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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Susan B. Anthony, by Alma Lutz
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Susan B. Anthony
+       Rebel, Crusader, Humanitarian
+
+Author: Alma Lutz
+
+Release Date: January 25, 2007 [EBook #20439]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUSAN B. ANTHONY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Mark C. Orton, Richard J. Shiffer and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note:
+
+Extensive research did not uncover any evidence that the copyright on
+this publication was renewed.
+
+Every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as
+possible, including obsolete and variant spellings and other
+inconsistencies. Text that has been changed to correct an obvious
+error is noted at the end of this ebook.
+
+
+
+
+SUSAN B. ANTHONY
+
+
+REBEL, CRUSADER, HUMANITARIAN
+
+
+BY ALMA LUTZ
+
+
+ZENGER PUBLISHING CO. INC. BOX 9883, WASHINGTON DC 20015
+
+
+[Illustration: Susan B. Anthony]
+
+
+Alma Lutz was born and brought up in North Dakota, graduated from the
+Emma Willard School and Vassar College, and attended the Boston
+University School of Business Administration. She has written numerous
+articles and pamphlets and for many years has been a contributor to
+_The Christian Science Monitor_. Active in organizations working for
+the political, civil, and economic rights of women, she has also been
+interested in preserving the records of women's role in history and
+serves on the Advisory Board of the Radcliffe Women's Archives. Miss
+Lutz is the author of _Emma Willard, Daughter of Democracy_ (1929),
+_Created Equal, A Biography of Elizabeth Cady Stanton_ (1940),
+_Challenging Years, The Memoirs of Harriot Stanton Blatch_, with
+Harriot Stanton Blatch (1940), and the editor of _With Love Jane,
+Letters from American Women on the War Fronts_ (1945).
+
+© 1959 by Alma Lutz
+Member of the Authors League of America
+
+Published by arrangement with
+Beacon Press
+All rights reserved.
+
+
+Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
+
+Lutz, Alma.
+Susan B. Anthony: rebel, crusader, humanitarian.
+
+Reprint of the ed. published by Beacon Press, Boston.
+Bibliography: p.
+Includes index.
+1. Anthony, Susan Brownell, 1820-1906.
+[JK1899.A6L8 1975]  324'.3'0924 [B]  75-37764
+ISBN 0-89201-017-7
+
+Printed in the United States of America
+
+
+_To the young women of today_
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+To strive for liberty and for a democratic way of life has always been
+a noble tradition of our country. Susan B. Anthony followed this
+tradition. Convinced that the principle of equal rights for all, as
+stated in the Declaration of Independence, must be expressed in the
+laws of a true republic, she devoted her life to the establishment of
+this ideal.
+
+Because she recognized in Negro slavery and in the legal bondage of
+women flagrant violations of this principle, she became an active,
+courageous, effective antislavery crusader and a champion of civil and
+political rights for women. She saw women's struggle for freedom from
+legal restrictions as an important phase in the development of
+American democracy. To her this struggle was never a battle of the
+sexes, but a battle such as any freedom-loving people would wage for
+civil and political rights.
+
+While her goals for women were only partially realized in her
+lifetime, she prepared the soil for the acceptance not only of her
+long-hoped-for federal woman suffrage amendment but for a worldwide
+recognition of human rights, now expressed in the United Nations
+Charter and the Declaration of Human Rights. She looked forward to the
+time when throughout the world there would be no discrimination
+because of race, color, religion, or sex.
+
+
+
+
+ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
+
+
+"The letters of a person ...," said Thomas Jefferson, "form the only
+full and genuine journal of his life." Susan B. Anthony's letters,
+hundreds of them, preserved in libraries and private collections, and
+her diaries have been the basis of this biography, and I acknowledge
+my indebtedness to the following libraries and their helpful
+librarians: the American Antiquarian Society; the Bancroft Library of
+the University of California; the Boston Public Library; the Henry E.
+Huntington Library and Art Gallery; the Indiana State Library; the
+Kansas Historical Society; the Library of Congress; the Susan B.
+Anthony Memorial Collection of the Los Angeles Public Library, which
+has been transferred to the Henry E. Huntington Library; the New York
+Public Library; the New York State Library; the Ohio State Library;
+the Radcliffe Women's Archives; the Seneca Falls Historical Society;
+the Smith College Library; the Susan B. Anthony Memorial Inc.,
+Rochester, New York; the University of Rochester Library; the
+University of Kentucky Library; and the Vassar College Library.
+
+I am particularly indebted to Lucy E. Anthony, who asked me to write a
+biography of her aunt, lent me her aunt's diaries, and was most
+generous with her records and personal recollections. To her and to
+her sister, Mrs. Ann Anthony Bacon, I am very grateful for photographs
+and for permission to quote from Susan B. Anthony's diaries and from
+her letters and manuscripts.
+
+Ida Husted Harper's _Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony_, written in
+collaboration with Susan B. Anthony, and the _History of Woman
+Suffrage_, compiled by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony,
+Matilda Joslyn Gage, and Ida Husted Harper, have been invaluable. As
+many of the letters and documents used in the preparation of these
+books were destroyed, they have preserved an important record of the
+work of Susan B. Anthony and of the woman's rights movement.
+
+I am especially grateful to Martha Taylor Howard for her unfailing
+interest and for the use of the valuable Susan B. Anthony Memorial
+Collection which she initiated and developed in Rochester, New York;
+and to Una R. Winter for her interest and for the use of her Susan B.
+Anthony Collection, most of which is now in the Henry E. Huntington
+Library.
+
+I thank Edna M. Stantial for permission to examine and quote from the
+Blackwell Papers; Anna Dann Mason for permission to read her
+reminiscences and the many letters written to her by Susan B. Anthony;
+Ellen Garrison for permission to quote from letters of Lucretia Mott
+and Martha C. Wright; Eleanor W. Thompson for copies of Susan B.
+Anthony's letters to Amelia Bloomer; Henry R. Selden II whose
+grandfather was Susan B. Anthony's lawyer during her trial for voting;
+Judge John Van Voorhis whose grandfather was associated with Judge
+Selden in Miss Anthony's defense; William B. Brown for information
+about the early history of Adams, Massachusetts, the Susan B. Anthony
+birthplace, and the Friends Meeting House in Adams; Dr. James Harvey
+Young for information about Anna E. Dickinson; Margaret Lutz Fogg for
+help in connection with the trial of Susan B. Anthony; Dr. Blake
+McKelvey, City Historian of Rochester; Clara Sayre Selden and Wheeler
+Chapin Case of the Rochester Historical Society; the grand-nieces of
+Susan B. Anthony, Marion and Florence Mosher; Matilda Joslyn Gage II;
+Florence L. C. Kitchelt; and Rose Arnold Powell.
+
+I thank _The Christian Science Monitor_ for permission to use portions
+of an article published on October 24, 1958.
+
+I am especially grateful to A. Marguerite Smith for her constructive
+criticism of the manuscript and her unfailing encouragement.
+
+                                                ALMA LUTZ
+
+_Highmeadow_
+_Berlin, New York_
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS
+
+  QUAKER HERITAGE                                                    1
+
+  WIDENING HORIZONS                                                 15
+
+  FREEDOM TO SPEAK                                                  28
+
+  A PURSE OF HER OWN                                                39
+
+  NO UNION WITH SLAVEHOLDERS                                        56
+
+  THE TRUE WOMAN                                                    67
+
+  THE ZEALOT                                                        79
+
+  A WAR FOR FREEDOM                                                 92
+
+  THE NEGRO'S HOUR                                                 108
+
+  TIMES THAT TRIED WOMEN'S SOULS                                   125
+
+  HE ONE WORD OF THE HOUR                                          138
+
+  WORK, WAGES, AND THE BALLOT                                      149
+
+  THE INADEQUATE FIFTEENTH AMENDMENT                               159
+
+  A HOUSE DIVIDED                                                  169
+
+  A NEW SLANT ON THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT                          180
+
+  TESTING THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT                                 198
+
+  "IS IT A CRIME FOR A CITIZEN ... TO VOTE?"                       209
+
+  SOCIAL PURITY                                                    217
+
+  A FEDERAL WOMAN SUFFRAGE AMENDMENT                               226
+
+  RECORDING WOMEN'S HISTORY                                        235
+
+  IMPETUS FROM THE WEST                                            241
+
+  VICTORIES IN THE WEST                                            252
+
+  LIQUOR INTERESTS ALERT FOREIGN-BORN VOTERS AGAINST WOMAN
+    SUFFRAGE                                                       266
+
+  AUNT SUSAN AND HER GIRLS                                         274
+
+  PASSING ON THE TORCH                                             285
+
+  SUSAN B. ANTHONY OF THE WORLD                                    299
+
+  NOTES                                                            311
+
+  BIBLIOGRAPHY                                                     327
+
+  INDEX                                                            335
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+  Susan B. Anthony at the age of thirty-five        _Frontispiece_
+  (From a daguerrotype, courtesy Metropolitan Museum of Art,
+    New York, N.Y.)
+
+  Daniel Anthony, father of Susan B. Anthony                          2
+  (From _The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony_ by
+    Ida Husted Harper)
+
+  Lucy Read Anthony, mother of Susan B. Anthony                       3
+  (From _The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony_ by
+    Ida Husted Harper)
+
+  Susan B. Anthony Homestead, Adams, Massachusetts                    5
+  (The Smith Studio, Adams, Massachusetts)
+
+  Frederick Douglass                                                 22
+
+  Elizabeth Cady Stanton in her "Bloomer costume"                    27
+  (From _The Lily_)
+
+  Lucy Stone                                                         29
+  (From _Lucy Stone_ by Alice Stone Blackwell. Courtesy Little,
+    Brown and Company)
+
+  Susan B. Anthony at the age of thirty-four                         31
+  (Courtesy Susan B. Anthony Memorial, Inc., Rochester, New York)
+
+  James and Lucretia Mott                                            33
+  (From _James and Lucretia Mott_ by Anna D. Hallowell.
+  Courtesy Houghton Mifflin Company)
+
+  Elizabeth Cady Stanton and her son, Henry                          40
+
+  Ernestine Rose                                                     42
+  (From _History of Woman Suffrage_ by Elizabeth Cady Stanton,
+  Susan B. Anthony, and Matilda Joslyn Gage)
+
+  Parker Pillsbury                                                   49
+  (From _William Lloyd Garrison_ by His Children)
+
+  Merritt Anthony                                                    57
+  (Courtesy Mrs. Ann Anthony Bacon)
+
+  Susan B. Anthony, 1856                                             68
+  (Courtesy Mrs. Ann Anthony Bacon)
+
+  Lucy Stone and her daughter, Alice Stone Blackwell                 72
+  (Courtesy Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery,
+    San Marino, California)
+
+  William Lloyd Garrison                                             86
+  (From _William Lloyd Garrison and His Times_ by Oliver
+    Johnson)
+
+  Susan B. Anthony                                                   97
+
+  Daniel Anthony, brother of Susan B. Anthony                       110
+  (Courtesy Mrs. Ann Anthony Bacon)
+
+  Wendell Phillips                                                  114
+  (From _William Lloyd Garrison_ by His Children)
+
+  George Francis Train                                              132
+  (Courtesy New York Public Library)
+
+  Anna E. Dickinson                                                 144
+  (From _History of Woman Suffrage_ by Elizabeth Cady Stanton,
+    Susan B. Anthony, and Matilda Joslyn Gage)
+
+  Paulina Wright Davis                                              165
+
+  Isabella Beecher Hooker                                           167
+
+  Victoria C. Woodhull                                              181
+
+  Susan B. Anthony, 1871                                            187
+  (Courtesy Mrs. Ann Anthony Bacon)
+
+  Judge Henry R. Selden                                             203
+  (Courtesy Henry R. Selden II)
+
+  "The Woman Who Dared"                                             206
+  (New York _Daily Graphic_, June 5, 1873)
+
+  Aaron A. Sargent                                                  229
+  (Courtesy Library of Congress)
+
+  Clara Bewick Colby                                                232
+  (From _History of Woman Suffrage_ by Elizabeth Cady Stanton,
+  Susan B. Anthony, and Matilda Joslyn Gage)
+
+  Matilda Joslyn Gage                                               236
+  (From _History of Woman Suffrage_ by Elizabeth Cady Stanton,
+  Susan B. Anthony, and Matilda Joslyn Gage)
+
+  Anna Howard Shaw                                                  248
+  (From a photograph by Mary Carnel)
+
+  Harriot Stanton Blatch                                            250
+  (Courtesy Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery,
+    San Marino, California)
+
+  The Anthony home, Rochester, New York                             255
+  (Courtesy Susan B. Anthony Memorial, Inc., Rochester, New York)
+
+  Susan B. Anthony at her desk                                      257
+  (Courtesy Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College,
+    Northampton, Massachusetts)
+
+  Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton                       259
+
+  Elizabeth Smith Miller, Elizabeth Cady Stanton,                   262
+    and Susan B. Anthony
+
+  Ida Husted Harper                                                 271
+  (Courtesy Library of Congress)
+
+  Rachel Foster Avery                                               275
+  (Courtesy Library of Congress)
+
+  Harriet Taylor Upton                                              276
+  (Courtesy Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery,
+    San Marino, California)
+
+  Carrie Chapman Catt                                               289
+  (Courtesy Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College,
+    Northampton, Massachusetts)
+
+  Quotation in the handwriting of Susan B. Anthony                  297
+
+  Susan B. Anthony at the age of eighty-five                        301
+  (From a photograph by J. E. Hale)
+
+  Susan B. Anthony, 1905                                            309
+  (From a photograph by Ellis)
+
+
+
+
+
+QUAKER HERITAGE
+
+
+"If Sally Ann knows more about weaving than Elijah," reasoned
+eleven-year-old Susan with her father, "then why don't you make her
+overseer?"
+
+"It would never do," replied Daniel Anthony as a matter of course. "It
+would never do to have a woman overseer in the mill."
+
+This answer did not satisfy Susan and she often thought about it. To
+enter the mill, to stand quietly and look about, was the best kind of
+entertainment, for she was fascinated by the whir of the looms, by the
+nimble fingers of the weavers, and by the general air of efficiency.
+Admiringly she watched Sally Ann Hyatt, the tall capable weaver from
+Vermont. When the yarn on the beam was tangled or there was something
+wrong with the machinery, Elijah, the overseer, always called out to
+Sally Ann, "I'll tend your loom, if you'll look after this." Sally Ann
+never failed to locate the trouble or to untangle the yarn. Yet she
+was never made overseer, and this continued to puzzle Susan.[1]
+
+The manufacture of cotton was a new industry, developing with great
+promise in the United States, when Susan B. Anthony was born on
+February 15, 1820, in the wide valley at the foot of Mt. Greylock,
+near Adams, Massachusetts. Enterprising young men like her father,
+Daniel Anthony, saw a potential cotton mill by the side of every
+rushing brook, and young women, eager to earn the first money they
+could call their own, were leaving the farms, for a few months at
+least, to work in the mills. Cotton cloth was the new sensation and
+the demand for it was steadily growing. Brides were proud to display a
+few cotton sheets instead of commonplace homespun linen.
+
+When Susan was two years old, her father built a cotton factory of
+twenty-six looms beside the brook which ran through Grandfather Read's
+meadow, hauling the cotton forty miles by wagon from Troy, New York.
+The millworkers, most of them young girls from Vermont, boarded, as
+was the custom, in the home of the millowner; Susan's mother, Lucy
+Read Anthony, although she had three small daughters to care for,
+Guelma, Susan, and Hannah, boarded eleven of the millworkers with
+only the help of a thirteen-year-old girl who worked for her after
+school hours. Lucy Anthony cooked their meals on the hearth of the big
+kitchen fireplace, and in the large brick oven beside it baked crisp
+brown loaves of bread. In addition, washing, ironing, mending, and
+spinning filled her days. But she was capable and strong and was doing
+only what all women in this new country were expected to do. She
+taught her young daughters to help her, and Susan, even before she was
+six, was very useful; by the time she was ten she could cook a good
+meal and pack a dinner pail.
+
+[Illustration: Daniel Anthony, father of Susan B. Anthony]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Hard work and skill were respected as Susan grew up in the rapidly
+expanding young republic which less than fifty years before had been
+founded and fought for. Settlers, steadily pushing westward, had built
+new states out of the wilderness, adding ten to the original thirteen.
+Everywhere the leaven of democracy was working and men were putting
+into practice many of the principles so boldly stated in the
+Declaration of Independence, claiming for themselves equal rights and
+opportunities. The new states entered the Union with none of the
+traditional property and religious limitations on the franchise, but
+with manhood suffrage and all voters eligible for office. The older
+states soon fell into line, Massachusetts in 1820 removing property
+qualifications for voters. Before long, throughout the United States,
+all free white men were enfranchised, leaving only women, Negroes, and
+Indians without the full rights of citizenship.
+
+[Illustration: Lucy Read Anthony, mother of Susan B. Anthony]
+
+Although women freeholders had voted in some of the colonies and in
+New Jersey as late as 1807,[2] just as in England in the fifteenth
+franchise had gradually found its way into the statutes, and women's
+rights as citizens were ignored, in spite of the contribution they had
+made to the defense and development of the new nation. However,
+European travelers, among them De Tocqueville, recognized that the
+survival of the New World experiment in government and the prosperity
+and strength of the people were due in large measure to the
+superiority of American women. A few women had urged their claims:
+Abigail Adams asked her husband, a member of the Continental Congress,
+"to remember the ladies" in the "new code of laws"; and Hannah Lee
+Corbin of Virginia pleaded with her brother, Richard Henry Lee, to
+make good the principle of "no taxation without representation" by
+enfranchising widows with property.[3]
+
+Yet the legal bondage of women continued to be overlooked. It seemed a
+less obvious threat to free institutions and democratic government
+than the Negro in slavery. In fact, Negro slavery presented a problem
+which demanded attention again and again, flaring up alarmingly in
+1820, the year Susan B. Anthony was born, when Missouri was admitted
+to the Union as a slave state.[4]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+These were some of the forces at work in the minds of Americans during
+Susan's childhood. Her father, a liberal Quaker, was concerned over
+the extension of slavery, and she often heard him say that he tried to
+avoid purchasing cotton raised by slave labor. This early impression
+of the evil of slavery was never erased.
+
+The Quakers' respect for women's equality with men before God also
+left its mark on young Susan. As soon as she was old enough she went
+regularly to Meeting with her father, for all of the Anthonys were
+Quakers. They had migrated to western Massachusetts from Rhode Island,
+and there on the frontier had built prosperous farms, comfortable
+homes, and a meeting house where they could worship God in their own
+way. Susan, sitting with the women and children on the hand-hewn
+benches near the big fireplace in the meeting house[5] which her
+ancestors had built, found peace and consecration in the simple
+unordered service, in the long reverent silence broken by both the men
+and the women in the congregation as they were led to say a prayer or
+give out a helpful message. Forty families now worshiped here, the
+women sitting on one side and the men on the other; but women took
+their places with men in positions of honor, Susan's own grandmother,
+Hannah Latham Anthony, an elder, sitting in the "high seat," and her
+aunt, Hannah Anthony Hoxie, preaching as the spirit moved her. With
+this valuation of women accepted as a matter of course in her church
+and family circle, Susan took it for granted that it existed
+everywhere.
+
+Although her father was a devout Friend, she discovered that he had
+the reputation of thinking for himself, following the "inner light"
+even when its leading differed from the considered judgment of his
+fellow Quakers. For this he became a hero to her, especially after she
+heard the romantic story of his marriage to Lucy Read who was not a
+Quaker. The Anthonys and the Reads had been neighbors for years, and
+Lucy was one of the pupils at the "home school" which Grandfather
+Humphrey Anthony had built for his children on the farm, under the
+weeping willow at the front gate. Daniel and Lucy were schoolmates
+until Daniel at nineteen was sent to Richard Mott's Friends' boarding
+school at Nine Partners on the Hudson. When he returned as a teacher,
+he found his old playmate still one of the pupils, but now a beautiful
+tall young woman with deep blue eyes and glossy brown hair. Full of
+fun, a good dancer, and always dressed in the prettiest clothes, she
+was the most popular girl in the neighborhood. Promptly Daniel Anthony
+fell in love with her, but an almost insurmountable obstacle stood in
+the way: Quakers were not permitted to "marry out of Meeting." This,
+however, did not deter Daniel.
+
+[Illustration: Susan B. Anthony Homestead, Adams, Massachusetts]
+
+It was harder for Lucy to make up her mind. She enjoyed parties,
+dances, and music. She had a full rich voice, and as she sat at her
+spinning wheel, singing and spinning, she often wished that she could
+"go into a ten acre lot with the bars down"[6] and let her voice out.
+If she married Daniel, she would have to give all this up, but she
+decided in favor of Daniel. A few nights before the wedding, she went
+to her last party and danced until four in the morning while Daniel
+looked on and patiently waited until she was ready to leave.
+
+For his transgression of marrying out of Meeting, Daniel had to face
+the elders as soon as he returned from his wedding trip. They weighed
+the matter carefully, found him otherwise sincere and earnest, and
+decided not to turn him out. Lucy gave up her dancing and her singing.
+She gave up her pretty bright-colored dresses for plain somber
+clothes, but she did not adopt the Quaker dress or use the "plain
+speech." She went to meeting with Daniel but never became a Quaker,
+feeling always that she could not live up to their strict standard of
+righteousness.[7]
+
+This was Susan's heritage--Quaker discipline and austerity lightened
+by her father's independent spirit and by the kindly understanding of
+her mother who had not forgotten her own fun-loving girlhood; an
+environment where men and women were partners in church and at home,
+where hard physical work was respected, where help for the needy and
+unfortunate was spontaneous, and where education was regarded as so
+important that Grandfather Anthony built a school for his children and
+the neighbors' in his front yard. Her childhood was close enough to
+the Revolution to make Grandfather Read's part in it very real and a
+source of great pride. Eagerly and often she listened to the story of
+how he enlisted in the Continental army as soon as the news of the
+Battle of Lexington reached Cheshire and served with outstanding
+bravery under Arnold at Quebec, Ethan Allen at Ticonderoga, and
+Colonel Stafford at Bennington while his young wife waited anxiously
+for him throughout the long years of the war.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The wide valley in the Berkshire Hills where Susan grew up made a
+lasting impression on her. There was beauty all about her--the fruit
+trees blooming in the spring, the meadows white with daisies, the
+brook splashing over the rocks and sparkling in the summer sun, the
+flaming colors of autumn, the strength and companionship of the hills
+when the countryside was white with snow. She seldom failed to watch
+the sun set behind Greylock.
+
+Her father's cotton mill flourished. Regarded as one of the most
+promising, successful young men of the district, he soon attracted the
+attention of Judge John McLean, a cotton manufacturer of Battenville,
+New York, who, eager to enlarge his mills, saw in Daniel Anthony an
+able manager. Daniel, always ready to take the next step ahead,
+accepted McLean's offer, and on a sunny July day in 1826, Susan drove
+with her family through the hills forty-four miles to the new world of
+Battenville.
+
+Here in the home of Judge McLean, she saw Negroes for the first time,
+Negroes working to earn their freedom. Startled by their black faces,
+she was a little afraid, but when her father explained that in the
+South they could be sold like cattle and torn from their families, her
+fear turned to pity.
+
+At the district school, taught by a woman in summer and by a man in
+the winter, she learned to sew, spell, read, and write, and she wanted
+to study long division but the schoolmaster, unable to teach it, saw
+no reason why a woman should care for such knowledge. Her father, then
+realizing the need of better education for his five children, Guelma,
+Susan, Hannah, Daniel, and Mary, established a school for them in the
+new brick building where he had opened a store. Later on when their
+new brick house was finished, he set aside a large room for the
+school, and here for the first time in that district the pupils had
+separate seats, stools without backs, instead of the usual benches
+around the schoolroom walls. He engaged as teachers young women who
+had studied a year or two in a female seminary; and because female
+seminaries were rare in those days, women teachers with up-to-date
+training were hard to find. Only a few visionaries believed in the
+education of women. Nearby Emma Willard's recently established Troy
+Female Seminary was being watched with interest and suspicion. Mary
+Lyon, who had not yet founded her own seminary at Mt. Holyoke, was
+teaching at Zilpha Grant's school in Ipswich, Massachusetts, and one
+of her pupils, Mary Perkins, came to Battenville to teach the Anthony
+children. Mary Perkins brought new methods and new studies to the
+little school. She introduced a primer with small black illustrations
+which fascinated Susan. She taught the children to recite poetry,
+drilled them regularly in calisthenics, and longed to add music as
+well, but Daniel Anthony forbade this, for Quakers believed that music
+might seduce the thoughts of the young. So Susan, although she often
+had a song in her heart, had to repress it and never knew the joy of
+singing the songs of childhood.
+
+Her father, looking upon the millworkers as part of his family,
+started an evening school for them, often teaching it himself or
+calling in the family teacher. He organized a temperance society among
+the workers, and all signed a pledge never to drink distilled liquor.
+When he opened a store in the new brick building, he refused to sell
+liquor, although Judge McLean warned him it would ruin his trade.
+Daniel Anthony went even further. He resolved not to serve liquor when
+the millworkers' houses were built and the neighbors came to the
+"raising." Again Judge McLean protested, feeling certain that the men
+and boys would demand their gin and their rum, but Susan and her
+sisters helped their mother serve lemonade, tea, coffee, doughnuts,
+and gingerbread in abundance. The men joked a bit about the lack of
+strong drink which they expected with every meal, but they did not
+turn away from the good substitutes which were offered and they were
+on hand for the next "raising." Hearing all of this discussed at home,
+Susan, again proud of her father, ardently advocated the cause of
+temperance.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The mill was still of great interest to her and she watched every
+operation closely in her spare time, longing to try her hand at the
+work. One day when a "spooler" was ill, Susan and her sister Hannah
+eagerly volunteered to take her place. Their father was ready to let
+them try, pleased by their interest and curious to see what they could
+do, but their mother protested that the mill was no place for
+children. Finally Susan's earnest pleading won her mother's reluctant
+consent, and the two girls drew lots for the job. It went to
+twelve-year-old Susan on the condition that she divide her earnings
+with Hannah. Every day for two weeks she went early to the mill in her
+plain homespun dress, her straight hair neatly parted and smoothed
+over her ears. Proudly she tended the spools. She was skillful and
+quick, and received the regular wage of $1.50 a week, which she
+divided with Hannah, buying with her share six pale blue coffee cups
+for her mother who had allowed her this satisfying adventure.
+
+A few weeks before her thirteenth birthday, Susan became a member of
+the Society of Friends which met in nearby Easton, New York, and
+learned to search her heart and ask herself, "Art thou faithful?"
+Parties, dancing, and entertainments were generally ruled out of her
+life as sinful, and rarely were a temptation, but occasionally her
+mother, remembering her own good times, let her and her sisters go to
+parties at the homes of their Presbyterian neighbors, and for this her
+father was criticized at Friends' Meeting. Condemning bright colors,
+frills, and jewelry as vain and worldly, Susan accepted plain somber
+clothing as a mark of righteousness, and when she deviated to the
+extent of wearing the Scotch-plaid coat which her mother had bought
+her, she wondered if the big rent torn in it by a dog might not be
+deserved punishment for her pride in wearing it.
+
+That same year, the family moved into their new brick house of fifteen
+rooms, with hard-finish plaster walls and light green woodwork, the
+finest house in that part of the country. Here Susan's brother Merritt
+was born the next April, and her two-year-old sister, Eliza, died.
+
+Susan, Guelma, and Hannah continued their studies longer than most
+girls in the neighborhood, for Quakers not only encouraged but
+demanded education for both boys and girls. As soon as Susan and her
+sister Guelma were old enough, they taught the "home" school in the
+summer when the younger children attended, and then went further
+afield to teach in nearby villages. At fifteen Susan was teaching a
+district school for $1.50 a week and board, and although it was hard
+for her to be away from home, she accepted it as a Friend's duty to
+provide good education for children. Now Presbyterian neighbors
+criticized her father, protesting that well-to-do young ladies should
+not venture into paid work.
+
+Daniel Anthony was now a wealthy man, his factory the largest and most
+prosperous in that part of the country, and he could afford more and
+better education for his daughters. He sent Guelma, the eldest, to
+Deborah Moulson's Friends' Seminary near Philadelphia, where for $125
+a year "the inculcation of the principles of Humility, Morality, and
+Virtue" received particular attention; and when Guelma was asked to
+stay on a second year as a teacher, he suggested that Susan join her
+there as a pupil.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It was a long journey from Battenville to Philadelphia in 1837, and
+when Susan left her home on a snowy afternoon with her father, she
+felt as if the parting would be forever. Her first glimpse of the
+world beyond Battenville interested her immensely until her father
+left her at the seminary, and then she confessed to her diary, "Oh
+what pangs were felt. It seemed impossible for me to part with him. I
+could not speak to bid him farewell."[8] She tried to comfort herself
+by writing letters, and wrote so many and so much that Guelma often
+exclaimed, "Susan, thee writes too much; thee should learn to be
+concise." As it was a rule of the seminary that each letter must first
+be written out carefully on a slate, inspected by Deborah Moulson,
+then copied with care, inspected again, and finally sent out after
+four or five days of preparation, all spontaneity was stifled and her
+letters were stilted and overvirtuous. This censorship left its mark,
+and years later she confessed, "Whenever I take my pen in hand, I
+always seem to be mounted on stilts."[9]
+
+To her diary she could confide her real feelings--her discouragement
+over her lack of improvement and her inability to understand her many
+"sins," such as not dotting an _i_, too much laughter, or smiling at
+her friends instead of reproving them for frivolous conduct. She
+wrote, "Thought so much of my resolutions to do better in the future
+that even my dreams were filled with these desires.... Although I have
+been guilty of much levity and nonsensical conversation, and have also
+admitted thoughts to occupy my mind which should have been far distant
+from it, I do not consider myself as having committed any wilful
+offense but perhaps the reason I cannot see my own defects is because
+my heart is hardened."[10]
+
+The girls studied a variety of subjects, arithmetic, algebra,
+literature, chemistry, philosophy, physiology, astronomy, and
+bookkeeping. Men came to the school to conduct some of the classes,
+and Deborah Moulson was also assisted by several student teachers, one
+of whom, Lydia Mott, became Susan's lifelong friend. Susan worked
+hard, for she was a conscientious child, but none of her efforts
+seemed to satisfy Deborah Moulson, who was a hard taskmaster. Her
+reproofs cut deep, and once when Susan protested that she was always
+censured while Guelma was praised, Deborah Moulson sternly replied,
+"Thy sister Guelma does the best she is capable of, but thou dost not.
+Thou hast greater abilities and I demand of thee the best of thy
+capacity."[11]
+
+Mail from home was a bright spot, bringing into those busy austere
+days news of her friends, and when she read that one of them had
+married an old widower with six children, she reflected sagely, "I
+should think any female would rather live and die an old maid."[12]
+
+Then came word that her father's business had been so affected by the
+financial depression that the family would have to give up their home
+in Battenville. Sorrowfully she wrote in her diary, "O can I ever
+forget that loved residence in Battenville, and no more to call it
+home seems impossible."[13] It helped little to realize that countless
+other families throughout the country were facing the future penniless
+because banks had failed, mills were shut down, and work on canals and
+railroads had ceased. In April 1838, Daniel Anthony came to the
+seminary to take his daughters home.
+
+Susan felt keenly her father's sorrow over the failure of his business
+and the loss of the home he had built for his family, and she resolved
+at once to help out by teaching in Union Village, New York. In May
+1838, she wrote in her diary, "On last evening ... I again left my
+home to mingle with strangers which seems to be my sad lot. Separation
+was rendered more trying on account of the embarrassing condition of
+our business affairs, an inventory was expected to be taken today of
+our furniture by assignees.... Spent this day in school, found it
+small and quite disorderly. O, may my patience hold out to persevere
+without intermission."[14]
+
+Her patience did hold out, and also her courage, as the news came from
+home telling her how everything had to be sold to satisfy the
+creditors, the furniture, her mother's silver spoons, their clothing
+and books, the flour, tea, coffee, and sugar in the pantries. She
+rejoiced to hear that Uncle Joshua Read from Palatine Bridge, New
+York, had come to the rescue, had bought their most treasured and
+needed possessions and turned them over to her mother.
+
+On a cold blustery March day in 1839, when she was nineteen, Susan
+moved with her family two miles down the Battenkill to the little
+settlement of Hardscrabble, later called Center Falls, where her
+father owned a satinet factory and grist mill, built in more
+prosperous times. These were now heavily mortgaged but he hoped to
+save them. They moved into a large house which had been a tavern in
+the days when lumber had been cut around Hardscrabble. It was
+disappointing after their fine brick house in Battenville, but they
+made it comfortable, and their love for and loyalty to each other made
+them a happy family anywhere. As it had been a halfway house on the
+road to Troy and travelers continued to stop there asking for a meal
+or a night's lodging, they took them in, and young Daniel served them
+food and nonintoxicating drinks at the old tavern bar.
+
+Susan, when her school term was over, put her energies into housework,
+recording in her diary, "Did a large washing today.... Spent today at
+the spinning wheel.... Baked 21 loaves of bread.... Wove three yards
+of carpet yesterday."[15]
+
+The attic of the tavern had been finished off for a ballroom with
+bottles laid under the floor to give a nice tone to the music of the
+fiddles, and now the young people of the village wanted to hold their
+dancing school there. Susan's father, true to his Quaker training,
+felt obliged to refuse, but when they came the second time to tell him
+that the only other place available was a disreputable tavern where
+liquor was sold, he relented a little, and talked the matter over with
+his wife and daughters. Lucy Anthony, recalling her love of dancing,
+urged him to let the young people come. Finally he consented on the
+condition that Guelma, Hannah, and Susan would not dance. They agreed.
+Every two weeks all through the winter, the fiddles played in the
+attic room and the boys and girls of the neighborhood danced the
+Virginia reel and their rounds and squares, while the three Quaker
+girls sat around the wall, watching and longing to join in the fun.
+
+Such frivolous entertainment in the home of a Quaker could not be
+condoned, and Daniel Anthony was not only severely censured by the
+Friends but read out of Meeting, "because he kept a place of amusement
+in his house." But he did not regret his so-called sin any more than
+he regretted marrying out of Meeting. He continued to attend Friends'
+Meeting, but grew more and more liberal as the years went by. At this
+time, like all Quakers, he refused to vote, not wishing in any way to
+support a government that believed in war, and this influenced Susan
+who for some years regarded voting as unimportant. He refused to pay
+taxes for the same reason, and she often saw him put his pocketbook on
+the table and then remark drily to the tax collector, "I shall not
+voluntarily pay these taxes. If thee wants to rifle my pocketbook,
+thee can do so."[16]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+To help her father with his burden of debt was now Susan's purpose in
+life, and in the spring she again left the family circle to teach at
+Eunice Kenyon's Friends' Seminary in New Rochelle, New York. There
+were twenty-eight day pupils and a few boarders at the seminary, and
+for long periods while Eunice Kenyon was ill, Susan took full charge.
+
+She wrote her family all the little details of her life, but their
+letters never came often enough to satisfy her. Occasionally she
+received a paper or a letter from Aaron McLean, Judge McLean's
+grandson, who had been her good friend and Guelma's ever since they
+had moved to Battenville. His letters almost always started an
+argument which both of them continued with zest. After hearing the
+Quaker preacher, Rachel Barker, she wrote him, "I guess if you would
+hear her you would believe in a woman's preaching. What an absurd
+notion that women have not intellectual and moral faculties sufficient
+for anything but domestic concerns."[17]
+
+When New Rochelle welcomed President Van Buren with a parade, bands
+playing, and crowds in the streets, this prim self-righteous young
+woman took no part in this hero worship, but gave vent to her
+disapproval in a letter to Aaron.
+
+Disturbed over the treatment Negroes received at Friends' Meeting in
+New Rochelle, she impulsively wrote him, "The people about here are
+anti-abolitionist and anti everything else that's good. The Friends
+raised quite a fuss about a colored man sitting in the meeting house,
+and some left on account of it.... What a lack of Christianity is
+this!"[18]
+
+Her school term of fifteen weeks, for which she was paid $30, was over
+early in September, just in time for her to be at home for Guelma's
+wedding to Aaron McLean, and afterward she stayed on to teach the
+village school in Center Falls. This made it possible for her to join
+in the social life of the neighborhood. Often the young people drove
+to nearby villages, twenty buggies in procession. On a drive to
+Saratoga, her escort asked her to give up teaching to marry him. She
+refused, as she did again a few years later when a Quaker elder tried
+to entice her with his fine house, his many acres, and his sixty cows.
+Although she had reached the age of twenty, when most girls felt they
+should be married, she was still particular, and when a friend married
+a man far inferior mentally, she wrote in her diary, "'Tis strange,
+'tis passing strange that a girl possessed of common sense should be
+willing to marry a lunatic--but so it is."[19]
+
+During the next few years, both she and Hannah taught school almost
+continuously, for $2 to $2.50 a week. Time and time again Susan
+replaced a man who had been discharged for inefficiency. Although she
+made a success of the school, she discovered that she was paid only a
+fourth the salary he had received, and this rankled.
+
+Almost everywhere except among Quakers, she encountered a false
+estimate of women which she instinctively opposed. After spending
+several months with relatives in Vermont, where she had the unexpected
+opportunity of studying algebra, she stopped over for a visit with
+Guelma and Aaron in Battenville, where Aaron was a successful
+merchant. Eagerly she told them of her latest accomplishment. Aaron
+was not impressed. Later at dinner when she offered him the delicious
+cream biscuits which she had baked, he remarked with his most
+tantalizing air of male superiority, "I'd rather see a woman make
+biscuits like these than solve the knottiest problem in algebra."
+
+"There is no reason," she retorted, "why she should not be able to do
+both."[20]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] _Report of the International Council of Women_, 1888 (Washington,
+1888), p. 163.
+
+[2] Charles B. Waite, "Who Were the Voters in the Early History of
+This Country?" _Chicago Law Times_, Oct., 1888.
+
+[3] Janet Whitney, _Abigail Adams_ (Boston, 1947), p. 129. In 1776,
+Abigail Adams wrote her husband, John Adams, at the Continental
+Congress in Philadelphia, "In the new code of laws which I suppose it
+will be necessary for you to make, I desire you would remember the
+ladies and be more generous and favorable to them than your ancestors!
+Do not put such unlimited powers into the hands of husbands. Remember
+all men would be tyrants if they could. If particular care and
+attention is not paid to the ladies, we are determined to foment a
+rebellion, and will not hold ourselves bound by any laws in which we
+have no voice or representation." Ethel Armes, _Stratford Hall_
+(Richmond, Va., 1936), pp. 206-209.
+
+[4] Under the Missouri Compromise, Maine was admitted as a free state,
+Missouri as a slave state, and slavery was excluded from all of the
+Louisiana Purchase, north of latitude 36°31'.
+
+[5] The meeting house, built in 1783, is still standing. It is owned
+by the town of Adams, and cared for by the Adams Society of Friends
+Descendants. Susan traced her ancestry to William Anthony of Cologne
+who migrated to England and during the reign of Edward VI, was made
+Chief Graver of the Royal Mint and Master of the Scales, holding this
+office also during the reign of Queen Mary and part of Queen
+Elizabeth's reign. In 1634, one of his descendants, John Anthony,
+settled in Rhode Island, and just before the Revolution, his great
+grandson, David, Susan's great grandfather, bought land near Adams,
+Massachusetts, then regarded as the far West.
+
+[6] Ida Husted Harper, _The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony_
+(Indianapolis, 1898), I, p. 10.
+
+[7] Daniel and Susannah Richardson Read gave Lucy and Daniel Anthony
+land for their home, midway between the Anthony and Read farms. Here
+Susan was born in a substantial two-story, frame house, built by her
+father.
+
+[8] Ms., Diary, 1837.
+
+[9] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 25.
+
+[10] Ms., Diary, Jan. 21, Feb. 10, 1838
+
+[11] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 31.
+
+[12] Ms., Diary, Feb. 26, 1838.
+
+[13] _Ibid._, Feb. 6, 1838.
+
+[14] _Ibid._, May 7, 1838.
+
+[15] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 36.
+
+[16] _Ibid._, p. 37.
+
+[17] _Ibid._, p. 40.
+
+[18] _Ibid._, p. 39.
+
+[19] _Ibid._
+
+[20] _Ibid._, pp. 43-44.
+
+
+
+
+WIDENING HORIZONS
+
+
+Unable to recoup his business losses in Center Falls and losing even
+the satinet factory, Susan's father had looked about in Virginia and
+Michigan as well as western New York for an opportunity to make a
+fresh start. A farm on the outskirts of Rochester looked promising,
+and with the money which Lucy Anthony had inherited from Grandfather
+Read and which had been held for her by Uncle Joshua Read, the first
+payment had been made on the farm by Uncle Joshua, who held it in his
+name and leased it to Daniel.[21] Had it been turned over to Susan's
+mother, it would have become Daniel Anthony's property under the law
+and could have been claimed by his creditors.
+
+Only Susan, Merritt, and Mary climbed into the stage with their
+parents, early in November 1845, on the first lap of their journey to
+their new home, near Rochester, New York. Guelma and Hannah[22] were
+both married and settled in homes of their own, and young Daniel,
+clerking in Lenox, had decided to stay behind.
+
+After a visit with Uncle Joshua at Palatine Bridge, they boarded a
+line boat on the Erie Canal, taking with them their gray horse and
+wagon; and surrounded by their household goods, they moved slowly
+westward. Standing beside her father in the warm November sunshine,
+Susan watched the strong horses on the towpath, plodding patiently
+ahead, and heard the wash of the water against the prow and the noisy
+greeting of boat horns. As they passed the snug friendly villages
+along the canal and the wide fertile fields, now brown and bleak after
+the harvest, she wondered what the new farm would be like and what the
+future would bring; and at night when the lights twinkled in the
+settlements along the shore, she thought longingly of her old home and
+the sisters she had left behind.
+
+After a journey of several days, they reached Rochester late in the
+afternoon. Her father took the horse and wagon off the boat, and in
+the chill gray dusk drove them three miles over muddy roads to the
+farm. It was dark when they arrived, and the house was cold, empty,
+and dismal, but after the fires were lighted and her mother had cooked
+a big kettle of cornmeal mush, their spirits revived. Within the next
+few days they transformed it into a cheerful comfortable home.
+
+The house on a little hill overlooked their thirty-two acres. Back of
+it was the barn, a carriage house, and a little blacksmith shop.[23]
+Looking out over the flat snowy fields toward the curving Genesee
+River and the church steeples in Rochester, Susan often thought
+wistfully of the blue hills around Center Falls and Battenville and of
+the good times she had had there.
+
+The winter was lonely for her in spite of the friendliness of their
+Quaker neighbors, the De Garmos, and the Quaker families in Rochester
+who called at once to welcome them. Her father found these neighbors
+very congenial and they readily interested him in the antislavery
+movement, now active in western New York. Within the next few months,
+several antislavery meetings were held in the Anthony home and opened
+a new world to Susan. For the first time she heard of the Underground
+Railroad which secretly guided fugitive slaves to Canada and of the
+Liberty party which was making a political issue of slavery. She
+listened to serious, troubled discussion of the annexation of Texas,
+bringing more power to the proslavery block, which even the
+acquisition of free Oregon could not offset. She read antislavery
+tracts and copies of William Lloyd Garrison's _Liberator_, borrowed
+from Quaker friends; and on long winter evenings, as she sat by the
+fire sewing, she talked over with her father the issues they raised.
+
+When spring came and the trees and bushes leafed out, she took more
+interest in the farm, discovering its good points one by one--the
+flowering quince along the driveway, the pinks bordering the walk to
+the front door, the rosebushes in the yard, and cherry trees, currant
+and gooseberry bushes in abundance. Her father planted peach and apple
+orchards and worked the "sixpenny farm,"[24] as he called it, to the
+best of his ability, but the thirty-two acres seemed very small
+compared with the large Anthony and Read farms in the Berkshires, and
+he soon began to look about for more satisfying work. This he found a
+few years later with the New York Life Insurance Company, then
+developing its business in western New York. Very successful in this
+new field, he continued in it the rest of his life, but he always kept
+the farm for the family home.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The first member of the family to leave the Rochester farm was Susan.
+The cherry trees were in bloom when she received an offer from
+Canajoharie Academy to teach the female department. As Canajoharie was
+across the river from Uncle Joshua Read's home in Palatine Bridge and
+he was a trustee of the academy, she read between the lines his kindly
+interest in her. He was an influential citizen of that community, a
+bank director and part owner of the Albany-Utica turnpike and the
+stage line to Schenectady. Accepting the offer at once, she made the
+long journey by canal boat to Canajoharie, and early in May 1846 was
+comfortably settled in the home of Uncle Joshua's daughter, Margaret
+Read Caldwell.
+
+She soon loved Margaret as a sister and was devoted to her children.
+None of her new friends were Quakers and she enjoyed their social life
+thoroughly, leaving behind her forever the somber clothing which she
+had heretofore regarded as a mark of righteousness. She began her
+school with twenty-five pupils and a yearly salary of approximately
+$110. This was more than she had ever earned before, and for the first
+time in her life she spent her money freely on herself.
+
+Her first quarterly examination, held before the principal, the
+trustees, and parents, established her reputation as a teacher, and in
+addition everyone said, "The schoolmarm looks beautiful."[25] She had
+dressed up for the occasion, wearing a new plaid muslin, purple,
+white, blue, and brown, with white collar and cuffs, and had hung a
+gold watch and chain about her neck. She wound the four braids of her
+smooth brown hair around her big shell comb and put on her new
+prunella gaiters with patent-leather heels and tips. She looked so
+pretty, so neat, and so capable that many of the parents feared some
+young man would fall desperately in love with her and rob the academy
+of a teacher. She did have more than her share of admirers. She soon
+saw her first circus and went to her first ball, a real novelty for
+the young woman who had sat demurely along the wall in the attic room
+of her Center Falls home while her more worldly friends danced.
+
+In spite of all her good times, she missed her family, but because of
+the long trip to Rochester, she did not return to the farm for two
+years. She spent her vacations with Guelma and Hannah, who lived only
+a few hours away, or in Albany with her former teacher at Deborah
+Moulson's seminary, Lydia Mott, a cousin by marriage of Lucretia Mott.
+In anticipation of a vacation at home, she wrote her parents,
+"Sometimes I can hardly wait for the day to come. They have talked of
+building a new academy this summer, but I do not believe they will. My
+room is not fit to stay in and I have promised myself that I would not
+pass another winter in it. If I must forever teach, I will seek at
+least a comfortable house to do penance in. I have a pleasant school
+of twenty scholars, but I have to manufacture the interest duty
+compels me to exhibit.... Energy and something to stimulate is
+wanting! But I expect the busy summer vacation spent with my dearest
+and truest friends will give me new life and fresh courage to
+persevere in the arduous path of duty. Do not think me unhappy with my
+fate, no not so. I am only a little tired and a good deal lazy. That
+is all. Do write very soon. Tell about the strawberries and peaches,
+cherries and plums.... Tell me how the yard looks, what flowers are in
+bloom and all about the farming business."[26]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+During her visits in Albany with Lydia Mott, who was now an active
+abolitionist, Susan heard a great deal about antislavery work. At this
+time, however, Canajoharie took little interest in this reform
+movement, but temperance was gaining a foothold. Throughout the
+country, Sons of Temperance were organizing and women wanted to help,
+but the men refused to admit them to their organizations, protesting
+that public reform was outside women's sphere. Unwilling to be put off
+when the need was so great, women formed their own secret temperance
+societies, and then, growing bolder, announced themselves as Daughters
+of Temperance.
+
+Canajoharie had its Daughters of Temperance, and Susan, long an
+advocate of temperance, gladly joined the crusade, and made her first
+speech when the Daughters of Temperance held a supper meeting to
+interest the people of the village. Few women at this time could have
+been persuaded to address an audience of both men and women, believing
+this to be bold, unladylike, and contrary to the will of God; but the
+young Quaker, whose grandmother and aunts had always spoken in
+Meeting when the spirit moved them, was ready to say her word for
+temperance, taking it for granted that it was not only woman's right
+but her responsibility to speak and work for social reform.
+
+About two hundred people assembled for the supper, and entering the
+hall, Susan found it festooned with cedar and red flannel and to her
+amazement saw letters in evergreen on one of the walls, spelling out
+Susan B. Anthony.
+
+"I hardly knew how to conduct myself amidst so much kindly
+regard,"[27] she confided to her family.
+
+She had carefully written out her speech and had sewn the pages
+together in a blue cover. Now in a clear serious voice, she read its
+formal flowery sentences telling of the weekly meetings of "this now
+despised little band" which had awakened women to the great need of
+reform.
+
+"It is generally conceded," she declared, "that our sex fashions the
+social and moral state of society. We do not assume that females
+possess unbounded power in abolishing the evil customs of the day; but
+we do believe that were they en masse to discontinue the use of wine
+and brandy as beverages at both their public and private parties, not
+one of the opposite sex, who has any claim to the title of gentleman,
+would so insult them as to come into their presence after having
+quaffed of that foul destroyer of all true delicacy and refinement....
+Ladies! There is no neutral position for us to assume...."[28]
+
+The next day the village buzzed with talk of the meeting; only a few
+criticized Susan for speaking in public, and almost all agreed that
+she was the smartest woman in Canajoharie.
+
+While she was busy with her temperance work, there were stirrings
+among women in other parts of New York State in the spring and early
+summer of 1848. Through the efforts of a few women who circulated
+petitions and the influence of wealthy men who saw irresponsible
+sons-in-law taking over the property they wanted their daughters to
+own, a Married Women's Property Law passed the legislature; this made
+it possible for a married woman to hold real estate in her own name.
+Heretofore all property owned by a woman at marriage and all received
+by gift or inheritance had at once become her husband's and he had had
+the right to sell it or will it away without her consent and to
+collect the rents or the income. The new law was welcomed in the
+Anthony household, for now Lucy Anthony's inheritance, which had
+bought the Rochester farm, could at last be put in her own name and
+need no longer be held for her by her brother.
+
+In the newspapers in July, Susan read scornful, humorous, and
+indignant reports of a woman's rights convention in Seneca Falls, New
+York, at which women had issued a Declaration of Sentiments,
+announcing themselves men's equals. They had protested against legal,
+economic, social, and educational discriminations and asked for the
+franchise. A woman's rights convention in the 1840s was a startling
+event. Women, if they were "ladies" did not attend public gatherings
+where politics or social reforms were discussed, because such subjects
+were regarded as definitely out of their sphere. Much less did they
+venture to call meetings of their own and issue bold resolutions.
+
+Susan was not shocked by this break with tradition, but she did not
+instinctively come to the defense of these rebellious women, nor
+champion their cause. She was amused rather than impressed. Yet
+Lucretia Mott's presence at the convention aroused her curiosity.
+Among her father's Quaker friends in Rochester, she had heard only
+praise of Mrs. Mott, and she herself, when a pupil at Deborah
+Moulson's seminary, had been inspired by Mrs. Mott's remarks at
+Friends' Meeting in Philadelphia.
+
+So far Susan had encountered few barriers because she was a woman. She
+had had little personal contact with the hardships other women
+suffered because of their inferior legal status. To be sure, it had
+been puzzling to her as child that Sally Hyatt, the most skillful
+weaver in her father's mill, had never been made overseer, but the
+fact that her mother had not the legal right to hold property in her
+own name did not at the time make an impression upon her. Brought up
+as a Quaker, she had no obstacles put in the way of her education. She
+had an exceptional father who was proud of his daughters' intelligence
+and ability and respected their opinions and decisions. Her only real
+complaint was the low salary she had been obliged to accept as a
+teacher because she was a woman. She sensed a feeling of male
+superiority, which she resented, in her brother-in-law, Aaron McLean,
+who did not approve of women preachers and who thought it more
+important for a woman to bake biscuits than to study algebra. She met
+the same arrogance of sex in her Cousin Margaret's husband, but she
+had not analyzed the cause, or seen the need of concerted action by
+women.
+
+Returning home for her vacation in August, she found to her surprise
+that a second woman's rights convention had been held in Rochester in
+the Unitarian church, that her mother, her father, and her sister
+Mary, and many of their Quaker friends had not only attended, but had
+signed the Declaration of Sentiments and the resolutions, and that her
+cousin, Sarah Burtis Anthony, had acted as secretary. Her father
+showed so much interest, as he told her about the meetings, that she
+laughingly remarked, "I think you are getting a good deal ahead of the
+times."[29] She countered Mary's ardent defense of the convention with
+good-natured ridicule. The whole family, however, continued to be so
+enthusiastic over the meetings and this new movement for woman's
+rights, they talked so much about Elizabeth Cady Stanton "with her
+black curls and ruddy cheeks"[30] and about Lucretia Mott "with her
+Quaker cap and her crossed handkerchief of the finest muslin," both
+"speaking so grandly and looking magnificent," that Susan's interest
+was finally aroused and she decided she would like to meet these women
+and talk with them. There was no opportunity for this, however, before
+she returned to Canajoharie for another year of teaching.
+
+It proved to be a year of great sadness because of the illness of her
+cousin Margaret whom she loved dearly. In addition to her teaching,
+she nursed Margaret and looked after the house and children. She saw
+much to discredit the belief that men were the stronger and women the
+weaker sex, and impatient with Margaret's husband, she wrote her
+mother that there were some drawbacks to marriage that made a woman
+quite content to remain single. In explanation she added, "Joseph had
+a headache the other day and Margaret remarked that she had had one
+for weeks. 'Oh,' said the husband, 'mine is the real headache, genuine
+pain, yours is sort of a natural consequence.'"[31]
+
+Within a few weeks Margaret died. This was heart-breaking for Susan,
+and without her cousin, Canajoharie offered little attraction.
+Teaching had become irksome. The new principal was uncongenial, a
+severe young man from the South whose father was a slaveholder. Susan
+longed for a change, and as she read of the young men leaving for the
+West, lured by gold in California, she envied them their adventure and
+their opportunity to explore and conquer a whole new world.
+
+[Illustration: Frederick Douglass]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The peaches were ripe when Susan returned to the farm. The orchard
+which her father had planted, now bore abundantly. Restless and eager
+for hard physical work, she discarded the stylish hoops which impeded
+action, put on an old calico dress, and spent days in the warm
+September sunshine picking peaches. Then while she preserved, canned,
+and pickled them, there was little time to long for pioneering in the
+West.
+
+She enjoyed the active life on the farm for she was essentially a
+doer, most happy when her hands and her mind were busy. As she helped
+with the housework, wove rag carpet, or made shirts by hand for her
+father and brothers, she dreamed of the future, of the work she might
+do to make her life count for something. Teaching, she decided, was
+definitely behind her. She would not allow her sister Mary's interest
+in that career to persuade her otherwise, even if teaching were the
+only promising and well-thought-of occupation for women. Reading the
+poems of Elizabeth Barrett Browning, she was deeply stirred and looked
+forward romantically to some great and useful life work.
+
+The _Liberator_, with its fearless denunciation of Negro slavery, now
+came regularly to the Anthony home, and as she pored over its pages,
+its message fired her soul. Eagerly she called with her father at the
+home of Frederick Douglass, who had recently settled in Rochester and
+was publishing his paper, the _North Star_. Not only did she want to
+show friendliness to this free Negro of whose intelligence and
+eloquence she had heard so much, but she wanted to hear first-hand
+from him and his wife of the needs of his people.
+
+Almost every Sunday the antislavery Quakers met at the Anthony farm.
+The Posts, the Hallowells, the De Garmos, and the Willises were sure
+to be there. Sometimes they sent a wagon into the city for Frederick
+Douglass and his family. Now and then famous abolitionists joined the
+circle when their work brought them to western New York--William Lloyd
+Garrison, looking with fatherly kindness at his friends through his
+small steel-rimmed spectacles; Wendell Phillips, handsome, learned,
+and impressive; black-bearded, fiery Parker Pillsbury; and the
+friendly Unitarian pastor from Syracuse, the Reverend Samuel J. May.
+Susan, helping her mother with dinner for fifteen or twenty, was torn
+between establishing her reputation as a good cook and listening to
+the interesting conversation. She heard them discuss woman's rights,
+which had divided the antislavery ranks. They talked of their
+antislavery campaigns and the infamous compromises made by Congress to
+pacify the powerful slaveholding interests. Like William Lloyd
+Garrison, all of them refused to vote, not wishing to take any part in
+a government which countenanced slavery. They called the Constitution
+a proslavery document, advocated "No Union with Slaveholders," and
+demanded immediate and unconditional emancipation. All about them and
+with their help the Underground Railroad was operating, circumventing
+the Fugitive Slave Law and guiding Negro refugees to Canada and
+freedom. Amy and Isaac Post's barn, Susan knew, was a station on the
+Underground, and the De Garmos and Frederick Douglass almost always
+had a Negro hidden away. She heard of riots and mobs in Boston and
+Ohio; but in Rochester not a fugitive was retaken and there were no
+street battles, although the New York _Herald_ advised the city to
+throw its "nigger printing press"[32] into Lake Ontario and banish
+Douglass to Canada.
+
+As the Society of Friends in Rochester was unfriendly to the
+antislavery movement, Susan with her father and other liberal Hicksite
+Quakers left it for the Unitarian church. Here for the first time they
+listened to "hireling ministry" and to a formal church service with
+music. This was a complete break with what they had always known as
+worship, but the friendly Christian spirit expressed by both minister
+and congregation made them soon feel at home. This new religious
+fellowship put Susan in touch with the most advanced thought of the
+day, broke down some of the rigid precepts drilled into her at Deborah
+Moulson's seminary, and encouraged liberalism and tolerance. Although
+there had been austerity in the outward forms of her Quaker training,
+it had developed in her a very personal religion, a strong sense of
+duty, and a high standard of ethics, which always remained with her.
+It had fostered a love of mankind that reached out spontaneously to
+help the needy, the unfortunate, and the oppressed, and this now
+became the driving force of her life. It led her naturally to seek
+ways and means to free the Negro from slavery and to turn to the
+temperance movement to wipe out the evil of drunkenness.
+
+These were the days when the reformed drunkard, John B. Gough, was
+lecturing throughout the country with the zeal of an evangelist,
+getting thousands to sign the total-abstinence pledge. Inspired by his
+example, the Daughters of Temperance were active in Rochester. They
+elected Susan their president, and not only did she plan suppers and
+festivals to raise money for their work but she organized new
+societies in neighboring towns. Her more ambitious plans for them were
+somewhat delayed by home responsibilities which developed when her
+father became an agent of the New York Life Insurance Company. This
+took him away from home a great deal, and as both her brothers were
+busy with work of their own and Mary was teaching, it fell to Susan to
+take charge of the farm. She superintended the planting, the
+harvesting, and the marketing, and enjoyed it, but she did not let it
+crowd out her interest in the causes which now seemed so vital.
+
+Horace Greeley's New York _Tribune_ came regularly to the farm, for
+the Anthonys, like many others throughout the country, had come to
+depend upon it for what they felt was a truthful report of the news.
+In this day of few magazines, it met a real need, and Susan, poring
+over its pages, not only kept in touch with current events, but found
+inspiration in its earnest editorials which so often upheld the ideals
+which she felt were important. She found thought-provoking news in the
+full and favorable report of the national woman's rights convention
+held in Worcester, Massachusetts, in October 1850. Better informed now
+through her antislavery friends about this new movement for woman's
+rights, she was ready to consider it seriously and she read all the
+stirring speeches, noting the caliber of the men and women taking
+part. Garrison, Phillips, Pillsbury, and Lucretia Mott were there, as
+well as Lucy Stone, that appealing young woman of whose eloquence on
+the antislavery platform Susan had heard so much, and Abby Kelley
+Foster, whose appointment to office in the American Antislavery
+Society had precipitated a split in the ranks on the "woman question."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A year later, when Abby Kelley Foster and her husband Stephen spoke at
+antislavery meetings in Rochester, Susan had her first opportunity to
+meet this fearless woman. Listening to Abby's speeches and watching
+the play of emotion on her eager Irish face under the Quaker bonnet,
+Susan wondered if she would ever have the courage to follow her
+example. Like herself, Abby had started as a schoolteacher, but after
+hearing Theodore Weld speak, had devoted herself to the antislavery
+cause, traveling alone through the country to say her word against
+slavery and facing not only the antagonism which abolition always
+provoked, but the unreasoning prejudice against public speaking by
+women, which was fanned into flame by the clergy. For listening to
+Abby Kelley, men and women had been excommunicated. Mobs had jeered at
+her and often pelted her with rotten eggs. She had married a
+fellow-abolitionist, Stephen Foster, even more unrelenting than she.
+
+Sensing Susan's interest in the antislavery cause and hoping to make
+an active worker of her, Abby and Stephen suggested that she join them
+on a week's tour, during which she marveled at Abby's ability to hold
+the attention and meet the arguments of her unfriendly audiences and
+wondered if she could ever be moved to such eloquence.
+
+Not yet ready to join the ranks as a lecturer, she continued her
+apprenticeship by attending antislavery meetings whenever possible and
+traveled to Syracuse for the convention which the mob had driven out
+of New York. Eager for more, she stopped over in Seneca Falls to hear
+William Lloyd Garrison and the English abolitionist, George Thompson,
+and was the guest of a temperance colleague, Amelia Bloomer, an
+enterprising young woman who was editing a temperance paper for women,
+_The Lily_.
+
+To her surprise Susan found Amelia in the bloomer costume about which
+she had read in _The Lily_. Introduced in Seneca Falls by Elizabeth
+Smith Miller, the costume, because of its comfort, had so intrigued
+Amelia that she had advocated it in her paper and it had been dubbed
+with her name. Looking at Amelia's long full trousers, showing beneath
+her short skirt but modestly covering every inch of her leg, Susan was
+a bit startled. Yet she could understand the usefulness of the costume
+even if she had no desire to wear it herself. In fact she was more
+than ever pleased with her new gray delaine dress with its long full
+skirt.
+
+Seneca Falls, however, had an attraction for Susan far greater than
+either William Lloyd Garrison or Amelia Bloomer, for it was the home
+of Elizabeth Cady Stanton whom she had longed to meet ever since 1848
+when her parents had reported so enthusiastically about her and the
+Rochester woman's rights convention. Walking home from the antislavery
+meeting with Mrs. Bloomer, Susan met Mrs. Stanton. She liked her at
+once and later called at her home. They discussed abolition,
+temperance, and woman's rights, and with every word Susan's interest
+grew. Mrs. Stanton's interest in woman's rights and her forthright,
+clear thinking made an instant appeal. Never before had Susan had such
+a satisfactory conversation with another woman, and she thought her
+beautiful. Mrs. Stanton's deep blue eyes with their mischievous
+twinkle, her rosy cheeks and short dark hair gave her a very youthful
+appearance, and it was hard for Susan to realize she was the mother of
+three lively boys.
+
+Susan listened enthralled while Mrs. Stanton told how deeply she had
+been moved as a child by the pitiful stories of the women who came to
+her father's law office, begging for relief from the unjust property
+laws which turned over their inheritance and their earnings to their
+husbands. For the first time, Susan heard the story of the exclusion
+of women delegates from the World's antislavery convention in London,
+in 1840, which Mrs. Stanton had attended with her husband and where
+she became the devoted friend of Lucretia Mott. She now better
+understood why these two women had called the first woman's rights
+convention in 1848 at which Mrs. Stanton had made the first public
+demand for woman suffrage.
+
+[Illustration: Elizabeth Cady Stanton in her "Bloomer costume"]
+
+They talked about the bloomer costume which Mrs. Stanton now wore and
+about dress reform which at the moment seemed to Mrs. Stanton an
+important phase of the woman's rights movement, and she pointed out to
+Susan the advantages of the bloomer in the life of a busy housekeeper
+who ran up and down stairs carrying babies, lamps, and buckets of
+water. She praised the freedom it gave from uncomfortable stays and
+tight lacing, confident it would be a big factor in improving the
+health of women.
+
+Thoroughly interested, Susan left Seneca Falls with much to think
+about, but not yet converted to the bloomer costume, or even to woman
+suffrage. Of one thing, however, she was certain. She wanted this
+woman of vision and courage for her friend.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[21] Anthony Collection, Museum of Arts and Sciences, Rochester, New
+York.
+
+[22] Hannah Anthony married Eugene Mosher, a merchant of Easton, New
+York, on September 4, 1845.
+
+[23] Ms., Susan B. Anthony Memorial Collection, Rochester, New York.
+
+[24] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 48.
+
+[25] _Ibid._, p. 50.
+
+[26] May 28, 1848, Lucy E. Anthony Collection.
+
+[27] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 53.
+
+[28] Ms., Susan B. Anthony Papers, Library of Congress.
+
+[29] _Report of the International Council of Women_, 1888, p. 327.
+
+[30] To Nora Blatch, n.d., Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers, Vassar
+College Library, Poughkeepsie, New York.
+
+[31] Harper, _Anthony_, I. p. 52.
+
+[32] Amy H. Croughton, _Antislavery Days in Rochester_ (Rochester,
+N.Y., 1936). Anyone implicated in the escape of a slave was liable to
+$1000 fine, to the payment of $1000 to the owner of the fugitive, and
+to a possible jail sentence of six months.
+
+
+
+
+FREEDOM TO SPEAK
+
+
+Susan was soon rejoicing at the prospect of meeting Lucy Stone and
+Horace Greeley, the editor of the New York _Tribune_. Mrs. Stanton had
+invited her to Seneca Falls to discuss with them and other influential
+men and women the founding of a people's college. Unhesitatingly she
+joined forces with Mrs. Stanton and Lucy Stone to insist that the
+people's college be opened to women on the same terms as men. Lucy had
+proved the practicability of this as a student at Oberlin, the first
+college to admit women, and was one of the first women to receive a
+college degree. However, to suggest coeducation in those days was
+enough to jeopardize the founding of a college, and Horace Greeley
+stood out against them, his babylike face, fringed with throat
+whiskers, getting redder by the moment as he begged them not to
+agitate the question.
+
+The people's college did not materialize, but out of this meeting grew
+a friendship between Susan, Elizabeth Stanton, and Lucy Stone, which
+developed the woman's rights movement in the United States. Susan
+discovered at once that Lucy, like Mrs. Stanton, was an ardent
+advocate of woman's rights. Brought up in a large family on a farm in
+western Massachusetts where a woman's lot was an unending round of
+hard work with no rights over her children or property, Lucy had seen
+much to make her rebellious. Resolving to free herself from this
+bondage, she had worked hard for an education, finally reaching
+Oberlin College. Here she held out for equal rights in education, and
+now as she went through the country, pleading for the abolition of
+slavery, she was not only putting into practice woman's right to
+express herself on public affairs, but was scattering woman's rights
+doctrine wherever she went. Listening to this rosy-cheeked,
+enthusiastic young woman with her little snub nose and soulful gray
+eyes, Susan began to realize how little opposition in comparison she
+herself had met because she was a woman. Not only had her father
+encouraged her to become a teacher, but he had actually aroused her
+interest in such causes as abolition, temperance, and woman's rights,
+while both Lucy and Mrs. Stanton had met disapproval and resistance
+all the way.
+
+[Illustration: Lucy Stone]
+
+She found Lucy, as well as Mrs. Stanton, in the bloomer dress,
+praising its convenience. As Lucy traveled about lecturing, in all
+kinds of weather, climbing on trains, into carriages, and walking on
+muddy streets, she found it much more practical and comfortable than
+the fashionable long full skirts. Nevertheless, there was discomfort
+in being stared at on the streets and in the chagrin of her friends.
+This reform was much on their minds and they discussed it pro and con,
+for Mrs. Stanton was facing real persecution in Seneca Falls, with
+boys screaming "breeches" at her when she appeared in the street and
+with her husband's political opponents ridiculing her costume in their
+campaign speeches. Both women, however, felt it their duty to bear
+this cross to free women from the bondage of cumbersome clothing,
+hoping always that the bloomer, because of its utility, would win
+converts and finally become the fashion. Susan admired their courage,
+but still could not be persuaded to put on the bloomer.
+
+Fired with their zeal, she began planning what she herself might do
+to rouse women. The idea of a separate woman's rights movement did not
+as yet enter her mind. Her thoughts turned rather to the two national
+reform movements already well under way, temperance and antislavery.
+While a career as an antislavery worker appealed strongly to her, she
+felt unqualified when she measured herself with the courageous Grimké
+sisters from South Carolina, or with Abby Kelley Foster, Lucy Stone,
+and the eloquent men in the movement. She had made a place for herself
+locally in temperance societies, and she decided that her work was
+there--to make women an active, important part of this reform.
+
+That winter, as a delegate of the Rochester Daughters of Temperance,
+she went with high hopes to the state convention of the Sons of
+Temperance in Albany, where she visited Lydia Mott and her sister
+Abigail, who lived in a small house on Maiden Lane. Both Lydia and
+Abigail, because of their independence, interested Susan greatly. They
+supported themselves by "taking in" boarders from among the leading
+politicians in Albany. They also kept a men's furnishings store on
+Broadway and made hand-ruffled shirt bosoms and fine linen accessories
+for Thurlow Weed, Horatio Seymour, and other influential citizens.
+Their political contacts were many and important, and yet they were
+also among the very few in that conservative city who stood for
+temperance, abolition of slavery, and woman's rights. Their home was a
+rallying point for reformers and a refuge for fugitive slaves. It was
+to be a second home to Susan in the years to come.
+
+When Susan and the other women delegates entered the convention of the
+Sons of Temperance, they looked forward proudly, if a bit timidly, to
+taking part in the meetings, but when Susan spoke to a motion, the
+chairman, astonished that a woman would be so immodest as to speak in
+a public meeting, scathingly announced, "The sisters were not invited
+here to speak, but to listen and to learn."[33]
+
+This was the first time that Susan had been publicly rebuked because
+she was a woman, and she did not take it lightly. Leaving the hall
+with several other indignant women delegates, amid the critical
+whisperings of those who remained "to listen and to learn," she
+hurried over to Lydia's shop to ask her advice on the next step to be
+taken. Lydia, delighted that they had had the spirit to leave the
+meeting, suggested they engage the lecture room of the Hudson Street
+Presbyterian Church and hold a meeting of their own that very night.
+She went with them to the office of her friend Thurlow Weed, the
+editor of the _Evening Journal_, who published the whole story in his
+paper.
+
+[Illustration: Susan B. Anthony at the age of thirty-four]
+
+Well in advance of the meeting, Susan was at the church, feeling very
+responsible, and when she saw Samuel J. May enter, she was greatly
+relieved. He had read the notice in the _Evening Journal_ and
+persuaded a friend to come with him. To see his genial face in the
+audience gave her confidence, for he would speak easily and well if
+others should fail her. Only a few people drifted into the meeting,
+for the night was snowy and cold. The room was poorly lighted, the
+stove smoked, and in the middle of the speeches, the stovepipe fell
+down. Yet in spite of all this, a spirit of independence and
+accomplishment was born in that gathering and plans were made to call
+a woman's state temperance convention in Rochester with Susan in
+charge.
+
+All this Susan reported to her new friend, Elizabeth Stanton, who
+promised to help all she could, urging that the new organization lead
+the way and not follow the advice of cautious, conservative women.
+Susan agreed, and as a first step in carrying out this policy, she
+asked Mrs. Stanton to make the keynote speech of the convention. Soon
+the Woman's State Temperance Society was a going concern with Mrs.
+Stanton as president and Susan as secretary. There was no doubt about
+its leading the way far ahead of the rank and file of the temperance
+movement when Mrs. Stanton, with Susan's full approval, recommended
+divorce on the grounds of drunkenness, declaring, "Let us petition our
+State government so to modify the laws affecting marriage and the
+custody of children that the drunkard shall have no claims on wife and
+child."[34]
+
+Such independence on the part of women could not be tolerated, and
+both the press and the clergy ruthlessly denounced the Woman's State
+Temperance Society. Susan, however, did not take this too seriously,
+familiar as she was with the persecution antislavery workers endured
+when they frankly expressed their convictions.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Now recognized as the leader of women's temperance groups in New York,
+Susan traveled throughout the state, organizing temperance societies,
+getting subscriptions for Amelia Bloomer's temperance paper, _The
+Lily_, and attending temperance conventions in spite of the fact that
+she met determined opposition to the participation of women. Impressed
+by the success of political action in Maine, where in 1851 the first
+prohibition law in the country had been passed, she now signed her
+letters, "Yours for Temperance Politics."[35] She appealed to women to
+petition for a Maine law for New York and brought a group of women
+before the legislature for the first time for a hearing on this
+prohibition bill. Realizing then that women's indirect influence could
+be of little help in political action, she saw clearly that women
+needed the vote.
+
+However, it was the woman's rights convention in Syracuse, New York,
+in September 1852, which turned her thoughts definitely in the
+direction of votes for women. It was the first woman's rights
+gathering she had ever attended and she was enthusiastic over the
+people she met. She talked eagerly with the courageous Jewish
+lecturer, Ernestine Rose; with Dr. Harriot K. Hunt of Boston, one of
+the first women physicians, who was waging a battle against taxation
+without representation; with Clarina Nichols of Vermont, editor of
+the _Windham County Democrat_, and with Matilda Joslyn Gage, the
+youngest member of the convention. All of these became valuable, loyal
+friends in the years ahead. Susan renewed her acquaintance with Lucy
+Stone, and met Antoinette Brown who had also studied at Oberlin
+College and was now the first woman ordained as a minister. With real
+pleasure she greeted Mrs. Stanton's cousin, Gerrit Smith, now
+Congressman from New York, and his daughter, Elizabeth Smith Miller,
+the originator of the much-discussed bloomer. Best of all was her
+long-hoped-for meeting with James and Lucretia Mott and Lucretia's
+sister, Martha C. Wright. Only Paulina Wright Davis of Providence and
+Elizabeth Oakes Smith of Boston were disappointing, for they appeared
+at the meetings in short-sleeved, low-necked dresses with
+loose-fitting jackets of pink and blue wool, shocking her deeply
+intrenched Quaker instincts. Although she realized that they wore
+ultrafashionable clothes to show the world that not all woman's rights
+advocates were frumps wearing the hideous bloomer, she could not
+forgive them for what to her seemed bad taste. How could such women,
+she asked herself, hope to represent the earnest, hard-working women
+who must be the backbone of the equal rights movement? Always
+forthright, when a principle was at stake, she expressed her feelings
+frankly when James Mott, serving with her on the nominating committee,
+proposed Elizabeth Oakes Smith for president. His reply, that they
+must not expect all women to dress as plainly as the Friends, in no
+way quieted her opposition. To her delight, Lucretia Mott was elected,
+and her dignity and poise as president of this large convention of
+2,000 won the respect even of the critical press. Susan was elected
+secretary and so clearly could her voice be heard as she read the
+minutes and the resolutions that the Syracuse _Standard_ commented,
+"Miss Anthony has a capital voice and deserves to be clerk of the
+Assembly."[36]
+
+[Illustration: James and Lucretia Mott]
+
+Not all of the newspapers were so friendly. Some labeled the gathering
+"a Tomfoolery convention" of "Aunt Nancy men and brawling women";
+others called it "the farce at Syracuse,"[37] but for Susan it marked
+a milestone. Never before had she heard so many earnest, intelligent
+women plead so convincingly for property rights, civil rights, and the
+ballot. Never before had she seen so clearly that in a republic women
+as well as men should enjoy these rights. The ballot assumed a new
+importance for her. Her conversion to woman suffrage was complete.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This new interest in the vote was steadily nurtured by Elizabeth
+Stanton, whom Susan now saw more frequently. Whenever she could, Susan
+stopped over in Seneca Falls for a visit. Here she found inspiration,
+new ideas, and good advice, and always left the comfortable Stanton
+home ready to battle for the rights of women. While Susan traveled
+about, organizing temperance societies and attending conventions, Mrs.
+Stanton, tied down at home by a family of young children, wrote
+letters and resolutions for her and helped her with her speeches.
+Susan was very reluctant about writing speeches or making them. The
+moment she sat down to write, her thoughts refused to come and her
+phrases grew stilted. She needed encouragement, and Mrs. Stanton gave
+it unstintingly, for she had grown very fond of this young woman whose
+mental companionship she found so stimulating.
+
+During one of these visits, Susan finally put on the bloomer and cut
+her long thick brown hair as part of the stern task of winning
+freedom for women. It was not an easy decision and she came to it only
+because she was unwilling to do less for the cause than Mrs. Stanton
+or Lucy Stone. Comfortable as the new dress was, it always attracted
+unfavorable attention and added fuel to the fire of an unfriendly
+press. This fire soon scorched her at the World's Temperance
+convention in New York, where women delegates faced the determined
+animosity of the clergy, who held the balance of power and quoted the
+Bible to prove that women were defying the will of God when they took
+part in public meetings. Obliged to withdraw, the women held meetings
+of their own in the Broadway Tabernacle, over which Susan presided
+with a poise and confidence undreamed of a few months before. A
+success in every way, they were nevertheless described by the press as
+a battle of the sexes, a free-for-all struggle in which shrill-voiced
+women in the bloomer costume were supported by a few "male Betties."
+The New York _Sun_ spoke of Susan's "ungainly form rigged out in the
+bloomer costume and provoking the thoughtless to laughter and ridicule
+by her very motions on the platform."[38] Untruth was piled upon
+untruth until dignified ladylike Susan with her earnest pleasing
+appearance was caricatured into everything a woman should not be. Less
+courageous temperance women now began to wonder whether they ought to
+associate with such a strong-minded woman as Susan B. Anthony.
+
+There were rumblings of discontent when the Woman's State Temperance
+Society met in Rochester for its next annual convention in June 1853,
+and Susan and Mrs. Stanton were roundly criticized because they did
+not confine themselves to the subject of temperance and talked too
+much about woman's rights. Not only was Mrs. Stanton defeated for the
+presidency but the by-laws were amended to make men eligible as
+officers. Men had been barred when the first by-laws were drafted by
+Susan and Mrs. Stanton because they wished to make the society a
+proving ground for women and were convinced that men holding office
+would take over the management, and women, less experienced, would
+yield to their wishes.
+
+This now proved to be the case, as the men began to do all the
+talking, calling for a new name for the society and insisting that all
+discussion of woman's rights be ruled out. In the face of this clear
+indication of a determined new policy which few of the women wished to
+resist, Susan refused re-election as secretary and both she and Mrs.
+Stanton resigned.
+
+This was Susan's first experience with intrigue and her first rebuff
+by women whom she had sincerely tried to serve. Defeated, hurt, and
+uncertain, she poured out her disappointment in troubled letters to
+Elizabeth Stanton, who, with the steadying touch of an older sister,
+roused her with the challenge, "We have other and bigger fish to
+fry."[39]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A few months later, Susan was off on a new crusade as she attended the
+state teachers' convention in Rochester. Of the five hundred teachers
+present, two-thirds were women, but there was not the slightest
+recognition of their presence. They filled the back seats of
+Corinthian Hall, forming an inert background for the vocal minority,
+the men. After sitting through two days' sessions and growing more and
+more impatient as not one woman raised her voice, Susan listened, as
+long as she could endure it, to a lengthy debate on the question, "Why
+the profession of teacher is not as much respected as that of lawyer,
+doctor, or minister."[40] Then she rose to her feet and in a
+low-pitched, clear voice addressed the chairman.
+
+At the sound of a woman's voice, an astonished rustle of excitement
+swept through the audience, and when the chairman, Charles Davies,
+Professor of Mathematics at West Point, had recovered from his
+surprise, he patronizingly asked, "What will the lady have?"
+
+"I wish, sir, to speak to the subject under discussion," she bravely
+replied.
+
+Turning to the men in the front row, Professor Davies then asked,
+"What is the pleasure of the convention?"
+
+"I move that she be heard," shouted an unexpected champion. Another
+seconded the motion. After a lengthy debate during which Susan stood
+patiently waiting, the men finally voted their approval by a small
+majority, and Professor Davies, a bit taken aback, announced, "The
+lady may speak."
+
+"It seems to me, gentlemen," Susan began, "that none of you quite
+comprehend the cause of the disrespect of which you complain. Do you
+not see that so long as society says woman is incompetent to be a
+lawyer, minister, or doctor, but has ample ability to be a teacher,
+every man of you who chooses this profession tacitly acknowledges that
+he has no more brains than a woman? And this, too, is the reason that
+teaching is a less lucrative profession; as here men must compete with
+the cheap labor of woman. Would you exalt your profession, exalt those
+who labor with you. Would you make it more lucrative, increase the
+salaries of the women engaged in the noble work of educating our
+future Presidents, Senators, and Congressmen."
+
+For a moment after this bombshell, there was complete silence. Then
+three men rushed down the aisle to congratulate her, telling her she
+had pluck, that she had hit the nail on the head, but the women near
+by glanced scornfully at her, murmuring, "Who can that creature be?"
+
+Susan, however, had started a few women thinking and questioning, and
+the next morning, Professor Davies, resplendent in his buff vest and
+blue coat with brass buttons, opened the convention with an
+explanation. "I have been asked," he said, "why no provisions have
+been made for female lecturers before this association and why ladies
+are not appointed on committees. I will answer." Then, in flowery
+metaphor, he assured them that he would not think of dragging women
+from their pedestals into the dust.
+
+"Beautiful, beautiful," murmured the women in the back rows, but Mrs.
+Northrup of Rochester offered resolutions recognizing the right of
+women teachers to share in all the privileges and deliberations of the
+organization and calling attention to the inadequate salaries women
+teachers received. These resolutions were kept before the meeting by a
+determined group and finally adopted. Susan also offered the name of
+Emma Willard as a candidate for vice-president, thinking the
+successful retired principal of the Troy Female Seminary, now
+interested in improving the public schools, might also be willing to
+lend a hand in improving the status of women in this educational
+organization. Mrs. Willard, however, declined the nomination, refusing
+to be drawn into Susan's rebellion.[41] Susan, nevertheless, left the
+convention satisfied that she had driven an entering wedge into
+Professor Davies' male stronghold, and she continued battering at
+this stronghold whenever she had an opportunity. She meant to put
+women in office and to win approval for coeducation and equal pay.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Teachers' conventions, however, were only a minor part of her new
+crusade, plans for which were still simmering in her mind and
+developing from day to day. Going back to many of the towns where she
+had held temperance meetings, she found that most of the societies she
+had organized had disbanded because women lacked the money to engage
+speakers or to subscribe to temperance papers. If they were married,
+they had no money of their own and no right to any interest outside
+their homes, unless their husbands consented.
+
+Discouraged, she wrote in her diary, "As I passed from town to town I
+was made to feel the great evil of woman's entire dependency upon man
+for the necessary means to aid on any and every reform movement.
+Though I had long admitted the wrong, I never until this time so fully
+took in the grand idea of pecuniary and personal independence. It
+matters not how overflowing with benevolence toward suffering humanity
+may be the heart of woman, it avails nothing so long as she possesses
+not the power to act in accordance with these promptings. Woman must
+have a purse of her own, and how can this be, so long as the _Wife_ is
+denied the right to her individual and joint earnings. Reflections
+like these, caused me to see and really feel that there was no true
+freedom for Woman without the possession of all her property rights,
+and that these rights could be obtained through legislation only, and
+so, the sooner the demand was made of the Legislature, the sooner
+would we be likely to obtain them."[42]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[33] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 65.
+
+[34] _The Lily_, May, 1852.
+
+[35] Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Matilda Joslyn
+Gage, _History of Woman Suffrage_ (New York, 1881), I, p. 489.
+
+[36] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 77.
+
+[37] _Ibid._, p. 78.
+
+[38] _Ibid._, p. 90.
+
+[39] Theodore Stanton and Harriot Stanton Blatch, Eds., _Elizabeth
+Cady Stanton, As Revealed in Her Letters, Diary, and Reminiscences_
+(New York, 1922), II, p. 52.
+
+[40] Aug., 1853, Harper, Anthony, I, pp. 98-99; _History of Woman
+Suffrage_, I, pp. 513-515.
+
+[41] Susan B. Anthony Scrapbook, Library of Congress.
+
+[42] Ms., Diary, 1853.
+
+
+
+
+A PURSE OF HER OWN
+
+
+The next important step in winning further property rights for women,
+it seemed to Susan, was to hold a woman's rights convention in the
+conservative capital city of Albany. This was definitely a challenge
+and she at once turned to Elizabeth Stanton for counsel. Somehow she
+must persuade Mrs. Stanton to find time in spite of her many household
+cares to prepare a speech for the convention and for presentation to
+the legislature. As eager as Susan to free women from unjust property
+laws, Mrs. Stanton asked only that Susan get a good lawyer, and one
+sympathetic to the cause, to look up New York State's very worst laws
+affecting women.[43] She could think and philosophize while she was
+baking and sewing, she assured Susan, but she had no time for
+research. Susan produced the facts for Mrs. Stanton, and while she
+worked on the speech, Susan went from door to door during the cold
+blustery days of December and January 1854 to get signatures on her
+petitions for married women's property rights and woman suffrage. Some
+of the women signed, but more of them slammed the door in her face,
+declaring indignantly that they had all the rights they wanted. Yet at
+this time a father had the legal authority to apprentice or will away
+a child without the mother's consent and an employer was obliged by
+law to pay a wife's wages to her husband.
+
+In spite of the fact that the bloomer costume made it easier for her
+to get about in the snowy streets, she now found it a real burden
+because it always attracted unfavorable attention. Boys jeered at her
+and she was continually conscious of the amused, critical glances of
+the men and women she met. She longed to take it off and wear an
+inconspicuous trailing skirt, but if she had been right to put it on,
+it would be weakness to take it off. By this time Elizabeth Stanton
+had given it up except in her own home, convinced that it harmed the
+cause and that the physical freedom it gave was not worth the price.
+"I hope you have let down a dress and a petticoat," she now wrote
+Susan. "The cup of ridicule is greater than you can bear. It is not
+wise, Susan, to use up so much energy and feeling in that way. You
+can put them to better use. I speak from experience."[44]
+
+[Illustration: Elizabeth Cady Stanton and her son, Henry]
+
+Lucy Stone too was wavering and was thinking of having her next dress
+made long. The three women corresponded about it, and Lucy as well as
+Mrs. Stanton urged Susan to give up the bloomer. With these entreaties
+ringing in her ears, Susan set out for Albany in February 1854 to make
+final arrangements for the convention. On the streets in Albany, in
+the printing offices, and at the capitol, men stared boldly at her,
+some calling out hilariously, "Here comes my bloomer." She endured it
+bravely until her work was done, but at night alone in her room at
+Lydia Mott's she poured out her anguish in letters to Lucy. "Here I am
+known only," she wrote, "as one of the women who ape men--coarse,
+brutal men! Oh, I can not, can not bear it any longer."[45]
+
+Even so she did not let down the hem of her skirt, but wore her
+bloomer costume heroically during the entire convention, determined
+that she would not be stampeded into a long skirt by the jeers of
+Albany men or the ridicule of the women. However, she made up her mind
+that immediately after the convention she would take off the bloomer
+forever. She had worn it a little over a year. Never again could she
+be lured into the path of dress reform.
+
+The Albany _Register_ scoffed at the "feminine propagandists of
+woman's rights" exhibiting themselves in "short petticoats and
+long-legged boots."[46] Nevertheless, the convention aroused such
+genuine interest that evening meetings were continued for two weeks,
+featuring as speakers Ernestine Rose, Antoinette Brown, Samuel J. May,
+and William Henry Channing, the young Unitarian minister from
+Rochester; and when the men appeared on the platform, the audience
+called for the women.
+
+Susan could not have asked for anything better than Elizabeth
+Stanton's moving plea for property rights for married women and the
+attention it received from the large audience in the Senate Chamber.
+Her heart swelled with pride as she listened to her friend, and so
+important did she think the speech that she had 50,000 copies printed
+for distribution.
+
+To back up Mrs. Stanton's words with concrete evidence of a demand for
+a change in the law, Susan presented petitions with 10,000 signatures,
+6,000 asking that married women be granted the right to their wages
+and 4,000 venturing to be recorded for woman suffrage.
+
+Enthusiastic over her Albany success, she impetuously wrote Lucy
+Stone, "Is this not a wonderful time, an era long to be
+remembered?"[47]
+
+Although the legislature failed to act on the petitions, she knew that
+her cause had made progress, for never before had women been listened
+to with such respect and never had newspapers been so friendly. She
+cherished these words of praise from Lucy, "God bless you, Susan dear,
+for the brave heart that will work on even in the midst of
+discouragement and lack of helpers. Everywhere I am telling people
+what your state is doing, and it is worth a great deal to the cause.
+The example of positive action is what we need."[48]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Susan continued her "example of positive action," this time against
+the Kansas-Nebraska bill, pending in Congress, which threatened repeal
+of the Missouri Compromise by admitting Kansas and Nebraska as
+territories with the right to choose for themselves whether they
+would be slave or free. "I feel that woman should in the very capitol
+of the nation lift her voice against that abominable measure," she
+wrote Lucy Stone, with whom she was corresponding more and more
+frequently. "It is not enough that H. B. Stowe should write."[49]
+Harriet Beecher Stowe's _Uncle Tom's Cabin_ had been published in 1852
+and during that year 300,000 copies were sold.
+
+[Illustration: Ernestine Rose]
+
+With Ernestine Rose, Susan now headed for Washington. These two women
+had been drawn together by common interests ever since they had met in
+Syracuse in 1852. Susan was not frightened, as many were, by
+Ernestine's reputed atheism. She appreciated Ernestine's intelligence,
+her devotion to woman's rights, and her easy eloquence. Conscious of
+her own limitations as an orator, she recognized her need of Ernestine
+for the many meetings she planned for the future.
+
+As they traveled to Washington together, she learned more about this
+beautiful, impressive, black-haired Jewess from Poland, who was ten
+years her senior. The daughter of a rabbi, Ernestine had found the
+limitations of orthodox religion unbearable for a woman and had left
+her home to see and learn more of the world in Prussia, Holland,
+France, Scotland, and England. She had married an Englishman
+sympathetic to her liberal views, and together they had come to New
+York where she began her career as a lecturer in 1836 when speaking in
+public branded women immoral. She spoke easily and well on education,
+woman's rights, and the evils of slavery. Her slight foreign accent
+added charm to her rich musical voice, and before long she was in
+demand as far west as Ohio and Michigan. With a colleague as
+experienced as Ernestine, Susan dared arrange for meetings even in the
+capital of the nation.
+
+Washington was tense over the slavery issue when they arrived, and
+Ernestine's friends warned her not to mention the subject in her
+lectures. Unheeding she commented on the Kansas-Nebraska bill, but the
+press took no notice and her audiences showed no signs of
+dissatisfaction. In fact, two comparatively unknown women, billed to
+lecture on the "Educational and Social Rights of Women" and the
+"Political and Legal Rights of Women," attracted little attention in a
+city accustomed to a blaze of Congressional oratory. Hoping to draw
+larger audiences and to lend dignity to their meetings, Susan asked
+for the use of the Capitol on Sunday, but was refused because
+Ernestine was not a member of a religious society. Making an attempt
+for Smithsonian Hall, Ernestine was told it could not risk its
+reputation by presenting a woman speaker.[50]
+
+A failure financially, their Washington venture was rich in
+experience. Susan took time out for sightseeing, visiting the
+"President's house" and Mt. Vernon, which to her surprise she found in
+a state of "delapidation and decay." "The mark of slavery o'ershadows
+the whole," she wrote in her diary. "Oh the thought that it was here
+that he whose name is the pride of this Nation, was the _Slave
+Master_."[51]
+
+Again and again in the Capitol, she listened to heated debates on the
+Kansas-Nebraska bill, astonished at the eloquence and fervor with
+which the "institution of slavery" could be defended. Seeing slavery
+first-hand, she abhorred it more than ever and observed with dismay
+its degenerating influence on master as well as slave. She began to
+feel that even she herself might be undermined by it almost
+unwittingly and confessed to her diary, "This noon, I ate my dinner
+without once asking myself are these human beings who minister to my
+wants, Slaves to be bought and sold and hired out at the will of a
+master?... Even I am getting _accustomed_ to _Slavery_ ... so much so
+that I have ceased continually to be made to feel its blighting,
+cursing influence."[52]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A few months later, Susan and Ernestine were in Philadelphia at a
+national woman's rights convention, and when Ernestine was proposed
+for president, Susan had her first opportunity to champion her new
+friend. A foreigner and a free-thinker, Ernestine encountered a great
+deal of prejudice even among liberal reformers, and Susan was
+surprised at the strength of feeling against her. Impressed during
+their trip to Washington by Ernestine's essentially fine qualities and
+her value to the cause, Susan fought for her behind the scenes,
+insisting that freedom of religion or the freedom to have no religion
+be observed in woman's rights conventions, and she had the
+satisfaction of seeing Ernestine elected to the office she so richly
+deserved.
+
+Freedom of religion or freedom to have no religion had become for
+Susan a principle to hold on to, as she listened at these early
+woman's rights meetings to the lengthy fruitless discussions regarding
+the lack of Scriptural sanction for women's new freedom. Usually a
+clergyman appeared on the scene, volubly quoting the Bible to prove
+that any widening of woman's sphere was contrary to the will of God.
+But always ready to refute him were Antoinette Brown, now an ordained
+minister, William Lloyd Garrison, and occasionally Susan herself. To
+the young Quaker broadened by her Unitarian contacts and unhampered by
+creed or theological dogma, such debates were worse than useless; they
+deepened theological differences, stirred up needless antagonisms,
+solved no problems, and wasted valuable time.
+
+During this convention, she was one of the twenty-four guests in
+Lucretia Mott's comfortable home at 238 Arch Street. Every meal, with
+its stimulating discussions, was a convention in itself. Susan's great
+hero, William Lloyd Garrison, sat at Lucretia's right at the long
+table in the dining room, Susan on her left, and at the end of each
+meal, when the little cedar tub filled with hot soapy water was
+brought in and set before Lucretia so that she could wash the silver,
+glass, and fine china at the table, Susan dried them on a snowy-white
+towel while the interesting conversation continued. There was talk of
+woman's rights, of temperance, and of spiritualism, which was
+attracting many new converts. There were thrilling stories of the
+opening of the West and the building of transcontinental railways; but
+most often and most earnestly the discussion turned to the progress of
+the antislavery movement, to the infamous Kansas-Nebraska bill, to the
+New England Emigrant Aid Company,[53] which was sending free-state
+settlers to Kansas, to the weakness of the government in playing again
+and again into the hands of the proslavery faction. Most of them saw
+the country headed toward a vast slave empire which would embrace
+Cuba, Mexico, and finally Brazil; and William Lloyd Garrison fervently
+reiterated his doctrine, "No Union with Slaveholders."
+
+Before leaving home Susan had heard first-hand reports of the bitter
+bloody antislavery contest in Kansas from her brother Daniel, who had
+just returned from a trip to that frontier territory with settlers
+sent out by the New England Emigrant Aid Company. Now talking with
+William Lloyd Garrison, she found herself torn between these two great
+causes for human freedom, abolition and woman's rights, and it was
+hard for her to decide which cause needed her more.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+She had not, however, forgotten her unfinished business in New York
+State. The refusal of the legislature to amend the property laws had
+doubled her determination to continue circulating petitions until
+married women's civil rights were finally recognized. It took courage
+to go alone to towns where she was unknown to arrange for meetings on
+the unpopular subject of woman's rights. Not knowing how she would be
+received, she found it almost as difficult to return to such towns as
+Canajoharie where she had been highly respected as a teacher six years
+before. In Canajoharie, however, she was greeted affectionately by her
+uncle Joshua Read. He and his friends let her use the Methodist church
+for her lecture, and when the trustees of the academy urged her to
+return there to teach, Uncle Joshua interrupted with a vehement "No!"
+protesting that others could teach but it was Susan's work "to go
+around and set people thinking about the laws."[54]
+
+Returning to the scene of her girlhood in Battenville and Easton,
+visiting her sisters Guelma and Hannah, and meeting many of her old
+friends, Susan realized as never before how completely she had
+outgrown her old environment. In her enthusiasm for her new work, she
+exposed "many of her heresies," and when her friends labeled William
+Lloyd Garrison an agnostic and rabble rouser, she protested that he
+was the most Christlike man she had ever known. "Thus it is belief,
+not Christian benevolence," she confided to her diary in 1854, "that
+is made the modern test of Christianity."[55]
+
+After eight strenuous months away from home, she was welcomed warmly
+by a family who believed in her work. She found abolition uppermost in
+everyone's mind. Her brother Merritt, fired by Daniel's tales of the
+West and the antislavery struggle in Kansas, was impatient to join the
+settlers there and could talk of nothing else. While he poured out the
+latest news about Kansas, he and a cousin Mary Luther helped Susan
+fold handbills for future woman's rights meetings. Susan listened
+eagerly and approvingly as he told of the 750 free-state settlers who
+during the past summer had gone out to Kansas, traveling up the
+Missouri on steamboats and over lonely trails in wagons marked
+"Kansas." Most of them were not abolitionists but men who wanted
+Kansas a free-labor state which they could develop with their own hard
+work. She heard of the ruthless treatment these "Yankee" settlers
+faced from the proslavery Missourians who wanted Kansas in the slavery
+bloc. There was bloodshed and there would be more. John Brown's sons
+had written from Kansas, "Send us guns. We need them more than
+bread."[56] Merritt was ready and eager to join John Brown.
+
+The Anthony farm was virtually a hotbed of insurrection with Merritt
+planning resistance in Kansas and Susan reform in New York. Susan
+mapped out an ambitious itinerary, hoping to canvass with her
+petitions every county in the state. With her father as security, she
+borrowed money to print her handbills and notices, and then wrote
+Wendell Phillips asking if any money for a woman's rights campaign had
+been raised by the last national convention. He replied with his own
+personal check for fifty dollars. His generosity and confidence
+touched her deeply, for already he had become a hero to her second
+only to William Lloyd Garrison. This tall handsome intellectual, a
+graduate of Harvard and an unsurpassed orator, had forfeited friends,
+social position, and a promising career as a lawyer to plead for the
+slave. He was also one of the very few men who sympathized with and
+aided the woman's rights cause.
+
+Horace Greeley too proved at this time to be a good friend, writing,
+"I have your letter and your programme, friend Susan. I will publish
+the latter in all our editions, but return your dollars."[57]
+
+Her earnestness and ability made a great appeal to these men. They
+marveled at her industry. Thirty-four years old now, not handsome but
+wholesome, simply and neatly dressed, her brown hair smoothly parted
+and brought down over her ears, she had nothing of the scatterbrained
+impulsive reformer about her, and no coquetry. She was practical and
+intelligent, and men liked to discuss their work with her. William
+Henry Channing, admiring her executive ability and her plucky reaction
+to defeat, dubbed her the Napoleon of the woman's rights movement.
+Parker Pillsbury, the fiery abolitionist from New Hampshire,
+broad-shouldered, dark-bearded, with blazing eyes and almost fanatical
+zeal, had become her devoted friend. He liked nothing better than to
+tease her about her idleness and pretend to be in search of more work
+for her to do.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+So impatient was Susan to begin her New York State campaign that she
+left home on Christmas Day to hold her first meeting on December 26,
+1854, at Mayville in Chatauqua County. The weather was cold and damp,
+but the four pounds of candles which she had bought to light the court
+house flickered cheerily while the small curious audience, gathered
+from several nearby towns, listened to the first woman most of them
+had ever heard speak in public. She would be, they reckoned, worth
+hearing at least once.
+
+Traveling from town to town, she held meetings every other night.
+Usually the postmasters or sheriffs posted her notices in the town
+square and gave them to the newspapers and to the ministers to
+announce in their churches. Even in a hostile community she almost
+always found a gallant fair-minded man to come to her aid, such as the
+hotel proprietor who offered his dining room for her meetings when
+the court house, schoolhouse, and churches were closed to her, or the
+group of men who, when the ministers refused to announce her meetings,
+struck off handbills which they distributed at the church doors at the
+close of the services. The newspapers too were generally friendly.
+
+As men were the voters with power to change the laws, she aimed to
+attract them to her evening meetings, and usually they came, seeking
+diversion, and listened respectfully. Some of them scoffed, others
+condemned her for undermining the home, but many found her reasoning
+logical and by their questions put life into the meetings. A few even
+encouraged their wives to enlist in the cause.
+
+The women, on the other hand, were timid or indifferent, although she
+pointed out to them the way to win the legal right to their earnings
+and their children. It was difficult to find among them a rebellious
+spirit brave enough to head a woman's rights society.
+
+"Susan B. Anthony is in town," wrote young Caroline Cowles, a
+Canandaigua school girl, in her diary at this time. "She made a
+special request that all seminary girls should come to hear her as
+well as all the women and girls in town. She had a large audience and
+she talked very plainly about our rights and how we ought to stand up
+for them and said the world would never go right until the women had
+just as much right to vote and rule as the men.... When I told
+Grandmother about it, she said she guessed Susan B. Anthony had
+forgotten that St. Paul said women should keep silence. I told her,
+no, she didn't, for she spoke particularly about St. Paul and said if
+he had lived in these times ... he would have been as anxious to have
+women at the head of the government as she was. I could not make
+Grandmother agree with her at all."[58]
+
+Many of the towns Susan visited were not on a railroad. Often after a
+long cold sleigh ride she slept in a hotel room without a fire; in the
+morning she might have to break the ice in the pitcher to take the
+cold sponge bath which nothing could induce her to omit since she had
+begun to follow the water cure, a new therapeutic method then in
+vogue.
