional_, +pp. 54-56. + +[31] Hist. Amer. Dec. II, B. 10, Chap. 4. Transl. vol. 3, pp. 221-222. + +[32] _Historia de las Indias de Nueva Espana, Mexico_, 1880. Tom. II., +pp[TN-22] 252-253. + +[33] Trat^o. 3º Lam 1ª. + +[34] Zeit. fuer Ethnologie, 1879. + +[35] Anales Mus. Mex., I, Entrag. 7, p. 299. + +[36] Monarq. Indiana, lib. X, cap. 36. + +[37] Tom. 1, Entrag. 7, tom. II, and continued in tom. III. + +[38] A fact mentioned by Leon y Gama (Dos Piedras, pt. I, p. 16), and +Veytia (Hist. Antiq. Mej., tom. I, p. 58). See, also, Mueller, _Reisen_, +tom. III, p. 65, and Boturini, Idea, p. 125. + +[39] I see from Charencey's "_Ages ou Soleils_," just received, that he +concludes the arrangement by the Mexicans was as follows: + + 1. Tochtli -- Rabbit -- Blue -- Earth -- South. + 2. Acatl -- Cane -- Red -- Water -- East. + 3. Tecpatl -- Flint -- Yellow -- Air -- North. + 4. Calli -- House -- Green -- Fire -- West. + + +[40] See note 39 on page 47. + +[41] By "air" in this connection "wind" is really intended. + +[42] Kingsborough, vol. VI, pp. 196, 197. + +[43] See also Chavero's statement to the same purpose, Anales Mus. Mes., +tom. 11, entrag. 4, p. 244. + +[44] l. c. See also the colored wheel in Kingsborough, Mex. Antiq., Vol. +IV. Copied from one in Boturini's collection, the same as Gemelli's. + +[45] l. c. + +[46] Y acabados los cincuenta y dos anos tornaba la cuenta a +cetochliacatl, que es la cana figura dedicada al oriente que llamaban +tlapcopcopa, y tlavilcopa, casihacia[TN-23] la lumbre, o al sol. + +[47] See the various views presented by Chavero, _Anales Mus. Mex._ Tom. +II Entrag. 2, and authorities referred to by Bancroft, _Native Races_, +II. p. 504, note 3. + +[48] Kingsburough,[TN-24] Mex. Antiq., Vol. III. + +[49] Dr. Brinton, "The Maya Chronicles," p. 53, informs us that "the +division of the katuns was on the principle of the Belran[TN-25] system +of numeration, as _xel u ca katun_, 'thirty years;' _xel u yox katun_, +'fifty years.' Literally these expressions are, 'dividing the second +katun,' 'dividing the third katun,' _xel_ meaning to cut in pieces, _to +divide as with a knife_." This appears to be the idea intended in the +figure of the Cortesian plate. + +[50] P. 281, pl. 69. + +[51] Dos Piedras, pt. 1, p. 16. + +[52] Travels in Cent. Amer., vol. I, p. 156. Monument _N_, plate. Mr. +Gustav Eisen, in a MS. lately received by and now in possession of the +Smithsonian Institution, also mentions another similar head as found at +Copan. This, he says, is on the side of an altar similar to that +described by Stephens, except that the top wants the hieroglyphics. The +sides have human figures similar to the other; on one of these is the +head of an "Alligator." + +[53] Ibid., 2d plate to p. 158. + +[54] Stephens' Trav. Cent. Amer. III Frontispiece. + + + + +Transcriber's Note + + TN-1 7 Schultz Sellack should read Schultz-Sellack + TN-2 9 occcpy should read occupy + TN-3 10 Imix should read Ymix + TN-4 12 Chuen should read _Chuen_ + TN-5 12 _Eb_., should read _Eb_, + TN-6 16 tortous should read tortuous + TN-7 18 Footnote marker 1 and footnote 1 should be numbered 7 + TN-8 20 1. _Kan._ 1. _Lamat._ should read 1 _Kan._ 1 _Lamat._ + TN-9 20 2 Kan should read 2 Kan. + TN-10 26 number.) should read number). + TN-11 32 The underline used to mark the end of the months has been + replaced with [ ] + TN-12 35 Echecatl should read Ehecatl + TN-13 36 Plate 2 should read Plate II + TN-14 46 Shultz-Sellack should read Schultz-Sellack + TN-15 46 les should read los + TN-16 50 Miquitzli should read Miquiztli + TN-17 52 Miquitzli should read Miquiztli + TN-18 54 Shultz-Sellack should read Schultz-Sellack + TN-19 63 Fejervery should read Fejervary + TN-20 40, fn. 23 hisDechiff should read his Dechiff + TN-21 40, fn. 24 p.208. should read p. 208. + TN-22 44, fn. 32 pp should read pp. + TN-23 54, fn. 46 casihacia should read casi hacia + TN-24 56, fn. 48 Kingsburough should read Kingsborough + TN-25 59, fn. 49 Belran should read Beltran + +Inconsistent spelling: + + Ben / Been + Bibliotheque / Bibliotheque + Michitzli / Michiztli + Societe / Societe + Vitzlampa / Vitzlampi + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes on Certain Maya and Mexican +Manuscripts, by Cyrus Thomas + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MAYA AND MEXICAN MANUSCRIPTS *** + +***** This file should be named 20456.txt or 20456.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/0/4/5/20456/ + +Produced by Carlo Traverso, Julia Miller, and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by the Bibliotheque nationale de France (BnF/Gallica) at +http://gallica.bnf.fr) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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