+
+For a time Ernestine Rose came to her aid and it was a relief to turn
+over the meetings to such an accomplished speaker. But for the most
+part Susan braved it alone. Steadily adding names to her petitions
+and leaving behind the leaflets which Elizabeth Stanton had written,
+she aroused a glimmer of interest in a new valuation of women.
+
+[Illustration: Parker Pillsbury]
+
+On the stagecoach leaving Lake George on a particularly cold day, she
+found to her surprise a wealthy Quaker, whom she had met at the Albany
+convention, so solicitous of her comfort that he placed heated planks
+under her feet, making the long ride much more bearable. He turned up
+again, this time with his own sleigh, at the close of one of her
+meetings in northern New York, and wrapped in fur robes, she drove
+with him behind spirited gray horses to his sisters' home to stay over
+Sunday, and then to all her meetings in the neighborhood. It was
+pleasant to be looked after and to travel in comfort and she enjoyed
+his company, but when he urged her to give up the hard life of a
+reformer to become his wife, there was no hesitation on her part. She
+had dedicated her life to freeing women and Negroes and there could be
+no turning aside. If she ever married, it must be to a man who would
+encourage her work for humanity, a great man like Wendell Phillips, or
+a reformer like Parker Pillsbury.
+
+Returning home in May 1855, she took stock of her accomplishments. She
+had canvassed fifty-four counties and sold 20,000 tracts. Her expenses
+had been $2,291 and she had paid her way by selling tracts and by a
+small admission charge for her meetings. She even had seventy dollars
+over and above all expenses. She promptly repaid the fifty dollars
+which Wendell Phillips had advanced, but he returned it for her next
+campaign.
+
+However, her heart quailed at the prospect of another such winter, as
+she recalled the long, bitter-cold days of travel and the indifference
+of the women she was trying to help. Even the unfailing praise of her
+family and of Elizabeth Stanton, even the kindness and interest of the
+new friends she made paled into insignificance before the thought of
+another lone crusade. She was exhausted and suffering with rheumatic
+pains, and yet she would not rest, but prepared for an ambitious
+convention at Saratoga Springs, then the fashionable summer resort of
+the East.
+
+She had braved this center of fashion and frivolity the year before
+with her message of woman's rights, and to her great surprise, crowds
+seeking entertainment had come to her meetings, their admission fees
+and their purchase of tracts making the venture a financial success.
+Here was fertile ground. Susan was counting on Lucy Stone and
+Antoinette Brown to help her, for Elizabeth Stanton, then expecting
+her sixth baby, was out of the picture. Now, to her dismay, Lucy and
+Antoinette married the Blackwell brothers, Henry and Samuel.
+
+Fearing that they too like Elizabeth Stanton would be tied down with
+babies and household cares, Susan saw a bleak lonely road ahead for
+the woman's rights movement. She did so want her best speakers and
+most valuable workers to remain single until the spade work for
+woman's rights was done. Almost in a panic at the prospect of being
+left to carry on the Saratoga convention alone, Susan wrote Lucy
+irritable letters instead of praising her for drawing up a marriage
+contract and keeping her own name. Later, however, she realized what
+it had meant for Lucy to keep her own name, and then she wrote her, "I
+am more and more rejoiced that you have declared by actual doing that
+a woman has a name and may retain it all through her life."[59]
+
+So persistently did she now pursue Lucy and Antoinette that they both
+kept their promise to speak at the Saratoga convention, Lucy traveling
+all the way from Cincinnati where she was visiting in the Blackwell
+home. Lucy was loudly cheered by a large audience, eager to see this
+young woman whose marriage had attracted so much notice in the press.
+In fact Lucy Stone, who had kept her own name and who with her husband
+had signed a marriage protest against the legal disabilities of a
+married woman, was as much of a novelty in this fashionable circle as
+one of Barnum's high-priced curiosities.
+
+Pleased at Lucy's reception, Susan surveyed the audience
+hopefully--handsome men in nankeen trousers, red waistcoats, white
+neckcloths, and gray swallowtail coats, sitting beside beautiful young
+women wearing gowns of bombazine and watered silk with wide hoop
+skirts and elaborately trimmed bonnets which set off their curls. To
+her delight, they also applauded Antoinette Brown Blackwell, the first
+woman minister they had ever seen, and Ernestine Rose with her
+appealing foreign accent. They clapped loudly when she herself asked
+them to buy tracts and contribute to the work.
+
+Complimentary as this was, she did not flatter herself that they had
+endorsed woman's rights. That they had come to her meetings in large
+numbers while vacationing in Saratoga Springs, this was important. In
+some a spark of understanding glowed, and this spark would light
+others. They came from the South, from the West, and from the large
+cities of the East. There were railroad magnates among them, rich
+merchants, manufacturers, and politicians. Charles F. Hovey, the
+wealthy Boston dry-goods merchant, listened attentively to every word,
+and in the years that followed became a generous contributor to the
+cause.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Realizing how very tired she was and that she must feel more
+physically fit before continuing her work, Susan decided to take the
+water cure at her cousin Seth Rogers' Hydropathic Institute in
+Worcester, Massachusetts. This well-known sanitorium prescribed water
+internally and externally as a remedy for all kinds of ailments, and
+in an age when meals were overhearty, baths infrequent, and clothing
+tight and confining, the drinking of water, tub baths, showers, and
+wet packs had enthusiastic advocates. The soothing baths relaxed
+Susan and the leisure to read refreshed and strengthened her. She
+read, one after another, Carlyle's _Sartor Resartus_, George Sand's
+_Consuelo_, Madame de Stael's _Corinne_, then Frances Wright's _A Few
+Days in Athens_ and Mrs. Gaskell's _Life of Charlotte Brontë_, making
+notes in her diary (1855) of passages she particularly liked. She
+discussed current events with her cousin Seth on long drives in the
+country, finding him a delightful companion, well-read, understanding,
+and interested in people and causes. He took her to her first
+political meeting, where she was the only woman present and had a seat
+on the platform. It was one of the first rallies of the new Republican
+party which had developed among rebellious northern Whigs,
+Free-Soilers, and anti-Nebraska Democrats who opposed the extension of
+slavery. After listening to the speakers, among them Charles Sumner,
+she drew these conclusions: "Had the accident of birth given me place
+among the aristocracy of sex, I doubt not I should be an active,
+zealous advocate of Republicanism; unless perchance, I had received
+that higher, holier light which would have lifted me to the sublime
+height where now stand Garrison, Phillips, and all that small band
+whose motto is 'No Union with Slaveholders.'"[60]
+
+After listening to the satisfying sermons of Thomas Wentworth
+Higginson at his Free Church in Worcester, she wrote in her diary, "It
+is plain to me now that it is not sitting under preaching I dislike,
+but the fact that most of it is not of a stamp that my soul can
+respond to."[61]
+
+In September she interrupted "the cure" to attend a woman's rights
+meeting in Boston, and with Lucy Stone, Antoinette and Ellen Blackwell
+visited in the home of the wealthy merchant, Francis Jackson, making
+many new friends, among them his daughter, Eliza J. Eddy, whose
+unhappy marriage was to prove a blessing to the woman's rights
+cause.[62]
+
+At tea at the Garrisons', she met many of the "distinguished" men and
+women she had "worshiped" from afar. She heard Theodore Parker preach
+a sermon which filled her soul, and with Mr. Garrison called on him in
+his famous library. "It really seemed audacious in me to be ushered
+into such a presence and on such a commonplace errand as to ask him to
+come to Rochester to speak in a course of lectures I am planning," she
+wrote her family, "but he received me with such kindness and
+simplicity that the awe I felt on entering was soon dissipated. I then
+called on Wendell Phillips in his sanctum for the same purpose. I have
+invited Ralph Waldo Emerson by letter and all three have promised to
+come. In the evening with Mr. Jackson's son James, Ellen Blackwell and
+I went to see _Hamlet_. In spite of my Quaker training, I find I enjoy
+all these worldly amusements intensely."[63]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In January 1856, Susan set out again on a woman's rights tour of New
+York State to gather more signatures for her petitions. This time she
+persuaded Frances D. Gage of Ohio, a temperance worker and popular
+author of children's stories, to join her. An easy extemporaneous
+speaker, Mrs. Gage was an attraction to offer audiences, who drove
+eight or more miles to hear her; and in the cheerless hotels at night
+and on the long cold sleigh rides from town to town, she was a
+congenial companion.
+
+The winter was even colder and snowier than that of the year before.
+"No trains running," Susan wrote her family, "and we had a 36-mile
+ride in a sleigh.... Just emerged from a long line of snow drifts and
+stopped at this little country tavern, supped, and am now roasting
+over the hot stove."[64]
+
+Confronted almost daily with glaring examples of the injustices women
+suffered under the property laws, she was more than ever convinced
+that her work was worth-while. "We stopped at a little tavern where
+the landlady was not yet twenty and had a baby, fifteen months old,"
+she reported. "Her supper dishes were not washed and her baby was
+crying.... She rocked the little thing to sleep, washed the dishes and
+got our supper; beautiful white bread, butter, cheese, pickles, apple
+and mince pie, and excellent peach preserves. She gave us her warm
+room to sleep in.... She prepared a six o'clock breakfast for us,
+fried pork, mashed potatoes, mince pie, and for me at my special
+request, a plate of sweet baked apples and a pitcher of rich milk....
+When we came to pay our bill, the dolt of a husband took the money and
+put it in his pocket. He had not lifted a finger to lighten that
+woman's burdens.... Yet the law gives him the right to every dollar
+she earns, and when she needs two cents to buy a darning needle she
+has to ask him and explain what she wants it for."[65]
+
+When after a few weeks Mrs. Gage was called home by illness in her
+family, Susan appealed hopefully to Lucretia Mott's sister, Martha C.
+Wright, in Auburn, New York, "You can speak so much better, so much
+more wisely, so much more everything than I can." Then she added, "I
+should like a particular effort made to call out the Teachers, the
+Sewing Women, the Working Women generally--Can't you write something
+for your papers that will make them feel that it is for them that we
+work more than [for] the wives and daughters of the rich?"[66] Mrs.
+Wright, however, could help only in Auburn, and Susan was obliged to
+continue her scheduled meetings alone. She interrupted them only to
+present her petitions to the legislature.
+
+The response of the legislature to her two years of hard work was a
+sarcastic, wholly irrelevant report issued by the judiciary committee
+some weeks later to a Senate roaring with laughter. In the Albany
+_Register_ Susan read with mounting indignation portions of this
+infuriating report: "The ladies always have the best places and the
+choicest tidbit at the table. They have the best seats in cars,
+carriages, and sleighs; the warmest place in winter, the coolest in
+summer. They have their choice on which side of the bed they will lie,
+front or back. A lady's dress costs three times as much as that of a
+gentleman; and at the present time, with the prevailing fashion, one
+lady occupies three times as much space in the world as a gentleman.
+It has thus appeared to the married gentlemen of your committee, being
+a majority ... that if there is any inequality or oppression in the
+case, the gentlemen are the sufferers. They, however, have presented
+no petitions for redress, having doubtless made up their minds to
+yield to an inevitable destiny."[67]
+
+Why, Susan wondered sadly, were woman's rights only a joke to most
+men--something to be laughed at even in the face of glaring proofs of
+the law's injustice.
+
+There was encouragement, however, in the letters which now came from
+Lucy Stone in Ohio: "Hurrah Susan! Last week this State Legislature
+passed a law giving wives equal property rights, and to mothers equal
+baby rights with fathers. So much is gained. The petitions which I set
+on foot in Wisconsin for suffrage have been presented, made a rousing
+discussion, and then were tabled with three men to defend them!... In
+Nebraska too, the bill for suffrage passed the House.... The world
+moves!"[68]
+
+The world was moving in Great Britain as well, for as Susan read in
+her newspaper, women there were petitioning Parliament for married
+women's property rights, and among the petitioners were her
+well-beloved Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Harriet Martineau, Mrs.
+Gaskell, and Charlotte Cushman. Better still, Harriet Taylor, inspired
+by the example of woman's rights conventions in America, had written
+for the _Westminster Review_ an article advocating the enfranchisement
+of women.
+
+All this reassured Susan, even if New York legislators laughed at her
+efforts.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[43] Judge William Hay of Saratoga Springs, New York.
+
+[44] Feb. 19, 1854, Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers, Library of
+Congress.
+
+[45] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 116. Among those who wore the bloomer
+costume were Angelina and Sarah Grimké, many women in sanitoriums and
+some of the Lowell, Mass. mill workers. In Ohio, the bloomer was so
+popular that 60 women in Akron wore it at a ball, and in Battle Creek,
+Michigan, 31 attended a Fourth of July celebration in the bloomer.
+Amelia Bloomer, moving to the West wore it for eight years. Garrison,
+Phillips, and William Henry Channing disapproved of the bloomer
+costume, but Gerrit Smith continued to champion it and his daughter
+wore it at fashionable receptions in Washington during his term in
+Congress.
+
+[46] _History of Woman Suffrage_, I, p. 608.
+
+[47] 1854 (copy), Blackwell Papers, Edna M. Stantial Collection.
+
+[48] Harper, _Anthony_, I, pp. 111-112.
+
+[49] March 3, 1854 (copy), Blackwell Papers, Edna M. Stantial
+Collection.
+
+[50] Ms., Diary, March 24, 28, 1854.
+
+[51] _Ibid._, March 29, 1854.
+
+[52] _Ibid._, March 30, 1854.
+
+[53] The New England Emigrant Aid Company, headed by Eli Thayer of
+Worcester, was formed to send free-soil settlers to Kansas, offering
+reduced fare and farm equipment. Their first settlers reached Kansas
+in August, 1854, founding the town of Lawrence in honor of one of
+their chief patrons, the wealthy Amos Lawrence of Massachusetts.
+
+[54] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 121.
+
+[55] Diary, April 28, 1854.
+
+[56] Leonard C. Ehrlich, _God's Angry Man_ (New York, 1941), p. 57.
+
+[57] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 122.
+
+[58] Caroline Cowles Richards, _Village Life in America_ (New York,
+1913), p. 49.
+
+[59] 1858, Blackwell Papers, Edna M. Stantial Collection.
+
+[60] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 133.
+
+[61] _Ibid._
+
+[62] Eliza J. Eddy's husband, James Eddy, took their two young
+daughters away from their mother and to Europe, causing her great
+anguish. This led her father, Francis Jackson, to give liberally to
+the woman's rights cause. Mrs. Eddy, herself, left a bequest of
+$56,000 to be divided between Susan B. Anthony and Lucy Stone.
+
+[63] Harper, _Anthony_, I, pp. 131-133.
+
+[64] _Ibid._, p. 138.
+
+[65] _Ibid._, p. 139.
+
+[66] Jan. 18, 1856, Garrison Papers, Sophia Smith Collection, Smith
+College.
+
+[67] Harper, _Anthony_, I, pp. 140-141.
+
+[68] May 25, 1856, Blackwell Papers, Edna M. Stantial Collection.
+
+
+
+
+NO UNION WITH SLAVEHOLDERS
+
+
+Susan's thoughts during the summer of 1856 often strayed from woman's
+rights meetings toward Kansas, where her brother Merritt had settled
+on a claim near Osawatomie. Well aware of his eagerness to help John
+Brown, she knew that he must be in the thick of the bloody antislavery
+struggle. In fact the whole Anthony family had been anxiously waiting
+for news from Merritt ever since the wires had flashed word in May
+1856 of the burning of Lawrence by proslavery "border ruffians" from
+Missouri and of John Brown's raid in retaliation at Pottawatomie
+Creek.
+
+Merritt had built a log cabin at Osawatomie. While Susan was at home
+in September, the newspapers reported an attack by proslavery men on
+Osawatomie in which thirty out of fifty settlers were killed. Was
+Merritt among them? Finally letters came through from him. Susan read
+and reread them, assuring herself of his safety. Although ill at the
+time, he had been in the thick of the fight, but was unharmed. Weak
+from the exertion he had crawled back to his cabin on his hands and
+knees and had lain there ill and alone for several weeks.
+
+Parts of Merritt's letters were published in the Rochester _Democrat_,
+and the city took sides in the conflict, some papers claiming that his
+letters were fiction. Susan wrote Merritt, "How much rather would I
+have you at my side tonight than to think of your daring and enduring
+greater hardships even than our Revolutionary heroes. Words cannot
+tell how often we think of you or how sadly we feel that the terrible
+crime of this nation against humanity is being avenged on the heads of
+our sons and brothers.... Father brings the _Democrat_ giving a list
+of killed, wounded, and missing and the name of our Merritt is not
+therein, but oh! the slain are sons, brothers, and husbands of others
+as dearly loved and sadly mourned."[69]
+
+With difficulty, she prepared for the annual woman's rights
+convention, for the country was in a state of unrest not only over
+Kansas and the whole antislavery question, but also over the
+presidential campaign with three candidates in the field. Even her
+faithful friends Horace Greeley and Gerrit Smith now failed her,
+Horace Greeley writing that he could no longer publish her notices
+free in the news columns of his _Tribune_, because they cast upon him
+the stigma of ultraradicalism, and Gerrit Smith withholding his
+hitherto generous financial support because woman's rights conventions
+would not press for dress reform--comfortable clothing for women
+suitable for an active life, which he believed to be the foundation
+stone of women's emancipation.
+
+[Illustration: Merritt Anthony]
+
+She watched the lively bitter presidential campaign with interest and
+concern. The new Republican party was in the contest, offering its
+first presidential candidate, the colorful hero and explorer of the
+far West, John C. Frémont. She had leanings toward this virile young
+party which stood firmly against the extension of slavery in the
+territories, and discussed its platform with Elizabeth and Henry B.
+Stanton, both enthusiastically for "Frémont and Freedom." Yet she was
+distrustful of political parties, for they eventually yielded to
+expediency, no matter how high their purpose at the start. Her ideal
+was the Garrisonian doctrine, "No Union with Slaveholders" and
+"Immediate Unconditional Emancipation," which courageously faced the
+"whole question" of slavery. There was no compromise among
+Garrisonians.
+
+With the burning issue of slavery now uppermost in her mind, she began
+seriously to reconsider the offer she had received from the American
+Antislavery Society, shortly after her visit to Boston in 1855, to act
+as their agent in central and western New York. Unable to accept at
+that time because she was committed to her woman's rights program, she
+had nevertheless felt highly honored that she had been chosen. Still
+hesitating a little, she wrote Lucy Stone, wanting reassurance that no
+woman's rights work demanded immediate attention. "They talk of
+sending two companies of Lecturers into this state," she wrote Lucy,
+"wish me to lay out the route of each one and accompany one. They seem
+to think me possessed of a vast amount of executive ability. I shrink
+from going into Conventions where speaking is expected of me.... I
+know they want me to help about finance and that part I like and am
+good for nothing else."[70]
+
+She also had the farm home on her mind. With her father in the
+insurance business, her brothers now both in Kansas, her sister Mary
+teaching in the Rochester schools and "looking matrimonially-wise,"
+and her mother at home all alone, Susan often wondered if it might not
+be as much her duty to stay there to take care of her mother and
+father as it would be to make a home comfortable for a husband.
+Sometimes the quietness of such a life beckoned enticingly. But after
+the disappointing November elections which put into the presidency the
+conservative James Buchanan, from whom only a vacillating policy on
+the slavery issue could be expected, she wrote Samuel May, Jr., the
+secretary of the American Antislavery Society, "I shall be very glad
+if I am able to render even the most humble service to this cause.
+Heaven knows there is need of earnest, effective radical workers. The
+heart sickens over the delusions of the recent campaign and turns
+achingly to the unconsidered _whole question_."[71]
+
+His reply came promptly, "We put all New York into your control and
+want your name to all letters and your hand in all arrangements."
+
+For $10 a week and expenses, Susan now arranged antislavery meetings,
+displayed posters bearing the provocative words, "No Union with
+Slaveholders," planned tours for a corps of speakers, among them
+Stephen and Abby Kelley Foster, Parker Pillsbury, and two free
+Negroes, Charles Remond and his sister, Sarah.
+
+In debt from her last woman's rights campaign, she could not afford a
+new dress for these tours, but she dyed a dark green the merino which
+she had worn so proudly in Canajoharie ten years before, bought cloth
+to match for a basque, and made a "handsome suit." "With my Siberian
+squirrel cape, I shall be very comfortable," she noted in her
+diary.[72]
+
+She had met indifference and ridicule in her campaigns for woman's
+rights. Now she faced outright hostility, for northern businessmen had
+no use for abolition-mad fanatics, as they called anyone who spoke
+against slavery. Abolitionists, they believed, ruined business by
+stirring up trouble between the North and the South.
+
+Usually antislavery meetings turned into debates between speakers and
+audience, often lasting until midnight, and were charged with
+animosity which might flame into violence. All of the speakers lived
+under a strain, and under emotional pressure. Consequently they were
+not always easy to handle. Some of them were temperamental, a bit
+jealous of each other, and not always satisfied with the tours Susan
+mapped out for them. She expected of her colleagues what she herself
+could endure, but they often complained and sometimes refused to
+fulfill their engagements.
+
+When no one else was at hand, she took her turn at speaking, but she
+was seldom satisfied with her efforts. "I spoke for an hour," she
+confided to her diary, "but my heart fails me. Can it be that my
+stammering tongue ever will be loosed?"
+
+Lucy Stone, who spoke with such ease, gave her advice and
+encouragement. "You ought to cultivate your power of expression," she
+wrote. "The subject is clear to you and you ought to be able to make
+it so to others. It is only a few years ago that Mr. Higginson told me
+he could not speak, he was so much accustomed to writing, and now he
+is second only to Phillips. 'Go thou and do likewise.'"[73]
+
+In March 1857, the Supreme Court startled the country with the Dred
+Scott decision, which not only substantiated the claim of
+Garrisonians that the Constitution sanctioned slavery and protected
+the slaveholder, but practically swept away the Republican platform of
+no extention of slavery in the territories. The decision declared that
+the Constitution did not apply to Negroes, since they were citizens of
+no state when it was adopted and therefore had not the right of
+citizens to sue for freedom or to claim freedom in the territories;
+that the Missouri Compromise had always been void, since Congress did
+not have the right to enact a law which arbitrarily deprived citizens
+of their property.
+
+Reading the decision word for word with dismay and pondering
+indignantly over the cold letter of the law, Susan found herself so
+aroused and so full of the subject that she occasionally made a
+spontaneous speech, and thus gradually began to free herself from
+reliance on written speeches. She spoke from these notes: "Consider
+the fact of 4,000,000 slaves in a Christian and republican
+government.... Antislavery prayers, resolutions, and speeches avail
+nothing without action.... Our mission is to deepen sympathy and
+convert into right action: to show that the men and women of the North
+are slaveholders, those of the South slave-owners. The guilt rests on
+the North equally with the South. Therefore our work is to rouse the
+sleeping consciousness of the North....[74]
+
+"We ask you to feel as if you, yourselves, were the slaves. The
+politician talks of slavery as he does of United States banks, tariff,
+or any other commercial question. We demand the abolition of slavery
+because the slave is a human being and because man should not hold
+property in his fellowman.... We say disobey every unjust law; the
+politician says obey them and meanwhile labor constitutionally for
+repeal.... We preach revolution, the politicians, reform."
+
+Instinctively she reaffirmed her allegiance to the doctrine, "No Union
+with Slaveholders," and she gloried in the courage of Garrison,
+Phillips, and Higginson, who had called a disunion convention,
+demanding that the free states secede. It was good to be one of this
+devoted band, for she sincerely believed that in the ages to come "the
+prophecies of these noble men and women will be read with the same
+wonder and veneration as those of Isaiah and Jeremiah inspire
+today."[75]
+
+She gave herself to the work with religious fervor. Even so, she could
+not make her antislavery meetings self-supporting, and at the end of
+the first season, after paying her speakers, she faced a deficit of
+$1,000. This troubled her greatly but the Antislavery Society,
+recognizing her value, wrote her, "We cheerfully pay your expenses and
+want to keep you at the head of the work." They took note of her
+"business enterprise, practical sagacity, and platform ability," and
+looked upon the expenditure of $1,000 for the education and
+development of such an exceptional worker as a good investment.
+
+This new experience was a good investment for Susan as well. She made
+many new friends. She won the further respect, confidence, and good
+will of men like William Lloyd Garrison, Wendell Phillips, and Francis
+Jackson. Her friendship with Parker Pillsbury deepened. "I can truly
+say," she wrote Abby Kelley Foster, "my spirit has grown in grace and
+that the experience of the past winter is worth more to me than all my
+Temperance and Woman's Rights labors--though the latter were the
+school necessary to bring me into the Antislavery work."[76]
+
+Only the crusading spirit of the "antislavery apostles"[77] and what
+to them seemed the desperate state of the nation made the hard
+campaigning bearable. The animosity they faced, the cold, the poor
+transportation, the long hours, and wretched food taxed the physical
+endurance of all of them. "O the crimes that are committed in the
+kitchens of this land!"[78] wrote Susan in her diary, as she ate heavy
+bread and the cake ruined with soda and drank what passed for coffee.
+A good cook herself, she had little patience with those who through
+ignorance or carelessness neglected that art. Equally bad were the
+food fads they had to endure when they were entertained in homes of
+otherwise hospitable friends of the cause. Raw-food diets found many
+devotees in those days, and often after long cold rides in the
+stagecoach, these tired hungry antislavery workers were obliged to sit
+down to a supper of apples, nuts, and a baked mixture of coarse bran
+and water. Nor did breakfast or dinner offer anything more. Facing
+these diets seemed harder for the men than for Susan. Repeatedly in
+such situations, they hurried away, leaving her to complete two-or
+three-day engagements among the food cranks. How she welcomed a good
+beefsteak and a pot of hot coffee at home after these long days of
+fasting!
+
+A night at home now was sheer bliss, and she wrote Lucy Stone, "Here
+I am once more in my own Farm Home, where my weary head rests upon my
+own home pillows.... I had been gone _Four Months_, scarcely sleeping
+the second night under the same roof."[79]
+
+It was good to be with her mother again, to talk with her father when
+he came home from work and with Mary who had not married after all but
+continued teaching in the Rochester schools. Guelma and her husband,
+Aaron McLean, who had moved to Rochester, often came out to the farm
+with their children.
+
+Turning for relaxation to work in the garden in the warm sun, Susan
+thought over the year's experience and planned for the future. "I can
+but acknowledge to myself that Antislavery has made me richer and
+braver in spirit," she wrote Samuel May, Jr., "and that it is the
+school of schools for the true and full development of the nobler
+elements of life. I find my raspberry field looking finely--also my
+strawberry bed. The prospect for peaches, cherries, plums, apples, and
+pears is very promising--Indeed all nature is clothed in her most
+hopeful dress. It really seems to me that the trees and the grass and
+the large fields of waving grain did never look so beautifully as now.
+It is more probable, however, that my soul has grown to appreciate
+Nature more fully...."[80]
+
+Susan needed that growth of soul to face the events of the next few
+years and do the work which lay ahead. The whole country was tense
+over the slavery issue, which could no longer be pushed into the
+background. On public platforms and at every fireside, men and women
+were discussing the subject. Antislavery workers sensed the gravity of
+the situation and felt the onrush of the impending conflict between
+what they regarded as the forces of good and evil--freedom and
+slavery. When the Republican leader, William H. Seward, spoke in
+Rochester, of "an irrepressible conflict between opposing and enduring
+forces,"[81] he was expressing only what Garrisonian abolitionists,
+like Susan, always had recognized. In the West, a tall awkward country
+lawyer, Abraham Lincoln, debating with the suave Stephen A. Douglas,
+declared with prophetic wisdom, "'A house divided against itself
+cannot stand.' I believe this government cannot endure permanently
+half slave and half free.... It will become all one thing or all the
+other.'"[82]
+
+So Susan believed, and she was doing her best to make it all free.
+Not only was she holding antislavery meetings, making speeches, and
+distributing leaflets whenever and wherever possible, but she was also
+lobbying in Albany for a personal liberty bill to protect the slaves
+who were escaping from the South. "Treason in the Capitol," the
+Democratic press labeled efforts for a personal liberty bill, and as
+Susan reported to William Lloyd Garrison,[83] even Republicans shied
+away from it, many of them regarding Seward's "irrepressible conflict"
+speech a sorry mistake. Such timidity and shilly-shallying were
+repugnant to her. She could better understand the fervor of John Brown
+although he fought with bullets.
+
+Yet John Brown's fervor soon ended in tragedy, sowing seeds of fear,
+distrust, and bitter partisanship in all parts of the country. When,
+in October 1859, the startling news reached Susan of the raid on
+Harper's Ferry and the capture of John Brown, she sadly tried to piece
+together the story of his failure. She admired and respected John
+Brown, believing he had saved Kansas for freedom. That he had further
+ambitious plans was common knowledge among antislavery workers, for he
+had talked them over with Gerrit Smith, Frederick Douglass, and the
+three young militants, Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Frank Sanborn, and
+Samuel Gridley Howe. Somehow these plans had failed, but she was sure
+that his motives were good. He was imprisoned, accused of treason and
+murder, and in his carpetbag were papers which, it was said,
+implicated prominent antislavery workers. Now his friends were fleeing
+the country, Sanborn, Douglass, and Howe. Gerrit Smith broke down so
+completely that for a time his mind was affected. Thomas Wentworth
+Higginson, defiant and unafraid, stuck by John Brown to the end,
+befriending his family, hoping to rescue him as he had rescued
+fugitive slaves.
+
+Scanning the _Liberator_ for its comment on John Brown, Susan found it
+colored, as she had expected, by Garrison's instinctive opposition to
+all war and bloodshed. He called the raid "a misguided, wild,
+apparently insane though disinterested and well-intentioned effort by
+insurrection to emancipate the slaves of Virginia," but even he added,
+"Let no one who glories in the Revolutionary struggle of 1776 deny the
+right of the slaves to imitate the example of our fathers."[84]
+
+Behind closed doors and in public meetings, abolitionists pledged
+their allegiance to John Brown's noble purpose. He had wanted no
+bloodshed, they said, had no thought of stirring up slaves to brutal
+revenge. The raid was to be merely a signal for slaves to arise, to
+cast off slavery forever, to follow him to a mountain refuge, which
+other slave insurrections would reinforce until all slaves were free.
+To him the plan seemed logical and he was convinced it was
+God-inspired. To some of his friends it seemed possible--just a step
+beyond the Underground Railroad and hiding fugitive slaves. To Susan
+he was a hero and a martyr.
+
+Southerners, increasingly fearful of slave insurrections, called John
+Brown a cold-blooded murderer and accused Republicans--"black
+Republicans," they classed them--of taking orders from abolitionists
+and planning evil against them. To law-abiding northerners, John Brown
+was a menace, stirring up lawlessness. Seward and Lincoln, speaking
+for the Republicans, declared that violence, bloodshed, and treason
+could not be excused even if slavery was wrong and Brown thought he
+was right. All saw before them the horrible threat of civil war.
+
+During John Brown's trial, his friends did their utmost to save him.
+The noble old giant with flowing white beard, who had always been more
+or less of a legend, now to them assumed heroic proportions. His
+calmness, his steadfastness in what he believed to be right captured
+the imagination.
+
+The jury declared him guilty--guilty of treason, of conspiring with
+slaves to rebel, guilty of murder in the first degree. The papers
+carried the story, and it spread by word of mouth--the story of those
+last tense moments in the courtroom when John Brown declared, "It is
+unjust that I should suffer such a penalty. Had I interferred ... in
+behalf of the rich, the powerful, the intelligent, the so-called
+great, or in behalf of any of their friends ... it would have been all
+right.... I say I am yet too young to understand that God is any
+respecter of persons. I believe that to have interferred as I have
+done, in behalf of His despised poor, I did no wrong but right. Now if
+it is deemed necessary that I should forfeit my life for the
+furtherance of the ends of justice and mingle my blood further with
+the blood of my children and with the blood of millions in this slave
+country whose rights are disregarded by wicked, cruel, and unjust
+enactments, I say, let it be done...."[85]
+
+He was sentenced to die.
+
+Susan, sick at heart, talked all this over with her abolitionist
+friends and began planning a meeting of protest and mourning in
+Rochester if John Brown were hanged. She engaged the city's most
+popular hall for this meeting, never thinking of the animosity she
+might arouse, and as she went from door to door selling tickets, she
+asked for contributions for John Brown's destitute family. She tried
+to get speakers from among respected Republicans to widen the popular
+appeal of the meeting, but her diary records, "Not one man of
+prominence in religion or politics will identify himself with the John
+Brown meeting."[86] Only a Free Church minister, the Rev. Abram Pryn,
+and the ever-faithful Parker Pillsbury were willing to speak.
+
+There was still hope that John Brown might be saved and excitement ran
+high. Some like Higginson, unwilling to let him die, wanted to rescue
+him, but Brown forbade it. Others wanted to kidnap Governor Wise of
+Virginia and hold him on the high seas, a hostage for John Brown.
+Wendell Phillips was one of these. Parker Pillsbury, sending Susan the
+latest news from "the seat of war" and signing his letter, "Faithfully
+and fervently yours," wrote, "My voice is against any attempt at
+rescue. It would inevitably, I fear, lead to bloodshed which could not
+compensate nor be compensated. If the people dare murder their victim,
+as they are determined to do, and in the name of the law ... the moral
+effect of the execution will be without a parallel since the scenes on
+Calvary eighteen hundred years ago, and the halter that day sanctified
+shall be the cord to draw millions to salvation."[87]
+
+On Friday, December 2, 1859, John Brown was hanged. Through the North,
+church bells tolled and prayers were said for him. Everywhere people
+gathered together to mourn and honor or to condemn. In New York City,
+at a big meeting which overflowed to the streets, it was resolved
+"that we regard the recent outrage at Harper's Ferry as a crime, not
+only against the State of Virginia, but against the Union itself...."
+In Boston, however, Ralph Waldo Emerson spoke to a tremendous audience
+of "the new saint, than whom none purer or more brave was ever led by
+love of man into conflict and death ... who will make the gallows
+glorious," and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow recorded in his diary, "This
+will be a great day in our history; the date of a new revolution." Far
+away in France, Victor Hugo declared, "The eyes of Europe are fixed on
+America. The hanging of John Brown will open a latent fissure that
+will finally split the union asunder.... You preserve your shame, but
+you kill your glory."[88]
+
+In Rochester, three hundred people assembled. All were friends of the
+cause and there was no unfriendly disturbance to mar the proceedings.
+Susan presided and Parker Pillsbury, in her opinion, made "the
+grandest speech of his life," for it was the only occasion he ever
+found fully wicked enough to warrant "his terrific invective."[89]
+
+Thus these two militant abolitionists, Susan B. Anthony and Parker
+Pillsbury, joined hundreds of others throughout the nation in honoring
+John Brown, sensing the portent of his martyrdom and prophesying that
+his soul would go marching on.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[69] Harper, _Anthony_, I, pp. 144-145. As John Brown visited
+Frederick Douglass in Rochester, it is possible that Susan B. Anthony
+had met him.
+
+[70] Oct. 19, 1856, Blackwell Papers, Edna M. Stantial Collection.
+
+[71] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 148.
+
+[72] _Ibid._, p. 151; also quotation following.
+
+[73] Alice Stone Blackwell, _Lucy Stone_ (Boston, 1930), pp. 197-198.
+
+[74] Ms., Susan B. Anthony Papers, Library of Congress.
+
+[75] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 152.
+
+[76] April 20, 1857, Abby Kelley Foster Papers, American Antiquarian
+Society, Worcester, Massachusetts.
+
+[77] Parker Pillsbury, _The Acts of the Antislavery Apostles_
+(Concord, N.H., 1883).
+
+[78] Harper, _Anthony_, I. p. 160.
+
+[79] March 22, 1858, Blackwell Papers, Edna M. Stantial Collection.
+
+[80] N.d., Alma Lutz Collection.
+
+[81] Charles A. and Mary B. Beard, _The Rise of American Civilization_
+(New York, 1930), II, p. 9.
+
+[82] A. M. Schlesinger and H. C. Hockett, _Land of the Free_ (New
+York, 1944), p. 297.
+
+[83] March 19, 1859, Antislavery Papers, Boston Public Library.
+
+[84] Francis Jackson, William Lloyd II, and Wendell Phillips Garrison,
+_William Lloyd Garrison_, 1805-1879 (New York, 1889), III, p. 486.
+
+[85] _Ibid._, p. 490.
+
+[86] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 181.
+
+[87] _Ibid._, p. 180.
+
+[88] Henrietta Buckmaster, _Let My People Go_ (New York, 1941), p.
+269; Ehrlich, _God's Angry Man_, pp. 344-345, 350.
+
+[89] Susan B. Anthony Scrapbook, Library of Congress. In 1890, after
+visiting the John Brown Memorial at North Elbe, New York, Susan B.
+Anthony wrote: "John Brown was crucified for doing what he believed
+God commanded him to do, 'to break the yoke and let the oppressed go
+free,' precisely as were the saints of old for following what they
+believed to be God's commands. The barbarism of our government was by
+so much the greater as our light and knowledge are greater than those
+of two thousand years ago." Harper, _Anthony_, II, p. 708.
+
+
+
+
+THE TRUE WOMAN
+
+
+Susan's preoccupation with antislavery work did not lessen her
+interest in women's advancement. Her own expanding courage and ability
+showed her the possibilities for all women in widened horizons and
+activities. These possibilities were the chief topic of conversation
+when she and Elizabeth Stanton were together. With Mrs. Stanton's
+young daughters, Margaret and Harriot, in mind, they were continually
+planning ways and means of developing the new woman, or the "true
+woman" as they liked to call her; and one of these ways was physical
+exercise in the fresh air, which was almost unheard of for women
+except on the frontier.
+
+Taking off her hoops and working in the garden in the freedom of her
+long calico dress, Susan was refreshed and exhilarated. "Uncovered the
+strawberry and raspberry beds ..." her diary records. "Worked with
+Simon building frames for the grapevines in the peach orchards.... Set
+out 18 English black currants, 22 English gooseberries and Muscatine
+grape vines.... Finished setting out the apple trees & 600 blackberry
+bushes...."[90]
+
+She knew how little this strengthening work and healing influence
+touched the lives of most women. Hemmed in by the walls of their
+homes, weighed down by bulky confining clothing, fed on the tradition
+of weakness, women could never gain the breadth of view, courage, and
+stamina needed to demand and appreciate emancipation. She thought a
+great deal about this and how it could be remedied, and wrote her
+friend, Thomas Wentworth Higginson "The salvation of the race depends,
+in a great measure, upon rescuing women from their hot-house
+existence. Whether in kitchen, nursery or parlor, all alike are shut
+away from God's sunshine. Why did not your Caroline Plummer of Salem,
+why do not all of our wealthy women leave money for industrial and
+agricultural schools for girls, instead of ever and always providing
+for boys alone?"[91]
+
+An exceptional opportunity was now offered Susan--to speak on the
+controversial subject of coeducation before the State Teachers'
+Association, which only a few years before had been shocked by the
+sound of a woman's voice. Deeply concerned over her ability to write
+the speech, she at once appealed to Elizabeth Stanton, "Do you please
+mark out a plan and give me as soon as you can...."[92]
+
+[Illustration: Susan B. Anthony, 1856]
+
+Busy with preparations for woman's rights meetings in popular New York
+summer resorts, Saratoga Springs, Lake George, Clifton Springs, and
+Avon, she grew panicky at the prospect of her impending speech and
+dashed off another urgent letter to Mrs. Stanton, underlining it
+vigorously for emphasis: "Not a _word written_ ... and mercy only
+knows when I can get a moment, and what is _worse_, as the _Lord knows
+full well_, is, that if _I get all the time the world has--I can't get
+up a decent document_.... It is of but small moment who writes the
+Address, but of _vast moment_ that it be _well done_.... No woman but
+you can write from _my standpoint_ for all would base their strongest
+_argument_ on the _un_likeness of the _sexes_....
+
+"Those of you who have the _talent_ to do honor to poor, oh how poor
+womanhood have all given yourselves over to _baby_-making and left
+poor brainless _me_ to battle alone. It is a shame. Such a lady as _I
+might_ be _spared_ to _rock cradles_, but it is a crime for _you_ and
+_Lucy_ and _Nette_."[93]
+
+On a separate page she outlined for Mrs. Stanton the points she wanted
+to make. Her title was affirmative, "Why the Sexes Should be Educated
+Together." "Because," she reasoned, "by such education they get true
+ideas of each other.... Because the endowment of both public and
+private funds is ever for those of the male sex, while all the
+Seminaries and Boarding Schools for Females are left to
+maintain themselves as best they may by means of their tuition
+fees--consequently cannot afford a faculty of first-class
+professors.... Not a school in the country gives to the girl equal
+privileges with the boy.... No school _requires_ and but very few
+allow the _girls_ to declaim and discuss side by side with the boys.
+Thus they are robbed of half of education. The grand thing that is
+needed is to give the sexes _like motives_ for acquirement. Very
+rarely a person studies closely, without hope of making that knowledge
+useful, as a means of support...."[94]
+
+Mrs. Stanton wrote her at once, "Come here and I will do what I can to
+help you with your address, if you will hold the baby and make the
+puddings."[95] Gratefully Susan hurried to Seneca Falls and together
+they "loaded her gun," not only for the teachers' convention but for
+all the summer meetings.
+
+Addressing the large teachers' meeting in Troy, Susan declared that
+mental sex-differences did not exist. She called attention to the
+ever-increasing variety of occupations which women were carrying on
+with efficiency. There were women typesetters, editors, publishers,
+authors, clerks, engravers, watchmakers, bookkeepers, sculptors,
+painters, farmers, and machinists. Two hundred and fifty women were
+serving as postmasters. Girls, she insisted, must be educated to earn
+a living and more vocations must be opened to them as an incentive to
+study. "A woman," she added, "needs no particular kind of education to
+be a wife and mother anymore than a man does to be a husband and
+father. A man cannot make a living out of these relations. He must
+fill them with something more and so must women."[96]
+
+Her advanced ideas did not cause as much consternation as she had
+expected and she was asked to repeat her speech at the Massachusetts
+teachers' convention; but the thoughts of many in that audience were
+echoed by the president when he said to her after the meeting, "Madam,
+that was a splendid production and well delivered. I could not have
+asked for a single thing different either in matter or manner; but I
+would rather have followed my wife or daughter to Greenwood cemetery
+than to have had her stand here before this promiscuous audience and
+deliver that address."[97]
+
+It was one thing to talk about coeducation but quite another to offer
+a resolution putting the New York State Teachers' Association on
+record as asking all schools, colleges, and universities to open their
+doors to women. This Susan did at their next convention, and while
+there were enough women present to carry the resolution, most of them
+voted against it, listening instead to the emotional arguments of a
+group of conservative men who prophesied that coeducation would
+coarsen women and undermine marriage. Nor did she forget the Negro at
+these conventions, but brought much criticism upon herself by offering
+resolutions protesting the exclusion of Negroes from public schools,
+academies, colleges, and universities.
+
+Such controversial activities were of course eagerly reported in the
+press, and Henry Stanton, reading his newspaper, pointed them out to
+his wife, remarking drily, "Well, my dear, another notice of Susan.
+You stir up Susan and she stirs up the world."[98]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The best method of arousing women and spreading new ideas, Susan
+decided, was holding woman's rights conventions, for the discussions
+at these conventions covered a wide field and were not limited merely
+to women's legal disabilities. The feminists of that day extolled
+freedom of speech, and their platform, like that of antislavery
+conventions, was open to anyone who wished to express an opinion.
+Always the limited educational opportunities offered to women were
+pointed out, and Oberlin College and Antioch, both coeducational, were
+held up as patterns for the future. Resolutions were passed, demanding
+that Harvard and Yale admit women. Women's low wages and the very few
+occupations open to them were considered, and whether it was fitting
+for women to be doctors and ministers. At one convention Lucy Stone
+made the suggestion that a prize be offered for a novel on women,
+like _Uncle Tom's Cabin_, to arouse the whole nation to the unjust
+situation of women whose slavery, she felt, was comparable to that of
+the Negro. At another, William Lloyd Garrison maintained that women
+had the right to sit in the Congress and in state legislatures and
+that there should be an equal number of men and women in all national
+councils. Inevitably Scriptural edicts regarding woman's sphere were
+thrashed out with Antoinette Brown, in her clerical capacity, setting
+at rest the minds of questioning women and quashing the protests of
+clergymen who thought they were speaking for God. Usually Ernestine
+Rose was on hand, ready to speak when needed, injecting into the
+discussions her liberal clear-cut feminist views. Nor was the
+international aspect of the woman's rights movement forgotten. The
+interest in Great Britain in the franchise for women of such men as
+Lord Brougham and John Stuart Mill was reported as were the efforts
+there among women to gain admission to the medical profession.
+Distributed widely as a tract was the "admirable" article in the
+_Westminster Review_, "The Enfranchisement of Women," by Harriet
+Taylor, now Mrs. John Stuart Mill.
+
+In New York, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana, where
+state conventions were held annually, women carried back to their
+homes and their friends new and stimulating ideas. National
+conventions, which actually represented merely the northeastern states
+and Ohio and occasionally attracted men and women from Indiana,
+Missouri, and Kansas, were scheduled by Susan to meet every year in
+New York, simultaneously with antislavery conventions. Thus she was
+assured of a brilliant array of speakers, for the Garrisonian
+abolitionists were sincere advocates of woman's rights.
+
+Both Elizabeth Stanton and Lucy Stone were a great help to Susan in
+preparing for these national gatherings for which she raised the
+money. Elizabeth wrote the calls and resolutions, while Lucy could not
+only be counted upon for an eloquent speech, but through her wide
+contacts brought new speakers and new converts to the meetings.
+However, national woman's rights conventions would probably have
+lapsed completely during the troubled years prior to the Civil War,
+had it not been for Susan's persistence. She was obliged to omit the
+1857 convention because all of her best speakers were either having
+babies or were kept at home by family duties. Lucy's baby, Alice Stone
+Blackwell, was born in September 1857, then Antoinette Brown's first
+child, and Mrs. Stanton's seventh.
+
+[Illustration: Lucy Stone and her daughter, Alice Stone Blackwell]
+
+Impatient to get on with the work, Susan chafed at the delay and when
+Lucy wrote her, "I shall not assume the responsibility for another
+convention until I have had my ten daughters,"[99] Susan was beside
+herself with apprehension. When Lucy told her that it was harder to
+take care of a baby day and night than to campaign for woman's rights,
+she felt that Lucy regarded as unimportant her "common work" of hiring
+halls, engaging speakers, and raising money. This rankled, for
+although Susan realized it was work without glory, she did expect Lucy
+to understand its significance.
+
+Mrs. Stanton sensed the makings of a rift between Susan and these
+young mothers, Lucy and Antoinette, and knowing from her own
+experience how torn a woman could be between rearing a family and work
+for the cause, she pleaded with Susan to be patient with them. "Let
+them rest a while in peace and quietness, and think great thoughts for
+the future," she wrote Susan. "It is not well to be in the excitement
+of public life all the time. Do not keep stirring them up or mourning
+over their repose. You need rest too. Let the world alone a while. We
+cannot bring about a moral revolution in a day or a year."[100]
+
+But Susan could not let the world alone. There was too much to be
+done. In addition to her woman's rights and antislavery work, she gave
+a helping hand to any good cause in Rochester, such as a protest
+meeting against capital punishment, a series of Sunday evening
+lectures, or establishing a Free Church like that headed by Theodore
+Parker in Boston where no one doctrine would be preached and all would
+be welcome. There were days when weariness and discouragement hung
+heavily upon her. Then impatient that she alone seemed to be carrying
+the burden of the whole woman's rights movement, she complained to
+Lydia Mott, "There is not one woman left who may be relied on. All
+have first to please their husbands after which there is little time
+or energy left to spend in any other direction.... How soon the last
+standing monuments (yourself and myself, Lydia) will lay down the
+individual 'shovel and de hoe' and with proper zeal and spirit grasp
+those of some masculine hand, the mercies and the spirits only know. I
+declare to you that I distrust the powers of any woman, even of myself
+to withstand the mighty matrimonial maelstrom!"[101]
+
+To Elizabeth Stanton she confessed, "I have very weak moments and long
+to lay my weary head somewhere and nestle my full soul to that of
+another in full sympathy. I sometimes fear that _I too_ shall faint by
+the wayside and drop out of the ranks of the faithful few."[102]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Susan thought a great deal about marriage at this time, about how it
+interfered with the development of women's talents and their careers,
+how it usually dwarfed their individuality. Nor were these thoughts
+wholly impersonal, for she had attentive suitors during these years.
+Her diary mentions moonlight rides and adds, "Mr.--walked home with
+me; marvelously attentive. What a pity such powers of intellect should
+lack the moral spine."[103] Her standards of matrimony were high, and
+she carefully recorded in her diary Lucretia Mott's wise words, "In
+the true marriage relation, the independence of the husband and wife
+is equal, their dependence mutual, and their obligations
+reciprocal."[104]
+
+Marriage and the differences of the sexes were often discussed at the
+many meetings she attended, and when remarks were made which to her
+seemed to limit in any way the free and full development of woman, she
+always registered her protest. She had no patience with any
+unrealistic glossing over of sex attraction and spurned the theory
+that woman expressed love and man wisdom, that these two qualities
+reached out for each other and blended in marriage. Because she spoke
+frankly for those days and did not soften the impact of her words with
+sentimental flowery phrases, her remarks were sometimes called
+"coarse" and "animal," but she justified them in a letter to Mrs.
+Stanton, who thought as she did, "To me it [sex] is not coarse or
+gross. If it is a fact, there it is."[105]
+
+She was reading at this time Elizabeth Barrett Browning's _Aurora
+Leigh_, called by Ruskin the greatest poem in the English language,
+but criticized by others as an indecent romance revolting to the
+purity of many women. Susan had bought a copy of the first American
+edition and she carried it with her wherever she went. After a hard
+active day, she found inspiration and refreshment in its pages. No
+matter how dreary the hotel room or how unfriendly the town, she no
+longer felt lonely or discouraged, for Aurora Leigh was a companion
+ever at hand, giving her confidence in herself, strengthening her
+ambition, and helping her build a satisfying, constructive philosophy
+of life. On the flyleaf of her worn copy, which in later years she
+presented to the Library of Congress, she wrote, "This book was
+carried in my satchel for years and read and reread. The noble words
+of Elizabeth Barrett, as Wendell Phillips always called her, sunk deep
+into my heart. I have always cherished it above all other books. I now
+present it to the Congressional Library with the hope that women may
+more and more be like Aurora Leigh."
+
+The beauty of its poetry enchanted her, and Elizabeth Barrett
+Browning's feminism found an echo in her own. She pencil-marked the
+passages she wanted to reread. When her "common work" of hiring halls
+and engaging speakers seemed unimportant and even futile, she found
+comfort in these lines:
+
+    "Be sure no earnest work
+    Of any honest creature, howbeit weak
+    Imperfect, ill-adapted, fails so much,
+    It is not gathered as a grain of sand
+    To enlarge the sum of human action used
+    For carrying out God's end....
+    ... let us be content in work,
+    To do the thing we can, and not presume
+    To fret because it's little."[106]
+
+Glorying in work, she read with satisfaction:
+
+    "The honest earnest man must stand and work:
+    The woman also, otherwise she drops
+    At once below the dignity of man,
+    Accepting serfdom. Free men freely work;
+    Who ever fears God, fears to sit at ease."
+
+Could she have written poetry, these words, spoken by Aurora, might
+well have been her own:
+
+    "You misconceive the question like a man,
+    Who sees a woman as the complement
+    Of his sex merely. You forget too much
+    That every creature, female as the male,
+    Stands single in responsible act and thought,
+    As also in birth and death. Whoever says
+    To a loyal woman, 'Love and work with me,'
+    Will get fair answers, if the work and love
+    Being good of themselves, are good for her--the best
+    She was born for."
+
+Inspired by _Aurora Leigh_, Susan planned a new lecture, "The True
+Woman," and as she wrote it out word for word, her thoughts and
+theories about women, which had been developing through the years,
+crystallized. In her opinion, the "true woman" could no more than
+Aurora Leigh follow the traditional course and sacrifice all for the
+love of one man, adjusting her life to his whims. She must, instead,
+develop her own personality and talents, advancing in learning, in the
+arts, in science, and in business, cherishing at the same time her
+noble womanly qualities. Susan hoped that some day the full
+development of woman's individuality would be compatible with
+marriage, and she held up as an ideal the words which Elizabeth
+Barrett Browning put into the mouth of Aurora Leigh:
+
+        "The world waits
+    For help. Beloved, let us work so well,
+    Our work shall still be better for our love
+    And still our love be sweeter for our work
+    And both, commended, for the sake of each,
+    By all true workers and true lovers born."
+
+She expressed this hope in her own practical words to Lydia Mott:
+"Institutions, among them marriage, are justly chargeable with many
+social and individual ills, but after all, the whole man or woman will
+rise above them. I am sure my 'true woman' will never be crushed or
+dwarfed by them. Woman must take to her soul a purpose and then make
+circumstances conform to this purpose, instead of forever singing the
+refrain, 'if and if and if.'"[107]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Late in 1858, Susan received a letter from Wendell Phillips which put
+new life into all her efforts for women. He wrote her that an
+anonymous donor had given him $5,000 for the woman's rights cause and
+that he, Lucy Stone, and Susan had been named trustees to spend it
+wisely and effectively.
+
+The man who felt that the woman's rights cause was important enough to
+rate a gift of that size proved to be wealthy Francis Jackson of
+Boston, in whose home Susan had visited a few years before with Lucy
+and Antoinette. Jubilant over the prospects, she at once began to make
+plans. She wanted to use all of the fund for lectures, conventions,
+tracts, and newspaper articles; Lucy thought part of the money should
+be spent to prove unconstitutional the law which taxed women without
+representation and Antoinette was eager for a share to establish a
+church in which she could preach woman's rights with the Gospel.
+
+Both Wendell Phillips and Lucy Stone agreed that Susan should have
+$1,500 for the intensive campaign she had planned for New York, and
+for once in her life she started off without a financial worry, with
+money in hand to pay her speakers. She held meetings in all of the
+principal towns of the state, making them at least partially pay for
+themselves. Her lecturers each received $12 a week and she kept a
+like amount for herself, for planning the tour, organizing the
+meetings, and delivering her new lecture, "The True Woman."
+
+"I am having fine audiences of thinking men and women," she wrote Mary
+Hallowell. "Oh, if we could but make our meetings ring like those of
+the antislavery people, wouldn't the world hear us? But to do that we
+must have souls baptized into the work and consecrated to it."[108]
+
+Some souls were deeply stirred by the woman's rights gospel. One of
+these was the wealthy Boston merchant, Charles F. Hovey, who in his
+will left $50,000 in trust to Wendell Phillips, William Lloyd
+Garrison, Parker Pillsbury, Abby Kelley Foster, and others, to be
+spent for the "promotion of the antislavery cause and other reforms,"
+among them woman's rights, and not less than $8,000 a year to be spent
+to promote these reforms. With all this financial help available,
+Susan expected great things to happen.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+During the winter of 1860 while the legislature was in session, Susan
+spent six weeks in Albany with Lydia Mott, and day after day she
+climbed the long hill to the capitol to interview legislators on
+amendments to the married women's property laws. When these amendments
+were passed by the Senate, Assemblyman Anson Bingham urged her to
+bring their mutual friend, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, to Albany to speak
+before his committee to assure passage by the Assembly.
+
+Once again Susan hurried to Seneca Falls, and unpacking her little
+portmanteau stuffed with papers and statistics, discussed the subject
+with Mrs. Stanton in front of the open fire late into the night. Then
+the next morning while Mrs. Stanton shut herself up in the quietest
+room in the house to write her speech, Susan gave the children their
+breakfast, sent the older ones off to school, watched over the babies,
+prepared the desserts, and made herself generally useful. By this time
+the children regarded her affectionately as "Aunt Thusan," and they
+knew they must obey her, for she was a stern disciplinarian whom even
+the mischievous Stanton boys dared not defy.
+
+These visits of Susan's were happy, satisfying times for both these
+young women. A few days' respite from travel in a well-run home with
+a friend she admired did wonders for Susan, giving her perspective on
+the work she had already done and courage to tackle new problems,
+while for Mrs. Stanton this short period of stimulating companionship
+and freedom from household cares was a godsend. "Miss Anthony" had
+long ago become Susan to Elizabeth, but Susan all through her life
+called her very best friend "Mrs. Stanton," playfully to be sure, but
+with a remnant of that formality which it was hard for her to cast
+off.
+
+The speech was soon finished. Mrs. Stanton's imagination, fired by her
+sympathetic understanding of women's problems, had turned Susan's cold
+hard facts into moving prose, while Susan, the best of critics,
+detected every weak argument or faltering phrase. They both felt they
+had achieved a masterpiece.
+
+Mrs. Stanton delivered this address before a joint session of the New
+York legislature in March 1860. Susan beamed with pride as she watched
+the large audience crowd even the galleries and heard the long loud
+applause for the speech which she was convinced could not have been
+surpassed by any man in the United States.
+
+The next day the Assembly passed the Married Women's Property Bill,
+and when shortly it was signed by the governor, Susan and Mrs. Stanton
+scored their first big victory, winning a legal revolution for the
+women of New York State. This new law was a challenge to women
+everywhere. Under it a married woman had the right to hold property,
+real and personal, without the interference of her husband, the right
+to carry on any trade or perform any service on her own account and to
+collect and use her own earnings; a married woman might now buy, sell,
+and make contracts, and if her husband had abandoned her or was
+insane, a convict, or a habitual drunkard, his consent was
+unnecessary; a married woman might sue and be sued, she was the joint
+guardian with her husband of her children, and on the decease of her
+husband the wife had the same rights that her husband would have at
+her death.
+
+Susan did not then realize the full significance of what she had
+accomplished--that she had unleashed a new movement for freedom which
+would be the means of strengthening the democratic government of her
+country.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[90] Harper, _Anthony_, I, pp. 173-174, 198.
+
+[91] _Ibid._, p. 160.
+
+[92] May 26, 1856, Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers, Vassar College
+Library.
+
+[93] _Ibid._, June 5, 1856. Antoinette Brown Blackwell was often
+called Nette.
+
+[94] Ms., Susan B. Anthony Papers, Library of Congress.
+
+[95] 1856, Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers, Library of Congress.
+
+[96] Ms., Susan B. Anthony Papers, Library of Congress. A notation on
+this ms. reads, "Written by Elizabeth Cady Stanton--Delivered by Susan
+B. Anthony."
+
+[97] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 143.
+
+[98] Stanton and Blatch, _Stanton_, II, p. 71.
+
+[99] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 162.
+
+[100] June 10, 1856, Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers, Library of
+Congress.
+
+[101] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 171.
+
+[102] Sept. 27, 1857, Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers, Library of
+Congress.
+
+[103] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 175.
+
+[104] Ms., Diary, 1855.
+
+[105] Sept. 27, 1857, Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers, Library of
+Congress.
+
+[106] Elizabeth Barrett Browning, _Aurora Leigh_ (New York, 1857), p.
+316; quotations following, pp. 53-54, pp. 364-365.
+
+[107] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 170.
+
+[108] _Ibid._, p. 177. Mary Hallowell, a liberal Rochester Quaker,
+always interested in Susan B. Anthony and her work.
+
+
+
+
+THE ZEALOT
+
+
+With a spirit of confidence inspired by her victory in New York State,
+Susan looked forward to the tenth national woman's rights convention
+in New York City in May 1860. At this convention she reported progress
+everywhere. Four thousand dollars from the Jackson and Hovey funds had
+been spent in the successful New York campaign, and similar work was
+scheduled for Ohio. In Kansas, women had won from the constitutional
+convention equal rights and privileges in state-controlled schools and
+in the management of the public schools, including the right to vote
+for members of school boards; mothers had been granted equal rights
+with fathers in the control and custody of their children, and married
+women had been given property rights. In Indiana, Maine, Missouri, and
+Ohio, married women could now control their own earnings.
+
+"Each year we hail with pleasure," she continued, "new accessions to
+our faith. Brave men and true from the higher walks of literature and
+art, from the bar, the bench, the pulpit, and legislative halls are
+now ready to help woman wherever she claims to stand." She was
+thinking of the aid given her by Andrew J. Colvin and Anson Bingham of
+the New York legislature, of the young journalist, George William
+Curtis, just recently speaking for women, of Samuel Longfellow at his
+first woman's rights convention, and of the popular Henry Ward Beecher
+who, just a few months before, had delivered his great woman's rights
+speech, thereby identifying himself irrevocably with the cause. She
+announced with great satisfaction the news, which the papers had
+carried a few days before, that Matthew Vassar of Poughkeepsie had set
+aside $400,000 to found a college for women equal in all respects to
+Harvard and Yale.[109]
+
+Progress and good feeling were in the air, and the speakers were not
+heckled as in past years by the rowdies who had made it a practice to
+follow abolitionists into woman's rights meetings to bait them. Into
+this atmosphere of good will and rejoicing, Susan and Elizabeth
+Stanton now injected a more serious note, bringing before the
+convention the controversial question of marriage and divorce which
+heretofore had been handled with kid gloves at all woman's rights
+meetings, but which they sincerely believed demanded solution.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Divorce had been much in the news because several leading families in
+America and in England were involved in lawsuits complicated by
+stringent divorce laws. Invariably the wife bore the burden of censure
+and hardship, for no matter how unprincipled her husband might be, he
+was entitled to her children and her earnings under the property laws
+of most states.
+
+In New York efforts were now being made to gain support for a liberal
+divorce bill, patterned after the Indiana law, and a variety of
+proposals were before the legislature, making drunkenness, insanity,
+desertion, and cruel and abusive treatment grounds for divorce. Horace
+Greeley in his _Tribune_ had been vigorously opposing a more liberal
+law for New York, while Robert Dale Owen of Indiana wrote in its
+defense. Everywhere people were reading the Greeley-Owen debates in
+the _Tribune_. Through his widely circulated paper, Horace Greeley had
+in a sense become an oracle for the people who felt he was safe and
+good; while Robert Dale Owen, because of his youthful association with
+the New Harmony community and Frances Wright, was branded with
+radicalism which even his valuable service in the Indiana legislature
+and his two terms in Congress could not blot out.
+
+Susan and Mrs. Stanton had no patience with Horace Greeley's smug
+old-fashioned opinions on marriage and divorce. In fact these
+Greeley-Owen debates in the _Tribune_ were the direct cause of their
+decision to bring this subject before the convention, where they hoped
+for support from their liberal friends. They counted especially on
+Lucy Stone, who seemed to give her approval when she wrote, "I am glad
+you will speak on the divorce question, provided you yourself are
+clear on the subject. It is a great grave topic that one shudders to
+grapple, but its hour is coming.... God touch your lips if you speak
+on it."[110]
+
+Neither Susan nor Mrs. Stanton shuddered to grapple with any subject
+which they believed needed attention. In fact, the discussion of
+marriage and divorce in woman's rights conventions had been on their
+minds for some time. Three years before Susan had written Lucy, "I
+have thought with you until of late that the Social Question must be
+kept separate from Woman's Rights, but we have always claimed that our
+movement was _Human Rights_, not Woman's specially.... It seems to me
+we have played on the surface of things quite long enough. Getting the
+right to hold property, to vote, to wear what dress we please, etc.,
+are all to the good, but _Social Freedom_, after all, lies at the
+bottom of all, and unless woman gets that she must continue the slave
+of man in all other things."[111]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Consternation spread through the genial ranks of the convention as
+Mrs. Stanton now offered resolutions calling for more liberal divorce
+laws. Quick to sense the temper of an audience, Susan felt its
+resistance to being jolted out of the pleasant contemplation of past
+successes to the unpleasant recognition that there were still
+difficult ugly problems ahead. She was conscious at once of a stir of
+astonishment and disapproval when Mrs. Stanton in her clear compelling
+voice read, "Resolved, That an unfortunate or ill-assorted marriage is
+ever a calamity, but not ever, perhaps never a crime--and when society
+or government, by its laws or customs, compels its continuance, always
+to the grief of one of the parties, and the actual loss and damage of
+both, it usurps an authority never delegated to man, nor exercised by
+God, Himself...."[112]
+
+Listening to Mrs. Stanton's speech in defense of her ten bold
+resolutions on marriage and divorce, Susan felt that her brave
+colleague was speaking for women everywhere, for wives of the present
+and the future. As the hearty applause rang out, she concluded that
+even the disapproving admired her courage; but before the applause
+ceased, she saw Antoinette Blackwell on her feet, waiting to be heard.
+She knew that Antoinette, like Horace Greeley, preferred to think of
+all marriages as made in heaven, and true to form Antoinette contended
+that the marriage relation "must be lifelong" and "as permanent and
+indissoluble as the relation of parent and child."[113] At once
+Ernestine Rose came to the rescue in support of Mrs. Stanton.
+
+Then Wendell Phillips showed his displeasure by moving that Mrs.
+Stanton's resolutions be laid on the table and expunged from the
+record because they had no more to do with this convention than
+slavery in Kansas or temperance. "This convention," he asserted, "as I
+understand it, assembles to discuss the laws that rest unequally upon
+men and women, not those that rest equally on men and women."[114]
+
+Aghast at this statement, Susan was totally unprepared to have his
+views supported by that other champion of liberty, William Lloyd
+Garrison, who, however, did not favor expunging the resolutions from
+the record.
+
+It was incomprehensible to Susan that neither Garrison nor Phillips
+recognized woman's subservient status in marriage under prevailing
+laws and traditions, and she now stated her own views with firmness:
+"As to the point that this question does not belong to this
+platform--from that I totally dissent. Marriage has ever been a
+one-sided matter, resting most unequally upon the sexes. By it, man
+gains all--woman loses all; tyrant law and lust reign supreme with
+him--meek submission and ready obedience alone befit her."[115]
+
+Warming to the subject, she continued, "By law, public sentiment, and
+religion from the time of Moses down to the present day, woman has
+never been thought of other than as a piece of property, to be
+disposed of at the will and pleasure of man. And this very hour, by
+our statute books, by our so-called enlightened Christian
+civilization, she has no voice in saying what shall be the basis of
+the relation. She must accept marriage as man proffers it or not at
+all...."
+
+When finally the vote was taken, Mrs. Stanton's resolutions were laid
+on the table, but not expunged from the record, and the convention
+adjourned with much to talk about and think about for some time to
+come.
+
+The newspapers, of course, could not overlook such a piece of news as
+this heated argument on divorce in a woman's rights convention, and
+fanned the flames pro and con, most of them holding up Miss Anthony
+and Mrs. Stanton as dangerous examples of freedom for women. The Rev.
+A. D. Mayo, Unitarian clergyman of Albany, heretofore Susan's loyal
+champion, now made a point of reproving her. "You are not married," he
+declared with withering scorn. "You have no business to be discussing
+marriage." To this she retorted, "Well, Mr. Mayo, you are not a
+slave. Suppose you quit lecturing on slavery."[116]
+
+Both Susan and Mrs. Stanton, amazed at the opposition and the
+disapproval they had aroused, were grateful for Samuel Longfellow's
+comforting words of commendation[117] and for the letters of approval
+which came from women from all parts of the state. Most satisfying of
+all was this reassurance from Lucretia Mott, whose judgment they so
+highly valued: "I was rejoiced to have such a defense of the
+resolutions as yours. I have the fullest confidence in the united
+judgment of Elizabeth Stanton and Susan Anthony and I am glad they are
+so vigorous in the work."[118]
+
+Hardest to bear was the disapproval of Wendell Phillips whom they both
+admired so much. Difficult to understand and most disappointing was
+Lucy Stone's failure to attend the convention or come to their
+defense. Thinking over this first unfortunate difference of opinion
+among the faithful crusaders for freedom to whom she had always felt
+so close in spirit, Susan was sadly disillusioned, but she had no
+regrets that the matter had been brought up, and she defied her
+critics by speaking before a committee of the New York legislature in
+support of a liberal divorce bill. Nor was she surprised when a group
+of Boston women, headed by Caroline H. Dall, called a convention which
+they hoped would counteract this radical outbreak in the woman's
+rights movement by keeping to the safe subjects of education,
+vocation, and civil position.
+
+Having learned by this time through the hard school of experience that
+the bona-fide reformer could not play safe and go forward, Susan
+thoughtfully commented, "Cautious, careful people, always casting
+about to preserve their reputation and social standing, never can
+bring about a reform. Those who are really in earnest must be willing
+to be anything or nothing in the world's estimation, and publicly and
+privately, in season and out, avow their sympathy with despised and
+persecuted ideas and their advocates, and bear the consequences."[119]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The repercussions of the divorce debates were soon drowned out by the
+noise and excitement of the presidential campaign of 1860. With four
+candidates in the field, Breckenridge, Bell, Douglas, and Lincoln,
+each offering his party's solution for the nation's critical problems,
+there was much to think about and discuss, and Susan found woman's
+rights pushed into the background. At the same time antagonism toward
+abolitionists was steadily mounting for they were being blamed for the
+tensions between the North and the South.
+
+Dedicated to the immediate and unconditional emancipation of slavery,
+Susan saw no hope in the promises of any political party. Even the
+Republicans' opposition to the extension of slavery in the
+territories, which had won over many abolitionists, including Henry
+and Elizabeth Stanton, seemed to her a mild and ineffectual answer to
+the burning questions of the hour. For her to further the election of
+Abraham Lincoln was unthinkable, since he favored the enforcement of
+the Fugitive Slave Law and had stated he was not in favor of Negro
+citizenship.
+
+At heart she was a nonvoting Garrisonian abolitionist and would not
+support a political party which in any way sanctioned slavery. Had she
+been eligible as a voter she undoubtedly would have refused to cast
+her ballot until a righteous antislavery government had been
+established. As she expressed it in a letter to Mrs. Stanton, she
+could not, if she were a man, vote for "the least of two evils, one of
+which the Nation must surely have in the presidential chair."[120]
+
+She saw no possibility at this time of wiping out slavery by means of
+political abolition, because in spite of the fact that slavery had for
+years been one of the most pressing issues before the American people,
+no great political party had yet endorsed abolition, nor had a single
+prominent practical statesman[121] advocated immediate unconditional
+emancipation. As the Liberty party experiment had proved, an
+abolitionist running for office on an antislavery platform was doomed
+to defeat. Therefore the gesture made in this critical campaign by a
+small group of abolitionists in nominating Gerrit Smith for president
+appeared utterly futile to Susan. Abolitionists, she believed,
+followed the only course consistent with their principles when they
+eschewed politics, abstained from voting, and devoted their energies
+with the fervor of evangelists to a militant educational campaign.
+
+So, whenever she could, she continued to hold antislavery meetings.
+"Crowded house at Port Byron," her diary records. "I tried to say a
+few words at opening, but soon curled up like a sensitive plant. It is
+a terrible martyrdom for me to speak."[122] Yet so great was the need
+to enlighten people on the evils of slavery that she endured this
+martyrdom, stepping into the breach when no other speaker was
+available. Taking as her subject, "What Is American Slavery?" she
+declared, "It is the legalized, systematic robbery of the bodies and
+souls of nearly four millions of men, women, and children. It is the
+legalized traffic in God's image."[123]
+
+She asked for personal liberty laws to protect the human rights of
+fugitive slaves, adding that the Dred Scott decision had been possible
+only because it reflected the spirit and purpose of the American
+people in the North as well as the South. She heaped blame on the
+North for restricting the Negro's educational and economic
+opportunities, for barring him from libraries, lectures, and theaters,
+and from hotels and seats on trains and buses.
+
+"Let the North," she urged, "prove to the South by her acts that she
+fully recognizes the humanity of the black man, that she respects his
+rights in all her educational, industrial, social, and political
+associations...."
+
+This was asking far more than the North was ready to give, but to
+Susan it was justice which she must demand. No wonder free Negroes in
+the North honored and loved her and expressed their gratitude whenever
+they could. "A fine-looking colored man on the train presented me with
+a bouquet," she wrote in her diary. "Can't tell whether he knew me or
+only felt my sympathy."[124]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The threats of secession from the southern states, which followed
+Lincoln's election, brought little anxiety to Susan or her
+fellow-abolitionists, for they had long preached, "No Union with
+Slaveholders," believing that dissolution of the Union would prevent
+further expansion of slavery in the new western territories, and not
+only lessen the damaging influence of slavery on northern
+institutions, but relieve the North of complicity in maintaining
+slavery. Garrison in his _Liberator_ had already asked, "Will the
+South be so obliging as to secede from the Union?" When, in December
+1860, South Carolina seceded, Horace Greeley, who only a few months
+before had called the disunion abolitionists "a little coterie of
+common scolds," now wrote in the _Tribune_, "If the cotton states
+shall decide that they can do better out of the Union than in it, we
+insist in letting them go in peace. The right to secede may be a
+revolutionary one, but it exists nevertheless."[125]
+
+[Illustration: William Lloyd Garrison]
+
+What abolitionists feared far more than secession was that to save the
+Union some compromise would be made which would fasten slavery on the
+nation. Susan agreed with Garrison when he declared in the
+_Liberator_, "All Union-saving efforts are simply idiotic. At last
+'the covenant with death' is annulled, 'the agreement with Hell'
+broken--at least by the action of South Carolina and ere long by all
+the slave-holding states, for their doom is one."[126]
+
+Compromise, however, was in the air. The people were appalled and
+confused by the breaking up of the Union and the possibility of civil
+war, and the government fumbled. Powerful Republicans, among them
+Thurlow Weed, speaking for eastern financial interests, favored the
+Crittenden Compromise which would re-establish the Mason-Dixon line,
+protect slavery in the states where it was now legal, sanction the
+domestic slave trade, guarantee payment by the United States for
+escaped slaves, and forbid Congress to abolish slavery in the
+District of Columbia without the consent of Virginia and Maryland.
+Even Seward suggested a constitutional amendment guaranteeing
+noninterference with slavery in the slave states for all time. In such
+an atmosphere as this, Susan gloried in Wendell Phillips's impetuous
+declarations against compromise.
+
+While the whole country marked time, waiting for the inauguration of
+President Lincoln, abolitionists sent out their speakers, Susan
+heading a group in western New York which included Samuel J. May,
+Stephen S. Foster, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. "All are united," she
+wrote William Lloyd Garrison, "that good faith and honor demand us to
+go forward and leave the responsibility of free speech or its
+suppression with the people of the places we visit." Then showing that
+she well understood the temper of the times, she added, "I trust ...
+no personal harm may come to you or Phillips or any of the little band
+of the true and faithful who shall defend the right...."[127]
+
+Feeling was running high in Buffalo when Susan arrived with her
+antislavery contingent in January 1861, expecting disturbances but
+unprepared for the animosity of audiences which hissed, yelled, and
+stamped so that not a speaker could be heard. The police made no
+effort to keep order and finally the mob surged over the platform and
+the lights went out. Nevertheless, Susan who was presiding held her
+ground until lights were brought in and she could dimly see the
+milling crowd.
+
+In small towns they were listened to with only occasional catcalls and
+boos of disapproval, but in every city from Buffalo to Albany the mobs
+broke up their meetings. Even in Rochester, which had never before
+shown open hostility to abolitionists, Susan's banner, "No Union with
+Slaveholders" was torn down and a restless audience hissed her as she
+opened her meeting and drowned out the speakers with their shouting
+and stamping until at last the police took over and escorted the
+speakers home through the jeering crowds.
+
+All but Susan now began to question the wisdom of holding more
+meetings, but her determination to continue, and to assert the right
+of free speech, shamed her colleagues into acquiescence. Cayenne
+pepper, thrown on the stove, broke up their meeting at Port Byron. In
+Rome, rowdies bore down upon Susan, who was taking the admission fee
+of ten cents, brushed her aside, "big cloak, furs, and all,"[128] and
+rushed to the platform where they sang, hooted, and played cards until
+the speakers gave up in despair. Syracuse, well known for its
+tolerance and pride in free speech, now greeted them with a howling
+drunken mob armed with knives and pistols and rotten eggs. Susan on
+the platform courageously faced their gibes until she and her
+companions were forced out into the street. They then took refuge in
+the home of fellow-abolitionists while the mob dragged effigies of
+Susan and Samuel J. May through the streets and burned them in the
+square.
+
+Not even this kept Susan from her last advertised meeting in Albany
+where Lucretia Mott, Martha C. Wright, Gerrit Smith, and Frederick
+Douglass joined her. Here the Democratic mayor, George H. Thatcher,
+was determined to uphold free speech in spite of almost overwhelming
+opposition, and calling at the Delavan House for the abolitionists,
+safely escorted them to their hall. Then, with a revolver across his
+knees, he sat on the platform with them while his policemen, scattered
+through the hall, put down every disturbance; but at the end of the
+day, he warned Susan that he could no longer hold the mob in check and
+begged her as a personal favor to him to call off the rest of the
+meetings. She consented, and under his protection the intrepid little
+group of abolitionists walked back to their hotel with the mob
+trailing behind them.
+
+Looking back upon the tense days and nights of this "winter of
+mobs,"[129] Susan was proud of her group of abolitionists who so
+bravely had carried out their mission. In comparison, the Republicans
+had shown up badly, not a Republican mayor having the courage or
+interest to give them protection. In fact, she found little in the
+attitude of the Republicans to offer even a glimmer of hope that they
+were capable of governing in this crisis. Lincoln's inaugural address
+prejudiced her at once, for he said, "I have no purpose directly or
+indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the states
+where it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so and I have
+no inclination to do so."[130] To her the future looked dark when
+statesmen would save the Union at such a price.
+
+"No Compromise" was Susan's watchword these days, as a feminist as
+well as an abolitionist, even though this again set her at odds with
+Garrison and Phillips, the two men she respected above all others.
+They were now writing her stern letters urging her to reveal the
+hiding place of a fugitive wife and her daughter. Just before she had
+started on her antislavery crusade and while she was in Albany with
+Lydia Mott, a heavily veiled woman with a tragic story had come to
+them for help. She was the wife of Dr. Charles Abner Phelps, a highly
+respected member of the Massachusetts Senate, and the mother of three
+children. She had discovered, she told them, that her husband was
+unfaithful to her, and when she confronted him with the proof, he had
+insisted that she suffered from delusions and had her committed to an
+insane asylum. For a year and a half she had not been allowed to
+communicate with her children, but finally her brother, a prominent
+Albany attorney, obtained her release through a writ of habeas corpus,
+took her to his home, and persuaded Dr. Phelps to allow the children
+to visit her for a few weeks. Now she was desperate as she again faced
+the prospect of being separated from her children by Massachusetts law
+which gave even an unfaithful husband control of his wife's person and
+their children.
+
+Well aware of how often her friends of the Underground Railroad had
+defied the Fugitive Slave Law and hidden and transported fugitive
+slaves, Susan decided she would do the same for this cultured
+intelligent woman, a slave to her husband under the law. Without a
+thought of the consequences, she took the train on Christmas Day for
+New York with Mrs. Phelps and her thirteen-year-old daughter, both in
+disguise, hoping that in the crowded city they could hide from Dr.
+Phelps and the law. Arriving late at night, they walked through the
+snow and slush to a hotel, only to be refused a room because they were
+not accompanied by a gentleman. They tried another hotel, with the
+same result, and then Susan, remembering a boarding house run by a
+divorced woman she knew, hopefully rang her doorbell. She too refused
+them, claiming all her boarders would leave if she harbored a runaway
+wife. By this time it was midnight. Cold and exhausted, they braved a
+Broadway hotel, where they were told there was no vacant room; but
+Susan, convinced this was only an excuse, said as much to the clerk,
+adding, "You can give us a place to sleep or we will sit in this
+office all night." When he threatened to call the police, she
+retorted, "Very well, we will sit here till they come to take us to
+the station."[131] Finally he relented and gave them a room without
+heat. Early the next morning, Susan began making the rounds of her
+friends in search of shelter for Mrs. Phelps and her daughter, and
+finally at the end of a discouraging day, Abby Hopper Gibbons, the
+Quaker who had so often hidden fugitive slaves, took this fugitive
+wife into her home.
+
+Returning to Albany, Susan found herself under suspicion and
+threatened with arrest by Dr. Phelps and Mrs. Phelps's brothers,
+because she had broken the law by depriving a father of his child.
+Letters and telegrams, demanding that she reveal Mrs. Phelps's hiding
+place, followed her to Rochester and on her antislavery tour through
+western New York. Refusing to be intimidated, she ignored them all.
+
+When Garrison wrote her long letters in his small neat hand, begging
+her not to involve the woman's rights and antislavery movements in any
+"hasty and ill-judged, no matter how well-meant" action, it was hard
+for her to reconcile this advice with his impetuous, undiplomatic, and
+dangerous actions on behalf of Negro slaves. "I feel the strongest
+assurance," she told him, "that what I have done is wholly right. Had
+I turned my back upon her I should have scorned myself.... That I
+should stop to ask if my act would injure the reputation of any
+movement never crossed my mind, nor will I allow such a fear to stifle
+my sympathies or tempt me to expose her to the cruel inhuman treatment
+of her own household. Trust me that as I ignore all law to help the
+slave, so will I ignore it all to protect an enslaved woman."[132]
+
+When later they met at an antislavery convention, Garrison, renewing
+his efforts on behalf of Dr. Phelps, put this question to Susan,
+"Don't you know that the law of Massachusetts gives the father the
+entire guardianship and control of the children?"
+
+"Yes, I know it," she answered. "Does not the law of the United States
+give the slaveholder the ownership of the slave? And don't you break
+it every time you help a slave to Canada? Well, the law which gives
+the father the sole ownership of the children is just as wicked and
+I'll break it just as quickly. You would die before you would deliver
+a slave to his master, and I will die before I will give up that child
+to its father."
+
+Susan escaped arrest as she thought she would, for Dr. Phelps could
+not afford the unfavorable publicity involved. He managed to kidnap
+his child on her way to Sunday School, but his wife eventually won a
+divorce through the help of her friends.
+
+The most trying part of this experience for Susan was the attitude of
+Garrison and Phillips, who, had now for the second time failed to
+recognize that the freedom they claimed for the Negro was also
+essential for women. They believed in woman's rights, to be sure, but
+when these rights touched the institution of marriage, their vision
+was clouded. Just a year before, they had fought Mrs. Stanton's
+divorce resolutions because they were unable to see that the existing
+laws of marriage did not apply equally to men and women. Now they
+sustained the father's absolute right over his child. What was it,
+Susan wondered, that kept them from understanding? Was it loyalty to
+sex, was it an unconscious clinging to dominance and superiority, or
+was it sheer inability to recognize women as human beings like
+themselves? "Very many abolitionists," she wrote in her diary, "have
+yet to learn the ABC of woman's rights."[133]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[109] _History of Woman Suffrage_, I. p. 689. Henry Ward Beecher's
+speech, _The Public Function of Women_, delivered at Cooper Union,
+Feb. 2, 1860, was widely distributed as a tract.
+
+[110] April 16, 1860, Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers, Library of
+Congress.
+
+[111] June 16, 1857, Blackwell Papers, Edna M. Stantial Collection.
+
+[112] _History of Woman Suffrage_, I, p. 717.
+
+[113] _Ibid._, p. 725.
+
+[114] _Ibid._, p. 732.
+
+[115] _Ibid._, p. 735.
+
+[116] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 196.
+
+[117] Elizabeth Cady Stanton, _Eighty Years and More_ (New York,
+1898), p. 219. Samuel Longfellow whispered to Mrs. Stanton in the
+midst of the debate, "Nevertheless you are right and the convention
+will sustain you."
+
+[118] Harper, _Anthony_, I. p. 195.
+
+[119] _Ibid._, p. 197.
+
+[120] Aug. 25, 1860, Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers, Vassar College
+Library.
+
+[121] Charles Sumner was the First prominent statesman to speak for
+emancipation, Oct., 1861, at the Massachusetts Republican Convention.
+
+[122] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 198.
+
+[123] Ms., Susan B. Anthony Papers, Library of Congress.
+
+[124] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 198.
+
+[125] Garrisons, _Garrison_, III, p. 504; Beards, _The Rise of
+American Civilization_, II, p. 63.
+
+[126] Garrisons, _Garrison_, III, p. 508.
+
+[127] Jan. 18, 1861, Antislavery Papers, Boston Public Library.
+
+[128] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 210.
+
+[129] Susan B. Anthony Scrapbook, 1861, Library of Congress.
+
+[130] Carl Sandburg, _Abraham Lincoln, The War Years_ (New York,
+1939), I, p. 125.
+
+[131] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 202. Mrs. Phelps later found a more
+permanent home with the author, Elizabeth Ellet.
+
+[132] _Ibid._, pp. 203-204.
+
+[133] _Ibid._, p. 198.
+
+
+
+
+A WAR FOR FREEDOM
+
+
+Six more southern states, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi,
+Louisiana, and Texas, following the lead of South Carolina, seceded
+early in 1861 and formed the Confederate States of America. This
+breaking up of the Union disturbed Susan primarily because it took the
+minds of most of her colleagues off everything but saving the Union.
+Convinced that even in a time of national crisis, work for women must
+go on, she tried to prepare for the annual woman's rights convention
+in New York, but none of her hitherto dependable friends would help
+her. Nevertheless, she persisted, even after the fall of Fort Sumter
+and the President's call for troops. Only when the abolitionists
+called off their annual New York meetings did she reluctantly realize
+that woman's rights too must yield to the exigencies of the hour.
+
+Influenced by her Quaker background, she could not see war as the
+solution of this or any other crisis. In fact, the majority of
+abolitionists were amazed and bewildered when war came because it was
+not being waged to free the slaves. Looking to their leaders for
+guidance, they heard Wendell Phillips declare for war before an
+audience of over four thousand in Boston. Garrison, known to all as a
+nonresistant, made it clear that his sympathies were with the
+government. He saw in "this grand uprising of the manhood of the
+North"[134] a growing appreciation of liberty and free institutions
+and a willingness to defend them. Calling upon abolitionists to stand
+by their principles, he at the same time warned them not to criticize
+Lincoln or the Republicans unnecessarily, not to divide the North, but
+to watch events and bide their time, and he opposed those
+abolitionists who wanted to withhold support of the government until
+it stood openly and unequivocally for the Negro's freedom. From the
+front page of the _Liberator_, he now removed his slogan, "No Union
+with Slaveholders." Kindly placid Samuel J. May, usually against all
+violence, now compared the sacrifices of the war to the crucifixion,
+and to Susan this was blasphemy. Even Parker Pillsbury wrote her, "I
+am rejoicing over Old Abe, but my voice is still for war."[135]
+
+She was troubled, confused, and disillusioned by the attitude of these
+men and by that of most of her antislavery friends. Only very few,
+among them Lydia Mott, were uncompromising non-resistants. To one of
+them she wrote, "I have tried hard to persuade myself that I alone
+remained mad, while all the rest had become sane, because I have
+insisted that it is our duty to bear not only our usual testimony but
+one even louder and more earnest than ever before.... The
+Abolitionists, for once, seem to have come to an agreement with all
+the world that they are out of tune and place, hence should hold their
+peace and spare their rebukes and anathemas. Our position to me seems
+most humiliating, simply that of the politicians, one of expediency,
+not principle. I have not yet seen one good reason for the abandonment
+of all our meetings, and am more and more ashamed and sad that even
+the little Apostolic number have yielded to the world's motto--'the
+end justifies the means.'"[136]
+
+Now the farm home was a refuge. Her father, leaving her in charge,
+traveled West for his long-dreamed-of visit with his sons in Kansas,
+with Daniel R., now postmaster at Leavenworth, and with Merritt and
+his young wife, Mary Luther, in their log cabin at Osawatomie. As a
+release from her pent-up energy, Susan turned to hard physical work.
+"Superintended the plowing of the orchard," she recorded in her diary.
+"The last load of hay is in the barn; and all in capital order....
+Washed every window in the house today. Put a quilted petticoat in the
+frame.... Quilted all day, but sewing seems no longer to be my
+calling.... Fitted out a fugitive slave for Canada with the help of
+Harriet Tubman."[137]
+
+Although she filled her days, life on the farm in these stirring times
+seemed futile to her. She missed the stimulating exchange of ideas
+with fellow-abolitionists and confessed to her diary, "The all-alone
+feeling will creep over me. It is such a fast after the feast of great
+presences to which I have been so long accustomed."
+
+The war was much on her mind. Eagerly she read Greeley's _Tribune_ and
+the Rochester _Democrat_. The news was discouraging--the tragedy of
+Bull Run, the call for more troops, defeat after defeat for the Union
+armies. General Frémont in Missouri freeing the slaves of rebels only
+to have Lincoln cancel the order to avert antagonizing the border
+states.
+
+"How not to do it seems the whole study of Washington," she wrote in
+her diary. "I wish the government would move quickly, proclaim freedom
+to every slave and call on every able-bodied Negro to enlist in the
+Union Army.... To forever blot out slavery is the only possible
+compensation for this merciless war."[138]
+
+To satisfy her longing for a better understanding of people and
+events, she turned to books, first to Elizabeth Barrett Browning's
+_Casa Guidi Windows_, which she called "a grand poem, so fitting to
+our terrible struggle," then to her _Sonnets from the Portuguese_, and
+George Eliot's popular _Adam Bede_, recently published. More serious
+reading also absorbed her, for she wanted to keep abreast of the most
+advanced thought of the day. "Am reading Buckle's _History of
+Civilization_ and Darwin's _Descent of Man_," she wrote in her diary.
+"Have finished _Origin of the Species_. Pillsbury has just given me
+Emerson's poems."[139]
+
+Eager to thrash out all her new ideas with Elizabeth Stanton, she went
+to Seneca Falls for a few days of good talk, hoping to get Mrs.
+Stanton's help in organizing a woman's rights convention in 1862; but
+not even Mrs. Stanton could see the importance of such work at this
+time, believing that if women put all their efforts into winning the
+war, they would, without question, be rewarded with full citizenship.
+Susan was skeptical about this and disappointed that even the best
+women were so willing to be swept aside by the onrush of events.
+
+Although opposed to war, Susan was far from advocating peace at any
+price, and was greatly concerned over the confusion in Washington
+which was vividly described in the discouraging letters Mrs. Stanton
+received from her husband, now Washington correspondent for the New
+York _Tribune_. Both she and Mrs. Stanton chafed at inaction. They had
+loyalty, intelligence, an understanding of national affairs, and
+executive ability to offer their country, but such qualities were not
+sought after among women.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the spring of 1862, Susan helped Mrs. Stanton move her family to a
+new home in Brooklyn, and spent a few weeks with her there, getting
+the feel of the city in wartime. She then had the satisfaction of
+discovering that at least one woman was of use to her country, young
+eloquent Anna E. Dickinson.[140] Susan listened with pride and joy
+while Anna spoke to an enthusiastic audience at Cooper Union on the
+issues of the war. She took Anna to her heart at once. Anna's youth,
+her fervor, and her remarkable ability drew out all of Susan's
+motherly instincts of affection and protectiveness. They became
+devoted friends, and for the next few years carried on a voluminous
+correspondence.
+
+Harriet Hosmer and Rosa Bonheur also helped restore Susan's confidence
+in women during these difficult days when, forced to mark time, she
+herself seemed at loose ends. Visiting the Academy of Design, she
+studied "in silent reverential awe," the marble face of Harriet
+Hosmer's Beatrice Cenci, and declared, "Making that cold marble
+breathe and pulsate, Harriet Hosmer has done more to ennoble and
+elevate woman than she could possibly have done by mere words...." Of
+Rosa Bonheur, the first woman to venture into the field of animal
+painting, she said, "Her work not only surpasses anything ever done by
+a woman, but is a bold and successful step beyond all other
+artists."[141]
+
+This confidence was soon dispelled, however, when a letter came from
+Lydia Mott containing the crushing news that the New York legislature
+had amended the newly won Married Woman's Property Law of 1860, while
+women's attention was focused on the war, and had taken away from
+mothers the right to equal guardianship of their children and from
+widows the control of the property left at the death of their
+husbands.
+
+"We deserve to suffer for our confidence in 'man's sense of justice,'"
+she confessed to Lydia. " ... All of our reformers seem suddenly to
+have grown politic. All alike say, 'Have no conventions at this
+crisis!' Garrison, Phillips, Mrs. Mott, Mrs. Wright, Mrs. Stanton,
+etc. say, 'Wait until the war excitement abates....' I am sick at
+heart, but cannot carry the world against the wish and will of our
+best friends...."[142]
+
+Unable to arouse even a glimmer of interest in woman's rights at this
+time, Susan started off on a lecture tour of her own, determined to
+make people understand that this war, so abhorrent to her, must be
+fought for the Negroes' freedom. "I cannot feel easy in my conscience
+to be dumb in an hour like this," she explained to Lydia, adding, "It
+is so easy to feel your power for public work slipping away if you
+allow yourself to remain too long snuggled in the Abrahamic bosom of
+home. It requires great will power to resurrect one's soul.[143]
+
+"I am speaking now extempore," she continued, "and more to my
+satisfaction than ever before. I am amazed at myself, but I could not
+do it if any of our other speakers were listening to me. I am entirely
+off old antislavery grounds and on the new ones thrown up by the war."
+
+Feeling particularly close to Lydia at this time, she gratefully
+added, "What a stay, counsel, and comfort you have been to me, dear
+Lydia, ever since that eventful little temperance meeting in that
+cold, smoky chapel in 1852. How you have compelled me to feel myself
+competent to go forward when trembling with doubt and distrust. I can
+never express the magnitude of my indebtedness to you."
+
+In the small towns of western New York, people were willing to listen
+to Susan, for they were troubled by the defeats northern armies had
+suffered and by the appalling lack of unity and patriotism in the
+North. They were beginning to see that the problem of slavery had to
+be faced and were discussing among themselves whether Negroes were
+contraband, whether army officers should return fugitive slaves to
+their masters, whether slaves of the rebels should be freed, whether
+Negroes should be enlisted in the army.
+
+Susan had an answer for them. "It is impossible longer to hold the
+African race in bondage," she declared, "or to reconstruct this
+Republic on the old slaveholding basis. We can neither go back nor
+stand still. With the nation as with the individual, every new
+experience forces us into a new and higher life and the old self is
+lost forever. Hundreds of men who never thought of emancipation a year
+ago, talk it freely and are ready to vote for it and fight for it
+now.[144]
+
+"Can the thousands of Northern soldiers," she asked, "who in their
+march through Rebel States have found faithful friends and generous
+allies in the slaves ever consent to hurl them back into the hell of
+slavery, either by word, or vote, or sword? Slaves have sought shelter
+in the Northern Army and have tasted the forbidden fruit of the Tree
+of Liberty. Will they return quietly to the plantation and patiently
+endure the old life of bondage with all its degradation, its
+cruelties, and wrong? No, No, there can be no reconstruction on the
+old basis...." Far less degrading and ruinous, she earnestly added,
+would be the recognition of the independence of the southern
+Confederacy.
+
+[Illustration: Susan B. Anthony]
+
+To the question of what to do with the emancipated slaves, her quick
+answer was, "Treat the Negroes just as you do the Irish, the Scotch,
+and the Germans. Educate them to all the blessings of our free
+institutions, to our schools and churches, to every department of
+industry, trade, and art.
+
+"What arrogance in _us_," she continued, "to put the question, What
+shall _we_ do with a race of men and women who have fed, clothed, and
+supported both themselves and their oppressors for centuries...."
+
+Often she spoke against Lincoln's policy of gradual, compensated
+emancipation, which to an eager advocate of "immediate, unconditional
+emancipation" seemed like weakness and appeasement. She had to admit,
+however, that there had been some progress in the right direction, for
+Congress had recently forbidden the return of fugitive slaves to their
+masters, had decreed immediate emancipation in the District of
+Columbia, and prohibited slavery in the territories.
+
+President Lincoln's promise of freedom on January 1, 1863, to slaves
+in all states in armed rebellion against the government, seemed wholly
+inadequate to her and to her fellow-abolitionists, because it left
+slavery untouched in the border states, but it did encourage them to
+hope that eventually Lincoln might see the light. Horace Greeley wrote
+Susan, "I still keep at work with the President in various ways and
+believe you will yet hear him proclaim universal freedom. Keep this
+letter and judge me by the event."[145]
+
+It troubled her that public opinion in the North was still far from
+sympathetic to emancipation. Northern Democrats, charging Lincoln with
+incompetence and autocratic control, called for "The Constitution as
+it is, the Union as it was." They had the support of many northern
+businessmen who faced the loss of millions of credit given to
+southerners and the support of northern workmen who feared the
+competition of free Negroes. They had elected Horatio Seymour governor
+of New York, and had gained ground in many parts of the country. A
+militant group in Ohio, headed by Congressman Vallandigham, continued
+to oppose the war, asking for peace at once with no terms unfavorable
+to the South.
+
+All these developments Susan discussed with her father, for she
+frequently came home between lectures. He was a tower of strength to
+her. When she was disillusioned or when criticism and opposition were
+hard to bear, his sympathy and wise counsel never failed her. There
+was a strong bond of understanding and affection between them.
+
+His sudden illness and death, late in November 1862, were a shock from
+which she had to struggle desperately to recover. Her life was
+suddenly empty. The farm home was desolate. She could not think of
+leaving her mother and her sister Mary there all alone. Nor could she
+count on help from Daniel or Merritt, both of whom were serving in the
+army in the West, Daniel, as a lieutenant colonel, and Merritt as a
+captain in the 7th Kansas Cavalry. For many weeks she had no heart for
+anything but grief. "It seemed as if everything in the world must
+stop."[146]
+
+Not even President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, issued January
+1, 1863, roused her. It took a letter from Henry Stanton from
+Washington to make her see that there was war work for her to do. He
+wrote her, "The country is rapidly going to destruction. The Army is
+almost in a state of mutiny for want of its pay and lack of a leader.
+Nothing can carry through but the southern Negroes, and nobody can
+marshal them into the struggle except the abolitionists.... Such men
+as Lovejoy, Hale, and the like have pretty much given up the struggle
+in despair. You have no idea how dark the cloud is which hangs over
+us.... We must not lay the flattering unction to our souls that the
+proclamation will be of any use if we are beaten and have a
+dissolution of the Union. Here then is work for you, Susan, put on
+your armor and go forth."[147]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A month later, Susan went to New York for a visit with Elizabeth
+Stanton, confident that if they counseled together, they could find a
+way to serve their country in its hour of need.
+
+She was well aware that all through the country women were responding
+magnificently in this crisis, giving not only their husbands and sons
+to the war, but carrying on for them in the home, on the farm, and in
+business. Many were sewing and knitting for soldiers, scraping lint
+for hospitals, and organizing Ladies' Aid Societies, which, operating
+through the United States Sanitary Commission, the forerunner of the
+Red Cross, sent clothing and nourishing food to the inadequately
+equipped and poorly fed soldiers in the field. In the large cities
+women were holding highly successful "Sanitary Fairs" to raise funds
+for the Sanitary Commission. In fact, through the women, civilian
+relief was organized as never before in history. Individual women too,
+Susan knew, were making outstanding contributions to the war. Lucy
+Stone's sister-in-law, Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell,[148] a friend and
+admirer of Florence Nightingale, was training much-needed nurses,
+while Dr. Mary Walker, putting on coat and trousers, ministered
+tirelessly to the wounded on the battlefield. Dorothea Dix, the
+one-time schoolteacher who had awakened the people to their barbarous
+treatment of the insane, had offered her services to the
+Surgeon-General and was eventually appointed Superintendent of Army
+Nurses, with authority to recruit nurses and oversee hospital
+housekeeping. Clara Barton, a government employee, and other women
+volunteers were finding their way to the front to nurse the wounded
+who so desperately needed their help; and Mother Bickerdyke, living
+with the armies in the field, nursed her boys and cooked for them,
+lifting their morale by her motherly, strengthening presence. Through
+the influence of Anna Ella Carroll, Maryland had been saved for the
+Union and she, it was said, was ably advising President Lincoln.
+
+Susan herself had felt no call to nurse the wounded, although she had
+often skillfully nursed her own family; nor had she felt that her
+qualifications as an expert housekeeper and good executive demanded
+her services at the front to supervise army housekeeping. Instead she
+looked for some important task to which other women would not turn in
+these days when relief work absorbed all their attention. It was not
+enough, she felt, for women to be angels of mercy, valuable and
+well-organized as this phase of their work had become. A spirit of
+awareness was lacking among them, also a patriotic fervor, and this
+led her to believe that northern women needed someone to stimulate
+their thinking, to force them to come to grips with the basic issues
+of the war and in so doing claim their own freedom. Women, she
+reasoned, must be aroused to think not only in terms of socks, shirts,
+and food for soldiers or of bandages and nursing, but in terms of the
+traditions of freedom upon which this republic was founded. Women must
+have a part in molding public opinion and must help direct policy as
+Anna Ella Carroll was proving women could do. Here was the best
+possible training for prospective women voters. To all this Mrs.
+Stanton heartily agreed.
+
+As they sat at the dining-room table with Mrs. Stanton's two
+daughters, Maggie and Hattie, all busily cutting linen into small
+squares and raveling them into lint for the wounded, they discussed
+the state of the nation. They were troubled by the low morale of the
+North and by the insidious propaganda of the Copperheads, an antiwar,
+pro-Southern group, which spread discontent and disrespect for the
+government. Profiteering was flagrant, and through speculation and war
+contracts, large fortunes were being built up among the few, while the
+majority of the people not only found their lives badly disrupted by
+the war but suffered from high prices and low wages. So far no
+decisive victory had encouraged confidence in ultimate triumph over
+the South. In newspapers and magazines, women of the North were being
+unfavorably compared with southern women and criticized because of
+their lack of interest in the war. Writing in the _Atlantic Monthly_,
+March, 1863, Gail Hamilton, a rising young journalist, accused
+northern women of failing to come up to the level of the day. "If you
+could have finished the war with your needles," she chided them, "it
+would have been finished long ago, but stitching does not crush
+rebellion, does not annihilate treason...."
+
+Thinking along these same lines, Susan and Mrs. Stanton now decided to
+go a step further. They would act to bring women abreast of the issues
+of the day, Susan with her flare for organizing women, Mrs. Stanton
+with her pen and her eloquence. They would show women that they had an
+ideal to fight for. They would show them the uselessness of this
+bloody conflict unless it won freedom for all of the slaves. Freedom
+for all, as a basic demand of the republic, would be their watchword.
+Men were forming Union Leagues and Loyal Leagues to combat the
+influence of secret antiwar societies, such as the Knights of the
+Golden Circle. "Why not organize a Women's National Loyal League?"
+Susan and Mrs. Stanton asked each other.
+
+They talked their ideas over first with the New York abolitionists,
+then with Horace Greeley, Henry Ward Beecher, and his dashing young
+friend, Theodore Tilton, and with Robert Dale Owen, now in the city as
+the recently appointed head of the Freedman's Inquiry Commission.
+These men were in touch with Charles Sumner and other antislavery
+members of Congress. All agreed that the Emancipation Proclamation
+must be implemented by an act of Congress, by an amendment to the
+Constitution, and that public opinion must be aroused to demand a
+Thirteenth Amendment. If women would help, so much the better.
+
+Susan at once thought of petitions. If petitions had won the Woman's
+Property Law in New York, they could win the Thirteenth Amendment. The
+largest petition ever presented to Congress was her goal.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Carefully Susan and Mrs. Stanton worked over an _Appeal to the Women
+of the Republic_, sending it out in March 1863 with a notice of a
+meeting to be held in New York. It left no doubt in the minds of those
+who received it that women had a responsibility to their country
+beyond services of mercy to the wounded and disabled.
+
+From all parts of the country, women responded to their call. The
+veteran antislavery and woman's rights worker, Angelina Grimké Weld,
+came out of her retirement for the meeting. Ernestine Rose, the ever
+faithful, was on hand. Lucy Stone and Antoinette Brown Blackwell were
+there, and the popular Hutchinson family, famous for their stirring
+abolition songs. They helped Susan and Mrs. Stanton steer the course
+of the meeting into the right channels, to show the women assembled
+that the war was being fought not merely to preserve the Union, but
+also to preserve the American way of life, based on the principle of
+equal rights and freedom for all, to save it from the encroachments of
+slavery and a slaveholding aristocracy. Susan proposed a resolution
+declaring that there can never be a true peace until the civil and
+political rights of all citizens are established, including those of
+Negroes and women. The introduction of the woman's rights issue into a
+war meeting with an antislavery program was vigorously opposed by
+women from Wisconsin, but the faithful feminists came to the rescue
+and the controversial resolution was adopted.
+
+Although she always instinctively related all national issues to
+woman's rights and vice versa, Susan did not allow this subject to
+overshadow the main purpose of the meeting. Instead she analyzed the
+issue of the war and reproached Lincoln for suppressing the fact that
+slavery was the real cause of the war and for waiting two long years
+before calling the four million slaves to the side of the North.
+"Every hour's delay, every life sacrificed up to the proclamation that
+called the slave to freedom and to arms," she declared, "was nothing
+less than downright murder by the government.... I therefore hail the
+day when the government shall recognize that it is a war for
+freedom."[149]
+
+A Women's National Loyal League was organized, electing Susan
+secretary and Mrs. Stanton president. They sent a long letter to
+President Lincoln thanking him for the Emancipation Proclamation,
+especially for the freedom it gave Negro women, and assuring him of
+their loyalty and support in this war for freedom. Their own immediate
+task, they decided, was to circulate petitions asking for an act of
+Congress to emancipate "all persons of African descent held in
+involuntary servitude." As Susan so tersely expressed it, they would
+"canvass the nation for freedom."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+All the oratory over, Susan now undertook the hard work of making the
+Women's National Loyal League a success, assuming the initial
+financial burden of printing petitions and renting an office, Room 20,
+at Cooper Institute, where she was busy all day and where New York
+members met to help her. To each of the petitions sent out, she
+attached her battle cry, "There must be a law abolishing slavery....
+Women, you cannot vote or fight for your country. Your only way to be
+a power in the government is through the exercise of this one, sacred,
+constitutional 'right of petition,' and we ask you to use it now to
+the utmost...." She also asked those signing the petitions to
+contribute a penny to help with expenses and in this way she slowly
+raised $3,000.[150]
+
+At first the response was slow, although both Republican and
+antislavery papers were generous in their praise of this undertaking,
+but when the signed petitions began to come in, she felt repaid for
+all her efforts, and when the Hovey Fund trustees appropriated twelve
+dollars a week for her salary, the financial burden lifted a little.
+Yet it was ever present. For herself she needed little. She wrote her
+mother and Mary, "I go to a little restaurant nearby for lunch every
+noon. I always take strawberries with two tea rusks. Today I said,
+'all this lacks is a glass of milk from my mother's cellar,' and the
+girl replied, 'We have very nice Westchester milk.' So tomorrow I
+shall add that to my bill of fare. My lunch costs, berries five cents,
+rusks five, and tomorrow the milk will be three."[151]
+
+The cost of postage mounted as the petitions continued to go out to
+all parts of the country. In dire need of funds, Susan decided to
+appeal to Henry Ward Beecher; and wearily climbing Columbia Heights to
+his home, she suddenly felt a strong hand on her shoulder and a
+familiar voice asking, "Well, old girl, what do you want now?" He took
+up a collection for her in Plymouth Church, raising $200. Gerrit Smith
+sent her $100, when she had hoped for $1,000, and Jessie Benton
+Frémont, $50. Before long, her "war of ideas" won the support of
+Wendell Phillips, Frederick Douglass, Horace Greeley, George William
+Curtis, and other popular lecturers who spoke for her at Cooper Union
+to large audiences whose admission fees swelled her funds; and
+eventually Senator Sumner, realizing how important the petitions could
+be in arousing public opinion for the Thirteenth Amendment, saved her
+the postage by sending them out under his frank.[152]
+
+She made her home with the Stantons, who had moved from Brooklyn to 75
+West 45th Street, New York, and the comfortable evenings of good
+conversation and her busy days at the office helped mightily to heal
+her grief for her father. In the bustling life of the city she felt
+she was living more intensely, more usefully, as these critical days
+of war demanded. Henry Stanton, now an editorial writer for Greeley's
+_Tribune_, brought home to them the inside story of the news and of
+politics. All of them were highly critical of Lincoln, impatient with
+his slowness and skeptical of his plans for slaveholders and slaves in
+the border states. They questioned Garrison's wisdom in trusting
+Lincoln. Susan could not feel that Lincoln was honest when he
+protested that he did not have the power to do all that the
+abolitionists asked. "The pity is," she wrote Anna E. Dickinson, "that
+the vast mass of people really believe the man _honest_--that he
+believes he has not the power--I wish I could...."[153]
+
+New York seethed with unrest as time for the enforcement of the draft
+drew near. Indignant that rich men could avoid the draft by buying a
+substitute, workingmen were easily incited to riot, and the city was
+soon overrun by mobs bent on destruction. The lives of all Negroes and
+abolitionists were in danger. The Stanton home was in the thick of the
+rioting, and when Susan and Henry Stanton came home during a lull,
+they all decided to take refuge for the night at the home of Mrs.
+Stanton's brother-in-law, Dr. Bayard. Here they also found Horace
+Greeley hiding from the mob, for hoodlums were marching through the
+streets shouting, "We'll hang old Horace Greeley to a sour apple
+tree."
+
+The next morning Susan started for the office as usual, thinking the
+worst was over, but as not a single horsecar or stage was running, she
+took the ferry to Flushing to visit her cousins. Here too there was
+rioting, but she stayed on until order was restored by the army. She
+returned to the city to find casualties mounting to over a thousand
+and a million dollars' worth of property destroyed. Negroes had been
+shot and hung on lamp posts, Horace Greeley's _Tribune_ office had
+been wrecked and the homes of abolitionist friends burned. "These are
+terrible times," she wrote her family, and then went back to work,
+staying devotedly at it through all the hot summer months.[154]
+
+By the end of the year, she had enrolled the signatures of 100,000 men
+and women on her petitions, and assured by Senator Sumner that these
+petitions were invaluable in creating sentiment for the Thirteenth
+Amendment, she raised the number of signatures in the next few months
+to 400,000.
+
+In April 1864, the Thirteenth Amendment passed the Senate and the
+prospects for it in the House were good. This phase of her work
+finished, Susan disbanded the Women's National Loyal League and
+returned to her family in Rochester.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In despair over the possible re-election of Abraham Lincoln, Susan had
+joined Henry and Elizabeth Stanton in stirring up sentiment for John
+C. Frémont. Abolitionists were sharply divided in this presidential
+campaign. Garrison and Phillips disagreed on the course of action,
+Garrison coming out definitely for Lincoln in the _Liberator_, while
+Phillips declared himself emphatically against four more years of
+Lincoln. Susan, the Stantons, and Parker Pillsbury were among those
+siding with Phillips because they feared premature reconstruction
+under Lincoln. They cited Lincoln's Amnesty Proclamation as an example
+of his leniency toward the rebels. They saw danger in leaving free
+Negroes under the control of southerners embittered by war, and called
+for Negro suffrage as the only protection against oppressive laws.
+They opposed the readmission of Louisiana without the enfranchisement
+of Negroes. Lincoln, they knew, favored the extension of suffrage only
+to literate Negroes and to those who had served in the military
+forces. In fact, Lincoln held back while they wanted to go ahead under
+full steam and they looked to Frémont to lead them.
+
+Following the presidential campaign anxiously from Rochester, Susan
+wrote Mrs. Stanton, "I am starving for a full talk with somebody
+posted, not merely pitted for Lincoln...." The persistent cry of the
+_Liberator_ and the _Antislavery Standard_ to re-elect Lincoln and not
+to swap horses in midstream did not ring true to her. "We read no more
+of the good old doctrine 'of two evils choose neither,'" she wrote
+Anna E. Dickinson. She confessed to Anna, "It is only safe to seek and
+act the truth and to profess confidence in Lincoln would be a lie in
+me."[155]
+
+As the war dragged on through the summer without decisive victories
+for the North, Lincoln's prospects looked bleak, and to her dismay,
+Susan saw the chances improving for McClellan, the candidate of the
+northern Democrats who wanted to end the war, leave slavery alone, and
+conciliate the South. The whole picture changed, however, with the
+capture of Atlanta by General Sherman in September. The people's
+confidence in Lincoln revived and Frémont withdrew from the contest.
+One by one the anti-Lincoln abolitionists were converted; and Susan,
+anxiously waiting for word from Mrs. Stanton, was relieved to learn
+that she was not one of them, nor was Wendell Phillips whose judgment
+and vision both of them valued above that of any other man. With
+approval she read these lines which Phillips had just written Mrs.
+Stanton, "I would cut off both hands before doing anything to aid
+Mac's [McClellan's] election. I would cut oft my right hand before
+doing anything to aid Abraham Lincoln's election. I wholly distrust
+his fitness to settle this thing and indeed his purpose."[156]
+
+There is nothing to indicate any change of opinion on Susan's part
+regarding Lincoln's unfitness for a second term. That he was the
+lesser of two evils, she of course acknowledged. For her these
+pre-election days were discouraging and frustrating. She had very
+definite ideas on reconstruction which she felt in justice to the
+Negro must be carried out, and Lincoln did not meet her requirements.
+
+After Lincoln's re-election, she again looked to Wendell Phillips for
+an adequate policy at this juncture, and she was not disappointed.
+"Phillips has just returned from Washington," Mrs. Stanton wrote her.
+"He says the radical men feel they are powerless and checkmated....
+They turn to such men as Phillips to say what politicians dare not
+say.... We say now, as ever, 'Give us immediately unconditional
+emancipation, and let there be no reconstruction except on the
+broadest basis of justice and equality!...' Phillips and a few others
+must hold up the pillars of the temple.... I cannot tell you how happy
+I am to find Douglass on the same platform with us. Keep him on the
+right track. Tell him in this revolution, he, Phillips, and you and I
+must hold the highest ground and truly represent the best type of the
+white man, the black man, and the woman."[157]
+
+Susan, holding "the highest ground," found it difficult to mark time
+until she could find her place in the reconstruction. "The work of the
+hour," she wrote Anna E. Dickinson, "is not alone to put down the
+Rebels in arms, but to educate Thirty Millions of People into the idea
+of a True Republic. Hence every influence and power that both men and
+women can bring to bear will be needed in the reconstruction of the
+Nation on the broad basis of justice and equality."[158]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[134] Garrisons, _Garrison_, IV, pp. 30-31.
+
+[135] Lydia Mott to W. L. Garrison, May 8, 1861, Boston Public
+Library; Stanton and Blatch, _Stanton_, II, p. 89.
+
+[136] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 215.
+
+[137] _Ibid._, p. 216. Harriet Tubman, a fugitive slave, was often
+called the Moses of her people because she led so many of them into
+the promised land of freedom.
+
+[138] _Ibid._
+
+[139] _Ibid._, p. 198.
+
+[140] Anna E. Dickinson was born in Philadelphia in 1842. The death of
+her father, two years later, left the family in straightened
+circumstances, and Anna, after attending a Friends school, began very
+early to support herself by copying in lawyers' offices and by working
+at the U.S. Mint. Speaking extemporaneously at Friends and antislavery
+meetings, she discovered she had a gift for oratory and was soon in
+demand as a speaker.
+
+[141] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 219.
+
+[142] April, 1862. _History of Woman Suffrage_, I, p. 748.
+
+[143] Harper, _Anthony_, I, pp. 218, 222.
+
+[144] _Emancipation, the Duty of Government_, Ms., Lucy E. Anthony
+Collection. Reading that General Grant had returned 13 slaves to their
+masters, an indignant Susan B. Anthony wrote Mrs. Stanton, "Such
+gratuitous outrage should be met with instant death--without judge or
+jury--if any offense may." Feb. 27, 1862, Elizabeth Cady Stanton
+Papers, Library of Congress.
+
+[145] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 221.
+
+[146] Jan. 24, 1904, Anna Dann Mason Collection.
+
+[147] Harper, _Anthony_, p. 226.
+
+[148] The first woman in the United States to obtain a medical degree,
+1849.
+
+[149] _History of Woman Suffrage_, II, pp. 57-58.
+
+[150] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 230. Members of the Women's National
+Loyal League wore a silver pin showing a slave breaking his last
+chains and bearing the inscription, "In emancipation is national
+unity." Susan B. Anthony to Mrs. Drake, Sept. 18, 1863, Alma Lutz
+Collection.
+
+[151] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 234.
+
+[152] _Ibid._, To Samuel May, Jr., Sept. 21, 1863, Alma Lutz
+Collection.
+
+[153] April 14, 1864, Anna E. Dickinson Papers, Library of Congress.
+
+[154] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 230.
+
+[155] June 12, 1864, Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers, July 1, 1864, Anna
+E. Dickinson Papers, Library of Congress. About this time, a friend of
+Susan B. Anthony's youth, now a widower living in Ohio in comfortable
+circumstances, unsuccessfully urged her to marry him.
+
+[156] Sept. 23, 1864, Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers, Library of
+Congress.
+
+[157] Stanton and Blatch, _Stanton_, II, pp. 103-104.
+
+[158] March 14, 1864, Anna E. Dickinson Papers, Library of Congress.
+
+
+
+
+THE NEGRO'S HOUR
+
+
+Susan's thoughts now turned to Kansas, as they had many times since
+her brothers had settled there. Daniel and Annie, his young wife from
+the East, urged her to visit them.[159] Daniel was well established in
+Kansas, the publisher of his own newspaper and the mayor of
+Leavenworth. He had served a little over a year in the Union army in
+the First Kansas Cavalry. She longed to see him and the West that he
+loved.
+
+Now for the first time she felt free to make the long journey, for her
+mother and Mary had sold the farm on the outskirts of Rochester and
+had moved into the city, buying a large red brick house shaded by
+maples and a beautiful horse chestnut. It had been a wrench for Susan
+to give up the farm with its memories of her father, but there were
+compensations in the new home on Madison Street, for Guelma, her
+husband, Aaron McLean, and their family lived with them there. Hannah
+and her family had also settled in Rochester, and when they bought the
+house next door, Susan had the satisfaction of living again in the
+midst of her family.[160]
+
+She was particularly devoted to Guelma's twenty-three-year-old
+daughter, Ann Eliza, whose "merry laugh" and "bright, joyous presence"
+brought new life into the household. Ann Eliza was a stimulating
+intelligent companion, and Susan looked forward to seeing many of her
+own dreams fulfilled in her niece. Then suddenly in the fall of 1864,
+Ann Eliza was taken ill, and her death within a few days left a great
+void.[161]
+
+In the midst of this sorrow, Daniel sent Susan a ticket and a check
+for a trip to Kansas. Hesitating no longer, she waited only until her
+"tip-top Rochester dressmaker" made up "the new, five-dollar silk"
+which she had bought in New York.[162]
+
+Before leaving for Kansas, in January, 1865, she pasted on the first
+page of her diary a clipping of a poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow,
+"Something Left Undone," which seemed so perfectly to interpret her
+own feelings:
+
+    Labor with what zeal we will
+      Something still remains undone
+    Something uncompleted still
+      Waits the rising of the sun....
+
+    Till at length it is or seems
+      Greater than our strength can bear
+    As the burden of our dreams
+      Pressing on us everywhere....[163]
+
+With "the burden of her dreams" pressing on her, Susan traveled
+westward. The future of the Negro was much on her mind, for the
+Thirteenth Amendment abolishing slavery had just been sent to the
+states for ratification. That it would be ratified she had no doubt,
+but she recognized the responsibility facing the North to provide for
+the education and rehabilitation of thousands of homeless bewildered
+Negroes trying to make their way in a still unfriendly world, and she
+looked forward to taking part in this work.
+
+Beyond Chicago, where she stopped over to visit her uncle Albert
+Dickinson and his family, her journey was rugged, and when she reached
+Leavenworth she reveled in the comfort of Daniel's "neat, little,
+snow-white cottage with green blinds." She liked Daniel's wife, Annie,
+at once, admired her gaiety and the way she fearlessly drove her
+beautiful black horse across the prairie. "They have a real 'Aunt
+Chloe' in the kitchen," she wrote Mrs. Stanton, "and a little Darkie
+boy for errands and table waiter. I never saw a girl to match. The
+more I see of the race, the more wonderful they are to me."[164]
+
+There was always good companionship in Daniel's home, for friends from
+both the East and the West found it a convenient stopping place, and
+there was much discussion of politics, the Negro question, and the
+future of the West. Business was booming in Leavenworth, then the most
+thriving town between St. Louis and San Francisco. Eight years before,
+when Daniel had first settled there, it boasted a population of 4,000.
+Now it had grown to 22,000, was lighted with gas, and was building its
+business blocks of brick. As Susan drove through the busy streets with
+Annie, she saw emigrants coming in by steamer and train to settle in
+Kansas and watched for the covered wagons that almost every day
+stopped in Leavenworth for supplies before moving on to the far West.
+Driving over the wide prairie, sometimes a warm brown, then again
+white with snow under a wider expanse of deep blue sky than she had
+ever seen before, she relaxed as she had not in many a year and began
+to feel the call of the West. She even thought she might like to
+settle in Kansas until she was caught up by the sharp realization of
+how she would miss the stimulating companionship of her friends in the
+East.
+
+[Illustration: Daniel Anthony, brother of Susan B. Anthony]
+
+When Daniel was busy with his campaign for his second term as mayor,
+she helped him edit the _Bulletin_. He warned her not to fill his
+paper up with woman's rights, and in spite of his sympathy for the
+Negro, forbade her to advocate Negro suffrage in his paper.
+
+"I wish I could talk through it the things I'd like to say to the
+young martyr state ..." she wrote Mrs. Stanton. "The Legislature gave
+but six votes for Negro suffrage the other day.... The idea of Kansas
+refusing her loyal Negroes."
+
+Again and again she was shocked at the prejudice against Negroes in
+Kansas, as when Daniel employed a Negro typesetter and the printers,
+refusing to admit him to their union, went out on strike until he was
+discharged.
+
+"In this city," she reported to Mrs. Stanton, "there are four thousand
+ex-Missouri slaves who have sought refuge here within the three past
+years." Making it her business to learn what was being done to help
+them and educate them, she visited their schools, their Sunday
+schools, and the Colored Home, and gave much of her time to them. To
+encourage them to demand their rights, she organized an Equal Rights
+League among them. This was one thing she could do, even if she could
+not plead for Negro suffrage in Daniel's newspaper.[165]
+
+Then one breath-taking piece of news followed another--Lee's
+surrender, April 9, 1865, and in less than a week, Lincoln's
+assassination, his death, and Andrew Johnson's succession to the
+Presidency.
+
+Susan looked upon Lincoln's assassination and death as an act of God.
+She wrote to Mrs. Stanton, "Was there ever a more terrific command to
+a Nation to 'stand still and know that I am God' since the world
+began? The Old Book's terrible exhibitions of God's wrath sink into
+nothingness. And this fell blow just at the very hour he was declaring
+his willingness to consign those five million faithful, brave, and
+loving loyal people of the South to the tender mercies of the ex-slave
+lords of the lash."[166]
+
+She longed "to go out and do battle for the Lord once more," but when
+she could have expressed her opinions at the big mass meeting held in
+memory of Lincoln, she remained silent. "My soul was full," she
+confessed to Mrs. Stanton, "but the flesh not equal to stemming the
+awful current, to do what the people have called make an exhibition of
+myself. So quenched the spirit and came home ashamed of myself."
+
+Then she added, "Dear-a-me--how overfull I am, and how I should like
+to be nestled into some corner away from every chick and child with
+you once more."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Disturbing news came from the East of dissension in the antislavery
+ranks, of Garrison's desire to dissolve the American Antislavery
+Society after the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment, and of
+Phillips' insistence that it continue until freedom for the Negro was
+firmly established. While Garrison maintained that northern states,
+denying the ballot to the Negro, could not consistently make Negro
+suffrage a requirement for readmitting rebel states to the Union,
+Phillips demanded Negro suffrage as a condition of readmission.
+Immediately abolitionists took sides. Parker Pillsbury, Lydia and
+Lucretia Mott, Frederick Douglass, Anna E. Dickinson, the Stantons,
+and others lined up with Phillips, whose vehement and scathing
+criticism of reconstruction policies seemed to them the need of the
+hour. Susan also took sides, praising "dear ever glorious Phillips"
+and writing in her diary, "The disbanding of the American Antislavery
+Society is fully as untimely as General Grant's and Sherman's granting
+parole and pardon to the whole Rebel armies."[167]
+
+To her friends in the East, she wrote, "How can anyone hold that
+Congress has no right to demand Negro suffrage in the returning Rebel
+states because it is not already established in all the loyal ones?
+What would have been said of Abolitionists ten or twenty years ago,
+had they preached to the people that Congress had no right to vote
+against admitting a new state with slavery, because it was not already
+abolished in all the old States? It is perfectly astounding, this
+seeming eagerness of so many of our old friends to cover up and
+apologize for the glaring hate toward the equal recognition of the
+manhood of the black race."[168]
+
+She rejoiced when word came that the American Antislavery Society
+would continue under the presidency of Phillips, with Parker Pillsbury
+as editor of the _Antislavery Standard_; but she was saddened by the
+withdrawal of Garrison, whom she had idolized for so many years and
+whose editorials in the _Liberator_ had always been her
+inspiration.[169]
+
+As she read the weekly New York _Tribune_, which came regularly to
+Daniel, she grew more and more concerned over President Johnson's
+reconstruction policy and more and more convinced of the need of a
+crusade for political and civil rights for the Negro. Asked to deliver
+the Fourth of July oration at Ottumwa, Kansas, she decided to put into
+it all her views on the controversial subject of reconstruction.
+
+Traveling by stage the 125 miles to Ottumwa, she found good company
+en route and "great talk on politics, Negro equality, and temperance,"
+and thought the "grand old prairies ... perfectly splendid and the
+timber-skirted creeks ... delightful."[170]
+
+Before a large gathering of Kansas pioneers, many of whom had driven
+forty or fifty miles to hear her, she stood tall, straight, and
+earnest, as she reminded them of the noble heritage of Kansas, of the
+bloody years before the war when in the free-state fight, Kansas men
+and women "taught the nation anew" the principles of the Declaration
+of Independence. Lashing out with the vehemence of Phillips against
+President Johnson's reconstruction policy, she warned, "There has been
+no hour fraught with so much danger as the present.... To be foiled
+now in gathering up the fruits of our blood-bought victories and to
+re-enthrone slavery under the new guise of Negro disfranchisement ...
+would be a disaster, a cruelty and crime, which would surely bequeath
+to coming generations a legacy of wars and rumors of wars...."[171]
+
+She then cited the results of the elections in Virginia, South
+Carolina, and Tennessee to prove her point that unless Negroes were
+given the vote, rebels would be put in office and a new code of laws
+apprenticing Negroes passed, establishing a new form of slavery.
+
+She urged her audience to be awake to the politicians who were using
+the peoples' reverence and near idolatry of Lincoln to push through
+anti-Negro legislation under the guise of carrying out his policies.
+Then putting behind her the prejudice and impatience with Lincoln
+which she had felt during his lifetime, she added, "If the
+administration of Abraham Lincoln taught the American people one
+lesson above another, it was that they must think and speak and
+proclaim, and that he as their President was bound to execute their
+will, not his own. And if Lincoln were alive today, he would say as he
+did four years ago, 'I wait the voice of the people.'"
+
+In her special pleading for the Negro, she did not forget women.
+Calling attention to the fact that our nation had never been a true
+republic because the ballot was exclusively in the hands of the "free
+white male," she asked for a government "of the people," men and
+women, white and black, with Negro suffrage and woman suffrage as
+basic requirements.
+
+[Illustration: Wendell Phillips]
+
+So enthusiastic were the Republicans over her speech that they urged
+her to prepare it for publication, suggesting, however, that she
+delete the passage on woman suffrage. This was her first intimation
+that Republicans might balk at enfranchising women. So great had been
+women's contribution to the winning of the war and so indebted were
+the Republicans to women for creating sentiment for the Thirteenth
+Amendment, that she had come to expect, along with Mrs. Stanton, that
+the ballot would without question be given them as a reward.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It was soon obvious to Susan that politicians in the East as well as
+in Kansas were shying away from woman suffrage. Mrs. Stanton reported
+that even Wendell Phillips was backsliding, not wishing to campaign
+for Negro suffrage and woman suffrage at the same time. "While I could
+continue as heretofore, arguing for woman's rights, just as I do for
+temperance every day," he had written, "still I would not mix the
+movements.... I think such mixture would lose for the Negro far more
+than we should gain for the woman. I am now engaged in abolishing
+slavery in a land where the abolition of slavery means conferring or
+recognizing citizenship, and where citizenship supposes the ballot for
+all men."[172]
+
+Such reasoning filled Susan with despair, for she firmly believed that
+women who had been asking for full citizenship for seventeen years
+deserved precedence over the Negro. Mrs. Stanton agreed. To them,
+Negro suffrage without woman suffrage was unthinkable, an unbearable
+humiliation. Half of the Negroes were women, and manhood suffrage
+would fasten upon them a new form of slavery. How could Wendell
+Phillips, they asked each other, fail to recognize not only the
+timeliness of woman suffrage, but the fact that women were better
+qualified for the ballot than the majority of Negroes, who, because of
+their years in slavery, were illiterate and the easy prey of
+unscrupulous politicians? By all means enfranchise Negroes, they
+argued with him, but enfranchise women as well, and if there must be a
+limitation on suffrage, let it be on the basis of literacy, not on the
+basis of sex.
+
+Among Republican members of Congress and abolitionists, there was
+serious discussion of a Fourteenth Amendment to extend to the Negro
+civil rights and the ballot. Susan, reading about this in Kansas, and
+Mrs. Stanton, discussing it in New York with her husband, Wendell
+Phillips, and Robert Dale Owen, saw in such a revision of the
+Constitution a just and logical opportunity to extend woman's rights
+at the same time. Previously committed to state action on woman
+suffrage but only because it had then seemed the necessary first step,
+both women welcomed the more direct road offered by an amendment to
+the Constitution. Only they of all the old woman's rights workers were
+awake to this opportunity.
+
+Throughout the United States, people were thinking about the
+Constitution as Americans had not done since the Bill of Rights was
+ratified in 1791. Not only were amendments to the federal Constitution
+in the air, not only were rebel states being readmitted to the Union
+with new constitutions, but state constitutions in the North were
+being revised, and western territories sought statehood. In Susan's
+opinion the time was ripe to proclaim equal rights for all. This
+clearly was woman's hour.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"Come back and help," pleaded Elizabeth Stanton, who grew more and
+more alarmed as she saw all interest in woman suffrage crowded out of
+the minds of reformers by their zeal for the Negro. "I have argued
+constantly with Phillips and the whole fraternity, but I fear one and
+all will favor enfranchising the Negro without us. Woman's cause is in
+deep water.... There is pressing need of our woman's rights
+convention...."[173]
+
+Susan's spirits revived at the prospect of holding a woman's rights
+convention, and plans for the future began to take shape as she read
+the closing lines of Mrs. Stanton's letter: "I hope in a short time to
+be comfortably located in a new house where we will have a room ready
+for you.... I long to put my arms about you once more and hear you
+scold me for all my sins and shortcomings.... Oh, Susan, you are very
+dear to me. I should miss you more than any other living being on this
+earth. You are entwined with much of my happy and eventful past, and
+all my future plans are based on you as coadjutor. Yes, our work is
+one, we are one in aim and sympathy and should be together. Come
+home."
+
+Parker Pillsbury also added his plea, "Why have you deserted the field
+of action at a time like this, at an hour unparalleled in almost
+twenty centuries?... It is not for me to decide your field of labor.
+Kansas needed John Brown and may need you ... but New York is to
+revise her constitution next year and, if you are absent, who is to
+make the plea for woman?"
+
+Reading her newspaper a few days later, she found that the politicians
+had made their first move, introducing in the House of Representatives
+a resolution writing the word "male" into the qualifications of voters
+in the second section of the proposed Fourteenth Amendment. She
+started at once for the East.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+On the long journey back, in the heat of August, traveling by stage
+and railroad with many stops to make the necessary connections, Susan
+not only visited her many relatives who had moved to the West, but
+also called on antislavery and woman suffrage workers, and held
+meetings to plead for free schools for Negroes and for the ballot for
+Negroes and women. She found people relieved to have the war over and
+busy with their own affairs, but with prejudices smoldering. Public
+speaking was still an ordeal for her and she confessed to her diary,
+"Made a labored talk.... Had a struggle to get through with speech,"
+and again, "Had a hard time. Thoughts nor words would come--Staggered
+through."[174] However, she was a determined woman. The message must
+be carried to the people and she would do it whether she suffered in
+the process or not.
+
+Late in September, she reached her own comfortable home in Rochester,
+but she had too much on her mind to stay there long, and within a few
+weeks was in New York with Elizabeth Stanton, deep in a serious
+discussion of how to create an overwhelming demand for woman suffrage
+at this crucial time. Again they decided to petition Congress, this
+time for the vote for both women and Negroes. Five years had now
+passed since the last national woman's rights convention, and the
+workers were scattered; some had lost interest and others thought only
+of the need of the Negro. Lucretia Mott, Lydia Mott, and Parker
+Pillsbury responded at once. Susan sought out Lucy Stone in spite of
+the differences that had grown up between them, and after talking with
+Lucy, confessed to herself that she had been unjustly impatient with
+her.[175]
+
+Hoping for aid from the Jackson or Hovey Fund, she went to New England
+to revive interest there and in Concord talked with the Emersons,
+Bronson Alcott, and Frank Sanborn. When she asked Emerson whether he
+thought it wise to demand woman suffrage at this time, he replied,
+"Ask my wife. I can philosophize, but I always look to her to decide
+for me in practical matters." Unhesitatingly Mrs. Emerson agreed with
+Susan that Congress must be petitioned immediately to enfranchise
+women either before Negroes were granted the vote or at the same
+time.[176]
+
+Even Wendell Phillips, who did not want to mix Negro and woman
+suffrage, gave Susan $500 from the Hovey Fund to finance the
+petitions, but many of the friends upon whom she had counted needed a
+verbal lashing to rouse them out of their apathy. Very soon she had to
+face the unpleasant fact that by pressing for woman suffrage now, she
+was estranging many abolitionists. Nevertheless she and Mrs. Stanton
+went ahead undaunted, determined that a petition for woman suffrage
+would go to Congress even if it carried only their own two signatures.
+
+However, petitions with many signatures were reaching Congress in
+January 1866--the very first demand ever made for Congressional action
+on woman suffrage. Senator Sumner, for whom women had rolled up
+400,000 signatures for the Thirteenth Amendment, now presented under
+protest "as most inopportune" a petition headed by Lydia Maria Child,
+who for years had been his valiant aid in antislavery work; and
+Thaddeus Stevens, heretofore friendly to woman suffrage and ever
+zealous for the Negro, ignored a petition from New York headed by
+Elizabeth Cady Stanton.[177]
+
+By this time it was clear to Susan that since the two powerful
+Republicans, Senator Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens, both basically
+friendly to woman suffrage, were determined to devote themselves
+wholly to Negro suffrage and to the extension of their party's
+influence, she could expect no help from lesser party members. Her
+only alternative was to appeal to the Democrats or to an occasional
+recalcitrant Republican, and she allowed nothing to stand in her way,
+not even the frenzied pleas of her abolitionist friends. She found
+James Brooks of New York, Democratic leader of the House, willing to
+present her petitions, and she made use of him, although he was
+regarded by abolitionists as a Copperhead and although he was now
+advocating conciliatory reconstruction for the South of which she
+herself disapproved. Other Democrats came to the rescue in the Senate
+as well as in the House--a few because they saw justice in the demands
+of the women, others because they believed white women should have
+political precedence over Negroes, and still others because they saw
+in their support of woman suffrage an opportunity to harass the
+Republicans. During 1866, petitions for woman suffrage with 10,000
+signatures were presented by Democrats and irregular Republicans.
+
+In the meantime, conferences in New York with Henry Ward Beecher and
+Theodore Tilton were encouraging, and for a time Susan thought she had
+found an enthusiastic ally in Tilton, the talented popular young
+editor of the _Independent_. Theodore Tilton, with his long hair and
+the soulful face of a poet, with his eloquence as a lecturer and his
+flare for journalism, was at the height of his popularity. He had
+winning ways and was full of ideas. After the ratification of the
+Thirteenth Amendment abolishing slavery, in December 1865, he had
+proposed that the American Antislavery Society and the woman's rights
+group merge to form an American Equal Rights Association which would
+fight for equal rights for all, for Negro and woman suffrage. Wendell
+Phillips he suggested for president, and the _Antislavery Standard_
+as the paper of the new organization.
+
+This sounded reasonable and hopeful to Susan, and she hurried to
+Boston with a group from New York, including Lucy Stone, to consult
+Wendell Phillips and his New England colleagues. Wendell Phillips,
+however, was cool to the proposition, pointing out the necessity of
+amending the constitution of the American Antislavery Society before
+any such action could be taken. Never dreaming that he would actually
+oppose their plan, Susan expected this would be taken care of; but
+when she convened her woman's rights convention in New York in May
+1866, simultaneously with that of the American Antislavery Society,
+she found to her dismay that no formal notice of the proposed union
+had been given to the members of the antislavery group and therefore
+there was no way for them to vote their organization into an Equal
+Rights Association. Not to be sidetracked, she then asked the woman's
+rights convention to broaden its platform to include rights for the
+Negro. To her this seemed a natural development as she had always
+thought of woman's rights as part of the larger struggle for human
+rights.
+
+"For twenty years," she declared, "we have pressed the claims of women
+to the right of representation in the government.... Up to this hour
+we have looked only to State action for the recognition of our rights;
+but now by the results of the war, the whole question of suffrage
+reverts back to the United States Constitution. The duty of Congress
+at this moment is to declare what shall be the basis of representation
+in a republican form of government.
+
+"There is, there can be, but one true basis," she continued. "Taxation
+and representation must be inseparable; hence our demand must now go
+beyond woman.... We therefore wish to broaden our woman's rights
+platform and make it in name what it has ever been in spirit, a human
+rights platform."[178]
+
+The women, so often accused in later years of fighting only for their
+own rights, had the courage at this time to attempt a practical
+experiment in generosity. Susan and Mrs. Stanton with all their hearts
+wanted this experiment to succeed, and yet as they resolved their
+woman's rights organization into the American Equal Rights
+Association, they were apprehensive.
+
+They did not have to wait long for disillusionment. Meeting Wendell
+Phillips and Theodore Tilton in the office of the _Antislavery
+Standard_ to plan a campaign for the Equal Rights Association, they
+discussed with them what should be done in New York, preparatory to
+the revision of the state constitution. Emphatically Wendell Phillips
+declared that the time was ripe for striking the word "white" out of
+the constitution, but not the word "male." That could come, he added,
+when the constitution was next revised, some twenty or thirty years
+later. To their astonishment, Theodore Tilton heartily agreed. Then he
+added, "The question of striking out the word 'male,' we as an equal
+rights association shall of course present as an intellectual theory,
+but not as a practical thing to be accomplished at this convention."
+Completely unprepared for such an attitude on Tilton's part, Susan
+retorted with indignation, "I would sooner cut off my right hand than
+ask for the ballot for the black man and not for woman." Then telling
+the two men just what she thought of them for their betrayal of women,
+she swept out of the office to keep another appointment.[179]
+
+Equally exasperated with these men, Mrs. Stanton stayed on, hoping to
+heal the breach, but when Susan returned to the Stanton home that
+evening, she found her highly indignant, declaring she was through
+boosting the Negro over her own head. Then and there they vowed that
+they would devote themselves with all their might and main to woman
+suffrage and to that alone.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+By this time, Congress had passed a civil rights bill over President
+Johnson's veto, conferring the rights of citizenship upon freedmen,
+and a Fourteenth Amendment to make these rights permanent was now
+before Congress. The latest developments regarding the various drafts
+of the Fourteenth Amendment were passed along to Susan and Mrs.
+Stanton by Robert Dale Owen. Senator Sumner, he reported, had yielded
+to party pressure and now supported the Fourteenth Amendment, although
+in the past he had always maintained such an amendment wholly
+unnecessary since there was already enough justice, liberty, and
+equality in the Constitution to protect the humblest citizen. Senator
+Sumner opposed and defeated a clause in the amendment referring to
+"race" and "color," words which had never previously been mentioned
+in the Constitution, but he raised no serious objection to the
+introduction of the word "male" as a qualification for suffrage, which
+was also unprecedented. That he tried time and time again to avoid the
+word "male" when he was redrafting the amendment or that Thaddeus
+Stevens tried to substitute "legal voters" for "male citizens" was no
+comfort to Susan and Mrs. Stanton, as they saw the Fourteenth
+Amendment writing discrimination against women into the federal
+Constitution for the first time.[180]
+
+As they carefully read over the first section of the Fourteenth
+Amendment, which conferred citizenship on every person born or
+naturalized in the United States, women's rights seemed assured:
+
+     "All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and
+     subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the
+     United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State
+     shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the
+     privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States;
+     nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or
+     property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person
+     within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws."
+
+Then in the controversial second section which provided the penalty of
+reduction of representation in Congress for states depriving Negroes
+of the ballot, they saw themselves written out of the Constitution by
+the words, "male inhabitants" and "male citizens," used to define
+legal voters. It was baffling to be kept from their goal by a single
+word in a provision which at best was the unsatisfactory compromise
+arrived at by radical and conservative Republicans and which sincere
+abolitionists felt was unfair to the Negro. That it was unfair to
+women, there was no doubt.
+
+With determination, Susan and Mrs. Stanton fought this injustice. Were
+they not "persons born ... in the United States," they asked. Were
+they forever to be regarded as children or as lower than persons,
+along with criminals, idiots, and the insane? Were women not counted
+in the basis of representation and should they not have a voice in the
+election of those representatives whose office their numbers helped to
+establish?
+
+As Susan studied the Constitution, she saw that the question of
+suffrage had up to this time been left to the states and that there
+were no provisions defining suffrage or citizenship or limiting the
+right of suffrage. Only now was the precedent being broken by the
+Fourteenth Amendment which conferred citizenship on Negroes and
+limited suffrage to males. How could this be constitutional, she
+reasoned, when the first lines of the Constitution read, "We, the
+people of the United States, in order to ... establish justice ... and
+secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do
+ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of
+America." Of course "the people" must include women, if the English
+language meant what it said.
+
+The Fourteenth Amendment with the limiting word "male" was passed by
+Congress and referred to the states for ratification in June 1866. As
+never before, Susan felt the curse of the tradition of the
+unimportance of women. Once more politicians and reformers had ignored
+women's inherent rights as human beings. In spite of women's
+intelligence and their wartime service to their country, no statesman
+of power or vision felt it at all necessary to include women under the
+Fourteenth Amendment's broad term of "persons." Yet according to
+statements made in later years by John A. Bingham and Roscoe Conkling,
+both sponsors of the amendment and concerned with its drafting, the
+possibility was considered of protecting corporations and the property
+of individuals from the interference of state and municipal
+legislation, through the federal control extended by this amendment.
+At any rate, they wrought well for the corporations which have
+received abundant protection under the Fourteenth Amendment, along
+with all male citizens, while women were left outside the pale.[181]
+
+Tactfully the Republicans explained to women that even Negro suffrage
+could not be definitely spelled out in the Fourteenth Amendment, if it
+were to be accepted by the people; and added that Negro suffrage was
+all the strain that the Republican party could bear at this time; but
+neither Susan nor Mrs. Stanton were fooled by this sophistry. They
+knew that Republican politicians saw in the Negro vote in the South
+the means of keeping their party in power for a long time to come, and
+could entirely overlook justice to Negro women since they were assured
+of enough votes without them. The women of the North need not be
+considered, since they had nothing to offer politically. They would
+vote, it was thought, just as their husbands voted.
+
+Completely deserted by all their former friends in the Republican
+party, Susan and Mrs. Stanton now made use of an irregular Republican,
+Senator Cowan of Pennsylvania, whom the abolitionists had labeled "the
+watchdog of slavery." When Benjamin Wade's bill "to enfranchise each
+and every male person" in the District of Columbia "without any
+distinction on account of color or race," was discussed on the Senate
+floor in December 1866, Senator Cowan offered an amendment striking
+out the word "male" and thus leaving the door open for women. He
+stated the case for woman suffrage well and with eloquence, and
+although he was accused of being insincere and wishing merely to cloud
+the issue, he forced the Republicans to show their hands. In the
+three-day debate which followed, Senator Wilson of Massachusetts
+declared emphatically that he was opposed to connecting the two
+issues, woman and Negro suffrage, but would at any time support a
+separate bill for woman's enfranchisement. Senator Pomeroy of Kansas
+objected to jeopardizing the chances of Negro suffrage by linking it
+with woman suffrage, but Senator Wade of Ohio boldly expressed his
+approval of woman suffrage, even casting a vote for Senator Cowan's
+amendment, as did B. Gratz Brown of Missouri. In the final vote, nine
+votes were counted for woman suffrage and thirty-seven against.[182]
+
+Susan recorded even this defeat as progress, for woman suffrage had
+for the first time been debated in Congress and prominent Senators had
+treated it with respect. The Republican press, however, was showing
+definite signs of disapproval, even Horace Greeley's New York
+_Tribune_. Almost unbelieving, she read Greeley's editorial, "A Cry
+from the Females," in which he said, "Talk of a true woman needing the
+ballot as an accessory of power when she rules the world with the
+glance of an eye." With the Democratic press as always solidly against
+woman suffrage and the _Antislavery Standard_ avoiding the subject as
+if it did not exist, no words favorable to votes for women now reached
+the public.[183]
+
+It was hard for Susan to forgive the _Antislavery Standard_ for what
+she regarded as a breach of trust. Financed by the Hovey Fund, it owed
+allegiance, she believed, to women as well as the Negro. In protest
+Parker Pillsbury resigned his post as editor, but among the leading
+men in the antislavery ranks, only he, Samuel J. May, James Mott, and
+Robert Purvis, the cultured, wealthy Philadelphia Negro, were willing
+to support Susan and Mrs. Stanton in their campaign for woman suffrage
+at this time. The rest aligned themselves unquestioningly with the
+Republicans, although in the past they had always been distrustful of
+political parties.
+
+Discouraging as this was for Susan, their influence upon the
+antislavery women was far more alarming. These women one by one
+temporarily deserted the woman's rights cause, persuaded that this was
+the Negro's hour and that they must be generous, renounce their own
+claims, and work only for the Negroes' civil and political rights.
+Less than a dozen remained steadfast, among them Lucretia Mott, Martha
+C. Wright, Ernestine Rose, and for a time Lucy Stone, who wrote John
+Greenleaf Whittier in January 1867, "You know Mr. Phillips takes the
+ground that this is 'the Negro's hour,' and that the women, if not
+criminal, are at least, not wise to urge their own claim. Now, so sure
+am I that he is mistaken and that the only name given, by which the
+country can be saved, is that of WOMAN, that I want to ask you ... to
+use your influence to induce him to reconsider the position he has
+taken. He is the only man in the nation to whom has been given the
+charm which compels all men, willing or unwilling, to listen when he
+speaks ... Mr. Phillips used to say, 'take your part with the perfect
+and abstract right, and trust God to see that it shall prove
+expedient.' Now he needs someone to help him see that point
+again."[184]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[159] Daniel R. Anthony married Anna Osborne of Edgartown, Martha's
+Vineyard, in 1864.
+
+[160] Before buying the house on Madison Street, then numbered 7, Mrs.
+Anthony and Mary lived for a time at 69 North Street, Rochester.
+Hannah and Eugene Mosher bought the adjoining house on Madison Street
+in 1866. Aaron McLean took over his father-in-law's profitable
+insurance business.
+
+[161] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 241.
+
+[162] Feb. 14, 1865, Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers, Library of
+Congress.
+
+[163] Ms., Diary, April 27, 1862.
+
+[164] Feb. 14, 1862, Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers, Library of
+Congress.
+
+[165] _Ibid._
+
+[166] _Ibid._, April 19, 1862.
+
+[167] Ms., Diary, April 26, 27, 1865.
+
+[168] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 245.
+
+[169] The _Liberator_ ceased publication, Dec. 29, 1865.
+
+[170] Ms., Diary, June 30, July 3, 1865.
+
+[171] Harper, _Anthony_, II, pp. 960-967.
+
+[172] Stanton and Blatch, _Stanton_, II, p. 105.
+
+[173] _Ibid._; Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 244.
+
+[174] Ms., Diary, Aug. 7, Sept. 5, 20, 1865.
+
+[175] _Ibid._, Nov. 26-27, 1865.
+
+[176] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 251.
+
+[177] _History of Woman Suffrage_, II, pp. 96-97.
+
+[178] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 260.
+
+[179] _Ibid._, pp. 261, 323.
+
+[180] _History of Woman Suffrage_, II, pp. 322-324. One of Thaddeus
+Stevens' drafts read: "If any State shall disfranchise any of its
+citizens on account of color, all that class shall be counted out of
+the basis of representation." Then the question arose whether or not
+disfranchising Negro women would carry this penalty and the result was
+a rewording which struck out "color" and added "male."
+
+[181] Beards, _The Rise of American Civilization_, II, pp. 111-112;
+Joseph B. James, _The Framing of the Fourteenth Amendment_ (Urbana,
+Ill., 1956), pp. 59, 166, 196-200.
+
+[182] _History of Woman Suffrage_, II, p. 103. Senator Henry B.
+Anthony of Rhode Island, Susan B. Anthony's cousin, spoke and voted
+for woman suffrage.
+
+[183] _Ibid._, p. 101. The New York _Post_, which had been friendly to
+woman suffrage under the editorship of William Cullen Bryant, now came
+out against it.
+
+[184] John Albree, Editor, _Whittier Correspondence from Oakknoll_
+(Salem, Mass., 1911), p. 158. Frances D. Gage of Ohio, Caroline H.
+Dall of Massachusetts, and Clarina Nichols of Kansas also supported
+woman suffrage at this time.
+
+
+
+
+TIMES THAT TRIED WOMEN'S SOULS
+
+
+Bitterly disillusioned, Susan as usual found comfort in action. She
+carried to the New York legislature early in 1867 her objections to
+the Fourteenth Amendment in a petition from the American Equal Rights
+Association, signed by Lucy Stone, Henry Blackwell, Elizabeth Cady
+Stanton, and herself. People generally were critical of the amendment,
+many fearing it would too readily reinstate rebels as voters, and she
+hoped to block ratification by capitalizing on this dissatisfaction.
+She saw no disloyalty to Negroes in this, for she regarded the
+amendment as "utterly inadequate."[185]
+
+This protest made, she turned her attention to New York's
+constitutional convention, which provided an unusual opportunity for
+writing woman suffrage into the new constitution. First she sought an
+interview with Horace Greeley, hoping to regain his support which was
+more important than ever since he had been chosen a delegate to this
+convention. When she and Mrs. Stanton asked him for space in the
+_Tribune_ to advocate woman suffrage as well as Negro suffrage, he
+emphatically replied, "No! You must not get up any agitation for that
+measure.... Help us get the word 'white' out of the constitution. This
+is the Negro's hour.... Your turn will come next."[186]
+
+Convinced that this was also woman's hour, Susan disregarded his
+opinions and his threats and circulated woman suffrage petitions in
+all parts of the state. She won the support of the handsome, highly
+respected George William Curtis, now editor of _Harper's Magazine_ and
+also a convention delegate, and of the popular Henry Ward Beecher and
+Gerrit Smith. The sponsorship of the cause by these men helped
+mightily. New York women sent in petitions with hundreds of
+signatures, but the Republican party was at work, cracking its whip,
+and Horace Greeley was appointed chairman of the committee on the
+right of suffrage.
+
+Both Susan and Mrs. Stanton spoke at the constitutional convention's
+hearing on woman suffrage, Susan with her usual forthrightness
+answering the many questions asked by the delegates, spreading
+consternation among them by declaring that women would eventually
+serve as jurors and be drafted in time of war. Assuming women unable
+to bear arms for their country, the delegates smugly linked the ballot
+and the bullet together, and Horace Greeley gleefully asked the two
+women, "If you vote, are you ready to fight?" Instantly, Susan
+replied, "Yes, Mr. Greeley, just as you fought in the late war--at the
+point of a goose quill." Then turning to the other delegates, she
+reminded them that several hundred women, disguised as men, had fought
+in the Civil War, and instead of being honored for their services and
+paid, they had been discharged in disgrace.[187]
+
+Confident that Horace Greeley would sooner or later fall back on his
+oft-repeated, trite remark, "The best women I know do not want to
+vote," Susan had asked Mrs. Greeley to roll up a big petition in
+Westchester County, and believing heartily in woman suffrage she had
+complied. This gave Susan and Mrs. Stanton a trump card to play,
+should Horace Greeley present an adverse report as they were informed
+he would do.[188]
+
+In Albany to hear the report, these two conspirators gloated over
+their plan as they surveyed the packed galleries and noted the many
+reporters who would jump at a bit of spicy news to send their papers.
+Just before Horace Greeley was to give his report, George William
+Curtis announced with dignity and assurance, "Mr. President, I hold in
+my hand a petition from Mrs. Horace Greeley and 300 other women,
+citizens of Westchester, asking that the word 'male' be stricken from
+the Constitution."[189]
+
+Ripples of amusement ran through the audience, and reporters hastily
+took notes, as Horace Greeley, the top of his head red as a beet,
+looked up with anger at the galleries, and then in a thin squeaky
+voice and with as much authority as he could muster declared, "Your
+committee does not recommend an extension of the elective franchise to
+women...." As a result, New York's new constitution enfranchised only
+male citizens.[190]
+
+Horace Greeley justified his opposition to woman suffrage in a letter
+to Moncure D. Conway: "The keynote of my political creed is the axiom
+that 'Governments derive their just powers from the consent of the
+governed....' I sought information from different quarters ... and
+practically all agreed in the conclusion that _the women of our state
+do not choose to vote_. Individuals do, at least three fourths of the
+sex do not. I accepted their choice as decisive; just as I reported in
+favor of enfranchising the Blacks because they do wish to vote. The
+few may not; but the many do; and I think they should control the
+situation.... It seems but fair to add that female suffrage seems to
+me to involve the balance of the family relation as it has hitherto
+existed...."[191]
+
+Horace Greeley never forgave Susan and Mrs. Stanton for humiliating
+him in the constitutional convention or for the headlines in the
+evening papers which coupled his adverse report with his wife's
+petition. When they met again in New York a few weeks later at one of
+Alice Cary's popular evening receptions, he ignored their friendly
+greeting and brusquely remarked, "You two ladies are the most
+maneuvering politicians in the State of New York."[192]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+While Susan's work in New York State was at its height, appeals for
+help had reached her from Republicans in Kansas, where in November
+1867 two amendments would be voted upon, enfranchising women and
+Negroes. Unable to go to Kansas herself at that time or to spare
+Elizabeth Stanton, she rejoiced when Lucy Stone consented to speak
+throughout Kansas and when she and Lucy, as trustees of the Jackson
+Fund, outvoting Wendell Phillips, were able to appropriate $1,500 for
+this campaign.
+
+Lucy was soon sending enthusiastic reports to Susan from Kansas, where
+she and her husband, Henry Blackwell, were winning many friends for
+the cause. "I fully expect we shall carry the State," Lucy confidently
+wrote Susan. "The women here are grand, and it will be a shame past
+all expression if they don't get the right to vote.... But the Negroes
+are all against us.... These men _ought not to be allowed to vote
+before we do_, because they will be just so much dead weight to
+lift."[193]
+
+One cloud now appeared on the horizon. Republicans in Kansas began to
+withdraw their support from the woman suffrage amendment they had
+sponsored. It troubled Lucy and Susan that the New York _Tribune_ and
+the _Independent_, both widely read in Kansas, published not one word
+favorable to woman suffrage, for these two papers with their influence
+and prestige could readily, they believed, win the ballot for women
+not only in Kansas but throughout the nation. Soon the temper of the
+Republican press changed from indifference to outright animosity,
+striking at Lucy and Henry Blackwell by calling them "free lovers,"
+because Lucy was traveling with her husband as Lucy Stone and not as
+Mrs. Henry B. Blackwell. Still Lucy was hopeful, believing the
+Democrats were ready to take them up, but she reminded Susan, "It will
+be necessary to have a good force here in the fall, and you will have
+to come."
+
+Never for a moment did the importance of this election in Kansas
+escape Susan, and her estimate of it was also that of John Stuart
+Mill, who wrote from England to the sponsor of the Kansas woman
+suffrage amendment, Samuel N. Wood, "If your citizens next November
+give effect to the enlightened views of your Legislature, history will
+remember one of the youngest states in the civilized world has been
+the first to adopt a measure of liberation destined to extend all over
+the earth and to be looked back to ... as one of the most fertile in
+beneficial consequences of all improvements yet effected in human
+affairs."[194]
+
+Susan fully expected Kansas to pioneer for woman suffrage just as it
+had taken its stand against slavery when the rest of the country held
+back. Her first problem, however, was to raise the money to get
+herself and Elizabeth Stanton there. The grant from the Jackson Fund
+had been spent by the Blackwells and Olympia Brown of Michigan, who
+most providentially volunteered to continue their work when they
+returned to the East. Olympia Brown, recently graduated from Antioch
+College and ordained as a minister in the Universalist church, was a
+new recruit to the cause. Young and indefatigable, she reached every
+part of Kansas during the summer, driving over the prairies with the
+Singing Hutchinsons.[195]
+
+Olympia Brown's valiant help made waiting in New York easier for Susan
+as she tried in every way to raise money. Further grants from the
+Jackson Fund were cut off by an unfavorable court decision; and the
+trustees of the Hovey Fund, established to further the rights of both
+Negroes and women, refused to finance a woman suffrage campaign in
+Kansas.
+
+"We are left without a dollar," she wrote State Senator Samuel N.
+Wood. "Every speaker who goes to Kansas must _now pay her own_
+expenses out of her own private purse, unless money should come from
+some unexpected source. I shall run the risk--as I told you--and draw
+upon almost my last hundred to go. I tell you this that you may not
+contract _debts_ under the impression that _our_ Association can pay
+for them--_for it cannot_."[196]
+
+She did find a way to finance the printing of leaflets so urgently
+needed for distribution in Kansas. Soliciting advertisements up and
+down Broadway during the heat of July and August, she collected enough
+to pay the printer for 60,000 tracts, with the result that along with
+the dignified, eloquent speeches of Henry Ward Beecher, Theodore
+Parker, George William Curtis, and John Stuart Mill went
+advertisements of Howe sewing machines, Mme. Demorest's millinery and
+patterns, Browning's washing machines, and Decker pianofortes to
+attract the people of Kansas.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+With both New York and Kansas on her mind, Susan had had little time
+to be with her family, although she had often longed to slip out to
+Rochester for a visit with her mother and Guelma who had been ill for
+several months. Finally she spent a few days with them on her way to
+Kansas.
+
+On the long train journey from Rochester to Kansas with such a
+congenial companion as Elizabeth Stanton, she enjoyed every new
+experience, particularly the new Palace cars advertised as the finest,
+most luxurious in the world, costing $40,000 each. The comfortable
+daytime seats transformed into beds at night and the meals served by
+solicitous Negro waiters were of the greatest interest to these two
+good housekeepers and the last bit of comfort they were to enjoy for
+many a day.
+
+As soon as they reached Kansas, they set out immediately on a two-week
+speaking tour of the principal towns, and as usual Susan starred Mrs.
+Stanton while she herself acted as general manager, advertising the
+meetings, finding a suitable hall, sweeping it out if necessary,
+distributing and selling tracts, and perhaps making a short speech
+herself. The meetings were highly successful, but traveling by stage
+and wagon was rugged; most of the food served them was green with soda
+or floating in grease and the hotels were infested with bedbugs. Susan
+wrote her family of sleepless nights and of picking the "tormentors"
+out of their bonnets and the ruffles of their dresses.[197]
+
+Occasionally there was an oasis of cleanliness and good food, as when
+they stopped at the railroad hotel in Salina and found it run by
+Mother Bickerdyke, who, marching through Georgia with General Sherman,
+had nursed and fed his soldiers. At such times Kansas would take on a
+rosy glow and Susan could report, "We are getting along splendidly.
+Just the frame of a Methodist Church with sidings and roof, and rough
+cottonwood boards for seats, was our meeting place last night ...; and
+a perfect jam it was, with men crowded outside at all the windows....
+Our tracts do more than half the battle; reading matter is so very
+scarce that everybody clutches at a book of any kind.... All that
+great trunk full were sold and given away at our first 14 meetings,
+and we in return received $110 which a little more than paid our
+railroad fare--eight cents per mile--and hotel bills. Our collections
+thus far fully equal those at the East. I have been delightfully
+disappointed for everybody said I couldn't raise money in Kansas
+meetings."[198]
+
+The reputation of both women preceded them to Kansas. Susan had to win
+her way against prejudice built up by newspaper gibes of past years
+which had caricatured her as a meddlesome reformer and a sour old
+maid, but gradually her friendliness, hominess, and sincerity broke
+down these preconceptions. Kansas soon respected this tall slender
+energetic woman who, as she overrode obstacles, showed a spirit akin
+to that of the frontiersman.
+
+Mrs. Stanton, on the other hand, was welcomed at once with enthusiasm.
+The fact that she was the mother of seven children as well as a
+brilliant orator opened the way for her. She was good to look at, a
+queenly woman at fifty-two, with a fresh rosy complexion and carefully
+curled soft white hair. Her motherliness and refreshing sense of humor
+built up a bond of understanding with her audiences. People were eager
+to see her, hear her, talk with her, and entertain her.
+
+This preference was obvious to Susan, but it aroused no jealousy. She
+sent Mrs. Stanton out through the state by mule team to all the small
+towns and settlements far from the railroad, along with their popular
+and faithful Republican ally, Charles Robinson, first Free State
+Governor of Kansas, counting on these two to build up good will. In
+the meantime, making her headquarters in Lawrence, she reorganized the
+campaign to meet the increasing opposition of the Republican machine,
+against which the continued support of a few prominent Kansas
+Republicans availed little. As the state was predominantly Republican,
+the prospects were gloomy, for the Democrats had not yet taken them up
+as Lucy Stone had predicted, but still opposed both the Negro and
+woman suffrage amendments. A new liquor law, which it was thought
+women would support, further complicated the situation, aligning the
+liquor interests and the German and Irish settlers solidly against
+votes for women.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+While Susan was searching desperately for some way of appealing to the
+Democrats, help came from an unexpected source. The St. Louis Suffrage
+Association urged George Francis Train to come to the aid of women in
+Kansas, and always ready to champion a new and unpopular cause, he
+telegraphed his willingness to win the Democratic vote and pay his own
+expenses. Knowing little about him except that he was wealthy,
+eccentric, and interested in developing the Union Pacific Railroad,
+Susan turned tactfully to her Kansas friends for advice, although she
+herself welcomed his help. They wired him, "The people want you, the
+women want you";[199] and he came into the state in a burst of glory,
+speaking first in Leavenworth and Lawrence to large curious audiences.
+A tall handsome man with curly brown hair and keen gray eyes, flashily
+dressed in a blue coat with brass buttons, white vest, black trousers,
+patent-leather boots, and lavender kid gloves, he was a sight worth
+driving miles to see, and he gave his audiences the best entertainment
+they had had in many a day, shouting jingles at them in the midst of
+his speeches and mercilessly ridiculing the Republicans. Here was none
+of the boredom of most political speeches, none of the long sonorous
+sentences with classical allusions which the big-name orators of the
+day poured out. His bold statements, his clipped rapid-fire sentences
+held the people's attention whether they agreed with him or not. When
+he spoke in Leavenworth, the hall was packed with Irishmen who were
+building the railroad to the West. They hissed when he mentioned woman
+suffrage, but before long he had won them over and they cheered when
+he shook his finger at them and shouted, "Every man in Kansas who
+throws a vote for the Negro and not for women has insulted his mother,
+his daughter, his sister, and his wife."[200]
+
+[Illustration: George Francis Train]
+
+At once the Republican press began a campaign of vilification, calling
+Train a Copperhead and ridiculing his eccentricities and conceits; and
+eastern Republicans, fearing they had harmed the Negro amendment in
+Kansas by their opposition to woman suffrage, tried to make
+last-minute amends by sending an appeal to Kansas voters to support
+both amendments. Even Horace Greeley lamely supported them in a
+_Tribune_ editorial which Susan read with disgust: "It is plain that
+the experiment of Female Suffrage is to be tried; and, while we regard
+it with distrust, we are quite willing to see it pioneered by Kansas.
+She is a young State, and has a memorable history, wherein her women
+have borne an honorable part.... If, then, a majority of them really
+desire to vote, we, if we lived in Kansas, should vote to give them
+the opportunity. Upon a full and fair trial, we believe they would
+conclude that the right of suffrage for women was, on the whole,
+rather a plague than a profit, and vote to resign it into the hands of
+their husbands and fathers...."[201]
+
+These halfhearted appeals were too late, for the political machine in
+Kansas had already done its work; and Susan, turning her back on such
+fair-weather friends, cultivated the Democrats even more sedulously.
+When the Democrat who had promised to accompany George Francis Train
+on a speaking tour failed him, she took his place. When Train demurred
+at the strenuous task ahead, she announced she would undertake it
+alone. Always the gallant gentleman, he accompanied her, and continued
+with her through the long hard weeks of travel in mail and lumber
+wagons over rough roads, through mud and rain, to the remotest
+settlements, far from the railroads. Because it was a necessity,
+traveling alone with a gentleman whom she hardly knew troubled her not
+at all, unconventional though it was.
+
+She took charge of the meetings, opening them herself with a short
+sincere plea for both the woman and Negro suffrage amendments, and
+then she introduced George Francis Train, who, no matter how late they
+arrived or how tiring the day, had changed his wrinkled gray traveling
+suit for his resplendent platform costume. The expectant crowd never
+failed to respond with a gasp of surprise, and immediately the fun
+began as Train with his wit and his mimicry entertained them, calling
+for their support of woman suffrage and advocating as well some of his
+own pet ideas, such as freeing Ireland from British oppression, paying
+our national debt in greenbacks, establishing an eight-hour day in
+industry, and even nominating himself for President.
+
+Amused by his dramatics and often amazed at his conceit, Susan found
+neither as objectionable as the outright falsehood circulated by
+opponents of woman suffrage. As the days went by with their continued
+hardships and increasing fatigue, she marveled at his unfailing
+courteousness, his pluck, and good cheer, while he in turn admired her
+courage, her endurance, and her zeal for her cause, and between them a
+bond of respect and loyalty was built up which could not be destroyed
+by the pressures of later years.
+
+During the long hours on the road, he entertained her with the story
+of his life and his travels, an adventure story of a poor boy who had
+made good. Building clipper ships, introducing American goods in
+Australia, traveling in India, China, and Russia, promoting street
+railways in England, and now building the Union Pacific, he had a
+wealth of information to impart.
+
+Their views on the Negro differed sharply. Rating the whole race as
+inferior and incapable of improvement, he naturally opposed
+enfranchising Negroes before women. She, on the other hand, had always
+regarded Negroes as her equals, and in campaigning with Train, she had
+to make her choice between Negroes and women. She chose women, just as
+her abolitionist friends in the East had chosen the Negro; and their
+indifference and opposition to woman suffrage at this crucial time was
+as unforgivable to her as was his valuation of the Negro to them. They
+called him a Copperhead, remembering his southern wife and his hatred
+of abolitionists, his vocal resistance to the draft, and his demands
+for immediate unconditional peace. They ignored entirely his defense
+of the Union in England during the Civil War when he publicly debated
+with Englishmen who supported the Confederacy. They abused him in
+their newspapers and he, not to be outdone, ridiculed them in his
+speeches, shouting, "Where is Wendell Phillips, today? Lost caste
+everywhere. Inconsistent in all things, cowardly in this. Where is
+Horace Greeley in this Kansas war for liberty? Pitching the woman
+suffrage idea out of the Convention and bailing out Jeff Davis. Where
+is William Lloyd Garrison? Being patted on the shoulders by his
+employers, our enemies abroad, for his faithful work in trying to
+destroy our nation. Where is Henry Ward Beecher? Writing a story for
+Bonner's Ledger...."[202]
+
+They never forgave him this estimate of them, nor did they forgive
+Susan for associating herself with him.
+
+On one of the last days of the Kansas campaign, while she was driving
+over the prairie with him, he suddenly asked her why the woman
+suffrage people did not have a paper of their own. "Not lack of
+brains, but lack of money," she tersely replied.[203]
+
+They talked for a while about the good such a paper would do, about
+the people who should edit and write for it, what name it should have.
+Then he said simply, "I will give you the money."
+
+Because a woman suffrage paper had been her cherished dream for so
+many years, she did not dare regard this as more than a gallant
+gesture soon to be forgotten; but to her amazement that very evening
+she heard Train announce to his audience, "When Miss Anthony gets back
+to New York, she is going to start a woman suffrage paper. Its name is
+to be _The Revolution_: its motto, 'Men their rights, and nothing
+more; women, their rights and nothing less.' This paper is to be a
+weekly, price $2. per year; its editors, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and
+Parker Pillsbury; its proprietor, Susan B. Anthony. Let everybody
+subscribe for it!"
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Election day brought both Susan and Mrs. Stanton back to Leavenworth,
+to Daniel's home, to learn the verdict of the people of Kansas. As the
+returns came in, their hope of seeing Kansas become the first woman
+suffrage state quickly faded. Neither their amendment nor the Negroes'
+polled enough votes for adoption. Their woman suffrage amendment,
+however, received only 1,773 votes less than the Republican-sponsored
+Negro amendment, and to have accomplished this in a hard-fought bitter
+campaign against powerful opponents gave them confidence in themselves
+and in their judgment of men and events. No longer need they depend
+upon Wendell Phillips or other abolitionist leaders for guidance. From
+now on they would chart their own course. This led, they believed, to
+Washington, where they must gain support among members of Congress for
+a federal woman suffrage amendment. Few, if any, Republicans would
+help them, but already one Democrat had come forward. George Francis
+Train had offered to pay their expenses if they would join him on a
+lecture tour on their way East. To Susan, who had to raise every penny
+spent in her work, this seemed like an answer to prayer, as did his
+proposal to finance a woman suffrage paper for them.
+
+By this time their abolitionist friends in the East were writing them
+indignant letters blaming the defeat of the Negro amendment on George
+Francis Train and warning them not to link woman suffrage with an
+unbalanced charlatan. Even their devoted friends in Kansas, including
+Governor Robinson, advised them against further association with
+Train.
+
+They did not make their decision lightly, nor was it easy to go
+against the judgment of respected friends, but of this they were
+confident--that with or without Train, they would estrange most of
+their old friends if they campaigned for woman suffrage now. Without
+him, their work, limited by lack of funds, would be ineffectual. With
+his financial backing, they not only had the opportunity of spreading
+their message in all the principal cities on their way back to New
+York, but had the promise of a paper, now so desperately needed when
+other news channels were closed to them. That Train was eccentric they
+agreed, and they also admitted that possibly some of his financial
+theories were unsound. They believed he was ahead of his time when he
+advocated the eight-hour day and the abolition of standing armies; but
+at least he looked forward, not backward. Susan had found him to be a
+man of high principles. She had heard him "make speeches on woman's
+suffrage that could be equalled only by John B. Gough,"[204] the
+well-known temperance crusader. Train's radical ideas did not disturb
+her. Her association with antislavery extremists prior to the Civil
+War had made her impervious to the criticism and accusations of
+conservatives. She was aware that on this proposed lecture tour Train
+probably wanted to make use of her executive ability and of Mrs.
+Stanton's popularity as a speaker; but on the other hand, his
+generosity to them was beyond anything they had ever experienced.
+
+For Susan there was only one choice--to work for woman suffrage with
+the financial backing of Train. Mrs. Stanton agreed, and as she
+expressed it, "I have always found that when we see eye to eye, we are
+sure to be right, and when we pull together we are strong.... I take
+my beloved Susan's judgment against the world."[205]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Traveling homeward with George Francis Train, Susan and Mrs. Stanton
+spoke in Chicago, St. Louis, Louisville, Cincinnati, Cleveland,
+Buffalo, Rochester, Boston, Hartford, and other important cities where
+they drew large crowds, which had never before listened to a
+discussion of woman suffrage. Most of their old friends among the
+suffragists and abolitionists shunned them, for they had been warned
+against this folly by their colleagues in the East. The lively
+meetings rated plenty of publicity, complimentary in the Democratic
+papers but sarcastic and hostile in the Republican press. Usually
+"Woman Suffrage" got the headlines, but sometimes it was "Woman
+Suffrage and Greenbacks" or "Train for President." Handbills, the
+printing of which Susan supervised, scattered Train's rhymes and
+epigrams far and wide and carried a notice that the proceeds of all
+meetings would be turned over to the woman's rights cause. Susan also
+arranged for the printing of Train's widely distributed pamphlet, _The
+Great Epigram Campaign of Kansas_, with this jingle, so
+uncomplimentary to the eastern abolitionists, on its cover:
+
+    The Garrisons, Phillipses, Greeleys, and Beechers,
+    False prophets, false guides, false teachers and preachers,
+    Left Mrs. Stanton, Miss Anthony, Brown, and Stone,
+    To fight the Kansas battle alone;
+    While your Rosses, Pomeroys, and your Clarkes
+    Stood on the fence, or basely fled,
+    While woman was saved by a Copperhead.
+
+Even more unforgivable than this to the abolitionist suffragists were
+the back-page advertisements of a new woman-suffrage paper, _The
+Revolution_, and of woman's rights tracts which could be purchased
+from Susan B. Anthony, Secretary of the American Equal Rights
+Association. That Susan would presume to line up this organization in
+any way with George Francis Train aroused the indignation of Lucy
+Stone, who felt the cause was being trailed in the dust. While Susan
+and Mrs. Stanton traveled homeward, enjoying the comfort of the best
+hotels and the applause of enthusiastic audiences, a coalition against
+them was being formed in the East.
+
+"All the old friends with scarce an exception are sure we are wrong,"
+Susan wrote in her diary, January 1, 1868. "Only time can tell, but I
+believe we are right and hence bound to succeed."[206]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[185] Ms., Petition, Jan. 9, 1867, Alma Lutz Collection
+
+[186] Ms., note, 1893, Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers, Library of
+Congress.
+
+[187] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 278; _History of Woman Suffrage_, II,
+p. 284.
+
+[188] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 279.
+
+[189] _History of Woman Suffrage_, II, p. 287. Petitions with 20,000
+signatures were presented.
+
+[190] _Ibid._, p. 285.
+
+[191] Aug. 25, 1867, Alma Lutz Collection.
+
+[192] _History of Woman Suffrage_, II, p. 287.
+
+[193] _Ibid._, pp. 234-235, 239.
+
+[194] _Ibid._, p. 252.
+
+[195] A famous family of singers who enlivened woman's rights,
+antislavery, and temperance meetings with their songs.
+
+[196] July 9, 1867, Anthony Papers, Kansas State Historical Society,
+Topeka, Kansas.
+
+[197] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 284.
+
+[198] _History of Woman Suffrage_, II, p. 242.
+
+[199] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 287. George Francis Train on his own
+initiative spoke for woman suffrage before the New York Constitutional
+Convention.
+
+[200] George Francis Train, _The Great Epigram Campaign of Kansas_
+(Leavenworth, Kansas, 1867), p. 68.
+
+[201] _History of Woman Suffrage_, II, pp. 248-249.
+
+[202] Train, _The Great Epigram Campaign of Kansas_, p. 40.
+
+[203] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 290.
+
+[204] Inscription by Susan B. Anthony on copy of Train's _The Great
+Epigram Campaign of Kansas_, Library of Congress.
+
+[205] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 293.
+
+[206] _Ibid._, p. 295.
+
+
+
+
+THE ONE WORD OF THE HOUR
+
+
+"If we women fail to speak the _one word_ of the hour," Susan wrote
+Anna E. Dickinson, "who shall do it? No man is able, for no man sees
+or feels as we do. To whom God gives the word, to him or her he says,
+'Go preach it.'"[207]
+
+This is just what Susan aimed to do in her new paper, _The
+Revolution_. It's name, she believed, expressed exactly the stirring
+up of thought necessary to establish justice for all--for women,
+Negroes, workingmen and-women, and all who were oppressed. Her two
+editors, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Parker Pillsbury, reliable friends
+as well as vivid forceful writers, were completely in sympathy with
+her own liberal ideas and could be counted on to crusade fearlessly
+for every righteous cause. What did it matter if George Francis Train
+wanted space in the paper to publish his views and for a financial
+column, edited by David M. Melliss of the New York _World_? Brought up
+on the antislavery platform where free speech was the watchword and
+where all, even long-winded cranks, were allowed to express their
+opinions, Susan willingly opened the pages of _The Revolution_ to
+Train and to Melliss in return for financial backing.
+
+When on January 8, 1868, the first issue of her paper came off the
+press, her heart swelled with pride and satisfaction as she turned
+over its pages, read its good editorials, and under the frank of
+Democratic Congressman James Brooks of New York, sent out ten thousand
+copies to all parts of the country.
+
+_The Revolution_ promised to discuss not only subjects which were of
+particular concern to her and to Elizabeth Stanton, such as "educated
+suffrage, irrespective of sex or color," equal pay for women for equal
+work, and practical education for girls as well as boys, but also the
+eight-hour day, labor problems, and a new financial policy for
+America. This new financial policy, the dream of George Francis Train,
+advocated the purchase of American goods only; the encouragement of
+immigration to rebuild the South and to settle the country from ocean
+to ocean; the establishment of the French financing systems, the
+Crédit Foncier and Crédit Mobilier, to develop our mines and
+railroads; the issuing of greenbacks; and penny ocean postage "to
+strengthen the brotherhood of Labor."
+
+All in all it was not a program with wide appeal. Dazzled by the
+opportunities for making money in this new undeveloped country, people
+were in no mood to analyze the social order, or to consider the needs
+of women or labor or the living standards of the masses. Unfamiliar
+with the New York Stock Exchange, they found little to interest them
+in the paper's financial department, while speculators and promoters,
+such as Jay Gould and Jim Fiske, wanted no advice from the lone eagle,
+George Francis Train, and resented Melliss's columns of Wall Street
+gossip which often portrayed them in an unfavorable light. Nor did a
+public-affairs paper edited and published by women carry much weight.
+None of this, however, mattered much to Susan, who did not aim for a
+popular paper but "to make public sentiment." It was her hope that
+just as the _Liberator_ under William Lloyd Garrison had been "the
+pillar of light and of fire to the slave's emancipation," so _The
+Revolution_ would become "the guiding star to the enfranchisement of
+women."[208]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Upon Susan fell the task of building up subscriptions, soliciting
+advertisements, and getting copy to the printer. As her office in the
+New York _World_ building, 37 Park Row, was on the fourth floor and
+the printer was several blocks away on the fifth floor of a building
+without an elevator, her job proved to be a test of physical
+endurance. To this was added an ever-increasing financial burden, for
+Train had sailed for England when the first number was issued, had
+been arrested because of his Irish sympathies, and had spent months in
+a Dublin jail, from which he sent them his thoughts on every
+conceivable subject but no money for the paper. He had left $600 with
+Susan and had instructed Melliss to make payments as needed, but this
+soon became impossible, and she had to face the alarming fact that, if
+the paper were to continue, she must raise the necessary money
+herself. Because the circulation was small, it was hard to get
+advertisers, particularly as she was firm in her determination to
+accept only advertisements of products she could recommend. Patent
+medicines and any questionable products were ruled out. Subscriptions
+came in encouragingly but in no sense met the deficit which piled up
+unrelentingly. Her goal was 100,000 subscribers.
+
+She had gone to Washington at once to solicit subscriptions personally
+from the President and members of Congress. Ben Wade of Ohio headed
+the list of Senators who subscribed, and loyal as always to woman
+suffrage, encouraged her to go ahead and push her cause. "It has got
+to come," he added, "but Congress is too busy now to take it up."
+Senator Henry Wilson of Massachusetts greeted her gruffly, telling her
+that she and Mrs. Stanton had done more to block reconstruction in the
+last two years than all others in the land, but he subscribed because
+he wanted to know what they were up to. Although Senator Pomeroy was
+"sore about Kansas" and her alliance with the Democrats, he
+nevertheless subscribed, but Senator Sumner was not to be seen. The
+first member of the House to put his name on her list was her
+dependable understanding friend, George Julian of Indiana, and many
+others followed his lead. For two hours she waited to see President
+Johnson, in an anteroom "among the huge half-bushel-measure spittoons
+and terrible filth ... where the smell of tobacco and whiskey was
+powerful." When she finally reached him, he immediately refused her
+request, explaining that he had a thousand such solicitations every
+day. Not easily put off, she countered at once by remarking that he
+had never before had such a request in his life. "You recognize, Mr.
+Johnson," she continued, "that Mrs. Stanton and myself for two years
+have boldly told the Republican party that they must give ballots to
+women as well as to Negroes, and by means of _The Revolution_ we are
+bound to drive the party to this logical conclusion or break it into a
+thousand pieces as was the old Whig party, unless we get our rights."
+This "brought him to his pocketbook," she triumphantly reported, and
+in a bold hand he signed his name, Andrew Johnson, as much as to say,
+"Anything to get rid of this woman and break the radical party."[209]
+
+She was proud of her paper, proud of its typography which was far more
+readable than the average news sheets of the day with their miserably
+small print. The larger type and less crowded pages were inviting, the
+articles stimulating.
+
+Parker Pillsbury, covering Congressional and political developments
+and the impeachment trial of President Johnson with which he was not
+in sympathy, was fearless in his denunciations of politicians, their
+ruthless intrigue and disregard of the public. During the turbulent
+days when the impeachment trial was front-page news everywhere, _The
+Revolution_ proclaimed it as a political maneuver of the Republicans
+to confuse the people and divert their attention from more important
+issues, such as corruption in government, high prices, taxation, and
+the fabulous wealth being amassed by the few. This of course roused
+the intense disapproval of Wendell Phillips, Theodore Tilton, and
+Horace Greeley, all of whom regarded Johnson as a traitor and shouted
+for impeachment. It ran counter to the views of Susan's brother
+Daniel, who telegraphed Senator Ross of Kansas demanding his vote for
+impeachment. Although no supporter of President Johnson, Susan was now
+completely awake to the political manipulations of the radical
+Republicans and what seemed to her their readiness to sacrifice the
+good of the nation for the success of their party. She repudiated them
+all--all but the rugged Ben Wade, always true to woman suffrage, and
+the tall handsome Chief Justice, Salmon P. Chase, who, she believed,
+stood for justice and equality.
+
+Both of these men Susan regarded as far better qualified for the
+Presidency than General Grant, who now was the obvious choice of the
+Republicans for 1868. "Why go pell-mell for Grant," asked _The
+Revolution_, "when all admit that he is unfit for the position? It is
+not too late, if true men and women will do their duty, to make an
+honest man like Ben Wade, President. Let us save the Nation. As to the
+Republican party the sooner it is scattered to the four winds of
+Heaven the better."[210] Later when Chase was out of the running among
+Republicans and not averse to overtures from the Democrats, _The
+Revolution_ urged him as the Democratic candidate with universal
+suffrage as his slogan.
+
+Susan demanded civil rights, suffrage, education, and farms for the
+Negroes as did the Republicans, but she could not overlook the
+political corruption which was flourishing under the military control
+of the South, and she recognized that the Republicans' insistence on
+Negro suffrage in the South did not stem solely from devotion to a
+noble principle, but also from an overwhelming desire to insure
+victory for their party in the coming election. These views were
+reflected editorially in _The Revolution_, which, calling attention
+to the fact that Connecticut, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and
+Pennsylvania had refused to enfranchise their Negroes, asked why Negro
+suffrage should be forced on the South before it was accepted in the
+North.
+
+The Fourteenth Amendment was having hard sledding and _The Revolution_
+repudiated it, calling instead for an amendment granting universal
+suffrage, or in other words, suffrage for women and Negroes. _The
+Revolution_ also discussed in editorials by Mrs. Stanton other
+subjects of interest to women, such as marriage, divorce,
+prostitution, and infanticide, all of which Susan agreed needed frank
+thoughtful consideration, but which other papers handled with kid
+gloves.
+
+In still another unpopular field, that of labor and capital, _The
+Revolution_ also pioneered fearlessly, asking for shorter hours and
+lower wages for workers, as it pointed out labor's valuable
+contribution to the development of the country. It also called
+attention to the vicious contrasts in large cities, where many lived
+in tumbledown tenements in abject poverty while the few, with more
+wealth than they knew what to do with, spent lavishly and built
+themselves palaces.
+
+Sentiments such as these increased the indignation of Susan's critics,
+but she gloried in the output of her two courageous editors just as
+she had gloried in the evangelistic zeal of the antislavery crusaders.
+Wisely, however, she added to her list of contributors some of the
+popular women writers of the day, among them Alice and Phoebe Cary.
+She ran a series of articles on women as farmers, machinists,
+inventors, and dentists, secured news from foreign correspondents,
+mostly from England, and published a Washington letter and woman's
+rights news from the states. Believing that women should become
+acquainted with the great women of the past, especially those who
+fought for their freedom and advancement, she printed an article on
+Frances Wright and serialized Mary Wollstonecraft's _A Vindication of
+the Rights of Women_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Eagerly Susan looked for favorable notices of her new paper in the
+press. Much to her sorrow, Horace Greeley's New York _Tribune_
+completely ignored its existence, as did her old standby, the
+_Antislavery Standard_. The New York _Times_ ridiculed as usual
+anything connected with woman's rights or woman suffrage. The New York
+_Home Journal_ called it "plucky, keen, and wide awake, although some
+of its ways are not at all to our taste." Theodore Tilton in the
+Congregationalist paper, _The Independent_, commented in his usual
+facetious style, which pinned him down neither to praise nor
+unfriendliness, but Susan was grateful to read, "_The Revolution_ from
+the start will arouse, thrill, edify, amuse, vex, and non-plus its
+friends. But it will command attention: it will conquer a hearing."
+Newspapers were generally friendly. "Miss Anthony's woman's rights
+paper," declared the Troy (New York) _Times_, "is a realistic,
+well-edited, instructive journal ... and its beautiful mechanical
+execution renders its appearance very attractive." The Chicago
+_Workingman's Advocate_ observed, "We have no doubt it will prove an
+able ally of the labor reform movement." Nellie Hutchinson of the
+Cincinnati _Commercial_, one of the few women journalists, described
+sympathetically for her readers the neat comfortable _Revolution_
+office and Susan with her "rare" but "genial smile," Susan, "the
+determined--the invincible ... destined to be Vice-President or
+Secretary of State...," adding, "The world is better for thee,
+Susan."[211]
+
+While new friends praised, old friends pleaded unsuccessfully with
+Mrs. Stanton and Parker Pillsbury to free themselves from Susan's
+harmful influence. William Lloyd Garrison wrote Susan of his regret
+and astonishment that she and Mrs. Stanton had so taken leave of their
+senses as to be infatuated with the Democratic party and to be
+associated with that "crack-brained harlequin and semi-lunatic,"
+George Francis Train. She published his letter in _The Revolution_
+with an answer by Mrs. Stanton which not only pointed out how often
+the Republicans had failed women but reminded Garrison how he had
+welcomed into his antislavery ranks anyone and everyone who believed
+in his ideas, "a motley crew it was." She recalled the label of
+fanatic which had been attached to him, how he had been threatened and
+pelted with rotten eggs for expressing his unpopular ideas and for
+burning the Constitution which he declared sanctioned slavery. With
+such a background, she told him, he should be able to recognize her
+right and Susan's to judge all parties and all men on what they did
+for woman suffrage.[212]
+
+None of these arguments made any impression upon Garrison, or upon
+Lucy Stone, whose bitter criticism and distrust of Susan's motives
+wounded Susan deeply. Only a few of her old friends seemed able to
+understand what she was trying to do, among them Martha C. Wright,
+who, at first critical of her association with Train, now wrote of
+_The Revolution_, "Its vigorous pages are what we need. Count on me
+now and ever as your true and unswerving friend."[213]
+
+[Illustration: Anna E. Dickinson]
+
+Another bright spot was Susan's friendship with Anna E. Dickinson,
+with whom she carried on a lively correspondence, scratching oft
+hurried notes to her on the backs of old envelopes or any odd scraps
+of paper that came to hand. Whenever Anna was in New York, she usually
+burst into the _Revolution_ office, showered Susan with kisses, and
+carried on such an animated conversation about her experiences that
+the whole office force was spellbound, admiring at the same time her
+stylish costume and jaunty velvet cap with its white feather, very
+becoming on her short black curls.
+
+Repeatedly Susan urged Anna to stay with her in her "plain quarters"
+at 44 Bond Street or in her "nice hall bedroom" at 116 East
+Twenty-third Street. That Anna could have risen out of the hardships
+of her girlhood to such popularity as a lecturer and to such
+financial success was to Susan like a fairy tale come true. Scarcely
+past twenty, Anna not only had moved vast audiences to tears, but was
+sought after by the Republicans as one of their most popular campaign
+speakers and had addressed Congress with President Lincoln in
+attendance. Susan had been sadly disappointed that Anna had not seen
+her way clear to speak a strong word for women in the Kansas campaign,
+but she hoped that this vivid talented young woman would prove to be
+"the evangel" who would lead women "into the kingdom of political and
+civil rights." It never occurred to her that she herself might even
+now be that "evangel."[214]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+By this time Susan had been called on the carpet by some of the
+officers of the American Equal Rights Association because she had used
+the Association's office as a base for business connected with the
+Train lecture tour and the establishment of _The Revolution_. She was
+also accused of spending the funds of the Association for her own
+projects and to advertise Train. Lucy Stone, Henry Blackwell, and
+Stephen Foster were particularly suspicious of her. Her accounts were
+checked and rechecked by them and found in good order. However, at the
+annual meeting of the Association in May 1868, Henry Blackwell again
+brought the matter up. Deeply hurt by his public accusation, she once
+more carefully explained that because there had been no funds except
+those which came out of her own pocket or had been raised by her, she
+had felt free to spend them as she thought best. This obviously
+satisfied the majority, many of whom expressed appreciation of her
+year of hard work for the cause. She later wrote Thomas Wentworth
+Higginson, "Even if not one old friend had seemed to have remembered
+the past and it had been swallowed up, overshadowed by the Train
+cloud, I should still have rejoiced that I have done the work--for no
+_human_ prejudice or power can rob me of the joy, the compensation, I
+have stored up therefrom. That it is wholly spiritual, I need but tell
+you that this day, I have not two hundred dollars more than I had the
+day I entered upon the public work of woman's rights and
+antislavery."[215]
+
+What troubled her most at these meetings was not the animosity
+directed against her by Henry Blackwell and Lucy Stone, but the
+assertion, made by Frederick Douglass and agreed to by all the men
+present, that Negro suffrage was more urgent than woman suffrage. When
+Lucy Stone came to the defense of woman suffrage in a speech whose
+content and eloquence Susan thought surpassed that of "any other
+mortal woman speaker," she was willing to forgive Lucy anything, and
+wrote Thomas Wentworth Higginson, "I want you to _know_ that it is
+impossible for me to lay a straw in the way of anyone who _personally
+wrongs me_, if only that one will work nobly in the _cause_ in their
+own way and time. They may try to hinder my success but I _never_
+theirs."
+
+Realizing that it would be futile for her to spend any more time
+trying to persuade the American Equal Rights Association to help her
+with her woman suffrage campaign, she now formed a small committee of
+her own, headed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton. It included Elizabeth Smith
+Miller, the liberal wealthy daughter of Gerrit Smith, Abby Hopper
+Gibbons, the Quaker philanthropist and social worker; and Mary Cheney
+Greeley, the wife of Horace Greeley, who, in spite of the fact that
+her husband now opposed woman suffrage, continued to take her stand
+for it. This committee, with _The Revolution_ as its mouthpiece, was
+soon acting as a clearing house for woman suffrage organizations
+throughout the country and called itself the Woman's Suffrage
+Association of America.
+
+To the national Republican convention in Chicago which nominated
+General Grant for President, these women sent a carefully worded
+memorial asking that the rights of women be recognized in the
+reconstruction. It was ignored. Thereupon Susan turned to the
+Democrats, attending with Mrs. Stanton a preconvention rally in New
+York, addressed by Governor Horatio Seymour. Given seats of honor on
+the platform, they attracted considerable attention and the New York
+_Sun_ commented editorially that this honor conferred upon them by the
+Democrats not only committed Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton to Governor
+Seymour's views but also committed the Democrats to incorporate a
+woman suffrage plank in their platform.
+
+This was too much for some of the officers of the American Equal
+Rights Association, whose executive committee now adopted a sarcastic
+resolution proposing that Susan attend the national Democratic
+convention and prove her confidence in the Democrats by securing a
+plank in their platform.
+
+Ignoring the unfriendly implications of this resolution and the
+ridicule heaped upon her by the New York City papers, Susan made plans
+to attend the Democratic convention, which for the first time since
+the war was bringing northern and southern Democrats together for the
+dedication of their new, imposing headquarters, Tammany Hall, and
+which was also attracting many liberals who, disgusted by the
+corruption of the Republicans, were looking for a "new departure" from
+the Democrats. To the amazement of the delegates, Susan with Mrs.
+Stanton and several other women walked into the convention when it was
+well under way and sent a memorial up to Governor Seymour who was
+presiding. He received it graciously, announcing that he held in his
+hand a memorial of the women of the United States signed by Susan B.
+Anthony, and then turned it over to the secretary to be read while the
+audience shouted and cheered. The sonorous passages demanding the
+enfranchisement of women rang out through and above the bedlam: "We
+appeal to you because ... you have been the party heretofore to extend
+the suffrage. It was the Democratic party that fought most valiantly
+for the removal of the 'property qualification' from all white men and
+thereby placed the poorest ditch digger on a political level with the
+proudest millionaire.... And now you have an opportunity to confer a
+similar boon on the women of the country and thus ... perpetuate your
+political power for decades to come...."[216]
+
+To hear these words read in a national political convention was to
+Susan worth any ridicule she might be forced to endure. She was not
+allowed to speak to the convention as she had requested, and shouts
+and jeers continued as her memorial was hurriedly referred to the
+Resolutions committee where it could be conveniently overlooked.
+
+The Republican press reported the incident with sarcasm and animosity,
+the _Tribune_ deeply wounding her: "Miss Susan B. Anthony has our
+sincere pity. She has been an ardent suitor of democracy, and they
+rejected her overtures yesterday with screams of laughter."[217]
+
+The Democrats' nomination of Horatio Seymour and Frank Blair was as
+reactionary and unpromising of a "new departure" as was the choice of
+General Grant and Schuyler Colfax by the Republicans. Thereupon _The
+Revolution_ called for a new party, a people's party which would be
+sincerely devoted to the welfare of all the people. So strongly did
+Susan feel about this that in one of her few signed editorials she
+declared, "Both the great political parties pretending to save the
+country are only endeavoring to save themselves.... In their hands
+humanity has no hope.... The sooner their power is broken as parties
+the better.... _The Revolution_ calls for construction, not
+reconstruction.... Who will aid us in our grand enterprise of a
+nation's salvation?"[218]
+
+To "darling Anna" she wrote more specifically, "Both parties are owned
+body and soul by the _Gold Gamblers_ of the Nation--and so far as the
+honest working men and women of the country are concerned, it matters
+very little which succeeds. Oh that the Gods would inspire men of
+influence and money to move for a third party--universal suffrage and
+anti-monopolist of land and gold."[219]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[207] July 6, 1866, Anna E. Dickinson Papers, Library of Congress.
+
+[208] _The Revolution_, I, Jan. 8, 1868, pp. 1-12.
+
+[209] _Ibid._
+
+[210] _Ibid._, April 23, June 25, 1868, pp. 49, 392.
+
+[211] Harper, _Anthony_, I, pp. 296-297, 302-303; _The Revolution_, I,
+Jan. 22, 1868, p. 34.
+
+[212] _The Revolution_, I, Jan. 29, 1868, p. 243.
+
+[213] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 301.
+
+[214] March 18, May 4, 1868, Anna E. Dickinson Papers, Library of
+Congress. Susan had a room at the Stantons until they prepared to move
+to their new home in Tenafly, New Jersey.
+
+[215] Aug. 20, 1868, Higginson Papers, Boston Public Library.
+
+[216] _The Revolution_, II, July 9, 1868, p. 1.
+
+[217] _Ibid._, July 16, 1868, p. 17.
+
+[218] _Ibid._, Aug. 6, 1868, p. 72.
+
+[219] July 10, 1868, Anna E. Dickinson Papers, Library of Congress.
+
+
+
+
+WORK, WAGES, AND THE BALLOT
+
+
+In her zeal to promote the welfare of all the people, Susan now turned
+her attention to the workingwomen of New York, whose low wages, long
+hours, and unhealthy working and living conditions had troubled her
+for a long time. Women were being forced out of the home into the
+factory by a changing and expanding economy, and at last were being
+paid for their work. However, the women she met on the streets of New
+York, hurrying to work at dawn and returning late at night, weary,
+pale, and shabbily dressed, had none of the confidence of the
+economically independent. They had merely exchanged one form of
+slavery for another. She saw the ballot as their most powerful ally,
+and as she told the factory girls of Cohoes, New York, they could
+compel their employers to grant them a ten-hour day, equal opportunity
+for advancement, and equal pay, the moment they held the ballot in
+their hands.[220]
+
+As yet labor unions were few and short-lived. The women tailors of New
+York had formed a union as early as 1825, but it had not survived, and
+later attempts to form women's unions had rarely been successful. A
+few men's unions had weathered the years, but they had not enrolled
+women, fearing their competition. Women were welcomed only by the
+National Labor Union, established in Baltimore in 1866 for the purpose
+of federating all unions.
+
+When the National Labor Union Congress met in New York in September
+1868, Susan saw an opportunity for women to take part, and in
+preparation she called a group of workingwomen together in _The
+Revolution_ office to form a Workingwomen's Association which she
+hoped would eventually represent all of the trades. At this meeting,
+the majority were from the printing trade, typesetters operating the
+newly invented typesetting machines, press feeders, bookbinders, and
+clerks, in whom she had become interested through her venture in
+publishing. She wanted them to call their organization the
+Workingwomen's Suffrage Association, but they refused, because they
+feared the public's disapproval of woman suffrage and were convinced
+they should not seek political rights until they had improved their
+working conditions. She could not make them see that they were
+putting the cart before the horse. They did, however, form
+Workingwomen's Association No. 1, electing her their delegate to the
+National Labor Congress.
+
+Next she called a meeting of the women in the sewing trades, and with
+the help of men from the National Labor Union, persuaded a hundred of
+them to form Workingwomen's Association No. 2. Most of these women
+were seamstresses making men's shirts, women's coats, vests, lace
+collars, hoop skirts, corsets, fur garments, and straw hats, but also
+represented were women from the umbrella, parasol, and paper collar
+industry, metal burnishers, and saleswomen. Most of them were young
+girls who worked from ten to fourteen hours a day, from six in the
+morning until eight at night, and earned from $4 to $8 a week.
+
+"You must not work for these starving prices any longer ...," Susan
+told them. "Have a spirit of independence among you, 'a wholesome
+discontent,' as Ralph Waldo Emerson has said, and you will get better
+wages for yourselves. Get together and discuss, and meet again and
+again.... I will come and talk to you...."[221] They elected Mrs. Mary
+Kellogg Putnam to represent them at the National Labor Congress.
+
+With Mrs. Putnam and Kate Mullaney, the able president of the Collar
+Laundry Union of Troy, New York, with Mary A. MacDonald of the Women's
+Protective Labor Union of Mt. Vernon, New York, and Mrs. Stanton,
+representing the Woman's Suffrage Association of America, Susan
+knocked at the door of the National Labor Congress. All were welcomed
+but Mrs. Stanton, who represented a woman suffrage organization and
+whose acceptance the rank and file feared might indicate to the public
+that the Labor Congress endorsed votes for women.
+
+The women had a friend in William H. Sylvis of the Iron Molders'
+Union, who was the driving force behind the National Labor Congress,
+and he made it clear at once that he welcomed Mrs. Stanton and
+everyone else who believed in his cause. So strong, however, was the
+opposition to woman suffrage among union men that eighteen threatened
+to resign if Mrs. Stanton were admitted as a delegate. The debate
+continued, giving Susan an opportunity to explain why the ballot was
+important to workingwomen. "It is the power of the ballot," she
+declared, "that makes men successful in their strikes."[222] She
+recommended that both men and women be enrolled in unions, pointing
+out that had this been done, women typesetters would not have replaced
+men at lower wages in the recent strike of printers on the New York
+_World_. Finally a resolution was adopted, making it clear that Mrs.
+Stanton's acceptance in no way committed the National Labor Congress
+to her "peculiar ideas" or to "Female Suffrage."
+
+A committee on female labor was then appointed with Susan as one of
+its members. At once she tried to show the committee how the vote
+would help women in their struggle for higher wages. She had at hand a
+perfect example in the unsuccessful strike of Kate Mullaney's strong,
+well-organized union of 500 collar laundry workers in Troy, New York.
+Aware that Kate blamed their defeat on the ruthless newspaper
+campaign, inspired and paid for by employers, Susan asked her, "If you
+had been 500 carpenters or 500 masons, do you not think you would have
+succeeded?"[223]
+
+"Certainly," Kate Mullaney replied, adding that the striking
+bricklayers had won everything they demanded. Susan then reminded her
+that because the bricklayers were voters, newspapers respected them
+and would hesitate to arouse their displeasure, realizing that in the
+next election they would need the votes of all union men for their
+candidates. "If you collar women had been voters," she told them, "you
+too would have held the balance of political power in that little city
+of Troy."
+
+Susan convinced the committee on female labor, and in their strong
+report to the convention they urged women "to secure the ballot" as
+well as "to learn the trades, engage in business, join labor unions or
+form protective unions of their own, ... and use every other honorable
+means to persuade or force employers to do justice to women by paying
+them equal wages for equal work." These women also called upon the
+National Labor Congress to aid the organization of women's unions, to
+demand the eight-hour day for women as well as men, and to ask
+Congress and state legislatures to pass laws providing equal pay for
+women in government employ. The phrase, "to secure the ballot," was
+quickly challenged by some of the men and had to be deleted before the
+report was accepted; but this setback was as nothing to Susan in
+comparison with the friends she had made for woman suffrage among
+prominent labor leaders and with the fact that a woman, Kate Mullaney
+of Troy, had been chosen assistant secretary of the National Labor
+Union and its national organizer of women.[224]
+
+The National Labor Union Congress won high praise in _The Revolution_
+as laying the foundation of the new political party of America which
+would be triumphant in 1872. "The producers, the working-men, the
+women, the Negroes," _The Revolution_ declared, "are destined to form
+a triple power that shall speedily wrest the sceptre of government
+from the non-producers, the land monopolists, the bondholders, and the
+politicians."[225]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+One of the most encouraging signs at this time was the friendliness of
+the New York _World_, whose reporters covered the meetings of the
+Workingwomen's Association with sympathy, arousing much local
+interest. Reprinting these reports and supplementing them, _The
+Revolution_ carried their import farther afield, bringing to the
+attention of many the wisdom and justice of equal pay for equal work,
+and the need to organize workingwomen and to provide training and
+trade schools for them. _The Revolution_ continually spurred women on
+to improve themselves, to learn new skills, and actually to do equal
+work if they expected equal pay.
+
+When reports reached Susan that women in the printing trade were
+afraid of manual labor, of getting their hands and fingers dirty, and
+of lifting heavy galleys, she quickly let them know that she had no
+patience with this. "Those who stay at home," she told them, "have to
+wash kettles and lift wash tubs and black stoves until their hands are
+blackened and hardened. In this spirit, you must go to work on your
+cases of type. Are these cases heavier than a wash tub filled with
+water and clothes, or the old cheese tubs?... The trouble is either
+that girls are not educated to have physical strength or else they do
+not like to use it. If a union of women is to succeed, it must be
+composed of strength, nerve, courage, and persistence, with no fear of
+dirtying their white fingers, but with a determination that when they
+go into an office they would go through all that was required of them
+and demand just as high wages as the men....
+
+"Make up your mind," she continued, "to take the 'lean' with the
+'fat,' and be early and late at the case precisely as the men are. I
+do not demand equal pay for any women save those who do equal work in
+value. Scorn to be coddled by your employers; make them understand
+that you are in their service as workers, not as women."[226]
+
+Workingwomen's associations now existed in Boston, St. Louis, Chicago,
+San Francisco and other cities, encouraged and aroused by the efforts
+at organization in New York. These associations occasionally exchanged
+ideas, and news of all of them was published in _The Revolution_. The
+groups in Boston and in the outlying textile mills were particularly
+active, and Susan brought to her next suffrage convention in
+Washington in 1870 Jennie Collins of Lowell who was ably leading a
+strike against a cut in wages. The newspapers, too, began to notice
+workingwomen, publishing articles about their working and living
+conditions.
+
+Trying to amalgamate the various groups in New York, Susan now formed
+a Workingwomen's Central Association, of which she was elected
+president. To its meetings she brought interesting speakers and
+practical reports on wages, hours, and working conditions. She herself
+picked up a great deal of useful information in her daily round as she
+talked with this one and that one. On her walks to and from work, in
+all kinds of weather, she met poorly clad women carrying sacks and
+baskets in which they collected rags, scraps of paper, bones, old
+shoes, and anything worth rescuing from "garbage boxes." With
+friendliness and good cheer, she greeted these ragpickers, sometimes
+stopping to talk with them about their work, and through her interest
+brought several into the Workingwomen's Association. Looking forward
+to surveys on all women's occupations, she started out by appointing a
+committee to investigate the ragpickers, many of whom lived in
+tumbledown slab shanties on the rocky land which is now a part of
+Central Park.
+
+This investigation revealed that more than half of the 1200 ragpickers
+were women and that it was the one occupation in which women had equal
+opportunity with men and received equal compensation for their day's
+work. Average earnings ranged from forty cents a day to ten dollars a
+week. The report, highly sentimental in the light of today's
+scientific approach, was a promising beginning, a survey made by women
+themselves in their own interest--the forerunner of the reports of the
+Labor Department's Women's Bureau.
+
+Cooperatives appealed to Susan as they did to many labor leaders as
+the best means of freeing labor. When the Sewing Machine Operators
+Union tried to establish a shop where their members could share the
+profits of their labor, she did her best to help them, hoping to see
+them gain economic independence in a light airy clean shop where
+wealthy women, eager to help their sisters, would patronize them.
+However, the wealthy women to whom she appealed to finance this
+project did not respond, looking upon a cooperative as a first step
+toward socialism and a threat to their own profits. She was able,
+however, to arouse a glimmer of interest among the members of the
+newly formed literary club, Sorosis, in the problems of working women.
+
+She had the satisfaction of seeing women typesetters form their own
+union in 1869, and this was, according to the Albany _Daily
+Knickerbocker_, "the first move of the kind ever made in the country
+by any class of labor, to place woman on a par with man as regards
+standing, intelligence, and manual ability."[227] _The Revolution_
+encouraged this union by printing notices of its meetings and urging
+all women compositors to join. In signed articles, Susan pointed out
+how wages had improved since the union was organized. "A little more
+Union, girls," she said, "and soon all employers will come up to 45
+cents, the price paid men.... So join the Union, girls, and together
+say _Equal Pay for Equal Work_."[228]
+
+Eager to bring more women into the printing trade where wages were
+higher, she tried in every possible way to establish trade schools for
+them. She looked forward to a printing business run entirely by women,
+giving employment to hundreds. So obsessed was she by the idea of a
+trade school for women compositors that when printers in New York went
+on a strike, she saw an opportunity for women to take their places and
+appealed by letter and in person to a group of employers "to
+contribute liberally for the purpose of enabling us to establish a
+training school for girls in the art of typesetting." Explaining that
+hundreds of young women, now stitching at starvation wages, were ready
+and eager to learn the trade, she added, "Give us the means and we
+will soon give you competent women compositors."[229] Having learned
+by experience that men always kept women out of their field of labor
+unless forced by circumstances to admit them, she also urged young
+women to take the places of striking typesetters at whatever wage
+they could get.
+
+It never occurred to her in her eagerness to bring women into a new
+occupation that she might be breaking the strike. She saw only women's
+opportunity to prove to employers that they were able to do the work
+and to show the Typographical Union that they should admit women as
+members. Labor men, however, soon let her know how much they
+disapproved of her strategy. She tried to explain her motives to them,
+that she was trying to fit these women to earn equal wages with men.
+She reminded these men of how hard it was for women to get into the
+printing trade and how they had refused to admit women to their union;
+and she called their attention to her whole-hearted support of the
+lately formed Women's Typographical Union.
+
+Some of the men were never convinced and never forgot this misstep,
+bringing it up at the National Labor Union Congress in Philadelphia in
+1869, which Susan attended as a delegate of the New York
+Workingwomen's Association. Here she found herself facing an
+unfriendly group without the support of William H. Sylvis, who had
+recently died. For three days they debated her eligibility as a
+delegate, first expressing fear that her admission would commit the
+Labor Congress to woman suffrage. When she won 55 votes against 52 in
+opposition, Typographical Union No. 6 of New York brought accusations
+against her which aroused suspicion in the minds of many union
+members. They pointed out that she belonged to no union, and they
+called her an enemy of labor because she had encouraged women to take
+men's jobs during the printers' strike. They could not or would not
+understand that in urging women to take men's jobs, she had been
+fighting for women just as they fought for their union, and they
+completely overlooked how continuously and effectively she had
+supported the Women's Typographical Union. Her _Revolution_, they
+claimed, was printed at less than union rates in a "rat office" and
+her explanation was not satisfactory. That it was printed on contract
+outside her office was no answer to satisfy union men who could not
+realize on what a scant margin her paper operated or how gladly she
+would have set up a union shop had the funds been available.
+
+Not only were these accusations repeated again and again, they were
+also carried far and wide by the press, with the result that Susan was
+not only kept out of the Labor Congress but was even sharply
+criticized by some members of her Workingwomen's Association.
+
+"As to the charges which were made by Typographical Union No. 6," she
+reported to this Association, "no one believes them; and I don't think
+they are worth answering. I admit that this Workingwomen's Association
+is not a _trade_ organization; and while I join heart and hand with
+the working people in their trades unions, and in everything else by
+which they can protect themselves against the oppression of
+capitalists and employers, I say that this organization of ours is
+more upon the broad platform of philosophizing on the general
+questions of labor, and to discuss what can be done to ameliorate the
+condition of working people generally."[230]
+
+She was not without friends in the ranks of labor, however, the New
+England delegates giving her their support. The New York _World_, very
+fair in its coverage of the heated debates, declared, "Of her devotion
+to the cause of workingwomen, there can be no question."[231]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The activities of the Workingwomen's Association had by this time
+begun to irk employers, and some of them threatened instant dismissal
+of any employee who reported her wages or hours to these meddling
+women. Fear of losing their jobs now hung over many while others were
+forbidden by their fathers, husbands, and brothers to have anything to
+do with strong-minded Susan B. Anthony.
+
+To counteract this disintegrating influence and to bring all classes
+of women together in their fight for equal rights, Susan persuaded the
+popular lecturer, Anna E. Dickinson, to speak for the Workingwomen's
+Association at Cooper Union. This, however, only added fuel to the
+flames, for Anna, in an emotional speech, "A Struggle for Life," told
+the tragic story of Hester Vaughn, a workingwoman who had been accused
+of murdering her illegitimate child. Found in a critical condition
+with her dead baby beside her, Hester Vaughn had been charged with
+infanticide, tried without proper defense, and convicted by a
+prejudiced court, although there was no proof that she had
+deliberately killed her child. At Susan's instigation, the
+Workingwomen's Association sent a woman physician, Dr. Clemence
+Lozier, and the well-known author, Eleanor Kirk, to Philadelphia to
+investigate the case. Both were convinced of Hester Vaughn's
+innocence.
+
+With the aid of Elizabeth Cady Stanton's courageous editorials in _The
+Revolution_, Susan made such an issue of the conviction of Hester
+Vaughn that many newspapers accused her of obstructing justice and
+advocating free love, and this provided a moral weapon for her critics
+to use in their fight against the growing independence of women.
+Eventually her efforts and those of her colleagues won a pardon for
+Hester Vaughn. At the same time the publicity given this case served
+to educate women on a subject heretofore taboo, showing them that
+poverty and a double standard of morals made victims of young women
+like Hester Vaughn. Susan also made use of this case to point out the
+need for women jurors to insure an unprejudiced trial. She even
+suggested that Columbia University Law School open its doors to women
+so that a few of them might be able to understand their rights under
+the law and bring aid to their less fortunate sisters.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Under Susan's guidance, the Workingwomen's Association continued to
+hold meetings as long as she remained in New York. In its limited way,
+it carried on much-needed educational work, building up self-respect
+and confidence among workingwomen, stirring up "a wholesome
+discontent," and preparing the way for women's unions. The public
+responded. At Cooper Union, telegraphy courses were opened to women;
+the New York Business School, at Susan's instigation, offered young
+women scholarships in bookkeeping; and there were repeated requests
+for the enrollment of women in the College of New York.
+
+Living in the heart of this rapidly growing, sprawling city, Susan saw
+much to distress her and pondered over the disturbing social
+conditions, looking for a way to relieve poverty and wipe out crime
+and corruption. She saw luxury, extravagance, and success for the few,
+while half of the population lived in the slums in dilapidated houses
+and in damp cellars, often four or five to a room. Immigrants,
+continually pouring in from Europe, overtaxed the already inadequate
+housing, and unfamiliar with our language and customs, were the easy
+prey of corrupt politicians. Many were homeless, sleeping in the
+streets and parks until the rain or cold drove them into police
+stations for warmth and shelter. Susan longed to bring order and
+cleanliness, good homes and good government to this overcrowded city,
+and again and again she came to the conclusion that votes for women,
+which meant a voice in the government, would be the most potent factor
+for reform.
+
+Yet she did not close her mind to other avenues of reform. Seeing
+reflected in the life of the city the excesses, the injustice, and the
+unsoundness of laissez-faire capitalism, she spoke out fearlessly in
+_The Revolution_ against its abuses, such as the fortunes made out of
+the low wages and long hours of labor, or the Wall Street speculation
+to corner the gold market, or the efforts to take over the public
+lands of the West through grants to the transcontinental railroads.
+Her active mind also sought a solution of the complicated currency
+problem. In fact there was no public question which she hesitated to
+approach, to think out or attempt to solve. She did not keep her
+struggle for woman suffrage aloof from the pressing problems of the
+day. Instead she kept it abreast of the times, keenly alive to social,
+political, and economic issues, and involved in current public
+affairs.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[220] Feb. 18, 1868, Anna E. Dickinson Papers, Library of Congress.
+
+[221] _The Revolution_, II, Sept. 24, 1868, p. 198. L. A. Hines of
+Cincinnati, publisher of Hine's Quarterly, assisted Miss Anthony in
+organizing women in the sewing trades.
+
+[222] _Ibid._, p. 204.
+
+[223] Harper, _Anthony_, II, pp. 999-1000.
+
+[224] _The Revolution_, II, Oct. 1, 1868, p. 204.
+
+[225] _Ibid._, p. 200.
+
+[226] _Ibid._, Oct. 8, 1868, p. 214. A Woman's Exchange was also
+initiated by the Workingwomen's Association.
+
+[227] _Ibid._, June 24, 1869, p. 394.
+
+[228] _Ibid._, March 18, 1869, p. 173.
+
+[229] _Ibid._, Feb. 4, 1869, p. 73.
+
+[230] _Ibid._, Sept. 9, 1869, p. 154.
+
+[231] _Ibid._, Aug. 26, 1869, p. 120.
+
+
+
+
+THE INADEQUATE FIFTEENTH AMENDMENT
+
+
+The Fourteenth Amendment had been ratified in July 1868, but
+Republicans found it inadequate because it did not specifically
+enfranchise Negroes. More than ever convinced that they needed the
+Negro vote in order to continue in power, they prepared to supplement
+it by a Fifteenth Amendment, which Susan hoped would be drafted to
+enfranchise women as well as Negroes. Immediately through her Woman's
+Suffrage Association of America, she petitioned Congress to make no
+distinction between men and women in any amendment extending or
+regulating suffrage.
+
+She and Elizabeth Stanton also persuaded their good friends, Senator
+Pomeroy of Kansas and Congressman Julian of Indiana, to introduce in
+December 1868 resolutions providing that suffrage be based on
+citizenship, be regulated by Congress, and that all citizens, native
+or naturalized, enjoy this right without distinction of race, color,
+or sex. Before the end of the month, Senator Wilson of Massachusetts
+and Congressman Julian had introduced other resolutions to enfranchise
+women in the District of Columbia and in the territories. Even the New
+York _Herald_ could see no reason why "the experiment" of woman
+suffrage should not be tried in the District of Columbia.[232]
+
+To focus attention on woman suffrage at this crucial time, Susan, in
+January 1869, called together the first woman suffrage convention ever
+held in Washington. No only did it attract women from as far west as
+Illinois, Missouri, and Kansas, but Senator Pomeroy lent it importance
+by his opening speech, and through the detailed and respectful
+reporting of the New York _World_ and of Grace Greenwood of the
+Philadelphia _Press_ it received nationwide notice.
+
+Congress, however, gave little heed to women's demands. "The
+experiment" of woman suffrage in the District of Columbia was not
+tried and nothing came of the resolutions for universal suffrage
+introduced by Pomeroy, Julian, and Wilson. In spite of all Susan's
+efforts to have the word "sex" added to the Fifteenth Amendment, she
+soon faced the bitter disappointment of seeing a version ignoring
+women submitted to the states for ratification: "The right of citizens
+of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the
+United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous
+condition of servitude."
+
+The blatant omission of the word "sex" forced Susan and Mrs. Stanton
+to initiate an amendment of their own, a Sixteenth Amendment, and
+again Congressman Julian came to their aid, although he too regarded
+Negro suffrage as more "immediately important and absorbing"[233] than
+suffrage for women. On March 15, 1869, at one of the first sessions of
+the newly elected Congress, he introduced an amendment to the
+Constitution, providing that the right of suffrage be based on
+citizenship without any distinction or discrimination because of sex.
+This was the first federal woman suffrage amendment ever proposed in
+Congress.
+
+Opportunity to campaign for this amendment was now offered Susan and
+Elizabeth Stanton as they addressed a series of conventions in Ohio,
+Illinois, Wisconsin, and Missouri. Press notices were good, a
+Milwaukee paper describing Susan as "an earnest enthusiastic, fiery
+woman--ready, apt, witty and what a politician would call sharp ...
+radical in the strongest sense," making "radical everything she
+touches."[234] She found woman suffrage sentiment growing by leaps and
+bounds in the West and western men ready to support a federal woman
+suffrage amendment.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+With a lighter heart than she had had in many a day and with new
+subscriptions to _The Revolution_, Susan returned to New York. She
+moved the _Revolution_ office to the first floor of the Women's
+Bureau, a large four-story brownstone house at 49 East Twenty-third
+Street, near Fifth Avenue, which had been purchased by a wealthy New
+Yorker, Mrs. Elizabeth Phelps, who looked forward to establishing a
+center where women's organizations could meet and where any woman
+interested in the advancement of her sex would find encouragement and
+inspiration. Susan's hopes were high for the Women's Bureau, and in
+this most respectable, fashionable, and even elegant setting, she
+expected her _Revolution_, in spite of its inflammable name, to live
+down its turbulent past and win new friends and subscribers.[235]
+
+She made one last effort to resuscitate the American Equal Rights
+Association, writing personal letters to old friends, urging that past
+differences be forgotten and that all rededicate themselves to
+establishing universal suffrage by means of the Sixteenth Amendment.
+She was optimistic as she prepared for a convention in New York,
+particularly as one obstacle to unity had been removed. George Francis
+Train had voluntarily severed all connections with _The Revolution_ to
+devote himself to freeing Ireland. She soon found, however, that the
+misunderstandings between her and her old antislavery friends were far
+deeper than George Francis Train, although he would for a long time be
+blamed for them. The Fifteenth Amendment was still a bone of
+contention and _The Revolution's_ continued editorials against it
+widened the breach.
+
+The fireworks were set off in the convention of the American Equal
+Rights Association by Stephen S. Foster, who objected to the
+nomination of Susan and Mrs. Stanton as officers of the Association
+because they had in his opinion repudiated its principles. When asked
+to explain further, he replied that not only had they published a
+paper advocating educated suffrage while the Association stood for
+universal suffrage but they had shown themselves unfit by
+collaboration with George Francis Train who ridiculed Negroes and
+opposed their enfranchisement.
+
+Trying to pour oil on the troubled waters, Mary Livermore, the popular
+new delegate from Chicago, asked whether it was quite fair to bring up
+George Francis Train when he had retired from _The Revolution_.
+
+To this Stephen Foster sternly replied, "If _The Revolution_ which has
+so often endorsed George Francis Train will repudiate him because of
+his course in respect to the Negro's rights, I have nothing further to
+say. But they do not repudiate him. He goes out; but they do not cast
+him out."[236]
+
+"Of course we do not," Susan instantly protested.
+
+Mr. Foster then objected to the way Susan had spent the funds of the
+Association, accusing her of failing to keep adequate accounts.
+
+This she emphatically denied, explaining that she had presented a full
+accounting to the trust fund committee, that it had been audited, and
+she had been voted $1,000 to repay her for the amount she had
+personally advanced for the work.
+
+Unwilling to accept her explanation and calling it unreliable, he
+continued his complaints until interrupted by Henry Blackwell who
+corroborated Susan's statement, adding that she had refused the $1,000
+due her because of the dissatisfaction expressed over her management.
+Declaring himself completely satisfied with the settlement and
+confident of the purity of Susan's motives even if some of her
+expenditures were unwise, Henry Blackwell continued, "I will agree
+that many unwise things have been written in _The Revolution_ by a
+gentleman who furnished part of the means by which the paper has been
+carried on. But that gentleman has withdrawn, and you, who know the
+real opinions of Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton on the question of
+Negro suffrage, do not believe that they mean to create antagonism
+between the Negro and woman question...."
+
+To Susan's great relief Henry Blackwell's explanation satisfied the
+delegates, who gave her and Mrs. Stanton a vote of confidence. Not so
+easily healed, however, were the wounds left by the accusations of
+mismanagement and dishonesty.
+
+The atmosphere was still tense, for differences of opinion on policy
+remained. Most of the old reliable workers stood unequivocally for the
+Fifteenth Amendment, which they regarded as the crowning achievement
+of the antislavery movement, and they heartily disapproved of forcing
+the issue of woman suffrage on Congress and the people at this time.
+Although they had been deeply moved by the suffering of Negro women
+under slavery and had used this as a telling argument for
+emancipation, they now gave no thought to Negro women, who, even more
+than Negro men, needed the vote to safeguard their rights. Believing
+with the Republicans that one reform at a time was all they could
+expect, they did not want to hear one word about woman suffrage or a
+Sixteenth Amendment until male Negroes were safely enfranchised by the
+Fifteenth Amendment.
+
+Offering a resolution endorsing the Fifteenth Amendment, Frederick
+Douglass quoted Julia Ward Howe as saying, "I am willing that the
+Negro shall get the ballot before me," and he added, "I cannot see how
+anyone can pretend that there is the same urgency in giving the ballot
+to women as to the Negro."
+
+Quick as a flash, Susan was on her feet, challenging his statements,
+and as the dauntless champion of women debated the question with the
+dark-skinned fiery Negro, the friendship and warm affection built up
+between them over the years occasionally shone through the sharp words
+they spoke to each other.
+
+"The old antislavery school says that women must stand back," declared
+Susan, "that they must wait until male Negroes are voters. But we say,
+if you will not give the whole loaf of justice to an entire people,
+give it to the most intelligent first."
+
+Here she was greeted with applause and continued, "If intelligence,
+justice, and morality are to be placed in the government, then let the
+question of woman be brought up first and that of the Negro last....
+Mr. Douglass talks about the wrongs of the Negro, how he is hunted
+down ..., but with all the wrongs and outrages that he today suffers,
+he would not exchange his sex and take the place of Elizabeth Cady
+Stanton."
+
+"I want to know," shouted Frederick Douglass, "if granting you the
+right of suffrage will change the nature of our sexes?"
+
+"It will change the pecuniary position of woman," Susan retorted
+before the shouts of laughter had died down. "She will not be
+compelled to take hold of only such employments as man chooses for
+her."
+
+Lucy Stone, who so often in her youth had pleaded with Susan and
+Frederick Douglass for both the Negro and women, now entered the
+argument. She had matured, but her voice had lost none of its
+conviction or its power to sway an audience. Disagreeing with
+Douglass's assertion that Negro suffrage was more urgent than woman
+suffrage, she pointed out that white women of the North were robbed of
+their children by the law just as Negro women had been by slavery.
+
+This was balm to Susan's soul, but with Lucy's next words she lost all
+hope that her old friend would cast her lot wholeheartedly with women
+at this time. "Woman has an ocean of wrongs too deep for any plummet,"
+Lucy continued, "and the Negro too has an ocean of wrongs that cannot
+be fathomed. But I thank God for the Fifteenth Amendment, and hope
+that it will be adopted in every state. I will be thankful in my soul
+if anybody can get out of the terrible pit....
+
+"I believe," she admitted, "that the national safety of the government
+would be more promoted by the admission of women as an element of
+restoration and harmony than the other. I believe that the influence
+of woman will save the country before every other influence. I see the
+signs of the times pointing to this consummation. I believe that in
+some parts of the country women will vote for the President of these
+United States in 1872."
+
+Susan grew impatient as Lucy shifted from one side to the other,
+straddling the issue. Her own clear-cut approach, earning for her the
+reputation of always hitting the nail on the head, made Lucy's seem
+like temporizing.
+
+The men now took control, criticizing the amount of time given to the
+discussion of woman's rights, and voted endorsement of the Fifteenth
+Amendment. Nevertheless, a small group of determined women continued
+their fight, Susan declaring with spirit that she protested against
+the Fifteenth Amendment because it was not Equal Rights and would put
+2,000,000 more men in the position of tyrants over 2,000,000 women who
+until now had been the equals of the Negro men at their side.[237]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It was now clear to Susan and to the few women who worked closely with
+her that they needed a strong organization of their own and that it
+was folly to waste more time on the Equal Rights Association. Western
+delegates, disappointed in the convention's lack of interest in woman
+suffrage, expressed themselves freely. They had been sorely tried by
+the many speeches on extraneous subjects which cluttered the meetings,
+the heritage of a free-speech policy handed down by antislavery
+societies.
+
+"That Equal Rights Association is an awful humbug," exploded Mary
+Livermore to Susan. "I would not have come on to the anniversary, nor
+would any of us, if we had known what it was. We supposed we were
+coming to a woman suffrage convention."[238]
+
+At a reception for all the delegates held at the Women's Bureau at the
+close of the convention, this dissatisfaction culminated in a
+spontaneous demand for a new organization which would concentrate on
+woman suffrage and the Sixteenth Amendment. Alert to the
+possibilities, Susan directed this demand into concrete action by
+turning the reception temporarily into a business meeting. The result
+was the formation of the National Woman Suffrage Association by women
+from nineteen states, with Mrs. Stanton as president and Susan as a
+member of the executive committee. The younger women of the West,
+trusting the judgment of Susan and Mrs. Stanton, looked to them for
+leadership, as did a few of the old workers in the East--Ernestine
+Rose, always in the vanguard, Paulina Wright Davis, Elizabeth Smith
+Miller, Lucretia Mott, who although holding no office in the new
+organization gave it her support, Martha C. Wright, and Matilda Joslyn
+Gage who never wavered in her allegiance. Lucy Stone, who would have
+found it hard even to step into the _Revolution_ office, did not
+attend the reception at the Women's Bureau or take part in the
+formation of the new woman suffrage organization.
+
+[Illustration: Paulina Wright Davis]
+
+Aided and abetted by her new National Woman Suffrage Association,
+Susan continued her opposition in _The Revolution_ to the Fifteenth
+Amendment until it was ratified in 1870.
+
+So incensed was the Boston group by _The Revolution's_ opposition to
+the Fifteenth Amendment, so displeased was Lucy Stone by the formation
+of the National Woman Suffrage Association without consultation with
+her, one of the oldest workers in the field, that they began to talk
+of forming a national woman suffrage organization of their own. They
+charged Susan with lust for power and autocratic control. Mrs. Stanton
+they found equally objectionable because of her radical views on sex,
+marriage, and divorce, expressed in _The Revolution_ in connection
+with the Hester Vaughn case. They sincerely felt that the course of
+woman suffrage would run more smoothly, arouse less antagonism, and
+make more progress without these two militants who were forever
+stirring things up and introducing extraneous subjects.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+During these trying days of accusations, animosity, and rival
+factions, Mrs. Stanton's unwavering support was a great comfort to
+Susan as was the joy of having a paper to carry her message.
+
+In addition to all the responsibilities connected with publishing her
+weekly paper, advertising, subscriptions, editorial policy, and
+raising the money to pay the bills, Susan was also holding successful
+conventions in Saratoga and Newport where men and women of wealth and
+influence gathered for the summer; she was traveling out to St. Louis,
+Chicago, and other western cities to speak on woman suffrage, making
+trips to Washington to confer with Congressmen, getting petitions for
+the Sixteenth Amendment circulated, and through all this, building up
+the National Woman Suffrage Association.
+
+The _Revolution_ office became the rallying point for a
+forward-looking group of women, many of whom contributed to the
+hard-hitting liberal sheet. Elizabeth Tilton, the lovely dark-haired
+young wife of the popular lecturer and editor of the _Independent_,
+selected the poetry. Alice and Phoebe Cary gladly offered poems and a
+novel; and when Susan was away, Phoebe Cary often helped Mrs. Stanton
+get out the paper. Elizabeth Smith Miller gave money, encouragement,
+and invaluable aid with her translations of interesting letters which
+_The Revolution_ received from France and Germany. Laura Curtis
+Bullard, the heir to the Dr. Winslow-Soothing-Syrup fortune, who
+traveled widely in Europe, sent letters from abroad and took a lively
+interest in the paper. Another new recruit was Lillie Devereux Blake,
+who was gaining a reputation as a writer and who soon proved to be a
+brilliant orator and an invaluable worker in the New York City
+suffrage group. Dr. Clemence S. Lozier, unfailingly gave her support,
+and her calm assurance strengthened Susan. The wealthy Paulina Wright
+Davis of Providence, Rhode Island, who followed Parker Pillsbury as
+editor, when he felt obliged to resign for financial reasons, gave the
+paper generous financial backing.
+
+[Illustration: Isabella Beecher Hooker]
+
+It was Mrs. Davis who brought into the fold the half sister of Henry
+Ward Beecher, Isabella Beecher Hooker, a queenly woman, one of the
+elect of Hartford, Connecticut. Hoping to break down Mrs. Hooker's
+prejudice against Susan and Mrs. Stanton, which had been built up by
+New England suffragists, Mrs. Davis invited the three women to spend a
+few days with her. After this visit, Mrs. Hooker wrote to a friend in
+Boston, "I have studied Miss Anthony day and night for nearly a
+week.... She is a woman of incorruptible integrity and the thought of
+guile has no place in her heart. In unselfishness and benevolence she
+has scarcely an equal, and her energy and executive ability are
+bounded only by her physical power, which is something immense.
+Sometimes she fails in judgment, according to the standards of
+others, but in right intentions never, nor in faithfulness to her
+friends.... After attending a two days' convention in Newport,
+engineered by her in her own fashion, I am obliged to accept the most
+favorable interpretation of her which prevails generally, rather than
+that of Boston. Mrs. Stanton too is a magnificent woman.... I hand in
+my allegiance to both as leaders and representatives of the great
+movement."[239]
+
+From then on, Mrs. Hooker did her best to reconcile the Boston and New
+York factions, hoping to avert the formation of a second national
+woman suffrage organization.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[232] _The Revolution_, II, Dec. 24, 1868, p. 385.
+
+[233] George W. Julian, _Political Recollections_, 1840-1872 (Chicago,
+1884), pp. 324-325.
+
+[234] _The Revolution_, III, March 11, 1869, p. 148.
+
+[235] The very proper Sorosis would not meet at the Women's Bureau
+while it housed the radical _Revolution_, and as women showed so
+little interest in her project, Mrs. Phelps gave it up after a year's
+trial.
+
+[236] _The Revolution_, III, May 20, 1869, pp. 305-307.
+
+[237] _History of Woman Suffrage_, II, p. 392.
+
+[238] Harper, _Anthony_, I, pp. 327-328.
+
+[239] _Ibid._, p. 332.
+
+
+
+
+A HOUSE DIVIDED
+
+
+"I think we need two national associations for woman suffrage so that
+those who do not oppose the Fifteenth Amendment, nor take the tone of
+_The Revolution_ may yet have an organization with which they can work
+in harmony."[240] So wrote Lucy Stone to many of her friends during
+the summer of 1869, and some of these letters fell into Susan's hands.
+
+"The radical abolitionists and the Republicans could never have worked
+together but in separate organizations both did good service," Lucy
+further explained. "There are just as distinctly two parties to the
+woman movement.... Each organization will attract those who naturally
+belong to it--and there will be harmonious work."
+
+When the ground had been prepared by these letters, Lucy asked old
+friends and new to sign a call to a woman suffrage convention, to be
+held in Cleveland, Ohio, in November 1869, "to unite those who cannot
+use the methods which Mrs. Stanton and Susan use...."[241]
+
+Those feeling as she did eagerly signed the call, while others who
+knew little about the controversy in the East added their names
+because they were glad to take part in a convention sponsored by such
+prominent men and women as Julia Ward Howe, George William Curtis,
+Henry Ward Beecher, Thomas Wentworth Higginson, and William Lloyd
+Garrison. Still others who did not understand the insurmountable
+differences in temperament and policy between the two groups hoped
+that a new truly national organization would unite the two factions.
+Even Mary Livermore, who had been active in the formation of the
+National Woman Suffrage Association, was by this time responding to
+overtures from the Boston group, writing William Lloyd Garrison, "I
+have been repelled by some of the idiosyncrasies of our New York
+friends, as have others. Their opposition to the Fifteenth Amendment,
+the buffoonery of George F. Train, the loose utterances of the
+_Revolution_ on the marriage and dress questions--and what is equally
+potent hindrance to the cause, the fearful squandering of money at
+the New York headquarters--all this has tended to keep me on my own
+feet, apart from those to whom I was at first attracted.... I am glad
+at the prospect of an association that will be truly national and
+which promises so much of success and character."[242]
+
+Neither Susan nor Mrs. Stanton received a notice of the Cleveland
+convention, but Susan, scanning a copy of the call sent her by a
+solicitous friend, was deeply disturbed when she saw the signatures of
+Lydia Mott, Amelia Bloomer, Myra Bradwell, Gerrit Smith, and other
+good friends.
+
+The New York _World_, at once suspecting a feud, asked, "Where are
+those well-known American names, Susan B. Anthony, Parker Pillsbury,
+and Elizabeth Cady Stanton? It is clear that there is a division in
+the ranks of the strong-minded and that an effort is being made to
+ostracize _The Revolution_ which has so long upheld the cause of
+Suffrage, through evil report and good...."[243]
+
+The Rochester _Democrat_, loyal to Susan, put this question, "Can it
+be possible that a National Woman's Suffrage Convention is called
+without Susan's knowledge or consent?... A National Woman's Suffrage
+Association without speeches from Susan B. Anthony and Mrs. Stanton
+will be a new order of things. The idea seems absurd."[244]
+
+To Susan it also seemed both absurd and unrealistic, for she
+remembered how almost single-handed she had held together and built up
+the woman suffrage movement during the years when her colleagues had
+been busy with family duties. She was appalled at the prospect of a
+division in the ranks at this time when she believed victory possible
+through the action of a strong united front.
+
+Confident that many who signed the call were ignorant of or blind to
+the animus behind it, she did her best to bring the facts before them.
+She put the blame for the rift entirely upon Lucy Stone, believing
+that without Lucy's continual stirring up, past differences in policy
+would soon have been forgotten. The antagonism between the two burned
+fiercely at this time. Susan was determined to fight to the last ditch
+for control of the movement, convinced that her policies and Mrs.
+Stanton's were forward-looking, unafraid, and always put women first.
+
+Susan now also had to face the humiliating possibility that she might
+be forced to give up _The Revolution_. Not only was the operating
+deficit piling up alarmingly, but there were persistent rumors of a
+competitor, another woman suffrage paper to be edited by Lucy Stone
+and Julia Ward Howe.
+
+Susan had assumed full financial responsibility for _The Revolution_
+because Mrs. Stanton and Parker Pillsbury, both with families to
+consider, felt unable to share this burden. Mrs. Stanton had always
+contributed her services and Parker Pillsbury had been sadly
+underpaid, while Susan had drawn out for her salary only the most
+meager sums for bare living expenses.
+
+With a maximum of 3,000 subscribers, the paper could not hope to pay
+its way even though she had secured a remarkably loyal group of
+advertisers.[245] Reluctantly she raised the subscription price from
+$2 to $3 a year. Her friends and family were generous with gifts and
+loans, but these only met the pressing needs of the moment and in no
+way solved the overall financial problem of the paper.
+
+Appealing once again to her wealthy and generous Quaker cousin, Anson
+Lapham, she wrote him in desperation, "My paper must not, shall not go
+down. I am sure you believe in me, in my honesty of purpose, and also
+in the grand work which _The Revolution_ seeks to do, and therefore
+you will not allow me to ask you in vain to come to the rescue.
+Yesterday's mail brought 43 subscribers from Illinois and 20 from
+California. We only need time to win financial success. I know you
+will save me from giving the world a chance to say, 'There is a
+woman's rights failure; even the best of women can't manage business!'
+If only I could die, and thereby fail honorably, I would say, 'Amen,'
+but to live and fail--it would be too terrible to bear."[246] He came
+to her aid as he always had in the past.
+
+Susan's sister Mary not only lent her all her savings, but spent her
+summer vacation in New York in 1869, working in _The Revolution_
+office while Susan, busy with woman suffrage conventions in Newport,
+Saratoga, Chicago, and Ohio, was building up good will and
+subscriptions for her paper. Concerned for her welfare, Mary
+repeatedly but unsuccessfully urged her to give up. Daniel added his
+entreaties to Mary's, begging Susan not to go further into debt, but
+to form a stock company if she were determined to continue her paper.
+She considered his advice very seriously for he was a practical
+businessman and yet appreciated what she was trying to do. For a time
+the formation of a stock company seemed possible, for the project
+appealed to three women of means, Paulina Wright Davis, Isabella
+Beecher Hooker, and Laura Curtis Bullard, but it never materialized.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+With the financial problem of _The Revolution_ still unsolved, Susan
+decided to make her appearance at Lucy Stone's convention in
+Cleveland, Ohio, on November 24, 1869. Not only did she want to see
+with her own eyes and hear with her own ears all that went on, but she
+was determined to walk the second mile with Lucy and her supporters,
+or even to turn the other cheek, if need be, for the sake of her
+beloved cause.
+
+Seeing her in the audience, Judge Bradwell of Chicago moved that she
+be invited to sit on the platform, but Thomas Wentworth Higginson, who
+was presiding, replied that he thought this unnecessary as a special
+invitation had already been extended to all desiring to identify
+themselves with the movement. Judge Bradwell would not be put off, his
+motion was carried, and as Susan walked up to the platform to join the
+other notables, she was greeted with hearty applause. Sitting there
+among her critics, she wondered what she could possibly say to
+persuade them to forget their differences for the sake of the cause.
+After listening to Lucy Stone plead for renewed work for woman
+suffrage and for petitions for a Sixteenth Amendment, she
+spontaneously rose to her feet and asked permission to speak. "I
+hope," she began, "that the work of this association, if it be
+organized, will be to go in strong array up to the Capitol at
+Washington to demand a Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution. The
+question of the admission of women to the ballot would not then be
+left to the mass of voters in every State, but would be submitted by
+Congress to the several legislatures of the States for ratification,
+and ... be decided by the most intelligent portion of the people. If
+the question is left to the vote of the rank and file, it will be put
+off for years.[247]
+
+"So help me, Heaven!" she continued with emotion. "I care not what may
+come out of this Convention, so that this great cause shall go
+forward to its consummation! And though this Convention by its action
+shall nullify the National Association of which I am a member, and
+though it shall tread its heel upon _The Revolution_, to carry on
+which I have struggled as never mortal woman or mortal man struggled
+for any cause ... still, if you will do the work in Washington so that
+this Amendment will be proposed, and will go with me to the several
+Legislatures and _compel_ them to adopt it, I will thank God for this
+Convention as long as I have the breath of life."
+
+Loud and continuous applause greeted these earnest words. However,
+instead of pledging themselves to work for a Sixteenth Amendment, the
+newly formed American Woman Suffrage Association, blind to the
+exceptional opportunity at this time for Congressional action on woman
+suffrage, decided to concentrate on work in the states where suffrage
+bills were pending. Instead of electing an outstanding woman as
+president, they chose Henry Ward Beecher, boasting that this was proof
+of their genuine belief in equal rights. Lucy Stone headed the
+executive committee.
+
+Divisions soon began developing among the suffragists in the field.
+Many whose one thought previously had been the cause now spent time
+weighing the differences between the two organizations and between
+personalities, and antagonisms increased.
+
+Hardest of all for Susan to bear was the definite announcement of a
+rival paper, the _Woman's Journal_, to be issued in Boston in January
+1870 under the editorship of Lucy Stone, Mary A. Livermore, and Julia
+Ward Howe, with Henry Blackwell as business manager. Mary Livermore,
+who previously had planned to merge her paper, the _Agitator_, with
+_The Revolution_ now merged it with the _Woman's Journal_. Financed by
+wealthy stockholders, all influential Republicans, the _Journal_,
+Susan knew, would be spared the financial struggles of _The
+Revolution_, but would be obliged to conform to Republican policy in
+its support of woman's rights. Had not the _Woman's Journal_ been such
+an obvious affront to the heroic efforts of _The Revolution_ and a
+threat to its very existence, she could have rejoiced with Lucy over
+one more paper carrying the message of woman suffrage.
+
+More determined than ever to continue _The Revolution_, Susan
+redoubled her efforts, announcing an imposing list of contributors
+for 1870, including the British feminist, Lydia Becker, and as a
+special attraction, a serial by Alice Cary. Through the efforts of
+Mrs. Hooker, Harriet Beecher Stowe was persuaded to consider serving
+as contributing editor provided the paper's name was changed to _The
+True Republic_ or to some other name satisfactory to her.[248]
+
+Having struggled against the odds for so long, Susan had no intention
+of being stifled now by Mrs. Stowe's more conservative views, nor
+would she give her crusading sheet an innocuous name. However, the
+decision was taken out of her hands by _The Revolution's_ coverage of
+the sensational McFarland-Richardson murder case, which so shocked
+both Mrs. Hooker and Mrs. Stowe that they gave up all thought of being
+associated in a publishing venture with Susan or Mrs. Stanton.
+
+The whole country was stirred in December 1869 by the fatal shooting
+in the _Tribune_ office of the well-known journalist, Albert D.
+Richardson, by Daniel McFarland, to whose divorced wife Richardson had
+been attentive. When just before his death, Richardson was married to
+the divorced Mrs. McFarland by Henry Ward Beecher with Horace Greeley
+as a witness, the press was agog. So strong was the feeling against a
+divorced woman that Henry Ward Beecher was severely condemned for
+officiating at the marriage, and Mrs. Richardson was played up in the
+press and in court as the villain, although her divorce had been
+granted because of the brutality and instability of McFarland.
+
+Indignant at the sophistry of the press and the general acceptance of
+a double standard of morals, _The Revolution_ not only spoke out
+fearlessly in defense of Mrs. Richardson but in an editorial by Mrs.
+Stanton frankly analyzed the tragic human relations so obvious in the
+case. With Susan's full approval, Mrs. Stanton wrote, "I rejoice over
+every slave that escapes from a discordant marriage. With the
+education and elevation of women we shall have a mighty sundering of
+the unholy ties that hold men and women together who loathe and
+despise each other...."[249] When the court acquitted McFarland,
+giving him the custody of his twelve-year-old son, Susan called a
+protest meeting which attracted an audience of two thousand.
+
+Such words and such activities disturbed many who sympathized with
+Mrs. Richardson but saw no reason for flaunting exultant approval of
+divorce in a woman suffrage paper, and they turned to the _Woman's
+Journal_ as more to their taste.
+
+Susan, however, reading the first number of the _Woman's Journal_,
+found its editorials lacking fire. She rebelled at Julia Ward Howe's
+counsel, "to lay down all partisan warfare and organize a peaceful
+Grand Army of the Republic of Women ... not ... as against men, but as
+against all that is pernicious to men and women."[250] Susan's fight
+had never been against men but against man-made laws that held women
+in bondage. There had always been men willing to help her. Experience
+had taught her that the struggle for woman's rights was no peaceful
+academic debate, but real warfare which demanded political strategy,
+self-sacrifice, and unremitting labor. She was prouder than ever of
+her _Revolution_ and its liberal hard-hitting policy.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Convinced that the National Woman Suffrage Association must publicize
+its existence and its value, Susan began the year 1870 with a
+convention in Washington which even Senator Sumner praised as
+exceeding in interest anything he had ever witnessed there. Its
+striking demonstration of the vitality and intelligence of the
+National Association was the best answer she could possibly have given
+to the accusations and criticism aimed at her and her organization.
+
+Jessie Benton Frémont, watching the delegates enter the dining room of
+the Arlington Hotel, called Susan over to her table and said with a
+twinkle in her eyes, "Now, tell me, Miss Anthony, have you hunted the
+country over and picked out and brought to Washington a score of the
+most beautiful women you could find?"[251]
+
+They were a fine-looking and intelligent lot--Paulina Wright Davis,
+Isabella Beecher Hooker, Josephine Griffin of the Freedman's Bureau,
+Charlotte Wilbour, Matilda Joslyn Gage, Martha C. Wright, and Olympia
+Brown; Phoebe Couzins and Virginia Minor from Missouri, Madam Annekè
+from Wisconsin, and best of all to Susan, Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
+Their presence, their friendship and allegiance were a source of great
+pride and joy. Elizabeth Stanton had come from St. Louis, interrupting
+her successful lecture tour, when she much preferred to stay away from
+all conventions. She had written Susan, "Of course, I stand by you to
+the end. I would not see you crushed by rivals even if to prevent it
+required my being cut into inch bits.... No power in heaven, hell or
+earth can separate us, for our hearts are eternally wedded
+together."[252]
+
+Also at this convention to show his support of Susan and her program,
+was her faithful friend of many years, the Rev. Samuel J. May of
+Syracuse. Clara Barton, ill and unable to attend, sent a letter to be
+read, an appeal to her soldier friends for woman suffrage.
+
+Not only did the large and enthusiastic audiences show a growing
+interest in votes for women, but two great victories for women in
+1869, one in Great Britain and the other in the United States, brought
+to the convention a feeling of confidence. Women taxpayers had been
+granted the right to vote in municipal elections in England, Scotland,
+and Wales, through the efforts of Jacob Bright. In the Territory of
+Wyoming, during the first session of its legislature, women had been
+granted the right to vote, to hold office, and serve on juries, and
+married women had been given the right to their separate property and
+their earnings. This progressive action by men of the West turned
+Susan's thoughts hopefully to the western territories, and early in
+1870 when the Territory of Utah enfranchised its women, she had
+further cause for rejoicing.
+
+To celebrate these victories for which her twenty years' work for
+women had blazed the trail, some of her friends held a reception for
+her in New York at the Women's Bureau on her fiftieth birthday. She
+was amazed at the friendly attention her birthday received in the
+press. "Susan's Half Century," read a headline in the _Herald_. The
+_World_ called her the Moses of her sex. "A Brave Old Maid," commented
+the _Sun_. But it was to the _Tribune_ that she turned with special
+interest, always hoping for a word of approval from Horace Greeley and
+finding at last this faint ray of praise: "Careful readers of the
+_Tribune_ have probably succeeded in discovering that we have not
+always been able to applaud the course of Miss Susan B. Anthony.
+Indeed, we have often felt, and sometimes said that her methods were
+as unwise as we thought her aims undesirable. But through these years
+of disputation and struggling. Miss Anthony has thoroughly impressed
+friends and enemies alike with the sincerity and earnestness of her
+purpose...."[253]
+
+To Anna E. Dickinson, far away lecturing, Susan confided, "Oh, Anna, I
+am so glad of it all because it will teach the young girls that to be
+true to principle--to live an idea, though an unpopular one--that to
+live single--without any man's name--may be honorable."[254]
+
+A few of Susan's younger colleagues still insisted that a merger of
+the National and American Woman Suffrage Associations might be
+possible. Again Theodore Tilton undertook the task of mediation and
+Lucretia Mott, who had retired from active participation in the
+woman's rights movement, tried to help work out a reconciliation.
+Susan was skeptical but gave them her blessing. Representatives of the
+American Association, however, again made it plain that they were
+unwilling to work with Susan and Mrs. Stanton.[255]
+
+By this time _The Revolution_ had become an overwhelming financial
+burden. For some months Mrs. Stanton had been urging Susan to give it
+up and turn to the lecture field, as she had done, to spread the
+message of woman's rights. Susan hesitated, unwilling to give up _The
+Revolution_ and not yet confident that she could hold the attention of
+an audience for a whole evening. However, she found herself a great
+success when pushed into several Lyceum lecture engagements in
+Pennsylvania by Mrs. Stanton's sudden illness. "Miss Anthony evidently
+lectures not for the purpose of receiving applause," commented the
+Pittsburgh _Commercial_, "but for the purpose of making people
+understand and be convinced. She takes her place on the stage in a
+plain and unassuming manner and speaks extemporaneously and fluently,
+too, reminding one of an old campaign speaker, who is accustomed to
+talk simply for the purpose of converting his audience to his
+political theories. She used plain English and plenty of it.... She
+clearly evinced a quality that many politicians lack--sincerity."[256]
+
+For each of these lectures on "Work, Wages, and the Ballot," she
+received a fee of $75 and was able as well to get new subscribers for
+_The Revolution_. She now saw the possibilities for herself and the
+cause in a Lyceum tour, and when the Lyceum Bureau, pleased with her
+reception in Pennsylvania wanted to book her for lectures in the West,
+she accepted, calling Parker Pillsbury back to _The_ _Revolution_ to
+take charge. All through Illinois she drew large audiences and her
+fees increased to $95, $125, and $150. In two months she was able to
+pay $1,300 of _The Revolution's_ debt.
+
+When she returned to New York, she realized that she could not
+continue to carry _The Revolution_ alone, in spite of increased
+subscriptions. Its $10,000 debt weighed heavily upon her. Parker
+Pillsbury's help could only be temporary; Mrs. Stanton's strenuous
+lecture tour left her little time to give to the paper; and Susan's
+own friends and family were unable to finance it further.
+
+Fortunately the idea of editing a paper appealed strongly to the
+wealthy Laura Curtis Bullard, who had the promise of editorial help
+from Theodore Tilton. Susan now turned the paper over to them
+completely, receiving nothing in return but shares of stock, while she
+assumed the entire indebtedness.
+
+Giving up the control of her beloved paper was one of the most
+humiliating experiences and one of the deepest sorrows she ever faced.
+_The Revolution_ had become to her the symbol of her crusade for
+women. Overwhelmed by a sense of failure, she confided to her diary on
+the date of the transfer, "It was like signing my own death warrant,"
+and to a friend she wrote, "I feel a great, calm sadness like that of
+a mother binding out a dear child that she could not support."[257]
+
+She made a valiant announcement of the transfer in _The Revolution_ of
+May 26, 1870, expressing her delight that the paper had at last found
+financial backing and a new, enthusiastic editor. "In view of the
+active demand for conventions, lectures, and discussions on Woman
+Suffrage," she added, "I have concluded that so far as my own personal
+efforts are concerned, I can be more useful on the platform than in a
+newspaper. So, on the 1st of June next, I shall cease to be the _sole_
+proprietor of _The Revolution_, and shall be free to attend public
+meetings where ever so plain and matter of fact an old worker as I am
+can secure a hearing."[258]
+
+Financial backing, however, did not put _The Revolution_ on its feet,
+although its forthright editorials and articles were replaced by spicy
+and brilliant observations on pleasant topics which offended no one.
+Before the year was up, Mrs. Bullard was making overtures to Susan to
+take the paper back. Susan wanted desperately "to keep the Old Ship
+Revolution's colors flying"[259] and to bring back Mrs. Stanton's
+stinging editorials. She also feared that Mrs. Bullard on Theodore
+Tilton's advice might turn the paper over to the Boston group to be
+consolidated with the _Woman's Journal_. As no funds were available,
+she had to turn her back on her beloved paper and hope for the best.
+"I suppose there is a wise Providence in my being stripped of power to
+go forward," she wrote at this time. "At any rate, I mean to try and
+make good come out of it."[260]
+
+For one more year, _The Revolution_ struggled on under the editorship
+of Mrs. Bullard and Theodore Tilton and then was taken over by the
+_Christian Enquirer_. The $10,000 debt, incurred under Susan's
+management, she regarded as her responsibility, although her brother
+Daniel and many of her friends urged bankruptcy proceedings. "My pride
+for women, to say nothing of my conscience," she insisted, "says
+no."[261]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[240] Lucy Stone to Frank Sanborn, Aug. 18, 1869, Alma Lutz
+Collection.
+
+[241] Lucy Stone to Esther Pugh, Aug. 30, 1869, Ida Husted Harper
+Collection, Henry E. Huntington Library, San Marino, California.
+
+[242] Mary Livermore to W. L. Garrison, Oct. 4, 1869, Boston Public
+Library. Wendell Phillips did not sign the call or attend the
+convention for "reasons that are good to him," wrote Lucy Stone to
+Garrison, Sept. 27, 1869, Boston Public Library.
+
+[243] _The Revolution_, IV, Oct. 21, 1869, p. 265.
+
+[244] _Ibid._, p. 266.
+
+[245] The Empire Sewing Machine Co., Benedict's Watches, Madame
+Demorest's dress patterns, Sapolio, insurance companies, savings
+banks, the Union Pacific, offering first mortgage bonds.
+
+[246] Harper, _Anthony_, I, pp. 354-355. In 1873, Anson Lapham
+cancelled notes, amounting to $4000, and praised Susan for her
+continued courageous work for women.
+
+[247] _The Revolution_, IV, Dec. 2, 1869, p. 343.
+
+[248] Harriet Beecher Stowe to Susan B. Anthony, Dec., 1869, Alma Lutz
+Collection.
+
+[249] _The Revolution_, IV, Dec. 23, 1869, p. 385.
+
+[250] _Woman's Journal_, Jan. 8, 1870.
+
+[251] Ms., Diary, Jan. 18, 1870.
+
+[252] Stanton and Blatch, _Stanton_, II, pp. 124-125.
+
+[253] _The Revolution_, V, Feb. 24, 1870, pp. 117-118. Susan
+attributed the _Tribune_ editorial to Whitelaw Reid. Susan B. Anthony
+Scrapbook, Library of Congress.
+
+[254] Feb. 21, 1870, Anna E. Dickinson Papers, Library of Congress.
+Anna E. Dickinson sent Miss Anthony generous checks to help finance
+_The Revolution_. Although she lectured at Cooper Union for the
+National Woman Suffrage Association shortly after it was organized,
+she never became a member of the organization or attended its
+conventions. This was a great disappointment to Miss Anthony.
+
+[255] Finally, Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton against their best
+judgment were persuaded by younger members of the National Woman
+Suffrage Association to drop the name National and replace it with
+Union and then to try to negotiate further with the American
+Association. Theodore Tilton was elected president of the Union Woman
+Suffrage Society. This proved to be an organization in name only, and
+in a short time these same younger members clamored for the return to
+office of Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton and reestablished the National
+Woman Suffrage Association.
+
+[256] _The Revolution_, V, March 10, 1870, p. 153. Mrs. Stanton's
+Lyceum lectures were undertaken to finance the education of her 7
+children.
+
+[257] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 362.
+
+[258] _The Revolution_, V, May 26, 1870, p. 328.
+
+[259] Sept. 19, 1870, Anna E. Dickinson Papers, Library of Congress.
+
+[260] To E. A. Studwell, Sept. 15, 1870, Radcliffe Women's Archives,
+Cambridge, Massachusetts.
+
+[261] To Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Oct. 15, 1871, Lucy E. Anthony
+Collection
+
+
+
+
+A NEW SLANT ON THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT
+
+
+While Susan was lecturing in the West, hoping to earn enough to pay
+off _The Revolution's_ debt, she was pondering a new approach to the
+enfranchisement of women which had been proposed by Francis Minor, a
+St. Louis attorney and the husband of her friend, Virginia Minor.
+
+Francis Minor contended that while the Constitution gave the states
+the right to regulate suffrage, it nowhere gave them the power to
+prohibit it, and he believed that this conclusion was strengthened by
+the Fourteenth Amendment which provided that "no State shall make or
+enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of
+citizens of the United States."
+
+To claim the right to vote under the Fourteenth Amendment made a great
+appeal to both Susan and Elizabeth Stanton. Susan published Francis
+Minor's arguments in _The Revolution_ and also his suggestion that
+some woman test this interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment by
+attempting to vote at the next election; while Mrs. Stanton used this
+new approach as the basis of her speech before a Congressional
+committee in 1870.
+
+With such a fresh and thrilling project to develop, Susan looked
+forward to the annual woman suffrage convention to be held in
+Washington in January 1871. So heavy was her lecture schedule that she
+reluctantly left preparations for the convention in the willing hands
+of Isabella Beecher Hooker, who was confident she could improve on
+Susan's meetings and guide the woman's rights movement into more
+ladylike and aristocratic channels, winning over scores of men and
+women who hitherto had remained aloof. At the last moment, however,
+she appealed in desperation to Susan for help, and Susan, canceling
+important lecture engagements, hurried to Washington. Here she found
+the newspapers full of Victoria C. Woodhull and her Memorial to
+Congress on woman suffrage, which had been presented by Senator Harris
+of Louisiana and Congressman Julian of Indiana. Capitalizing on the
+new approach to woman suffrage, Mrs. Woodhull based her arguments on
+the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, praying Congress to enact
+legislation to enable women to exercise the right to vote vested in
+them by these amendments. A hearing was scheduled before the House
+judiciary committee the very morning the convention opened.
+
+[Illustration: Victoria C. Woodhull]
+
+Convinced that she and her colleagues must attend that hearing, Susan
+consulted with her friends in Congress and overrode Mrs. Hooker's
+hesitancy about associating their organization with so questionable a
+woman as Victoria Woodhull. She engaged a constitutional lawyer,
+Albert G. Riddle,[262] to represent the 30,000 women who had
+petitioned Congress for the franchise. Then she and Mrs. Hooker
+attended the hearing and asked for prompt action on woman suffrage.
+This was the first Congressional hearing on federal enfranchisement.
+Previous hearings had considered trying the experiment only in the
+District of Columbia.
+
+Susan had never before seen Victoria Woodhull. Early in 1870, however,
+she had called at the brokerage office which Victoria and her sister,
+Tennessee Claflin, had opened in New York on Broad Street. The press
+had been full of amused comments regarding the lady bankers, and
+Susan had wanted to see for herself what kind of women they were. Here
+she met and talked with Tennessee Claflin, publishing their interview
+in _The Revolution_, and also an advertisement of Woodhull, Claflin &
+Co., Bankers and Brokers.[263]
+
+About six weeks later, these prosperous "lady brokers" had established
+their own paper, _Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly_, an "Organ of Social
+Regeneration and Constructive Reform," but Susan had barely noticed
+its existence, so burdened had she been by the impending loss of her
+own paper and by pressing lecture engagements. She was therefore
+unaware that this new weekly explored a field wider than finance,
+advocating as well woman suffrage and women's advancement,
+spiritualism, radical views on marriage, love, and sex, and the
+nomination of Victoria C. Woodhull for President of the United States.
+
+Now in a committee room of the House of Representatives, Susan
+listened carefully as the dynamic beautiful Victoria Woodhull read her
+Memorial and her arguments to support it, in a clear well-modulated
+voice. Simply dressed in a dark blue gown, with a jaunty Alpine hat
+perched on her curls, she gave the impression of innocent earnest
+youth, and she captivated not only the members of the judiciary
+committee, but the more critical suffragists as well. For the moment
+at least she seemed an appropriate colleague of the forthright
+crusader, Susan B. Anthony, and her fashionable friends, Isabella
+Beecher Hooker and Paulina Wright Davis. They invited Victoria and her
+sister, Tennessee Claflin, to their convention, and asked her to
+repeat her speech for them.
+
+At this convention Susan, encouraged by the favorable reception among
+politicians of the Woodhull Memorial, mapped out a new and militant
+campaign, based on her growing conviction that under the Fourteenth
+Amendment women's rights as citizens were guaranteed. She urged women
+to claim their rights as citizens and persons under the Fourteenth
+Amendment, to register and prepare to vote at the next election, and
+to bring suit in the courts if they were refused.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+So enthusiastic had been the reception of this new approach to woman
+suffrage, so favorable had been the news from those close to leading
+Republicans, that Susan was unprepared for the adverse report of the
+judiciary committee on the Woodhull Memorial. She now studied the
+favorable minority report issued by Benjamin Butler of Massachusetts
+and William Loughridge of Iowa. Their arguments seemed to her
+unanswerable; and hurriedly and impulsively in the midst of her
+western lecture tour, she dashed off a few lines to Victoria Woodhull,
+to whom she willingly gave credit for bringing out this report.
+"Glorious old Ben!" she wrote. "He surely is going to pronounce the
+word that will settle the woman question, just as he did the word
+'contraband' that so summarily settled the Negro question....
+Everybody here chimes in with the new conclusion that we are already
+free."[264]
+
+Far from New York where Victoria's activities were being aired by the
+press, Susan thought of her at this time only in connection with the
+Memorial and its impact on the judiciary committee. To be sure, she
+heard stories crediting Benjamin Butler with the authorship of the
+Woodhull Memorial, and rumors reached her of Victoria's unorthodox
+views on love and marriage and of her girlhood as a fortune teller,
+traveling about like a gypsy and living by her wits. Even so, Susan
+was ready to give Victoria the benefit of the doubt until she herself
+found her harmful to the cause, for long ago she had learned to
+discount attacks on the reputations of progressive women. In fact,
+Victoria Woodhull provided Susan and her associates with a spectacular
+opportunity to prove the sincerity of their contention that there
+should not be a double standard of morals--one for men and another for
+women.
+
+Returning to New York in May 1871, to a convention of the National
+Woman Suffrage Association, Susan found that Mrs. Hooker, Mrs.
+Stanton, and Mrs. Davis had invited Victoria Woodhull to address that
+convention and to sit on the platform between Lucretia Mott and Mrs.
+Stanton.
+
+Through them and others more critical, Susan was brought up to date on
+the sensational story of Victoria Woodhull, who had been drawing
+record crowds to her lectures and whose unconventional life
+continuously provided reporters with interesting copy. Victoria's home
+at 15 East Thirty-eighth Street, resplendent and ornate with gilded
+furniture and bric-a-brac, housed not only her husband, Colonel Blood,
+and herself but her divorced husband and their children as well, and
+also all of her quarrelsome relatives. Here many radicals, social
+reformers, and spiritualists gathered, among them Stephen Pearl
+Andrews, who soon made use of Victoria and her _Weekly_ to publicize
+his dream of a new world order, the Pantarchy, as he called it.
+Victoria, herself, was an ardent spiritualist, controlled by
+Demosthenes of the spirit world to whom she believed she owed her most
+brilliant utterances and by whom she was guided to announce herself as
+a presidential candidate in 1872. Needless to say, with such a
+background, Victoria Woodhull became a very controversial figure among
+the suffragists.
+
+In New York only a few days, it was hard for Susan to separate fact
+from fiction, truth from rumor and animosity. Even Demosthenes did not
+seem too ridiculous to her, for many of her most respected friends
+were spiritualists. Nor did Victoria's presidential aspirations
+trouble her greatly. Presidential candidates had been nothing to brag
+of, and willingly would she support the right woman for President. If
+Victoria lived up to the high standard of the Woodhull Memorial, then
+even she might be that woman. After all, it was an era of radical
+theories and Utopian dreams, of extravagances of every sort. Almost
+anything could happen.
+
+Whatever doubts the suffragists may have had when they saw Victoria
+Woodhull on the platform at the New York meeting of the National
+Association, she swept them all along with her when, as one inspired,
+she made her "Great Secession" speech. "If the very next Congress
+refuses women all the legitimate results of citizenship," she
+declared, "we shall proceed to call another convention expressly to
+frame a new constitution and to erect a new government.... We mean
+treason; we mean secession, and on a thousand times grander scale than
+was that of the South. We are plotting revolution; we will overthrow
+this bogus Republic and plant a government of righteousness in its
+stead...."[265]
+
+Susan, who felt deeply her right to full citizenship, who herself had
+talked revolution, and who had so often listened to the extravagant
+antislavery declarations of William Lloyd Garrison, Wendell Phillips,
+and Parker Pillsbury, was not offended by these statements. She was,
+however, troubled by the attitude of the press, particularly of the
+_Tribune_ which labeled this gathering the "Woodhull Convention" and
+accused the suffragists of adopting Mrs. Woodhull's free-love
+theories.
+
+Having experienced so recently the animosity stirred up by her
+alliance with George Francis Train, Susan resolved to be cautious
+regarding Victoria Woodhull and was beginning to wonder if Victoria
+was not using the suffragists to further her own ambitions. Yet many
+trusted friends, who had talked with Mrs. Woodhull far more than she
+had the opportunity to do, were convinced that she was a genius and a
+prophet who had risen above the sordid environment of her youth to do
+a great work for women and who had the courage to handle subjects
+which others feared to touch.
+
+Free love, for example, Susan well knew was an epithet hurled
+indiscriminately at anyone indiscreet enough to argue for less
+stringent divorce laws or for an intelligent frank appraisal of
+marriage and sex. Was it for this reason, Susan asked herself, that
+Mrs. Woodhull was called a "free-lover," or did she actually advocate
+promiscuity?
+
+With these questions puzzling her, she left for Rochester and the
+West. Almost immediately the papers were full of Victoria Woodhull and
+her family quarrels which brought her into court. This was a
+disillusioning experience for the National Woman Suffrage Association
+which had so recently featured Victoria Woodhull as a speaker, and
+Susan began seriously to question the wisdom of further association
+with this strange controversial character. Nevertheless, Victoria
+still had her ardent defenders among the suffragists, particularly
+Isabella Beecher Hooker and Paulina Wright Davis. Even the thoughtful
+judicious Martha C. Wright wrote Mrs. Hooker at this time, "It is not
+always 'the wise and prudent' to whom the truth is revealed; tho' far
+be it from me to imply aught derogatory to Mrs. Woodhull. No one can
+be with her, see her gentle and modest bearing and her spiritual face,
+without feeling sure that she is a true woman, whatever unhappy
+surroundings may have compromised her. I have never met a stranger
+toward whom I felt more tenderly drawn, in sympathy and love."[266]
+
+Elizabeth Cady Stanton spoke her mind in Theodore Tilton's new paper,
+_The Golden Age_: "Victoria C. Woodhull stands before us today a
+grand, brave woman, radical alike in political, religious and social
+principles. Her face and form indicate the complete triumph in her
+nature of the spiritual over the sensuous. The processes of her
+education are little to us; the grand result everything."[267]
+
+Victoria was in dire need of defenders, for the press was venomous,
+goading her on to revenge. Susan, now traveling westward, lecturing in
+one state after another, thinking of ways to interest the people in
+woman suffrage, was too busy and too far away to follow Victoria
+Woodhull's court battles.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Mrs. Stanton met Susan in Chicago late in May 1871, to join her on a
+lecture tour of the far West. Together they headed for Wyoming and
+Utah, eager to set foot in the states which had been the first to
+extend suffrage to women. The long leisurely days on the train gave
+these two old friends, Susan now fifty-one and Mrs. Stanton,
+fifty-six, ample time to talk and philosophize, to appraise their past
+efforts for women, and plan their speeches for the days ahead. While
+their main theme would always be votes for women, they decided that
+from now on they must also arouse women to rebel against their legal
+bondage under the "man marriage," as they called it, and to face
+frankly the facts about sex, prostitution, and the double standard of
+morals. In Utah, in the midst of polygamy fostered by the Mormon
+Church, they would encounter still another sex problem.
+
+After an enthusiastic welcome in Denver, they moved on to Laramie,
+Wyoming, where one hundred women greeted them as the train pulled in.
+From this first woman suffrage state, Susan exultingly wrote, "We have
+been moving over the soil, that is really the land of the free and the
+home of the brave.... Women here can say, 'What a magnificent country
+is ours, where every class and caste, color and sex, may find
+freedom....'"[268]
+
+They reached Salt Lake City just after the Godbe secession by which a
+group of liberal Mormons abandoned polygamy. As guests of the Godbes
+for a week, they had every opportunity to become acquainted with the
+Mormons, to observe women under polygamy, and to speak in long all-day
+sessions to women alone.
+
+Susan tried to show her audiences in Utah that her point of attack
+under both monogamy and polygamy was the subjection of women, and that
+to remedy this the self-support of women was essential. In Utah she
+found little opportunity for women to earn a living for themselves and
+their children, as there was no manufacturing and there were no free
+schools in need of teachers. "Women here, as everywhere," she
+declared, "must be able to live honestly and honorably without the aid
+of men, before it can be possible to save the masses of them from
+entering into polygamy or prostitution, legal or illegal."[269]
+
+[Illustration: Susan B. Anthony, 1871]
+
+Some of Susan's' critics at home felt she was again besmirching the
+suffrage cause by setting foot in polygamous Utah, but this was of no
+moment to her, for she saw the crying need of the right kind of
+missionary work among Mormon women, "no Phariseeism, no shudders of
+Puritanic horror, ... but a simple, loving fraternal clasp of hands
+with these struggling women" to encourage them and point the way.
+
+Hearing that Susan and Mrs. Stanton were in the West en route to
+California, Leland Stanford, Governor of California and president of
+the recently completed Central Pacific Railway, sent them passes for
+their journey. They reached San Francisco with high hopes that they
+could win the support of western men for their demand for woman
+suffrage under the Fourteenth Amendment. Their welcome was warm and
+the press friendly. An audience of over 1,200 listened with real
+interest to Mrs. Stanton. Then the two crusaders made a misstep. Eager
+to learn the woman's side of the case in the recent widely publicized
+murder of the wealthy attorney, Alexander P. Crittenden, by Laura
+Fair, they visited Laura Fair in prison. Immediately the newspapers
+reported this move in a most critical vein, with the result that an
+uneasy audience crowded into the hall where Susan was to speak on "The
+Power of the Ballot." As she proceeded to prove that women needed the
+ballot to protect themselves and their work and could not count on the
+support and protection of men, she cited case after case of men's
+betrayal of women. Then bringing home her point, she declared with
+vigor, "If all men had protected all women as they would have their
+own wives and daughters protected, you would have no Laura Fair in
+your jail tonight."[270]
+
+Boos and hisses from every part of the hall greeted this statement;
+but Susan, trained on the antislavery platform to hold her ground
+whatever the tumult, waited patiently until this protest subsided,
+standing before the defiant audience, poised and unafraid. Then, in a
+clear steady voice, she repeated her challenging words. This time,
+above the hisses, she heard a few cheers, and for the third time she
+repeated, "If all men had protected all women as they would have their
+own wives and daughters protected, you would have no Laura Fair in
+your jail tonight."
+
+Now the audience, admiring her courage, roared its applause. "I
+declare to you," she concluded, "that woman must not depend upon the
+protection of man, but must be taught to protect herself, and here I
+take my stand."
+
+Reading the newspapers the next morning, she found herself accused not
+only of defending Laura Fair, but of condoning the murder of
+Crittenden. This story was republished throughout the state and
+eagerly picked up by New York newspapers.
+
+As it was now impossible for her or for Mrs. Stanton to draw a
+friendly audience anywhere in California, they took refuge in the
+Yosemite Valley for the next few weeks. Susan was inconsolable. These
+slanders on top of the loss of _The Revolution_ and the split in the
+suffrage ranks seemed more than she could bear. "Never in all my hard
+experience have I been under such fire," she confided to her diary.
+"The clouds are so heavy over me.... I never before was so cut
+down."[271]
+
+Not until she had spent several days riding horseback in the Yosemite
+Valley on "men's saddles" in "linen bloomers," over long perilous
+exhausting trails, did the clouds begin to lift. Gradually the beauty
+and grandeur of the mountains and the giant redwoods brought her peace
+and refreshment, putting to flight "all the old six-days story and the
+6,000 jeers."
+
+Bearing the brunt of the censure in California, Susan expected Mrs.
+Stanton to come to her defense in letters to the newspapers. When she
+did not do so, Susan was deeply hurt, for in the past she had so many
+times smoothed the way for her friend. Even now, on their return to
+San Francisco, where she herself did not yet dare lecture, she did her
+best to build up audiences for Mrs. Stanton and to get correct
+transcripts of her lectures to the papers. Disillusioned and
+heartsick, she was for the first time sadly disappointed in her
+dearest friend.
+
+Moving on to Oregon to lecture at the request of the pioneer
+suffragist, Abigail Scott Duniway, she wrote Mrs. Stanton, who had
+left for the East, "As I rolled on the ocean last week feeling that
+the very next strain might swamp the ship, and thinking over all my
+sins of omission and commission, there was nothing undone which
+haunted me like the failure to speak the word at San Francisco again
+and more fully. I would rather today have the satisfaction of having
+said the true and needful thing on Laura Fair and the social evil,
+with the hisses and hoots of San Francisco and the entire nation
+around me, than all that you or I could possibly experience from their
+united eulogies with that one word unsaid."[272]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+So far Susan's western trip had netted her only $350. This was
+disappointing in so far as she had counted upon it to reduce
+substantially her _Revolution_ debt. She now hoped to build her
+earnings up to $1,000 in Oregon and Washington. Everywhere in these
+two states people took her to their hearts and the press with a few
+exceptions was complimentary. The beauty of the rugged mountainous
+country compensated her somewhat for the long tiring stage rides over
+rough roads and for the cold uncomfortable lonely nights in poor
+hotels. Only occasionally did she enjoy the luxury of a good cup of
+coffee or a clean bed in a warm friendly home.
+
+At first in Oregon she was apprehensive about facing an audience
+because of her San Francisco experience, and she wrote Mrs. Stanton,
+"But to the rack I must go, though another San Francisco torture be in
+store for me."[273] She spoke on "The Power of the Ballot," on women's
+right to vote under the Fourteenth Amendment, on the need of women to
+be self-supporting, and clearly and logically she marshaled her facts
+and her arguments. Occasionally she obliged with a temperance speech,
+or gathered women together to talk to them about the social evil,
+relieved when they responded to this delicate subject with earnestness
+and gratitude. Practice soon made her an easy, extemporaneous speaker.
+Yet she was only now and then satisfied with her efforts, recording in
+her diary, "Was happy in a real Patrick Henry speech."[274]
+
+The proceeds from her lectures were disappointing, as money was scarce
+in the West that winter, and she had just decided to return to the
+East to spend Christmas with her mother and sisters when she was urged
+to accept lecture engagements in California. Putting her own personal
+longings behind her, she took the stage to California, sitting outside
+with the driver so that she could better enjoy the scenery and learn
+more about the people who had settled this new lonely overpowering
+country. "Horrible indeed are the roads," she wrote her mother, "miles
+and miles of corduroy and then twenty miles ... of black mud.... How
+my thought does turn homeward, mother."[275]
+
+This time she was warmly received in San Francisco. The prejudice, so
+vocal six months before, had disappeared. "Made my Fourteenth
+Amendment argument splendidly," she wrote in her diary. "All delighted
+with it and me--and it is such a comfort to have the friends feel that
+I help the good work on."[276]
+
+She was gaining confidence in herself and wrote her family, "I miss
+Mrs. Stanton. Still I can not but enjoy the feeling that the people
+call on me, and the fact that I have an opportunity to sharpen my wits
+a little by answering questions and doing the chatting, instead of
+merely sitting a lay figure and listening to the brilliant
+scintillations as they emanate from her never-exhausted magazine.
+There is no alternative--whoever goes into a parlor or before an
+audience with that woman does it at a cost of a fearful overshadowing,
+a price which I have paid for the last ten years, and that cheerfully,
+because I felt our cause was most profited by her being seen and
+heard, and my best work was making the way clear for her."[277]
+
+Starting homeward through Wyoming and Nevada where she also had
+lecture engagements, she wrote in her diary on January 1, 1872, "6
+months of constant travel, full 8000 miles, 108 lectures. The year's
+work full 13,000 miles travel--170 meetings." On the train she met the
+new California Senator, Aaron A. Sargent, his wife Ellen, and their
+children. A warm friendship developed on this long journey during
+which the train was stalled in deep snow drifts. "This is indeed a
+fearful ordeal, fastened here ... midway of the continent at the top
+of the Rocky mountains," she recorded. "The railroad has supplied the
+passengers with soda crackers and dried fish.... Mrs. Sargent and I
+have made tea and carried it throughout the train to the nursing
+mothers."[278] The Sargents had brought their own food for the journey
+and shared it with Susan. This and the good conversation lightened the
+ordeal for her, especially as both Senator and Mrs. Sargent believed
+heartily in woman's rights, and Senator Sargent in his campaign for
+the Senate had boldly announced his endorsement of woman suffrage.
+
+This friendly attitude among western men toward votes for women was
+the most encouraging development in Susan's long uphill fight. These
+men, looking upon women as partners who had shared with them the
+dangers and hardships of the frontier, recognized at once the justice
+of woman suffrage and its benefit to the country.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Susan traveled directly from Nevada to Washington instead of breaking
+her journey by a visit with her brothers in Kansas, as she had hoped
+to do. She even omitted Rochester so that she might be in time for the
+national woman suffrage convention in Washington in January 1872, for
+which Mrs. Hooker, Mrs. Davis, and Mrs. Stanton were preparing. She
+found Victoria Woodhull with them, her presence provoking criticism
+and dissension.
+
+Impulsively she came to Victoria's defense at the convention: "I have
+been asked by many, 'Why did you drag Victoria Woodhull to the front?'
+Now, bless your souls, she was not dragged to the front. She came to
+Washington with a powerful argument. She presented her Memorial to
+Congress and it was a power.... She had an interview with the
+judiciary committee. We could never secure that privilege. She was
+young, handsome, and rich. Now if it takes youth, beauty, and money to
+capture Congress, Victoria is the woman we are after."[279]
+
+"I was asked by an editor of a New York paper if I knew Mrs.
+Woodhull's antecedents," she continued. "I said I didn't and that I
+did not care any more for them than I do about those of the members of
+Congress.... I have been asked along the Pacific coast, 'What about
+Woodhull? You make her your leader?' Now we don't make leaders; they
+make themselves."
+
+Victoria, however, did not prove to be the leading light of this
+convention, although she made one of her stirring fiery speeches
+calling upon her audience to form an Equal Rights party and nominate
+her for President of the United States. By this time, Susan had
+concluded that Victoria Woodhull for President did not ring true and
+she would have nothing to do with her self-inspired candidacy. Quickly
+she steered the convention away from Victoria Woodhull for President
+toward the consideration of the more practical matter of woman's right
+to vote under the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments.
+
+This time it was Susan, not Victoria, who was granted a hearing before
+the Senate judiciary committee. "At the close of the war," Susan
+reminded the Senators, "Congress lifted the question of suffrage for
+men above State power, and by the amendments prohibited the
+deprivation of suffrage to any citizen by any State. When the
+Fourteenth Amendment was first proposed ... we rushed to you with
+petitions praying you not to insert the word 'male' in the second
+clause. Our best friends ... said to us: 'The insertion of that word
+puts no new barrier against women; therefore do not embarrass us but
+wait until we get the Negro question settled.' So the Fourteenth
+Amendment with the word 'male' was adopted.[280]
+
+"When the Fifteenth was presented without the word 'sex,'" she
+continued, "we again petitioned and protested, and again our friends
+declared that the absence of the word was no hindrance to us, and
+again begged us to wait until they had finished the work of the war,
+saying, 'After we have enfranchised the Negro, we will take up your
+case.'
+
+"Have they done as they promised?" she asked. "When we come asking
+protection under the new guarantees of the Constitution, the same men
+say to us ... to wait the action of Congress and State legislatures in
+the adoption of a Sixteenth Amendment which shall make null and void
+the word 'male' in the Fourteenth and supply the want of the word
+'sex' in the Fifteenth. Such tantalizing treatment imposed upon
+yourselves or any class of men would have caused rebellion and in the
+end a bloody revolution...."
+
+Unconvinced of the urgency or even the desirability of votes for
+women, the Senate judiciary committee promptly issued an adverse
+report, but Susan was assured that her cause had a few persistent
+supporters in Congress when Benjamin Butler presented petitions to the
+House for a declaratory act for the Fourteenth Amendment and
+Congressman Parker of Missouri introduced a bill granting women the
+right to vote and hold office in the territories.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Susan now turned to the more sympathetic West to take her plea for
+woman suffrage directly to the people. Speaking almost daily in
+Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, and Illinois, she had little time to think of
+the work in the East; the glamor of Victoria Woodhull faded, and she
+realized that her own hard monotonous spade work would in the long run
+do more for the cause than the meteoric rise of a vivid personality
+who gave only part of herself to the task.
+
+When letters came from Mrs. Stanton and Mrs. Hooker showing plainly
+that they were falling in with Victoria's plans to form a new
+political party, Susan at once dashed off these lines of warning: "We
+have no element out of which to make a political party, because there
+is not a man who would vote a woman suffrage ticket if thereby he
+endangered his Republican, Democratic, Workingmen's, or Temperance
+party, and all our time and words in that direction are simply thrown
+away. My name must not be used to call any such meeting."[281]
+
+Then she added, "Mrs. Woodhull has the advantage of us because she has
+the newspaper, and she persistently means to run our craft into her
+port and none other. If she were influenced by women spirits ... I
+might consent to be a mere sail-hoister for her; but as it is she is
+wholly owned and dominated by _men_ spirits and I spurn the whole lot
+of them...."
+
+A few weeks later, as she looked over the latest copy of _Woodhull &
+Claflin's Weekly_, she was horrified to find her name signed to a call
+to a political convention sponsored by the National Woman Suffrage
+Association. Immediately she telegraphed Mrs. Stanton to remove her
+name and wrote stern indignant letters begging her and Mrs. Hooker not
+to involve the National Association in Victoria Woodhull's
+presidential campaign. Although she herself had often called for a new
+political party while she was publishing _The Revolution_, she was
+practical enough to recognize that a party formed under Victoria
+Woodhull's banner was doomed to failure.
+
+Returning to New York, she found both Mrs. Stanton and Mrs. Hooker
+still completely absorbed in Victoria's plans. Bringing herself up to
+date once more on the latest developments in the colorful life of
+Victoria Woodhull, she found that she had been lecturing on "The
+Impending Revolution" to large enthusiastic audiences and that she had
+again been called into court by her family. Goaded to defiance by an
+increasingly virulent press, Victoria had also begun to blackmail
+suffragists who she thought were her enemies, among them Mrs. Bullard,
+Mrs. Blake, and Mrs. Phelps. This made Susan take steps at once to
+free the National Association of her influence.
+
+When Victoria Woodhull, followed by a crowd of supporters, sailed into
+the first business session of the National Woman Suffrage Association
+in New York, announcing that the People's convention would hold a
+joint meeting with the suffragists, Susan made it plain that they
+would do nothing of the kind, as Steinway Hall had been engaged for a
+woman suffrage convention. With relief, she watched Victoria and her
+flock leave for a meeting place of their own. Disgruntled at what she
+called Susan's intolerance, Mrs. Stanton then asked to be relieved of
+the presidency. Elected to take her place, Susan was now free to cope
+with Victoria, should this again become necessary.
+
+Not to be outmaneuvered by Susan, Victoria made a surprise appearance
+near the end of the evening session and moved that the convention
+adjourn to meet the next morning in Apollo Hall with the people's
+convention. Quickly one of her colleagues seconded the motion. Susan
+refused to put this motion, standing quietly before the excited
+audience, stern and somber in her steel-gray silk dress. Beside her on
+the platform, Victoria, intense and vivid, put the motion herself, and
+it was overwhelmingly carried by her friends scattered among the
+suffragists. Declaring this out of order because neither Victoria nor
+many of those voting were members of the National Association, Susan
+in her most commanding voice adjourned the convention to meet in the
+same place the next morning. Victoria, however, continued her demands
+until Susan ordered the janitor to turn out the lights. Then the
+audience dispersed in the darkness.
+
+With these drastic measures, Susan rescued the National Woman Suffrage
+Association from Victoria Woodhull, who had her own triumph later at
+Apollo Hall, where, surrounded by wildly cheering admirers, she was
+nominated for President of the United States by the newly formed Equal
+Rights party.
+
+Reading about Victoria's nomination in the morning papers, Susan
+breathed a prayer of gratitude for a narrow escape, recording in her
+diary, "There never was such a foolish muddle--all come of Mrs. S.
+[Stanton] consulting and conceding to Woodhull & calling a People's
+Con[vention].... All came near being lost.... I never was so hurt with
+the folly of Stanton.... Our movement as such is so demoralized by
+letting go the helm of ship to Woodhull--though we rescued it--it was
+as by a hair breadth escape." She was surprised to find no
+condemnation of her actions in _Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly_ but only
+the implication that the suffragists were too slow for Victoria's
+great work.[282]
+
+The attitude of some of the leading suffragists toward Victoria
+Woodhull remained a problem. Fortunately Mrs. Stanton came back into
+line, but both Mrs. Hooker and Mrs. Davis seemed bound to drift under
+Victoria's influence, and the promising young lawyer, Belva Lockwood,
+campaigned for the Equal Rights party and its candidate Victoria
+Woodhull.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+While Victoria Woodhull's fortunes were speedily dropping from the
+sublime heights of a presidential nomination to the humiliation of
+financial ruin, the loss of her home, and the suspended publication
+of her _Weekly_, Susan was knocking at the doors of the Republican and
+Democratic national conventions. She had previously appealed to the
+liberal Republicans, among whose delegates were her old friends George
+W. Julian, B. Gratz Brown, and Theodore Tilton, but they had ignored
+woman suffrage and had nominated for President, Horace Greeley, now a
+persistent opponent of votes for women. The Democrats did no better.
+Faced with Grant as the strong Republican nominee, they too nominated
+Horace Greeley with B. Gratz Brown as his running mate, hoping by this
+coalition to achieve victory. The Republicans, still unwilling to go
+the whole way for woman suffrage by giving it the recognition of a
+plank in their platform, did, however, offer women a splinter at which
+Susan grasped eagerly because it was the first time an important,
+powerful political party had ever mentioned women in their platform.
+
+"The Republican party," read the splinter, "is mindful of its
+obligations to the loyal women of America for their noble devotion to
+the cause of freedom; their admission to wider fields of usefulness is
+received with satisfaction; and the honest demands of any class of
+citizens for equal rights should be treated with respectful
+consideration."[283]
+
+Thankful to have escaped involvement with Victoria Woodhull and her
+Equal Rights party just at this time when the Republicans were ready
+to smile upon women, Susan basked in an aura of respectability thrown
+around her by her new political allies. She was even hopeful that the
+two woman-suffrage factions could now forget their differences and
+work together for "the living, vital issue of today--freedom to
+women."
+
+She at once began speaking for the Republican party, looking forward
+to carrying the discussion of woman suffrage into every school
+district and every ward meeting. In the beginning the Republicans were
+generous with funds, giving her $1,000 for women's meetings in New
+York, Philadelphia, Rochester, and other large cities. For speakers
+she sought both Lucy Stone and Anna E. Dickinson, but Lucy made it
+plain in letters to Mrs. Stanton that she would take no part in
+Republican rallies conducted by Susan, and Anna responded with a
+torrent of false accusations.[284] Only Mary Livermore of the American
+Association consented to speak at Susan's Republican rallies; but with
+Mrs. Stanton, Mrs. Gage, and Olympia Brown to call upon, Susan did
+not lack for effective orators.
+
+In an _Appeal to the Women of America_, financed by the Republicans
+and widely circulated, she urged the election of Grant and Wilson and
+the defeat of Horace Greeley, whom she described as women's most
+bitter opponent. "Both by tongue and pen," she declared, "he has
+heaped abuse, ridicule, and misrepresentation upon our leading women,
+while the whole power of the _Tribune_ had been used to crush our
+great reform...."[285]
+
+Beyond this she was unwilling to go in criticizing her one-time
+friend. In fact her sense of fairness recoiled at the ridicule and
+defamation heaped upon Horace Greeley in the campaign. "I shall not
+join with the Republicans," she wrote Mrs. Stanton, "in hounding
+Greeley and the Liberals with all the old war anathemas of the
+Democracy.... My sense of justice and truth is outraged by the
+Harper's cartoons of Greeley and the general falsifying tone of the
+Republican press. It is not fair for us to join in the cry that
+everybody who is opposed to the present administration is either a
+Democrat or an apostate."[286]
+
+Susan sensed a change in the Republicans' attitude toward women, as
+they grew increasingly confident of victory. Not only did they refuse
+further financial aid, but criticized Susan roundly because in her
+speeches she emphasized woman suffrage rather than the virtues of the
+Republican party. She ignored their complaints, and wrote Mrs.
+Stanton, "If you are willing to go forth ... saying that you endorse
+the party on any other point ... than that of its recognition of
+woman's claim to vote, _I_ am not...."[287]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[262] A former Congressman from Ohio, a personal friend of Senator
+Benjamin Wade who was a loyal friend of woman suffrage.
+
+[263] _The Revolution_, V, March 19, 1870, pp. 154-155, 159.
+
+[264] Clipping from _Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly_, Susan B. Anthony
+Scrapbook, Library of Congress.
+
+[265] Emanie, Sachs, _The Terrible Siren_ (New York, 1928), p. 87.
+After hearing Victoria Woodhull speak at a woman suffrage meeting in
+Philadelphia, Lucretia Mott wrote her daughters, March 21, 1871, "I
+wish you could have heard Mrs. Woodhull ... so earnest yet modest and
+dignified, and so full of faith that she is divinely inspired for her
+work. The 30 or 40 persons present were much impressed with her work
+and beautiful utterances." Garrison Papers, Sophia Smith Collection,
+Smith College.
+
+[266] May 20, 1871, Ida Husted Harper Collection, Henry E. Huntington
+Library.
+
+[267] _The Golden Age_, Dec., 1871.
+
+[268] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 388.
+
+[269] _Ibid._, pp. 389-390.
+
+[270] _Ibid._, pp. 391-394. Laura Fair, who reportedly had been the
+mistress of Alexander P. Crittenden for six years, was acquitted of
+his murder on the grounds that his death was not due to her pistol
+shot but to a disease from which he was suffering. Julia Cooley
+Altrocchi, _The Spectacular San Franciscans_ (New York, 1949).
+
+[271] Ms., Diary, July 13-23, 1871.
+
+[272] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 396.
+
+[273] _Ibid._
+
+[274] Ms., Diary, Oct. 13, 1871.
+
+[275] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 403.
+
+[276] Ms., Diary, Dec. 15, 1871.
+
+[277] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 396.
+
+[278] Ms., Diary, Jan. 2, 1872.
+
+[279] _Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly_, Jan. 23, 1873.
+
+[280] Harper, _Anthony_, I, pp. 410-411.
+
+[281] _Ibid._, p. 413.
+
+[282] Ms., Diary, May 8, 10, 12, 1872.
+
+[283] Harper, _Anthony_, I, pp. 416-417.
+
+[284] Ms., Diary, Sept. 21, 1872. Lucy Stone wrote in the _Woman's
+Journal_, July 27, 1872, "We are glad that the wing of the movement to
+which these ladies belong have decided to cast in their lot with the
+Republican party. If they had done so sooner, it would have been
+better for all concerned...."
+
+[285] _History of Woman Suffrage_, II, p. 519. The Republicans
+financed a paper, _Woman's Campaign_, edited by Helen Barnard, which
+published some of Susan's speeches and which Susan for a time hoped to
+convert into a woman suffrage paper.
+
+[286] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 422.
+
+[287] _Ibid._
+
+
+
+
+TESTING THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT
+
+
+Susan preached militancy to women throughout the presidential campaign
+of 1872, urging them to claim their rights under the Fourteenth and
+Fifteenth Amendments by registering and voting in every state in the
+Union.
+
+Even before Francis Minor had called her attention to the
+possibilities offered by these amendments, she had followed with great
+interest a similar effort by Englishwomen who, in 1867 and 1868, had
+attempted to prove that the "ancient legal rights of females" were
+still valid and entitled women property holders to vote for
+representatives in Parliament, and who claimed that the word "man" in
+Parliamentary statutes should be interpreted to include women. In the
+case of the 5,346 householders of Manchester, the court held that
+"every woman is personally incapable" in a legal sense.[288] This
+legal contest had been fully reported in _The Revolution_, and
+disappointing as the verdict was, Susan looked upon this attempt to
+establish justice as an indication of a great awakening and uprising
+among women.
+
+There had also been heartening signs in her own country, which she
+hoped were the preparation for more successful militancy to come. She
+had exulted in _The Revolution_ in 1868 over the attempt of women to
+vote in Vineland, New Jersey. Encouraged by the enfranchisement of
+women in Wyoming in 1869, Mary Olney Brown and Charlotte Olney French
+had cast their votes in Washington Territory. A young widow, Marilla
+Ricker, had registered and voted in New Hampshire in 1870, claiming
+this right as a property holder, but her vote was refused. In 1871,
+Nannette B. Gardner and Catherine Stebbins in Detroit, Catherine V.
+White in Illinois, Ellen R. Van Valkenburg in Santa Cruz, California,
+and Carrie S. Burnham in Philadelphia registered and attempted to
+vote. Only Mrs. Gardner's vote was accepted. That same year, Sarah
+Andrews Spencer, Sarah E. Webster, and seventy other women marched to
+the polls to register and vote in the District of Columbia. Their
+ballots refused, they brought suit against the Board of Election
+Inspectors, carrying the case unsuccessfully to the Supreme Court of
+the United States.[289] Another test case based on the Fourteenth
+Amendment had also been carried to the Supreme Court by Myra Bradwell,
+one of the first women lawyers, who had been denied admission to the
+Illinois bar because she was a woman.
+
+With the spotlight turned on the Fourteenth Amendment by these women,
+lawyers here and there throughout the country were discussing the
+legal points involved, many admitting that women had a good case. Even
+the press was friendly.
+
+Susan had looked forward to claiming her rights under the Fourteenth
+and Fifteenth Amendments and was ready to act. She had spent the
+thirty days required of voters in Rochester with her family and as she
+glanced through the morning paper of November 1, 1872, she read these
+challenging words, "Now Register!... If you were not permitted to vote
+you would fight for the right, undergo all privations for it, face
+death for it...."[290]
+
+This was all the reminder she needed. She would fight for this right.
+She put on her bonnet and coat, telling her three sisters what she
+intended to do, asked them to join her, and with them walked briskly
+to the barber shop where the voters of her ward were registering.
+Boldly entering this stronghold of men, she asked to be registered.
+The inspector in charge, Beverly W. Jones, tried to convince her that
+this was impossible under the laws of New York. She told him she
+claimed her right to vote not under the New York constitution but
+under the Fourteenth Amendment, and she read him its pertinent lines.
+Other election inspectors now joined in the argument, but she
+persisted until two of them, Beverly W. Jones and Edwin F. Marsh, both
+Republicans, finally consented to register the four women.
+
+This mission accomplished, Susan rounded up twelve more women willing
+to register. The evening papers spread the sensational news, and by
+the end of the registration period, fifty Rochester women had joined
+the ranks of the militants.
+
+On election day, November 5, 1872, Susan gleefully wrote Elizabeth
+Stanton, "Well, I have gone and done it!!--positively voted the
+Republican ticket--Strait--this A.M. at 7 o'clock--& swore my vote in
+at that.... All my three sisters voted--Rhoda deGarmo too--Amy Post
+was rejected & she will immediately bring action against the
+registrars.... Not a jeer not a word--not a look--disrespectful has
+met a single woman.... I hope the mornings telegrams will tell of many
+women all over the country trying to vote.... I hope you voted
+too."[291]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Election day did not bring the general uprising of women for which
+Susan had hoped. In Michigan, Missouri, Ohio, and Connecticut, as in
+Rochester, a few women tried to vote. In New York City, Lillie
+Devereux Blake and in Fayetteville, New York, Matilda Joslyn Gage had
+courageously gone to the polls only to be turned away. Elizabeth
+Stanton did not vote on November 5, 1872, and her lack of enthusiasm
+about a test case in the courts was very disappointing to Susan.
+
+However, the fact that Susan B. Anthony had voted won immediate
+response from the press in all parts of the country. Newspapers in
+general were friendly, the New York _Times_ boldly declaring, "The act
+of Susan B. Anthony should have a place in history," and the Chicago
+_Tribune_ venturing to suggest that she ought to hold public office.
+The cartoonists, however, reveling in a new and tempting subject,
+caricatured her unmercifully, the New York Graphic setting the tone.
+Some Democratic papers condemned her, following the line of the
+Rochester _Union and Advertiser_ which flaunted the headline, "Female
+Lawlessness," and declared that Miss Anthony's lawlessness had proved
+women unfit for the ballot.
+
+Before she voted, Susan had taken the precaution of consulting Judge
+Henry R. Selden, a former judge of the Court of Appeals. After
+listening with interest to her story and examining the arguments of
+Benjamin Butler, Francis Minor, and Albert G. Riddle in support of the
+claim that women had a right to vote under the Fourteenth and
+Fifteenth Amendments, he was convinced that women had a good case and
+consented to advise her and defend her if necessary. Judge Selden, now
+retired from the bench because of ill health, was practicing law in
+Rochester where he was highly respected. A Republican, he had served
+as lieutenant governor, member of the Assembly, and state senator.
+Susan had known him as one of the city's active abolitionists, a
+friend of Frederick Douglass who had warned him to flee the country
+after the raid on Harper's Ferry and the capture of John Brown. Such
+a man she felt she could trust.
+
+All was quiet for about two weeks after the election and it looked as
+if the episode might be forgotten in the jubilation over Grant's
+election. Then, on November 18, the United States deputy marshal rang
+the doorbell at 7 Madison Street and asked for Miss Susan B. Anthony.
+When she greeted him, he announced with embarrassment that he had come
+to arrest her.
+
+"Is this your usual manner of serving a warrant?" she asked in
+surprise.[292]
+
+He then handed her papers, charging that she had voted in violation of
+Section 19 of an Act of Congress, which stipulated that anyone voting
+knowingly without having the lawful right to vote was guilty of a
+crime, and on conviction would be punished by a fine not exceeding
+$500, or by imprisonment not exceeding three years.
+
+This was a serious development. It had never occurred to Susan that
+this law, passed in 1870 to halt the voting of southern rebels, could
+actually be applicable to her. In fact, she had expected to bring suit
+against election inspectors for refusing to accept the ballots of
+women. Now charged with crime and arrested, she suddenly began to
+sense the import of what was happening to her.
+
+When the marshal suggested that she report alone to the United States
+Commissioner, she emphatically refused to go of her own free will and
+they left the house together, she extending her wrists for the
+handcuffs and he ignoring her gesture. As they got on the streetcar
+and the conductor asked for her fare, she further embarrassed the
+marshal by loudly announcing, "I'm traveling at the expense of the
+government. This gentleman is escorting me to jail. Ask him for my
+fare." When they arrived at the commissioner's office, he was not
+there, but a hearing was set for November 29.
+
+On that day, in the office where a few years before fugitive slaves
+had been returned to their masters, Susan was questioned and
+cross-examined, and she felt akin to those slaves. Proudly she
+admitted that she had voted, that she had conferred with Judge Selden,
+that with or without his advice she would have attempted to vote to
+test women's right to the franchise.[293]
+
+"Did you have any doubt yourself of your right to vote?" asked the
+commissioner.
+
+"Not a particle," she replied.
+
+On December 23, 1872, in Rochester's common council chamber, before a
+large curious audience, Susan, the other women voters, and the
+election inspectors were arraigned. People expecting to see bold
+notoriety-seeking women were surprised by their seriousness and
+dignity. "The majority of these law-breakers," reported the press,
+"were elderly, matronly-looking women with thoughtful faces, just the
+sort one would like to see in charge of one's sick-room, considerate,
+patient, kindly."[294]
+
+The United States Commissioner fixed their bail at $500 each. All
+furnished bail but Susan, who through her counsel, Henry R. Selden,
+applied for a writ of habeas corpus, demanding immediate release and
+challenging the lawfulness of her arrest. When a writ of habeas corpus
+was denied and her bail increased to $1,000 by United States District
+Judge Nathan K. Hall, sitting in Albany, Susan was more than ever
+determined to resist the interference of the courts in her
+constitutional right as a citizen to vote. She refused to give bail,
+emphatically stating that she preferred prison.
+
+Seeing no heroism but only disgrace in a jail term for his client and
+unwilling to let her bring this ignominy upon herself. Henry Selden
+chivalrously assured her that this was a time when she must be guided
+by her lawyer's advice, and he paid her bail. Ignorant of the
+technicalities of the law, she did not realize the far-reaching
+implications of this well-intentioned act until they left the
+courtroom and in the hallway met tall vigorous John Van Voorhis of
+Rochester who was working on the case with Judge Selden. With the
+impatience of a younger man, eager to fight to the finish, he
+exclaimed, "You have lost your chance to get your case before the
+Supreme Court by writ of habeas corpus!"[295]
+
+Aghast, Susan rushed back to the courtroom, hoping to cancel the bond,
+but it was too late. Bitterly disappointed, she remonstrated with
+Henry Selden, but he quietly replied, "I could not see a lady I
+respected in jail." She never forgave him for this, in spite of her
+continued appreciation of his keen legal mind, his unfailing kindness,
+and his willingness to battle for women.
+
+Within a few days she appeared before the Federal Grand Jury in
+Albany and was indicted on the charge that she "did knowingly,
+wrongfully and unlawfully vote for a Representative in the Congress of
+the United States...."[296] Her trial was set for the term of the
+United States District Court, beginning May 13, 1873, in Rochester,
+New York.
+
+[Illustration: Judge Henry R. Selden]
+
+During these difficult days in Albany, Susan found comfort and
+courage, as in the past, in the friendliness of Lydia Mott's home.
+Here she planned the steps by which to win public approval and
+financial aid for her test case. She addressed the commission which
+was revising New York's constitution on woman's right to vote under
+the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, pointing out that the law
+limiting suffrage to males was nullified by this new interpretation.
+Eager to spread the truth about her own legal contest, she distributed
+printed copies of Judge Selden's argument. Then traveling to New York
+and Washington, she personally presented copies to newspaper editors
+and Congressmen. To one of these men she wrote, "It is not for
+myself--but for all womanhood--yes and all manhood too--that I most
+rejoice in the appeal to the legal mind of the Nation. It is no
+longer whether women wish to vote, or men are willing, but it is
+woman's Constitutional right."[297]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In spite of the fact that Susan was technically in the custody of the
+United States Marshal, who objected to her leaving Rochester, she
+managed to carry out a full schedule of lectures in Ohio, Indiana, and
+Illinois, and also the usual annual Washington and New York woman
+suffrage conventions at which she told the story of her voting, her
+arrest, and her pending trial, and where she received enthusiastic
+support.
+
+Because she wanted the people to understand the legal points on which
+she based her right to vote, Susan spoke on "The Equal Right of All
+Citizens to the Ballot" in every district in Monroe County. So
+thorough and convincing was she that the district attorney asked for a
+change of venue, fearing that any Monroe County jury, sitting in
+Rochester, would be prejudiced in her favor. When her case was
+transferred to the United States Circuit Court in Canandaigua, to be
+heard a month later, she immediately descended upon Ontario County
+with her speech, "Is It a Crime for a Citizen of the United States to
+Vote?" and Matilda Joslyn Gage joined her, speaking on "The United
+States on Trial, Not Susan B. Anthony."
+
+On the lecture platform Susan wore a gray silk dress with a soft,
+white lace collar. Her hair, now graying, was smoothed back and
+twisted neatly into a tight knot. Everything about her indicated
+refinement and sincerity, and most of her audiences felt this.
+
+"Our democratic-republican government is based on the idea of the
+natural right of every individual member thereof to a voice and vote
+in making and executing the laws," she declared as she looked into the
+faces of the men and women who had gathered to hear her, farmers,
+storekeepers, lawyers, and housewives, rich and poor, a cross section
+of America.
+
+Repeating to them salient passages from the Declaration of
+Independence and the Preamble to the Constitution, she added, "It was
+we, the people, not we, the white male citizens, nor yet we, the male
+citizens: but we the whole people, who formed this Union. And we
+formed it, not to give the blessings of liberty, but to secure them;
+not to the half of ourselves and the half of our posterity, but to the
+whole people--women as well as men."[298]
+
+She asked, "Is the right to vote one of the privileges or immunities
+of citizens? I think the disfranchised ex-rebels, and the ex-state
+prisoners will agree with me that it is not only one of them, but the
+one without which all the others are nothing."[299]
+
+Quoting for them the Fifteenth Amendment, she told them it had settled
+forever the question of the citizen's right to vote. The Fifteenth
+Amendment, she reasoned, applies to women, first because women are
+citizens and secondly because of their "previous condition of
+servitude." Defining a slave as a person robbed of the proceeds of his
+labor and subject to the will of another, she showed how state laws
+relating to married women had placed them in the position of slaves.
+
+As she analyzed the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments
+and cited authorities for her conclusions, she left little doubt in
+the minds of those who heard her that women were persons and citizens
+whose privileges and immunities could not be abridged.
+
+On this note she concluded: "We ask the juries to fail to return
+verdicts of 'guilty' against honest, law-abiding, tax-paying United
+States citizens for offering their votes at our elections ... We ask
+the judges to render true and unprejudiced opinions of the law, and
+wherever there is room for doubt to give its benefit on the side of
+liberty and equal rights to women, remembering that 'the true rule of
+interpretation under our national constitution, especially since its
+amendments, is that anything for human rights is constitutional,
+everything against human rights unconstitutional.' And it is on this
+line that we propose to fight our battle for the ballot--all
+peaceably, but nevertheless persistently through to complete triumph,
+when all United States citizens shall be recognized as equals before
+the law."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Speaking twenty-one nights in succession was arduous. "So few see or
+feel any special importance in the impending trial," she jotted down
+in her diary. In towns, such as Geneva, where she had old friends,
+like Elizabeth Smith Miller, she was assured of a friendly welcome and
+a good audience.[300]
+
+[Illustration: "The Woman Who Dared"]
+
+As the collections, taken up after her lectures, were too small to pay
+her expenses, her financial problems weighed heavily. The notes she
+had signed for _The Revolution_ were in the main still unpaid, and
+one of her creditors was growing impatient. She had recently paid her
+counsel, Judge Selden, $200 and John Van Voorhis, $75, leaving only
+$3.45 in her defense fund, but as usual a few of her loyal friends
+came to her aid, and both Judge Selden and John Van Voorhis, deeply
+interested in her courageous fight, gave most of their time without
+charge.[301]
+
+If this campaign was a problem financially, it was a success in the
+matter of nation-wide publicity. The New York _Herald_ exulted in
+hostile gibes at women suffrage and published fictitious interviews,
+ridiculing Susan as a homely aggressive old maid, but the New York
+_Evening Post_ prophesied that the court decision would likely be in
+her favor. The Rochester _Express_ championed her warmly: "All
+Rochester will assert--at least all of it worth heeding--that Miss
+Anthony holds here the position of a refined and estimable woman,
+thoroughly respected and beloved by the large circle of staunch
+friends who swear by her common sense and loyalty, if not by her
+peculiar views." In fact the consensus of opinion in Rochester was
+much like that of the woman who remarked, "No, I am not converted to
+what these women advocate. I am too cowardly for that; but I am
+converted to Susan B. Anthony."[302]
+
+This, however, was far from the attitude of Lucy Stone's _Woman's
+Journal_, which had ignored Susan's voting in November 1872 because it
+was out of sympathy with this militant move and with her
+interpretation of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. Later, as
+her case progressed in the courts, the _Journal_ did give it brief
+notice as a news item, but in 1873 when it listed as a mark of honor
+the women who had worked wisely for the cause, Susan B. Anthony's name
+was not among them, and this did not pass unnoticed by Susan; nor did
+the fact that she was snubbed by the Congress of Women, meeting in New
+York and sponsored by Mary A. Livermore, Julia Ward Howe, and Maria
+Mitchell. This drawing away of women hurt her far more than newspaper
+gibes. In fact she was sadly disappointed in women's response to the
+herculean effort she was making for them.
+
+Even more disconcerting was the adverse decision of the Supreme Court
+on the Myra Bradwell case, which at once shattered the confidence of
+most of her legal advisors. The court held that Illinois had violated
+no provision of the federal Constitution in refusing to allow Myra
+Bradwell to practice law because she was a woman and declared that the
+right to practice law in state courts is not a privilege or an
+immunity of a citizen of the United States, nor is the power of a
+state to prescribe qualifications for admission to the bar affected by
+the Fourteenth Amendment. Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase, filing a
+dissenting opinion, lived up to Susan's faith in him, but Benjamin
+Butler wrote her, "I do not believe anybody in Congress doubts that
+the Constitution authorizes the right of women to vote, precisely as
+it authorizes trial by jury and many other like rights guaranteed to
+citizens. But the difficulty is, the courts long since decided that
+the constitutional provisions do not act upon the citizens, except as
+guarantees, ex proprio vigore, and in order to give force to them
+there must be legislation.... Therefore, the point is for the friends
+of woman suffrage to get congressional legislation."[303]
+
+Susan, however, never wavered in her conviction that she as a citizen
+had a constitutional right to vote and that it was her duty to test
+this right in the courts.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[288] Ray Strachey, _Struggle_ (New York, 1930), pp. 113-116.
+
+[289] The U.S. Supreme Court upheld the decision of a lower court that
+without specific legislation by Congress, the 14th Amendment could not
+overrule the law of the District of Columbia which limited suffrage to
+male citizens over 21. _History of Woman Suffrage_, II, pp. 587-601.
+
+[290] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 423.
+
+[291] Nov. 5, 1872, Ida Husted Harper Collection, Henry E. Huntington
+Library. Miss Anthony had assured the election inspectors that she
+would pay the cost of any suit which might be brought against them for
+accepting women's votes.
+
+[292] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 426. The Anthony home was then numbered
+7 Madison Street.
+
+[293] _An Account of the Proceedings of the Trial of Susan B. Anthony
+on the Charge of Illegal Voting_ (Rochester, New York, 1874), p. 16.
+
+[294] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 428.
+
+[295] _Ibid._, p. 433.
+
+[296] _Trial_, pp. 2-3.
+
+[297] N.d., Susan B. Anthony Papers, New York Public Library.
+
+[298] _Trial_, pp. 151, 153. Judge Story, _Commentaries on the
+Constitution of the United States_, Sec. 456: "The importance of
+examining the preamble for the purpose of expounding the language of a
+statute has long been felt and universally conceded in all juridical
+discussion." _History of Woman Suffrage_, II, p. 477.
+
+[299] Harper, _Anthony_, II, pp. 978, 986-987.
+
+[300] Ms., Diary, May 10, June 7, 1873.
+
+[301] Suffrage clubs in New York, Buffalo, Chicago, and Milwaukee sent
+$50 and $100 contributions. Susan's cousin, Anson Lapham, cancelled
+notes for $4000 which she had signed while struggling to finance _The
+Revolution_. The women of Rochester rallied behind her, forming a
+Taxpayers' Association to protest taxation without representation.
+
+[302] Harper, _Anthony_, II, pp. 994-995.
+
+[303] _Ibid._, I, p. 429.
+
+
+
+
+"IS IT A CRIME FOR A CITIZEN ... TO VOTE?"
+
+
+Charged with the crime of voting illegally, Susan was brought to trial
+on June 17, 1873, in the peaceful village of Canandaigua, New York.
+Simply dressed and wearing her new bonnet faced with blue silk and
+draped with a dotted veil,[304] she stoically climbed the court-house
+steps, feeling as if on her shoulders she carried the political
+destiny of American women. With her were her counsel, Henry R. Selden
+and John Van Voorhis, her sister, Hannah Mosher, most of the women who
+had voted with her in Rochester, and Matilda Joslyn Gage, whose
+interest in this case was akin to her own.
+
+In the courtroom on the second floor, seated behind the bar, Susan
+watched the curious crowd gather and fill every available seat. She
+wondered, as she calmly surveyed the all-male jury, whether they could
+possibly understand the humiliation of a woman who had been arrested
+for exercising the rights of a citizen. The judge, Ward Hunt, did not
+promise well, for he had only recently been appointed to the bench
+through the influence of his friend and townsman, Roscoe Conkling, the
+undisputed leader of the Republican party in New York and a bitter
+opponent of woman suffrage. She tried to fathom this small,
+white-haired, colorless judge upon whose fairness so much depended.
+Prim and stolid, he sat before her, faultlessly dressed in a suit of
+black broadcloth, his neck wound with an immaculate white neckcloth.
+He ruled against her at once, refusing to let her testify on her own
+behalf.
+
+She was completely satisfied, however, as she listened to Henry
+Selden's presentation of her case. Tall and commanding, he stood
+before the court with nobility and kindness in his face and eyes,
+bringing to mind a handsome cultured Lincoln. So logical, so just was
+his reasoning, so impressive were his citations of the law that it
+seemed to her they must convince the jury and even the expressionless
+judge on the bench.
+
+Pointing out that the only alleged ground of the illegality of Miss
+Anthony's vote was that she was a woman, Henry Selden declared, "If
+the same act had been done by her brother under the same
+circumstances, the act would have been not only innocent and laudable,
+but honorable; but having been done by a woman it is said to be a
+crime.... I believe this is the first instance in which a woman has
+been arraigned in a criminal court, merely on account of her
+sex."[305] He claimed that Miss Anthony had voted in good faith,
+believing that the United States Constitution gave her the right to
+vote, and he clearly outlined her interpretation of the Fourteenth and
+Fifteenth Amendments, declaring that she stood arraigned as a criminal
+simply because she took the only step possible to bring this great
+constitutional question before the courts.
+
+After he had finished, Susan followed closely for two long hours the
+arguments of the district attorney, Richard Crowley, who contended
+that whatever her intentions may have been, good or bad, she had by
+her voting violated a law of the United States and was therefore
+guilty of crime.
+
+At the close of the district attorney's argument, Judge Hunt without
+leaving the bench drew out a written document, and to her surprise,
+read from it as he addressed the jury. "The right of voting or the
+privilege of voting," he declared, "is a right or privilege arising
+under the constitution of the State, not of the United States.[306]
+
+"The Legislature of the State of New York," he continued, "has seen
+fit to say, that the franchise of voting shall be limited to the male
+sex.... If the Fifteenth Amendment had contained the word 'sex,' the
+argument of the defendant would have been potent.... The Fourteenth
+Amendment gives no right to a woman to vote, and the voting of Miss
+Anthony was in violation of the law....
+
+"There was no ignorance of any fact," he added, "but all the facts
+being known, she undertook to settle a principle in her own person....
+To constitute a crime, it is true, that there must be a criminal
+intent, but it is equally true that knowledge of the facts of the case
+is always held to supply this intent...."
+
+Then hesitating a moment, he concluded, "Upon this evidence I suppose
+there is no question for the jury and that the jury should be directed
+to find a verdict of guilty."
+
+Immediately Henry Selden was on his feet, addressing the judge,
+requesting that the jury determine whether or not the defendant was
+guilty of crime.
+
+Judge Hunt, however, refused and firmly announced, "The question,
+gentlemen of the jury, in the form it finally takes, is wholly a
+question or questions of law, and I have decided as a question of law,
+in the first place, that under the Fourteenth Amendment which Miss
+Anthony claims protects her, she was not protected in a right to vote.
+
+"And I have decided also," he continued, "that her belief and the
+advice which she took does not protect her in the act which she
+committed. If I am right in this, the result must be a verdict on your
+part of guilty, and therefore I direct that you find a verdict of
+guilty."
+
+Again Henry Selden was on his feet. "That is a direction," he
+declared, "that no court has power to make in a criminal case."
+
+The courtroom was tense. Susan, watching the jury and wondering if
+they would meekly submit to his will, heard the judge tersely order,
+"Take the verdict, Mr. Clerk."
+
+"Gentlemen of the jury," intoned the clerk, "hearken to your verdict
+as the Court has recorded it. You say you find the defendant guilty of
+the offense whereof she stands indicted, and so say you all."
+
+Claiming exception to the direction of the Court that the jury find a
+verdict of guilty in this a criminal case. Henry Selden asked that the
+jury be polled.
+
+To this, Judge Hunt abruptly replied, "No. Gentlemen of the jury, you
+are discharged."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+That night Susan recorded her estimate of Judge Hunt's verdict in her
+diary in one terse sentence, "The greatest outrage History ever
+witnessed."[307]
+
+The New York _Sun_, the Rochester _Democrat and Chronicle_, and the
+Canandaigua _Times_ were indignant over Judge Hunt's failure to poll
+the jury. "Judge Hunt," commented the _Sun_, "allowed the jury to be
+impanelled and sworn, and to hear the evidence; but when the case had
+reached the point of rendering the verdict, he directed a verdict of
+guilty. He thus denied a trial by jury to an accused party in his
+court; and either through malice, which we do not believe, or through
+ignorance, which in such a flagrant degree is equally culpable in a
+judge, he violated one of the most important provisions of the
+Constitution of the United States.... The privilege of polling the
+jury has been held to be an absolute right in this State and it is a
+substantial right ..."[308]
+
+Claiming that the defendant had been denied her right of trial by
+jury. Henry Selden the next day moved for a new trial. Judge Hunt
+denied the motion, and, ordering the defendant to stand up, asked her,
+"Has the prisoner anything to say why sentence shall not be
+pronounced."[309]
+
+"Yes, your honor," Susan replied, "I have many things to say; for in
+your ordered verdict of guilty, you have trampled underfoot every
+vital principle of our government. My natural rights, my civil rights,
+my political rights, my judicial rights, are all alike ignored...."
+
+Impatiently Judge Hunt protested that he could not listen to a
+rehearsal of arguments which her counsel had already presented.
+
+"May it please your honor," she persisted, "I am not arguing the
+question but simply stating the reasons why sentence cannot in justice
+be pronounced against me. Your denial of my citizen's right to vote is
+the denial of my right of consent as one of the governed, the denial
+of my right of representation as one of the taxed, the denial of my
+right to a trial by a jury of my peers ..."
+
+"The Court cannot allow the prisoner to go on," interrupted Judge
+Hunt; but Susan, ignoring his command to sit down, protested that her
+prosecutors and the members of the jury were all her political
+sovereigns.
+
+Again Judge Hunt tried to stop her, but she was not to be put off. She
+was pleading for all women and her voice rang out to every corner of
+the courtroom.
+
+"The Court must insist," declared Judge Hunt, "the prisoner has been
+tried according to established forms of law."
+
+"Yes, your honor," admitted Susan, "but by forms of law all made by
+men, interpreted by men, administered by men, in favor of men, and
+against women...."
+
+"The Court orders the prisoner to sit down," shouted Judge Hunt. "It
+will not allow another word."
+
+Unheeding, Susan continued, "When I was brought before your honor for
+trial, I hoped for a broad and liberal interpretation of the
+Constitution and its recent amendments, that should declare all United
+States citizens under its protecting aegis--that should declare
+equality of rights the national guarantee to all persons born or
+naturalized in the United States. But failing to get this
+justice--failing, even, to get a trial by a jury _not_ of my peers--I
+ask not leniency at your hands--but rather the full rigors of the
+law."
+
+Once more Judge Hunt tried to stop her, and acquiescing at last, she
+sat down, only to be ordered by him to stand up as he pronounced her
+sentence, a fine of $100 and the costs of prosecution.
+
+"May it please your honor," she protested, "I shall never pay a dollar
+of your unjust penalty. All the stock in trade I possess is a $10,000
+debt, incurred by publishing my paper--_The Revolution_ ... the sole
+object of which was to educate all women to do precisely as I have
+done, rebel against your man-made, unjust, unconstitutional forms of
+law, that tax, fine, imprison, and hang women, while they deny them
+the right of representation in the government.... I shall earnestly
+and persistently continue to urge all women to the practical
+recognition of the old revolutionary maxim that 'Resistance to tyranny
+is obedience to God.'"
+
+Pouring cold water on this blaze of oratory. Judge Hunt tersely
+remarked that the Court would not require her imprisonment pending the
+payment of her fine.
+
+This shrewd move, obviously planned in advance, made it impossible to
+carry the case to the United States Supreme Court by writ of habeas
+corpus.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+That same afternoon, Susan was on hand for the trial of the three
+election inspectors. This time Judge Hunt submitted the case to the
+jury but with explicit instructions that the defendants were guilty.
+The jury returned a verdict of guilty, and the inspectors, denied a
+new trial, were each fined $25 and costs. Two of them, Edwin F. Marsh
+and William B. Hall, refused to pay their fines and were sent to jail.
+Susan appealed on their behalf to Senator Sargent in Washington, who
+eventually secured a pardon for them from President Grant. He also
+presented a petition to the Senate, in January 1874, to remit Susan's
+fine, as did William Loughridge of Iowa to the House, but the
+judiciary committees reported adversely.
+
+Because neither of these cases had been decided on the basis of
+national citizenship and the right of a citizen to vote, Susan was
+heartsick. To have them relegated to the category of election fraud
+was as if her high purpose had been trailed in the dust. Wishing to
+spread reliable information about her trial and the legal questions
+involved, she had 3,000 copies of the court proceedings printed for
+distribution.[310]
+
+It was hard for her to concede that justice for women could not be
+secured in the courts, but there seemed to be no way in the face of
+the cold letter of the law to take her case to the Supreme Court of
+the United States. This would have been possible on writ of habeas
+corpus had Judge Hunt sentenced her to prison for failure to pay her
+fine, but this he carefully avoided.
+
+Even that intrepid fighter, John Van Voorhis, could find no loophole,
+and another of her loyal friends in the legal profession, Albert G.
+Riddle, wrote her, "There is not, I think, the slightest hope from the
+courts and just as little from the politicians. They will never take
+up this cause, never! Individuals will, parties never--till the thing
+is done.... The trouble is that man can govern alone, and that, though
+woman has the right, man wants to do it, and if she wait for him to
+ask her, she will never vote.... Either man must be made to see and
+feel ... the need of woman's help in the great field of human
+government, and so demand it; or woman must arise and come forward as
+she never has, and take her place."[311]
+
+The case of Virginia Minor of St. Louis still held out a glimmer of
+hope. She had brought suit against an election inspector for his
+refusal to register her as a voter in the presidential election of
+1872, and the case of Minor vs. Happersett reached the United States
+Supreme Court in 1874. An adverse decision, on March 29, 1875,
+delivered by Chief Justice Waite, a friend of woman suffrage, was a
+bitter blow to Susan and to all those who had pinned their faith on a
+more liberal interpretation of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth
+Amendments.
+
+Carefully studying the decision, Susan tried to fathom its reasoning,
+so foreign to her own ideas of justice. "Sex," she read, "has never
+been made of one of the elements of citizenship in the United
+States.... The XIV Amendment did not affect the citizenship of women
+any more than it did of men.... The direct question is, therefore,
+presented whether all citizens are necessarily voters."[312]
+
+She read on: "The Constitution does not define the privileges and
+immunities of citizens.... In this case we need not determine what
+they are, but only whether suffrage is necessarily one of them. It
+certainly is nowhere made so in express terms....
+
+"When the Constitution of the United States was adopted, all the
+several States, with the exception of Rhode Island, had Constitutions
+of their own.... We find in no State were all citizens permitted to
+vote.... Women were excluded from suffrage in nearly all the States by
+the express provision of their constitutions and laws ... No new State
+has ever been admitted to the Union which has conferred the right of
+suffrage upon women, and this has never been considered valid
+objection to her admission. On the contrary ... the right of suffrage
+was withdrawn from women as early as 1807 in the State of New Jersey,
+without any attempt to obtain the interference of the United States to
+prevent it. Since then the governments of the insurgent States have
+been reorganized under a requirement that, before their
+Representatives could be admitted to seats in Congress, they must have
+adopted new Constitutions, republican in form. In no one of these
+Constitutions was suffrage conferred upon women, and yet the States
+have all been restored to their original position as States in the
+Union ... Certainly if the courts can consider any question settled,
+this is one....
+
+"Our province," concluded Chief Justice Waite, "is to decide what the
+law is, not to declare what it should be.... Being unanimously of the
+opinion that the Constitution of the United States does not confer the
+right of suffrage upon any one, and that the Constitutions and laws of
+the several States which commit that important trust to men alone are
+not necessarily void, we affirm the judgment of the Court below."
+
+"A states-rights document," Susan called this decision and she scored
+it as inconsistent with the policies of a Republican administration
+which, through the Civil War amendments, had established federal
+control over the rights and privileges of citizens. If the
+Constitution does not confer the right of suffrage, she asked herself,
+why does it define the qualifications of those voting for members of
+the House of Representatives? How about the enfranchisement of Negroes
+by federal amendment or the enfranchisement of foreigners? Why did
+the federal government interfere in her case, instead of leaving it in
+the hands of the state of New York?
+
+Like most abolitionists, Susan had always regarded the principles of
+the Declaration of Independence as underlying the Constitution and as
+the essence of constitutional law. In her opinion, the interpretation
+of the Constitution in the Virginia Minor case was not only out of
+harmony with the spirit of the Declaration of Independence, but also
+contrary to the wise counsel of the great English jurist, Sir Edward
+Coke, who said, "Whenever the question of liberty runs doubtful, the
+decision must be given in favor of liberty."[313]
+
+In the face of such a ruling by the highest court in the land, she was
+helpless. Women were shut out of the Constitution and denied its
+protection. From here on there was only one course to follow, to press
+again for a Sixteenth Amendment to enfranchise women.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[304] Ms., Diary, April 26, 1873.
+
+[305] _Trial_, p. 17.
+
+[306] _Ibid._, pp. 62-68.
+
+[307] Ms., Diary, June 18, 1873.
+
+[308] Susan B. Anthony Scrapbook, 1873, Library of Congress.
+
+[309] _Trial_, pp. 81-85.
+
+[310] This booklet also included the speeches of Susan B. Anthony and
+Matilda Joslyn Gage, delivered prior to the trial, and a short
+appraisal of the trial, _Judge Hunt and the Right of Trial by Jury_,
+by John Hooker, the husband of Isabella Beecher Hooker. The Rochester
+_Democrat and Chronicle_ called the booklet "the most important
+contribution yet made to the discussion of woman suffrage from a legal
+standpoint." The _Woman's Suffrage Journal_, IV, Aug. 1, 1873, p. 121,
+published in England by Lydia Becker, said: "The American law which
+makes it a criminal offense for a person to vote who is not legally
+qualified appears harsh to our ideas."
+
+[311] Harper, _Anthony_, I, pp. 455-456.
+
+[312] _History of Woman Suffrage_, II, pp. 737-739, 741-742.
+
+[313] _Trial_, p. 191.
+
+
+
+
+SOCIAL PURITY
+
+
+Militancy among the suffragists continued to flare up here and there
+in resistance to taxation without representation. Abby Kelley Foster's
+home in Worcester was sold for taxes for a mere fraction of its worth,
+while in Glastonbury, Connecticut, Abby and Julia Smith's cows and
+personal property were seized for taxes. Both Dr. Harriot K. Hunt in
+Boston and Mary Anthony in Rochester continued their tax protests.
+Much as Susan admired this spirited rebellion, she recognized that
+these militant gestures were but flames in the wind unless they had
+behind them a well-organized, sustained campaign for a Sixteenth
+Amendment, and this she could not undertake until _The Revolution_
+debt was paid. Nor was there anyone to pinch-hit for her since
+Ernestine Rose had returned to England and Mrs. Stanton gave all her
+time to Lyceum lectures.
+
+At the moment the prospect looked bleak for woman suffrage. In
+Congress, there was not the slightest hope of the introduction of or
+action on a Sixteenth Amendment. In the states, interest was kept
+alive by woman suffrage bills before the legislatures, and year by
+year, with more people recognizing the inherent justice of the demand,
+the margin of defeat grew smaller. Whenever these state contests were
+critical, Susan managed to be on hand, giving up profitable lecture
+engagements to speak without fees; in Michigan in 1874 and in Iowa in
+1875, she made new friends for the cause but was unable to stem the
+tide of prejudice against granting women the vote. After the defeat in
+Michigan, she wrote in her diary, "Every whisky maker, vendor,
+drinker, gambler, every ignorant besotted man is against us, and then
+the other extreme, every narrow, selfish religious bigot."[314]
+
+A new militant movement swept the country in 1874, starting in small
+Ohio towns among women who were so aroused over the evil influence of
+liquor on husbands, sons, fathers, and brothers, that they gathered in
+front of saloons to sing and pray, hoping to persuade drunkards to
+reform and saloon keepers to close their doors. Out of this uprising,
+the Women's Christian Temperance Union developed, and within the next
+few years was organized into a powerful reform movement by a young
+schoolteacher from Illinois, Frances E. Willard.
+
+A lifelong advocate of temperance, Susan had long before reached the
+conclusion that this reform could not be achieved by a strictly
+temperance or religious movement, but only through the votes of women.
+Nevertheless, she lent a helping hand to the Rochester women who
+organized a branch of the W.C.T.U., but she told them just how she
+felt: "The best thing this organization will do for you will be to
+show you how utterly powerless you are to put down the liquor traffic.
+You can never talk down or sing down or pray down an institution which
+is voted into existence. You will never be able to lessen this evil
+until you have votes."[315]
+
+As she traveled through the West for the Lyceum Bureau, she did what
+she could to stimulate interest in a federal woman suffrage amendment,
+speaking out of a full heart and with sure knowledge on "Bread and the
+Ballot" and "The Power of the Ballot," earning on the average $100 a
+week, which she applied to the _Revolution_ debt.
+
+Lyceum lecturers were now at the height of their
+popularity,--particularly in the West, where in the little towns
+scattered across the prairies there were few libraries and theaters,
+and the distribution of books, magazines, and newspapers in no way met
+the people's thirst for information or entertainment. Men, women, and
+children rode miles on horseback or drove over rough roads in wagons
+to see and hear a prominent lecturer. Susan was always a drawing card,
+for a woman on the lecture platform still was a novelty and almost
+everyone was curious about Susan B. Anthony. Many, to their surprise,
+discovered she was not the caricature they had been led to believe.
+She looked very ladylike and proper as she stood before them in her
+dark silk platform dress, a little too stern and serious perhaps, but
+frequently her face lighted up with a friendly smile. She spoke to
+them as equals and they could follow her reasoning. Her simple
+conversational manner was refreshing after the sonorous pretentious
+oratory of other lecturers.
+
+Continuous travel in all kinds of weather was difficult. Branch lines
+were slow and connections poor. Often trains were delayed by
+blizzards, and then to keep her engagements she was obliged to travel
+by sleigh over the snowy prairies. There were long waits in dingy
+dirty railroad stations late at night. Even there she was always busy,
+reading her newspapers in the dim light or dashing off letters home on
+any scrap of paper she had at hand, thinking gratefully of her sister
+Mary who in addition to her work as superintendent of the neighborhood
+public school, supervised the household at 7 Madison Street. Hotel
+rooms were cold and drab, the food was uninviting, and only
+occasionally did she find to her delight "a Christian cup of
+coffee."[316] She often felt that the Lyceum Bureau drove her
+unnecessarily hard, routed her inefficiently, and profited too
+generously from her labors. Now and then she dispensed with their
+services, sent out her own circulars soliciting engagements, and
+arranged her own tours, proving to her satisfaction that a woman could
+be as businesslike as a man and sometimes more so.[317]
+
+Weighed down by worry over the illness of her sisters, Guelma and
+Hannah, she felt a lack of fire and enthusiasm in her work. Anxiously
+she waited for letters from home, and when none reached her she was in
+despair. At such times, hotel rooms seemed doubly lonely and she
+reproached herself for being away from home and for putting too heavy
+a burden on her sister Mary. Yet there was nothing else to be done
+until the _Revolution_ debt was paid, for some of her creditors were
+becoming impatient.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+As often as possible Susan returned to Rochester to be with her
+family, and was able to nurse Guelma through the last weeks of her
+illness. Heartbroken when she died, in November 1873, she resolved to
+take better care of Hannah, sending her out to Colorado and Kansas for
+her health. She then tried to spend the summer months at home so that
+Mary could visit Hannah in Colorado and Daniel and Merritt in Kansas.
+
+These months at home with her mother whom she dearly loved were a
+great comfort to them both. They enjoyed reading aloud, finding George
+Eliot's _Middlemarch_ and Hawthorne's _Scarlet Letter_ of particular
+interest as Susan was searching for the answers to many questions
+which had been brought into sharp focus by the Beecher-Tilton case,
+now filling the newspapers. Like everyone else, she read the latest
+developments in this tragic involvement of three of her good friends.
+She was especially concerned about Elizabeth and Theodore Tilton, in
+whose home she had so often visited and toward whom she felt a warm
+motherly affection. Her sympathy went out to Elizabeth Tilton, whose
+help and loyalty during the difficult days of _The Revolution_ she
+never forgot. Although she had often differed with Theodore, whose
+quick changes of policy and temperament she could not understand, he
+had won her gratitude many times by befriending the cause. The same
+was true of Henry Ward Beecher, who had found time in his busy life to
+say a good word for woman's rights.
+
+Susan was close to the facts, for in desperation a few years before,
+Elizabeth Tilton had confided in her. Unfortunately both Elizabeth and
+Theodore had made confidants of others less wise than Susan. Mrs.
+Stanton had passed the story along to Victoria Woodhull, who late in
+1872 had revived her _Weekly_ for a crusade on what she called "the
+social question" and had published her expose, "The Beecher-Tilton
+Scandal Case." As a result the lives of all involved were being ruined
+by merciless publicity.
+
+The Beecher-Tilton story as it unfolded revealed three admirable
+people caught in a tangled web of human relationships. Henry Ward
+Beecher, for years a close friend and benefactor of his young
+parishioners, Theodore and Elizabeth Tilton, had been accused by
+Theodore of immoral relations with Elizabeth. Accusations and denials
+continued while intrigue and negotiations deepened the confusion. The
+whole matter burst into flame in 1874 in the trial of Henry Ward
+Beecher before a committee of Plymouth Church, which exonerated him.
+Reading Beecher's statement in her newspaper, Susan impulsively wrote
+Isabella Beecher Hooker, "Wouldn't you think if God ever did strike
+anyone dead for telling a lie, he would have struck then?"[318]
+
+When early in 1875 the Beecher-Tilton case reached the courts in a
+suit brought by Theodore Tilton against Henry Ward Beecher for the
+alienation of his wife's affections, it became headline news
+throughout the country. The press, greedy for sensation, published
+anything and everything even remotely connected with the case.
+Reporters hounded Susan, who by this time was again lecturing in the
+West, and she seldom entered a train, bus, or hotel without finding
+them at her heels, as if by their very persistence they meant to force
+her to express her opinion regarding the guilt or innocence of Henry
+Ward Beecher. They never caught her off guard and she steadfastly
+refused to reveal to them, or to the lawyers of either side, who
+astutely approached her, the story which Elizabeth Tilton had told her
+in confidence. Yet in spite of her continued silence, she was twice
+quoted by the press, once through the impulsiveness of Mrs. Stanton,
+who expressed herself frankly at every opportunity, and again when the
+New York _Graphic_ without Susan's consent published her letter to
+Mrs. Hooker.
+
+The sympathy of the public was generally with Henry Ward Beecher,
+whose popularity and prestige were tremendous. A dynamic preacher,
+whose sermons drew thousands to his church and whose written word
+carried religion and comfort to every part of the country, he could
+not suddenly be ruined by the circulation of a scandal or even by a
+sensational trial. Behind him were all those who were convinced that
+the future of the Church and Morality demanded his vindication. On his
+side, also, as Susan well knew, was the powerful, behind-the-scenes
+influence of the financial interests who profited from Plymouth Church
+real estate, from the earnings of Beecher's paper, _Christian Union_,
+and from his book the _Life of Christ_, now in preparation and for
+which he had already been paid $20,000.
+
+Susan and Mrs. Stanton paid the penalty of being on the unpopular
+side. When Elizabeth Tilton was not allowed to testify in her own
+defense, they accused Beecher and Tilton of ruthlessly sacrificing her
+to save their own reputations. In fact, Susan and Mrs. Stanton knew
+far too much about the case for the comfort of either Beecher or
+Tilton, and to discredit them, a whispering campaign, and then a press
+campaign was initiated against them. They and their National Woman
+Suffrage Association were again accused of upholding free love. Their
+previous association with Victoria Woodhull was held against them, as
+were the frank discussions of marriage and divorce published in _The
+Revolution_ six years before.
+
+Actually Susan's views on marriage were idealistic. "I hate the whole
+doctrine of 'variety' or 'promiscuity,'" she wrote John Hooker, the
+husband of her friend Isabella. "I am not even a believer in second
+marriages after one of the parties is dead, so sacred and binding do I
+consider the marriage relation."[319]
+
+Although in public Susan uttered not one word relating to the guilt or
+innocence of Henry Ward Beecher, she did confide her real feelings to
+her diary. She believed that to save himself Beecher was withholding
+the explanation which the situation demanded. "It is almost an
+impossibility," she wrote in her diary, "for a man and a woman to have
+a close sympathetic friendship without the tendrils of one soul
+becoming fastened around the other, with the result of infinite pain
+and anguish." Then again she wrote, "There is nothing more
+demoralizing than lying. The act itself is scarcely so base as the lie
+which denies it."[320]
+
+Susan's silence probably brought her more notoriety than anything she
+could have said on this much discussed subject, and it heightened her
+reputation for honesty and integrity. "Miss Anthony," commented the
+New York _Sun_, "is a lady whose word will everywhere be believed by
+those who know anything of her character." The Rochester _Democrat and
+Chronicle_ had this to say: "Whether she will make any definite
+revelations remains to be seen, but whatever she does say will be
+received by the public with that credit which attaches to the evidence
+of a truthful witness. Her own character, known and honored by the
+country, will give importance to any utterances she may make."[321]
+
+She was not called as a witness by either side during the 112 days of
+trial which ended in July 1875 with the jury unable to agree on a
+verdict.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Realizing that many taboos were being broken down by the lurid
+nation-wide publicity on the Beecher-Tilton case and that as a result
+people were more willing to consider subjects which hitherto had not
+been discussed in polite society, Susan began to plan a lecture on
+"Social Purity."
+
+She was familiar with the public protest Englishwomen under the
+leadership of Josephine Butler were making against the state
+regulation of vice. Following with interest and admiration their
+courageous fight for the repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts, which
+placed women suspected of prostitution under police power, Susan found
+encouragement in the support these reformers had received from such
+men as John Stuart Mill and Jacob Bright. Such legislation, she
+resolved, must not gain a foothold in her country, because it not only
+disregarded women's right to personal liberty but showed a dangerous
+callousness toward men's share of responsibility for prostitution.
+
+She was awake to the problems prostitution presented in cities like
+New York and Washington, its prevalence, the police protection it
+received, the political corruption it fostered and the reluctance of
+the public to face the situation, the majority of men regarding it as
+a necessity, and most women closing their eyes to its existence.
+
+During the winter of 1875, while the Beecher-Tilton case was being
+tried in Brooklyn, she delivered her speech on "Social Purity" at the
+Chicago Grand Opera House, in the Sunday dime-lecture course, facing
+with trepidation the immense crowd which gathered to hear her. Even
+the daring Mrs. Stanton had warned her that she would never be asked
+to speak in Chicago again, and with this the manager of the Slayton
+Lecture Bureau agreed. But they were wrong. The people were hungry for
+the truth and for a constructive policy. In the past they had heard
+the "social evil" described and denounced in vivid thunderous words by
+eloquent men and by the dramatic Anna E. Dickinson. Now an earnest
+woman with graying hair, one of their own kind, talked to them without
+mincing matters, calmly and logically, and offered them a remedy.
+
+Calling their attention to the daily newspaper reports of divorce and
+breach-of-promise suits, of wife murders and "paramour" shootings, of
+abortions and infanticide, she told them that the prevalence of these
+evils showed clearly that men were incapable of coping with them
+successfully and needed the help of women. She cited statistics,
+revealing 20,000 prostitutes in the city of New York, where a
+foundling hospital during the first six months of its existence
+rescued 1,300 waifs laid in baskets on its doorstep. She courageously
+mentioned the prevalence of venereal disease and spoke out against
+England's Contagious Diseases Acts which were repeatedly suggested for
+New York and Washington and which she described as licensed
+prostitution, men's futile and disastrous attempt to deal with social
+corruption.
+
+Declaring that the poverty and economic dependence of women as well as
+the passions of men were the causes of prostitution, she quoted more
+statistics which showed a great increase in the poverty of women. Work
+formerly done in the household, she explained, was being gradually
+taken over by factories, with the result that women in order to earn a
+living had been forced to follow it out of the home and were
+supporting themselves wholly or in part at a wage inadequate to meet
+their needs. No wonder many were tempted by food, clothes, and
+comfortable shelter into an immoral life.
+
+Her solution was "to lift this vast army of poverty-stricken women who
+now crowd our cities, above the temptation, the necessity, to sell
+themselves in marriage or out, for bread and shelter." "Women," she
+told them, "must be educated out of their unthinking acceptance of
+financial dependence on man into mental and economic independence.
+Girls like boys must be educated to some lucrative employment. Women
+like men must have an equal chance to earn a living."[322]
+
+"Whoever controls work and wages," she continued, "controls morals.
+Therefore we must have women employers, superintendents, committees,
+legislators; wherever girls go to seek the means of subsistence, there
+must be some woman. Nay, more; we must have women preachers, lawyers,
+doctors--that wherever women go to seek counsel--spiritual, legal,
+physical--there, too, they will be sure to find the best and noblest
+of their own sex to minister to them."
+
+Then she added, "Marriage, to women as to men, must be a luxury, not a
+necessity; an incident of life, not all of it.... Marriage never will
+cease to be a wholly unequal partnership until the law recognizes the
+equal ownership in the joint earnings and possessions."
+
+She asked for the vote so that women would have the power to help make
+the laws relating to marriage, divorce, adultery, breach of promise,
+rape, bigamy, infanticide, and so on. These laws, she reminded them,
+have not only been framed by men, but are administered by men. Judges,
+jurors, lawyers, all are men, and no woman's voice is heard in our
+courts except as accused or witness, and in many cases the married
+woman is denied the right to testify as to her guilt or innocence.
+
+Never before had the audience heard the case for social purity
+presented in this way and they listened intently. When the applause
+was subsiding, Susan saw Parker Pillsbury and Bronson Alcott,
+fellow-lecturers on the Lyceum circuit, coming toward her, smiling
+approval. They were generous in their praise, Bronson Alcott
+declaring, "You have stated here this afternoon, in a fearless manner,
+truths that I have hardly dared to think, much less to utter."[323]
+
+She repeated this lecture in St. Louis, in Wisconsin, and in Kansas,
+and while most city newspapers, acknowledging the need of facing the
+issues, praised her courage, small-town papers were frankly disturbed
+by a spinster's public discussion of the "social evil," one paper
+observing, "The best lecture a woman can give the community ... on the
+sad 'evil' ... is the sincerity of her profound ignorance on the
+subject."[324]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Having bravely done her bit for social purity, Susan with relief
+turned again to her favorite lecture, "Bread and the Ballot." Her
+message fell on fertile ground. These western men and women saw
+justice in her reasoning. Having broken with tradition by leaving the
+East for the frontier, they could more easily drop old ways for new.
+Western men also recognized the influence for good that women had
+brought to lonely bleak western towns--better homes, cleanliness,
+comfort, then schools, churches, law and order--and many of them were
+willing to give women the vote. All they needed was prodding to
+translate that willingness into law.
+
+As she continued her lecturing, she kept her watchful eye on her
+family and the annual New York and Washington conventions, attending
+to many of the routine details herself. Finally, on May 1, 1876, she
+recorded in her diary, "The day of Jubilee for me has come. I have
+paid the last dollar of the _Revolution_ debt."[325]
+
+Even the press took notice, the Chicago _Daily News_ commenting, "By
+working six years and devoting to the purpose all the money she could
+earn, she has paid the debt and interest. And now, when the creditors
+of that paper and others who really know her, hear the name of Susan
+B. Anthony, they feel inclined to raise their hats in reverence."[326]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[314] Ms., Diary, Nov. 4, 1874.
+
+[315] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 457. Frances Willard took her stand for
+woman suffrage in the W.C.T.U. in 1876.
+
+[316] Ms., Diary, Sept., 1877.
+
+[317] To James Redpath, Dec. 23, 1870, Alma Lutz Collection.
+
+[318] New York _Graphic_, Sept. 12, 1874. Mrs. Hooker believed her
+half-brother guilty and repeatedly urged him to confess, assuring him
+she would join him in announcing "a new social freedom." Kenneth R.
+Andrews, Nook Farm (Cambridge, Mass., 1950), pp. 36-39. Rumors that
+Mrs. Hooker was insane were deliberately circulated.
+
+[319] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 463.
+
+[320] _Ibid._ Only a few entries relating to the Beecher-Tilton case
+remain in the Susan B. Anthony diaries, now in the Library of
+Congress, and the diary for 1875 is not there.
+
+[321] _Ibid._, p. 462.
+
+[322] _Ibid._, II, pp. 1007-1009.
+
+[323] _Ibid._, I, p. 468.
+
+[324] _Ibid._, p. 470. Miss Anthony interrupted her lecturing for nine
+weeks to nurse her brother Daniel after he had been shot by a rival
+editor in Leavenworth.
+
+[325] _Ibid._, p. 472.
+
+[326] _Ibid._, p. 473.
+
+
+
+
+A FEDERAL WOMAN SUFFRAGE AMENDMENT
+
+
+Like everyone else in the United States in 1876, Susan now turned her
+attention to the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, which was
+proclaiming to the world the progress this new country had made. Susan
+pointed out, however, that one hundred years after the signing of the
+Declaration of Independence, women were still deprived of basic
+citizenship rights.
+
+As an afterthought, a Woman's Pavilion had been erected on the
+exposition grounds and exhibited here she found only women's
+contribution to the arts but nothing which would in any way show the
+part women had played in building up the country or developing
+industry. She longed to explain so that all could hear how the skilled
+work of women had contributed to the prosperous textile and shoe
+industries, to the manufacture of cartridges and Waltham watches, and
+countless other products. Could she have had her way, she would have
+made the Woman's Pavilion an eloquent appeal for equal rights, but
+unable to do this, she established a center of rebellion for the
+National Woman Suffrage Association at 1431 Chestnut Street, in
+parlors on the first floor. Here she spent many happy hours directing
+the work, often sleeping on the sofa so that she could work late and
+save money for the cause.
+
+Philadelphia had always been a friendly city because of Lucretia Mott.
+Now Lucretia came almost daily to the women's headquarters, bringing a
+comforting sense of support, approval, and friendship. When Mrs.
+Stanton, free at last from her lecture engagements, joined them in
+June, Susan's happiness was complete and she confided to her diary,
+"Glad enough to see her and feel her strength come in."[327]
+
+Susan and Mrs. Stanton now sent the Republican and Democratic national
+conventions well-written memorials pointing out the appropriateness of
+enfranchising women in this centennial year. But no woman suffrage
+plank was adopted by either party. Susan put Mrs. Stanton and Mrs.
+Gage to work on a Women's Declaration of 1876, and so "magnificent" a
+document did they produce that she not only had many copies printed
+for distribution but had one beautifully engrossed on parchment for
+presentation to President Grant at the Fourth of July celebration in
+Independence Square.
+
+Unable to secure permission to present this declaration, she made
+plans of her own. For herself, she managed to get a press card as
+reporter for her brother's paper, the Leavenworth _Times_. Mrs.
+Stanton and Lucretia Mott refused to attend the celebration, so
+indignant were they over the snubs women had received from the
+Centennial Commission, and they held a women's meeting at the First
+Unitarian Church. When at the last minute four tickets were sent Susan
+by the Centennial Commission, she gave them to the most militant of
+her colleagues, Matilda Joslyn Gage, Lillie Devereux Blake, Sarah
+Andrews Spencer, and Phoebe Couzins. With Susan in the lead, they
+pushed through the jostling crowd to Independence Square on that
+bright hot Fourth of July and were seated among the elect on the
+platform.
+
+By this time they had learned that Thomas W. Ferry of Michigan, Acting
+Vice President, would substitute for President Grant at the ceremony.
+Because he was a good friend of woman suffrage, Phoebe Couzins made
+one more effort for orderly procedure, sending him a note asking for
+permission to present the Women's Declaration. This failed, and rather
+than take part in creating a disturbance, she withdrew, leaving her
+four friends on the platform.
+
+"We ... sat there waiting ..." reported Mrs. Blake. "The heat was
+frightful.... Amid such a throng it was difficult to hear anything ...
+We decided that our presentation should take place immediately after
+Mr. Richard Lee of Virginia, grandson of the Signer, had read the
+Declaration of Independence. He read it from the original document,
+and it was an impressive moment when that time-honored parchment was
+exposed to the view of the wildly cheering crowd.... Mr. Lee's voice
+was inaudible, but at last I caught the words, 'our sacred honors,'
+and cried, 'Now is the time.'
+
+"We all four rose, Miss Anthony first, next Mrs. Gage, bearing our
+engrossed Declaration, and Mrs. Spencer and myself following with
+hundreds of printed copies in our hands. There was a stir in the
+crowd just at the time, and General Hawley who had been keeping a wary
+eye on us, had relaxed his vigilance for a moment, as he signed to the
+band to resume playing. He did not see us advancing until we reached
+the Vice President's dais. There Miss Anthony, taking the parchment
+from Mrs. Gage, stepped forward and presented it to Mr. Ferry, saying,
+'I present to you a Declaration of Rights from the women citizens of
+the United States.'"[328]
+
+Nonplussed, Mr. Ferry bowed low and received the Declaration without a
+word. Then the four intrepid women filed out, distributing printed
+copies of their declaration while General Hawley boomed out, "Order!
+Order!"
+
+Leaving the square and mounting a platform erected for musicians in
+front of Independence Hall, they waited until a curious crowd had
+gathered around them. Then while Mrs. Gage held an umbrella over Susan
+to shield her from the hot sun, she read the Women's Declaration in a
+loud clear voice that carried far.
+
+"We do rejoice in the success, thus far, of our experiment of
+self-government," she began. "Our faith is firm and unwavering in the
+broad principles of human rights proclaimed in 1776, not only as
+abstract truths, but as the cornerstones of a republic. Yet we cannot
+forget, even in this glad hour, that while all men of every race, and
+clime, and condition, have been invested with the full rights of
+citizenship under our hospitable flag, all women still suffer the
+degradation of disfranchisement."[329]
+
+Then she enumerated women's grievances and the crowd applauded as she
+drove home point after point.
+
+"Woman," she continued, "has shown equal devotion with man to the
+cause of freedom and has stood firmly by his side in its defense.
+Together they have made this country what it is.... We ask our rulers,
+at this hour, no special favors, no special privileges.... We ask
+justice, we ask equality, we ask that all civil and political rights
+that belong to the citizens of the United States be guaranteed to us
+and our daughters forever."
+
+Stepping down from the platform into the applauding crowd which
+eagerly reached for printed copies of the declaration, she and her
+four companions hurried to the First Unitarian Church where an eager
+audience awaited their report and hailed their courage.
+
+[Illustration: Aaron A. Sargent]
+
+The New York _Tribune_, commenting on Susan's militancy, prophesied
+that it foreshadowed "the new forms of violence and disregard of order
+which may accompany the participation of women in active partisan
+politics."[330]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Nor was Congress impressed by Susan's centennial publicity demanding a
+federal woman suffrage amendment. She had gathered petitions from
+twenty-six states with 10,000 signatures which were presented to the
+Senate in 1877. The majority of the Senators found these petitions
+uproariously funny, and Susan in the visitors' gallery at the time of
+their presentation was infuriated by the mirth and disrespect of these
+men. "A few read the petitions as they would any other, with dignity
+and without comment," reported the popular journalist, Mary Clemmer,
+in her weekly Washington column, "but the majority seemed intensely
+conscious of holding something unutterably funny in their hands....
+The entire Senate presented the appearance of a laughing school
+practicing sidesplitting and ear-extended grins." After a few humorous
+and sarcastic remarks the petitions were referred to the Committee on
+Public Lands. Only one Senator, Aaron A. Sargent of California, was
+"man enough and gentleman enough to lift the petitions from this
+insulting proposition.... He ... demanded for the petition of more
+than 10,000 women at least the courtesy which would be given any
+other."[331]
+
+Although his words did not deter the Senators, Susan was proud of this
+tall vigorous white-haired Californian and grateful for his
+spontaneous support in this humiliating situation. He had been a
+trusted friend and counselor ever since she had shared with him and
+his family the long snowy journey from Nevada in 1872. She looked
+forward to the time when woman suffrage would have more such advocates
+in the Congress and when she would find there new faces and a more
+liberal spirit.
+
+Disappointment only drove Susan into more intensive activity. Between
+lectures she now nursed her sister Hannah who was critically ill in
+Daniel's home in Leavenworth. After Hannah's death in May 1877, Susan
+worked off her grief in Colorado, where the question of votes for
+women was being referred to the people of the state.
+
+The suffragists in Colorado were headed by Dr. Alida Avery, who had
+left her post as resident physician at the new woman's college,
+Vassar, to practice medicine in Denver. Making Dr. Avery's home her
+headquarters, Susan carried her plea for the ballot to settlements far
+from the railroads, traveling by stagecoach over rough lonely roads
+through magnificent scenery. Holding meetings wherever she could, she
+spoke in schoolhouses, in hotel dining rooms, and even in saloons,
+when no other place was available, and always she was treated with
+respect and listened to with interest. Occasionally only a mere
+handful gathered to hear her, but in Lake City she spoke to an
+audience of a thousand or more from a dry-goods box on the court-house
+steps. She was equal to anything, but the mining towns depressed her,
+for they were swarming with foreigners who had been welcomed as
+naturalized, enfranchised citizens and who almost to a man opposed
+extending the vote to women. This precedence of foreign-born men over
+American women was not only galling to her but menaced, she believed,
+the growth of American democracy.
+
+Woman suffrage was defeated in Colorado in 1877, two to one. With the
+Chinese coming into the state in great numbers to work in the mines,
+the specter that stalked through this campaign was the fear of putting
+the ballot into the hands of Chinese women.
+
+From Colorado, Susan moved on to Nebraska with a new lecture, "The
+Homes of Single Women." Although she much preferred to speak on "Woman
+and the Sixteenth Amendment" or "Bread and the Ballot," she realized
+that, in order to be assured of return engagements, she must
+occasionally vary her subjects, but she was unwilling to wander far
+afield while women's needs still were so great. By means of this new
+lecture she hoped to dispel the widespread, deeply ingrained fallacy
+that single women were unwanted helpless creatures wholly dependent
+upon some male relative for a home and support. Aware that this
+mistaken estimate was slowly yielding in the face of a changing
+economic order, she believed she could help lessen its hold by
+presenting concrete examples of independent self-supporting single
+women who had proved that marriage was not the only road to security
+and a home. She told of Alice and Phoebe Cary, whose home in New York
+City was a rendezvous for writers, artists, musicians, and reformers;
+of Dr. Clemence Lozier, the friend of women medical students; of Mary
+L. Booth, well established through her income as editor of _Harper's
+Bazaar_; and of her beloved Lydia Mott, whose home had been a refuge
+for fugitive slaves and reformers.[332]
+
+In Nebraska, she made a valuable new friend for the cause, Clara
+Bewick Colby, whose zeal and earnest, intelligent face at once
+attracted her. Within a few years, Mrs. Colby established in Beatrice,
+Nebraska, a magazine for women, the _Woman's Tribune_, which to
+Susan's joy spoke out for a federal woman suffrage amendment.
+
+Because Susan's contract with the Slayton Lecture Bureau allowed no
+break in her engagements, she was obliged to leave the Washington
+convention of the National Woman Suffrage Association in the hands of
+others in 1878. It was much on her mind as she traveled through
+Dakota, Minnesota, Missouri, and Kansas, and she sent a check for $100
+to help with the expenses of the convention. Particularly on her mind
+was a federal woman suffrage amendment, for since 1869 when a
+Sixteenth Amendment enfranchising women had been introduced in
+Congress and ignored, no further efforts along that line had been
+made. Now good news came from Mrs. Stanton, who had attended the
+convention. She had persuaded Senator Sargent to introduce in the
+Senate, on January 10, 1878, a new draft of a Sixteenth Amendment,
+following the wording of the Fifteenth. It read, "The right of
+citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged
+by the United States or by any State on account of sex."[333]
+
+[Illustration: Clara Bewick Colby]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+During the next few years the Sixteenth Amendment made little headway,
+although the complexion of Congress changed, the Democrats breaking
+the Republicans' hold and winning a substantial majority. Encouraging
+as was the more liberal spirit of the new Congress and the defeat of
+several implacable enemies, Susan found California's failure to return
+Senator Sargent an irreparable loss. In addition she now had to face a
+newly formed group of anti-suffragists under the leadership of Mrs.
+Dahlgren, Mrs. Sherman, and Almira Lincoln Phelps, who sang the
+refrain which Congressmen loved to hear, that women did not want the
+vote because it would wreck marriage and the home.
+
+Hoping to counteract this adverse influence by increased pressure for
+the Sixteenth Amendment, Susan once more appealed for help to the
+American Woman Suffrage Association through her old friends, William
+Lloyd Garrison and Wendell Phillips. Garrison replied that her efforts
+for a federal amendment were premature and "would bring the movement
+into needless contempt." This she found strange advice from the man
+who had fearlessly defied public opinion to crusade against slavery.
+Wendell Phillips did better, writing, "I think you are on the right
+track--the best method to agitate the question, and I am with you,
+though between you and me, I still think the individual States must
+lead off, and that this reform must advance piecemeal, State by State.
+But I mean always to help everywhere and everyone."[334]
+
+The American Association continued to follow the state-by-state
+method, and this holding back aroused Susan to the boiling point, for
+experience had taught her that in state elections woman suffrage faced
+the prejudiced opposition of an ever-increasing number of naturalized
+immigrants, who had little understanding of democratic government or
+sympathy with the rights of women. A federal amendment, on the other
+hand, depending for its adoption upon Congress and ratifying
+legislatures, was in the hands of a far more liberal, intelligent, and
+preponderantly American group. "We have puttered with State rights for
+thirty years," she sputtered, "without a foothold except in the
+territories."[335]
+
+Year by year she continued her Washington conventions, convinced that
+these gatherings in the national capital could not fail to impress
+Congressmen with the seriousness of their purpose. As women from many
+states lobbied for the Sixteenth Amendment, reporting a growing
+sentiment everywhere for woman suffrage, as they received in the press
+respectful friendly publicity, Congressmen began to take notice. At
+the large receptions held at the Riggs House, through the generosity
+of the proprietors, Jane Spofford and her husband, Congressmen became
+better acquainted with the suffragists, finding that they were not
+cranks, as they had supposed, but intelligent women and socially
+charming.
+
+Mrs. Stanton's poise as presiding officer and the warmth of her
+personality made her the natural choice for president of the National
+Woman Suffrage Association through the years. Her popularity, now well
+established throughout the country after her ten years of lecturing
+on the Lyceum circuit, lent prestige to the cause. To Susan, her
+presence brought strength and the assurance that "the brave and true
+word" would be spoken.[336] A new office had been created for Susan,
+that of vice-president at large, and in that capacity she guided,
+steadied, and prodded her flock.
+
+The subjects which the conventions discussed covered a wide field
+going far beyond their persistent demands for a federal woman suffrage
+amendment. Not only did they at this time urge an educational
+qualification for voters to combat the argument that woman suffrage
+would increase the ignorant vote, but they also protested the counting
+of women in the basis of representation so long as they were
+disfranchised. They criticized the church for barring women from the
+ministry and from a share in church government. They took up the case
+of Anna Ella Carroll,[337] who had been denied recognition and a
+pension for her services to her country during the Civil War, and they
+urged pensions for all women who had nursed soldiers during the war.
+They welcomed to their conventions Mormon women from Utah who came to
+Washington to protest efforts to disfranchise them as a means of
+discouraging polygamy.
+
+Susan injected international interest into these conventions by
+reading Alexander Dumas's arguments for woman suffrage, letters from
+Victor Hugo and English suffragists, and a report by Mrs. Stanton's
+son, Theodore, now a journalist, of the International Congress in
+Paris in 1878, which discussed the rights of women. Occasionally
+foreign-born women, now making new homes for themselves in this
+country, joined the ranks of the suffragists, and a few of them, like
+Madam Anneké and Clara Heyman from Germany contributed a great deal
+through their eloquence and wider perspective. These contacts with the
+thoughts and aspirations of men and women of other countries led Susan
+to dream of an international conference of women in the not too
+distant future.[338]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[327] Ms., Diary, June 18, 1876.
+
+[328] Katherine D. Blake and Margaret Wallace, _Champion of Women, The
+Life of Lillie Devereux Blake_ (New York, 1943), pp. 124-126.
+
+[329] _History of Woman Suffrage_, III, pp. 31, 34. The Woman's
+Journal surprised Susan with a friendly editorial, "Good Use of the
+Fourth of July," written by Lucy Stone, July 15, 1876.
+
+[330] _History of Woman Suffrage_, III, p. 43. The Philadelphia
+_Press_ praised the Declaration of Rights and the women in the
+suffrage movement. The report of the New York _Post_ was patronizingly
+favorable, pointing out the indifference of the public to the subject.
+
+[331] Harper, _Anthony_, I, pp. 485-486.
+
+[332] Ms., Susan B. Anthony Papers, Library of Congress.
+
+[333] This amendment was re-introduced in the same form in every
+succeeding Congress until it was finally passed in 1919 as the
+Nineteenth Amendment. It was ratified by the states in 1920, 14 years
+after Susan B. Anthony's death. When occasionally during her lifetime
+it was called the Susan B. Anthony Amendment by those who wished to
+honor her devotion to the cause, she protested, meticulously giving
+Elizabeth Cady Stanton credit for making the first public demand for
+woman suffrage in 1848. She also made it clear that although she
+worked for the amendment long and hard, she did not draft it. After
+her death, during the climax of the woman suffrage campaign, these
+facts were overlooked by the younger workers who made a point of
+featuring the Susan B. Anthony Amendment, both because they wished to
+immortalize her and because they realized the publicity value of her
+name.
+
+[334] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 484.
+
+[335] _History of Woman Suffrage_, III, p. 66.
+
+[336] Harper, _Anthony_, II, p. 544.
+
+[337] _History of Woman Suffrage_, III, p. 153; II, pp. 3-12, 863-868;
+Sarah Ellen Blackwell, _A Military Genius, Life of Anna Ella Carroll
+of Maryland_ (Washington, D.C., 1891), I, pp. 153-154.
+
+[338] "Woman Suffrage as a Means of Moral Improvement and the
+Prevention of Crime" by Alexander Dumas, _History of Woman Suffrage_,
+III, p. 190. Theodore Stanton, foreign correspondent for the New York
+_Tribune_, now lived in Paris.
+
+
+
+
+RECORDING WOMEN'S HISTORY
+
+
+Recording women's history for future generations was a project that
+had been in the minds of both Susan and Mrs. Stanton for a long time.
+Both looked upon women's struggle for a share in government as a
+potent force in strengthening democracy and one to be emphasized in
+history. Men had always been the historians and had as a matter of
+course extolled men's exploits, passing over women's record as
+negligible. Susan intended to remedy this and she was convinced that
+if women close to the facts did not record them now, they would be
+forgotten or misinterpreted by future historians. Already many of the
+old workers had died, Martha C. Wright, Lydia Mott, whom Susan had
+nursed in her last illness, Lucretia Mott, and William Lloyd Garrison.
+There was no time to be lost.[339]
+
+In the spring of 1880, Susan's mother died, and it was no longer
+necessary for her to fit into her schedule frequent visits in
+Rochester. Her sister Mary, busy with her teaching, was sharing her
+home with her two widowed brothers-in-law and two nieces whose
+education she was supervising.[340] Mrs. Stanton had just given up the
+strenuous life of a Lyceum lecturer and welcomed work that would keep
+her at home. Susan, who had managed to save $4,500 out of her lecture
+fees, felt she could afford to devote at least a year to the history.
+
+She now shipped several boxes of letters, clippings, and documents to
+the Stanton home in Tenafly, New Jersey.[341] As they planned their
+book, it soon became obvious that the one volume which they had hoped
+to finish in a few months would extend to two or three volumes and
+take many years to write. They called in Matilda Joslyn Gage to help
+them, and the three of them signed a contract to share the work and
+the profits.
+
+The history presented a publishing problem as well as a writing
+ordeal, and Susan, interviewing New York publishers, found the subject
+had little appeal. Finally, however, she signed a contract with Fowler
+& Wells under which the authors agreed to pay the cost of composition,
+stereotyping, and engravings; and as usual she raised the necessary
+funds.[342]
+
+[Illustration: Matilda Joslyn Gage]
+
+Returning to Tenafly as to a second home, Susan usually found Mrs.
+Stanton beaming a welcome from the piazza and Margaret and Harriot
+running to the gate to meet her. The Stanton children were fond of
+Susan. It was a comfortable happy household, and Susan, thoroughly
+enjoying Mrs. Stanton's companionship, attacked the history with
+vigor. Sitting opposite each other at a big table in the sunny tower
+room, they spent long hours at work. Susan, thin and wiry, her graying
+hair neatly smoothed back over her ears, sat up very straight as she
+rapidly sorted old clippings and letters and outlined chapters, while
+Mrs. Stanton, stout and placid, her white curls beautifully arranged,
+wrote steadily and happily, transforming masses of notes into readable
+easy prose.[343]
+
+Having sent appeals for information to colleagues in all parts of the
+country, Susan, as the contributions began to come in, struggled to
+decipher the often almost illegible, handwritten manuscripts, many of
+them careless and inexact about dates and facts. To their request for
+data about her, Lucy Stone curtly replied, "I have never kept a diary
+or any record of my work, and so am unable to furnish you the required
+dates.... You say 'I' must be referred to in the history you are
+writing.... I cannot furnish a biographical sketch and trust you will
+not try to make one. Yours with ceaseless regret that any 'wing' of
+suffragists should attempt to write the history of the other."[344]
+
+The greater part of the writing fell upon Mrs. Stanton, but Matilda
+Joslyn Gage contributed the chapters, "Preceding Causes," "Women in
+Newspapers," and "Women, Church, and State." Susan carefully selected
+the material and checked the facts. She helped with the copying of the
+handwritten manuscript and with the proofreading. Believing that
+pictures of the early workers were almost as important for the
+_History_ as the subject matter itself, she tried to provide them, but
+they presented a financial problem with which it was hard to cope, for
+each engraving cost $100.[345]
+
+When the first volume of the _History of Woman Suffrage_ came off the
+press in May 1881, she proudly and lovingly scanned its 878 pages
+which told the story of women's progress in the United States up to
+the Civil War.
+
+She was well aware that the _History_ was not a literary achievement,
+but the facts were there, as accurate as humanly possible; all the
+eloquent, stirring speeches were there, a proof of the caliber and
+high intelligence of the pioneers; and out of the otherwise dull
+record of meetings, conventions, and petitions, a spirit of
+independence and zeal for freedom shone forth, highlighted
+occasionally by dramatic episodes. As Mrs. Stanton so aptly expressed
+it, "We have furnished the bricks and mortar for some future architect
+to rear a beautiful edifice."[346]
+
+The distribution of the book was very much on Susan's mind, for she
+realized that it would not be in great demand because of its cost,
+bulk, and subject matter. Nor could she at this time present it to
+libraries, as she wished, for she had already spent her savings on the
+illustrations. "It ought to be in every school library," she wrote
+Amelia Bloomer, "where every boy and girl of the nation could see and
+read and learn what women have done to secure equality of rights and
+chances for girls and women...."[347]
+
+So much material had been collected while Volume I was in preparation
+that both Susan and Mrs. Stanton felt they should immediately
+undertake Volume II. After a summer of lecturing to help finance its
+publication, Susan returned to Tenafly to the monotonous work of
+compilation. "I am just sick to death of it," she wrote her young
+friend Rachel Foster. "I had rather wash or whitewash or do any
+possible hard work than sit here and go there digging into the dusty
+records of the past--that is, rather _make_ history than write
+it."[348]
+
+Yet she never entirely gave up making history, for she was always
+planning for the future and Rachel Foster was now her able lieutenant,
+relieving her of details, doing the spade work for the annual
+Washington conventions, and arranging for an occasional lecture
+engagement. Susan would not leave Tenafly for a lecture fee of less
+than $50.
+
+She took this intelligent young girl to her heart as she had Anna E.
+Dickinson in the past. Rachel, however, had none of Anna's dramatic
+temperament or love of the limelight, but in her orderly businesslike
+way was eager to serve Susan, whom she had admired ever since as a
+child she had heard her speak for woman suffrage in her mother's
+drawing room.
+
+While Susan was pondering the ways and means of financing another
+volume of the _History_, the light broke through in a letter from
+Wendell Phillips, announcing the astonishing news that she and Lucy
+Stone had inherited approximately $25,000 each for "the woman's cause"
+under the will of Eliza Eddy, the daughter of their former benefactor,
+Francis Jackson. Although the legacy was not paid until 1885 because
+of litigation, its promise lightened considerably Susan's financial
+burden and she knew that Volumes II and III were assured. Her
+gratitude to Eliza Eddy was unbounded, and better still, she read
+between the lines the good will of Wendell Phillips who had been Eliza
+Eddy's legal advisor. That he, whom she admired above all men, should
+after their many differences still regard her as worthy of this trust,
+meant as much to her as the legacy itself.
+
+In May 1882 she had the satisfaction of seeing the second volume of
+the _History of Woman Suffrage_ in print, carrying women's record
+through 1875. Volume III was not completed until 1885.
+
+Women's response to their own history was a disappointment. Only a few
+realized its value for the future, among them Mary L. Booth, editor of
+_Harper's Bazaar_. The majority were indifferent and some even
+critical. When Mrs. Stanton offered the three volumes to the Vassar
+College library, they were refused.[349] Nevertheless, every time
+Susan looked at the three large volumes on her shelves, she was happy,
+for now she was assured that women's struggle for citizenship and
+freedom would live in print through the years. To libraries in the
+United States and Europe, she presented well over a thousand copies,
+grateful that the Eliza Eddy legacy now made this possible.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In 1883, Susan surprised everyone by taking a vacation in Europe. Soon
+after Volume II of the _History_ had been completed, Mrs. Stanton had
+left for Europe with her daughter Harriot.[350] Her letters to Susan
+reported not only Harriot's marriage to an Englishman, William Henry
+Blatch, but also encouraging talks with the forward-looking women of
+England and France whom she hoped to interest in an international
+organization. Repeatedly she urged Susan to join her, to meet these
+women, and to rest for a while from her strenuous labors. The
+possibility of forming an international organization of women was a
+greater attraction to Susan than Europe itself, and when Rachel Foster
+suggested that she make the journey with her, she readily consented.
+
+"She goes abroad a republican Queen," observed the Kansas City
+_Journal_, "uncrowned to be sure, but none the less of the blood
+royal, and we have faith that the noblest men and women of Europe will
+at once recognize and welcome her as their equal."[351]
+
+In London, Susan met Mrs. Stanton, "her face beaming and her white
+curls as lovely as ever." Then after talking with English suffragists
+and her two old friends, William Henry Channing and Ernestine Rose,
+now living in England, Susan traveled with Rachel through Italy,
+Switzerland, Germany, and France, where a whole new world opened
+before her. She thoroughly enjoyed its beauty; yet there was much that
+distressed her and she found herself far more interested in the
+people, their customs and living conditions than in the treasures of
+art. "It is good for our young civilization," she wrote Daniel, "to
+see and study that of the old world and observe the hopelessness of
+lifting the masses into freedom and freedom's industry, honesty and
+integrity. How any American, any lover of our free institutions, based
+on equality of rights for all, can settle down and live here is more
+than I can comprehend. It will only be by overturning the powers that
+education and equal chances ever can come to the rank and file. The
+hope of the world is indeed our republic...." To a friend she
+reported, "Amidst it all my head and heart turn to our battle for
+women at home. Here in the old world, with ... its utter blotting out
+of women as an equal, there is no hope, no possibility of changing her
+condition; so I look to our own land of equality for men, and partial
+equality for women, as the only one for hope or work."[352]
+
+Back in London again, she allowed herself a few luxuries, such as an
+expensive India shawl and more social life than she had had in many a
+year, and she longed to have Mary enjoy it all with her. She visited
+suffragists in Scotland and Ireland as well as in England and
+occasionally spoke at their meetings.[353] Here as in America
+suffragists differed over the best way to win the vote, and even the
+most radical among them were more conservative and cautious than
+American women, but she admired them all and tried to understand the
+very different problems they faced. Gradually she interested a few of
+them in an international conference of women, and before she sailed
+back to America with Mrs. Stanton in November 1883, she had their
+promise of cooperation.
+
+The newspapers welcomed her home. "Susan B. Anthony is back from
+Europe," announced the Cleveland _Leader_, "and is here for a winter's
+fight on behalf of woman suffrage. She seems remarkably well, and has
+gained fifteen pounds since she left last spring. She is sixty-three,
+but looks just the same as twenty years ago. There is perhaps an extra
+wrinkle in her face, a little more silver in her hair, but her blue
+eyes are just as bright, her mouth as serious and her step as active
+as when she was forty. She would attract attention in any crowd."[354]
+
+Susan came back to an indifferent Congress. "All would fall flat and
+dead if someone were not here to keep them in mind of their duty to
+us," she wrote a friend at this time, and to her diary she confided,
+"It is perfectly disheartening that no member feels any especial
+interest or earnest determination in pushing this question of woman
+suffrage, to all men only a side issue."[355]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[339] The only such history available was the _History of the National
+Woman's Rights Movement for Twenty Years_ (New York, 1871), written by
+Paulina Wright Davis to commemorate the first national woman's rights
+convention in Worcester, Massachusetts, in 1850. This brief record,
+ending with Victoria Woodhull's Memorial to Congress, was inadequate
+and placed too much emphasis on Victoria Woodhull who had flashed
+through the movement like a meteor, leaving behind her a trail of
+discord and little that was constructive.
+
+[340] Aaron McLean, Eugene Mosher, his daughter Louise, Merritt's
+daughter, Lucy E. Anthony from Fort Scott, Kansas, and later Lucy's
+sister "Anna O."
+
+[341] Mrs. Stanton moved to the new home she had built in Tenafly, New
+Jersey, in 1868.
+
+[342] Fowler & Wells furnished the paper, press work, and advertising
+and paid the authors 12-1/2% commission on sales. They did not look
+askance at such a controversial subject, having published the Fowler
+family's phrenological books. In addition the women of the family were
+suffragists.
+
+[343] In 1855, at the instigation of her father. Miss Anthony began to
+preserve her press clippings. She now found them a valuable record,
+and she hired a young girl to paste them in six large account books.
+Thirty-two of her scrapbooks are now in the Library of Congress.
+
+[344] Aug. 30, 1876, Ida Husted Harper Collection, Henry E. Huntington
+Library. The history of the American Woman Suffrage Association was
+compiled for Volume II from the _Woman's Journal_ and Mary Livermore's
+_The Agitator_ by Harriot Stanton.
+
+[345] Nov. 30, 1880, Amelia Bloomer Papers, Seneca Falls Historical
+Society, Seneca Falls, N. Y.
+
+[346] Harper, _Anthony_, II, p. 531. The _History_ received friendly
+and complimentary reviews, the New York _Tribune_ and _Sun_ giving it
+two columns.
+
+[347] June 28, 1881, Amelia Bloomer Papers, Seneca Falls Historical
+Society, Seneca Falls, N. Y. The cost of a cloth copy of the _History_
+was $3.
+
+[348] Dec. 19, 1880, Susan B. Anthony Papers, Library of Congress.
+Rachel Foster's mother was a life-long friend of Elizabeth Cady
+Stanton and sympathetic to her work for women. The widow of a wealthy
+Pittsburgh newspaperman, she was now active in Pennsylvania suffrage
+organizations. Her daughters, Rachel and Julia, early became
+interested in the cause.
+
+[349] E. C. Stanton to Laura Collier, Jan. 21, 1886, Elizabeth Cady
+Stanton Papers, Vassar College Library. Mary Livermore criticized the
+_History_ as poorly edited.
+
+[350] After her marriage in 1882, to William Henry Blatch of
+Basingstoke, Harriot made her home in England for the next 20 years.
+
+[351] Harper, _Anthony_, II, p. 549.
+
+[352] _Ibid._, pp. 553, 558, 562. Miss Anthony spent a week with her
+old friends, Ellen and Aaron Sargent in Berlin where Aaron was serving
+as American Minister to Germany. In Paris she visited Theodore Stanton
+and his French wife.
+
+[353] Lydia Becker, Mrs. Jacob Bright, Helen Taylor, Priscilla Bright
+McLaren, Margaret Bright Lucas, Alice Scatcherd, and Elizabeth Pease
+Nichol. A bill to enfranchise widows and spinsters was pending in
+Parliament. Only a few women were courageous enough to demand votes
+for married women as well.
+
+[354] Harper, _Anthony_, II, p. 582.
+
+[355] _Ibid._, pp. 591, 583.
+
+
+
+
+IMPETUS FROM THE WEST
+
+
+"My heart almost stands still. I hope against hope, but still I hope,"
+Susan wrote in her diary in 1885, as she waited for news from Oregon
+Territory regarding the vote of the people on a woman suffrage
+amendment.[356] Woman suffrage was defeated in Oregon; and in
+Washington Territory, where in 1883 it had carried, a contest was
+being waged in the courts to invalidate it. In Nebraska it had also
+been defeated in 1882. Since the victories in Wyoming and Utah in 1869
+and 1870, not another state or territory had written woman suffrage
+into law.
+
+In spite of these setbacks, Susan still saw great promise in the West
+and resumed her lecturing there. She knew the rapidly growing young
+western states and territories as few easterners did, and she
+understood their people. Here women were making themselves
+indispensable as teachers, and state universities, now open to them,
+graduated over two thousand women a year. The Farmers' Alliance, the
+Grange, and the Prohibition party, all distinctly western in origin,
+admitted women to membership and were friendly to woman suffrage.
+School suffrage had been won in twelve western states as against five
+in the East, and Kansas women were now voting in municipal elections.
+In a sense, woman suffrage was becoming respectable in the West, and a
+woman was no longer ostracized by her friends for working with Susan
+B. Anthony.
+
+Still critical of her own speaking, Susan was often discouraged over
+her lectures, but her vitality, her naturalness, and her flashes of
+wit seldom failed to win over her audiences. Her nephew, Daniel Jr., a
+student at the University of Michigan, hearing her speak, wrote his
+parents, "At the beginning of her lecture, Aunt Susan does not do so
+well; but when she is in the midst of her argument and all her
+energies brought into play, I think she is a very powerful
+speaker."[357]
+
+On these trips through the West, she kept in close touch with her
+brothers Daniel and Merritt in Kansas, frequently visiting in their
+homes and taking her numerous nieces to Rochester. She valued
+Daniel's judgment highly, and he, well-to-do and influential, was a
+great help to her in many ways, investing her savings and furnishing
+her with railroad passes which greatly reduced her ever-increasing
+traveling expenses.
+
+Everywhere she met active zealous members of the Women's Christian
+Temperance Union. Since the Civil War, temperance had become a
+vigorous movement in the Middle West, doing its utmost to counteract
+the influence of the many large new breweries and saloons. Through the
+Prohibition party, organized on a national basis in 1872, temperance
+was now a political issue in Kansas, Iowa, and the Territory of
+Dakota, and through the W.C.T.U. women waged an effective
+total-abstinence campaign. Brought into the suffrage movement by
+Frances Willard under the slogan, "For God and Home and Country,"
+these women quickly sensed the value of their votes to the temperance
+cause. Nor was Susan slow to recognize their importance to her and her
+work, for they represented an entirely new group, churchwomen, who
+heretofore had been suspicious of and hostile toward woman's rights.
+Through them, she anticipated a powerful impetus for her cause.
+
+With admiration she had watched Frances Willard's career.[358] This
+vivid consecrated young woman was a born leader, quick to understand
+woman's need of the vote and eager to lead women forward. It was a
+disappointment, however, when she joined the American rather than the
+National Woman Suffrage Association. The reasons for this, Susan
+readily understood, were Frances Willard's warm friendship with Mary
+Livermore and her own preference for the American's state-by-state
+method, similar to that she had so successfully followed in her
+W.C.T.U. Yet Frances Willard, whenever she could, cooperated with
+Susan whom she admired and loved; and through the years these two
+great leaders valued and respected each other, even though they
+frequently differed over policy and method.
+
+Susan, for example, was often troubled because women suffrage and
+temperance were more and more linked together in the public mind, thus
+confusing the issues and arousing the hostility of those who might
+have been friendly toward woman suffrage had they not feared that
+women's votes would bring in prohibition. She did her best to make it
+clear to her audiences that she did not ask for the ballot in order
+that women might vote against saloons and for prohibition. She
+demanded only that women have the same right as men to express their
+opinions at the polls. Such an attitude was hard for many temperance
+women to understand and to forgive.
+
+Over women's support of specific political parties, Susan and Frances
+Willard were never able to agree. Susan had never been willing to ally
+herself with a minority party. Therefore, to Frances Willard's
+disappointment, she withheld her support from the Prohibition party in
+1880, although their platform acknowledged woman's need of the ballot
+and directed them to use it to settle the liquor question, and in 1884
+when they recommended state suffrage for women. Finding women eager to
+support the Prohibitionists in gratitude for these inadequate planks,
+Susan even issued a statement urging them to support the Republicans,
+who held out the most hope to them even if woman suffrage had not been
+mentioned in their platform. Her experience in Washington had proved
+to her the friendliness and loyalty of individual Republicans, and she
+was unwilling to jeopardize their support.
+
+Her judgment was confirmed during the next few years when friendly
+Republicans spoke for woman suffrage in the Senate, and when in 1887
+the woman suffrage amendment was debated and voted on in the Senate.
+In the Senate gallery eagerly listening, Susan took notice that the
+sixteen votes cast for the amendment were those of Republicans.[359]
+
+Still hoping to win Susan's endorsement of the Prohibition party in
+1888, Frances Willard asked her to outline what kind of plank would
+satisfy her.
+
+"Do you mean so satisfy me," Susan replied, "that I would work, and
+recommend to all women to work ... for the success of the third party
+ticket?... Not until a third party gets into power ... which promises
+a larger per cent of representatives, on the floor of Congress, and in
+the several State legislatures, who will speak and vote for women's
+enfranchisement, than does the Republican, shall I work for it. You
+see, as yet there is not a single Prohibitionist in Congress while
+there are at least twenty Republicans on the floor of the United
+States Senate, besides fully one-half of the members of the House of
+Representatives who are in favor of woman suffrage.... I do not
+propose to work for the defeat of the party which thus far has
+furnished nearly every vote in that direction."[360]
+
+Nor was she lured away when, in 1888, the Prohibition party endorsed
+woman suffrage and granted Frances Willard the honor of addressing its
+convention and serving on the resolutions committee.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The temperance issue also cropped up in the annual Washington
+conventions of the National Woman Suffrage Association, preparations
+for which Susan now left to Rachel Foster, May Wright Sewall, a
+capable young recruit from Indiana, and Jane Spofford. However, she
+still supervised these conventions, prodding and interfering, in what
+she called her most Andrew Jackson-like manner. She always returned to
+Washington with excitement and pleasure, and with the hope of some
+outstanding victory, and the suite at the Riggs House, given her by
+generous Jane Spofford, was a delight after months of hard travel in
+the West. "I shall come both ragged and dirty," she wrote Mrs.
+Spofford in 1887. "Though the apparel will be tattered and torn, the
+mind, the essence of me, is sound to the core. Please tell the little
+milliner to have a bonnet picked out for me, and get a dressmaker who
+will patch me together so that I shall be presentable."[361]
+
+Open to all women irrespective of race or creed, the National Woman
+Suffrage Association attracted fearless independent devoted members.
+They welcomed Mormon women into the fold, and when the bill to
+disfranchise Mormon women as a punishment for polygamy was before
+Congress in 1887, they did their utmost to help Mormon women retain
+the vote, but were defeated.
+
+They welcomed as well many temperance advocates. A few delegates,
+however, among them Mrs. Stanton, Mrs. Gage, and Mrs. Colby, scorned
+what they called the "singing and praying" temperance group and
+protested that temperance and religion were getting too strong a hold
+on the organization. Abigail Duniway from Oregon contended that
+suffragists should not join forces with temperance groups and blamed
+the defeat of woman suffrage in Oregon, Idaho, and Washington, in
+1887, on men's fear that women would vote for prohibition.
+
+Often Susan was obliged to act as arbiter between the temperance and
+nontemperance groups. She did not underestimate the momentum which the
+well-organized W.C.T.U. had already given the suffrage cause,
+particularly in states where the National Association had only a few
+and scattered workers. She needed and wanted the help of these
+temperance women and of Frances Willard's forceful and winning
+personality. She also saw the importance of breaking down with Frances
+Willard's aid the slow-yielding opposition of the church.
+
+Occasionally enthusiastic workers undertook projects which to her
+seemed unwise. She told them frankly how she felt and left it at that,
+but most of them had to learn by experience. When Belva Lockwood, one
+of her most able colleagues in Washington, accepted the nomination for
+President of the United States, offered her by the women of California
+in 1884 and by the women of Iowa in 1888 through their Equal Rights
+party, she did not lend her support or that of the National
+Association, but followed her consistent policy of no alignment with a
+minority party. Nevertheless, she heartily believed in women's right
+and ability to hold the highest office in the land.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Ever since her trip to Europe in 1883, Susan had been planning for an
+international gathering of women. Interest in this project was kept
+alive among European women by Mrs. Stanton during her frequent visits
+with her daughter Harriot in England and her son Theodore in France.
+It was Susan, however, who put the machinery in motion through the
+National Woman Suffrage Association and issued a call for an
+international conference in Washington, in March 1888, to commemorate
+the fortieth anniversary of the first woman's rights convention. Ten
+thousand invitations were sent out to organizations of women in all
+parts of the world, to professional, business, and reform groups as
+well as to those advocating political and civil rights for women, and
+an ambitious program was prepared. Most of the work for the conference
+and the raising of $13,000 to finance it fell upon the shoulders of
+Susan, Rachel Foster, and May Wright Sewall, but they also had the
+enthusiastic cooperation of Frances Willard, who, with her nation-wide
+contacts, was of inestimable value in arousing interest among the many
+and varied women's organizations and the labor groups. Another happy
+development was Clara Colby's decision to publish her _Woman's
+Tribune_ in Washington during the conference. Mrs. Colby's _Tribune_,
+established in Beatrice, Nebraska, in 1883, had since then met in a
+measure Susan's need for a paper for the National Association and she
+welcomed its transfer to Washington.[362]
+
+Women from all parts of the world assembled in Albaugh's Opera House
+in Washington for the epoch-making international conference which
+opened on Sunday, March 25, 1888, with religious services conducted
+entirely by women, as if to prove to the world that women in the
+pulpit were appropriate and adequate. Fifty-three national
+organizations sent representatives, and delegates came from England,
+France, Norway, Denmark, Finland, India, and Canada.
+
+Presiding over all sixteen sessions, Susan rejoiced over a record
+attendance. Her thoughts went back to the winter of 1854 when she and
+Ernestine Rose had held their first woman's rights meetings in
+Washington, finding only a handful ready to listen. The intervening
+thirty-four years had worked wonders. Now women were willing to travel
+not only across the continent but from Europe and Asia to discuss and
+demand equal educational advantages, equal opportunities for training
+in the professions and in business, equal pay for equal work, equal
+suffrage, and the same standard of morals for all. Aware of their
+responsibility to their countries, they asked for the tools, education
+and the franchise, to help solve the world's problems. They were
+listened to with interest and respect, and were received at the White
+House by President and Mrs. Cleveland.
+
+Through it all, a dynamic, gray-haired woman in a black silk dress
+with a red shawl about her shoulders was without question the heroine
+of the occasion. "This lady," observed the Baltimore _Sun_, "daily
+grows upon all present; the woman suffragists love her for her good
+works, the audience for her brightness and wit, and the multitude of
+press representatives for her frank, plain, open, business-like way of
+doing everything connected with the council.... Her word is the
+parliamentary law of the meeting. Whatever she says is done without
+murmur or dissent."[363]
+
+A permanent International Council of Women to meet once every five
+years was organized with Millicent Garrett Fawcett of England as
+president, and a National Council to meet every three years was formed
+as an affiliate with Frances Willard as president and Susan as
+vice-president at large. Emphasizing education and social and moral
+reform, the International Council did not rank suffrage first as
+Susan had hoped. Nevertheless, she was happy that an international
+movement of enterprising women was well on its way. They would learn
+by experience.
+
+Of all the favorable results of the International Council of Women,
+two were of special importance to Susan, meeting Anna Howard Shaw and
+overtures from Lucy Stone for a union of the National and American
+Woman Suffrage Associations.
+
+Prejudiced against Anna Howard Shaw, who had aligned herself with Mary
+Livermore and Lucy Stone, and who she assumed, was a narrow Methodist
+minister, Susan was unprepared to find that the pleasing young woman
+in the pulpit on the first day of the conference, holding her audience
+spellbound with her oratory, was Anna Howard Shaw. Here was a warm
+personality, a crusader eager to right human wrongs, and above all a
+matchless public speaker. Anna too had heard much criticism of Susan
+and had formed a distorted opinion of her which was quickly dispelled
+as she watched her preside. They liked each other the moment they met.
+
+Anna Howard Shaw had grown up on the Michigan frontier, her
+indomitable spirit and her eagerness for learning conquering the
+hardships and the limitations of her surroundings. Encouraged by Mary
+Livermore, who by chance lectured in her little town, she worked her
+way through Albion College and Boston University Theological School,
+from which she graduated in 1878. She then served as the pastor of two
+Cape Cod churches, but was refused ordination by the Methodist
+Episcopal church because of her sex. Eventually she was ordained by
+the Methodist Protestant church. During her pastorate, she studied
+medicine at Boston University, and because of her ability as a speaker
+was in demand as a lecturer for temperance and woman suffrage groups.
+Through the Massachusetts Woman Suffrage Association, she met an
+inspiring group of reformers, and their influence and that of Frances
+Willard, in whose work she was intensely interested, led her to leave
+the ministry for active work in the temperance and woman suffrage
+movements. After several years as a lecturer and organizer for the
+Massachusetts Woman Suffrage Association, she was placed at the head
+of the franchise department of the W.C.T.U. This was her work when she
+met Susan B. Anthony.
+
+[Illustration: Anna Howard Shaw]
+
+The more Susan talked with Anna, the better she liked her, and the
+feeling was mutual. This wholesome woman of forty-one, with abundant
+vitality, unmarried and without pressing family ties to divert her,
+seemed particularly well fitted to assist Susan in the arduous
+campaigns which lay ahead. A natural orator, she could in a measure
+take the place of Mrs. Stanton, who could no longer undertake western
+tours. Before the International Council adjourned, Susan had Anna's
+promise that she would lecture for the National Association.
+
+One of Susan's nieces, Lucy E. Anthony, also felt drawn to Anna after
+meeting her at the International Council. A warm friendship quickly
+developed and continued throughout their lives. Within a few years
+they were living together, Lucy serving as Anna's secretary and
+planning her lecture tours and campaign trips. Educated in Rochester
+through the help of her aunts, Susan and Mary, living in their home
+and loving them both, Lucy readily made their interests her own and
+devoted her life to the suffrage movement. Neither a public speaker
+nor a campaigner, she put her executive ability to work, and her
+tasks, though less spectacular, were important and freed both Susan
+and Anna from many details.
+
+Just as the International Council of Women had broken down Anna Howard
+Shaw's prejudice regarding Susan B. Anthony and her National Woman
+Suffrage Association, just so it clarified the opinions of other young
+women, now aligning themselves with the cause. Admiring the leaders of
+both factions, these young women saw no reason why the two groups
+should not work together in one large strong organization, and this
+seemed increasingly important as they welcomed women from other
+countries to this first international conference. Unfamiliar with the
+personal antagonisms and the sincere differences in policy which had
+caused the separation after the Civil War, they did not understand the
+difficulties still in the way of union. So strongly, however, did they
+press for a united front that the leaders of both groups felt
+themselves swept along toward that goal. Susan herself had long looked
+forward to the time when all suffragists would again work together,
+but since the unsuccessful overtures of her group in 1870, she had
+made no further efforts in that direction. She was completely taken by
+surprise when in the fall of 1887 the American Association proposed
+that she and Lucy Stone confer regarding union.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The negotiations revived old arguments in the minds of zealous
+partisans, and in the _Woman's Journal_, the _Woman's Tribune_, and
+elsewhere, attempts were made to fasten the blame for the
+twenty-year-old rift upon this one and that one; but so strong ran the
+tide for union among the younger women that this excursion into the
+past aroused little interest.
+
+The election of the president of the merged organizations was the most
+difficult hurdle. Lucy Stone suggested that neither she, Mrs. Stanton,
+nor Susan allow their names to be proposed, since they had been blamed
+for the division, but this was easier said than done. The clamor for
+Susan and Mrs. Stanton was so strong and continuous among the younger
+members that it soon became apparent that unless one or the other were
+chosen, there would be no hope of union. The odds were in Susan's
+favor. Her popularity in the National Association was tremendous.
+Although Mrs. Stanton was revered as the mother of woman suffrage and
+admired for her brilliant mind and her poise as presiding officer, she
+now spent so much time in Europe with her daughter Harriot that many
+who might otherwise have voted for her felt that the office should go
+to Susan, who was always on the job.
+
+[Illustration: Harriot Stanton Blatch]
+
+Most of the American Association regarded Susan as safer and less
+radical than Mrs. Stanton, less likely to stray from the straight path
+of woman suffrage, and Henry Blackwell recommended her election.
+
+Susan did not want the presidency. She wanted it for Mrs. Stanton, who
+had headed the National Association so ably for so many years. She
+pleaded earnestly with the delegates of the National Association: "I
+will say to every woman who is a National and who has any love for the
+old Association, or for Susan B. Anthony, that I hope you will not
+vote for her for president.... Don't you vote for any human being but
+Mrs. Stanton.... When the division was made 22 years ago it was
+because our platform was too broad, because Mrs. Stanton was too
+radical.... And now ... if Mrs. Stanton shall be deposed ... you
+virtually degrade her.... I want our platform to be kept broad enough
+for the infidel, the atheist, the Mohammedan, or the Christian....
+These are the broad principles I want you to stand upon."[364]
+
+When the two organizations met in February 1890 to effect formal union
+as the National American Woman Suffrage Association, Elizabeth Cady
+Stanton was elected president by a majority of 41 votes, while Susan
+was the almost unanimous choice for vice-president at large. With Lucy
+Stone chosen chairman of the executive committee, Jane Spofford
+treasurer, and Rachel Foster and Alice Stone Blackwell
+secretaries,[365] the new organization was well equipped with able
+leaders for the work ahead. It was dedicated to work for both state
+and federal woman suffrage amendments and its official organ would be
+the _Woman's Journal_.
+
+Susan now faced the future with gratitude that a strong unified
+organization could be handed down to the younger women who would
+gradually take over the work she had started, and her confidence in
+these young women grew day by day. Working closely with Rachel Foster
+and May Wright Sewall, she knew their caliber. Anna Howard Shaw and
+Alice Stone Blackwell showed great promise, and Harriot Stanton Blatch
+was living up to her expectations. In England where Harriot had made
+her home since her marriage in 1882, she was active in the cause, and
+on her visits to her mother in New York, she kept in touch with the
+suffrage movement in the United States. She took part in the union
+meeting, and in her diary, Susan recorded these words of commendation,
+"Harriot said but a few words, yet showed herself worthy of her mother
+and her mother's lifelong friend and co-worker. It was a proud moment
+for me."[366]
+
+To such she could entrust her beloved cause.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[356] Harper, _Anthony_, II, p. 592.
+
+[357] _Ibid._, p. 658.
+
+[358] Miss Anthony first met Frances Willard in 1875 when she lectured
+in Rochester. Invited to sit on the platform, by her side, she
+thoughtfully refused, adding "You have a heavy enough load to carry
+without me." Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 472. When Frances Willard took
+her stand for woman suffrage in the W.C.T.U. in 1876, Miss Anthony
+wrote her, "Now you are to go forward. I wish I could see you and make
+you feel my gladness." Mary Earhart, _Frances Willard_ (Chicago,
+1944), p. 153.
+
+[359] During the debate, Frances Willard rendered valuable aid with a
+petition for woman suffrage, signed by 200,000 women. This
+counteracted in a measure the protests against woman suffrage by
+President Eliot of Harvard and 200 New England clergymen.
+
+[360] Harper, _Anthony_, II, pp. 622-623.
+
+[361] _Ibid._, p. 612.
+
+[362] So successful was Mrs. Colby's Washington venture that she
+continued to publish her _Woman's Tribune_ there for the next 16 years
+
+[363] Harper, _Anthony_, II, p. 637.
+
+[364] _Woman's Tribune_, Feb. 22, 1890.
+
+[365] The credit for achieving union after two years of patient
+negotiation goes to Rachel Foster Avery, secretary of the National
+Association, and to Lucy Stone's daughter, Alice Stone Blackwell,
+secretary of the American Association.
+
+[366] Harper, _Anthony_, II, p. 675.
+
+
+
+
+VICTORIES IN THE WEST
+
+
+New western states were coming into the Union, North and South Dakota,
+Montana, Washington, Idaho, and Wyoming, and in Susan's opinion it was
+highly important that they be admitted as woman suffrage states, for
+she had not forgotten that disturbing line of the Supreme Court
+decision in the Virginia Minor case which read, "No new State has ever
+been admitted to the Union which has conferred the right of suffrage
+on women, and this has never been considered a valid objection to her
+admission."[367] Susan wanted to start a new trend.
+
+Opposition to Wyoming's woman suffrage provision was strong in
+Congress in spite of the fact that it had the unanimous approval of
+Wyoming's constitutional convention. To Susan in the gallery of the
+House of Representatives, listening anxiously to the debate on the
+admission of Wyoming, defeat was unthinkable after women had voted in
+the Territory of Wyoming for twenty years; but Democrats, wishing to
+block the admission of a preponderantly Republican state, used woman
+suffrage as an excuse. With a sinking heart, she heard an amendment
+offered, limiting suffrage in Wyoming to males. At the crucial moment,
+however, the tide was turned by a telegram from the Wyoming
+legislature, the words of which rejoiced Susan, "We will remain out of
+the Union a hundred years rather than come in without woman
+suffrage."[368] After this, the House voted to admit Wyoming, 139 to
+127, but the Senate delayed, renewing the attack on the woman suffrage
+provision. Not until July 1890, while she was speaking to a large
+audience in the opera house at Madison, South Dakota, did the good
+news of the admission of Wyoming reach her. Jubilant as she commented
+on this great victory, she spoke as one inspired, for she saw this as
+the turning point in her forty long years of uphill work.
+
+Neither North Dakota nor South Dakota had wanted to risk their
+chances of statehood by incorporating woman suffrage in their
+constitutions.[369] Yet public opinion in both states was friendly,
+South Dakota directing its first legislature to submit the question to
+the voters. It was this that brought Susan to South Dakota in 1890.
+Sentiment for woman suffrage in South Dakota had previously been
+created almost entirely by the W.C.T.U., and this had linked woman
+suffrage and prohibition together. Now, the liquor interests made
+prohibition an issue in this woman suffrage campaign, as they rallied
+their forces for the repeal of prohibition which had been adopted when
+South Dakota was admitted to statehood. Through the propaganda of the
+liquor interests the 30,000 foreign-born voters became formidable
+opponents, and newly naturalized Russians, Scandinavians, and Poles,
+given the vote before American women, wore badges carrying the slogan,
+"Against Woman Suffrage and Susan B. Anthony."[370] Both Republicans
+and Democrats cultivated these foreign-born voters, turning a cold
+shoulder to the woman suffrage amendment and refusing to endorse it in
+their state conventions. Even the Farmers' Alliance and the Knights of
+Labor, previously friendly to woman suffrage, now joined with the
+Prohibitionists to form a third political party which also failed to
+endorse the woman suffrage amendment. On top of all this,
+anti-suffragists from Massachusetts, calling themselves Remonstrants,
+flooded South Dakota with their leaflets.
+
+It now seemed to Susan as if every clever politician had lined up
+against women. During these trying days, Anna Howard Shaw joined her,
+and together they covered the state, hoping by the truth and sincerity
+of their statements to quash the propaganda against woman suffrage.
+Often they traveled in freight cars, as transportation was limited, or
+drove long distances in wagons over the sun-baked prairie. The heat
+was intense and the hot winds, blowing incessantly, seared everything
+they touched. After two years of drouth, the farmers were desperately
+poor, and Susan, concerned over their plight, wondered why Congress
+could not have appropriated the money for artesian wells to help these
+honest earnest people, instead of voting $40,000 for an investigating
+commission.[371]
+
+Occasionally Susan and Anna spent the night in isolated sod houses
+where ingenious pioneer women cooked their scant meals over burning
+chips of buffalo bones gathered on the prairie. Glorying in the
+valiant spirit of these women, who in loneliness and hardship played
+an important but unheralded role in the conquest of this new country,
+Susan was generous with her praise. To them her words of commendation
+were like a benediction, and few of them ever forgot a visit from
+Susan B. Anthony.
+
+By this time life on the frontier was an old story to her, for she had
+campaigned under similar conditions in Kansas and in the far West.
+Nonetheless, the hardships were trying. Yet this plucky woman of
+seventy wrote friends in the East, "Tell everybody that I am perfectly
+well in body and in mind, never better, and never doing more work....
+O, the lack of modern comforts and conveniences! But I can put up with
+it better than any of the young folks.... I shall push ahead and do my
+level best to carry this State, come weal or woe to me personally....
+I never felt so buoyed up with the love and sympathy and confidence of
+the good people everywhere...."[372]
+
+Young vigorous Anna Howard Shaw proved to be a campaigner after
+Susan's own heart, tireless, uncomplaining, and good-tempered, an
+exceptional speaker, witty and quick to say the right word at the
+right time. It was a joy to find in Anna the same devotion to the
+cause that she herself felt, the same crusading fervor and
+reliability. During the long drives over the prairie, she talked to
+Anna of the work that must be done, of what it would mean to the women
+of the future, and she fired Anna's soul "with the flame that burned
+in her own."[373]
+
+Another young western woman, Carrie Chapman Catt, also attracted
+Susan's attention at this time. She had volunteered for the South
+Dakota campaign, after attending her first national woman suffrage
+convention; and Susan, meeting her in Huron, South Dakota, to map out
+a speaking tour for her, found a tall handsome confident young woman
+ready to attack the work and see it through, in spite of the hardships
+which confronted her.
+
+Carrie Lane, a graduate of Iowa State College, had briefly studied law
+and taught school before her marriage to Lee Chapman. Now, four years
+after his death, she had married George W. Catt of Seattle, a
+promising young engineer and a former fellow-student at Iowa State
+College. What particularly impressed Susan was that Carrie, in spite
+of her marriage in June, had kept her pledge to come to South Dakota.
+She was pleased with the way Carrie not only heroically filled every
+difficult engagement, but sized up the campaign for herself and
+planned for the future. In Carrie's report of her work there was a
+ruthless practicality which was rare and which instantly won Susan's
+approval. Here was a young woman to watch and to keep in the work.
+
+[Illustration: The Anthony home, Rochester, New York]
+
+The visible result of six months of campaigning was defeat, with the
+vote 22,972 for woman suffrage and 45,632 opposed, and as Susan
+remembered the maneuvers of the politicians, the trading of votes for
+the location of the state capital, and the scheming of the liquor
+interests, she felt she was championing a lonely cause.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+From now on Susan hoped to turn over to the younger women much of the
+lecturing and organizing in the West, and she needed an anchorage, a
+home of her own from which she could direct the work. Her mother had
+willed 17 Madison Street to Mary, who had rented the first floor and
+was living on the second where there was a room for Susan. Now that
+Susan planned to spend more time at home and Mary had retired from
+teaching, they decided to take over the whole house, modernize and
+redecorate it, and enjoy it the rest of their lives. Mary as usual
+took charge, but Susan had definite ideas about what should be done.
+Mary, who had learned to be cautious and frugal, was more willing
+than Susan to make old furnishings do, but their friends came to the
+rescue, showering them with gifts.
+
+Freshly painted and papered, with new rugs on the floor, lace curtains
+at the windows, easy chairs and new furniture here and there, the
+house was all Susan had wished for, and everywhere were familiar
+touches, such as her mother's spinning wheel by the fireplace in the
+back parlor.
+
+She spent most of her time in her study on the second floor. Here she
+hung her pictures of the reformers she admired and loved; and right
+over her desk, looking down at her, was the comforting picture of her
+dearest friend, Mrs. Stanton. Hour after hour, she sat at this desk,
+writing letters, hurriedly dashing off one after another, writing just
+as the thoughts came, as if she were talking, bothering little with
+punctuation, using dashes instead, and vigorously underlining words
+and phrases for emphasis. Instructions to workers in all parts of the
+country, letters of friendship and sympathy, answers to the many
+questions which came in every mail, these were signed and sealed one
+after another, and slipped into the mail box when she took a brisk
+walk before going to bed.
+
+She started each day with the morning newspaper, stepping out on the
+front veranda to pick it up, taking a deep breath of fresh air, and
+enjoying the green grass and the tall graceful chestnut trees in front
+of the house. Then sitting down in the back parlor beside the big
+table covered with magazines and mail, she carefully read her paper
+before beginning the work at her desk, for she must keep up-to-date on
+the news.
+
+Rochester was important to her. It was her city, and she was on hand
+with her colleagues whenever there was an opportunity for women to
+express interest in its government, progress, or welfare. Not only did
+she encourage women to make use of their newly won right to vote in
+school elections, she also urged municipal suffrage for women.
+Appealing to the governor to appoint a woman to fill a vacancy on the
+board of trustees of Rochester's State Industrial School, she herself
+received the appointment which the _Democrat and Chronicle_ called "a
+fitting recognition of one of the ablest and best women in the
+commonwealth."[374]
+
+One of her first acts as trustee was a practical one for the girls.
+"Spent entire day at State Industrial School," she wrote in her diary,
+"getting the laundry girls--who had always washed for the entire
+institution by hand and ironed that old way--transferred to the boys'
+laundry room to use its machinery--am sure it will work well--girls 12
+of them delighted."[375] She also taught the boys to patch and darn,
+and later asked for coeducation.
+
+[Illustration: Susan B. Anthony at her desk]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Susan looked forward to welcoming Mrs. Stanton at 17 Madison Street
+when she returned to this country in 1891, particularly because she
+had sold her home in Tenafly after her husband's death, in 1887, and
+now had no home to go to. Susan hoped that as they again worked
+together she could persuade Mrs. Stanton to concentrate on more
+serious writing than the chatty reminiscences she had just published
+and which Susan felt were "not the greatest" of herself.[376] When she
+heard that Mrs. Stanton seriously contemplated living in New York with
+two of her children, she begged her to reconsider, writing, "This is
+the first time since 1850 that I have anchored myself to any
+particular spot, and in doing it my constant thought was that you
+would come here ... and stay for as long, at least, as we must be
+together to put your writings into systematic shape to go down to
+posterity. I have no writings to go down, so my ambition is not for
+myself, but is for the one by the side of whom I have wrought these
+forty years, and to get whose speeches before audiences ... has been
+the delight of my life."[377]
+
+Mrs. Stanton decided to make her home in New York, but first she
+visited Susan who found her as stimulating as ever and brimful of
+ideas. They plotted and planned as of old and managed to stir up
+public opinion on the question of admitting women to the University of
+Rochester. With women enrolled at the University of Michigan since
+1870, and at Cornell since 1872, and with Columbia University yielding
+at last to women's entreaties by establishing Barnard College in 1889,
+they felt it their duty to awaken Rochester, and although their
+agitation produced no immediate results, it did start other women
+thinking and made news for the press. The cartoons on the subject
+delighted them both.[378]
+
+Susan soon realized that the writing she had planned for Mrs. Stanton
+would never be done, for Mrs. Stanton had already made up her mind to
+write for magazines and newspapers on new and controversial subjects,
+feeling this was the best contribution she could make to the cause.
+Susan also found it increasingly difficult to hold her old friend to
+the straight path of woman suffrage, Mrs. Stanton insisting that too
+much concentration on this one subject was narrowing and left women
+unprepared for the intelligent use of the ballot. Women, Mrs. Stanton
+argued, needed to be stirred up to think, and this they would not do
+as long as their minds were dominated by the church, which, she
+believed, had for generations hampered their development by
+emphasizing their inferiority and subordination. She was determined to
+analyze and rebel, and Susan could in no way divert her. Completely
+absorbed in trying to prove that the Bible, accurately translated and
+interpreted, did not teach the inferiority or the subordination of
+women, she was writing a book which she called _The Woman's Bible_,
+chapters of which were already appearing in the _Woman's Tribune_.
+
+Susan was not unsympathetic to Mrs. Stanton's ideas, but she opposed
+this excursion into religious controversy because she was sure it
+would stir up futile wrangles among the suffragists and keep Mrs.
+Stanton from giving her best to the cause. Her lack of interest then
+and her frank disapproval as _The Woman's Bible_ progressed were a
+great disappointment to Mrs. Stanton, and these two old friends began
+to grow somewhat apart as they took different roads to reach their
+goal, the one intent on freeing women's minds, the other determined to
+establish their citizenship. Yet their friendship endured.
+
+[Illustration: Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton]
+
+In 1892 Susan reluctantly consented to Mrs. Stanton's retirement as
+president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Mrs.
+Stanton's request that she be followed by Susan won unanimous
+approval, and Anna Howard Shaw was moved up to second place,
+vice-president at large. For forty years, Susan had watched Mrs.
+Stanton preside with a poise, warmth, and skill which few could equal.
+She knew she would miss her dynamic reassuring presence at the
+conventions. Yet she was obliged to admit to herself that it was more
+than fitting that she should at last head the ever-growing
+organization which she had built up. This was the last convention
+which Mrs. Stanton attended, and it was the last for Lucy Stone who
+died the next year. Susan appreciated the eager young women who now
+took their places, but she did not yet feel completely at home with
+them. "Only think," she wrote an old-time colleague, "I shall not have
+a white-haired woman on the platform with me, and I shall be alone
+there of all the pioneer workers. Always with the 'old guard' I had
+perfect confidence that the wise and right thing would be said. What a
+platform ours then was of self-reliant strong women! I felt sure of
+you all.... I can not feel quite certain that our younger sisters will
+be equal to the emergency, yet they are each and all valiant, earnest,
+and talented, and will soon be left to manage the ship without even
+me."[379]
+
+In 1892, the year of the presidential election, Susan hopefully
+attended the national political conventions. Again the Republicans
+made their proverbial excuses, explaining that they not only faced a
+formidable opponent in Grover Cleveland but also the threat of a new
+People's party. The familiar ring of their alibis, which they had
+repeated since Reconstruction days, made Susan wonder when and if ever
+the Republicans would feel able to bear the strain of woman suffrage.
+Their platform remembered the poor, the foreign-born, and male
+Negroes, but it still ignored women. Yet hope for the future stirred
+in her heart as she saw at the convention two women serving as
+delegates from Wyoming. Here was the entering wedge.
+
+The Democrats as usual were silent on woman suffrage, but undismayed
+by them or by the Prohibitionists, who this year failed to endorse
+votes for women, Susan moved on to Omaha with Anna Howard Shaw for the
+first national convention of the new People's party. Here she met
+representatives of the Farmers' Alliance and the Knights of Labor,
+both friendly to woman suffrage, and men from other groups, critical
+of the two major political parties for their failure to solve the
+pressing economic problems confronting the nation. Susan was
+sympathetic with many of the aims of the People's party, having seen
+with her own eyes the plight of debt-burdened, hard-working farmers
+and having crusaded in her own paper, _The Revolution_, for the rights
+of labor and for the control of industrial monopoly. However, she
+still viewed minor, reform parties with a highly critical eye. The
+People's party gave her no woman suffrage plank and she found them
+"quite as oblivious to the underlying principle of justice to women as
+either of the old parties...."[380]
+
+With the election of Grover Cleveland, whose opposition to woman
+suffrage was well known, and with the Democrats in the saddle for
+another four years, Congressional action on the woman suffrage
+amendment was blocked. Nevertheless, the cause moved ahead in the
+states; Colorado was to vote on the question in 1893 and Kansas in
+1894, and New York was revising its constitution. In addition, the
+World's Fair in Chicago in 1893 offered endless opportunities to bring
+the subject before the people.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+As soon as plans for the World's Fair were under way, Susan began to
+work indirectly through prominent women in Washington and Chicago for
+the appointment of women to the board of management. "Lady Managers"
+were appointed, 115 strong, who proved to be very much alive under the
+leadership of Mrs. Bertha Honoré Palmer. Susan found Mrs. Palmer
+almost as determined as she to secure equality of rights for women at
+the World's Fair, and nothing that she herself might have planned
+could have been more effective than the series of world congresses in
+which both men and women took part, or than the World's Congress of
+Representative Women.
+
+[Illustration: Elizabeth Smith Miller, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and
+Susan B. Anthony]
+
+Two of Susan's "girls," as she liked to call them, Rachel Foster
+Avery[381] and May Wright Sewall, were appointed by Mrs. Palmer to
+take charge of the World's Congress of Representative Women, and they
+arranged a meeting of the International Council of Women as a part of
+this Congress.
+
+Convening soon after the opening of the World's Fair, the Congress of
+Representative Women drew record crowds at its eighty-one sessions.
+Twenty-seven countries and 126 organizations were represented. Here
+Susan, to her joy, heard Negroes, American Indians, and Mormons tell
+of their progress and their problems, and saw them treated with as
+much respect as American millionaires, English nobility, or the most
+virtuous, conservative housewife. Watching these women assemble,
+talking with them, and listening to their well-delivered speeches, she
+felt richly rewarded for the lonely work she had undertaken forty
+years before, when scarcely a woman could be coaxed to a meeting or be
+persuaded to express her opinions in public. Although only one session
+of the congress was devoted to the civil and political rights of
+women, it was gratifying to her that women's need of the ballot was
+spontaneously brought up in meeting after meeting, showing that
+women, whatever their cause or whatever their organization, were
+recognizing that only by means of the vote could their reforms be
+achieved.
+
+Speaking on the subject to which she had dedicated her life, Susan
+gave credit to the pioneering suffragists for the change which had
+taken place in public opinion regarding the position of women. She
+urged women's organizations to give suffrage their wholehearted
+support and pointed out the great power of some of the newer
+organizations, such as the W.C.T.U. with its membership of half a
+million and the young General Federation of Women's Clubs of 40,000
+members. Confessing that her own National American Woman Suffrage
+Association in comparison was poor in numbers and limited in funds,
+she added, "I would philosophize on the reason why. It is because
+women have been taught always to work for something else than their
+own personal freedom; and the hardest thing in the world is to
+organize women for the one purpose of securing their political liberty
+and political equality."[382] Even so, the vital woman's rights
+organizations, she concluded, drew the whole world to them in spirit
+if not in person.
+
+Her very presence among them without her words, in fact her very
+presence on the fair grounds, advertised her cause, for in the mind of
+the public she personified woman suffrage. This tall dignified woman
+with smooth gray hair, abundant in energy and spontaneous
+friendliness, was the center of attraction at the World's Congress of
+Representative Women. In her new black dress of Chinese silk,
+brightened with blue, and her small black bonnet, trimmed with lace
+and blue forget-me-nots, she was the perfect picture of everyone's
+grandmother, and the people took her to their hearts.[383] She was the
+one woman all wanted to see. Curious crowds jammed the hall and
+corridors when she was scheduled to speak, and often a policeman had
+to clear the way for her. At whatever meeting she appeared, the
+audience at once burst into applause and started calling for her,
+interrupting the speakers, and were not satisfied until she had
+mounted the platform so that all could see her and she had said a few
+words. Then they cheered her. After years of ridicule and
+unpopularity, she hardly knew what to make of all this, but she
+accepted it with happiness as a tribute to her beloved cause. Many
+who had been critical and wary of her newfangled notions began to
+reverse their opinions after they saw her and heard her words of good
+common sense. Even those who still opposed woman suffrage left the
+World's Fair with a new respect for Susan B. Anthony.
+
+She stayed on in Chicago for much of the summer and fall, for she was
+in demand as a speaker at several of the world congresses and had five
+speeches to read for Mrs. Stanton, who felt unable to brave the heat
+and the crowds. She felt at home in this bustling, rapidly growing
+city which for so many years had been the halfway station on her
+lecture and campaign trips through the West. Here she had always found
+a warm welcome, first from her cousins, the Dickinsons, then from the
+ever-widening circle of friends she won for her cause. Now she was
+literally swamped with hospitality.[384] She rejoiced that such great
+numbers of everyday people were able to enjoy the beauty of the fair
+grounds and the many interesting exhibits, and when a group of
+clergymen urged Sunday closing, she took issue with them, declaring
+that Sunday was the only day on which many were free to attend. Asked
+by a disapproving clergyman if she would like to have a son of hers
+attend Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show on Sunday, she promptly and
+bluntly replied, "Of course I would, and I think he would learn far
+more there than from the sermons in some churches!"[385]
+
+Hearing of this, Buffalo Bill offered her a box at his popular Wild
+West Show, and she appeared the next day with twelve of her "girls."
+Dashing into the arena on his spirited horse while the band played and
+the spotlight flashed on him, Buffalo Bill rode directly up to Susan's
+box, reined his horse, and swept off his big western hat to salute
+her. Quick to respond, she rose and bowed, and beaming with pleasure,
+waved her handkerchief at him while the immense audience applauded and
+cheered.
+
+She returned home early in November 1893, with happy memories of the
+World's Fair and to good news from Colorado. "Telegram ... from
+Denver--said woman suffrage carried by 5000 majority," she recorded in
+her diary.[386] This laconic comment in no way expressed the joy in
+her heart.
+
+Her diaries, written hurriedly in small fine script, year after year,
+in black-covered notebooks about three inches by six, were a brief
+terse record of her work and her travels. Only occasionally a line of
+philosophizing shone out from the mass of routine detail, or an
+illuminating comment on a friend or a difficult situation, but she
+never failed to record a family anniversary, a birthday, or a death.
+
+The Colorado victory, referred to so casually in her diary, was
+actually of great importance to her and her cause, for it carried
+forward the trend initiated by the admission of Wyoming as a woman
+suffrage state in 1890. Colorado also proved to her that her "girls"
+could take over her work. So busy had she been winning good will for
+the cause at the World's Fair that she had left Colorado in the
+capable hands of the women of the state and of young efficient Carrie
+Chapman Catt, to whom she now turned over the supervision of all state
+campaigns.
+
+Encouragement also came from another part of the world, from New
+Zealand, where the vote was extended to women. This confirmed her
+growing conviction that equal citizenship was best understood on the
+frontier and that in her own country victory would come from the West.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[367] Minor vs. Happersett, _History of Woman Suffrage_, II, pp.
+741-742. North and South Dakota, Washington and Montana were admitted
+in 1889, Wyoming and Idaho in 1890.
+
+[368] _Ibid._, IV, pp. 999-1000.
+
+[369] North Dakota's constitution provided that the legislature might
+in the future enfranchise women.
+
+[370] _History of Woman Suffrage_, IV, p. 556.
+
+[371] Harper, _Anthony_, II, p. 690.
+
+[372] _Ibid._, p. 688.
+
+[373] Anna Howard Shaw, _The Story of a Pioneer_ (New York, 1915), p.
+202.
+
+[374] Harper, _Anthony_, II, p. 731.
+
+[375] Ms., Diary, Feb. 28, April 18, 1893.
+
+[376] Published first in the _Woman's Tribune_, then as a book in 1898
+under the title, _Eighty Years and More_.
+
+[377] Harper, _Anthony_, II, p. 712.
+
+[378] During this visit the young sculptor, Adelaide Johnson, modeled
+busts of Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton which later were chiseled in
+marble and were exhibited with the bust of Lucretia Mott at the
+World's Fair in Chicago in 1893. They are now in the Capitol in
+Washington.
+
+[379] To Clarina Nichols. Harper, _Anthony_, II, p. 544. Miss Anthony
+wrote in her diary, Oct. 18, 1893, "Lucy Stone died this evening at
+her home--Dorchester, Mass. aged 75--I can but wonder if the spirit
+now sees things as it did 25 years ago!" The wound inflicted by Lucy's
+misunderstanding of her motives had never healed.
+
+[380] _Ibid._, p. 727.
+
+[381] Rachel Foster was married in 1888 to Cyrus Miller Avery.
+
+[382] May Wright Sewall, Editor, _The World's Congress of
+Representative Women_ (Chicago, 1894), p. 464.
+
+[383] Statement by Lucy E. Anthony, Una R. Winter Collection.
+
+[384] Miss Anthony's diary, 1893, mentions visiting "dear Mrs.
+Coonley" (Lydia Avery Coonley) in her beautiful, friendly home. May
+Wright Sewall, and devoted Emily Gross. Her sister Mary, Daniel,
+Merritt, and their families joined her at the Fair for a few weeks.
+
+[385] Shaw, _The Story of a Pioneer_, pp. 205-207.
+
+[386] Ms., Diary, Nov. 8, 1893.
+
+
+
+
+LIQUOR INTERESTS ALERT FOREIGN-BORN VOTERS AGAINST WOMAN SUFFRAGE
+
+
+"I am in the midst of as severe a treadmill as I ever experienced,
+traveling from fifty to one hundred miles every day and speaking five
+or six nights a week,"[387] Susan wrote a friend in 1894, during the
+campaign to wrest woman suffrage from the New York constitutional
+convention. She was now seventy-four years old. Political machines and
+financial interests were deeply intrenched in New York, and although
+two governors had recommended that women be represented in the
+constitutional convention and a bill had been passed making women
+eligible as delegates, neither Republicans nor Democrats had the
+slightest intention of allowing women to slip into men's stronghold.
+It was obvious to Susan that without representation at the convention
+and without power to enforce their demands, women's only hope was an
+intensive educational campaign which she now directed with vigor.
+Whenever she could, she conferred with Mrs. Stanton, whose judgment
+she valued, and there was zest in working together as they had during
+the previous constitutional convention in 1867.
+
+The women of New York were aroused as never before. Young able
+speakers went through the state, piling up signatures on their
+petitions, but they had few influential friends among the delegates.
+Anti-suffragists were active, encouraged by Bishop Doane of the
+Protestant Episcopal church and Mrs. Lyman Abbott, whose name carried
+the prestige and influence of her husband's popular magazine, _The
+Outlook_.
+
+With the election of Joseph Choate of New York as president of the
+convention, Susan knew that woman suffrage was doomed, for Choate had
+political aspirations and was not likely to let his sympathies for an
+unpopular cause jeopardize his chances of becoming governor. While he
+gave women every opportunity to be heard, at the same time he arranged
+for the defeat of woman suffrage by appointing men to consider the
+subject who were definitely opposed, and they submitted an adverse
+report. Here was a situation similar to that in 1867, when her
+one-time friend, Horace Greeley, had deserted women for political
+expediency.
+
+"I am used to defeat every time and know how to pick up and push on
+for another attack," she wrote as she now turned her attention to
+Kansas.[388]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Republicans in Kansas had sponsored school and municipal suffrage
+for women and had passed a woman suffrage amendment to be referred to
+the people in 1894. Yet they proved to be as great a disappointment to
+Susan as they were in 1867, when as a last resort she had been obliged
+to campaign with the Democrats and George Francis Train.
+
+The population of Kansas had changed with the years, as immigrants
+from Europe had come into the state, and Susan was again confronted
+with the powerful opposition of foreign-born voters for whose support
+the political parties bargained. The liquor interests were also
+active, and the Republicans, who had brought prohibition to Kansas,
+now left the question discreetly alone, even making a deal with German
+Democrats for their votes by promising to ignore in their platform
+both prohibition and woman suffrage. Prohibition and woman suffrage
+were synonymous in the minds of voters, because women had generally
+voted for enforcement in municipal elections, and no matter how hard
+Susan tried, she found it impossible to have woman suffrage considered
+on its own merits.
+
+Watching the straws in the wind, she saw Republican supremacy
+seriously threatened by the new Populist party. Convinced that she
+could no longer count on help from Kansas Republicans, she turned to
+the Populist party, ignoring the pleas of Republican women who warned
+her she would hurt the cause by association with such a radical group.
+The Populists were generally regarded as the party of social unrest,
+of a regulated economy, and unsound money, and they were looked upon
+with suspicion. To many they represented a threat to the American
+free-enterprise system, and they were blamed for the labor troubles
+which had flared up in the bloody Homestead strike in the steel mills
+of Pennsylvania and in the Pullman strike, defying the powerful
+railroads. Susan was never afraid to side with the underdog, and she
+could well understand why western farmers, in the hope of relief, were
+eagerly flocking into the Populist party when their corn sold for ten
+cents a bushel and the products they bought were high-priced and their
+mortgage interest was never lower than 10 per cent.
+
+To the Populist convention, she declared, "I have labored for women's
+enfranchisement for forty years and I have always said that for the
+party that endorsed it, whether Republican, Democratic, or Populist, I
+would wave my handkerchief."[389]
+
+"We want more than the waving of your handkerchief, Miss Anthony,"
+interrupted a delegate, who then asked her, "If the People's party put
+a woman suffrage plank in its platform, will you go before the voters
+of this state and tell them that because the People's party has
+espoused the cause of woman suffrage, it deserves the vote of every
+one who is a supporter of that cause?"
+
+"I most certainly will," she replied, adding as the audience cheered
+her wildly, "for I would surely choose to ask votes for the party
+which stood for the principle of justice to women, though wrong on
+financial theories, rather than for the party which was sound on
+questions of money and tariff, and silent on the pending amendment to
+secure political equality to half of the people."
+
+"I most certainly will" was the phrase which was remembered and was
+flashed through the country, and as a result, the Republican press and
+Susan's Republican friends harshly criticized her for taking her stand
+with the radicals.
+
+Like all political parties, the Populists found it hard to comprehend
+justice for women, but after a four-hour debate, the convention
+endorsed the woman suffrage amendment, absolving, however, members who
+refused to support it. The rank and file rejoiced as if each and every
+one of them were heart and soul for the cause. They cheered, they
+waved their canes, they threw their hats high in the air, and then
+swarmed around Susan and Anna Shaw to shake their hands and welcome
+them into the Populist party.
+
+With woman suffrage at last a political issue in Kansas, Susan left
+the field to her "girls." Her homecoming brought reporters to 17
+Madison Street for the details about her alignment with the Populist
+party. "I didn't go over to the Populists," she told them. "I have
+been like a drowning man for a long time, waiting for someone to throw
+a plank in my direction. I didn't step on the whole platform, but just
+on the woman suffrage plank.... Here is a party in power which is
+likely to remain in power, and if it will give its endorsement to our
+movement, we want it."[390]
+
+This explanation, however, did not satisfy her critics, and as the
+Republican press circulated false stories about her enthusiasm for the
+Populist party, letters of protest poured in, among them one from
+Henry Blackwell. To him, she replied, "I shall not praise the
+Republicans of Kansas, or wish or work for their success, when I know
+by their own confessions to me that the rights of the women of their
+state have been traded by them in cold blood for the votes of the
+lager beer foreigners and whisky Democrats.... I never, in my whole
+forty years work, so utterly repudiated any set of politicians as I do
+those Republicans of Kansas.... I never was surer of my position that
+no self-respecting woman should wish or work for the success of a
+party that ignores her political rights."[391]
+
+The contest in Kansas was close and bitter. Kansas women carried on an
+able campaign with the help of Anna Howard Shaw and Carrie Chapman
+Catt. When Susan returned to the state in October, she not only found
+that the Democrats had entered the fight with an anti-suffrage plank
+but the Populists had noticeably lost ground since the Pullman strike
+riots, the court injunction against the strikers, and the arrest of
+Eugene V. Debs. Again this prairie state, from which she had hoped so
+much, refused to extend suffrage to women. Impulsively she recommended
+a little "Patrick Henryism" to the women of Kansas, suggesting that
+they fold their hands and refuse to help men run the churches, the
+charities, and the reform movements.[392]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+California was the next state to demand Susan's attention. A
+Republican legislature had submitted a woman suffrage amendment to be
+voted on by the people in 1896, and the women of California asked for
+her help. She toured the state in the spring of 1895 with Anna Howard
+Shaw, and everywhere she won friends. The continuous travel and
+speaking, however, taxed her far more than she realized, and soon
+after her return to the East, she collapsed. As this news flashed over
+the wires, letters poured in from her friends, begging her to spare
+herself. Two of these letters were especially precious. One in bold
+vigorous script was from her good comrade, Parker Pillsbury, now
+eighty-six, who had been an unfailing help during the most difficult
+years of her career and whom she probably trusted more completely than
+any other man. The other from her dearest friend, Elizabeth Stanton,
+read, "I never realized how desolate the world would be to me without
+you until I heard of your sudden illness. Let me urge you with all the
+strength I have, and all the love I bear you, to stay at home and rest
+and save your precious self."[393]
+
+She now realized that rest was imperative for a time, but it troubled
+her that people thought of her as old and ill, and she wrote Clara
+Colby never to mention anyone's illness in her _Woman's Tribune_,
+adding, "It is so dreadful to get public thought centered on one as
+ill--as I have had it the last two months."[394]
+
+She had no intention of retiring from the field. She knew her own
+strength and that her life must be one of action. "I am able to endure
+the strain of daily traveling and lecturing at over three-score and
+ten," she observed, "mainly because I have always worked and loved
+work.... As machinery in motion lasts longer than when lying idle, so
+a body and soul in active exercise escapes the corroding rust of
+physical and mental laziness, which prematurely cuts off the life of
+so many women."[395]
+
+Yet she did slow up a little, refusing an offer from the Slayton
+Lecture Bureau for a series of lectures at $100 a night, and she
+engaged a capable secretary, Emma B. Sweet, to help her with her
+tremendous correspondence. "Dear Rachel" had given her a typewriter,
+and now instead of dashing off letters at her desk late at night, she
+learned to dictate them to Mrs. Sweet at regular hours. As requests
+came in from newspapers and magazines for her comments on a wide
+variety of subjects, she answered those that made possible a word on
+the advancement of women.
+
+Bicycling had come into vogue and women as well as men were taking it
+up, some women even riding their bicycles in short skirts or bloomers.
+What did she think of this? "If women ride the bicycle or climb
+mountains," she replied, "they should don a costume which will permit
+them the use of their legs." Of bicycling she said, "I think it has
+done more to emancipate woman than any one thing in the world. I
+rejoice every time I see a woman ride by on a wheel. It gives her a
+feeling of self-reliance and independence the moment she takes her
+seat; and away she goes, the picture of untrammeled womanhood."[396]
+
+[Illustration: Ida Husted Harper]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Susan returned to California in February 1896. Through the generosity
+and interest of two young Rochester friends, her Unitarian minister,
+William C. Gannett, and his wife, Mary Gannett, she was able to take
+her secretary with her. Making her home in San Francisco with her
+devoted friend, Ellen Sargent, she at once began to plan speaking
+tours for herself and her "girls," many of whom, including her niece
+Lucy, had come West to help her. She appealed successfully to Frances
+Willard to transfer the national W.C.T.U. convention to another state,
+for she was determined to keep the issue of prohibition out of the
+California campaign.
+
+With the press more than friendly and several San Francisco dailies
+running woman suffrage departments, she realized the importance of
+keeping newspapers fed with readable factual material and enlisted the
+aid of a young journalist, Ida Husted Harper, whom she had met in 1878
+while lecturing in Terre Haute, Indiana, and who was in California
+that winter. When the San Francisco _Examiner_, William Randolph
+Hearst's powerful Democratic paper, offered Susan a column on the
+editorial page if she would write it and sign it, she dictated her
+thoughts to Mrs. Harper, who smoothed them out for the column, helping
+her as Mrs. Stanton had in the past, for writing was still a great
+hardship. Grateful to Mrs. Harper, she sang her praises: "The moment I
+give the idea--the point--she formulates it into a good
+sentence--while I should have to haggle over it half an hour."[397]
+
+California women had won suffrage planks from Republicans, Populists,
+and Prohibitionists, and the prospects looked bright. Rich women came
+to their aid, Mrs. Leland Stanford, with her railroad fortune,
+furnishing passes for all the speakers and organizers, and Mrs. Phoebe
+Hearst contributing $1,000 to their campaign. What warmed Susan's
+heart, however, was the spirit of the rank and file, the seamstresses
+and washerwomen, paying their two-dollar pledges in twenty-five-cent
+installments, the poorly clad women bringing in fifty cents or a
+dollar which they had saved by going without tea, and the women who
+had worked all day at their jobs, stopping at headquarters for a
+package of circulars to fold and address at night. The working women
+of California made it plain that they wanted to vote.
+
+Susan insisted upon carrying out what she called her "wild goose
+chase" over the state.[398] People crowded to hear her at farmers'
+picnics in the mountains, in schoolhouses in small towns, and in
+poolrooms where chalked up on the blackboard she often found "Welcome
+Susan B. Anthony." She was at home everywhere and ready for anything.
+The men liked her short matter-of-fact speeches and her flashes of
+wit. Her hopes were high that the friendly people she met would not
+fail to vote justice to women.
+
+She grew apprehensive, however, when the newspapers, pressured by
+their advertisers, one by one began to ignore woman suffrage. The
+Liquor Dealers' League had been sending letters to hotel owners,
+grocers, and druggists, as well as to saloons, warning that votes for
+women would mean prohibition and would threaten their livelihood. Word
+was spread that if women voted not one glass of beer would be sold in
+San Francisco. As in Kansas, liquor interests had persuaded
+naturalized Irish, Germans, and Swedes to oppose woman suffrage, so
+now in California, they appealed to the Chinese.
+
+On election day Susan was in San Francisco with Anna Howard Shaw and
+Ellen Sargent, watching and anxiously waiting for the returns. Telling
+the story of those last tense hours when women's fate hung in the
+balance, Anna Howard Shaw reported, "I shall always remember the
+picture of Miss Anthony and the wife of Senator Sargent wandering
+around the polls arm in arm at eleven o'clock at night, their tired
+faces taking on lines of deeper depression with every minute, for the
+count was against us.... When the final counts came in, we found that
+we had won the state from the north down to Oakland and from the south
+up to San Francisco; but there was not sufficient majority to overcome
+the adverse votes of San Francisco and Oakland. In San Francisco the
+saloon element and the most aristocratic section ... made an equal
+showing against us.... Every Chinese vote was against us."[399]
+
+In spite of defeat in California, Susan had the joy of marking up two
+more states for woman suffrage in 1896. Utah was granted statehood
+with a woman suffrage provision in its constitution and Idaho's
+favorable vote, though contested in the courts, was upheld by the
+State Supreme Court. Now women in Wyoming, Colorado, Idaho, and Utah
+were voters.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[387] Harper, _Anthony_, II, p. 763.
+
+[388] To Elizabeth Smith Miller, July 25, 1894, Elizabeth Smith Miller
+Papers, New York Public Library.
+
+[389] Harper, _Anthony_, II, p. 788.
+
+[390] _Ibid._, p. 791.
+
+[391] _Ibid._, p. 794.
+
+[392] To Clara Colby, July 22, 1895, Anthony Collection, Henry E.
+Huntington Library.
+
+[393] Harper, _Anthony_, II, p. 842.
+
+[394] N.d., Anthony Collection, Henry E. Huntington Library.
+
+[395] Harper, _Anthony_, II, p. 843.
+
+[396] _Ibid._, pp. 844, 859.
+
+[397] Ms., Diary, July 10, 1896.
+
+[398] Sept. 8, 1896, Anthony Collection, Henry E. Huntington Library.
+
+[399] Shaw, _The Story of a Pioneer_, pp. 274-275.
+
+
+
+
+AUNT SUSAN AND HER GIRLS
+
+
+The future of the National American Woman Suffrage Association was
+much on Susan's mind. This organization which she had conceived and
+nursed through its struggling infancy had grown in numbers and
+prestige, and she understood, as no one else could, the importance of
+leaving it in the right hands so that it could function successfully
+without her.
+
+The young women now in the work, many of them just out of college,
+were intelligent, efficient, and confident, and yet as she compared
+them with the vivid consecrated women active in the early days of the
+movement, she observed in her diary, "[Clarina] Nichols--Paulina
+Davis--Lucy Stone--Frances D. Gage--Lucretia Mott & E. C.
+Stanton--each without peer among any of our college graduates--young
+women of today."[400]
+
+Even so, she appreciated the "young women of today" whom she
+affectionately called her girls or her adopted nieces, but she still
+held the reins tightly, although they often champed at the bit.
+Recognizing, however, that she must choose between personal power and
+progress for her cause, she characteristically chose progress. Quick
+to appreciate ability and zeal when she saw it, she seldom failed to
+make use of it. When Carrie Chapman Catt presented a detailed plan for
+a thorough overhauling of the mechanics of the organization, she gave
+her approval, remarking drily, "There never yet was a young woman who
+did not feel that if she had had the management of the work from the
+beginning, the cause would have been carried long ago. I felt just
+that way when I was young."[401]
+
+On four of her adopted nieces, Rachel Foster Avery, Anna Howard Shaw,
+Harriet Taylor Upton, and Carrie Chapman Catt, Susan felt that the
+greater part of her work would fall and be "worthily done."[402] Yet
+she feared that in their enthusiasm for efficient organization they
+might lose the higher concepts of freedom and justice which had been
+the driving force behind her work. Not having learned the lessons of
+leadership when the cause was unpopular, they lacked the discipline of
+adversity, which bred in the consecrated reformer the wisdom,
+tolerance, and vision so necessary for the success of her task. What
+they did understand far better than the highly individualistic
+pioneers was the value of teamwork, which grew in importance as the
+National American Association expanded far beyond the ability of one
+person to cope with it.
+
+[Illustration: Rachel Foster Avery]
+
+Probably first in her affections was Rachel Foster Avery, who had been
+like a daughter to her since their trip to Europe together in 1883.
+The confidence she felt in their friendship was always a comfort.
+Rachel's intelligent approach to problems made her an asset at every
+meeting, and Susan relied much on her judgment.
+
+In Anna Howard Shaw, ten years older than Rachel, Susan had found the
+hardy campaigner and orator for whom she had longed. Anna expressed a
+warmth and understanding that most of the younger women lacked, and
+best of all she loved the cause as Susan herself loved it. Because of
+her close friendship with Susan's niece Lucy, she was regarded as one
+of the family, and whenever possible between lectures she stopped over
+in Rochester for a good talk with "Aunt Susan."
+
+Harriet Taylor Upton of Warren, Ohio, had enlisted in the ranks in
+the 1880s when her father was a member of Congress. Because of her
+influence in Washington and Ohio, Harriet was invaluable, and Susan
+speedily brought her into the official circle of the National American
+Association as treasurer, even thinking of her as a possible
+president.[403] Harriet's jovial irrepressible personality readily won
+friends, and Susan found her a refreshing and comfortable companion,
+able to see a bit of humor in almost every situation. When differences
+of opinion at meetings threatened to get out of hand, Harriet could
+always be relied on to break the tension with a few witty remarks.
+
+[Illustration: Harriet Taylor Upton]
+
+Carrie Chapman Catt gave every indication of developing into an
+outstanding executive. Not another one of Susan's "girls" could so
+quickly or so intelligently size up a situation as Carrie, nor could
+they so effectively put into action well-thought-out plans. Not as
+popular a speaker as the more emotional Anna Howard Shaw, she held her
+audiences by her appeal to their intelligence. Tall, handsome, and
+well dressed, she never failed to leave a favorable impression. Only
+her name irked Susan, and as Susan wrote Clara Colby, "If Catt it must
+be then I insist, she should keep her own father's name--Lane--and
+not her first husband's name--Chapman,"[404] but the three Cs
+intrigued Carrie and she continued to be known as Carrie Chapman Catt.
+Now living in the East because her husband's expanding business had
+brought him to New York, she was easily accessible, and from her
+beautiful new home at Bensonhurst, a suburb of Brooklyn, she carried
+on the rapidly growing work of the organization committee until a New
+York City office became imperative. In Carrie, Susan recognized
+qualities demanded of a leader at this stage of the campaign when
+suffragists must learn to be as keen as politicians and as well
+organized.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"Spring is not heralded in Washington by the arrival of the robin,"
+commented a Washington newspaper, "but by the appearance of Miss
+Anthony's red shawl." Susan was still the dominating figure at the
+annual woman suffrage conventions. Everyone looked eagerly for the
+tall lithe gray-haired woman with a red shawl on her arm or around her
+shoulders. Once when Susan appeared on the platform with a new white
+crepe shawl, the reporters immediately registered their displeasure by
+putting down their pencils. This did not escape her, and always on
+good terms with the newsmen and informal with her audiences, she
+called out, "Boys, what is the matter?"[405]
+
+"Where is the red shawl?" one of them asked. "No red shawl, no
+report."
+
+Enjoying this little by-play, she sent her niece Lucy back to the
+hotel for the red shawl, and when Lucy brought it up to the platform
+and put it about her shoulders, the audience burst into applause, for
+the red shawl, like Susan herself, had become the well-loved symbol of
+woman suffrage.
+
+Susan was convinced that the annual national convention should always
+be held in Washington, where Congress could see and feel the growing
+strength and influence of the movement. Her "girls," on the other
+hand, wanted to take their conventions to different parts of the
+country to widen their influence. Not as certain as Susan that work
+for a federal amendment must come first, many of them contended that a
+few more states won for woman suffrage would best help the cause at
+this time. The southern women, now active, were firm believers in
+states' rights and supported state work.[406] Susan's experience had
+taught her the impracticability of direct appeal to the voters in the
+states, now that foreign-born men in increasing numbers were arrayed
+against votes for women. In spite of her arguments and her pleas, the
+National American Association voted in 1894 to hold conventions in
+different parts of the country in alternate years. Disappointed, but
+trying her best graciously to follow the will of the majority, she
+traveled to Atlanta and to Des Moines for the conventions of 1895 and
+1897.
+
+Nor did the younger women welcome the messages which Mrs. Stanton, at
+Susan's insistence, sent to every convention. Susan herself often
+wished her good friend would stick more closely to woman suffrage
+instead of introducing extraneous subjects, such as "Educated
+Suffrage," "The Matriarchate," or "Women and the Church," but
+nevertheless she proudly read her papers to successive conventions.
+Insisting that the conventions were too academic, Mrs. Stanton urged
+Susan to inject more vitality into them by broadening their platform.
+Susan, however, had come to the conclusion that concentration on woman
+suffrage was imperative in order to unite all women under one banner
+and build up numbers which Congressmen were bound to respect. With
+this her "girls" agreed 100 per cent. While all of them were convinced
+suffragists, they were divided on other issues, and few of them were
+wholehearted feminists, as were Susan and Mrs. Stanton.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+With the publication of _The Woman's Bible_ in 1895, Mrs. Stanton
+almost upset the applecart, stirring up heated controversy in the
+National American Woman Suffrage Association. _The Woman's Bible_ was
+a keen and sometimes biting commentary on passages in the Bible
+relating to women. It questioned the traditional interpretation which
+for centuries has fastened the stigma of inferiority upon women, and
+pointed out that the female as well as the male was created in the
+image of God. To those who regarded every word of the Bible as
+inspired by God, _The Woman's Bible_ was heresy, and both the clergy
+and the press stirred up a storm of protest against it. Suffragists
+were condemned for compiling a new Bible and were obliged to explain
+again and again that _The Woman's Bible_ expressed Mrs. Stanton's
+personal views and not those of the movement.
+
+Susan regarded _The Woman's Bible_ as a futile, questionable
+digression from the straight path of woman suffrage. To Clara Colby,
+who praised it in her _Woman's Tribune_, she wrote, "Of all her great
+speeches, I am always proud--but of her Bible commentaries, I am not
+proud--either of their spirit or letter.... I could cry a heap--every
+time I read or think--if it would undo them--or do anybody or myself
+or the cause or Mrs. Stanton any good--they are so entirely unlike her
+former self--so flippant and superficial. But she thinks I have gone
+over to the enemy--so counts my judgment worth nothing more than that
+of any other narrow-souled body.... But I shall love and honor her to
+the end--whether her _Bible_ please me or not. So I hope she will do
+for me."[407]
+
+She was, however, wholly unprepared for the rebellion staged by her
+"girls" at the Washington convention of 1896, when, led by Rachel
+Foster Avery, they repudiated _The Woman's Bible_ and proposed a
+resolution declaring that their organization had no connection with
+it. This was clear proof to Susan that her "girls" lacked tolerance
+and wisdom. Listening to the debate, she was heartsick. Anna Howard
+Shaw and Mrs. Catt as well as Alice Stone Blackwell spoke for the
+resolution. Only a few raised their voices against it, among them her
+sister Mary, Clara Colby, Mrs. Blake, and a young woman new to the
+ranks, Charlotte Perkins Stetson.
+
+Susan was presiding, and leaving the chair to express her opinions,
+she firmly declared, "To pass such a resolution is to set back the
+hands on the dial of reform.... We have all sorts of people in the
+Association and ... a Christian has no more right on our platform than
+an atheist. When this platform is too narrow for all to stand on, I
+shall not be on it.... Who is to set up a line? Neither you nor I can
+tell but Mrs. Stanton will come out triumphant and that this will be
+the great thing done in woman's cause. Lucretia Mott at first thought
+Mrs. Stanton had injured the cause of woman's rights by insisting on
+the demand for woman suffrage, but she had sense enough not to pass a
+resolution about it....[408]
+
+"Are you going to cater to the whims and prejudices of people?" she
+asked them. "We draw out from other people our own thought. If, when
+you go out to organize, you go with a broad spirit, you will create
+and call out breadth and toleration. You had better organize one woman
+on a broad platform than 10,000 on a narrow platform of intolerance
+and bigotry."
+
+Her voice tense with emotion, she concluded, "This resolution adopted
+will be a vote of censure upon a woman who is without a peer in
+intellectual and statesmanlike ability; one who has stood for half a
+century the acknowledged leader of progressive thought and demand in
+regard to all matters pertaining to the absolute freedom of
+women."[409]
+
+When the resolution was adopted 53 to 40, she was so disappointed in
+her "girls" and so hurt by their defiance that she was tempted to
+resign. Hurrying to New York after the convention to talk with Mrs.
+Stanton, she found her highly indignant and insistent that they both
+resign from the ungrateful organization which had repudiated the women
+to whom it owed its existence. The longer Susan considered taking this
+step, the less she felt able to make the break. She severely
+reprimanded Mrs. Catt, Rachel, Harriet Upton, and Anna, telling them
+they were setting up an inquisition.
+
+Finally she wrote Mrs. Stanton, "No, my dear, instead of my resigning
+and leaving those half-fledged chickens without any mother, I think it
+my duty and the duty of yourself and all the liberals to be at the
+next convention and try to reverse this miserable narrow action."[410]
+
+To a reporter who wanted her views on _The Woman's Bible_, she made it
+plain that she had no part in writing the book, but added, "I think
+women have just as good a right to interpret and twist the Bible to
+their own advantage as men have always twisted it and turned it to
+theirs. It was written by men, and therefore its reference to women
+reflects the light in which they were regarded in those days. In the
+same way the history of our Revolutionary War was written, in which
+very little is said of the noble deeds of women, though we know how
+they stood by and helped the great work; it is so with history all
+through."[411]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+For some years, Susan's girls had been urging her to write her
+reminiscences, spurred on by the fact that Mrs. Stanton, Mary
+Livermore, and Julia Ward Howe were writing theirs. There were also
+other good reasons for putting her to work at this task. Writing would
+keep her safely at home and away from the strenuous work in the field
+which they feared was sapping her strength. It would keep her well
+occupied so that they could develop the work and the conventions in
+their own way.
+
+Susan put off this task from month to month and from year to year,
+torn between her desire to leave a true record of her work and her
+longing to be always in the thick of the suffrage fight. Finally she
+began looking about for a collaborator, convinced that she herself
+could never write an interesting line. Ida Husted Harper, with her
+newspaper experience and her interest in the cause, seemed the logical
+choice, and in the spring of 1897, she came to 17 Madison Street to
+work on the biography.[412]
+
+The attic had been remodeled for workrooms and here Susan now spent
+her days with Mrs. Harper, trying to reconstruct the past. She had
+definite ideas about how the book should be written, holding up as a
+model the biography of William Lloyd Garrison recently written by his
+children. Mrs. Harper also had high standards, and influenced by
+the formalities of the day, edited Susan's vivid brusque
+letters--hurriedly written and punctuated with dashes--so that they
+conformed with her own easy but more formal style. To this Susan
+readily consented, for she always depreciated her own writing ability.
+On one point, however, she was adamant, that her story be told without
+dwelling upon the disagreements among the old workers.
+
+The household was geared to the "bog," as they called the biography.
+Mary, supervising as usual, watched over their meals and the housework
+with the aid of a young rosy-cheeked Canadian girl, Anna Dann, who had
+recently come to work for them and whom they at once took to their
+hearts, making her one of the family. Soon another young girl,
+Genevieve Hawley from Fort Scott, Kansas, was employed to help with
+the endless copying, sorting of letters, and pasting of scrapbooks,
+and with the current correspondence which piled up and diverted Susan
+from the book.[413] Through 1897 and 1898, they worked at top speed.
+
+_The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony, A Story of the Evolution of
+the Status of Women_, in two volumes, by Ida Husted Harper, was
+published by the Bowen Merrill Company of Indianapolis just before
+Christmas 1898. Happy as a young girl out of school, Susan inscribed
+copies for her many friends and eagerly watched for reviews, pleased
+with the favorable comments in newspapers and magazines throughout
+this country and Europe.[414]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+By this time the Cuban rebellion was crowding all other news out of
+the papers, and Susan followed it closely, for this struggle for
+freedom instantly won her sympathy. She hoped that Spain under
+pressure from the United States might be persuaded to give Cuba her
+independence, but the blowing up of the battleship _Maine_ and the war
+cries of the press and of a faction in Congress led to armed
+intervention in April 1898. Always opposed to war as a means of
+settling disputes, she wrote Rachel, "To think of the mothers of this
+nation sitting back in silence without even the power of a legal
+protest--while their sons are taken without a by-your-leave! Well all
+through--it is barbarous ... and I hope you and all our young women
+will rouse to work as never before--and get the women of the Republic
+clothed with the power of control of conditions in peace--or when it
+shall come again--which Heaven forbid--in war."[415]
+
+Not only did she express these sentiments in letters to her friends,
+but in a public meeting, where only patriotic fervor and flag-waving
+were welcome, she dared criticize the unsanitary army camps and the
+greed and graft which deprived soldiers of wholesome food. "There
+isn't a mother in the land," she declared, "who wouldn't know that a
+shipload of typhoid stricken soldiers would need cots to lie on and
+fuel to cook with, and that a swamp was not a desirable place in which
+to pitch a camp.... What the government needs at such a time is not
+alone bacteriologists and army officers but also women who know how to
+take care of sick boys and have the common sense to surround them with
+sanitary conditions."[416] At this her audience, at first hostile,
+burst into applause.
+
+More and more disturbed by the inefficient care of the wounded and the
+feeding of enlisted men, she wrote Rachel, "Every day's reports and
+comments about the war only show the need of women at the front--not
+as employees permitted to be there because they begged to be--but
+there by right--as managers and dictators in all departments in which
+women have been trained--those of feeding and caring for in health and
+nursing the sick."[417]
+
+The war over, the problem of governing the Philippines, Puerto Rico,
+and Hawaii was of great interest to her, and she at once asked for the
+enfranchisement of the women of these newly won island possessions.
+She regarded it as an outrage for the most democratic nation in the
+world to foist upon them an exclusively masculine government, a "male
+oligarchy," as she called it. "I really believe I shall explode," she
+wrote Clara Colby, "if some of you young women don't wake up and raise
+your voice in protest.... I wonder if when I am under the sod--or
+cremated and floating in the air--I shall have to stir you and others
+up. How can you not be all on fire?"[418]
+
+The unwillingness of her "girls" to relate woman suffrage to
+contemporary public affairs such as this, repeatedly disappointed her.
+Yet she was well aware that the younger generation would never see the
+work through her eyes, or exactly follow her pattern.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Disappointed that her National American Woman Suffrage Association did
+not attract members as did the W.C.T.U. or the General Federation of
+Women's Clubs, she confessed to Clara Colby, "It is the disheartening
+part of my life that so very few women will work for the emancipation
+of their own half of the race."[419] Watching women flock into these
+other organizations and contributing to all sorts of charities, she
+was obliged to admit that "very few are capable of seeing that the
+cause of nine-tenths of all the misfortunes which come to women, and
+to men also, lies in the subjection of women, and therefore the
+important thing is to lay the ax at the root."[420]
+
+She also discovered that it was one thing to build up a large
+organization and another to keep women so busy with pressing work for
+the cause that they did not find time to expend their energies on the
+mechanics of organization. Not only did she chafe at the red tape most
+of them spun, but she often felt that they were too prone to linger in
+academic by-ways, listening to speeches and holding pleasant
+conventions. Since the California campaign of 1896, only one state,
+Washington, had been roused to vote on a woman suffrage amendment,
+which was defeated and only one more state Delaware had granted women
+the right to vote for members of school boards.
+
+Again and again she warned her "girls" that some kind of action on
+woman suffrage by Congress every year was important. A hearing, a
+committee report, a debate, or even an unfavorable vote would, she was
+convinced, do more to stir up the whole nation than all the speakers
+and organizers that could be sent through the country.
+
+Such thoughts as these, relative to the work which was always on her
+mind, she dashed off to one after another of her young colleagues.
+"Your letters sound like a trumpet blast," wrote Anna Howard Shaw,
+grateful for her counsel. "They read like St. Paul's Epistles to the
+Romans, so strong, so clear, so full of courage."[421]
+
+At seventy-eight, Susan realized that the time was approaching when
+she must make up her mind to turn over to a younger woman the
+presidency of the National American Association, and during the summer
+of 1898 she announced to her executive committee that she would retire
+on her eightieth birthday in 1900.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[400] Ms., Diary, Nov. 7, 1895
+
+[401] Mary Gray Peck, _Carrie Chapman Catt_ (New York, 1944), p. 84.
+
+[402] Ms., Diary, Nov. 27, 1895.
+
+[403] To Mrs. Upton, Sept. 5, 1890, University of Rochester Library,
+Rochester, New York.
+
+[404] Feb. 10, 1894, Anthony Collection, Henry E. Huntington Library.
+
+[405] Harper, _Anthony_, III, p. 1113.
+
+[406] Miss Anthony's first attempt to win Southern women to suffrage
+was at the time of the New Orleans Exposition in 1885. Because of her
+reputation as an abolitionist, she had much resistance to overcome in
+the South.
+
+[407] Dec. 18, 1895, Anthony Collection, Henry E. Huntington Library.
+
+[408] _Woman's Tribune_, Feb. 1, 1896.
+
+[409] _History of Woman Suffrage_, IV, p. 264.
+
+[410] Harper, _Anthony_, II, p. 855. The action of the National
+American Woman Suffrage Association on the Woman's Bible was never
+reversed.
+
+[411] _Ibid._, p. 856.
+
+[412] Susan thought seriously of Clara Colby as a collaborator but
+concluded she was too involved with the _Woman's Tribune_. Susan
+agreed to share royalties with Mrs. Harper on the biography and any
+other work on which they might collaborate. On her 75th birthday
+Susan's girls had presented her with an annuity of $800 a year. This
+made it possible for her to give up lecturing and concentrate on her
+book.
+
+[413] Genevieve Hawley left an interesting record of these years in
+letters to her aunt, many of which are preserved in the Susan B.
+Anthony Memorial Collection in Rochester, New York.
+
+[414] Both the New York _Herald_ and Chicago _Inter-Ocean_ gave the
+book full-page reviews. A third volume was published in 1908.
+
+[415] Aug. 10, 1898, Susan B. Anthony Papers, Library of Congress.
+
+[416] Harper, _Anthony_, III, p. 1121.
+
+[417] Aug. 10, 1898, Susan B. Anthony Papers, Library of Congress.
+
+[418] Dec. 17, 1898, Anthony Collection, Henry E. Huntington Library.
+Clara Colby, making her headquarters in Washington, kept Susan
+informed on developments and they carried on an animated, voluminous
+correspondence during these years.
+
+[419] March 12, 1894, Anthony Collection, Henry E. Huntington Library.
+
+[420] Harper, _Anthony_, II, p. 920.
+
+[421] Harper, _Anthony_, II, p. 924.
+
+
+
+
+PASSING ON THE TORCH
+
+
+The last year of Susan's presidency was particularly precious to her.
+In a sense it represented her farewell to the work she had carried on
+most of her life, and at the same time it was also the hopeful
+beginning of the period leading to victory. Yet she had no illusion of
+speedy or easy success for her "girls" and she did her best to prepare
+them for the obstacles they would inevitably meet. She warned them not
+to expect their cause to triumph merely because it was just.
+"Governments," she told them, "never do any great good things from
+mere principle, from mere love of justice.... You expect too much of
+human nature when you expect that."[422]
+
+The movement had reached an impasse. The temper of Congress, as shown
+by the admission of Hawaii as a territory without woman suffrage, was
+both indifferent and hostile. That this attitude did not express the
+will of the American people, she was firmly convinced. It was due, she
+believed, to the political influence of powerful groups opposed to
+woman suffrage--the liquor interests controlling the votes of
+increasing numbers of immigrants, machine politicians fearful of
+losing their power, and financial interests whose conservatism
+resisted any measure which might upset the status quo. How to
+undermine this opposition was now her main problem, and she saw no
+other way but persistent agitation through a more active, more
+effective, ever-growing woman suffrage organization, reaching a wider
+cross section of the people. She herself had established a press
+bureau which was feeding interesting factual articles on woman
+suffrage to newspapers throughout the country, for as she wrote Mrs.
+Colby, the suffrage cause "needs to picture its demands in the daily
+papers where the unconverted can see them rather than in special
+papers where only those already converted can see them."[423]
+
+Of greatest importance to her was winning the support of organized
+labor. Samuel Gompers, the president of the American Federation of
+Labor, had already shown his friendliness toward equal pay and votes
+for women and was putting women organizers in the field to speed the
+unionization of women. Even so she was surprised at the enthusiasm
+with which she was received at the American Federation of Labor
+convention in 1899, when the four hundred delegates by a rising vote
+adopted a strong resolution urging favorable action on a federal woman
+suffrage amendment.
+
+So far as possible she had always established friendly relations with
+labor organizations, first in 1869 with William H. Sylvis's National
+Labor Union and then with the Knights of Labor and their leader,
+Terrence V. Powderly.[424] When Eugene V. Debs, president of the
+American Railway Union, was arrested during the Pullman strike in 1894
+for defying a court injunction, she did not rate him, as so many did,
+a dangerous radical, but as an earnest reformer, crusading for an
+unpopular cause. They had met years before in Terre Haute, where at
+his request she had lectured on woman suffrage, and immediately they
+had won each other's sympathy and respect. She did not see indications
+of anarchy in the Pullman and Homestead strikes or in the Haymarket
+riot, but regarded them as an unfortunate phase of an industrial
+revolution which in time would improve the relations of labor and
+capital.
+
+That women would be effected by this industrial revolution was obvious
+to her, and she wanted them to understand it and play their part in
+it. For this reason she saw the importance of keeping the National
+American Woman Suffrage Association informed on all developments
+affecting wage-earning women and to her delight she found three young
+suffragists wide awake on this subject. One of them, Florence Kelley,
+had joined forces with that remarkable young woman, Jane Addams, in
+her valuable social experiment, Hull House, in the slums of Chicago,
+and was now devoting herself to improving the working conditions of
+women and children. She represented a new trend in thought and
+work--social service--which made a great appeal to college women and
+set in motion labor legislation designed to protect women and
+children. Another young woman of promise, Gail Laughlin, pioneering as
+a lawyer, approached the subject from the feminist viewpoint, seeking
+protection for women not through labor legislation based on sex, but
+through trade unions, the vote, equal pay, and a wider recognition of
+women's right to contract for their labor on the same terms as men.
+Her survey of women's working conditions, presented at a convention of
+the National American Association was so valuable and attracted so
+much attention that she was appointed to the United States Labor
+Commission. Harriot Stanton Blatch also understood the significance of
+the industrial revolution and woman's part in it, and she too opposed
+labor legislation based on sex. Coming from England occasionally to
+visit her mother in New York, she brought her liberal viewpoint into
+woman suffrage conventions with a flare of oratory matching that of
+her gifted parents. "The more I see of her," Susan remarked to a
+friend, "the more I feel the greatness of her character."[425]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Although it was Susan's intention to hew to the line of woman suffrage
+and not to comment publicly on controversial issues, she could not
+keep silent when confronted with injustice. Religious intolerance,
+bigotry, and racial discrimination always forced her to take a stand,
+regardless of the criticism she might bring on herself.
+
+The treatment of the Negro in both the North and the South was always
+of great concern to her, and during the 1890s, when a veritable
+epidemic of lynchings and race riots broke out, she expressed herself
+freely in Rochester newspapers. She noted the dangerous trend as
+indicated by new anti-Negro societies and the limitation of membership
+to white Americans in the Spanish-American War veterans' organization.
+Whenever the opportunity presented itself, she put into practice her
+own sincere belief in race equality. During every Washington
+convention, she arranged to have one of her good speakers occupy the
+pulpit of a Negro church, and in the South she made it a point to
+speak herself in Negro churches and schools and before their
+organizations, even though this might prejudice southerners. In her
+own home, she gladly welcomed the Negro lecturers and educators who
+came to Rochester. This seeking out of the Negro in friendliness was a
+religious duty to her and a pleasure. She demanded of everyone
+employed in her household, respectful treatment of Negro guests. She
+rejoiced when she saw Negroes in the audience at woman suffrage
+conventions in Washington, and it gave her great satisfaction to hear
+Mary Church Terrell, a beautiful intelligent Negro who had been
+educated at Oberlin and in Europe, making speeches which equaled and
+even surpassed those of the most eloquent white suffragists.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Susan did not fail to keep in touch with the international feminist
+movement, and in the summer of 1899, when she was seventy-nine years
+old, she headed the United States delegation to the International
+Council of Women, meeting in London. Visiting Harriot Stanton Blatch
+at her home in Basingstoke, she first conferred with the leading
+British feminists, bringing herself up to date on the progress of
+their cause. In England as in the United States, the burden of the
+suffrage campaign had shifted from the shoulders of the pioneers to
+their daughters, and they were carrying on with vigor, pressing for
+the passage of a franchise bill in the House of Commons.
+
+Moving on to London, she was acclaimed as she had been at the World's
+Fair in Chicago. "The papers here have been going wild over Miss
+Anthony, declaring her to be the most unaggressive woman suffragist
+ever seen," reported a journalist to his newspaper in the United
+States.
+
+From China, India, New Zealand, and Australia, from South Africa,
+Palestine, Persia, and the Argentine, as well as from Europe and the
+United States, women had come to London to discuss their progress and
+their problems, and Susan, pointing out to them the goal toward which
+they must head, declared with confidence, "The day will come when man
+will recognize woman as his peer, not only at the fireside but in the
+councils of the nation. Then, and not until then, will there be the
+perfect comradeship ... between the sexes that shall result in the
+highest development of the race."[426]
+
+She had hoped that Queen Victoria would receive the delegates at
+Windsor Castle, thus indicating her approval of the International
+Council. She longed to talk with this woman who had ruled so long and
+so well. That a queen sat on the throne of England, this in itself was
+important to her and she wanted to express her gratitude, although she
+was well aware that the Queen had never used her influence for the
+improvement of laws relating to women. She had hoped to convince her
+of the need of votes for women, but Queen Victoria never gave her the
+opportunity. All that influential Englishwomen were able to arrange
+was the admission of the delegates to the courtyard of Windsor Castle
+to watch the Queen start on her drive and to tea in the banquet room
+without the Queen.
+
+[Illustration: Carrie Chapman Catt]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Returning home late in August 1899, Susan began at once to make
+definite plans to turn over the presidency of the National American
+Woman Suffrage Association to a younger woman. Although she well knew
+that the choice of her successor was actually in the hands of the
+membership, it was her intention to do what she could within the
+bounds of democratic procedure to insure the best possible leadership.
+To fill the office, she turned instinctively to Anna Howard Shaw whom
+she loved more dearly as the years went by and whose selfless devotion
+to the cause she trusted implicitly. Yet Anna, in spite of her many
+qualifications, lacked a few which were exceptional in Carrie Chapman
+Catt--creative executive ability, diplomacy, a talent for working with
+people, directing them, and winning their devotion. With growing
+admiration, Susan had been watching Mrs. Catt's indefatigable work in
+the states where she had been building up active branches. Her flare
+for raising money was outstanding, and Susan realized, as few others
+did, the crying need of funds for the campaigns ahead. In addition
+Mrs. Catt had no personal financial worries, for her husband,
+successful in business, was sympathetic to her work. Anna, on the
+other hand, would have to support herself by lecturing and carry as
+well the burden of the presidency of a rapidly growing organization.
+
+Anna made the decision for Susan. She urged the candidacy of Mrs.
+Catt, although her highest ambition had always been to succeed her
+beloved Aunt Susan. As she later confessed to Susan, this was a
+personal sacrifice which cost her many a heartache, but she "honestly
+felt that Mrs. Catt was better fitted ... as well as freer to go into
+an unpaid field."[427] Susan therefore approached Mrs. Catt through
+Rachel and Harriet Upton, and was relieved when she consented to stand
+for election.
+
+Rumors of Susan's retirement aroused ambitions in Lillie Devereux
+Blake, who from the point of seniority and devoted work in New York
+was regarded as being next in line for the presidency by Mrs. Stanton
+and Mrs. Colby. Unable to visualize Mrs. Blake as the leader of this
+large organization with its diverse strong personalities, Susan
+nevertheless conceded her right to compete for the office. Although
+she appreciated Mrs. Blake's valuable work for the cause, there never
+had been understanding or sympathy between them. Temperamentally the
+blunt stern New Englander with untiring drive had little in common
+with the southern beauty turned reformer.
+
+A change in the presidency needed wise and patient handling as
+personal ambitions, prejudices, and misunderstandings reared their
+heads. When there were murmurings of secession among a small group if
+Mrs. Catt were elected, Susan wrote Mrs. Colby that such talk was
+"very immature, very despotic, very undemocratic," and she hoped she
+was not one of the malcontents.[428]
+
+Another problem was the future of the organization committee which
+under Mrs. Catt's chairmanship had carried on a large part of the
+work. Its influence was considerable and could readily develop so as
+to conflict with that of the officers, thus threatening the unity of
+the whole organization. To dissolve the committee seemed to Susan and
+her closest advisors the wisest procedure. Mary Garrett Hay, who had
+worked closely with Mrs. Catt on the organization committee, opposed
+this plan, but after earnest discussion the officers, including Mrs.
+Catt, agreed to dissolve the organization committee.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+As Susan appeared on the platform at the opening session of the
+Washington convention in February 1900, there was thunderous applause
+from an audience tense with emotion at the thought of losing the
+leader who had guided them for so many years. The tall gray-haired
+woman in black satin, with soft rich lace at her throat and the
+proverbial red shawl about her shoulders, had become the symbol of
+their cause. Now, as she looked down upon them with a friendly smile
+and motherly tenderness, tears came to their eyes, and they wanted to
+remember always just how she looked at that moment. Then she broke the
+tension with a call to duty, a summons to press for the federal
+amendment, and one more plea that they always hold their annual
+conventions in the national capital.
+
+Difficult and sad as this official leave-taking was, she had made up
+her mind to carry if through with good cheer. Tirelessly she presided
+at three sessions daily. With the pride of a mother, she listened to
+the many reports and with particular satisfaction to that of the
+treasurer which showed all debts paid and pledges amounting to $10,000
+to start the new year. Susan herself had made this possible, raising
+enough to pay past debts and securing pledges so that the new
+administration could start its work free from financial worries.
+
+"I have fully determined to retire from the active presidency of the
+Association," she announced when the reports and speeches were over.
+"I am not retiring now because I feel unable, mentally or physically,
+to do the necessary work, but because I wish to see the organization
+in the hands of those who are to have its management in the future. I
+want to see you all at work, while I am alive, so I can scold if you
+do not do it well. Give the matter of selecting your officers serious
+thought. Consider who will do the best work for the political
+enfranchisement of women, and let no personal feelings enter into the
+question."[429]
+
+Watching developments with the keen eye of a politician, she was
+confident that Mrs. Catt would be elected to succeed her, although
+Mrs. Blake's candidacy was still being assiduously pressed and
+circulars recommending her, signed by Mrs. Stanton, Mrs. Russell Sage
+and Dr. Mary Putnam Jacobi, were being widely distributed. Just before
+the balloting, however, Mrs. Blake withdrew her name in the interest
+of harmony. This left the field to Mrs. Catt, who received 254 votes
+of the 278 cast.
+
+A burst of applause greeted the announcement of Mrs. Catt's election.
+Then abruptly it stopped, as the realization swept over the delegates
+that Aunt Susan was no longer their president. Walking to the front of
+the platform, Susan took Mrs. Catt by the hand, and while the
+delegates applauded, the two women stood before them, the one showing
+in her kind face the experience and wisdom of years, the other young,
+intelligent, and beautiful, her life still before her. There were
+tears in Susan's eyes and her voice was unsteady as she said, "I am
+sure you have made a wise choice.... 'New conditions bring new
+duties.' These new duties, these changed conditions, demand stronger
+hands, younger heads, and fresher hearts. In Mrs. Catt, you have my
+ideal leader. I present to you my successor."[430]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Susan's joyous confidence in the new administration was rudely jolted
+as controversy over the future of the organization committee flared up
+during the last days of the convention. Under strong pressure from
+Mary Garrett Hay, Mrs. Catt had counseled with Henry Blackwell, and at
+one of the last sessions he had slipped in a motion authorizing the
+continuance of the organization committee.[431]
+
+Stunned by this development and looking upon it as a threat to the
+harmony of the new administration, Susan, supported by Harriet Upton
+and Rachel, prepared to take action, and the next morning, at the
+first post-convention executive committee meeting at which Mrs. Catt
+presided, Susan proposed that the national officers, headed by Mrs.
+Catt, take over the duties of the organization committee. This
+precipitated a heated debate, during which Henry Blackwell and his
+daughter, Alice, called such procedure unconstitutional, and Mary Hay
+resigned. As the discussion became too acrimonious, Mrs. Catt put an
+end to it by calling up unfinished business, and thus managed to
+steer the remainder of the session into less troubled waters. The next
+day, however, Susan brought the matter up again, and on her motion the
+organization committee was voted out of existence with praise for its
+admirable record of service.
+
+Here were all the makings of a factional feud which, if fanned into
+flame, could well have split the National American Association. Not
+only had the old organization interfered with the new, indirectly
+reprimanding Mrs. Catt, but Susan, by her own personal influence and
+determination, had reversed the action of the convention. As a result,
+Mrs. Catt was indignant, hurt, and sorely tempted to resign, but after
+sending a highly critical letter to every member of the business
+committee, she took up her work with vigor.
+
+Disappointed and heartsick over the turn of events, Susan searched for
+a way to re-establish harmony and her own faith in her successor.
+Realizing that a mother's cool counsel and guiding hand were needed to
+heal the misunderstandings, and convinced that unity and trust could
+be restored only by frank discussion of the problem by those involved,
+she asked for a meeting of the business committee at her home. "What
+can we do to get back into trust in each other?" she wrote Laura Clay.
+"That is the thing we must do--somehow--and it cannot be done by
+letter. We must hold a meeting--and we must have you--and every single
+one of our members at it."[432]
+
+Impatient at what to her seemed unnecessary delay, she kept prodding
+Mrs. Catt to call this meeting. Fortunately both Susan and Mrs. Catt
+were genuinely fond of each other and placed the welfare of the cause
+above personal differences. Both were tolerant and steady and
+understood the pressures put on the leader of a great organization.
+Anxious and troubled as she waited for this meeting, Susan appreciated
+Anna Shaw's visits as never before, marking them as red-letter days on
+her calender.
+
+Late in August 1900, all the officers finally gathered at 17 Madison
+Street, and Susan listened to their discussions with deep concern. She
+was confident she could rely completely on Harriet Upton, Rachel, and
+Anna and could count on Laura Clay's "level head and good common
+sense."[433] She never felt sure of Alice Stone Blackwell and knew
+there was great sympathy and often a working alliance between her, her
+father, and Mrs. Catt. Of the latest member of the official family,
+Catharine Waugh McCulloch, she had little first-hand knowledge. Mrs.
+Catt, whom she longed to fathom and trust, was still an enigma. During
+those hot humid August days, misunderstandings were healed, unity was
+restored, and Susan was reassured that not a single one of her "girls"
+desired "other than was good for the work."[434]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Susan had always been a champion of coeducation, speaking for it as
+early as the 1850s at state teachers' meetings and proposing it for
+Columbia University in her _Revolution_. In 1891, she and Mrs. Stanton
+had agitated for the admission of women to the University of
+Rochester. Seven years later the trustees consented to admit women
+provided $100,000 could be raised in a year, and Susan served on the
+fund-raising committee with her friend, Helen Barrett Montgomery.
+Because the alumni of the University of Rochester opposed coeducation
+and the city's wealthiest men were indifferent, progress was slow, but
+the trustees were persuaded to extend the time and to reduce by one
+half the amount to be raised.
+
+With so much else on her mind in 1900, including the sudden death of
+her brother Merritt, she had given the fund little thought until the
+committee appealed to her in desperation when only one day remained in
+which to raise the last $8,000. Immediately she went into action.
+Remembering that Mary had talked of willing the University $2,000 if
+it became coeducational, she persuaded her to pledge that amount now.
+Then setting out in a carriage on a very hot September morning, she
+slowly collected pledges for all but $2,000. As the trustees were in
+session and likely to adjourn any minute, she appealed to Samuel
+Wilder, one of Rochester's prominent elder citizens who had already
+contributed, to guarantee that amount until she could raise it. To
+this he gladly agreed. Reaching the trustees' meeting with Mrs.
+Montgomery just in time, with pledges assuring the payment of the full
+$50,000, she was amazed at their reception. Instead of rejoicing with
+them, the trustees began to quibble over Samuel Wilder's guarantee of
+the last $2,000 because of the state of his health. When she offered
+her life insurance as security, they still put her off, telling her
+to come back in a few days. Even then they continued to quibble, but
+finally admitted that the women had won. Disillusioned, she wrote in
+her diary, "Not a trustee has given anything although there are
+several millionaires among them."[435] Only her life insurance policy
+and her dogged persistence had saved the day.
+
+This effort to open Rochester University to women, on top of a very
+full and worrisome year, was so taxing and so disillusioning that she
+became seriously ill. When she recovered sufficiently for a drive, she
+asked to be taken to the university campus and afterward wrote in her
+diary, "As I drove over the campus, I felt 'these are not forbidden
+grounds to the girls of the city any longer.' It is good to feel that
+the old doors sway on their hinges--to women! Will the vows be kept to
+them--will the girls have equal chances with the boys? They promised
+well--the fulfilment will be seen--whether there shall not be some
+hitch from the proposed to a separate school."[436]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Still keeping her watchful eye on the National American Association,
+Susan traveled to Minneapolis in the spring of 1901 for the first
+annual convention under the new administration. There was talk of an
+"entire new deal," the retirement of all who had served under Miss
+Anthony, and the election of a "new cabinet of officers," and Susan
+was so concerned that there might also be a change in the presidency
+that she felt she must be on hand to guide and steady the
+proceedings.[437]
+
+Mrs. Catt was re-elected and Susan returned to Rochester well
+satisfied and ready to devote herself to completing the fourth volume
+of the _History of Woman Suffrage_ on which she and Mrs. Harper had
+been working intermittently for the past year. It was published late
+in 1902. While working on the History, Susan, although more than
+satisfied with Mrs. Harper's work, often thought nostalgically of her
+happy stimulating years of collaboration with Mrs. Stanton. She seldom
+saw Mrs. Stanton now, but they kept in touch with each other by
+letter.
+
+In the spring of 1902, she visited Mrs. Stanton twice in New York, and
+planned to return in November to celebrate Mrs. Stanton's
+eighty-seventh birthday. In anticipation, she wrote Mrs. Stanton, "It
+is fifty-one years since we first met and we have been busy through
+every one of them, stirring up the world to recognize the rights of
+women.... We little dreamed when we began this contest ... that half a
+century later we would be compelled to leave the finish of the battle
+to another generation of women. But our hearts are filled with joy to
+know that they enter upon this task equipped with a college education,
+with business experience, with the freely admitted right to speak in
+public--all of which were denied to women fifty years ago.... These
+strong, courageous, capable, young women will take our place and
+complete our work. There is an army of them where we were but a
+handful...."[438]
+
+Two weeks before Mrs. Stanton's birthday, Susan was stunned by a
+telegram announcing that her old comrade had passed away in her chair.
+Bewildered and desolate, she sat alone in her study for several hours,
+trying bravely to endure her grief. Then came the reporters for copy
+which only this heartbroken woman could give. "I cannot express myself
+at all as I feel," she haltingly told them. "I am too crushed to
+speak. If I had died first, she would have found beautiful phrases to
+describe our friendship, but I cannot put it into words."[439]
+
+From New York, where she had gone for the funeral, she wrote in
+anguish to Mrs. Harper, "Oh, the voice is stilled which I have loved
+to hear for fifty years. Always I have felt that I must have Mrs.
+Stanton's opinion of things before I knew where I stood myself. I am
+all at sea--but the Laws of Nature are still going on--with no shadow
+or turning--what a wonder it is--it goes right on and on--no matter
+who lives or who dies."[440]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+National woman suffrage conventions were still red-letter events to
+Susan and she attended them no matter how great the physical effort,
+traveling to New Orleans in 1903. Of particular concern was the 1904
+convention because of Mrs. Catt's decision at the very last moment not
+to stand for re-election on account of her health. Looking over the
+field, Susan saw no one capable of taking her place but Anna Howard
+Shaw. Not to be able to turn to Mrs. Stanton's capable daughter,
+Harriot Stanton Blatch, at this time was disappointing, but Harriot's
+long absence in England had made her more or less of a stranger to the
+membership of the National American Association, and for some reason
+she did not seem to fit in, lacking her mother's warmth and
+appeal.[441]
+
+[Illustration: Quotation in the handwriting of Susan B. Anthony]
+
+"I don't see anybody in the whole rank of our suffrage movement to
+take her [Mrs. Catt's] place but you," Susan now wrote Anna Howard
+Shaw. "If you will take it with a salary of say, $2,000, I will go
+ahead and try to see what I can do. We must not let the society down
+into _feeble_ hands.... Don't say _no_, for the _life_ of _you_, for
+if Mrs. Catt _persists_ in going out, we shall simply _have_ to
+_accept it_ and we must _tide over_ with the _best material_ that we
+have, and _you are the best_, and would you have taken office _four
+years ago_, you would have been elected over-whelmingly."[442]
+
+Anna could not refuse Aunt Susan, and when she was elected with Mrs.
+Catt as vice-president, Susan breathed freely again.
+
+It warmed Susan's heart to enter the convention on her eighty-fourth
+birthday to a thundering welcome, to banter with Mrs. Upton who called
+her to the platform, and to stop the applause with a smile and "There
+now, girls, that's enough."[443] Nothing could have been more
+appropriate for her birthday than the Colorado jubilee over which she
+presided and which gave irrefutable evidence of the success of woman
+suffrage in that state. There was rejoicing too over Australia, where
+women had been voting since 1902 and over the new hope in Europe, in
+Denmark, where women had chosen her birthday to stage a demonstration
+in favor of the pending franchise bill.
+
+For the last time, she spoke to a Senate committee on the woman
+suffrage amendment. Standing before these indifferent men, a tired
+warrior at the end of a long hard campaign, she reminded them that she
+alone remained of those who thirty-five years before, in 1869, had
+appealed to Congress for justice. "And I," she added, "shall not be
+able to come much longer.
+
+"We have waited," she told them. "We stood aside for the Negro; we
+waited for the millions of immigrants; now we must wait till the
+Hawaiians, the Filipinos, and the Puerto Ricans are enfranchised; then
+no doubt the Cubans will have their turn. For all these ignorant,
+alien peoples, educated women have been compelled to stand aside and
+wait!" Then with mounting impatience, she asked them, "How long will
+this injustice, this outrage continue?"[444]
+
+Their answer to her was silence. They sent no report to the Senate on
+the woman suffrage amendment. Yet she was able to say to a reporter of
+the New York _Sun_, "I have never lost my faith, not for a moment in
+fifty years."[445]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[422] Rachel Foster Avery, Ed., _National Council of Women_, 1891
+(Philadelphia, 1891), p. 229.
+
+[423] Dec. 1, 1898, Anthony Collection, Henry E. Huntington Library.
+Mrs. Elnora Babcock of New York was in charge of the press bureau.
+
+[424] Miss Anthony was enrolled as a member of the Knights of Labor
+and invited this organization to send delegates to the International
+Council of Women in 1888.
+
+[425] To Ellen Wright Garrison, 1900, Sophia Smith Collection, Smith
+College.
+
+[426] Harper, _Anthony_, III, p. 1137. A few years later, militant
+suffragists, led by Emmeline Pankhurst, were active in London. Mrs.
+Pankhurst heard Miss Anthony speak in Manchester in 1904.
+
+[427] Ida Husted Harper Ms., Catharine Waugh McCulloch Papers,
+Radcliffe Women's Archives.
+
+[428] Nov. 20, 1899, Anthony Collection, Henry E. Huntington Library.
+
+[429] _History of Woman Suffrage_, IV, p. 385. Miss Anthony was "moved
+up," as she expressed it, to Honorary President.
+
+[430] Peck, Catt, p. 107, Washington _Post_ quotation.
+
+[431] To Laura Clay, April 15, 1900, University of Kentucky Library,
+Lexington, Kentucky.
+
+[432] _Ibid._, March 15, 1900.
+
+[433] _Ibid._
+
+[434] _Ibid._, Sept. 7, 1900.
+
+[435] Ms., Diary, Nov. 10, 1900.
+
+[436] _Ibid._, Sept. 26, 1900. A separate woman's college was
+established at the University of Rochester and not until 1952 were the
+men's and women's colleges merged.
+
+[437] May 20, 1901, Note, Susan B. Anthony Memorial Collection,
+Rochester, New York.
+
+[438] _History of Woman Suffrage_, V, pp. 741-742.
+
+[439] Harper, _Anthony_, III, p. 1263.
+
+[440] Oct. 28, 1902, Anthony Collection, Henry E. Huntington Library.
+
+[441] Oct. 27, 1904, Elizabeth Smith Miller Collection, New York
+Public Library. A few years later, Mrs. Blatch made a vital
+contribution to the cause through the Women's Political Union which
+she organized and which brought more militant methods and new life
+into the woman suffrage campaign in New York State.
+
+[442] Jan. 27, 1904, Lucy E. Anthony Collection. Mrs. Blake who had
+been a candidate in 1900 had by this time formed her own organization,
+the National Legislative League.
+
+[443] _History of Woman Suffrage_, V, p. 99.
+
+[444] Harper, _Anthony_, III, p. 1308.
+
+[445] _Ibid._
+
+
+
+
+SUSAN B. ANTHONY OF THE WORLD
+
+
+Susan was on the ocean in May 1904 with her sister Mary and a group of
+good friends, headed for a meeting of the International Council of
+Women in Berlin. What drew her to Berlin was the plan initiated by
+Carrie Chapman Catt to form an International Woman Suffrage Alliance
+prior to the meetings of the International Council. This had been
+Susan's dream and Mrs. Stanton's in 1883, when they first conferred
+with women of other countries regarding an international woman
+suffrage organization and found only the women of England ready to
+unite on such a radical program. Now that women had worked together
+successfully in the International Council for sixteen years on other
+less controversial matters relating to women, she and Mrs. Catt were
+confident that a few of them at least were willing to unite to demand
+the vote.
+
+Chosen as a matter of course to preside over this gathering of
+suffragists in Berlin, Susan received an enthusiastic welcome. For her
+it was a momentous occasion, and eager to spread news of the meeting
+far and wide, she could not understand the objections of many of the
+delegates to the presence of reporters who they feared might send out
+sensational copy.
+
+"My friends, what are we here for?" she asked her more timid
+colleagues. "We have come from many countries, travelled thousands of
+miles to form an organization for a great international work, and do
+we want to keep it a secret from the public? No; welcome all reporters
+who want to come, the more, the better. Let all we say and do here be
+told far and wide. Let the people everywhere know that in Berlin women
+from all parts of the world have banded themselves together to demand
+political freedom. I rejoice in the presence of these reporters, and
+instead of excluding them from our meetings let us help them to all
+the information we can and ask them to give it the widest
+publicity."[446]
+
+This won the battle for the reporters, who gave her rousing applause,
+and the news flashed over the wires was sympathetic, dignified, and
+abundant. It told the world of the formation of the International
+Woman Suffrage Alliance by women from the United States, Great
+Britain, Germany, The Netherlands, Sweden, Australia, Norway, and
+Denmark, "to secure the enfranchisement of women of all nations." It
+praised the honorary president, Susan B. Anthony, and the American
+women who took over the leadership of this international venture,
+Carrie Chapman Catt, the president, and Rachel Foster Avery,
+corresponding secretary.
+
+To celebrate the occasion, German suffragists called a public mass
+meeting, and Susan, eager to rejoice with them, was surprised to find
+members of the International Council disgruntled and accusing the
+International Woman Suffrage Alliance of stealing their thunder and
+casting the dark shadow of woman suffrage over their conference. To
+placate them and restore harmony, she stayed away from this public
+meeting, but she could not control the demand for her presence.
+
+"Where is Susan B. Anthony?" were the first words spoken as the mass
+meeting opened. Then immediately the audience rose and burst into
+cheers which continued without a break for ten minutes. Anna Howard
+Shaw there on the platform and deeply moved by this tribute to Aunt
+Susan, later described how she felt: "Every second of that time I
+seemed to see Miss Anthony alone in her hotel room, longing with all
+her big heart to be with us, as we longed to have her.... Afterwards,
+when we burst in upon her and told her of the great demonstration, the
+mere mention of her name had caused, her lips quivered and her brave
+old eyes filled with tears."[447]
+
+The next morning her "girls" brought her the Berlin newspapers,
+translating for her the report of the meeting and these heart-warming
+lines, "The Americans call her 'Aunt Susan.' She is our 'Aunt Susan'
+too."
+
+This was but a foretaste of her reception throughout her stay in
+Berlin. To the International Council, she was "Susan B. Anthony of the
+World," the woman of the hour, whom all wanted to meet. Every time she
+entered the conference hall, the audience rose and remained standing
+until she was seated. Every mention of her name brought forth cheers.
+The many young women, acting as ushers, were devoted to her and eager
+to serve her. They greeted her by kissing her hand. Embarrassed at
+first by such homage, she soon responded by kissing them on the
+cheek.
+
+[Illustration: Susan B. Anthony at the age of eighty-five]
+
+The Empress Victoria Augusta, receiving the delegates in the Royal
+Palace, singled out Susan, and instead of following the custom of
+kissing the Empress's hand, Susan bowed as she would to any
+distinguished American, explaining that she was a Quaker and did not
+understand the etiquette of the court. The Empress praised Susan's
+great work, and unwilling to let such an opportunity slip by, Susan
+offered the suggestion that Emperor William who had done so much to
+build up his country might now wish to raise the status of German
+women. To this the Empress replied with a smile, "The gentlemen are
+very slow to comprehend this great movement."[448]
+
+When the talented Negro, Mary Church Terrell, addressing the
+International Council in both German and French, received an ovation,
+Susan's cup of joy was filled to the brim, for she glimpsed the bright
+promise of a world without barriers of sex or race.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The newspapers welcomed her home, and in her own comfortable sitting
+room she read Rochester's greeting in the _Democrat and Chronicle_,
+"There are woman suffragists and anti-suffragists, but all Rochester
+people, irrespective of opinion ... are Anthony men and women. We
+admire and esteem one so single-minded, earnest and unselfish, who,
+with eighty-four years to her credit, is still too busy and useful to
+think of growing old."[449]
+
+Her happiness over this welcome was clouded, however, by the serious
+illness of her brother Daniel, and she and Mary hurried to Kansas to
+see him. Two months later he passed away. Now only she and Mary were
+left of all the large Anthony family. Without Daniel, the world seemed
+empty. His strength of character, independence, and sympathy with her
+work had comforted and encouraged her all through her life. A fearless
+editor, a successful businessman, a politician with principles, he had
+played an important role in Kansas, and proud of him, she cherished
+the many tributes published throughout the country.
+
+Courageously she now picked up the threads of her life. Her precious
+National American Woman Suffrage Association was out of her hands, but
+she still had the _History of Woman Suffrage_ to distribute, and it
+gave her a great sense of accomplishment to hand on to future
+generations this record of women's struggle for freedom.[450]
+
+Missing the stimulous of work with her "girls," she took more and more
+pleasure in the company of William and Mary Gannett of the First
+Unitarian Church, whose liberal views appealed to her strongly. She
+liked to have young people about her and followed the lives of all her
+nieces and nephews with the greatest interest, spurring on their
+ambitions and helping finance their education. The frequent visits of
+"Niece Lucy" were a great joy during these years, as was the nearness
+of "Niece Anna O,"[451] who married and settled in Rochester. The
+young Canadian girl, Anna Dann, had become almost indispensable to her
+and to Mary, as companion, secretary, and nurse, and her marriage left
+a void in the household. Anna Dann was married at 17 Madison Street by
+Anna Howard Shaw with Susan beaming upon her like a proud grandmother.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Longing to see one more state won for suffrage, Susan carefully
+followed the news from the field, looking hopefully to California and
+urging her "girls" to keep hammering away there in spite of defeats.
+Her eyes were also on the Territory of Oklahoma, where a constitution
+was being drafted preparatory to statehood. "The present bill for the
+new state," she wrote Anna Howard Shaw, in December 1904, "is an
+insult to women of Oklahoma, such as has never been perpetrated
+before. We have always known that women were in reality ranked with
+idiots and criminals, but it has never been said in words that the
+state should ... restrict or abridge the suffrage ... on account of
+illiteracy, minority, _sex_, conviction of felony, mental condition,
+etc.... We must fight this bill to the utmost...."[452]
+
+The brightest spot in the West was Oregon, where suffrage had been
+defeated in 1900 by only 2,000 votes. In June 1905, when the National
+American Association held its first far western convention in Portland
+during the Lewis and Clark Exposition, Susan could not keep away,
+although she had never expected to go over the mountains again. As she
+traveled to Portland with Mary and a hundred or more delegates in
+special cars, she recalled her many long tiring trips through the West
+to carry the message of woman suffrage to the frontier. In
+comparison, this was a triumphal journey, showing her, as nothing else
+could, what her work had accomplished. Greeted at railroad stations
+along the way by enthusiastic crowds, showered with flowers and gifts,
+she stood on the back platform of the train with her "girls," shaking
+hands, waving her handkerchief, and making an occasional speech.
+
+Presiding over the opening session of the Portland convention,
+standing in a veritable garden of flowers which had been presented to
+her, she remarked with a droll smile, "This is rather different from
+the receptions I used to get fifty years ago.... I am thankful for
+this change of spirit which has come over the American people."[453]
+
+On Woman's Day, she was chosen to speak at the unveiling of the statue
+of Sacajawea, the Indian woman who had led Lewis and Clark through the
+dangerous mountain passes to the Pacific, winning their gratitude and
+their praise. In the story of Sacajawea who had been overlooked by the
+government when every man in the Lewis and Clark expedition had been
+rewarded with a large tract of land, Susan saw the perfect example of
+man's thoughtless oversight of the valuable services of women. Looking
+up at the bronze statue of the Indian woman, her papoose on her back
+and her arm outstretched to the Pacific, Susan said simply, "This is
+the first statue erected to a woman because of deeds of daring....
+This recognition of the assistance rendered by a woman in the
+discovery of this great section of the country is but the beginning of
+what is due." Then, with the sunlight playing on her hair and lighting
+up her face, she appealed to the men of Oregon for the vote. "Next
+year," she reminded them, "the men of this proud state, made possible
+by a woman, will decide whether women shall at last have the rights in
+it which have been denied them so many years. Let men remember the
+part women have played in its settlement and progress and vote to give
+them these rights which belong to every citizen."[454]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Reporters were at Susan's door, when she returned to Rochester, for
+comments on ex-President Cleveland's tirade against clubwomen and
+woman suffrage in the popular _Ladies' Home Journal_. "Pure
+fol-de-rol," she told them, adding testily, "I would think that Grover
+Cleveland was about the last person to talk about the sanctity of the
+home and woman's sphere." This was good copy for Republican newspapers
+and they made the most of it, as women throughout the country added
+their protests to Susan's. A popular jingle of the day ran, "Susan B.
+Anthony, she took quite a fall out of Grover C."[455]
+
+Susan, however, had something far more important on her mind than
+fencing with Grover Cleveland--an interview with President Theodore
+Roosevelt. Here was a man eager to right wrongs, to break monopolies,
+to see justice done to the Negro, a man who talked of a "square deal"
+for all, and yet woman suffrage aroused no response in him.
+
+In November 1905, she undertook a trip to Washington for the express
+purpose of talking with him. The year before, at a White House
+reception, he had singled her out to stand at his side in the
+receiving line. She looked for the same friendliness now. Memorandum
+in hand, she plied him with questions which he carefully evaded, but
+she would not give up.
+
+"Mr. Roosevelt," she earnestly pleaded, "this is my principle request.
+It is almost the last request I shall ever make of anybody. Before you
+leave the Presidential chair recommend to Congress to submit to the
+Legislatures a Constitutional Amendment which will enfranchise women,
+and thus take your place in history with Lincoln, the great
+emancipator. I beg of you not to close your term of office without
+doing this."[456]
+
+To this he made no response, and trying once more to wring from him
+some slight indication of sympathy for her cause, she added, "Mr.
+President, your influence is so great that just one word from you in
+favor of woman suffrage would give our cause a tremendous impetus."
+
+"The public knows my attitude," he tersely replied. "I recommended it
+when Governor of New York."
+
+"True," she acknowledged, "but that was a long time ago. Our enemies
+say that was the opinion of your younger years and that since you have
+been President you have never uttered one word that could be construed
+as an endorsement."
+
+"They have no cause to think I have changed my mind," he suavely
+replied as he bade her good-bye. In the months that followed he gave
+her no sign that her interview had made the slightest impression.
+
+One of the most satisfying honors bestowed on Susan during these last
+years was the invitation to be present at Bryn Mawr College in 1902
+for the unveiling of a bronze portrait medallion of herself. Bryn
+Mawr, under its brilliant young president, M. Carey Thomas, herself a
+pioneer in establishing the highest standards for women's education,
+showed no such timidity as Vassar where neither Susan nor Elizabeth
+Cady Stanton had been welcome as speakers. At Bryn Mawr, Susan talked
+freely and frankly with the students, and best of all, became better
+acquainted with M. Carey Thomas and her enterprising friend, Mary
+Garrett of Baltimore, who was using her great wealth for the
+advancement of women. She longed to channel their abilities to woman
+suffrage and a few years later arranged for a national convention in
+their home city, Baltimore, appealing to them to make it an
+outstanding success.[457]
+
+Arriving in Baltimore in January 1906 for this convention, Susan was
+the honored guest in Mary Garrett's luxurious home. Frail and ill, she
+was unable to attend all the sessions, as in the past, but she was
+present at the highlight of this very successful convention, the
+College Evening arranged by M. Carey Thomas. With women's colleges
+still resisting the discussion of woman suffrage and the Association
+of Collegiate Alumnae refusing to support it, the College Evening
+marked the first public endorsement of this controversial subject by
+college women. Up to this time the only encouraging sign had been the
+formation in 1900 of the College Equal Suffrage League by two young
+Radcliffe alumnae, Maud Wood Park and Inez Haynes Irwin. Now here, in
+conservative Baltimore, college presidents and college faculty gave
+woman suffrage their blessing, and Susan listened happily as
+distinguished women, one after another, allied themselves to the
+cause: Dr. Mary E. Woolley, who as president of Mt. Holyoke was
+developing Mary Lyons' pioneer seminary into a high ranking college;
+Lucy Salmon, Mary A. Jordan, and Mary W. Calkins of the faculties of
+Vassar, Smith, and Wellesley; Eva Perry Moore, a trustee of Vassar and
+president of the Association of Collegiate Alumnae, with whom she
+dared differ on this subject; Maud Wood Park, representing the younger
+generation in the College Equal Suffrage League; and last of all, the
+president of Bryn Mawr, M. Carey Thomas. After expressing her
+gratitude to the pioneers of this great movement, Miss Thomas turned
+to Susan and said, "To you, Miss Anthony, belongs by right, as to no
+other woman in the world's history, the love and gratitude of all
+women in every country of the civilized globe. We your daughters in
+spirit, rise up today and call you blessed.... Of such as you were the
+lines of the poet Yeats written:
+
+    'They shall be remembered forever,
+    They shall be alive forever,
+    They shall be speaking forever,
+    The people shall hear them forever.'"[458]
+
+During the thundering applause, Susan came forward to respond, her
+face alight, and the audience rose. "If any proof were needed of the
+progress of the cause for which I have worked, it is here tonight,"
+she said simply. "The presence on the stage of these college women,
+and in the audience of all those college girls who will someday be the
+nation's greatest strength, tell their story to the world. They give
+the highest joy and encouragement to me...."[459]
+
+During her visit at the home of Mary Garrett, Susan spoke freely with
+her and with M. Carey Thomas of the needs of the National American
+Association, particularly of the Standing Fund of $100,000 of which
+she had dreamed and which she had started to raise. Now, like an
+answer to prayer, Mary Garrett and President Thomas, fresh from their
+successful money-raising campaigns for Johns Hopkins and Bryn Mawr,
+offered to undertake a similar project for woman suffrage, proposing
+to raise $60,000--$12,000 a year for the next five years.
+
+"As we sat at her feet day after day between sessions of the
+convention, listening to what she wanted us to do to help women and
+asking her questions," recalled M. Carey Thomas in later years, "I
+realized that she was the greatest person I had ever met. She seemed
+to me everything that a human being could be--a leader to die for or
+to live for and follow wherever she led."[460]
+
+Immediately after the convention, Susan went to Washington with the
+women who were scheduled to speak at the Congressional hearing on
+woman suffrage. In her room at the Shoreham Hotel, a room with a view
+of the Washington Monument which the manager always saved for her, she
+stood at the window looking out over the city as if saying farewell.
+Then turning to Anna Shaw, she said with emotion, "I think it is the
+most beautiful monument in the whole world."[461]
+
+That evening she sat quietly through the many tributes offered to her
+on her eighty-sixth birthday, longing to tell all her friends the
+gratitude and hope that welled up in her heart. Finally she rose, and
+standing by Anna Howard Shaw who was presiding, she impulsively put
+her hand on her shoulder and praised her for her loyal support. Then
+turning to the other officers, she thanked them for all they had done.
+"There are others also," she added, "just as true and devoted to the
+cause--I wish I could name everyone--but with such women consecrating
+their lives--" She hesitated a moment, and then in her clear rich
+voice, added with emphasis, "Failure is impossible."[462]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In Rochester, in the home she so dearly loved, she spent her last
+weeks, thinking of the cause and the women who would carry it on.
+Longing to talk with Anna Shaw, she sent for her, but Anna, feeling
+she was needed, came even before a letter could reach her. With Anna
+at her bedside, Susan was content.
+
+"I want you to give me a promise," she pleaded, reaching for Anna's
+hand. "Promise me you will keep the presidency of the association as
+long as you are well enough to do the work."[463]
+
+Deeply moved, Anna replied, "But how can I promise that? I can keep it
+only as long as others wish me to keep it."
+
+"Promise to make them wish you to keep it," Susan urged. "Just as I
+wish you to keep it...."
+
+After a moment, she continued, "I do not know anything about what
+comes to us after this life ends, but ... if I have any conscious
+knowledge of this world and of what you are doing, I shall not be far
+away from you; and in times of need I will help you all I can. Who
+knows? Perhaps I may be able to do more for the Cause after I am gone
+than while I am here."
+
+A few days later, on March 13, 1906, she passed away, her hand in
+Anna's.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Asked, a few years before, if she believed that all women in the
+United States would ever be given the vote, she had replied with
+assurance, "It will come, but I shall not see it.... It is inevitable.
+We can no more deny forever the right of self-government to one-half
+our people than we could keep the Negro forever in bondage. It will
+not be wrought by the same disrupting forces that freed the slave, but
+come it will, and I believe within a generation."[464]
+
+[Illustration: Susan B. Anthony, 1905]
+
+She had so longed to see women voting throughout the United States, to
+see them elected to legislatures and Congress, but for her there had
+only been the promise of fulfillment in Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, and
+Idaho, and far away in New Zealand and Australia.
+
+"Failure is impossible" was the rallying cry she left with her "girls"
+to spur them on in the long discouraging struggle ahead, fourteen more
+years of campaigning until on August 26, 1920, women were enfranchised
+throughout the United States by the Nineteenth Amendment.
+
+Even then their work was not finished, for she had looked farther
+ahead to the time when men and women everywhere, regardless of race,
+religion, or sex, would enjoy equal rights. Her challenging words,
+"Failure is impossible," still echo and re-echo through the years, as
+the crusade for human rights goes forward and men and women together
+strive to build and preserve a free world.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[446] Harper, _Anthony_, III, p. 1325.
+
+[447] Shaw, _The Story of a Pioneer_, p. 210.
+
+[448] Harper, _Anthony_, III, p. 1319.
+
+[449] _Ibid._, p. 1336.
+
+[450] Miss Anthony also carefully prepared her scrapbooks, her books,
+and bound volumes of _The Revolution_, woman's rights and antislavery
+magazines for presentation to the Library of Congress, inscribing each
+with a note of explanation.
+
+[451] Ann Anthony Bacon.
+
+[452] _New York Suffrage Newsletter_, Jan., 1905.
+
+[453] _History of Woman Suffrage_, V, p. 122.
+
+[454] Harper, _Anthony_, III, p. 1365. The statue of Sacajawea,
+presented to the Exposition by the clubwomen of America, was the work
+of Alice Cooper of Denver. Woman suffrage was again defeated in Oregon
+in 1906.
+
+[455] Harper, _Anthony_, III, pp. 1357, 1359.
+
+[456] _Ibid._, pp. 1376-1377.
+
+[457] The medallion, the work of Leila Usher of Boston, was
+commissioned by Mary Garrett.
+
+[458] Harper, _Anthony_, III, p. 1395.
+
+[459] _Ibid._, pp. 1395-1396.
+
+[460] Sept., 1935, Statement, Una R. Winter Collection.
+
+[461] Harper, _Anthony_, III, p. 1409.
+
+[462] _Ibid._
+
+[463] Shaw, _The Story of a Pioneer_, pp. 230-232.
+
+[464] Harper, _Anthony_, III, p. 1259.
+
+
+
+
+NOTES
+
+[Transcriber's Note: All footnotes for the book were located here, on
+pages 311-326. They have been relocated to immediately follow the
+chapter where they are referenced.]
+
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY
+
+
+MANUSCRIPT COLLECTIONS
+
+American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Massachusetts:
+  Abby Kelley Foster Papers.
+
+Lucy E. Anthony and Ann Anthony Bacon Papers:
+  Susan B. Anthony Diaries, Letters, and Speeches.
+
+Boston Public Library, Manuscript Division:
+  Antislavery, Garrison, and Higginson Papers.
+
+Matilda Joslyn Gage Collection.
+
+Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery,
+San Marino, California, Manuscript Division:
+  Ida Husted Harper Collection.
+  Anthony Collection.
+
+Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka, Kansas:
+  Anthony Papers.
+
+Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., Manuscript Division:
+  Susan B. Anthony Papers, including Diaries.
+  Anna E. Dickinson Papers.
+  Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers.
+
+Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., Rare Book Room:
+  Susan B. Anthony Scrapbooks.
+
+Alma Lutz Collection.
+
+Anna Dann Mason Collection.
+
+Museum of Arts and Sciences, Rochester, New York:
+  Anthony Collection.
+
+New York Public Library, Manuscript Division:
+  Susan B. Anthony Papers.
+  Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers.
+  Elizabeth Smith Miller Papers.
+
+Ohio State Library, Columbus, Ohio:
+  Ohioana Library Collection.
+
+Seneca Falls Historical Society, Seneca Falls, New York:
+  Amelia Bloomer Papers.
+
+Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts:
+  Sophia Smith Collection.
+
+Edna M. Stantial Collection:
+  Blackwell Papers.
+
+Susan B. Anthony Memorial Collection, 17 Madison Street,
+Rochester, New York.
+
+Radcliffe Women's Archives, Radcliffe College,
+Cambridge, Massachusetts.
+
+University of California, Bancroft Library, Berkeley, California:
+  Susan B. Anthony Papers.
+  Keith Papers.
+
+University of Kentucky Library, Lexington, Kentucky:
+  Laura Clay Papers.
+
+University of Rochester Library, Rochester, New York:
+  Susan B. Anthony Papers.
+
+Vassar College Library, Poughkeepsie, New York:
+  Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers.
+  Margaret Stanton Lawrence Papers.
+
+Una R. Winter Collection.
+
+
+PUBLISHED MATERIAL
+
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+New York, n.d.
+
+Albree, John (ed.). _Whittier Correspondence from Oakknoll._ Salem,
+Mass., 1911.
+
+Altrocchi, Julia Cooley. _The Spectacular San Franciscans._ New York,
+1949.
+
+_An Account of the Proceedings of the Trial of Susan B. Anthony on the
+Charge of Illegal Voting._ Rochester, N. Y., 1874.
+
+Ames, Mary Clemmer. _A Memorial of Alice and Phoebe Cary._ New York,
+1873.
+
+Andrews, Kenneth. _Nook Farm._ Cambridge, Mass., 1950.
+
+Anthony, Charles L. _Genealogy of the Anthony Family from 1495 to
+1904._ Sterling, Ill., 1904.
+
+Anthony, Katharine. _Susan B. Anthony, Her Personal History and Her
+Era._ New York, 1954.
+
+Anthony, Susan B. "Woman's Half Century of Evolution," _North American
+Review_, December 1902.
+
+----. "Educating Husbands for the Twentieth Century," _McClure's
+Syndicate_, 1901.
+
+----. "The Status of Women Past, Present and Future," _The Arena_, May
+1897.
+
+----. "Why Some Marriages Are Failures," _McClure's Syndicate_, 1901.
+
+----. "The Wrongs of Man," _McClure's Syndicate_, 1901.
+
+----. "What I Would Have Done with a Bad Husband," _McClure's
+Syndicate_, 1901.
+
+Armes, Ethel. _Stratford Hall._ Richmond, Va., 1936.
+
+Avery, Rachel Foster (ed.). _National Council of Women_, 1891.
+Philadelphia, 1891.
+
+Barnes, Gilbert H. _The Antislavery Impulse._ New York, 1933.
+
+Beard, Charles A. and Mary R. _The American Spirit._ New York, 1927.
+
+----. _The Rise of American Civilization._ New York, 1930.
+
+Beard, Charles A. and William. _The American Leviathan._ New York,
+1930.
+
+Beecher, Henry Ward. _Woman's Influence in Politics._ Pamphlet.
+Boston, 1870.
+
+Birney, Catherine H. _The Grimké Sisters._ Boston, 1885.
+
+Blackwell, Alice Stone. _Lucy Stone._ Boston, 1930.
+
+Blackwell, Sarah Ellen. _A Military Genius, Life of Anna Ella Carroll
+of Maryland._ Washington, D.C., 1891.
+
+Blake, Katherine D., and Wallace, Margaret. _Champion of Women, The
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+
+Blatch, Harriot Stanton, and Lutz, Alma. _Challenging Years._ New
+York, 1940.
+
+Bloomer, D. C. _Life and Writings of Amelia Bloomer._ Boston, 1895.
+
+Boas, Louise S. _Elizabeth Barrett Browning._ New York, 1930.
+
+Bowditch, William I. _Woman Suffrage a Right, Not a Privilege._
+Pamphlet. Cambridge, Mass., 1879.
+
+Brink, Carol. _Harps in the Wind, The Story of the Singing
+Hutchinsons._ New York, 1947.
+
+Brockett, Dr. L. F. _Woman: Her Rights, Wrongs, Privileges, and
+Responsibilities._ Hartford, Conn., 1869.
+
+Brown, Olympia (ed.). _Democratic Ideals, A Memorial Sketch of Clara
+B. Colby._ Portland, Ore., 1917.
+
+Browne, Junius Henri. _The Great Metropolis, A Mirror of New York._
+Hartford, Conn., 1869.
+
+Browne, William B. "Laphams Were Among the First Quakers to Settle
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+September 6, 1924.
+
+Browning, Elizabeth Barrett. _Aurora Leigh._ New York, 1857.
+
+Buckmaster, Henrietta. _Let My People Go._ New York, 1941.
+
+Burnham, Carrie S. _Woman Suffrage, The Argument of Carrie S. Burnham
+before the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania._ Pamphlet. Philadelphia,
+1873.
+
+Calhoun, Lucia Gilbert. "Modern Women and What Is Said of Them."
+Pamphlet reprinted from _The Saturday Review_. New York, 1868.
+
+Catt, Carrie Chapman, and Shuler, Nettie Rogers. _Woman Suffrage and
+Politics._ New York, 1923.
+
+Channing, William Henry. _Review of the History of Woman Suffrage._
+Pamphlet reprinted in 1881 from the _Inquirer_ (London), November 5,
+1881.
+
+Chester, Giraud. _Embattled Maiden, The Life of Anna Dickinson._ New
+York, 1951.
+
+Claflin, Tennessee. _Constitutional Equality, A Right of Woman._ New
+York, 1871.
+
+Cole, Arthur Charles. _The Irrepressible Conflict, 1850-1865._ New
+York, 1934.
+
+Colman, Lucy M. _Reminiscences._ Buffalo, N.Y., 1891.
+
+Croughton, Amy H. _Antislavery Days in Rochester._ Rochester, N.Y.,
+1936.
+
+Curtis, George William. _Equal Rights for Women._ Pamphlet. Boston,
+1869.
+
+Dahlgren, Madeline Vinton. _Thoughts on Female Suffrage and in
+Vindication of Woman's True Rights._ Pamphlet. Washington, 1871.
+
+Davis, Paulina Wright. _History of the National Woman's Rights
+Movement for Twenty Years._ New York, 1871.
+
+Debs, Eugene V. "Susan B. Anthony, Pioneer of Freedom," _Pearsons
+Magazine_, July 1917.
+
+Dictionary of American Biography.
+
+Dorr, Rheta Childe. _Susan B. Anthony, The Woman Who Changed the Mind
+of a Nation._ New York, 1928.
+
+Douglass, Frederick. _The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass._
+Hartford, Conn., 1881.
+
+Duniway, Abigail Scott. _Path Breaking._ Portland, Ore., 1914.
+
+Earhart, Mary. _Frances Willard._ Chicago, 1944.
+
+Ehrlich, Leonard C. _God's Angry Man._ New York, 1941.
+
+_Eminent Women of the Age._ Hartford, Conn., 1869.
+
+Finch, Edith. _Carey Thomas of Bryn Mawr._ New York, 1947.
+
+Garrison, Francis J., William Lloyd II, and Wendell P. _William Lloyd
+Garrison, 1805-1879._ New York, 1885-1889.
+
+Ginger, Ray. _The Bending Cross, A Biography of Eugene Victor Debs._
+New Brunswick, N.J., 1949.
+
+Goodman, Clavia. _Bitter Harvest, Laura Clay's Suffrage Work._
+Lexington, Ky., 1946.
+
+Gray, Wood. _The Hidden Civil War._ New York, 1942.
+
+Greeley, Horace. _Recollections of a Busy Life._ New York, 1868.
+
+Greenbie, Marjorie B. _Lincoln's Daughters of Mercy._ New York, 1944.
+
+----. _My Dear Lady, The Story of Anna Ella Carroll._ New York, 1940.
+
+Greenbie, Marjorie B., and Sydney. _Anna Ella Carroll and Abraham
+Lincoln._ Tampa, Fla., 1952.
+
+Hallowell, Anna Davis. _James and Lucretia Mott._ Boston, 1884.
+
+Hamilton, Gail. "A Call to My Country-Women," _Atlantic Monthly_,
+March 1863.
+
+Hare, Lloyd C. M. _Lucretia Mott, The Greatest American Woman._ New
+York, 1937.
+
+Harlow, Ralph V. _Gerrit Smith._ New York, 1939.
+
+Harper, Ida Husted. _The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony._
+Indianapolis, 1898, 1908.
+
+----. _History of Woman Suffrage_, Vols. V and VI. New York, 1922.
+
+Harper, Ida Husted, and Anthony, Susan B. _History of Woman Suffrage_,
+Vol. IV. Rochester, N.Y., 1902.
+
+Hayek, F. A. _John Stuart Mill and Harriet Taylor._ Chicago, 1951.
+
+Hebard, Grace Raymond. _How Woman Suffrage Came to Wyoming._ Pamphlet.
+New York, 1940.
+
+Henry, Alice. _The Trade Union Woman._ New York, 1923.
+
+Hibben, Paxton. _Henry Ward Beecher._ New York, 1927.
+
+Higginson, Mary Thatcher (ed.). _Letters and Journals of Thomas
+Wentworth Higginson._ Boston, 1921.
+
+Higginson, Thomas Wentworth. _Women and the Alphabet._ Boston, 1881.
+
+Hooker, Isabella Beecher. _The Constitutional Rights of Women of the
+United States._ Washington, 1888.
+
+Howe, Julia Ward. _Reminiscences, 1819-1899._ Boston, 1900.
+
+Hutchinson, John Wallace. _The Story of the Hutchinsons._ Boston,
+1896.
+
+_International Woman Suffrage Conference._ Washington, D.C., 1902.
+
+Isely, J. A. _Horace Greeley and the Republican Party, 1853-1861._
+Princeton, N.J., 1947.
+
+James, Joseph B. _The Framing of the Fourteenth Amendment._ Urbana,
+Ill., 1956.
+
+Johns, Helen. "This Is a Day Full of Meaning to Friends of Woman
+Suffrage," _Public Ledger_ (Philadelphia), Feb. 14, 1920.
+
+Johnson, Oliver. _William Lloyd Garrison and His Times._ Boston, 1879.
+
+Julian, George W. _Political Recollections_, 1840-1872. Chicago, 1884.
+
+Kerr, Laura. _Lady in the Pulpit._ New York, 1951.
+
+Korngold, Ralph. _Two Friends of Man._ Boston, 1950.
+
+Livermore, Mary A. _The Story of My Life._ Hartford, Conn., 1897.
+
+----. _My Story of the War._ Hartford, Conn., 1889.
+
+Lutz, Alma. _Created Equal, A Biography of Elizabeth Cady Stanton._
+New York, 1940.
+
+----. _Emma Willard, Daughter of Democracy._ Boston, 1929.
+
+Macy, Jesse. _The Antislavery Crusade._ New Haven, 1920.
+
+Malin, James C. _John Brown and the Legend of Fifty-Six._
+Philadelphia, 1942.
+
+Mason, Anna Dann. "The Most Unforgettable Character I've Met,"
+_Genessee Country Scrapbook_, Vol. IV (Rochester, N. Y., 1953).
+
+May, Samuel J. _Some Recollections of the Antislavery Conflict._
+Boston, 1869.
+
+Mill, Elizabeth Taylor. _Enfranchisement of Women_, reprinted from the
+_Westminster and Quarterly Review_, New York, 1868.
+
+Mill, John Stuart. _Autobiography._ London, 1873.
+
+----. _The Social and Political Dependence of Women._ Boston, 1868.
+
+----. _The Subjection of Women._ London, 1869.
+
+----. _Suffrage for Women_ (Speech in British Parliament, May 20,
+1867). Pamphlet. Boston, 1869.
+
+_Mormon Women's Protest, An Appeal for Freedom, Justice, and Equal
+Rights._ Pamphlet. Salt Lake City, Utah, 1886.
+
+McKelvey, Blake. _Rochester, the Flower City, 1855-1890._ Cambridge,
+Mass., 1949.
+
+----. "Susan B. Anthony," _Rochester History_, April, 1945, Rochester,
+N. Y.
+
+Nichols, Mrs. C. I. H. _The Responsibilities of Woman._ Pamphlet.
+1851.
+
+Nordholf, Charles. "A Tilt at the Woman Question," _Harper's_
+Magazine, February 1863.
+
+Norton, Frank H. _Frank Leslie's Historical Register of the U. S.
+Centennial Exposition, 1876._ New York, 1877.
+
+_Our Famous Women._ Hartford, Conn., 1883.
+
+Pankhurst, Emmeline. _My Own Story._ New York, 1914.
+
+Parker, P. J. M. _Rochester, A Story Historical._ Rochester, N.Y.,
+1884.
+
+Parker, Theodore. _A Sermon on the Public Function of Women._
+Pamphlet. Boston, 1853.
+
+Peck, Mary Gray. _Carrie Chapman Catt._ New York, 1944.
+
+Phillips, Wendell. _Freedom for Woman._ Pamphlet. New York, 1868.
+
+Pillsbury, Parker. _The Acts of the Antislavery Apostles._ Concord,
+N.H., 1883.
+
+----. _The Mortality of Nations._ Pamphlet. New York, 1867.
+
+_The Place of Women in the Society of Friends._ Pamphlet. Oxford,
+England, 1910.
+
+Powderly, Terrence V. _The Path I Trod._ New York, 1940.
+
+_Proceedings of the Woman's Rights Convention Held at Syracuse,
+September 8th, 9th, and 10th, 1852._ Pamphlet.
+
+Quarles, Benjamin. _Frederick Douglass._ Washington, D.C., 1948.
+
+_Report of the International Council of Women, 1888._ Washington,
+D.C., 1888.
+
+Richards, Caroline Cowles. _Village Life in America._ New York, 1913.
+
+Richardson, Albert D. _Beyond the Mississippi._ Hartford, Conn., 1867.
+
+Robinson, Sara T. D. _Kansas, Its Interior and Exterior._ Lawrence,
+Kansas, 1899.
+
+Rosenberger, Jesse Leonard. _Rochester, The Making of a University._
+Rochester, N.Y., 1927.
+
+Ross, Ishbel. _Angel of the Battlefield._ New York, 1956.
+
+----. _Ladies of the Press._ New York, 1936.
+
+Rourke, Constance. _Trumpets of Jubilee._ New York, 1927.
+
+Sachs, Emanie. _The Terrible Siren._ New York, 1928.
+
+Sanborn, F. B. _Life and Letters of John Brown._ Boston, 1891.
+
+Sandburg, Carl. _Abraham Lincoln, The War Years._ New York, 1939.
+
+Sanford, Harold W. _A Century of Unitarianism in Rochester._
+Rochester, N.Y., 1939.
+
+Schlesinger, Arthur M. _The American As Reformer._ Cambridge, Mass.,
+1950.
+
+----. _The Political and Social Growth of the United States,
+1852-1933._ New York, 1936.
+
+----. _The Rise of Modern America, 1865-1951._ New York, 1951.
+
+Schlesinger, Arthur M., and Hockett, H. C. _Land of the Free._ New
+York, 1944.
+
+Sears, Lorenzo. _Wendell Phillips._ New York, 1909.
+
+Selden, Clara Sayre. _Family Sketches._ Rochester, N.Y., 1939.
+
+Sewall, May Wright (ed.). _The World's Congress of Representative
+Women._ Chicago, 1894.
+
+Shaw, Anna Howard. _The Story of a Pioneer._ New York, 1915.
+
+Smith, Gerrit. _Letter to Elizabeth Cady Stanton on Woman's Rights and
+Dress Reform._ Pamphlet. Peterboro, N.H., 1855.
+
+Smith, Julia. _Abby Smith and Her Cows, With a Report of the Law Case
+Decided Contrary to Law._ Pamphlet. Hartford, Conn., 1877.
+
+Smith, Matthew Hale. _Sunshine and Shadow in New York._ Hartford,
+Conn., 1869.
+
+Sprague, William F. _Women and the West._ Boston, 1940.
+
+Stanton, Elizabeth Cady. _Address to the Legislature of New York,
+February, 1854._ Pamphlet. Albany, 1854.
+
+----. _Bible and Church Degrade Women._ Pamphlet. Chicago, 1884.
+
+----. _The Christian Church and Women._ Pamphlet reprinted from _The
+Index_ (Boston), n.d.
+
+----. "The Degradation of Disfranchisement," _National Bulletin_,
+March 1891. Pamphlet.
+
+----. _Eighty Years and More._ New York, 1898.
+
+----. _The Slave's Appeal._ Pamphlet. Albany, 1860.
+
+----. _Significance and History of the Ballot._ Pamphlet. Washington,
+D.C., 1898.
+
+----. _The Solitude of Self._ Pamphlet. Washington, D.C., 1892.
+
+----. _Suffrage, a Natural Right._ Pamphlet. Chicago, 1894.
+
+----. _The Woman's Bible._ New York, 1898.
+
+Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, Anthony, Susan B., and Gage, Matilda Joslyn.
+_History of Woman Suffrage_, Vols. I, II, III. New York and Rochester,
+1881, 1882, 1886.
+
+Stanton, Theodore. _The Woman Question in Europe._ New York, 1884.
+
+Stanton, Theodore, and Blatch, Harriot Stanton (Ed.). _Elizabeth Cady
+Stanton, As Revealed in Her Letters, Diary, and Reminiscences_, New
+York, 1922.
+
+Stevens, G. A., _New York Typographical Union No. 6._ Albany, 1913.
+
+Strachey, Ray. _Struggle._ New York, 1930.
+
+Ten Broek, Jacobus. _The Antislavery Origins of the Fourteenth
+Amendment._ Berkeley, Calif., 1951.
+
+Terrell, Mary Church. _A Colored Woman in a White World._ Washington,
+D.C., 1940.
+
+Thornton, Willis. _The Nine Lives of Citizen Train._ New York, 1948.
+
+Tilton, Theodore. _Biography of Victoria C. Woodhull._ (Golden Age
+Tract No. 3.) Pamphlet. New York, 1871.
+
+Tracy, George A. _History of the Typographical Union._ Indianapolis,
+1913.
+
+Train, George Francis. _The Great Epigram Campaign of Kansas._
+Pamphlet. Leavenworth, Kansas, 1867.
+
+----. _My Life in Many States and Foreign Lands._ New York, 1902.
+
+----. _Train's Union Speeches._ Pamphlet. Philadelphia, 1862.
+
+Trowbridge, Lydia Jones. _Frances Willard of Evanston._ Chicago, 1938.
+
+True, Charles H. _Ten Years of Woman Suffrage in Wyoming._ Pamphlet.
+Rochester, N.Y., 1879.
+
+Waite, Charles B. "Who Were the Voters in the Early History of this
+Country?" _Chicago Law Times_, October 1888.
+
+Willard, Frances. _Glimpses of Fifty Years._ Chicago, 1889.
+
+Willard, Frances E., and Livermore, Mary A. _A Woman of the Century._
+New York, 1893.
+
+Williams, Blanche Colton. _Clara Barton._ New York, 1941.
+
+Whitney, Janet. _Abigail Adams._ Boston, 1947.
+
+Woodhull, Victoria C. _The Argument for Women's Electoral Rights under
+Amendments XIV and XV of the Constitution of the United States._
+London, 1887.
+
+Woody, Thomas. _A History of Women's Education in the United States._
+New York, 1929.
+
+
+NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS
+
+Adams (Mass.) _Freeman_
+_The Agitator_
+_Antislavery Standard_
+Chicago Daily _Tribune_
+Chicago _Inter-Ocean_
+_The Golden Age_
+_Harper's Weekly_
+_The Independent_
+_Ladies' Home Journal_
+_The Liberator_
+_The Lily_
+New York _Daily Graphic_
+New York _Herald_
+New York _Post_
+New York _Suffrage News Letter_
+New York _Sun_
+New York _Times_
+New York _Tribune_
+New York _World_
+Philadelphia _Press_
+_The Revolution_
+_Rochester History_
+San Francisco _Examiner_
+_The Una_
+_Woman's Campaign_
+_Woman's Journal_
+_Woman's Tribune_
+_Woman's Suffrage Journal_ (London, England)
+_Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly_
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+Adams, Abigail, 3, 311
+
+Addams, Jane, 286
+
+Alcott, Bronson, 117, 224, 225
+
+American Antislavery Society, 58, 60, 112, 118-19
+
+American Equal Rights Association, 118-20, 125, 137, 145-46, 161, 164
+
+American Federation of Labor, 285-86
+
+American Woman Suffrage Association, 172-73, 177, 233, 247, 249-50,
+  318, 322, 323
+
+Anneké, Madam, 175, 234
+
+Anthony, Ann O. _See_ Bacon, Ann Anthony.
+
+Anthony, Anna Osborne, 108-09, 315
+
+Anthony, Daniel (father), 1, 4-13, 15-16, 18, 20-24, 56, 58, 93, 98,
+  104, 311, 316, 322
+
+Anthony, Daniel Jr. (nephew), 241
+
+Anthony, Daniel Read (brother), 7, 12, 15, 22, 45-46, 56, 58, 93,
+  108-12, 135, 141, 171, 179, 219, 227, 230, 239, 241-42, 302, 315,
+  321, 324
+
+Anthony, Eliza, 9
+
+Anthony, Guelma. _See_ McLean, Guelma Anthony.
+
+Anthony, Hannah. _See_ Mosher, Hannah Anthony.
+
+Anthony, Hannah Latham, 4, 18
+
+Anthony, Humphrey, 5, 6
+
+Anthony, Jacob Merritt, 9, 15, 22, 46, 56, 58, 93, 98, 191, 219, 241,
+  294, 302, 324
+
+Anthony, Lucy E., 235, 248, 271, 275, 277, 303, 322
+
+Anthony, Lucy Read, 1-2, 5-6, 8-9, 11-12, 16, 18, 20-21, 62, 98, 103,
+  108, 129, 190, 219, 235, 311, 316
+
+Anthony, Mary Luther, 46, 93, 108
+
+Anthony, Mary S., 7, 15, 21, 24, 58, 62, 64, 98, 103, 108, 171, 190,
+  199, 217, 219, 235, 240, 248, 255, 279, 281, 294, 299, 303, 316, 324
+
+Anthony, Sarah Burtis, 21
+
+Anthony, Susan B., birth of, 1;
+  ancestry of, 4, 6, 311;
+  her school days, 7-8, 10-11;
+  as teacher, 9, 11, 13-14, 17-22;
+  her first temperance speech, 19;
+  her interest in books, 52, 94;
+  her interest in outdoor work, 67, 93;
+  her opinions on marriage, 73-74, 80, 221, 224,
+    on women's support of political parties, 243,
+    on woman as president, 245;
+  her first appeal for Congressional action on woman suffrage, 117;
+  50th birthday celebration of, 176;
+  arrest and trial of, 201-03, 209-13;
+  diaries of, 264-65;
+  retirement of, 283;
+  84th birthday celebration of, 297;
+  last illness and death of, 308;
+  prophecy of, 310
+
+Aurora Leigh, 74-76
+
+Avery, Dr. Alida, 230
+
+Avery, Rachel Foster, 238-39, 244-45, 251, 262, 270, 274-75, 279-80,
+  282, 290, 292-93, 300, 322-23
+
+
+Bacon, Ann Anthony, 303, 322, 326
+
+Barton, Clara, 99, 176
+
+Becker, Lydia, 174, 320, 322
+
+Beecher, Henry Ward, 79, 101, 103, 118, 125, 129, 134, 137, 169,
+  173-74, 220-22
+
+Beecher-Tilton case, 219, 220, 222-23, 321
+
+Bickerdyke, Mother, 100, 130
+
+Bingham, Anson, 77, 79
+
+Bingham, John A., 122
+
+Blackwell, Alice Stone, 72, 251, 279, 292, 294, 323
+
+Blackwell, Antoinette Brown, 33, 41, 44, 50, 52, 69, 71-72, 76, 81,
+  102, 314
+
+Blackwell, Dr. Elizabeth, 99
+
+Blackwell, Ellen, 52, 53
+
+Blackwell, Henry, 50, 125, 128, 145, 162, 250, 269, 292, 294
+
+Blackwell, Samuel, 50
+
+Blake, Lillie Devereux, 166, 194, 200, 227, 279, 290, 292, 326
+
+Blatch, Harriot Stanton, 67, 100, 236, 239, 245, 250-51, 287-88, 296,
+  322, 325
+
+Blatch, William Henry, 239, 322
+
+Bloomer, Amelia, 26, 170, 237, 312
+
+Bloomer Costume, 26, 27, 29, 33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 41, 312
+
+Booth, Mary L., 231, 238
+
+Bradwell, Myra, 170, 199, 207-08
+
+Bright, Jacob, 176, 222
+
+Brown, Antoinette. _See_ Blackwell, Antoinette Brown.
+
+Brown, B. Gratz, 123, 196
+
+Brown, John, 46, 56, 63-66, 115, 201, 313
+
+Brown, Olympia, 128, 137, 175, 197
+
+Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, 23, 55, 74-76, 94
+
+Bryn Mawr College, 306-07
+
+Buffalo Bill (William F. Cody), 264
+
+Bullard, Laura Curtis, 166, 172, 178-79, 194
+
+Burnham, Carrie S., 198
+
+Butler, Benjamin F., 183, 193, 200, 208
+
+
+Caldwell, Margaret Read, 17, 21
+
+California campaign, 269, 271-73, 283, 303
+
+Carroll, Ella Anna, 100, 234
+
+Cary, Alice, 127, 142, 166, 174, 231
+
+Cary, Phoebe, 142, 166, 231
+
+Catt, Carrie Chapman, 254-55, 265, 269, 274, 276-77, 279-80, 289-94,
+  295-97, 299, 300
+
+Centennial Exposition, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 226-28
+
+Channing, William Henry, 41, 47, 239, 312
+
+Chase, Salmon P., 141, 208
+
+Child, Lydia Maria, 118
+
+Claflin, Tennessee, 181-82
+
+Clay, Laura, 293
+
+Clemmer, Mary, 229
+
+Cleveland, Grover, 246, 260-61, 304-05
+
+Coeducation, 37-38, 67-68, 70, 258, 294
+
+Colby, Clara Bewick, 231, 244-45, 270, 276, 279, 283, 285, 290, 323-25
+
+College Equal Suffrage League, 306
+
+College Evening, the, Baltimore, Maryland, 307
+
+Conkling, Roscoe, 122, 209
+
+Conway, Moncure D., 126
+
+Corbin, Hannah Lee, 4
+
+Couzins, Phoebe, 175, 227
+
+Cowles, Caroline. _See_ Richards, Caroline Cowles.
+
+Crittenden, Alexander P., 188, 319
+
+Curtis, George William, 79, 103, 125-26, 129, 169
+
+
+Dall, Caroline H., 316
+
+Dann, Anna. _See_ Mason, Anna Dann.
+
+Daughters of Temperance, 18, 24-25, 30
+
+Davis, Paulina Wright, 33, 165, 167, 172, 182-85, 191, 195, 274
+
+Debs, Eugene V., 269, 286
+
+De Garmo, Rhoda, 16, 23, 199
+
+Democrats, 88, 98, 106, 118, 123, 130-31, 133, 135-36, 138, 140-41,
+  143, 146-48, 193, 196-97, 200, 226, 232, 253, 261, 266-69, 272
+
+Demorest, Mme. Louise, 129, 318
+
+Dickinson, Albert, 109, 263
+
+Dickinson, Anna E., 94-95, 104, 106-07, 112, 138, 144-45, 148, 156,
+  177, 196, 223, 238, 315, 318
+
+Divorce, 32, 80-83, 174, 224
+
+Dix, Dorothea, 99
+
+Douglas, Stephen A., 62, 83
+
+Douglass, Frederick, 23-24, 63, 88, 103, 106, 112, 145, 162-63, 200,
+  312
+
+Duniway, Abigail Scott, 189, 244
+
+
+Eddy, Eliza J., 52, 238-39, 313
+
+Emancipation Proclamation, 98-99, 101-02
+
+Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 53, 65, 94, 117, 150
+
+
+Fair, Laura, 188-89, 319
+
+Fawcett, Millicent Garrett, 246
+
+Federal Woman Suffrage Amendment, 160-62, 164, 166, 172-73, 193,
+  216-18, 226, 229, 231-34, 286, 291, 298, 305, 310, 321
+
+Fifteenth Amendment, 160, 162-65, 169, 181, 192-93, 198-200, 203,
+  205, 210, 214, 232
+
+First National Woman's Rights convention, 1850, 25
+
+First Woman's Rights convention, 1848, 20
+
+Foster, Abby Kelley, 25, 30, 59, 61, 77, 217
+
+Foster, Rachel. _See_ Avery, Rachel Foster.
+
+Foster, Stephen S., 25, 59, 87, 145, 161
+
+Fourteenth Amendment, 115-16, 120-22, 125, 142, 159, 180-82, 188,
+  190, 192-93, 198-200, 203, 205, 207-08, 210-11, 214, 316, 320
+
+Frémont, Jessie Benton, 103, 175
+
+Frémont, John C., 57, 93
+
+
+Gage, Frances D., 53-54, 274, 316
+
+Gage, Matilda Joslyn, 33, 165, 175, 196, 200, 204, 209, 227-28, 235,
+  237, 244, 320
+
+Gannett, Mary Lewis, 271, 303
+
+Gannett, William C., 271, 303
+
+Garrett, Mary, 306-07, 326
+
+Garrison, William Lloyd, 16, 23, 25-26, 44-47, 52, 60-63, 71, 77, 82,
+  84-87, 89, 90-92, 95, 104-05, 111-12, 134, 137, 139, 143, 169, 184,
+  233, 235, 281, 312
+
+General Federation of Women's Clubs, 263, 283
+
+Gibbons, Abby Hopper, 90, 146
+
+Gilman, Charlotte Perkins Stetson, 279
+
+Godbe, William S., 186
+
+Gompers, Samuel, 285
+
+Gough, John B., 24, 136
+
+Grant, Ulysses S., 112, 146-47, 201, 213, 227, 315
+
+Greeley, Horace, 25, 28, 47, 57, 80-81, 85, 98, 101, 103-04, 123,
+  126-27, 132, 134, 137, 141-42, 174, 176, 196-97, 267
+
+Greeley, Mary Cheney, 126, 146
+
+Greenwood, Grace, 159
+
+Grimké Sisters, 30, 102, 312
+
+
+Hallowell, Mary, 23, 77, 314
+
+Hamilton, Gail, 101
+
+Harper, Ida Husted, 271-72, 281, 295-96, 324
+
+Hawley, Genevieve, 281, 325
+
+Hay, Mary Garrett, 290-92
+
+Hearst, Phoebe, 272
+
+Hearst, William Randolph, 272
+
+Higginson, Thomas Wentworth, 52, 59, 60, 63, 67, 145-46, 169, 172
+
+History of Woman Suffrage, 236-39, 295, 302
+
+Hooker, Isabella Beecher, 167-68, 172, 174-75, 180-83, 185, 191,
+  194-95, 320-21
+
+Hooker, John, 221, 320
+
+Hovey, Charles F., 51, 77, 79
+
+Hovey Fund, 77, 79, 102, 117, 123, 128
+
+Howe, Julia Ward, 162, 169, 171, 173, 175, 207, 280
+
+Howe, Samuel G., 63
+
+Hoxie, Hannah Anthony, 4, 19
+
+Hunt, Dr. Harriot K., 32, 217
+
+Hunt, Judge Ward, 209-14
+
+Hutchinson Family Singers, 102, 128, 317
+
+
+International Council of Women, 234, 245-49, 288-89, 299-300, 302, 325
+
+International Woman Suffrage Alliance, 299-300
+
+Irwin, Inez Haynes, 306
+
+
+Jackson, Francis, 52, 53, 61, 75, 76, 79, 238, 313
+
+Jackson Fund, 75, 79, 117, 127
+
+Jacobi, Dr. Mary Putnam, 292
+
+Johnson, Adelaide, 323
+
+Johnson, Andrew, 111, 113, 120, 140-41
+
+Julian, George W., 140, 159-60, 180, 196
+
+
+Kansas campaigns, 127-38, 261, 267-69
+
+Kelley, Abby. _See_ Foster, Abby Kelley.
+
+Kelley, Florence, 286
+
+Knights of Labor, 253, 261, 286, 325
+
+Lane, Carrie. _See_ Catt, Carrie Chapman.
+
+Lapham, Anson, 171, 318, 320
+
+Laughlin, Gail, 286
+
+Lawrence, Margaret Stanton, 67, 100, 236, 257
+
+Lewis and Clark Exposition, 303-04
+
+_Liberator, The_, 16, 23, 63, 85-86, 92, 105, 112, 139
+
+_Lily, The_, 26, 32
+
+Lincoln, Abraham, 62, 64, 84-85, 87-88, 92-93, 97-98, 100, 102, 104-06,
+  111, 113, 145, 209, 305
+
+Livermore, Mary, 161, 164, 169, 173, 196, 207, 242, 247, 280, 322
+
+Lockwood, Belva, 195, 245, 314
+
+Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 66, 109
+
+Longfellow, Samuel, 79, 83, 314
+
+Lozier, Dr. Clemence, 157, 167, 231
+
+Luther, Mary. _See_ Anthony, Mary Luther.
+
+Lyceum Lecture Tours, 177
+
+Lyon, Mary, 7, 306
+
+
+Married Women's Property Law, 19-20, 38-39, 54, 78, 95, 101
+
+Mason, Anna Dann, 281, 303
+
+May, Samuel J., 23, 31, 41, 87-88, 92, 124, 176
+
+May, Samuel Jr., 58, 62
+
+Mayo, Rev. A. D., 82-83
+
+McCulloch, Catharine Waugh, 294
+
+McFarland, Daniel, 174
+
+McFarland, Mrs. _See_ Richardson, Abby Sage.
+
+McLean, Aaron, 13-14, 20, 62, 108, 235, 316, 322
+
+McLean, Ann Eliza, 108
+
+McLean, Guelma Anthony, 1, 7, 9-15, 18, 46, 62, 108, 129, 190, 199, 219
+
+McLean, Judge John, 7-8, 13
+
+Melliss, David M., 138-39
+
+Mill, Harriet Taylor, 71
+
+Mill, John Stuart, 71, 128-29, 222
+
+Miller, Elizabeth Smith, 26, 33, 146, 165-66, 205, 312
+
+Minor, Francis, 180, 198, 200
+
+Minor, Virginia, 175, 180, 200, 214, 216, 252
+
+Mitchell, Maria, 207
+
+Monroe County Lectures, 204-07
+
+Montgomery, Helen Barrett, 294
+
+Mormons, 186-87, 234, 244, 262
+
+Mosher, Eugene, 235, 311, 316, 322
+
+Mosher, Hannah Anthony, 1, 7-9, 12, 15, 18, 46, 108, 190, 199, 209,
+  219, 230, 311, 316
+
+Mosher, Louise, 235, 322
+
+Mott, James, 33-34, 124
+
+Mott, Lucretia, 18, 20-21, 25, 27, 33-34, 44-45, 54, 73-74, 83, 88,
+  95, 112, 117, 124, 165, 170, 177, 183, 226-27, 274, 279, 319, 323
+
+Mott, Lydia, 10, 18, 30, 40, 73, 76-77, 89, 93, 95-96, 112, 117, 170,
+  203, 231, 235
+
+Moulson, Deborah, 9-11, 18, 20, 24
+
+
+National American Woman Suffrage Association, 251, 260, 263, 274-78,
+  283-87, 289-93, 295-97, 302-03, 307-08
+
+National Council of Women, 246
+
+National Labor Union Congress, 149-52, 155-56
+
+National Woman Suffrage Association, 165, 173, 175, 177, 183, 185,
+  191-95, 221, 226, 233, 242, 245-51, 318, 323
+
+Negro slavery, 4, 7, 23, 43-46, 58, 60, 62, 71, 82, 84-86, 88-90,
+  96-98, 102-03, 109, 111-13, 162, 311
+
+Negro suffrage, 102, 105, 110-14, 116-18, 120-25, 127, 131-33, 135,
+  140-42, 145, 148, 159-63, 165-66, 192, 215
+
+New York constitutional conventions, 125-27, 266-67, 317
+
+New York State Industrial School, Rochester, New York, 256
+
+New York State Teachers' convention, 36-37, 67-70
+
+Nichols, Clarina, 32, 274, 316
+
+Nightingale, Florence, 99
+
+Nineteenth Amendment, 310, 321
+
+
+Oberlin College, 28, 33, 70
+
+Occupations, Women's, 36, 37, 69, 70-71, 247
+
+Oklahoma campaign, 303
+
+Oregon campaigns, 189-90, 303-04, 326
+
+Owen, Robert Dale, 80, 101, 115, 120
+
+
+Palmer, Bertha Honoré, 261-62
+
+Pankhurst, Emmeline, 325
+
+Park, Maud Wood, 306
+
+Parker, Theodore, 52, 73, 129
+
+Phelps, Dr. Charles Abner, 89-91
+
+Phelps, Mrs. Charles Abner, 89-91, 315
+
+Phelps, Elizabeth, 160, 194, 318
+
+Phillips, Wendell, 23, 25, 46-47, 49, 52, 59-61, 65, 76-77, 81-82, 87,
+  90-92, 95, 103, 105-06, 112-17, 120, 124, 127, 134-35, 137, 141, 184,
+  233, 238, 312, 318
+
+Pillsbury, Parker, 23, 25, 47, 49, 59, 61, 65-66, 77, 92, 94, 105, 112,
+  115, 117, 123, 135, 138, 140, 143, 167, 171, 177-78, 184, 224, 269
+
+Pomeroy, Senator S. C., 123, 137, 140, 159-60
+
+Post, Amy, 23, 199
+
+Purvis, Robert, 124
+
+
+Quakers, 4-5, 8-9, 12-14, 16-18, 20-21, 23-25, 33, 44, 49, 53, 92, 171,
+  311, 314-15
+
+
+Read, Daniel, 1, 6, 15, 311
+
+Read, Joshua, 11, 15, 17, 20, 45-46
+
+Read, Susannah Richardson, 6, 311
+
+Republicans, 52, 60, 64, 84, 86, 88, 92, 103, 114-15, 118, 122-24,
+  130-32, 135-36, 141, 143, 146-48, 159, 169, 173, 183, 193,
+  196-97, 200, 215, 226, 232, 243, 253, 260, 266-69, 272, 305, 318
+
+_Revolution, The_, 134, 137-46, 148-49, 152-55, 157-58, 160-62,
+  165-67, 169, 171-74, 177-80, 188-89, 198, 205, 213, 217, 219, 220-21,
+  225, 261, 280, 294, 318, 320, 326
+
+Richards, Caroline Cowles, 48
+
+Richardson, Abbie Sage, 174-75
+
+Richardson, Albert D., 174
+
+Ricker, Marilla, 198
+
+Riddle, Albert G., 181, 200, 214
+
+Robinson, Charles, 130, 135
+
+Rochester, University of, 225, 258, 294-95
+
+Rogers, Dr. Seth, 51-52
+
+Roosevelt, Theodore, 305
+
+Rose, Ernestine, 32, 41-44, 48, 51, 71, 81, 102, 124, 165, 217, 239, 246
+
+
+Sacajawea, 304, 326
+
+Sage, Mrs. Russell, 292
+
+Sanborn, Frank, 63, 117
+
+Sargent, Aaron A., 191, 213, 230, 232, 322
+
+Sargent, Ellen Clark, 191, 271, 273, 322
+
+Selden, Judge Henry R., 200, 202-03, 207, 209-12
+
+Sewall, May Wright, 244-45, 251, 262, 324
+
+Seward, William H., 62-64, 87
+
+Seymour, Horatio, 30, 98, 146-47
+
+Shaw, Anne Howard, 247-49, 251, 253-54, 260-61, 268-69, 273-76, 279-80,
+  284, 289-90, 293, 296-97, 300, 303, 308
+
+Sixteenth Amendment, 160-62, 164, 166, 172-73, 193, 216-17, 231-33
+
+Smith, Abby and Julia, 217
+
+Smith, Elizabeth Oakes, 33-34
+
+Smith, Gerrit, 33, 57, 63, 84, 88, 103, 125, 146, 170, 312
+
+South Dakota campaign, 253-55
+
+Spanish-American War, 282-83
+
+Spencer, Sarah Andrews, 198, 227
+
+Spofford, Jane, 233, 244, 251
+
+Stanford, Leland, 187
+
+Stanford, Mrs. Leland, 272
+
+Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 21, 26-29, 31-36, 39-41, 49-50, 57, 67-74,
+  77-84, 87, 94-95, 99-102, 104, 109-112, 114-30, 135-38, 140, 142-43,
+  146, 150, 159-62, 165-67, 169-71, 174-77, 179-80, 183, 185-91,
+  193-97, 199-200, 217, 220-21, 223, 226-27, 233-40, 244-45, 248-51,
+  256-58, 260, 264, 266, 270, 279-80, 287, 290, 292, 294-96, 299, 306,
+  314, 317-18, 321-23
+
+Stanton, Harriot. _See_ Blatch, Harriot Stanton.
+
+Stanton, Henry B., 27, 57, 70, 84, 94, 98-99, 104, 112, 257
+
+Stanton, Margaret. _See_ Lawrence, Margaret Stanton.
+
+Stanton, Theodore, 234, 245, 322
+
+Stetson, Charlotte Perkins. _See_ Gilman, Charlotte Perkins Stetson.
+
+Stevens, Thaddeus, 118, 121, 316
+
+Stone, Lucy, 25, 28-30, 33, 40-41, 50-52, 54, 58, 62, 69-72, 76, 80-81,
+  83, 99, 102, 117, 119, 124-25, 127-28, 131, 137, 144-45, 163-65,
+  169-73, 196, 207, 236-38, 247, 249, 251, 274, 313, 319, 321, 323
+
+Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 42, 174
+
+Sumner, Charles, 52, 101, 117-18, 120, 175, 314
+
+Sweet, Emma B., 270
+
+Sylvis, William H., 150, 155, 286
+
+
+Taylor, Harriet. _See_ Mill, Harriet Taylor.
+
+Terrell, Mary Church, 287-88, 302
+
+Thirteenth Amendment, 101, 104-05, 109, 111, 114, 118, 205, 215
+
+Thomas, M. Carey, 306-07
+
+Tilton, Elizabeth, 166, 219-21
+
+Tilton, Theodore, 101, 118, 120, 141, 143, 166, 185, 196, 219-21
+
+Train, George Francis, 131-33, 135-39, 143, 161, 169, 178, 185, 267, 317
+
+Tubman, Harriet, 93, 315
+
+
+Unitarians, 21, 23-24, 41, 44, 227, 228, 271, 303
+
+Upton, Harriet Taylor, 274-76, 280, 290, 292, 297
+
+
+Van Voorhis, John, 202-03, 207, 209, 214
+
+Vassar College, 79, 230, 239, 306
+
+Vaughn, Hester, 156-57, 165
+
+Victoria, Queen, 288
+
+Victoria Augusta, Empress, 302
+
+
+Wade, Senator Benjamin, 123, 140-41, 319
+
+Wages, Women's, 37, 70, 138, 149, 150-56, 247, 285-86
+
+Waite, Chief Justice, 214-15
+
+Walker, Dr. Mary, 99
+
+Weed, Thurlow, 30-31, 86
+
+Weld, Theodore, 25
+
+Whittier, John G., 124
+
+Willard, Emma, 7, 37
+
+Willard, Frances E., 218, 242-43, 245-47, 271, 321, 323
+
+Wilson, Senator Henry, 123, 140, 159-60, 197
+
+Wollstonecraft, Mary, 142
+
+Woman Suffrage, in Australia, 297, 310;
+  in Colorado, 230-31, 261, 264, 273, 297, 310;
+  in Great Britain, 55, 71, 176, 198, 288, 322-23;
+  in Idaho, 273, 310;
+  in New Zealand, 265, 310;
+  in Utah, 176, 186, 241, 273, 310;
+  in Wyoming, 176, 186, 198, 241, 252, 261, 273, 310
+
+Woman Suffrage Conventions, 159, 169-73, 175-76, 180-81, 183-85, 191-95,
+  204, 225, 233-34, 251, 277-78, 287, 295-96, 303-04, 306-07
+
+_Woman's Bible_, The, 258-60, 278-80
+
+_Woman's Journal_, 173, 175, 179, 207, 249, 319, 321
+
+Woman's Rights Conventions, Seneca Falls, 20;
+  Rochester, 21;
+  Syracuse, 31-32;
+  Albany, 39-41;
+  Philadelphia, 44;
+  Saratoga, 50-51;
+  New York, 70-71, 79-82
+
+Woman's State Temperance Society, 32, 35-36
+
+Woman's Suffrage Association of America, 146, 159
+
+_Woman's Tribune_, 231, 245, 249, 258, 270, 279, 323-24
+
+Women's Christian Temperance Union, 217-18, 242, 244, 247, 253, 263,
+  271, 283
+
+Women's National Loyal League, 101-03, 105, 315
+
+Woodhull, Victoria C., 180-86, 191-95, 220-21, 319, 322
+
+Woolley, Dr. Mary E., 306
+
+Workingwomen's Association, 149-53, 155-57, 317
+
+World's Fair, Chicago, 261-62, 288, 323-24
+
+World's Temperance Convention, 35
+
+Wright, Frances, 52, 80, 142
+
+Wright, Martha C., 33, 54, 88, 95, 124, 144, 165, 175, 185, 235
+
+
+[Transcriber's Notes:
+
+Every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as
+possible, including obsolete and variant spellings and other
+inconsistencies.  The transcriber made the following changes to the
+text to correct obvious errors:
+
+ 1. p.  14, Footnote #5 in Chapter "Quaker Heritage"
+            "ancestory" changed to "ancestry"
+ 2. p.  14, Footnote #12 in Chapter "Quaker Heritage"
+            "Dairy" changed to "Diary"
+ 3. p.  19, "responsibiity" changed to "responsibility"
+ 4. p.  31, "Presbysterian" changed to "Presbyterian"
+ 5. p.  53, "litle" changed to "little"
+ 6. p.  56, "Osawatamie" changed to "Osawatomie"
+ 7. p.  66, "marytrdom" changed to "martyrdom"
+ 8. p.  70, "newpaper" changed to "newspaper"
+ 9. p.  71, "Westminister" changed to "Westminster"
+10. p.  84, "betwen" changed to "between"
+11. p.  91, "fredom" changed to "freedom"
+12. p.  99, "marshall" changed to "marshal"
+13. p. 141, "Greley" changed to "Greeley"
+14. p. 143, "Garrion" changed to "Garrison"
+15. p. 154, "indepedence" changed to "independence"
+16. p. 155, rat office" changed to "rat office"
+17. p. 157, "Eourope" changed to "Europe"
+18. p. 162, "betwen" changed to "between"
+19. p. 164, at their side.  (Removed ending quote)
+20. p. 169, Mrs. Stanton and Susan use...."  (Added ending quote)
+21. p. 175, "Griffing" changed to "Griffin"
+22. p. 184, "Victorial" changed to "Victoria"
+23. p. 186, "senusous" changed to "sensuous"
+24. p. 195, "Wodhull" changed to "Woodhull"
+25. p. 203, "womanhoood" changed to "womanhood"
+26. p. 209, "againt" changed to "against"
+27. p. 231, "ben" changed to "been"
+28. p. 234, "discused" changed to "discussed"
+29. p. 235, "Josyln" changed to "Joslyn"
+30. p. 236, "Cage" changed to "Gage"
+31. p. 253, "politican" changed to "politician"
+32. p. 265, "suffage" changed to "suffrage"
+33. p. 265, Footnote #367 in Chapter "Victories in the West"
+            "Happerset" changed to "Happersett"
+34. p. 274, "ue" changed to "use"
+35. p. 298, "contine" changed to "continue"
+36. p. 298, Footnote #426 in Chapter "Passing the Torch"
+            "yater" changed to "later"
+37. p. 306, "Byrn" changed to "Bryn"
+38. p. 308, "farwell" changed to "farewell"
+39. p. 329, "Thoguhts" changed to "Thoughts"
+40. p. 335, "phophecy" changed to "prophecy"
+
+All footnotes for the book were located on pages 311-326 and have been
+relocated to immediately follow the chapter where they are referenced.
+
+End of Transcriber's Notes]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Susan B. Anthony, by Alma Lutz
+
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+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Susan B. Anthony, by Alma Lutz
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Susan B. Anthony
+       Rebel, Crusader, Humanitarian
+
+Author: Alma Lutz
+
+Release Date: January 25, 2007 [EBook #20439]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUSAN B. ANTHONY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Mark C. Orton, Richard J. Shiffer and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+<div class="trans-note">
+<p class="heading">Transcriber's Note:</p>
+
+<p>Extensive research did not uncover any evidence that the copyright on
+this publication was renewed.</p>
+
+<p>Every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as
+possible, including obsolete and variant spellings and other
+inconsistencies. Text that has been changed to correct an obvious
+error is noted at the <a href="#END">end</a> of this ebook.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<h1><a name="SUSAN_B_ANTHONY" id="SUSAN_B_ANTHONY"></a>SUSAN B. ANTHONY</h1>
+<br />
+
+<h3>REBEL, CRUSADER, HUMANITARIAN</h3>
+<br />
+
+<h2>BY ALMA LUTZ</h2>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h5>ZENGER PUBLISHING CO. INC.<br />
+BOX 9883, WASHINGTON DC 20015</h5>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a id="Page_Frontis" name="Page_Frontis"></a>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 309px;">
+<img src="images/000-001.jpg" width="309" height="450" alt="Susan B. Anthony" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Susan B. Anthony</span>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>Alma Lutz was born and brought up in North Dakota, graduated from the
+Emma Willard School and Vassar College, and attended the Boston
+University School of Business Administration. She has written numerous
+articles and pamphlets and for many years has been a contributor to
+<i>The Christian Science Monitor</i>. Active in organizations working for
+the political, civil, and economic rights of women, she has also been
+interested in preserving the records of women's role in history and
+serves on the Advisory Board of the Radcliffe Women's Archives. Miss
+Lutz is the author of <i>Emma Willard, Daughter of Democracy</i> (1929),
+<i>Created Equal, A Biography of Elizabeth Cady Stanton</i> (1940),
+<i>Challenging Years, The Memoirs of Harriot Stanton Blatch</i>, with
+Harriot Stanton Blatch (1940), and the editor of <i>With Love Jane,
+Letters from American Women on the War Fronts</i> (1945).</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+&copy; 1959 by Alma Lutz<br />
+Member of the Authors League of America<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Published by arrangement with<br />
+Beacon Press<br />
+All rights reserved.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<p>Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
+<br />
+Lutz, Alma.<br />
+Susan B. Anthony: rebel, crusader, humanitarian.<br />
+<br />
+Reprint of the ed. published by Beacon Press, Boston.<br />
+Bibliography: p.<br />
+Includes index.<br />
+1. Anthony, Susan Brownell, 1820-1906.<br />
+[JK1899.A6L8 1975]  324'.3'0924 [B]  75-37764<br />
+ISBN 0-89201-017-7</p>
+
+<br />
+<p class="center">Printed in the United States of America</p>
+<br />
+<hr />
+
+<h2><i>To the young women of today</i></h2>
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a>PREFACE</h2>
+
+
+<p>To strive for liberty and for a democratic way of life has always been
+a noble tradition of our country. Susan B. Anthony followed this
+tradition. Convinced that the principle of equal rights for all, as
+stated in the Declaration of Independence, must be expressed in the
+laws of a true republic, she devoted her life to the establishment of
+this ideal.</p>
+
+<p>Because she recognized in Negro slavery and in the legal bondage of
+women flagrant violations of this principle, she became an active,
+courageous, effective antislavery crusader and a champion of civil and
+political rights for women. She saw women's struggle for freedom from
+legal restrictions as an important phase in the development of
+American democracy. To her this struggle was never a battle of the
+sexes, but a battle such as any freedom-loving people would wage for
+civil and political rights.</p>
+
+<p>While her goals for women were only partially realized in her
+lifetime, she prepared the soil for the acceptance not only of her
+long-hoped-for federal woman suffrage amendment but for a worldwide
+recognition of human rights, now expressed in the United Nations
+Charter and the Declaration of Human Rights. She looked forward to the
+time when throughout the world there would be no discrimination
+because of race, color, religion, or sex.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="ACKNOWLEDGMENTS" id="ACKNOWLEDGMENTS"></a>ACKNOWLEDGMENTS</h2>
+
+
+<p>"The letters of a person ...," said Thomas Jefferson, "form the only
+full and genuine journal of his life." Susan B. Anthony's letters,
+hundreds of them, preserved in libraries and private collections, and
+her diaries have been the basis of this biography, and I acknowledge
+my indebtedness to the following libraries and their helpful
+librarians: the American Antiquarian Society; the Bancroft Library of
+the University of California; the Boston Public Library; the Henry E.
+Huntington Library and Art Gallery; the Indiana State Library; the
+Kansas Historical Society; the Library of Congress; the Susan B.
+Anthony Memorial Collection of the Los Angeles Public Library, which
+has been transferred to the Henry E. Huntington Library; the New York
+Public Library; the New York State Library; the Ohio State Library;
+the Radcliffe Women's Archives; the Seneca Falls Historical Society;
+the Smith College Library; the Susan B. Anthony Memorial Inc.,
+Rochester, New York; the University of Rochester Library; the
+University of Kentucky Library; and the Vassar College Library.</p>
+
+<p>I am particularly indebted to Lucy E. Anthony, who asked me to write a
+biography of her aunt, lent me her aunt's diaries, and was most
+generous with her records and personal recollections. To her and to
+her sister, Mrs. Ann Anthony Bacon, I am very grateful for photographs
+and for permission to quote from Susan B. Anthony's diaries and from
+her letters and manuscripts.</p>
+
+<p>Ida Husted Harper's <i>Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony</i>, written in
+collaboration with Susan B. Anthony, and the <i>History of Woman
+Suffrage</i>, compiled by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony,
+Matilda Joslyn Gage, and Ida Husted Harper, have been invaluable. As
+many of the letters and documents used in the preparation of these
+books were destroyed, they have preserved an important record of the
+work of Susan B. Anthony and of the woman's rights movement.</p>
+
+<p>I am especially grateful to Martha Taylor Howard for her unfailing
+interest and for the use of the valuable Susan B. Anthony Memorial
+Collection which she initiated and developed in Rochester, New York;
+and to Una R. Winter for her interest and for the use of her Susan B.
+Anthony Collection, most of which is now in the Henry E. Huntington
+Library.</p>
+
+<p>I thank Edna M. Stantial for permission to examine and quote from the
+Blackwell Papers; Anna Dann Mason for permission to read her
+reminiscences and the many letters written to her by Susan B. Anthony;
+Ellen Garrison for permission to quote from letters of Lucretia Mott
+and Martha C. Wright; Eleanor W. Thompson for copies of Susan B.
+Anthony's letters to Amelia Bloomer; Henry R. Selden II whose
+grandfather was Susan B. Anthony's lawyer during her trial for voting;
+Judge John Van Voorhis whose grandfather was associated with Judge
+Selden in Miss Anthony's defense; William B. Brown for information
+about the early history of Adams, Massachusetts, the Susan B. Anthony
+birthplace, and the Friends Meeting House in Adams; Dr. James Harvey
+Young for information about Anna E. Dickinson; Margaret Lutz Fogg for
+help in connection with the trial of Susan B. Anthony; Dr. Blake
+McKelvey, City Historian of Rochester; Clara Sayre Selden and Wheeler
+Chapin Case of the Rochester Historical Society; the grand-nieces of
+Susan B. Anthony, Marion and Florence Mosher; Matilda Joslyn Gage II;
+Florence L. C. Kitchelt; and Rose Arnold Powell.</p>
+
+<p>I thank <i>The Christian Science Monitor</i> for permission to use portions
+of an article published on October 24, 1958.</p>
+
+<p>I am especially grateful to A. Marguerite Smith for her constructive
+criticism of the manuscript and her unfailing encouragement.</p>
+
+<p class="author">alma lutz</p>
+<p><i>Highmeadow</i><br />
+<i>Berlin, New York</i><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="TABLE_OF_CONTENTS" id="TABLE_OF_CONTENTS"></a>TABLE OF CONTENTS</h2>
+<ul class="TOC lowercase sc">
+<li>QUAKER HERITAGE<span class="tocright"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></span></li>
+<li>WIDENING HORIZONS<span class="tocright"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></span></li>
+<li>FREEDOM TO SPEAK<span class="tocright"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></span></li>
+<li>A PURSE OF HER OWN<span class="tocright"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></span></li>
+<li>NO UNION WITH SLAVEHOLDERS<span class="tocright"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></span></li>
+<li>THE TRUE WOMAN<span class="tocright"><a href="#Page_67">67</a></span></li>
+<li>THE ZEALOT<span class="tocright"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></span></li>
+<li>A WAR FOR FREEDOM<span class="tocright"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></span></li>
+<li>THE NEGRO'S HOUR<span class="tocright"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></span></li>
+<li>TIMES THAT TRIED WOMEN'S SOULS<span class="tocright"><a href="#Page_125">125</a></span></li>
+<li>HE ONE WORD OF THE HOUR<span class="tocright"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></span></li>
+<li>WORK, WAGES, AND THE BALLOT<span class="tocright"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></span></li>
+<li>THE INADEQUATE FIFTEENTH AMENDMENT<span class="tocright"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></span></li>
+<li>A HOUSE DIVIDED<span class="tocright"><a href="#Page_169">169</a></span></li>
+<li>A NEW SLANT ON THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT<span class="tocright"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></span></li>
+<li>TESTING THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT<span class="tocright"><a href="#Page_198">198</a></span></li>
+<li>"IS IT A CRIME FOR A CITIZEN ... TO VOTE?"<span class="tocright"><a href="#Page_209">209</a></span></li>
+<li>SOCIAL PURITY<span class="tocright"><a href="#Page_217">217</a></span></li>
+<li>A FEDERAL WOMAN SUFFRAGE AMENDMENT<span class="tocright"><a href="#Page_226">226</a></span></li>
+<li>RECORDING WOMEN'S HISTORY<span class="tocright"><a href="#Page_235">235</a></span></li>
+<li>IMPETUS FROM THE WEST<span class="tocright"><a href="#Page_241">241</a></span></li>
+<li>VICTORIES IN THE WEST<span class="tocright"><a href="#Page_252">252</a></span></li>
+<li>LIQUOR INTERESTS ALERT FOREIGN-BORN VOTERS AGAINST WOMAN SUFFRAGE<span class="tocright"><a href="#Page_266">266</a></span></li>
+<li>AUNT SUSAN AND HER GIRLS<span class="tocright"><a href="#Page_274">274</a></span></li>
+<li>PASSING ON THE TORCH<span class="tocright"><a href="#Page_285">285</a></span></li>
+<li>SUSAN B. ANTHONY OF THE WORLD<span class="tocright"><a href="#Page_299">299</a></span></li>
+<li>NOTES<span class="tocright"><a href="#Page_311">311</a></span></li>
+<li>BIBLIOGRAPHY<span class="tocright"><a href="#Page_327">327</a></span></li>
+<li>INDEX<span class="tocright"><a href="#Page_335">335</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="TABLE_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS" id="TABLE_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS"></a>TABLE OF ILLUSTRATIONS</h2>
+
+<table summary="Illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class="toc2">Susan B. Anthony at the age of thirty-five<br />
+<small>(From a daguerrotype, courtesy Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, N.Y.)</small></td>
+<td class="toc3"><a href="#Page_Frontis" id="toc10"><i>Frontispiece</i></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="toc2">Daniel Anthony, father of Susan B. Anthony<br />
+<small>(From <i>The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony</i> by Ida Husted Harper)</small></td>
+<td class="toc3"><a href="#Page_2" id="toc2">2</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc2">Lucy Read Anthony, mother of Susan B. Anthony<br />
+<small>(From <i>The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony</i> by Ida Husted Harper)</small></td>
+<td class="toc3"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc2">Susan B. Anthony Homestead, Adams, Massachusetts<br />
+<small>(The Smith Studio, Adams, Massachusetts)</small></td>
+<td class="toc3"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc2">Frederick Douglass</td>
+<td class="toc3"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc2">Elizabeth Cady Stanton in her "Bloomer costume"<br />
+<small>(From <i>The Lily</i>)</small></td>
+<td class="toc3"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc2">Lucy Stone<br />
+<small>(From <i>Lucy Stone</i> by Alice Stone Blackwell. Courtesy Little, Brown and Company)</small></td>
+<td class="toc3"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc2">Susan B. Anthony at the age of thirty-four<br />
+<small>(Courtesy Susan B. Anthony Memorial, Inc., Rochester, New York)</small></td>
+<td class="toc3"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc2">James and Lucretia Mott<br />
+<small>(From <i>James and Lucretia Mott</i> by Anna D. Hallowell.<br />
+Courtesy Houghton Mifflin Company)</small></td>
+<td class="toc3"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc2">Elizabeth Cady Stanton and her son, Henry</td>
+<td class="toc3"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc2">Ernestine Rose<br />
+<small>(From <i>History of Woman Suffrage</i> by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony,<br />
+and Matilda Joslyn Gage)</small></td>
+<td class="toc3"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc2">Parker Pillsbury<br />
+<small>(From <i>William Lloyd Garrison</i> by His Children)</small></td>
+<td class="toc3"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc2">Merritt Anthony<br />
+<small>(Courtesy Mrs. Ann Anthony Bacon)</small></td>
+<td class="toc3"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc2">Susan B. Anthony, 1856<br />
+<small>(Courtesy Mrs. Ann Anthony Bacon)</small></td>
+<td class="toc3"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc2">Lucy Stone and her daughter, Alice Stone Blackwell<br />
+<small>(Courtesy Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery, San Marino, California)</small></td>
+<td class="toc3"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc2">William Lloyd Garrison<br />
+<small>(From <i>William Lloyd Garrison and His Times</i> by Oliver Johnson)</small></td>
+<td class="toc3"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc2">Susan B. Anthony</td>
+<td class="toc3"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc2">Daniel Anthony, brother of Susan B. Anthony<br />
+<small>(Courtesy Mrs. Ann Anthony Bacon)</small></td>
+<td class="toc3"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc2">Wendell Phillips<br />
+<small>(From <i>William Lloyd Garrison</i> by His Children)</small></td>
+<td class="toc3"><a href="#Page_114">114</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc2">George Francis Train<br />
+<small>(Courtesy New York Public Library)</small></td>
+<td class="toc3"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc2">Anna E. Dickinson<br />
+<small>(From <i>History of Woman Suffrage</i> by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony,<br />
+and Matilda Joslyn Gage)</small></td>
+<td class="toc3"><a href="#Page_144">144</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc2">Paulina Wright Davis</td>
+<td class="toc3"><a href="#Page_165">165</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc2">Isabella Beecher Hooker</td>
+<td class="toc3"><a href="#Page_167">167</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc2">Victoria C. Woodhull</td>
+<td class="toc3"><a href="#Page_181">181</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc2">Susan B. Anthony, 1871<br />
+<small>(Courtesy Mrs. Ann Anthony Bacon)</small></td>
+<td class="toc3"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc2">Judge Henry R. Selden<br />
+<small>(Courtesy Henry R. Selden II)</small></td>
+<td class="toc3"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc2">"The Woman Who Dared"<br />
+<small>(New York <i>Daily Graphic</i>, June 5, 1873)</small></td>
+<td class="toc3"><a href="#Page_206">206</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc2">Aaron A. Sargent<br />
+<small>(Courtesy Library of Congress)</small></td>
+<td class="toc3"><a href="#Page_229">229</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc2">Clara Bewick Colby<br />
+<small>(From <i>History of Woman Suffrage</i> by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony,<br />
+and Matilda Joslyn Gage)</small></td>
+<td class="toc3"><a href="#Page_232">232</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc2">Matilda Joslyn Gage<br />
+<small>(From <i>History of Woman Suffrage</i> by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony,<br />
+and Matilda Joslyn Gage)</small></td>
+<td class="toc3"><a href="#Page_236">236</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc2">Anna Howard Shaw<br />
+<small>(From a photograph by Mary Carnel)</small></td>
+<td class="toc3"><a href="#Page_248">248</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc2">Harriot Stanton Blatch<br />
+<small>(Courtesy Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery, San Marino, California)</small></td>
+<td class="toc3"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc2">The Anthony home, Rochester, New York<br />
+<small>(Courtesy Susan B. Anthony Memorial, Inc., Rochester, New York)</small></td>
+<td class="toc3"><a href="#Page_255">255</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc2">Susan B. Anthony at her desk<br />
+<small>(Courtesy Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts)</small></td>
+<td class="toc3"><a href="#Page_257">257</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc2">Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton</td>
+<td class="toc3"><a href="#Page_259">259</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc2">Elizabeth Smith Miller, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Susan B. Anthony</td>
+<td class="toc3"><a href="#Page_262">262</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc2">Ida Husted Harper<br />
+<small>(Courtesy Library of Congress)</small></td>
+<td class="toc3"><a href="#Page_271">271</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc2">Rachel Foster Avery<br />
+<small>(Courtesy Library of Congress)</small></td>
+<td class="toc3"><a href="#Page_275">275</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc2">Harriet Taylor Upton<br />
+<small>(Courtesy Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery, San Marino, California)</small></td>
+<td class="toc3"><a href="#Page_276">276</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc2">Carrie Chapman Catt<br />
+<small>(Courtesy Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts)</small></td>
+<td class="toc3"><a href="#Page_289">289</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc2">Quotation in the handwriting of Susan B. Anthony</td>
+<td class="toc3"><a href="#Page_297">297</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc2">Susan B. Anthony at the age of eighty-five<br />
+<small>(From a photograph by J. E. Hale)</small></td>
+<td class="toc3"><a href="#Page_301">301</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc2">Susan B. Anthony, 1905<br />
+<small>(From a photograph by Ellis)</small></td>
+<td class="toc3"><a href="#Page_309">309</a></td></tr>
+
+</table>
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="QUAKER_HERITAGE" id="QUAKER_HERITAGE"></a>QUAKER HERITAGE</h2>
+
+
+<p>"If Sally Ann knows more about weaving than Elijah," reasoned
+eleven-year-old Susan with her father, "then why don't you make her
+overseer?"</p>
+
+<p>"It would never do," replied Daniel Anthony as a matter of course. "It
+would never do to have a woman overseer in the mill."</p>
+
+<p>This answer did not satisfy Susan and she often thought about it. To
+enter the mill, to stand quietly and look about, was the best kind of
+entertainment, for she was fascinated by the whir of the looms, by the
+nimble fingers of the weavers, and by the general air of efficiency.
+Admiringly she watched Sally Ann Hyatt, the tall capable weaver from
+Vermont. When the yarn on the beam was tangled or there was something
+wrong with the machinery, Elijah, the overseer, always called out to
+Sally Ann, "I'll tend your loom, if you'll look after this." Sally Ann
+never failed to locate the trouble or to untangle the yarn. Yet she
+was never made overseer, and this continued to puzzle Susan.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p>
+
+<p>The manufacture of cotton was a new industry, developing with great
+promise in the United States, when Susan B. Anthony was born on
+February 15, 1820, in the wide valley at the foot of Mt. Greylock,
+near Adams, Massachusetts. Enterprising young men like her father,
+Daniel Anthony, saw a potential cotton mill by the side of every
+rushing brook, and young women, eager to earn the first money they
+could call their own, were leaving the farms, for a few months at
+least, to work in the mills. Cotton cloth was the new sensation and
+the demand for it was steadily growing. Brides were proud to display a
+few cotton sheets instead of commonplace homespun linen.</p>
+
+<p>When Susan was two years old, her father built a cotton factory of
+twenty-six looms beside the brook which ran through Grandfather Read's
+meadow, hauling the cotton forty miles by wagon from Troy, New York.
+The millworkers, most of them young girls from Vermont, boarded, as
+was the custom, in the home of the millowner; Susan's mother, Lucy
+Read Anthony, although she had three small daughters to care for,
+Guelma, Susan, and Hannah,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span> boarded eleven of the millworkers with
+only the help of a thirteen-year-old girl who worked for her after
+school hours. Lucy Anthony cooked their meals on the hearth of the big
+kitchen fireplace, and in the large brick oven beside it baked crisp
+brown loaves of bread. In addition, washing, ironing, mending, and
+spinning filled her days. But she was capable and strong and was doing
+only what all women in this new country were expected to do. She
+taught her young daughters to help her, and Susan, even before she was
+six, was very useful; by the time she was ten she could cook a good
+meal and pack a dinner pail.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 289px;">
+<img src="images/002.jpg" width="289" height="450" alt="Daniel Anthony, father of Susan B. Anthony" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Daniel Anthony, father of Susan B. Anthony</span>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>Hard work and skill were respected as Susan grew up in the rapidly
+expanding young republic which less than fifty years before had been
+founded and fought for. Settlers, steadily pushing westward, had built
+new states out of the wilderness, adding ten to the original thirteen.
+Everywhere the leaven of democracy was working and men were putting
+into practice many of the principles so boldly stated in the
+Declaration of Independence, claiming for themselves equal rights and
+opportunities. The new states entered<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> the Union with none of the
+traditional property and religious limitations on the franchise, but
+with manhood suffrage and all voters eligible for office. The older
+states soon fell into line, Massachusetts in 1820 removing property
+qualifications for voters. Before long, throughout the United States,
+all free white men were enfranchised, leaving only women, Negroes, and
+Indians without the full rights of citizenship.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 275px;">
+<img src="images/003.jpg" width="275" height="450" alt="Lucy Read Anthony, mother of Susan B. Anthony" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Lucy Read Anthony, mother of Susan B. Anthony</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Although women freeholders had voted in some of the colonies and in
+New Jersey as late as 1807,<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> just as in England in the fifteenth
+franchise had gradually found its way into the statutes, and women's
+rights as citizens were ignored, in spite of the contribution they had
+made to the defense and development of the new nation. However,
+European travelers, among them De Tocqueville, recognized that the
+survival of the New World experiment in government and the prosperity
+and strength of the people were due in large measure to the
+superiority of American women. A few women had urged their claims:
+Abigail Adams asked her husband, a member of the Continental Congress,
+"to remember the ladies" in the "new<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> code of laws"; and Hannah Lee
+Corbin of Virginia pleaded with her brother, Richard Henry Lee, to
+make good the principle of "no taxation without representation" by
+enfranchising widows with property.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p>
+
+<p>Yet the legal bondage of women continued to be overlooked. It seemed a
+less obvious threat to free institutions and democratic government
+than the Negro in slavery. In fact, Negro slavery presented a problem
+which demanded attention again and again, flaring up alarmingly in
+1820, the year Susan B. Anthony was born, when Missouri was admitted
+to the Union as a slave state.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>These were some of the forces at work in the minds of Americans during
+Susan's childhood. Her father, a liberal Quaker, was concerned over
+the extension of slavery, and she often heard him say that he tried to
+avoid purchasing cotton raised by slave labor. This early impression
+of the evil of slavery was never erased.</p>
+
+<p>The Quakers' respect for women's equality with men before God also
+left its mark on young Susan. As soon as she was old enough she went
+regularly to Meeting with her father, for all of the Anthonys were
+Quakers. They had migrated to western Massachusetts from Rhode Island,
+and there on the frontier had built prosperous farms, comfortable
+homes, and a meeting house where they could worship God in their own
+way. Susan, sitting with the women and children on the hand-hewn
+benches near the big fireplace in the meeting house<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> which her
+ancestors had built, found peace and consecration in the simple
+unordered service, in the long reverent silence broken by both the men
+and the women in the congregation as they were led to say a prayer or
+give out a helpful message. Forty families now worshiped here, the
+women sitting on one side and the men on the other; but women took
+their places with men in positions of honor, Susan's own grandmother,
+Hannah Latham Anthony, an elder, sitting in the "high seat," and her
+aunt, Hannah Anthony Hoxie, preaching as the spirit moved her. With
+this valuation of women accepted as a matter of course in her church
+and family circle, Susan took it for granted that it existed
+everywhere.</p>
+
+<p>Although her father was a devout Friend, she discovered that he had
+the reputation of thinking for himself, following the "inner<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> light"
+even when its leading differed from the considered judgment of his
+fellow Quakers. For this he became a hero to her, especially after she
+heard the romantic story of his marriage to Lucy Read who was not a
+Quaker. The Anthonys and the Reads had been neighbors for years, and
+Lucy was one of the pupils at the "home school" which Grandfather
+Humphrey Anthony had built for his children on the farm, under the
+weeping willow at the front gate. Daniel and Lucy were schoolmates
+until Daniel at nineteen was sent to Richard Mott's Friends' boarding
+school at Nine Partners on the Hudson. When he returned as a teacher,
+he found his old playmate still one of the pupils, but now a beautiful
+tall young woman with deep blue eyes and glossy brown hair. Full of
+fun, a good dancer, and always dressed in the prettiest clothes, she
+was the most popular girl in the neighborhood. Promptly Daniel Anthony
+fell in love with her, but an almost insurmountable obstacle stood in
+the way: Quakers were not permitted to "marry out of Meeting." This,
+however, did not deter Daniel.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/005.jpg" width="450" height="298" alt="Susan B. Anthony Homestead, Adams, Massachusetts" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Susan B. Anthony Homestead, Adams, Massachusetts</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>It was harder for Lucy to make up her mind. She enjoyed parties,
+dances, and music. She had a full rich voice, and as she<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> sat at her
+spinning wheel, singing and spinning, she often wished that she could
+"go into a ten acre lot with the bars down"<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> and let her voice out.
+If she married Daniel, she would have to give all this up, but she
+decided in favor of Daniel. A few nights before the wedding, she went
+to her last party and danced until four in the morning while Daniel
+looked on and patiently waited until she was ready to leave.</p>
+
+<p>For his transgression of marrying out of Meeting, Daniel had to face
+the elders as soon as he returned from his wedding trip. They weighed
+the matter carefully, found him otherwise sincere and earnest, and
+decided not to turn him out. Lucy gave up her dancing and her singing.
+She gave up her pretty bright-colored dresses for plain somber
+clothes, but she did not adopt the Quaker dress or use the "plain
+speech." She went to meeting with Daniel but never became a Quaker,
+feeling always that she could not live up to their strict standard of
+righteousness.<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p>
+
+<p>This was Susan's heritage&mdash;Quaker discipline and austerity lightened
+by her father's independent spirit and by the kindly understanding of
+her mother who had not forgotten her own fun-loving girlhood; an
+environment where men and women were partners in church and at home,
+where hard physical work was respected, where help for the needy and
+unfortunate was spontaneous, and where education was regarded as so
+important that Grandfather Anthony built a school for his children and
+the neighbors' in his front yard. Her childhood was close enough to
+the Revolution to make Grandfather Read's part in it very real and a
+source of great pride. Eagerly and often she listened to the story of
+how he enlisted in the Continental army as soon as the news of the
+Battle of Lexington reached Cheshire and served with outstanding
+bravery under Arnold at Quebec, Ethan Allen at Ticonderoga, and
+Colonel Stafford at Bennington while his young wife waited anxiously
+for him throughout the long years of the war.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>The wide valley in the Berkshire Hills where Susan grew up made a
+lasting impression on her. There was beauty all about her&mdash;the fruit
+trees blooming in the spring, the meadows white with daisies, the
+brook splashing over the rocks and sparkling in the summer sun, the
+flaming colors of autumn, the strength and companionship<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> of the hills
+when the countryside was white with snow. She seldom failed to watch
+the sun set behind Greylock.</p>
+
+<p>Her father's cotton mill flourished. Regarded as one of the most
+promising, successful young men of the district, he soon attracted the
+attention of Judge John McLean, a cotton manufacturer of Battenville,
+New York, who, eager to enlarge his mills, saw in Daniel Anthony an
+able manager. Daniel, always ready to take the next step ahead,
+accepted McLean's offer, and on a sunny July day in 1826, Susan drove
+with her family through the hills forty-four miles to the new world of
+Battenville.</p>
+
+<p>Here in the home of Judge McLean, she saw Negroes for the first time,
+Negroes working to earn their freedom. Startled by their black faces,
+she was a little afraid, but when her father explained that in the
+South they could be sold like cattle and torn from their families, her
+fear turned to pity.</p>
+
+<p>At the district school, taught by a woman in summer and by a man in
+the winter, she learned to sew, spell, read, and write, and she wanted
+to study long division but the schoolmaster, unable to teach it, saw
+no reason why a woman should care for such knowledge. Her father, then
+realizing the need of better education for his five children, Guelma,
+Susan, Hannah, Daniel, and Mary, established a school for them in the
+new brick building where he had opened a store. Later on when their
+new brick house was finished, he set aside a large room for the
+school, and here for the first time in that district the pupils had
+separate seats, stools without backs, instead of the usual benches
+around the schoolroom walls. He engaged as teachers young women who
+had studied a year or two in a female seminary; and because female
+seminaries were rare in those days, women teachers with up-to-date
+training were hard to find. Only a few visionaries believed in the
+education of women. Nearby Emma Willard's recently established Troy
+Female Seminary was being watched with interest and suspicion. Mary
+Lyon, who had not yet founded her own seminary at Mt. Holyoke, was
+teaching at Zilpha Grant's school in Ipswich, Massachusetts, and one
+of her pupils, Mary Perkins, came to Battenville to teach the Anthony
+children. Mary Perkins brought new methods and new studies to the
+little school. She introduced a primer with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> small black illustrations
+which fascinated Susan. She taught the children to recite poetry,
+drilled them regularly in calisthenics, and longed to add music as
+well, but Daniel Anthony forbade this, for Quakers believed that music
+might seduce the thoughts of the young. So Susan, although she often
+had a song in her heart, had to repress it and never knew the joy of
+singing the songs of childhood.</p>
+
+<p>Her father, looking upon the millworkers as part of his family,
+started an evening school for them, often teaching it himself or
+calling in the family teacher. He organized a temperance society among
+the workers, and all signed a pledge never to drink distilled liquor.
+When he opened a store in the new brick building, he refused to sell
+liquor, although Judge McLean warned him it would ruin his trade.
+Daniel Anthony went even further. He resolved not to serve liquor when
+the millworkers' houses were built and the neighbors came to the
+"raising." Again Judge McLean protested, feeling certain that the men
+and boys would demand their gin and their rum, but Susan and her
+sisters helped their mother serve lemonade, tea, coffee, doughnuts,
+and gingerbread in abundance. The men joked a bit about the lack of
+strong drink which they expected with every meal, but they did not
+turn away from the good substitutes which were offered and they were
+on hand for the next "raising." Hearing all of this discussed at home,
+Susan, again proud of her father, ardently advocated the cause of
+temperance.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>The mill was still of great interest to her and she watched every
+operation closely in her spare time, longing to try her hand at the
+work. One day when a "spooler" was ill, Susan and her sister Hannah
+eagerly volunteered to take her place. Their father was ready to let
+them try, pleased by their interest and curious to see what they could
+do, but their mother protested that the mill was no place for
+children. Finally Susan's earnest pleading won her mother's reluctant
+consent, and the two girls drew lots for the job. It went to
+twelve-year-old Susan on the condition that she divide her earnings
+with Hannah. Every day for two weeks she went early to the mill in her
+plain homespun dress, her straight hair neatly parted and smoothed
+over her ears. Proudly she tended the spools. She was skillful and
+quick, and received the regular wage of $1.50 a week,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> which she
+divided with Hannah, buying with her share six pale blue coffee cups
+for her mother who had allowed her this satisfying adventure.</p>
+
+<p>A few weeks before her thirteenth birthday, Susan became a member of
+the Society of Friends which met in nearby Easton, New York, and
+learned to search her heart and ask herself, "Art thou faithful?"
+Parties, dancing, and entertainments were generally ruled out of her
+life as sinful, and rarely were a temptation, but occasionally her
+mother, remembering her own good times, let her and her sisters go to
+parties at the homes of their Presbyterian neighbors, and for this her
+father was criticized at Friends' Meeting. Condemning bright colors,
+frills, and jewelry as vain and worldly, Susan accepted plain somber
+clothing as a mark of righteousness, and when she deviated to the
+extent of wearing the Scotch-plaid coat which her mother had bought
+her, she wondered if the big rent torn in it by a dog might not be
+deserved punishment for her pride in wearing it.</p>
+
+<p>That same year, the family moved into their new brick house of fifteen
+rooms, with hard-finish plaster walls and light green woodwork, the
+finest house in that part of the country. Here Susan's brother Merritt
+was born the next April, and her two-year-old sister, Eliza, died.</p>
+
+<p>Susan, Guelma, and Hannah continued their studies longer than most
+girls in the neighborhood, for Quakers not only encouraged but
+demanded education for both boys and girls. As soon as Susan and her
+sister Guelma were old enough, they taught the "home" school in the
+summer when the younger children attended, and then went further
+afield to teach in nearby villages. At fifteen Susan was teaching a
+district school for $1.50 a week and board, and although it was hard
+for her to be away from home, she accepted it as a Friend's duty to
+provide good education for children. Now Presbyterian neighbors
+criticized her father, protesting that well-to-do young ladies should
+not venture into paid work.</p>
+
+<p>Daniel Anthony was now a wealthy man, his factory the largest and most
+prosperous in that part of the country, and he could afford more and
+better education for his daughters. He sent Guelma, the eldest, to
+Deborah Moulson's Friends' Seminary near Philadelphia, where for $125
+a year "the inculcation of the principles of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> Humility, Morality, and
+Virtue" received particular attention; and when Guelma was asked to
+stay on a second year as a teacher, he suggested that Susan join her
+there as a pupil.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>It was a long journey from Battenville to Philadelphia in 1837, and
+when Susan left her home on a snowy afternoon with her father, she
+felt as if the parting would be forever. Her first glimpse of the
+world beyond Battenville interested her immensely until her father
+left her at the seminary, and then she confessed to her diary, "Oh
+what pangs were felt. It seemed impossible for me to part with him. I
+could not speak to bid him farewell."<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> She tried to comfort herself
+by writing letters, and wrote so many and so much that Guelma often
+exclaimed, "Susan, thee writes too much; thee should learn to be
+concise." As it was a rule of the seminary that each letter must first
+be written out carefully on a slate, inspected by Deborah Moulson,
+then copied with care, inspected again, and finally sent out after
+four or five days of preparation, all spontaneity was stifled and her
+letters were stilted and overvirtuous. This censorship left its mark,
+and years later she confessed, "Whenever I take my pen in hand, I
+always seem to be mounted on stilts."<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></p>
+
+<p>To her diary she could confide her real feelings&mdash;her discouragement
+over her lack of improvement and her inability to understand her many
+"sins," such as not dotting an <i>i</i>, too much laughter, or smiling at
+her friends instead of reproving them for frivolous conduct. She
+wrote, "Thought so much of my resolutions to do better in the future
+that even my dreams were filled with these desires.... Although I have
+been guilty of much levity and nonsensical conversation, and have also
+admitted thoughts to occupy my mind which should have been far distant
+from it, I do not consider myself as having committed any wilful
+offense but perhaps the reason I cannot see my own defects is because
+my heart is hardened."<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a></p>
+
+<p>The girls studied a variety of subjects, arithmetic, algebra,
+literature, chemistry, philosophy, physiology, astronomy, and
+bookkeeping. Men came to the school to conduct some of the classes,
+and Deborah Moulson was also assisted by several student teachers, one
+of whom, Lydia Mott, became Susan's lifelong friend. Susan<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> worked
+hard, for she was a conscientious child, but none of her efforts
+seemed to satisfy Deborah Moulson, who was a hard taskmaster. Her
+reproofs cut deep, and once when Susan protested that she was always
+censured while Guelma was praised, Deborah Moulson sternly replied,
+"Thy sister Guelma does the best she is capable of, but thou dost not.
+Thou hast greater abilities and I demand of thee the best of thy
+capacity."<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></p>
+
+<p>Mail from home was a bright spot, bringing into those busy austere
+days news of her friends, and when she read that one of them had
+married an old widower with six children, she reflected sagely, "I
+should think any female would rather live and die an old maid."<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></p>
+
+<p>Then came word that her father's business had been so affected by the
+financial depression that the family would have to give up their home
+in Battenville. Sorrowfully she wrote in her diary, "O can I ever
+forget that loved residence in Battenville, and no more to call it
+home seems impossible."<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> It helped little to realize that countless
+other families throughout the country were facing the future penniless
+because banks had failed, mills were shut down, and work on canals and
+railroads had ceased. In April 1838, Daniel Anthony came to the
+seminary to take his daughters home.</p>
+
+<p>Susan felt keenly her father's sorrow over the failure of his business
+and the loss of the home he had built for his family, and she resolved
+at once to help out by teaching in Union Village, New York. In May
+1838, she wrote in her diary, "On last evening ... I again left my
+home to mingle with strangers which seems to be my sad lot. Separation
+was rendered more trying on account of the embarrassing condition of
+our business affairs, an inventory was expected to be taken today of
+our furniture by assignees.... Spent this day in school, found it
+small and quite disorderly. O, may my patience hold out to persevere
+without intermission."<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p>
+
+<p>Her patience did hold out, and also her courage, as the news came from
+home telling her how everything had to be sold to satisfy the
+creditors, the furniture, her mother's silver spoons, their clothing
+and books, the flour, tea, coffee, and sugar in the pantries. She
+rejoiced to hear that Uncle Joshua Read from Palatine Bridge, New
+York, had come to the rescue, had bought their most treasured and
+needed possessions and turned them over to her mother.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>On a cold blustery March day in 1839, when she was nineteen, Susan
+moved with her family two miles down the Battenkill to the little
+settlement of Hardscrabble, later called Center Falls, where her
+father owned a satinet factory and grist mill, built in more
+prosperous times. These were now heavily mortgaged but he hoped to
+save them. They moved into a large house which had been a tavern in
+the days when lumber had been cut around Hardscrabble. It was
+disappointing after their fine brick house in Battenville, but they
+made it comfortable, and their love for and loyalty to each other made
+them a happy family anywhere. As it had been a halfway house on the
+road to Troy and travelers continued to stop there asking for a meal
+or a night's lodging, they took them in, and young Daniel served them
+food and nonintoxicating drinks at the old tavern bar.</p>
+
+<p>Susan, when her school term was over, put her energies into housework,
+recording in her diary, "Did a large washing today.... Spent today at
+the spinning wheel.... Baked 21 loaves of bread.... Wove three yards
+of carpet yesterday."<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></p>
+
+<p>The attic of the tavern had been finished off for a ballroom with
+bottles laid under the floor to give a nice tone to the music of the
+fiddles, and now the young people of the village wanted to hold their
+dancing school there. Susan's father, true to his Quaker training,
+felt obliged to refuse, but when they came the second time to tell him
+that the only other place available was a disreputable tavern where
+liquor was sold, he relented a little, and talked the matter over with
+his wife and daughters. Lucy Anthony, recalling her love of dancing,
+urged him to let the young people come. Finally he consented on the
+condition that Guelma, Hannah, and Susan would not dance. They agreed.
+Every two weeks all through the winter, the fiddles played in the
+attic room and the boys and girls of the neighborhood danced the
+Virginia reel and their rounds and squares, while the three Quaker
+girls sat around the wall, watching and longing to join in the fun.</p>
+
+<p>Such frivolous entertainment in the home of a Quaker could not be
+condoned, and Daniel Anthony was not only severely censured by the
+Friends but read out of Meeting, "because he kept a place of amusement
+in his house." But he did not regret his so-called sin any more than
+he regretted marrying out of Meeting.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> He continued to attend Friends'
+Meeting, but grew more and more liberal as the years went by. At this
+time, like all Quakers, he refused to vote, not wishing in any way to
+support a government that believed in war, and this influenced Susan
+who for some years regarded voting as unimportant. He refused to pay
+taxes for the same reason, and she often saw him put his pocketbook on
+the table and then remark drily to the tax collector, "I shall not
+voluntarily pay these taxes. If thee wants to rifle my pocketbook,
+thee can do so."<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>To help her father with his burden of debt was now Susan's purpose in
+life, and in the spring she again left the family circle to teach at
+Eunice Kenyon's Friends' Seminary in New Rochelle, New York. There
+were twenty-eight day pupils and a few boarders at the seminary, and
+for long periods while Eunice Kenyon was ill, Susan took full charge.</p>
+
+<p>She wrote her family all the little details of her life, but their
+letters never came often enough to satisfy her. Occasionally she
+received a paper or a letter from Aaron McLean, Judge McLean's
+grandson, who had been her good friend and Guelma's ever since they
+had moved to Battenville. His letters almost always started an
+argument which both of them continued with zest. After hearing the
+Quaker preacher, Rachel Barker, she wrote him, "I guess if you would
+hear her you would believe in a woman's preaching. What an absurd
+notion that women have not intellectual and moral faculties sufficient
+for anything but domestic concerns."<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a></p>
+
+<p>When New Rochelle welcomed President Van Buren with a parade, bands
+playing, and crowds in the streets, this prim self-righteous young
+woman took no part in this hero worship, but gave vent to her
+disapproval in a letter to Aaron.</p>
+
+<p>Disturbed over the treatment Negroes received at Friends' Meeting in
+New Rochelle, she impulsively wrote him, "The people about here are
+anti-abolitionist and anti everything else that's good. The Friends
+raised quite a fuss about a colored man sitting in the meeting house,
+and some left on account of it.... What a lack of Christianity is
+this!"<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></p>
+
+<p>Her school term of fifteen weeks, for which she was paid $30, was over
+early in September, just in time for her to be at home<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> for Guelma's
+wedding to Aaron McLean, and afterward she stayed on to teach the
+village school in Center Falls. This made it possible for her to join
+in the social life of the neighborhood. Often the young people drove
+to nearby villages, twenty buggies in procession. On a drive to
+Saratoga, her escort asked her to give up teaching to marry him. She
+refused, as she did again a few years later when a Quaker elder tried
+to entice her with his fine house, his many acres, and his sixty cows.
+Although she had reached the age of twenty, when most girls felt they
+should be married, she was still particular, and when a friend married
+a man far inferior mentally, she wrote in her diary, "'Tis strange,
+'tis passing strange that a girl possessed of common sense should be
+willing to marry a lunatic&mdash;but so it is."<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></p>
+
+<p>During the next few years, both she and Hannah taught school almost
+continuously, for $2 to $2.50 a week. Time and time again Susan
+replaced a man who had been discharged for inefficiency. Although she
+made a success of the school, she discovered that she was paid only a
+fourth the salary he had received, and this rankled.</p>
+
+<p>Almost everywhere except among Quakers, she encountered a false
+estimate of women which she instinctively opposed. After spending
+several months with relatives in Vermont, where she had the unexpected
+opportunity of studying algebra, she stopped over for a visit with
+Guelma and Aaron in Battenville, where Aaron was a successful
+merchant. Eagerly she told them of her latest accomplishment. Aaron
+was not impressed. Later at dinner when she offered him the delicious
+cream biscuits which she had baked, he remarked with his most
+tantalizing air of male superiority, "I'd rather see a woman make
+biscuits like these than solve the knottiest problem in algebra."</p>
+
+<p>"There is no reason," she retorted, "why she should not be able to do
+both."<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="WIDENING_HORIZONS" id="WIDENING_HORIZONS"></a>WIDENING HORIZONS</h2>
+
+
+<p>Unable to recoup his business losses in Center Falls and losing even
+the satinet factory, Susan's father had looked about in Virginia and
+Michigan as well as western New York for an opportunity to make a
+fresh start. A farm on the outskirts of Rochester looked promising,
+and with the money which Lucy Anthony had inherited from Grandfather
+Read and which had been held for her by Uncle Joshua Read, the first
+payment had been made on the farm by Uncle Joshua, who held it in his
+name and leased it to Daniel.<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> Had it been turned over to Susan's
+mother, it would have become Daniel Anthony's property under the law
+and could have been claimed by his creditors.</p>
+
+<p>Only Susan, Merritt, and Mary climbed into the stage with their
+parents, early in November 1845, on the first lap of their journey to
+their new home, near Rochester, New York. Guelma and Hannah<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> were
+both married and settled in homes of their own, and young Daniel,
+clerking in Lenox, had decided to stay behind.</p>
+
+<p>After a visit with Uncle Joshua at Palatine Bridge, they boarded a
+line boat on the Erie Canal, taking with them their gray horse and
+wagon; and surrounded by their household goods, they moved slowly
+westward. Standing beside her father in the warm November sunshine,
+Susan watched the strong horses on the towpath, plodding patiently
+ahead, and heard the wash of the water against the prow and the noisy
+greeting of boat horns. As they passed the snug friendly villages
+along the canal and the wide fertile fields, now brown and bleak after
+the harvest, she wondered what the new farm would be like and what the
+future would bring; and at night when the lights twinkled in the
+settlements along the shore, she thought longingly of her old home and
+the sisters she had left behind.</p>
+
+<p>After a journey of several days, they reached Rochester late in the
+afternoon. Her father took the horse and wagon off the boat, and in
+the chill gray dusk drove them three miles over muddy roads to the
+farm. It was dark when they arrived, and the house was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> cold, empty,
+and dismal, but after the fires were lighted and her mother had cooked
+a big kettle of cornmeal mush, their spirits revived. Within the next
+few days they transformed it into a cheerful comfortable home.</p>
+
+<p>The house on a little hill overlooked their thirty-two acres. Back of
+it was the barn, a carriage house, and a little blacksmith shop.<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a>
+Looking out over the flat snowy fields toward the curving Genesee
+River and the church steeples in Rochester, Susan often thought
+wistfully of the blue hills around Center Falls and Battenville and of
+the good times she had had there.</p>
+
+<p>The winter was lonely for her in spite of the friendliness of their
+Quaker neighbors, the De Garmos, and the Quaker families in Rochester
+who called at once to welcome them. Her father found these neighbors
+very congenial and they readily interested him in the antislavery
+movement, now active in western New York. Within the next few months,
+several antislavery meetings were held in the Anthony home and opened
+a new world to Susan. For the first time she heard of the Underground
+Railroad which secretly guided fugitive slaves to Canada and of the
+Liberty party which was making a political issue of slavery. She
+listened to serious, troubled discussion of the annexation of Texas,
+bringing more power to the proslavery block, which even the
+acquisition of free Oregon could not offset. She read antislavery
+tracts and copies of William Lloyd Garrison's <i>Liberator</i>, borrowed
+from Quaker friends; and on long winter evenings, as she sat by the
+fire sewing, she talked over with her father the issues they raised.</p>
+
+<p>When spring came and the trees and bushes leafed out, she took more
+interest in the farm, discovering its good points one by one&mdash;the
+flowering quince along the driveway, the pinks bordering the walk to
+the front door, the rosebushes in the yard, and cherry trees, currant
+and gooseberry bushes in abundance. Her father planted peach and apple
+orchards and worked the "sixpenny farm,"<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> as he called it, to the
+best of his ability, but the thirty-two acres seemed very small
+compared with the large Anthony and Read farms in the Berkshires, and
+he soon began to look about for more satisfying work. This he found a
+few years later with the New York Life Insurance Company, then
+developing its business in western New<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> York. Very successful in this
+new field, he continued in it the rest of his life, but he always kept
+the farm for the family home.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>The first member of the family to leave the Rochester farm was Susan.
+The cherry trees were in bloom when she received an offer from
+Canajoharie Academy to teach the female department. As Canajoharie was
+across the river from Uncle Joshua Read's home in Palatine Bridge and
+he was a trustee of the academy, she read between the lines his kindly
+interest in her. He was an influential citizen of that community, a
+bank director and part owner of the Albany-Utica turnpike and the
+stage line to Schenectady. Accepting the offer at once, she made the
+long journey by canal boat to Canajoharie, and early in May 1846 was
+comfortably settled in the home of Uncle Joshua's daughter, Margaret
+Read Caldwell.</p>
+
+<p>She soon loved Margaret as a sister and was devoted to her children.
+None of her new friends were Quakers and she enjoyed their social life
+thoroughly, leaving behind her forever the somber clothing which she
+had heretofore regarded as a mark of righteousness. She began her
+school with twenty-five pupils and a yearly salary of approximately
+$110. This was more than she had ever earned before, and for the first
+time in her life she spent her money freely on herself.</p>
+
+<p>Her first quarterly examination, held before the principal, the
+trustees, and parents, established her reputation as a teacher, and in
+addition everyone said, "The schoolmarm looks beautiful."<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> She had
+dressed up for the occasion, wearing a new plaid muslin, purple,
+white, blue, and brown, with white collar and cuffs, and had hung a
+gold watch and chain about her neck. She wound the four braids of her
+smooth brown hair around her big shell comb and put on her new
+prunella gaiters with patent-leather heels and tips. She looked so
+pretty, so neat, and so capable that many of the parents feared some
+young man would fall desperately in love with her and rob the academy
+of a teacher. She did have more than her share of admirers. She soon
+saw her first circus and went to her first ball, a real novelty for
+the young woman who had sat demurely along the wall in the attic room
+of her Center Falls home while her more worldly friends danced.</p>
+
+<p>In spite of all her good times, she missed her family, but<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> because of
+the long trip to Rochester, she did not return to the farm for two
+years. She spent her vacations with Guelma and Hannah, who lived only
+a few hours away, or in Albany with her former teacher at Deborah
+Moulson's seminary, Lydia Mott, a cousin by marriage of Lucretia Mott.
+In anticipation of a vacation at home, she wrote her parents,
+"Sometimes I can hardly wait for the day to come. They have talked of
+building a new academy this summer, but I do not believe they will. My
+room is not fit to stay in and I have promised myself that I would not
+pass another winter in it. If I must forever teach, I will seek at
+least a comfortable house to do penance in. I have a pleasant school
+of twenty scholars, but I have to manufacture the interest duty
+compels me to exhibit.... Energy and something to stimulate is
+wanting! But I expect the busy summer vacation spent with my dearest
+and truest friends will give me new life and fresh courage to
+persevere in the arduous path of duty. Do not think me unhappy with my
+fate, no not so. I am only a little tired and a good deal lazy. That
+is all. Do write very soon. Tell about the strawberries and peaches,
+cherries and plums.... Tell me how the yard looks, what flowers are in
+bloom and all about the farming business."<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>During her visits in Albany with Lydia Mott, who was now an active
+abolitionist, Susan heard a great deal about antislavery work. At this
+time, however, Canajoharie took little interest in this reform
+movement, but temperance was gaining a foothold. Throughout the
+country, Sons of Temperance were organizing and women wanted to help,
+but the men refused to admit them to their organizations, protesting
+that public reform was outside women's sphere. Unwilling to be put off
+when the need was so great, women formed their own secret temperance
+societies, and then, growing bolder, announced themselves as Daughters
+of Temperance.</p>
+
+<p>Canajoharie had its Daughters of Temperance, and Susan, long an
+advocate of temperance, gladly joined the crusade, and made her first
+speech when the Daughters of Temperance held a supper meeting to
+interest the people of the village. Few women at this time could have
+been persuaded to address an audience of both men and women, believing
+this to be bold, unladylike, and contrary to the will of God; but the
+young Quaker, whose grandmother and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> aunts had always spoken in
+Meeting when the spirit moved them, was ready to say her word for
+temperance, taking it for granted that it was not only woman's right
+but her responsibility to speak and work for social reform.</p>
+
+<p>About two hundred people assembled for the supper, and entering the
+hall, Susan found it festooned with cedar and red flannel and to her
+amazement saw letters in evergreen on one of the walls, spelling out
+Susan B. Anthony.</p>
+
+<p>"I hardly knew how to conduct myself amidst so much kindly
+regard,"<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> she confided to her family.</p>
+
+<p>She had carefully written out her speech and had sewn the pages
+together in a blue cover. Now in a clear serious voice, she read its
+formal flowery sentences telling of the weekly meetings of "this now
+despised little band" which had awakened women to the great need of
+reform.</p>
+
+<p>"It is generally conceded," she declared, "that our sex fashions the
+social and moral state of society. We do not assume that females
+possess unbounded power in abolishing the evil customs of the day; but
+we do believe that were they en masse to discontinue the use of wine
+and brandy as beverages at both their public and private parties, not
+one of the opposite sex, who has any claim to the title of gentleman,
+would so insult them as to come into their presence after having
+quaffed of that foul destroyer of all true delicacy and refinement....
+Ladies! There is no neutral position for us to assume...."<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a></p>
+
+<p>The next day the village buzzed with talk of the meeting; only a few
+criticized Susan for speaking in public, and almost all agreed that
+she was the smartest woman in Canajoharie.</p>
+
+<p>While she was busy with her temperance work, there were stirrings
+among women in other parts of New York State in the spring and early
+summer of 1848. Through the efforts of a few women who circulated
+petitions and the influence of wealthy men who saw irresponsible
+sons-in-law taking over the property they wanted their daughters to
+own, a Married Women's Property Law passed the legislature; this made
+it possible for a married woman to hold real estate in her own name.
+Heretofore all property owned by a woman at marriage and all received
+by gift or inheritance had at once become her husband's and he had had
+the right to sell it<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> or will it away without her consent and to
+collect the rents or the income. The new law was welcomed in the
+Anthony household, for now Lucy Anthony's inheritance, which had
+bought the Rochester farm, could at last be put in her own name and
+need no longer be held for her by her brother.</p>
+
+<p>In the newspapers in July, Susan read scornful, humorous, and
+indignant reports of a woman's rights convention in Seneca Falls, New
+York, at which women had issued a Declaration of Sentiments,
+announcing themselves men's equals. They had protested against legal,
+economic, social, and educational discriminations and asked for the
+franchise. A woman's rights convention in the 1840s was a startling
+event. Women, if they were "ladies" did not attend public gatherings
+where politics or social reforms were discussed, because such subjects
+were regarded as definitely out of their sphere. Much less did they
+venture to call meetings of their own and issue bold resolutions.</p>
+
+<p>Susan was not shocked by this break with tradition, but she did not
+instinctively come to the defense of these rebellious women, nor
+champion their cause. She was amused rather than impressed. Yet
+Lucretia Mott's presence at the convention aroused her curiosity.
+Among her father's Quaker friends in Rochester, she had heard only
+praise of Mrs. Mott, and she herself, when a pupil at Deborah
+Moulson's seminary, had been inspired by Mrs. Mott's remarks at
+Friends' Meeting in Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>So far Susan had encountered few barriers because she was a woman. She
+had had little personal contact with the hardships other women
+suffered because of their inferior legal status. To be sure, it had
+been puzzling to her as child that Sally Hyatt, the most skillful
+weaver in her father's mill, had never been made overseer, but the
+fact that her mother had not the legal right to hold property in her
+own name did not at the time make an impression upon her. Brought up
+as a Quaker, she had no obstacles put in the way of her education. She
+had an exceptional father who was proud of his daughters' intelligence
+and ability and respected their opinions and decisions. Her only real
+complaint was the low salary she had been obliged to accept as a
+teacher because she was a woman. She sensed a feeling of male
+superiority, which she resented, in her brother-in-law, Aaron McLean,
+who did not approve of women<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> preachers and who thought it more
+important for a woman to bake biscuits than to study algebra. She met
+the same arrogance of sex in her Cousin Margaret's husband, but she
+had not analyzed the cause, or seen the need of concerted action by
+women.</p>
+
+<p>Returning home for her vacation in August, she found to her surprise
+that a second woman's rights convention had been held in Rochester in
+the Unitarian church, that her mother, her father, and her sister
+Mary, and many of their Quaker friends had not only attended, but had
+signed the Declaration of Sentiments and the resolutions, and that her
+cousin, Sarah Burtis Anthony, had acted as secretary. Her father
+showed so much interest, as he told her about the meetings, that she
+laughingly remarked, "I think you are getting a good deal ahead of the
+times."<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> She countered Mary's ardent defense of the convention with
+good-natured ridicule. The whole family, however, continued to be so
+enthusiastic over the meetings and this new movement for woman's
+rights, they talked so much about Elizabeth Cady Stanton "with her
+black curls and ruddy cheeks"<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> and about Lucretia Mott "with her
+Quaker cap and her crossed handkerchief of the finest muslin," both
+"speaking so grandly and looking magnificent," that Susan's interest
+was finally aroused and she decided she would like to meet these women
+and talk with them. There was no opportunity for this, however, before
+she returned to Canajoharie for another year of teaching.</p>
+
+<p>It proved to be a year of great sadness because of the illness of her
+cousin Margaret whom she loved dearly. In addition to her teaching,
+she nursed Margaret and looked after the house and children. She saw
+much to discredit the belief that men were the stronger and women the
+weaker sex, and impatient with Margaret's husband, she wrote her
+mother that there were some drawbacks to marriage that made a woman
+quite content to remain single. In explanation she added, "Joseph had
+a headache the other day and Margaret remarked that she had had one
+for weeks. 'Oh,' said the husband, 'mine is the real headache, genuine
+pain, yours is sort of a natural consequence.'"<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a></p>
+
+<p>Within a few weeks Margaret died. This was heart-breaking for Susan,
+and without her cousin, Canajoharie offered little attraction.
+Teaching had become irksome. The new principal was uncongenial, a
+severe young man from the South whose father was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> a slaveholder. Susan
+longed for a change, and as she read of the young men leaving for the
+West, lured by gold in California, she envied them their adventure and
+their opportunity to explore and conquer a whole new world.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 370px;">
+<img src="images/022.jpg" width="370" height="450" alt="Frederick Douglass" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Frederick Douglass</span>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>The peaches were ripe when Susan returned to the farm. The orchard
+which her father had planted, now bore abundantly. Restless and eager
+for hard physical work, she discarded the stylish hoops which impeded
+action, put on an old calico dress, and spent days in the warm
+September sunshine picking peaches. Then while she preserved, canned,
+and pickled them, there was little time to long for pioneering in the
+West.</p>
+
+<p>She enjoyed the active life on the farm for she was essentially a
+doer, most happy when her hands and her mind were busy. As she helped
+with the housework, wove rag carpet, or made shirts by hand for her
+father and brothers, she dreamed of the future, of the work she might
+do to make her life count for something. Teaching, she decided, was
+definitely behind her. She would not allow her sister Mary's interest
+in that career to persuade her otherwise, even<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> if teaching were the
+only promising and well-thought-of occupation for women. Reading the
+poems of Elizabeth Barrett Browning, she was deeply stirred and looked
+forward romantically to some great and useful life work.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Liberator</i>, with its fearless denunciation of Negro slavery, now
+came regularly to the Anthony home, and as she pored over its pages,
+its message fired her soul. Eagerly she called with her father at the
+home of Frederick Douglass, who had recently settled in Rochester and
+was publishing his paper, the <i>North Star</i>. Not only did she want to
+show friendliness to this free Negro of whose intelligence and
+eloquence she had heard so much, but she wanted to hear first-hand
+from him and his wife of the needs of his people.</p>
+
+<p>Almost every Sunday the antislavery Quakers met at the Anthony farm.
+The Posts, the Hallowells, the De Garmos, and the Willises were sure
+to be there. Sometimes they sent a wagon into the city for Frederick
+Douglass and his family. Now and then famous abolitionists joined the
+circle when their work brought them to western New York&mdash;William Lloyd
+Garrison, looking with fatherly kindness at his friends through his
+small steel-rimmed spectacles; Wendell Phillips, handsome, learned,
+and impressive; black-bearded, fiery Parker Pillsbury; and the
+friendly Unitarian pastor from Syracuse, the Reverend Samuel J. May.
+Susan, helping her mother with dinner for fifteen or twenty, was torn
+between establishing her reputation as a good cook and listening to
+the interesting conversation. She heard them discuss woman's rights,
+which had divided the antislavery ranks. They talked of their
+antislavery campaigns and the infamous compromises made by Congress to
+pacify the powerful slaveholding interests. Like William Lloyd
+Garrison, all of them refused to vote, not wishing to take any part in
+a government which countenanced slavery. They called the Constitution
+a proslavery document, advocated "No Union with Slaveholders," and
+demanded immediate and unconditional emancipation. All about them and
+with their help the Underground Railroad was operating, circumventing
+the Fugitive Slave Law and guiding Negro refugees to Canada and
+freedom. Amy and Isaac Post's barn, Susan knew, was a station on the
+Underground, and the De Garmos and Frederick Douglass almost always
+had a Negro hidden away. She heard of riots and mobs in Boston and
+Ohio; but in Rochester not a fugitive<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> was retaken and there were no
+street battles, although the New York <i>Herald</i> advised the city to
+throw its "nigger printing press"<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> into Lake Ontario and banish
+Douglass to Canada.</p>
+
+<p>As the Society of Friends in Rochester was unfriendly to the
+antislavery movement, Susan with her father and other liberal Hicksite
+Quakers left it for the Unitarian church. Here for the first time they
+listened to "hireling ministry" and to a formal church service with
+music. This was a complete break with what they had always known as
+worship, but the friendly Christian spirit expressed by both minister
+and congregation made them soon feel at home. This new religious
+fellowship put Susan in touch with the most advanced thought of the
+day, broke down some of the rigid precepts drilled into her at Deborah
+Moulson's seminary, and encouraged liberalism and tolerance. Although
+there had been austerity in the outward forms of her Quaker training,
+it had developed in her a very personal religion, a strong sense of
+duty, and a high standard of ethics, which always remained with her.
+It had fostered a love of mankind that reached out spontaneously to
+help the needy, the unfortunate, and the oppressed, and this now
+became the driving force of her life. It led her naturally to seek
+ways and means to free the Negro from slavery and to turn to the
+temperance movement to wipe out the evil of drunkenness.</p>
+
+<p>These were the days when the reformed drunkard, John B. Gough, was
+lecturing throughout the country with the zeal of an evangelist,
+getting thousands to sign the total-abstinence pledge. Inspired by his
+example, the Daughters of Temperance were active in Rochester. They
+elected Susan their president, and not only did she plan suppers and
+festivals to raise money for their work but she organized new
+societies in neighboring towns. Her more ambitious plans for them were
+somewhat delayed by home responsibilities which developed when her
+father became an agent of the New York Life Insurance Company. This
+took him away from home a great deal, and as both her brothers were
+busy with work of their own and Mary was teaching, it fell to Susan to
+take charge of the farm. She superintended the planting, the
+harvesting, and the marketing, and enjoyed it, but she did not let it
+crowd out her interest in the causes which now seemed so vital.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Horace Greeley's New York <i>Tribune</i> came regularly to the farm, for
+the Anthonys, like many others throughout the country, had come to
+depend upon it for what they felt was a truthful report of the news.
+In this day of few magazines, it met a real need, and Susan, poring
+over its pages, not only kept in touch with current events, but found
+inspiration in its earnest editorials which so often upheld the ideals
+which she felt were important. She found thought-provoking news in the
+full and favorable report of the national woman's rights convention
+held in Worcester, Massachusetts, in October 1850. Better informed now
+through her antislavery friends about this new movement for woman's
+rights, she was ready to consider it seriously and she read all the
+stirring speeches, noting the caliber of the men and women taking
+part. Garrison, Phillips, Pillsbury, and Lucretia Mott were there, as
+well as Lucy Stone, that appealing young woman of whose eloquence on
+the antislavery platform Susan had heard so much, and Abby Kelley
+Foster, whose appointment to office in the American Antislavery
+Society had precipitated a split in the ranks on the "woman question."</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>A year later, when Abby Kelley Foster and her husband Stephen spoke at
+antislavery meetings in Rochester, Susan had her first opportunity to
+meet this fearless woman. Listening to Abby's speeches and watching
+the play of emotion on her eager Irish face under the Quaker bonnet,
+Susan wondered if she would ever have the courage to follow her
+example. Like herself, Abby had started as a schoolteacher, but after
+hearing Theodore Weld speak, had devoted herself to the antislavery
+cause, traveling alone through the country to say her word against
+slavery and facing not only the antagonism which abolition always
+provoked, but the unreasoning prejudice against public speaking by
+women, which was fanned into flame by the clergy. For listening to
+Abby Kelley, men and women had been excommunicated. Mobs had jeered at
+her and often pelted her with rotten eggs. She had married a
+fellow-abolitionist, Stephen Foster, even more unrelenting than she.</p>
+
+<p>Sensing Susan's interest in the antislavery cause and hoping to make
+an active worker of her, Abby and Stephen suggested that she join them
+on a week's tour, during which she marveled at Abby's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> ability to hold
+the attention and meet the arguments of her unfriendly audiences and
+wondered if she could ever be moved to such eloquence.</p>
+
+<p>Not yet ready to join the ranks as a lecturer, she continued her
+apprenticeship by attending antislavery meetings whenever possible and
+traveled to Syracuse for the convention which the mob had driven out
+of New York. Eager for more, she stopped over in Seneca Falls to hear
+William Lloyd Garrison and the English abolitionist, George Thompson,
+and was the guest of a temperance colleague, Amelia Bloomer, an
+enterprising young woman who was editing a temperance paper for women,
+<i>The Lily</i>.</p>
+
+<p>To her surprise Susan found Amelia in the bloomer costume about which
+she had read in <i>The Lily</i>. Introduced in Seneca Falls by Elizabeth
+Smith Miller, the costume, because of its comfort, had so intrigued
+Amelia that she had advocated it in her paper and it had been dubbed
+with her name. Looking at Amelia's long full trousers, showing beneath
+her short skirt but modestly covering every inch of her leg, Susan was
+a bit startled. Yet she could understand the usefulness of the costume
+even if she had no desire to wear it herself. In fact she was more
+than ever pleased with her new gray delaine dress with its long full
+skirt.</p>
+
+<p>Seneca Falls, however, had an attraction for Susan far greater than
+either William Lloyd Garrison or Amelia Bloomer, for it was the home
+of Elizabeth Cady Stanton whom she had longed to meet ever since 1848
+when her parents had reported so enthusiastically about her and the
+Rochester woman's rights convention. Walking home from the antislavery
+meeting with Mrs. Bloomer, Susan met Mrs. Stanton. She liked her at
+once and later called at her home. They discussed abolition,
+temperance, and woman's rights, and with every word Susan's interest
+grew. Mrs. Stanton's interest in woman's rights and her forthright,
+clear thinking made an instant appeal. Never before had Susan had such
+a satisfactory conversation with another woman, and she thought her
+beautiful. Mrs. Stanton's deep blue eyes with their mischievous
+twinkle, her rosy cheeks and short dark hair gave her a very youthful
+appearance, and it was hard for Susan to realize she was the mother of
+three lively boys.</p>
+
+<p>Susan listened enthralled while Mrs. Stanton told how deeply she had
+been moved as a child by the pitiful stories of the women<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> who came to
+her father's law office, begging for relief from the unjust property
+laws which turned over their inheritance and their earnings to their
+husbands. For the first time, Susan heard the story of the exclusion
+of women delegates from the World's antislavery convention in London,
+in 1840, which Mrs. Stanton had attended with her husband and where
+she became the devoted friend of Lucretia Mott. She now better
+understood why these two women had called the first woman's rights
+convention in 1848 at which Mrs. Stanton had made the first public
+demand for woman suffrage.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 232px;">
+<img src="images/027.jpg" width="232" height="350" alt="Elizabeth Cady Stanton in her &quot;Bloomer costume&quot;" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Elizabeth Cady Stanton in her &quot;Bloomer costume&quot;</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>They talked about the bloomer costume which Mrs. Stanton now wore and
+about dress reform which at the moment seemed to Mrs. Stanton an
+important phase of the woman's rights movement, and she pointed out to
+Susan the advantages of the bloomer in the life of a busy housekeeper
+who ran up and down stairs carrying babies, lamps, and buckets of
+water. She praised the freedom it gave from uncomfortable stays and
+tight lacing, confident it would be a big factor in improving the
+health of women.</p>
+
+<p>Thoroughly interested, Susan left Seneca Falls with much to think
+about, but not yet converted to the bloomer costume, or even to woman
+suffrage. Of one thing, however, she was certain. She wanted this
+woman of vision and courage for her friend.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="FREEDOM_TO_SPEAK" id="FREEDOM_TO_SPEAK"></a>FREEDOM TO SPEAK</h2>
+
+
+<p>Susan was soon rejoicing at the prospect of meeting Lucy Stone and
+Horace Greeley, the editor of the New York <i>Tribune</i>. Mrs. Stanton had
+invited her to Seneca Falls to discuss with them and other influential
+men and women the founding of a people's college. Unhesitatingly she
+joined forces with Mrs. Stanton and Lucy Stone to insist that the
+people's college be opened to women on the same terms as men. Lucy had
+proved the practicability of this as a student at Oberlin, the first
+college to admit women, and was one of the first women to receive a
+college degree. However, to suggest coeducation in those days was
+enough to jeopardize the founding of a college, and Horace Greeley
+stood out against them, his babylike face, fringed with throat
+whiskers, getting redder by the moment as he begged them not to
+agitate the question.</p>
+
+<p>The people's college did not materialize, but out of this meeting grew
+a friendship between Susan, Elizabeth Stanton, and Lucy Stone, which
+developed the woman's rights movement in the United States. Susan
+discovered at once that Lucy, like Mrs. Stanton, was an ardent
+advocate of woman's rights. Brought up in a large family on a farm in
+western Massachusetts where a woman's lot was an unending round of
+hard work with no rights over her children or property, Lucy had seen
+much to make her rebellious. Resolving to free herself from this
+bondage, she had worked hard for an education, finally reaching
+Oberlin College. Here she held out for equal rights in education, and
+now as she went through the country, pleading for the abolition of
+slavery, she was not only putting into practice woman's right to
+express herself on public affairs, but was scattering woman's rights
+doctrine wherever she went. Listening to this rosy-cheeked,
+enthusiastic young woman with her little snub nose and soulful gray
+eyes, Susan began to realize how little opposition in comparison she
+herself had met because she was a woman. Not only had her father
+encouraged her to become a teacher, but he had actually aroused her
+interest in such causes as abolition,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> temperance, and woman's rights,
+while both Lucy and Mrs. Stanton had met disapproval and resistance
+all the way.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 435px;">
+<img src="images/029.jpg" width="435" height="450" alt="Lucy Stone" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Lucy Stone</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>She found Lucy, as well as Mrs. Stanton, in the bloomer dress,
+praising its convenience. As Lucy traveled about lecturing, in all
+kinds of weather, climbing on trains, into carriages, and walking on
+muddy streets, she found it much more practical and comfortable than
+the fashionable long full skirts. Nevertheless, there was discomfort
+in being stared at on the streets and in the chagrin of her friends.
+This reform was much on their minds and they discussed it pro and con,
+for Mrs. Stanton was facing real persecution in Seneca Falls, with
+boys screaming "breeches" at her when she appeared in the street and
+with her husband's political opponents ridiculing her costume in their
+campaign speeches. Both women, however, felt it their duty to bear
+this cross to free women from the bondage of cumbersome clothing,
+hoping always that the bloomer, because of its utility, would win
+converts and finally become the fashion. Susan admired their courage,
+but still could not be persuaded to put on the bloomer.</p>
+
+<p>Fired with their zeal, she began planning what she herself<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> might do
+to rouse women. The idea of a separate woman's rights movement did not
+as yet enter her mind. Her thoughts turned rather to the two national
+reform movements already well under way, temperance and antislavery.
+While a career as an antislavery worker appealed strongly to her, she
+felt unqualified when she measured herself with the courageous Grimk&eacute;
+sisters from South Carolina, or with Abby Kelley Foster, Lucy Stone,
+and the eloquent men in the movement. She had made a place for herself
+locally in temperance societies, and she decided that her work was
+there&mdash;to make women an active, important part of this reform.</p>
+
+<p>That winter, as a delegate of the Rochester Daughters of Temperance,
+she went with high hopes to the state convention of the Sons of
+Temperance in Albany, where she visited Lydia Mott and her sister
+Abigail, who lived in a small house on Maiden Lane. Both Lydia and
+Abigail, because of their independence, interested Susan greatly. They
+supported themselves by "taking in" boarders from among the leading
+politicians in Albany. They also kept a men's furnishings store on
+Broadway and made hand-ruffled shirt bosoms and fine linen accessories
+for Thurlow Weed, Horatio Seymour, and other influential citizens.
+Their political contacts were many and important, and yet they were
+also among the very few in that conservative city who stood for
+temperance, abolition of slavery, and woman's rights. Their home was a
+rallying point for reformers and a refuge for fugitive slaves. It was
+to be a second home to Susan in the years to come.</p>
+
+<p>When Susan and the other women delegates entered the convention of the
+Sons of Temperance, they looked forward proudly, if a bit timidly, to
+taking part in the meetings, but when Susan spoke to a motion, the
+chairman, astonished that a woman would be so immodest as to speak in
+a public meeting, scathingly announced, "The sisters were not invited
+here to speak, but to listen and to learn."<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a></p>
+
+<p>This was the first time that Susan had been publicly rebuked because
+she was a woman, and she did not take it lightly. Leaving the hall
+with several other indignant women delegates, amid the critical
+whisperings of those who remained "to listen and to learn," she
+hurried over to Lydia's shop to ask her advice on the next step to be
+taken. Lydia, delighted that they had had the spirit to leave<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> the
+meeting, suggested they engage the lecture room of the Hudson Street
+Presbyterian Church and hold a meeting of their own that very night.
+She went with them to the office of her friend Thurlow Weed, the
+editor of the <i>Evening Journal</i>, who published the whole story in his
+paper.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 307px;">
+<img src="images/031.jpg" width="307" height="450" alt="Susan B. Anthony at the age of thirty-four" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Susan B. Anthony at the age of thirty-four</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Well in advance of the meeting, Susan was at the church, feeling very
+responsible, and when she saw Samuel J. May enter, she was greatly
+relieved. He had read the notice in the <i>Evening Journal</i> and
+persuaded a friend to come with him. To see his genial face in the
+audience gave her confidence, for he would speak easily and well if
+others should fail her. Only a few people drifted into the meeting,
+for the night was snowy and cold. The room was poorly lighted, the
+stove smoked, and in the middle of the speeches, the stovepipe fell
+down. Yet in spite of all this, a spirit of independence and
+accomplishment was born in that gathering and plans were made to call
+a woman's state temperance convention in Rochester with Susan in
+charge.</p>
+
+<p>All this Susan reported to her new friend, Elizabeth Stanton, who
+promised to help all she could, urging that the new organization lead
+the way and not follow the advice of cautious, conservative<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> women.
+Susan agreed, and as a first step in carrying out this policy, she
+asked Mrs. Stanton to make the keynote speech of the convention. Soon
+the Woman's State Temperance Society was a going concern with Mrs.
+Stanton as president and Susan as secretary. There was no doubt about
+its leading the way far ahead of the rank and file of the temperance
+movement when Mrs. Stanton, with Susan's full approval, recommended
+divorce on the grounds of drunkenness, declaring, "Let us petition our
+State government so to modify the laws affecting marriage and the
+custody of children that the drunkard shall have no claims on wife and
+child."<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a></p>
+
+<p>Such independence on the part of women could not be tolerated, and
+both the press and the clergy ruthlessly denounced the Woman's State
+Temperance Society. Susan, however, did not take this too seriously,
+familiar as she was with the persecution antislavery workers endured
+when they frankly expressed their convictions.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>Now recognized as the leader of women's temperance groups in New York,
+Susan traveled throughout the state, organizing temperance societies,
+getting subscriptions for Amelia Bloomer's temperance paper, <i>The
+Lily</i>, and attending temperance conventions in spite of the fact that
+she met determined opposition to the participation of women. Impressed
+by the success of political action in Maine, where in 1851 the first
+prohibition law in the country had been passed, she now signed her
+letters, "Yours for Temperance Politics."<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> She appealed to women to
+petition for a Maine law for New York and brought a group of women
+before the legislature for the first time for a hearing on this
+prohibition bill. Realizing then that women's indirect influence could
+be of little help in political action, she saw clearly that women
+needed the vote.</p>
+
+<p>However, it was the woman's rights convention in Syracuse, New York,
+in September 1852, which turned her thoughts definitely in the
+direction of votes for women. It was the first woman's rights
+gathering she had ever attended and she was enthusiastic over the
+people she met. She talked eagerly with the courageous Jewish
+lecturer, Ernestine Rose; with Dr. Harriot K. Hunt of Boston, one of
+the first women physicians, who was waging a battle against taxation
+without representation; with Clarina Nichols of Vermont,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> editor of
+the <i>Windham County Democrat</i>, and with Matilda Joslyn Gage, the
+youngest member of the convention. All of these became valuable, loyal
+friends in the years ahead. Susan renewed her acquaintance with Lucy
+Stone, and met Antoinette Brown who had also studied at Oberlin
+College and was now the first woman ordained as a minister. With real
+pleasure she greeted Mrs. Stanton's cousin, Gerrit Smith, now
+Congressman from New York, and his daughter, Elizabeth Smith Miller,
+the originator of the much-discussed bloomer. Best of all was her
+long-hoped-for meeting with James and Lucretia Mott and Lucretia's
+sister, Martha C. Wright. Only Paulina Wright Davis of Providence and
+Elizabeth Oakes Smith of Boston were disappointing, for they appeared
+at the meetings in short-sleeved, low-necked dresses with
+loose-fitting jackets of pink and blue wool, shocking her deeply
+intrenched Quaker instincts. Although she realized that they wore
+ultrafashionable clothes to show the world that not all woman's rights
+advocates were frumps wearing the hideous bloomer, she could not
+forgive them for what to her seemed bad taste. How could such women,
+she asked herself, hope to represent the earnest, hard-working<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> women
+who must be the backbone of the equal rights movement? Always
+forthright, when a principle was at stake, she expressed her feelings
+frankly when James Mott, serving with her on the nominating committee,
+proposed Elizabeth Oakes Smith for president. His reply, that they
+must not expect all women to dress as plainly as the Friends, in no
+way quieted her opposition. To her delight, Lucretia Mott was elected,
+and her dignity and poise as president of this large convention of
+2,000 won the respect even of the critical press. Susan was elected
+secretary and so clearly could her voice be heard as she read the
+minutes and the resolutions that the Syracuse <i>Standard</i> commented,
+"Miss Anthony has a capital voice and deserves to be clerk of the
+Assembly."<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 341px;">
+<img src="images/033.jpg" width="341" height="450" alt="James and Lucretia Mott" title="" />
+<span class="caption">James and Lucretia Mott</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Not all of the newspapers were so friendly. Some labeled the gathering
+"a Tomfoolery convention" of "Aunt Nancy men and brawling women";
+others called it "the farce at Syracuse,"<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> but for Susan it marked
+a milestone. Never before had she heard so many earnest, intelligent
+women plead so convincingly for property rights, civil rights, and the
+ballot. Never before had she seen so clearly that in a republic women
+as well as men should enjoy these rights. The ballot assumed a new
+importance for her. Her conversion to woman suffrage was complete.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>This new interest in the vote was steadily nurtured by Elizabeth
+Stanton, whom Susan now saw more frequently. Whenever she could, Susan
+stopped over in Seneca Falls for a visit. Here she found inspiration,
+new ideas, and good advice, and always left the comfortable Stanton
+home ready to battle for the rights of women. While Susan traveled
+about, organizing temperance societies and attending conventions, Mrs.
+Stanton, tied down at home by a family of young children, wrote
+letters and resolutions for her and helped her with her speeches.
+Susan was very reluctant about writing speeches or making them. The
+moment she sat down to write, her thoughts refused to come and her
+phrases grew stilted. She needed encouragement, and Mrs. Stanton gave
+it unstintingly, for she had grown very fond of this young woman whose
+mental companionship she found so stimulating.</p>
+
+<p>During one of these visits, Susan finally put on the bloomer and cut
+her long thick brown hair as part of the stern task of winning<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span>
+freedom for women. It was not an easy decision and she came to it only
+because she was unwilling to do less for the cause than Mrs. Stanton
+or Lucy Stone. Comfortable as the new dress was, it always attracted
+unfavorable attention and added fuel to the fire of an unfriendly
+press. This fire soon scorched her at the World's Temperance
+convention in New York, where women delegates faced the determined
+animosity of the clergy, who held the balance of power and quoted the
+Bible to prove that women were defying the will of God when they took
+part in public meetings. Obliged to withdraw, the women held meetings
+of their own in the Broadway Tabernacle, over which Susan presided
+with a poise and confidence undreamed of a few months before. A
+success in every way, they were nevertheless described by the press as
+a battle of the sexes, a free-for-all struggle in which shrill-voiced
+women in the bloomer costume were supported by a few "male Betties."
+The New York <i>Sun</i> spoke of Susan's "ungainly form rigged out in the
+bloomer costume and provoking the thoughtless to laughter and ridicule
+by her very motions on the platform."<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> Untruth was piled upon
+untruth until dignified ladylike Susan with her earnest pleasing
+appearance was caricatured into everything a woman should not be. Less
+courageous temperance women now began to wonder whether they ought to
+associate with such a strong-minded woman as Susan B. Anthony.</p>
+
+<p>There were rumblings of discontent when the Woman's State Temperance
+Society met in Rochester for its next annual convention in June 1853,
+and Susan and Mrs. Stanton were roundly criticized because they did
+not confine themselves to the subject of temperance and talked too
+much about woman's rights. Not only was Mrs. Stanton defeated for the
+presidency but the by-laws were amended to make men eligible as
+officers. Men had been barred when the first by-laws were drafted by
+Susan and Mrs. Stanton because they wished to make the society a
+proving ground for women and were convinced that men holding office
+would take over the management, and women, less experienced, would
+yield to their wishes.</p>
+
+<p>This now proved to be the case, as the men began to do all the
+talking, calling for a new name for the society and insisting that all
+discussion of woman's rights be ruled out. In the face of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> this clear
+indication of a determined new policy which few of the women wished to
+resist, Susan refused re-election as secretary and both she and Mrs.
+Stanton resigned.</p>
+
+<p>This was Susan's first experience with intrigue and her first rebuff
+by women whom she had sincerely tried to serve. Defeated, hurt, and
+uncertain, she poured out her disappointment in troubled letters to
+Elizabeth Stanton, who, with the steadying touch of an older sister,
+roused her with the challenge, "We have other and bigger fish to
+fry."<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>A few months later, Susan was off on a new crusade as she attended the
+state teachers' convention in Rochester. Of the five hundred teachers
+present, two-thirds were women, but there was not the slightest
+recognition of their presence. They filled the back seats of
+Corinthian Hall, forming an inert background for the vocal minority,
+the men. After sitting through two days' sessions and growing more and
+more impatient as not one woman raised her voice, Susan listened, as
+long as she could endure it, to a lengthy debate on the question, "Why
+the profession of teacher is not as much respected as that of lawyer,
+doctor, or minister."<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> Then she rose to her feet and in a
+low-pitched, clear voice addressed the chairman.</p>
+
+<p>At the sound of a woman's voice, an astonished rustle of excitement
+swept through the audience, and when the chairman, Charles Davies,
+Professor of Mathematics at West Point, had recovered from his
+surprise, he patronizingly asked, "What will the lady have?"</p>
+
+<p>"I wish, sir, to speak to the subject under discussion," she bravely
+replied.</p>
+
+<p>Turning to the men in the front row, Professor Davies then asked,
+"What is the pleasure of the convention?"</p>
+
+<p>"I move that she be heard," shouted an unexpected champion. Another
+seconded the motion. After a lengthy debate during which Susan stood
+patiently waiting, the men finally voted their approval by a small
+majority, and Professor Davies, a bit taken aback, announced, "The
+lady may speak."</p>
+
+<p>"It seems to me, gentlemen," Susan began, "that none of you quite
+comprehend the cause of the disrespect of which you complain.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> Do you
+not see that so long as society says woman is incompetent to be a
+lawyer, minister, or doctor, but has ample ability to be a teacher,
+every man of you who chooses this profession tacitly acknowledges that
+he has no more brains than a woman? And this, too, is the reason that
+teaching is a less lucrative profession; as here men must compete with
+the cheap labor of woman. Would you exalt your profession, exalt those
+who labor with you. Would you make it more lucrative, increase the
+salaries of the women engaged in the noble work of educating our
+future Presidents, Senators, and Congressmen."</p>
+
+<p>For a moment after this bombshell, there was complete silence. Then
+three men rushed down the aisle to congratulate her, telling her she
+had pluck, that she had hit the nail on the head, but the women near
+by glanced scornfully at her, murmuring, "Who can that creature be?"</p>
+
+<p>Susan, however, had started a few women thinking and questioning, and
+the next morning, Professor Davies, resplendent in his buff vest and
+blue coat with brass buttons, opened the convention with an
+explanation. "I have been asked," he said, "why no provisions have
+been made for female lecturers before this association and why ladies
+are not appointed on committees. I will answer." Then, in flowery
+metaphor, he assured them that he would not think of dragging women
+from their pedestals into the dust.</p>
+
+<p>"Beautiful, beautiful," murmured the women in the back rows, but Mrs.
+Northrup of Rochester offered resolutions recognizing the right of
+women teachers to share in all the privileges and deliberations of the
+organization and calling attention to the inadequate salaries women
+teachers received. These resolutions were kept before the meeting by a
+determined group and finally adopted. Susan also offered the name of
+Emma Willard as a candidate for vice-president, thinking the
+successful retired principal of the Troy Female Seminary, now
+interested in improving the public schools, might also be willing to
+lend a hand in improving the status of women in this educational
+organization. Mrs. Willard, however, declined the nomination, refusing
+to be drawn into Susan's rebellion.<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> Susan, nevertheless, left the
+convention satisfied that she had driven an entering wedge into
+Professor Davies' male stronghold,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> and she continued battering at
+this stronghold whenever she had an opportunity. She meant to put
+women in office and to win approval for coeducation and equal pay.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>Teachers' conventions, however, were only a minor part of her new
+crusade, plans for which were still simmering in her mind and
+developing from day to day. Going back to many of the towns where she
+had held temperance meetings, she found that most of the societies she
+had organized had disbanded because women lacked the money to engage
+speakers or to subscribe to temperance papers. If they were married,
+they had no money of their own and no right to any interest outside
+their homes, unless their husbands consented.</p>
+
+<p>Discouraged, she wrote in her diary, "As I passed from town to town I
+was made to feel the great evil of woman's entire dependency upon man
+for the necessary means to aid on any and every reform movement.
+Though I had long admitted the wrong, I never until this time so fully
+took in the grand idea of pecuniary and personal independence. It
+matters not how overflowing with benevolence toward suffering humanity
+may be the heart of woman, it avails nothing so long as she possesses
+not the power to act in accordance with these promptings. Woman must
+have a purse of her own, and how can this be, so long as the <i>Wife</i> is
+denied the right to her individual and joint earnings. Reflections
+like these, caused me to see and really feel that there was no true
+freedom for Woman without the possession of all her property rights,
+and that these rights could be obtained through legislation only, and
+so, the sooner the demand was made of the Legislature, the sooner
+would we be likely to obtain them."<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="A_PURSE_OF_HER_OWN" id="A_PURSE_OF_HER_OWN"></a>A PURSE OF HER OWN</h2>
+
+
+<p>The next important step in winning further property rights for women,
+it seemed to Susan, was to hold a woman's rights convention in the
+conservative capital city of Albany. This was definitely a challenge
+and she at once turned to Elizabeth Stanton for counsel. Somehow she
+must persuade Mrs. Stanton to find time in spite of her many household
+cares to prepare a speech for the convention and for presentation to
+the legislature. As eager as Susan to free women from unjust property
+laws, Mrs. Stanton asked only that Susan get a good lawyer, and one
+sympathetic to the cause, to look up New York State's very worst laws
+affecting women.<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> She could think and philosophize while she was
+baking and sewing, she assured Susan, but she had no time for
+research. Susan produced the facts for Mrs. Stanton, and while she
+worked on the speech, Susan went from door to door during the cold
+blustery days of December and January 1854 to get signatures on her
+petitions for married women's property rights and woman suffrage. Some
+of the women signed, but more of them slammed the door in her face,
+declaring indignantly that they had all the rights they wanted. Yet at
+this time a father had the legal authority to apprentice or will away
+a child without the mother's consent and an employer was obliged by
+law to pay a wife's wages to her husband.</p>
+
+<p>In spite of the fact that the bloomer costume made it easier for her
+to get about in the snowy streets, she now found it a real burden
+because it always attracted unfavorable attention. Boys jeered at her
+and she was continually conscious of the amused, critical glances of
+the men and women she met. She longed to take it off and wear an
+inconspicuous trailing skirt, but if she had been right to put it on,
+it would be weakness to take it off. By this time Elizabeth Stanton
+had given it up except in her own home, convinced that it harmed the
+cause and that the physical freedom it gave was not worth the price.
+"I hope you have let down a dress and a petticoat," she now wrote
+Susan. "The cup of ridicule is greater than you can bear. It is not
+wise, Susan, to use up so much<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> energy and feeling in that way. You
+can put them to better use. I speak from experience."<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 321px;">
+<img src="images/040.jpg" width="321" height="450" alt="Elizabeth Cady Stanton and her son, Henry" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Elizabeth Cady Stanton and her son, Henry</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Lucy Stone too was wavering and was thinking of having her next dress
+made long. The three women corresponded about it, and Lucy as well as
+Mrs. Stanton urged Susan to give up the bloomer. With these entreaties
+ringing in her ears, Susan set out for Albany in February 1854 to make
+final arrangements for the convention. On the streets in Albany, in
+the printing offices, and at the capitol, men stared boldly at her,
+some calling out hilariously, "Here comes my bloomer." She endured it
+bravely until her work was done, but at night alone in her room at
+Lydia Mott's she poured out her anguish in letters to Lucy. "Here I am
+known only," she wrote, "as one of the women who ape men&mdash;coarse,
+brutal men! Oh, I can not, can not bear it any longer."<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a></p>
+
+<p>Even so she did not let down the hem of her skirt, but wore her
+bloomer costume heroically during the entire convention, determined
+that she would not be stampeded into a long skirt by the jeers of
+Albany men or the ridicule of the women. However, she made up her mind
+that immediately after the convention she would<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> take off the bloomer
+forever. She had worn it a little over a year. Never again could she
+be lured into the path of dress reform.</p>
+
+<p>The Albany <i>Register</i> scoffed at the "feminine propagandists of
+woman's rights" exhibiting themselves in "short petticoats and
+long-legged boots."<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> Nevertheless, the convention aroused such
+genuine interest that evening meetings were continued for two weeks,
+featuring as speakers Ernestine Rose, Antoinette Brown, Samuel J. May,
+and William Henry Channing, the young Unitarian minister from
+Rochester; and when the men appeared on the platform, the audience
+called for the women.</p>
+
+<p>Susan could not have asked for anything better than Elizabeth
+Stanton's moving plea for property rights for married women and the
+attention it received from the large audience in the Senate Chamber.
+Her heart swelled with pride as she listened to her friend, and so
+important did she think the speech that she had 50,000 copies printed
+for distribution.</p>
+
+<p>To back up Mrs. Stanton's words with concrete evidence of a demand for
+a change in the law, Susan presented petitions with 10,000 signatures,
+6,000 asking that married women be granted the right to their wages
+and 4,000 venturing to be recorded for woman suffrage.</p>
+
+<p>Enthusiastic over her Albany success, she impetuously wrote Lucy
+Stone, "Is this not a wonderful time, an era long to be
+remembered?"<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a></p>
+
+<p>Although the legislature failed to act on the petitions, she knew that
+her cause had made progress, for never before had women been listened
+to with such respect and never had newspapers been so friendly. She
+cherished these words of praise from Lucy, "God bless you, Susan dear,
+for the brave heart that will work on even in the midst of
+discouragement and lack of helpers. Everywhere I am telling people
+what your state is doing, and it is worth a great deal to the cause.
+The example of positive action is what we need."<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>Susan continued her "example of positive action," this time against
+the Kansas-Nebraska bill, pending in Congress, which threatened repeal
+of the Missouri Compromise by admitting Kansas and Nebraska as
+territories with the right to choose for themselves<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> whether they
+would be slave or free. "I feel that woman should in the very capitol
+of the nation lift her voice against that abominable measure," she
+wrote Lucy Stone, with whom she was corresponding more and more
+frequently. "It is not enough that H. B. Stowe should write."<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a>
+Harriet Beecher Stowe's <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> had been published in 1852
+and during that year 300,000 copies were sold.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 430px;">
+<img src="images/042.jpg" width="430" height="450" alt="Ernestine Rose" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Ernestine Rose</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>With Ernestine Rose, Susan now headed for Washington. These two women
+had been drawn together by common interests ever since they had met in
+Syracuse in 1852. Susan was not frightened, as many were, by
+Ernestine's reputed atheism. She appreciated Ernestine's intelligence,
+her devotion to woman's rights, and her easy eloquence. Conscious of
+her own limitations as an orator, she recognized her need of Ernestine
+for the many meetings she planned for the future.</p>
+
+<p>As they traveled to Washington together, she learned more about this
+beautiful, impressive, black-haired Jewess from Poland, who was ten
+years her senior. The daughter of a rabbi, Ernestine had found the
+limitations of orthodox religion unbearable for a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> woman and had left
+her home to see and learn more of the world in Prussia, Holland,
+France, Scotland, and England. She had married an Englishman
+sympathetic to her liberal views, and together they had come to New
+York where she began her career as a lecturer in 1836 when speaking in
+public branded women immoral. She spoke easily and well on education,
+woman's rights, and the evils of slavery. Her slight foreign accent
+added charm to her rich musical voice, and before long she was in
+demand as far west as Ohio and Michigan. With a colleague as
+experienced as Ernestine, Susan dared arrange for meetings even in the
+capital of the nation.</p>
+
+<p>Washington was tense over the slavery issue when they arrived, and
+Ernestine's friends warned her not to mention the subject in her
+lectures. Unheeding she commented on the Kansas-Nebraska bill, but the
+press took no notice and her audiences showed no signs of
+dissatisfaction. In fact, two comparatively unknown women, billed to
+lecture on the "Educational and Social Rights of Women" and the
+"Political and Legal Rights of Women," attracted little attention in a
+city accustomed to a blaze of Congressional oratory. Hoping to draw
+larger audiences and to lend dignity to their meetings, Susan asked
+for the use of the Capitol on Sunday, but was refused because
+Ernestine was not a member of a religious society. Making an attempt
+for Smithsonian Hall, Ernestine was told it could not risk its
+reputation by presenting a woman speaker.<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a></p>
+
+<p>A failure financially, their Washington venture was rich in
+experience. Susan took time out for sightseeing, visiting the
+"President's house" and Mt. Vernon, which to her surprise she found in
+a state of "delapidation and decay." "The mark of slavery o'ershadows
+the whole," she wrote in her diary. "Oh the thought that it was here
+that he whose name is the pride of this Nation, was the <i>Slave
+Master</i>."<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a></p>
+
+<p>Again and again in the Capitol, she listened to heated debates on the
+Kansas-Nebraska bill, astonished at the eloquence and fervor with
+which the "institution of slavery" could be defended. Seeing slavery
+first-hand, she abhorred it more than ever and observed with dismay
+its degenerating influence on master as well as slave. She began to
+feel that even she herself might be undermined by it almost
+unwittingly and confessed to her diary, "This noon, I ate my<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> dinner
+without once asking myself are these human beings who minister to my
+wants, Slaves to be bought and sold and hired out at the will of a
+master?... Even I am getting <i>accustomed</i> to <i>Slavery</i> ... so much so
+that I have ceased continually to be made to feel its blighting,
+cursing influence."<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>A few months later, Susan and Ernestine were in Philadelphia at a
+national woman's rights convention, and when Ernestine was proposed
+for president, Susan had her first opportunity to champion her new
+friend. A foreigner and a free-thinker, Ernestine encountered a great
+deal of prejudice even among liberal reformers, and Susan was
+surprised at the strength of feeling against her. Impressed during
+their trip to Washington by Ernestine's essentially fine qualities and
+her value to the cause, Susan fought for her behind the scenes,
+insisting that freedom of religion or the freedom to have no religion
+be observed in woman's rights conventions, and she had the
+satisfaction of seeing Ernestine elected to the office she so richly
+deserved.</p>
+
+<p>Freedom of religion or freedom to have no religion had become for
+Susan a principle to hold on to, as she listened at these early
+woman's rights meetings to the lengthy fruitless discussions regarding
+the lack of Scriptural sanction for women's new freedom. Usually a
+clergyman appeared on the scene, volubly quoting the Bible to prove
+that any widening of woman's sphere was contrary to the will of God.
+But always ready to refute him were Antoinette Brown, now an ordained
+minister, William Lloyd Garrison, and occasionally Susan herself. To
+the young Quaker broadened by her Unitarian contacts and unhampered by
+creed or theological dogma, such debates were worse than useless; they
+deepened theological differences, stirred up needless antagonisms,
+solved no problems, and wasted valuable time.</p>
+
+<p>During this convention, she was one of the twenty-four guests in
+Lucretia Mott's comfortable home at 238 Arch Street. Every meal, with
+its stimulating discussions, was a convention in itself. Susan's great
+hero, William Lloyd Garrison, sat at Lucretia's right at the long
+table in the dining room, Susan on her left, and at the end of each
+meal, when the little cedar tub filled with hot soapy water was
+brought in and set before Lucretia so that she could wash the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> silver,
+glass, and fine china at the table, Susan dried them on a snowy-white
+towel while the interesting conversation continued. There was talk of
+woman's rights, of temperance, and of spiritualism, which was
+attracting many new converts. There were thrilling stories of the
+opening of the West and the building of transcontinental railways; but
+most often and most earnestly the discussion turned to the progress of
+the antislavery movement, to the infamous Kansas-Nebraska bill, to the
+New England Emigrant Aid Company,<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> which was sending free-state
+settlers to Kansas, to the weakness of the government in playing again
+and again into the hands of the proslavery faction. Most of them saw
+the country headed toward a vast slave empire which would embrace
+Cuba, Mexico, and finally Brazil; and William Lloyd Garrison fervently
+reiterated his doctrine, "No Union with Slaveholders."</p>
+
+<p>Before leaving home Susan had heard first-hand reports of the bitter
+bloody antislavery contest in Kansas from her brother Daniel, who had
+just returned from a trip to that frontier territory with settlers
+sent out by the New England Emigrant Aid Company. Now talking with
+William Lloyd Garrison, she found herself torn between these two great
+causes for human freedom, abolition and woman's rights, and it was
+hard for her to decide which cause needed her more.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>She had not, however, forgotten her unfinished business in New York
+State. The refusal of the legislature to amend the property laws had
+doubled her determination to continue circulating petitions until
+married women's civil rights were finally recognized. It took courage
+to go alone to towns where she was unknown to arrange for meetings on
+the unpopular subject of woman's rights. Not knowing how she would be
+received, she found it almost as difficult to return to such towns as
+Canajoharie where she had been highly respected as a teacher six years
+before. In Canajoharie, however, she was greeted affectionately by her
+uncle Joshua Read. He and his friends let her use the Methodist church
+for her lecture, and when the trustees of the academy urged her to
+return there to teach, Uncle Joshua interrupted with a vehement "No!"
+protesting that others could teach but it was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> Susan's work "to go
+around and set people thinking about the laws."<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a></p>
+
+<p>Returning to the scene of her girlhood in Battenville and Easton,
+visiting her sisters Guelma and Hannah, and meeting many of her old
+friends, Susan realized as never before how completely she had
+outgrown her old environment. In her enthusiasm for her new work, she
+exposed "many of her heresies," and when her friends labeled William
+Lloyd Garrison an agnostic and rabble rouser, she protested that he
+was the most Christlike man she had ever known. "Thus it is belief,
+not Christian benevolence," she confided to her diary in 1854, "that
+is made the modern test of Christianity."<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a></p>
+
+<p>After eight strenuous months away from home, she was welcomed warmly
+by a family who believed in her work. She found abolition uppermost in
+everyone's mind. Her brother Merritt, fired by Daniel's tales of the
+West and the antislavery struggle in Kansas, was impatient to join the
+settlers there and could talk of nothing else. While he poured out the
+latest news about Kansas, he and a cousin Mary Luther helped Susan
+fold handbills for future woman's rights meetings. Susan listened
+eagerly and approvingly as he told of the 750 free-state settlers who
+during the past summer had gone out to Kansas, traveling up the
+Missouri on steamboats and over lonely trails in wagons marked
+"Kansas." Most of them were not abolitionists but men who wanted
+Kansas a free-labor state which they could develop with their own hard
+work. She heard of the ruthless treatment these "Yankee" settlers
+faced from the proslavery Missourians who wanted Kansas in the slavery
+bloc. There was bloodshed and there would be more. John Brown's sons
+had written from Kansas, "Send us guns. We need them more than
+bread."<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> Merritt was ready and eager to join John Brown.</p>
+
+<p>The Anthony farm was virtually a hotbed of insurrection with Merritt
+planning resistance in Kansas and Susan reform in New York. Susan
+mapped out an ambitious itinerary, hoping to canvass with her
+petitions every county in the state. With her father as security, she
+borrowed money to print her handbills and notices, and then wrote
+Wendell Phillips asking if any money for a woman's rights campaign had
+been raised by the last national convention. He replied with his own
+personal check for fifty dollars. His<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> generosity and confidence
+touched her deeply, for already he had become a hero to her second
+only to William Lloyd Garrison. This tall handsome intellectual, a
+graduate of Harvard and an unsurpassed orator, had forfeited friends,
+social position, and a promising career as a lawyer to plead for the
+slave. He was also one of the very few men who sympathized with and
+aided the woman's rights cause.</p>
+
+<p>Horace Greeley too proved at this time to be a good friend, writing,
+"I have your letter and your programme, friend Susan. I will publish
+the latter in all our editions, but return your dollars."<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a></p>
+
+<p>Her earnestness and ability made a great appeal to these men. They
+marveled at her industry. Thirty-four years old now, not handsome but
+wholesome, simply and neatly dressed, her brown hair smoothly parted
+and brought down over her ears, she had nothing of the scatterbrained
+impulsive reformer about her, and no coquetry. She was practical and
+intelligent, and men liked to discuss their work with her. William
+Henry Channing, admiring her executive ability and her plucky reaction
+to defeat, dubbed her the Napoleon of the woman's rights movement.
+Parker Pillsbury, the fiery abolitionist from New Hampshire,
+broad-shouldered, dark-bearded, with blazing eyes and almost fanatical
+zeal, had become her devoted friend. He liked nothing better than to
+tease her about her idleness and pretend to be in search of more work
+for her to do.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>So impatient was Susan to begin her New York State campaign that she
+left home on Christmas Day to hold her first meeting on December 26,
+1854, at Mayville in Chatauqua County. The weather was cold and damp,
+but the four pounds of candles which she had bought to light the court
+house flickered cheerily while the small curious audience, gathered
+from several nearby towns, listened to the first woman most of them
+had ever heard speak in public. She would be, they reckoned, worth
+hearing at least once.</p>
+
+<p>Traveling from town to town, she held meetings every other night.
+Usually the postmasters or sheriffs posted her notices in the town
+square and gave them to the newspapers and to the ministers to
+announce in their churches. Even in a hostile community she almost
+always found a gallant fair-minded man to come to her aid, such as the
+hotel proprietor who offered his dining<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> room for her meetings when
+the court house, schoolhouse, and churches were closed to her, or the
+group of men who, when the ministers refused to announce her meetings,
+struck off handbills which they distributed at the church doors at the
+close of the services. The newspapers too were generally friendly.</p>
+
+<p>As men were the voters with power to change the laws, she aimed to
+attract them to her evening meetings, and usually they came, seeking
+diversion, and listened respectfully. Some of them scoffed, others
+condemned her for undermining the home, but many found her reasoning
+logical and by their questions put life into the meetings. A few even
+encouraged their wives to enlist in the cause.</p>
+
+<p>The women, on the other hand, were timid or indifferent, although she
+pointed out to them the way to win the legal right to their earnings
+and their children. It was difficult to find among them a rebellious
+spirit brave enough to head a woman's rights society.</p>
+
+<p>"Susan B. Anthony is in town," wrote young Caroline Cowles, a
+Canandaigua school girl, in her diary at this time. "She made a
+special request that all seminary girls should come to hear her as
+well as all the women and girls in town. She had a large audience and
+she talked very plainly about our rights and how we ought to stand up
+for them and said the world would never go right until the women had
+just as much right to vote and rule as the men.... When I told
+Grandmother about it, she said she guessed Susan B. Anthony had
+forgotten that St. Paul said women should keep silence. I told her,
+no, she didn't, for she spoke particularly about St. Paul and said if
+he had lived in these times ... he would have been as anxious to have
+women at the head of the government as she was. I could not make
+Grandmother agree with her at all."<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a></p>
+
+<p>Many of the towns Susan visited were not on a railroad. Often after a
+long cold sleigh ride she slept in a hotel room without a fire; in the
+morning she might have to break the ice in the pitcher to take the
+cold sponge bath which nothing could induce her to omit since she had
+begun to follow the water cure, a new therapeutic method then in
+vogue.</p>
+
+<p>For a time Ernestine Rose came to her aid and it was a relief to turn
+over the meetings to such an accomplished speaker. But for the most
+part Susan braved it alone. Steadily adding names to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> her petitions
+and leaving behind the leaflets which Elizabeth Stanton had written,
+she aroused a glimmer of interest in a new valuation of women.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 394px;">
+<img src="images/049.jpg" width="394" height="450" alt="Parker Pillsbury" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Parker Pillsbury</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>On the stagecoach leaving Lake George on a particularly cold day, she
+found to her surprise a wealthy Quaker, whom she had met at the Albany
+convention, so solicitous of her comfort that he placed heated planks
+under her feet, making the long ride much more bearable. He turned up
+again, this time with his own sleigh, at the close of one of her
+meetings in northern New York, and wrapped in fur robes, she drove
+with him behind spirited gray horses to his sisters' home to stay over
+Sunday, and then to all her meetings in the neighborhood. It was
+pleasant to be looked after and to travel in comfort and she enjoyed
+his company, but when he urged her to give up the hard life of a
+reformer to become his wife, there was no hesitation on her part. She
+had dedicated her life to freeing women and Negroes and there could be
+no turning aside. If she ever married, it must be to a man who would
+encourage her work for humanity, a great man like Wendell Phillips, or
+a reformer like Parker Pillsbury.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Returning home in May 1855, she took stock of her accomplishments. She
+had canvassed fifty-four counties and sold 20,000 tracts. Her expenses
+had been $2,291 and she had paid her way by selling tracts and by a
+small admission charge for her meetings. She even had seventy dollars
+over and above all expenses. She promptly repaid the fifty dollars
+which Wendell Phillips had advanced, but he returned it for her next
+campaign.</p>
+
+<p>However, her heart quailed at the prospect of another such winter, as
+she recalled the long, bitter-cold days of travel and the indifference
+of the women she was trying to help. Even the unfailing praise of her
+family and of Elizabeth Stanton, even the kindness and interest of the
+new friends she made paled into insignificance before the thought of
+another lone crusade. She was exhausted and suffering with rheumatic
+pains, and yet she would not rest, but prepared for an ambitious
+convention at Saratoga Springs, then the fashionable summer resort of
+the East.</p>
+
+<p>She had braved this center of fashion and frivolity the year before
+with her message of woman's rights, and to her great surprise, crowds
+seeking entertainment had come to her meetings, their admission fees
+and their purchase of tracts making the venture a financial success.
+Here was fertile ground. Susan was counting on Lucy Stone and
+Antoinette Brown to help her, for Elizabeth Stanton, then expecting
+her sixth baby, was out of the picture. Now, to her dismay, Lucy and
+Antoinette married the Blackwell brothers, Henry and Samuel.</p>
+
+<p>Fearing that they too like Elizabeth Stanton would be tied down with
+babies and household cares, Susan saw a bleak lonely road ahead for
+the woman's rights movement. She did so want her best speakers and
+most valuable workers to remain single until the spade work for
+woman's rights was done. Almost in a panic at the prospect of being
+left to carry on the Saratoga convention alone, Susan wrote Lucy
+irritable letters instead of praising her for drawing up a marriage
+contract and keeping her own name. Later, however, she realized what
+it had meant for Lucy to keep her own name, and then she wrote her, "I
+am more and more rejoiced that you have declared by actual doing that
+a woman has a name and may retain it all through her life."<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a></p>
+
+<p>So persistently did she now pursue Lucy and Antoinette that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> they both
+kept their promise to speak at the Saratoga convention, Lucy traveling
+all the way from Cincinnati where she was visiting in the Blackwell
+home. Lucy was loudly cheered by a large audience, eager to see this
+young woman whose marriage had attracted so much notice in the press.
+In fact Lucy Stone, who had kept her own name and who with her husband
+had signed a marriage protest against the legal disabilities of a
+married woman, was as much of a novelty in this fashionable circle as
+one of Barnum's high-priced curiosities.</p>
+
+<p>Pleased at Lucy's reception, Susan surveyed the audience
+hopefully&mdash;handsome men in nankeen trousers, red waistcoats, white
+neckcloths, and gray swallowtail coats, sitting beside beautiful young
+women wearing gowns of bombazine and watered silk with wide hoop
+skirts and elaborately trimmed bonnets which set off their curls. To
+her delight, they also applauded Antoinette Brown Blackwell, the first
+woman minister they had ever seen, and Ernestine Rose with her
+appealing foreign accent. They clapped loudly when she herself asked
+them to buy tracts and contribute to the work.</p>
+
+<p>Complimentary as this was, she did not flatter herself that they had
+endorsed woman's rights. That they had come to her meetings in large
+numbers while vacationing in Saratoga Springs, this was important. In
+some a spark of understanding glowed, and this spark would light
+others. They came from the South, from the West, and from the large
+cities of the East. There were railroad magnates among them, rich
+merchants, manufacturers, and politicians. Charles F. Hovey, the
+wealthy Boston dry-goods merchant, listened attentively to every word,
+and in the years that followed became a generous contributor to the
+cause.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>Realizing how very tired she was and that she must feel more
+physically fit before continuing her work, Susan decided to take the
+water cure at her cousin Seth Rogers' Hydropathic Institute in
+Worcester, Massachusetts. This well-known sanitorium prescribed water
+internally and externally as a remedy for all kinds of ailments, and
+in an age when meals were overhearty, baths infrequent, and clothing
+tight and confining, the drinking of water, tub baths, showers, and
+wet packs had enthusiastic advocates. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> soothing baths relaxed
+Susan and the leisure to read refreshed and strengthened her. She
+read, one after another, Carlyle's <i>Sartor Resartus</i>, George Sand's
+<i>Consuelo</i>, Madame de Stael's <i>Corinne</i>, then Frances Wright's <i>A Few
+Days in Athens</i> and Mrs. Gaskell's <i>Life of Charlotte Bront&euml;</i>, making
+notes in her diary (1855) of passages she particularly liked. She
+discussed current events with her cousin Seth on long drives in the
+country, finding him a delightful companion, well-read, understanding,
+and interested in people and causes. He took her to her first
+political meeting, where she was the only woman present and had a seat
+on the platform. It was one of the first rallies of the new Republican
+party which had developed among rebellious northern Whigs,
+Free-Soilers, and anti-Nebraska Democrats who opposed the extension of
+slavery. After listening to the speakers, among them Charles Sumner,
+she drew these conclusions: "Had the accident of birth given me place
+among the aristocracy of sex, I doubt not I should be an active,
+zealous advocate of Republicanism; unless perchance, I had received
+that higher, holier light which would have lifted me to the sublime
+height where now stand Garrison, Phillips, and all that small band
+whose motto is 'No Union with Slaveholders.'"<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a></p>
+
+<p>After listening to the satisfying sermons of Thomas Wentworth
+Higginson at his Free Church in Worcester, she wrote in her diary, "It
+is plain to me now that it is not sitting under preaching I dislike,
+but the fact that most of it is not of a stamp that my soul can
+respond to."<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a></p>
+
+<p>In September she interrupted "the cure" to attend a woman's rights
+meeting in Boston, and with Lucy Stone, Antoinette and Ellen Blackwell
+visited in the home of the wealthy merchant, Francis Jackson, making
+many new friends, among them his daughter, Eliza J. Eddy, whose
+unhappy marriage was to prove a blessing to the woman's rights
+cause.<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a></p>
+
+<p>At tea at the Garrisons', she met many of the "distinguished" men and
+women she had "worshiped" from afar. She heard Theodore Parker preach
+a sermon which filled her soul, and with Mr. Garrison called on him in
+his famous library. "It really seemed audacious in me to be ushered
+into such a presence and on such a commonplace errand as to ask him to
+come to Rochester to speak in a course of lectures I am planning," she
+wrote her family, "but<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> he received me with such kindness and
+simplicity that the awe I felt on entering was soon dissipated. I then
+called on Wendell Phillips in his sanctum for the same purpose. I have
+invited Ralph Waldo Emerson by letter and all three have promised to
+come. In the evening with Mr. Jackson's son James, Ellen Blackwell and
+I went to see <i>Hamlet</i>. In spite of my Quaker training, I find I enjoy
+all these worldly amusements intensely."<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>In January 1856, Susan set out again on a woman's rights tour of New
+York State to gather more signatures for her petitions. This time she
+persuaded Frances D. Gage of Ohio, a temperance worker and popular
+author of children's stories, to join her. An easy extemporaneous
+speaker, Mrs. Gage was an attraction to offer audiences, who drove
+eight or more miles to hear her; and in the cheerless hotels at night
+and on the long cold sleigh rides from town to town, she was a
+congenial companion.</p>
+
+<p>The winter was even colder and snowier than that of the year before.
+"No trains running," Susan wrote her family, "and we had a 36-mile
+ride in a sleigh.... Just emerged from a long line of snow drifts and
+stopped at this little country tavern, supped, and am now roasting
+over the hot stove."<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a></p>
+
+<p>Confronted almost daily with glaring examples of the injustices women
+suffered under the property laws, she was more than ever convinced
+that her work was worth-while. "We stopped at a little tavern where
+the landlady was not yet twenty and had a baby, fifteen months old,"
+she reported. "Her supper dishes were not washed and her baby was
+crying.... She rocked the little thing to sleep, washed the dishes and
+got our supper; beautiful white bread, butter, cheese, pickles, apple
+and mince pie, and excellent peach preserves. She gave us her warm
+room to sleep in.... She prepared a six o'clock breakfast for us,
+fried pork, mashed potatoes, mince pie, and for me at my special
+request, a plate of sweet baked apples and a pitcher of rich milk....
+When we came to pay our bill, the dolt of a husband took the money and
+put it in his pocket. He had not lifted a finger to lighten that
+woman's burdens.... Yet the law gives him the right to every dollar
+she earns, and when she needs two cents to buy a darning needle she
+has to ask him and explain what she wants it for."<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>When after a few weeks Mrs. Gage was called home by illness in her
+family, Susan appealed hopefully to Lucretia Mott's sister, Martha C.
+Wright, in Auburn, New York, "You can speak so much better, so much
+more wisely, so much more everything than I can." Then she added, "I
+should like a particular effort made to call out the Teachers, the
+Sewing Women, the Working Women generally&mdash;Can't you write something
+for your papers that will make them feel that it is for them that we
+work more than [for] the wives and daughters of the rich?"<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a> Mrs.
+Wright, however, could help only in Auburn, and Susan was obliged to
+continue her scheduled meetings alone. She interrupted them only to
+present her petitions to the legislature.</p>
+
+<p>The response of the legislature to her two years of hard work was a
+sarcastic, wholly irrelevant report issued by the judiciary committee
+some weeks later to a Senate roaring with laughter. In the Albany
+<i>Register</i> Susan read with mounting indignation portions of this
+infuriating report: "The ladies always have the best places and the
+choicest tidbit at the table. They have the best seats in cars,
+carriages, and sleighs; the warmest place in winter, the coolest in
+summer. They have their choice on which side of the bed they will lie,
+front or back. A lady's dress costs three times as much as that of a
+gentleman; and at the present time, with the prevailing fashion, one
+lady occupies three times as much space in the world as a gentleman.
+It has thus appeared to the married gentlemen of your committee, being
+a majority ... that if there is any inequality or oppression in the
+case, the gentlemen are the sufferers. They, however, have presented
+no petitions for redress, having doubtless made up their minds to
+yield to an inevitable destiny."<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a></p>
+
+<p>Why, Susan wondered sadly, were woman's rights only a joke to most
+men&mdash;something to be laughed at even in the face of glaring proofs of
+the law's injustice.</p>
+
+<p>There was encouragement, however, in the letters which now came from
+Lucy Stone in Ohio: "Hurrah Susan! Last week this State Legislature
+passed a law giving wives equal property rights, and to mothers equal
+baby rights with fathers. So much is gained. The petitions which I set
+on foot in Wisconsin for suffrage have been presented, made a rousing
+discussion, and then were tabled<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> with three men to defend them!... In
+Nebraska too, the bill for suffrage passed the House.... The world
+moves!"<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a></p>
+
+<p>The world was moving in Great Britain as well, for as Susan read in
+her newspaper, women there were petitioning Parliament for married
+women's property rights, and among the petitioners were her
+well-beloved Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Harriet Martineau, Mrs.
+Gaskell, and Charlotte Cushman. Better still, Harriet Taylor, inspired
+by the example of woman's rights conventions in America, had written
+for the <i>Westminster Review</i> an article advocating the enfranchisement
+of women.</p>
+
+<p>All this reassured Susan, even if New York legislators laughed at her
+efforts.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="NO_UNION_WITH_SLAVEHOLDERS" id="NO_UNION_WITH_SLAVEHOLDERS"></a>NO UNION WITH SLAVEHOLDERS</h2>
+
+
+<p>Susan's thoughts during the summer of 1856 often strayed from woman's
+rights meetings toward Kansas, where her brother Merritt had settled
+on a claim near Osawatomie. Well aware of his eagerness to help John
+Brown, she knew that he must be in the thick of the bloody antislavery
+struggle. In fact the whole Anthony family had been anxiously waiting
+for news from Merritt ever since the wires had flashed word in May
+1856 of the burning of Lawrence by proslavery "border ruffians" from
+Missouri and of John Brown's raid in retaliation at Pottawatomie
+Creek.</p>
+
+<p>Merritt had built a log cabin at Osawatomie. While Susan was at home
+in September, the newspapers reported an attack by proslavery men on
+Osawatomie in which thirty out of fifty settlers were killed. Was
+Merritt among them? Finally letters came through from him. Susan read
+and reread them, assuring herself of his safety. Although ill at the
+time, he had been in the thick of the fight, but was unharmed. Weak
+from the exertion he had crawled back to his cabin on his hands and
+knees and had lain there ill and alone for several weeks.</p>
+
+<p>Parts of Merritt's letters were published in the Rochester <i>Democrat</i>,
+and the city took sides in the conflict, some papers claiming that his
+letters were fiction. Susan wrote Merritt, "How much rather would I
+have you at my side tonight than to think of your daring and enduring
+greater hardships even than our Revolutionary heroes. Words cannot
+tell how often we think of you or how sadly we feel that the terrible
+crime of this nation against humanity is being avenged on the heads of
+our sons and brothers.... Father brings the <i>Democrat</i> giving a list
+of killed, wounded, and missing and the name of our Merritt is not
+therein, but oh! the slain are sons, brothers, and husbands of others
+as dearly loved and sadly mourned."<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a></p>
+
+<p>With difficulty, she prepared for the annual woman's rights
+convention, for the country was in a state of unrest not only over
+Kansas and the whole antislavery question, but also over the
+presidential<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> campaign with three candidates in the field. Even her
+faithful friends Horace Greeley and Gerrit Smith now failed her,
+Horace Greeley writing that he could no longer publish her notices
+free in the news columns of his <i>Tribune</i>, because they cast upon him
+the stigma of ultraradicalism, and Gerrit Smith withholding his
+hitherto generous financial support because woman's rights conventions
+would not press for dress reform&mdash;comfortable clothing for women
+suitable for an active life, which he believed to be the foundation
+stone of women's emancipation.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/057.jpg" width="450" height="360" alt="Merritt Anthony" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Merritt Anthony</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>She watched the lively bitter presidential campaign with interest and
+concern. The new Republican party was in the contest, offering its
+first presidential candidate, the colorful hero and explorer of the
+far West, John C. Fr&eacute;mont. She had leanings toward this virile young
+party which stood firmly against the extension of slavery in the
+territories, and discussed its platform with Elizabeth and Henry B.
+Stanton, both enthusiastically for "Fr&eacute;mont and Freedom." Yet she was
+distrustful of political parties, for they eventually yielded to
+expediency, no matter how high their purpose at the start. Her ideal
+was the Garrisonian doctrine, "No Union with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> Slaveholders" and
+"Immediate Unconditional Emancipation," which courageously faced the
+"whole question" of slavery. There was no compromise among
+Garrisonians.</p>
+
+<p>With the burning issue of slavery now uppermost in her mind, she began
+seriously to reconsider the offer she had received from the American
+Antislavery Society, shortly after her visit to Boston in 1855, to act
+as their agent in central and western New York. Unable to accept at
+that time because she was committed to her woman's rights program, she
+had nevertheless felt highly honored that she had been chosen. Still
+hesitating a little, she wrote Lucy Stone, wanting reassurance that no
+woman's rights work demanded immediate attention. "They talk of
+sending two companies of Lecturers into this state," she wrote Lucy,
+"wish me to lay out the route of each one and accompany one. They seem
+to think me possessed of a vast amount of executive ability. I shrink
+from going into Conventions where speaking is expected of me.... I
+know they want me to help about finance and that part I like and am
+good for nothing else."<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a></p>
+
+<p>She also had the farm home on her mind. With her father in the
+insurance business, her brothers now both in Kansas, her sister Mary
+teaching in the Rochester schools and "looking matrimonially-wise,"
+and her mother at home all alone, Susan often wondered if it might not
+be as much her duty to stay there to take care of her mother and
+father as it would be to make a home comfortable for a husband.
+Sometimes the quietness of such a life beckoned enticingly. But after
+the disappointing November elections which put into the presidency the
+conservative James Buchanan, from whom only a vacillating policy on
+the slavery issue could be expected, she wrote Samuel May, Jr., the
+secretary of the American Antislavery Society, "I shall be very glad
+if I am able to render even the most humble service to this cause.
+Heaven knows there is need of earnest, effective radical workers. The
+heart sickens over the delusions of the recent campaign and turns
+achingly to the unconsidered <i>whole question</i>."<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a></p>
+
+<p>His reply came promptly, "We put all New York into your control and
+want your name to all letters and your hand in all arrangements."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>For $10 a week and expenses, Susan now arranged antislavery meetings,
+displayed posters bearing the provocative words, "No Union with
+Slaveholders," planned tours for a corps of speakers, among them
+Stephen and Abby Kelley Foster, Parker Pillsbury, and two free
+Negroes, Charles Remond and his sister, Sarah.</p>
+
+<p>In debt from her last woman's rights campaign, she could not afford a
+new dress for these tours, but she dyed a dark green the merino which
+she had worn so proudly in Canajoharie ten years before, bought cloth
+to match for a basque, and made a "handsome suit." "With my Siberian
+squirrel cape, I shall be very comfortable," she noted in her
+diary.<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a></p>
+
+<p>She had met indifference and ridicule in her campaigns for woman's
+rights. Now she faced outright hostility, for northern businessmen had
+no use for abolition-mad fanatics, as they called anyone who spoke
+against slavery. Abolitionists, they believed, ruined business by
+stirring up trouble between the North and the South.</p>
+
+<p>Usually antislavery meetings turned into debates between speakers and
+audience, often lasting until midnight, and were charged with
+animosity which might flame into violence. All of the speakers lived
+under a strain, and under emotional pressure. Consequently they were
+not always easy to handle. Some of them were temperamental, a bit
+jealous of each other, and not always satisfied with the tours Susan
+mapped out for them. She expected of her colleagues what she herself
+could endure, but they often complained and sometimes refused to
+fulfill their engagements.</p>
+
+<p>When no one else was at hand, she took her turn at speaking, but she
+was seldom satisfied with her efforts. "I spoke for an hour," she
+confided to her diary, "but my heart fails me. Can it be that my
+stammering tongue ever will be loosed?"</p>
+
+<p>Lucy Stone, who spoke with such ease, gave her advice and
+encouragement. "You ought to cultivate your power of expression," she
+wrote. "The subject is clear to you and you ought to be able to make
+it so to others. It is only a few years ago that Mr. Higginson told me
+he could not speak, he was so much accustomed to writing, and now he
+is second only to Phillips. 'Go thou and do likewise.'"<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a></p>
+
+<p>In March 1857, the Supreme Court startled the country with the Dred
+Scott decision, which not only substantiated the claim of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span>
+Garrisonians that the Constitution sanctioned slavery and protected
+the slaveholder, but practically swept away the Republican platform of
+no extention of slavery in the territories. The decision declared that
+the Constitution did not apply to Negroes, since they were citizens of
+no state when it was adopted and therefore had not the right of
+citizens to sue for freedom or to claim freedom in the territories;
+that the Missouri Compromise had always been void, since Congress did
+not have the right to enact a law which arbitrarily deprived citizens
+of their property.</p>
+
+<p>Reading the decision word for word with dismay and pondering
+indignantly over the cold letter of the law, Susan found herself so
+aroused and so full of the subject that she occasionally made a
+spontaneous speech, and thus gradually began to free herself from
+reliance on written speeches. She spoke from these notes: "Consider
+the fact of 4,000,000 slaves in a Christian and republican
+government.... Antislavery prayers, resolutions, and speeches avail
+nothing without action.... Our mission is to deepen sympathy and
+convert into right action: to show that the men and women of the North
+are slaveholders, those of the South slave-owners. The guilt rests on
+the North equally with the South. Therefore our work is to rouse the
+sleeping consciousness of the North....<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a></p>
+
+<p>"We ask you to feel as if you, yourselves, were the slaves. The
+politician talks of slavery as he does of United States banks, tariff,
+or any other commercial question. We demand the abolition of slavery
+because the slave is a human being and because man should not hold
+property in his fellowman.... We say disobey every unjust law; the
+politician says obey them and meanwhile labor constitutionally for
+repeal.... We preach revolution, the politicians, reform."</p>
+
+<p>Instinctively she reaffirmed her allegiance to the doctrine, "No Union
+with Slaveholders," and she gloried in the courage of Garrison,
+Phillips, and Higginson, who had called a disunion convention,
+demanding that the free states secede. It was good to be one of this
+devoted band, for she sincerely believed that in the ages to come "the
+prophecies of these noble men and women will be read with the same
+wonder and veneration as those of Isaiah and Jeremiah inspire
+today."<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a></p>
+
+<p>She gave herself to the work with religious fervor. Even so, she could
+not make her antislavery meetings self-supporting, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> at the end of
+the first season, after paying her speakers, she faced a deficit of
+$1,000. This troubled her greatly but the Antislavery Society,
+recognizing her value, wrote her, "We cheerfully pay your expenses and
+want to keep you at the head of the work." They took note of her
+"business enterprise, practical sagacity, and platform ability," and
+looked upon the expenditure of $1,000 for the education and
+development of such an exceptional worker as a good investment.</p>
+
+<p>This new experience was a good investment for Susan as well. She made
+many new friends. She won the further respect, confidence, and good
+will of men like William Lloyd Garrison, Wendell Phillips, and Francis
+Jackson. Her friendship with Parker Pillsbury deepened. "I can truly
+say," she wrote Abby Kelley Foster, "my spirit has grown in grace and
+that the experience of the past winter is worth more to me than all my
+Temperance and Woman's Rights labors&mdash;though the latter were the
+school necessary to bring me into the Antislavery work."<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a></p>
+
+<p>Only the crusading spirit of the "antislavery apostles"<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a> and what
+to them seemed the desperate state of the nation made the hard
+campaigning bearable. The animosity they faced, the cold, the poor
+transportation, the long hours, and wretched food taxed the physical
+endurance of all of them. "O the crimes that are committed in the
+kitchens of this land!"<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a> wrote Susan in her diary, as she ate heavy
+bread and the cake ruined with soda and drank what passed for coffee.
+A good cook herself, she had little patience with those who through
+ignorance or carelessness neglected that art. Equally bad were the
+food fads they had to endure when they were entertained in homes of
+otherwise hospitable friends of the cause. Raw-food diets found many
+devotees in those days, and often after long cold rides in the
+stagecoach, these tired hungry antislavery workers were obliged to sit
+down to a supper of apples, nuts, and a baked mixture of coarse bran
+and water. Nor did breakfast or dinner offer anything more. Facing
+these diets seemed harder for the men than for Susan. Repeatedly in
+such situations, they hurried away, leaving her to complete two-or
+three-day engagements among the food cranks. How she welcomed a good
+beefsteak and a pot of hot coffee at home after these long days of
+fasting!</p>
+
+<p>A night at home now was sheer bliss, and she wrote Lucy<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> Stone, "Here
+I am once more in my own Farm Home, where my weary head rests upon my
+own home pillows.... I had been gone <i>Four Months</i>, scarcely sleeping
+the second night under the same roof."<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a></p>
+
+<p>It was good to be with her mother again, to talk with her father when
+he came home from work and with Mary who had not married after all but
+continued teaching in the Rochester schools. Guelma and her husband,
+Aaron McLean, who had moved to Rochester, often came out to the farm
+with their children.</p>
+
+<p>Turning for relaxation to work in the garden in the warm sun, Susan
+thought over the year's experience and planned for the future. "I can
+but acknowledge to myself that Antislavery has made me richer and
+braver in spirit," she wrote Samuel May, Jr., "and that it is the
+school of schools for the true and full development of the nobler
+elements of life. I find my raspberry field looking finely&mdash;also my
+strawberry bed. The prospect for peaches, cherries, plums, apples, and
+pears is very promising&mdash;Indeed all nature is clothed in her most
+hopeful dress. It really seems to me that the trees and the grass and
+the large fields of waving grain did never look so beautifully as now.
+It is more probable, however, that my soul has grown to appreciate
+Nature more fully...."<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a></p>
+
+<p>Susan needed that growth of soul to face the events of the next few
+years and do the work which lay ahead. The whole country was tense
+over the slavery issue, which could no longer be pushed into the
+background. On public platforms and at every fireside, men and women
+were discussing the subject. Antislavery workers sensed the gravity of
+the situation and felt the onrush of the impending conflict between
+what they regarded as the forces of good and evil&mdash;freedom and
+slavery. When the Republican leader, William H. Seward, spoke in
+Rochester, of "an irrepressible conflict between opposing and enduring
+forces,"<a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a> he was expressing only what Garrisonian abolitionists,
+like Susan, always had recognized. In the West, a tall awkward country
+lawyer, Abraham Lincoln, debating with the suave Stephen A. Douglas,
+declared with prophetic wisdom, "'A house divided against itself
+cannot stand.' I believe this government cannot endure permanently
+half slave and half free.... It will become all one thing or all the
+other.'"<a name="FNanchor_82_82" id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a></p>
+
+<p>So Susan believed, and she was doing her best to make it all<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> free.
+Not only was she holding antislavery meetings, making speeches, and
+distributing leaflets whenever and wherever possible, but she was also
+lobbying in Albany for a personal liberty bill to protect the slaves
+who were escaping from the South. "Treason in the Capitol," the
+Democratic press labeled efforts for a personal liberty bill, and as
+Susan reported to William Lloyd Garrison,<a name="FNanchor_83_83" id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a> even Republicans shied
+away from it, many of them regarding Seward's "irrepressible conflict"
+speech a sorry mistake. Such timidity and shilly-shallying were
+repugnant to her. She could better understand the fervor of John Brown
+although he fought with bullets.</p>
+
+<p>Yet John Brown's fervor soon ended in tragedy, sowing seeds of fear,
+distrust, and bitter partisanship in all parts of the country. When,
+in October 1859, the startling news reached Susan of the raid on
+Harper's Ferry and the capture of John Brown, she sadly tried to piece
+together the story of his failure. She admired and respected John
+Brown, believing he had saved Kansas for freedom. That he had further
+ambitious plans was common knowledge among antislavery workers, for he
+had talked them over with Gerrit Smith, Frederick Douglass, and the
+three young militants, Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Frank Sanborn, and
+Samuel Gridley Howe. Somehow these plans had failed, but she was sure
+that his motives were good. He was imprisoned, accused of treason and
+murder, and in his carpetbag were papers which, it was said,
+implicated prominent antislavery workers. Now his friends were fleeing
+the country, Sanborn, Douglass, and Howe. Gerrit Smith broke down so
+completely that for a time his mind was affected. Thomas Wentworth
+Higginson, defiant and unafraid, stuck by John Brown to the end,
+befriending his family, hoping to rescue him as he had rescued
+fugitive slaves.</p>
+
+<p>Scanning the <i>Liberator</i> for its comment on John Brown, Susan found it
+colored, as she had expected, by Garrison's instinctive opposition to
+all war and bloodshed. He called the raid "a misguided, wild,
+apparently insane though disinterested and well-intentioned effort by
+insurrection to emancipate the slaves of Virginia," but even he added,
+"Let no one who glories in the Revolutionary struggle of 1776 deny the
+right of the slaves to imitate the example of our fathers."<a name="FNanchor_84_84" id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Behind closed doors and in public meetings, abolitionists pledged
+their allegiance to John Brown's noble purpose. He had wanted no
+bloodshed, they said, had no thought of stirring up slaves to brutal
+revenge. The raid was to be merely a signal for slaves to arise, to
+cast off slavery forever, to follow him to a mountain refuge, which
+other slave insurrections would reinforce until all slaves were free.
+To him the plan seemed logical and he was convinced it was
+God-inspired. To some of his friends it seemed possible&mdash;just a step
+beyond the Underground Railroad and hiding fugitive slaves. To Susan
+he was a hero and a martyr.</p>
+
+<p>Southerners, increasingly fearful of slave insurrections, called John
+Brown a cold-blooded murderer and accused Republicans&mdash;"black
+Republicans," they classed them&mdash;of taking orders from abolitionists
+and planning evil against them. To law-abiding northerners, John Brown
+was a menace, stirring up lawlessness. Seward and Lincoln, speaking
+for the Republicans, declared that violence, bloodshed, and treason
+could not be excused even if slavery was wrong and Brown thought he
+was right. All saw before them the horrible threat of civil war.</p>
+
+<p>During John Brown's trial, his friends did their utmost to save him.
+The noble old giant with flowing white beard, who had always been more
+or less of a legend, now to them assumed heroic proportions. His
+calmness, his steadfastness in what he believed to be right captured
+the imagination.</p>
+
+<p>The jury declared him guilty&mdash;guilty of treason, of conspiring with
+slaves to rebel, guilty of murder in the first degree. The papers
+carried the story, and it spread by word of mouth&mdash;the story of those
+last tense moments in the courtroom when John Brown declared, "It is
+unjust that I should suffer such a penalty. Had I interferred ... in
+behalf of the rich, the powerful, the intelligent, the so-called
+great, or in behalf of any of their friends ... it would have been all
+right.... I say I am yet too young to understand that God is any
+respecter of persons. I believe that to have interferred as I have
+done, in behalf of His despised poor, I did no wrong but right. Now if
+it is deemed necessary that I should forfeit my life for the
+furtherance of the ends of justice and mingle my blood further with
+the blood of my children and with the blood of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> millions in this slave
+country whose rights are disregarded by wicked, cruel, and unjust
+enactments, I say, let it be done...."<a name="FNanchor_85_85" id="FNanchor_85_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a></p>
+
+<p>He was sentenced to die.</p>
+
+<p>Susan, sick at heart, talked all this over with her abolitionist
+friends and began planning a meeting of protest and mourning in
+Rochester if John Brown were hanged. She engaged the city's most
+popular hall for this meeting, never thinking of the animosity she
+might arouse, and as she went from door to door selling tickets, she
+asked for contributions for John Brown's destitute family. She tried
+to get speakers from among respected Republicans to widen the popular
+appeal of the meeting, but her diary records, "Not one man of
+prominence in religion or politics will identify himself with the John
+Brown meeting."<a name="FNanchor_86_86" id="FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a> Only a Free Church minister, the Rev. Abram Pryn,
+and the ever-faithful Parker Pillsbury were willing to speak.</p>
+
+<p>There was still hope that John Brown might be saved and excitement ran
+high. Some like Higginson, unwilling to let him die, wanted to rescue
+him, but Brown forbade it. Others wanted to kidnap Governor Wise of
+Virginia and hold him on the high seas, a hostage for John Brown.
+Wendell Phillips was one of these. Parker Pillsbury, sending Susan the
+latest news from "the seat of war" and signing his letter, "Faithfully
+and fervently yours," wrote, "My voice is against any attempt at
+rescue. It would inevitably, I fear, lead to bloodshed which could not
+compensate nor be compensated. If the people dare murder their victim,
+as they are determined to do, and in the name of the law ... the moral
+effect of the execution will be without a parallel since the scenes on
+Calvary eighteen hundred years ago, and the halter that day sanctified
+shall be the cord to draw millions to salvation."<a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a></p>
+
+<p>On Friday, December 2, 1859, John Brown was hanged. Through the North,
+church bells tolled and prayers were said for him. Everywhere people
+gathered together to mourn and honor or to condemn. In New York City,
+at a big meeting which overflowed to the streets, it was resolved
+"that we regard the recent outrage at Harper's Ferry as a crime, not
+only against the State of Virginia, but against the Union itself...."
+In Boston, however, Ralph Waldo Emerson spoke to a tremendous audience
+of "the new saint, than<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> whom none purer or more brave was ever led by
+love of man into conflict and death ... who will make the gallows
+glorious," and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow recorded in his diary, "This
+will be a great day in our history; the date of a new revolution." Far
+away in France, Victor Hugo declared, "The eyes of Europe are fixed on
+America. The hanging of John Brown will open a latent fissure that
+will finally split the union asunder.... You preserve your shame, but
+you kill your glory."<a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a></p>
+
+<p>In Rochester, three hundred people assembled. All were friends of the
+cause and there was no unfriendly disturbance to mar the proceedings.
+Susan presided and Parker Pillsbury, in her opinion, made "the
+grandest speech of his life," for it was the only occasion he ever
+found fully wicked enough to warrant "his terrific invective."<a name="FNanchor_89_89" id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a></p>
+
+<p>Thus these two militant abolitionists, Susan B. Anthony and Parker
+Pillsbury, joined hundreds of others throughout the nation in honoring
+John Brown, sensing the portent of his martyrdom and prophesying that
+his soul would go marching on.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="THE_TRUE_WOMAN" id="THE_TRUE_WOMAN"></a>THE TRUE WOMAN</h2>
+
+
+<p>Susan's preoccupation with antislavery work did not lessen her
+interest in women's advancement. Her own expanding courage and ability
+showed her the possibilities for all women in widened horizons and
+activities. These possibilities were the chief topic of conversation
+when she and Elizabeth Stanton were together. With Mrs. Stanton's
+young daughters, Margaret and Harriot, in mind, they were continually
+planning ways and means of developing the new woman, or the "true
+woman" as they liked to call her; and one of these ways was physical
+exercise in the fresh air, which was almost unheard of for women
+except on the frontier.</p>
+
+<p>Taking off her hoops and working in the garden in the freedom of her
+long calico dress, Susan was refreshed and exhilarated. "Uncovered the
+strawberry and raspberry beds ..." her diary records. "Worked with
+Simon building frames for the grapevines in the peach orchards.... Set
+out 18 English black currants, 22 English gooseberries and Muscatine
+grape vines.... Finished setting out the apple trees &amp; 600 blackberry
+bushes...."<a name="FNanchor_90_90" id="FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a></p>
+
+<p>She knew how little this strengthening work and healing influence
+touched the lives of most women. Hemmed in by the walls of their
+homes, weighed down by bulky confining clothing, fed on the tradition
+of weakness, women could never gain the breadth of view, courage, and
+stamina needed to demand and appreciate emancipation. She thought a
+great deal about this and how it could be remedied, and wrote her
+friend, Thomas Wentworth Higginson "The salvation of the race depends,
+in a great measure, upon rescuing women from their hot-house
+existence. Whether in kitchen, nursery or parlor, all alike are shut
+away from God's sunshine. Why did not your Caroline Plummer of Salem,
+why do not all of our wealthy women leave money for industrial and
+agricultural schools for girls, instead of ever and always providing
+for boys alone?"<a name="FNanchor_91_91" id="FNanchor_91_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a></p>
+
+<p>An exceptional opportunity was now offered Susan&mdash;to speak on the
+controversial subject of coeducation before the State Teachers'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span>
+Association, which only a few years before had been shocked by the
+sound of a woman's voice. Deeply concerned over her ability to write
+the speech, she at once appealed to Elizabeth Stanton, "Do you please
+mark out a plan and give me as soon as you can...."<a name="FNanchor_92_92" id="FNanchor_92_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 347px;">
+<img src="images/068.jpg" width="347" height="450" alt="Susan B. Anthony, 1856" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Susan B. Anthony, 1856</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Busy with preparations for woman's rights meetings in popular New York
+summer resorts, Saratoga Springs, Lake George, Clifton Springs, and
+Avon, she grew panicky at the prospect of her impending speech and
+dashed off another urgent letter to Mrs. Stanton, underlining it
+vigorously for emphasis: "Not a <i>word written</i> ... and mercy only
+knows when I can get a moment, and what is <i>worse</i>, as the <i>Lord knows
+full well</i>, is, that if <i>I get all the time the world has&mdash;I can't get
+up a decent document</i>.... It is of but small moment who writes the
+Address, but of <i>vast moment</i> that it be <i>well done</i>.... No woman but
+you can write from <i>my standpoint</i> for all would base their strongest
+<i>argument</i> on the <i>un</i>likeness of the <i>sexes</i>....</p>
+
+<p>"Those of you who have the <i>talent</i> to do honor to poor, oh how poor
+womanhood have all given yourselves over to <i>baby</i>-making and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> left
+poor brainless <i>me</i> to battle alone. It is a shame. Such a lady as <i>I
+might</i> be <i>spared</i> to <i>rock cradles</i>, but it is a crime for <i>you</i> and
+<i>Lucy</i> and <i>Nette</i>."<a name="FNanchor_93_93" id="FNanchor_93_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a></p>
+
+<p>On a separate page she outlined for Mrs. Stanton the points she wanted
+to make. Her title was affirmative, "Why the Sexes Should be Educated
+Together." "Because," she reasoned, "by such education they get true
+ideas of each other.... Because the endowment of both public and
+private funds is ever for those of the male sex, while all the
+Seminaries and Boarding Schools for Females are left to maintain
+themselves as best they may by means of their tuition
+fees&mdash;consequently cannot afford a faculty of first-class
+professors.... Not a school in the country gives to the girl equal
+privileges with the boy.... No school <i>requires</i> and but very few
+allow the <i>girls</i> to declaim and discuss side by side with the boys.
+Thus they are robbed of half of education. The grand thing that is
+needed is to give the sexes <i>like motives</i> for acquirement. Very
+rarely a person studies closely, without hope of making that knowledge
+useful, as a means of support...."<a name="FNanchor_94_94" id="FNanchor_94_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a></p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Stanton wrote her at once, "Come here and I will do what I can to
+help you with your address, if you will hold the baby and make the
+puddings."<a name="FNanchor_95_95" id="FNanchor_95_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a> Gratefully Susan hurried to Seneca Falls and together
+they "loaded her gun," not only for the teachers' convention but for
+all the summer meetings.</p>
+
+<p>Addressing the large teachers' meeting in Troy, Susan declared that
+mental sex-differences did not exist. She called attention to the
+ever-increasing variety of occupations which women were carrying on
+with efficiency. There were women typesetters, editors, publishers,
+authors, clerks, engravers, watchmakers, bookkeepers, sculptors,
+painters, farmers, and machinists. Two hundred and fifty women were
+serving as postmasters. Girls, she insisted, must be educated to earn
+a living and more vocations must be opened to them as an incentive to
+study. "A woman," she added, "needs no particular kind of education to
+be a wife and mother anymore than a man does to be a husband and
+father. A man cannot make a living out of these relations. He must
+fill them with something more and so must women."<a name="FNanchor_96_96" id="FNanchor_96_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a></p>
+
+<p>Her advanced ideas did not cause as much consternation as she had
+expected and she was asked to repeat her speech at the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> Massachusetts
+teachers' convention; but the thoughts of many in that audience were
+echoed by the president when he said to her after the meeting, "Madam,
+that was a splendid production and well delivered. I could not have
+asked for a single thing different either in matter or manner; but I
+would rather have followed my wife or daughter to Greenwood cemetery
+than to have had her stand here before this promiscuous audience and
+deliver that address."<a name="FNanchor_97_97" id="FNanchor_97_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a></p>
+
+<p>It was one thing to talk about coeducation but quite another to offer
+a resolution putting the New York State Teachers' Association on
+record as asking all schools, colleges, and universities to open their
+doors to women. This Susan did at their next convention, and while
+there were enough women present to carry the resolution, most of them
+voted against it, listening instead to the emotional arguments of a
+group of conservative men who prophesied that coeducation would
+coarsen women and undermine marriage. Nor did she forget the Negro at
+these conventions, but brought much criticism upon herself by offering
+resolutions protesting the exclusion of Negroes from public schools,
+academies, colleges, and universities.</p>
+
+<p>Such controversial activities were of course eagerly reported in the
+press, and Henry Stanton, reading his newspaper, pointed them out to
+his wife, remarking drily, "Well, my dear, another notice of Susan.
+You stir up Susan and she stirs up the world."<a name="FNanchor_98_98" id="FNanchor_98_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>The best method of arousing women and spreading new ideas, Susan
+decided, was holding woman's rights conventions, for the discussions
+at these conventions covered a wide field and were not limited merely
+to women's legal disabilities. The feminists of that day extolled
+freedom of speech, and their platform, like that of antislavery
+conventions, was open to anyone who wished to express an opinion.
+Always the limited educational opportunities offered to women were
+pointed out, and Oberlin College and Antioch, both coeducational, were
+held up as patterns for the future. Resolutions were passed, demanding
+that Harvard and Yale admit women. Women's low wages and the very few
+occupations open to them were considered, and whether it was fitting
+for women to be doctors and ministers. At one convention Lucy Stone
+made the suggestion<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> that a prize be offered for a novel on women,
+like <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i>, to arouse the whole nation to the unjust
+situation of women whose slavery, she felt, was comparable to that of
+the Negro. At another, William Lloyd Garrison maintained that women
+had the right to sit in the Congress and in state legislatures and
+that there should be an equal number of men and women in all national
+councils. Inevitably Scriptural edicts regarding woman's sphere were
+thrashed out with Antoinette Brown, in her clerical capacity, setting
+at rest the minds of questioning women and quashing the protests of
+clergymen who thought they were speaking for God. Usually Ernestine
+Rose was on hand, ready to speak when needed, injecting into the
+discussions her liberal clear-cut feminist views. Nor was the
+international aspect of the woman's rights movement forgotten. The
+interest in Great Britain in the franchise for women of such men as
+Lord Brougham and John Stuart Mill was reported as were the efforts
+there among women to gain admission to the medical profession.
+Distributed widely as a tract was the "admirable" article in the
+<i>Westminster Review</i>, "The Enfranchisement of Women," by Harriet
+Taylor, now Mrs. John Stuart Mill.</p>
+
+<p>In New York, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana, where
+state conventions were held annually, women carried back to their
+homes and their friends new and stimulating ideas. National
+conventions, which actually represented merely the northeastern states
+and Ohio and occasionally attracted men and women from Indiana,
+Missouri, and Kansas, were scheduled by Susan to meet every year in
+New York, simultaneously with antislavery conventions. Thus she was
+assured of a brilliant array of speakers, for the Garrisonian
+abolitionists were sincere advocates of woman's rights.</p>
+
+<p>Both Elizabeth Stanton and Lucy Stone were a great help to Susan in
+preparing for these national gatherings for which she raised the
+money. Elizabeth wrote the calls and resolutions, while Lucy could not
+only be counted upon for an eloquent speech, but through her wide
+contacts brought new speakers and new converts to the meetings.
+However, national woman's rights conventions would probably have
+lapsed completely during the troubled years prior to the Civil War,
+had it not been for Susan's persistence. She was obliged to omit the
+1857 convention because all of her best<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> speakers were either having
+babies or were kept at home by family duties. Lucy's baby, Alice Stone
+Blackwell, was born in September 1857, then Antoinette Brown's first
+child, and Mrs. Stanton's seventh.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 349px;">
+<img src="images/072.jpg" width="349" height="450" alt="Lucy Stone and her daughter, Alice Stone Blackwell" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Lucy Stone and her daughter, Alice Stone Blackwell</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Impatient to get on with the work, Susan chafed at the delay and when
+Lucy wrote her, "I shall not assume the responsibility for another
+convention until I have had my ten daughters,"<a name="FNanchor_99_99" id="FNanchor_99_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a> Susan was beside
+herself with apprehension. When Lucy told her that it was harder to
+take care of a baby day and night than to campaign for woman's rights,
+she felt that Lucy regarded as unimportant her "common work" of hiring
+halls, engaging speakers, and raising money. This rankled, for
+although Susan realized it was work without glory, she did expect Lucy
+to understand its significance.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Stanton sensed the makings of a rift between Susan and these
+young mothers, Lucy and Antoinette, and knowing from her own
+experience how torn a woman could be between rearing a family and work
+for the cause, she pleaded with Susan to be patient with them. "Let
+them rest a while in peace and quietness, and think great thoughts for
+the future," she wrote Susan. "It is not well to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> be in the excitement
+of public life all the time. Do not keep stirring them up or mourning
+over their repose. You need rest too. Let the world alone a while. We
+cannot bring about a moral revolution in a day or a year."<a name="FNanchor_100_100" id="FNanchor_100_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a></p>
+
+<p>But Susan could not let the world alone. There was too much to be
+done. In addition to her woman's rights and antislavery work, she gave
+a helping hand to any good cause in Rochester, such as a protest
+meeting against capital punishment, a series of Sunday evening
+lectures, or establishing a Free Church like that headed by Theodore
+Parker in Boston where no one doctrine would be preached and all would
+be welcome. There were days when weariness and discouragement hung
+heavily upon her. Then impatient that she alone seemed to be carrying
+the burden of the whole woman's rights movement, she complained to
+Lydia Mott, "There is not one woman left who may be relied on. All
+have first to please their husbands after which there is little time
+or energy left to spend in any other direction.... How soon the last
+standing monuments (yourself and myself, Lydia) will lay down the
+individual 'shovel and de hoe' and with proper zeal and spirit grasp
+those of some masculine hand, the mercies and the spirits only know. I
+declare to you that I distrust the powers of any woman, even of myself
+to withstand the mighty matrimonial maelstrom!"<a name="FNanchor_101_101" id="FNanchor_101_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a></p>
+
+<p>To Elizabeth Stanton she confessed, "I have very weak moments and long
+to lay my weary head somewhere and nestle my full soul to that of
+another in full sympathy. I sometimes fear that <i>I too</i> shall faint by
+the wayside and drop out of the ranks of the faithful few."<a name="FNanchor_102_102" id="FNanchor_102_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_102_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>Susan thought a great deal about marriage at this time, about how it
+interfered with the development of women's talents and their careers,
+how it usually dwarfed their individuality. Nor were these thoughts
+wholly impersonal, for she had attentive suitors during these years.
+Her diary mentions moonlight rides and adds, "Mr.&mdash;walked home with
+me; marvelously attentive. What a pity such powers of intellect should
+lack the moral spine."<a name="FNanchor_103_103" id="FNanchor_103_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_103_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a> Her standards of matrimony were high, and
+she carefully recorded in her diary Lucretia Mott's wise words, "In
+the true marriage relation, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> independence of the husband and wife
+is equal, their dependence mutual, and their obligations
+reciprocal."<a name="FNanchor_104_104" id="FNanchor_104_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_104_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a></p>
+
+<p>Marriage and the differences of the sexes were often discussed at the
+many meetings she attended, and when remarks were made which to her
+seemed to limit in any way the free and full development of woman, she
+always registered her protest. She had no patience with any
+unrealistic glossing over of sex attraction and spurned the theory
+that woman expressed love and man wisdom, that these two qualities
+reached out for each other and blended in marriage. Because she spoke
+frankly for those days and did not soften the impact of her words with
+sentimental flowery phrases, her remarks were sometimes called
+"coarse" and "animal," but she justified them in a letter to Mrs.
+Stanton, who thought as she did, "To me it [sex] is not coarse or
+gross. If it is a fact, there it is."<a name="FNanchor_105_105" id="FNanchor_105_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_105_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a></p>
+
+<p>She was reading at this time Elizabeth Barrett Browning's <i>Aurora
+Leigh</i>, called by Ruskin the greatest poem in the English language,
+but criticized by others as an indecent romance revolting to the
+purity of many women. Susan had bought a copy of the first American
+edition and she carried it with her wherever she went. After a hard
+active day, she found inspiration and refreshment in its pages. No
+matter how dreary the hotel room or how unfriendly the town, she no
+longer felt lonely or discouraged, for Aurora Leigh was a companion
+ever at hand, giving her confidence in herself, strengthening her
+ambition, and helping her build a satisfying, constructive philosophy
+of life. On the flyleaf of her worn copy, which in later years she
+presented to the Library of Congress, she wrote, "This book was
+carried in my satchel for years and read and reread. The noble words
+of Elizabeth Barrett, as Wendell Phillips always called her, sunk deep
+into my heart. I have always cherished it above all other books. I now
+present it to the Congressional Library with the hope that women may
+more and more be like Aurora Leigh."</p>
+
+<p>The beauty of its poetry enchanted her, and Elizabeth Barrett
+Browning's feminism found an echo in her own. She pencil-marked the
+passages she wanted to reread. When her "common work" of hiring halls
+and engaging speakers seemed unimportant and even futile, she found
+comfort in these lines:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Be sure no earnest work<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of any honest creature, howbeit weak<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Imperfect, ill-adapted, fails so much,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">It is not gathered as a grain of sand<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To enlarge the sum of human action used<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For carrying out God's end....<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">... let us be content in work,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To do the thing we can, and not presume<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To fret because it's little."<a name="FNanchor_106_106" id="FNanchor_106_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Glorying in work, she read with satisfaction:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"The honest earnest man must stand and work:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The woman also, otherwise she drops<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">At once below the dignity of man,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Accepting serfdom. Free men freely work;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Who ever fears God, fears to sit at ease."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Could she have written poetry, these words, spoken by Aurora, might
+well have been her own:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"You misconceive the question like a man,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Who sees a woman as the complement<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of his sex merely. You forget too much<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That every creature, female as the male,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Stands single in responsible act and thought,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">As also in birth and death. Whoever says<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To a loyal woman, 'Love and work with me,'<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Will get fair answers, if the work and love<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Being good of themselves, are good for her&mdash;the best<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">She was born for."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Inspired by <i>Aurora Leigh</i>, Susan planned a new lecture, "The True
+Woman," and as she wrote it out word for word, her thoughts and
+theories about women, which had been developing through the years,
+crystallized. In her opinion, the "true woman" could no more than
+Aurora Leigh follow the traditional course and sacrifice all for the
+love of one man, adjusting her life to his whims. She must, instead,
+develop her own personality and talents, advancing in learning, in the
+arts, in science, and in business, cherishing at the same time her
+noble womanly qualities. Susan hoped that some day the full
+development of woman's individuality would be compatible<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> with
+marriage, and she held up as an ideal the words which Elizabeth
+Barrett Browning put into the mouth of Aurora Leigh:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4">"The world waits<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For help. Beloved, let us work so well,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Our work shall still be better for our love<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And still our love be sweeter for our work<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And both, commended, for the sake of each,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">By all true workers and true lovers born."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>She expressed this hope in her own practical words to Lydia Mott:
+"Institutions, among them marriage, are justly chargeable with many
+social and individual ills, but after all, the whole man or woman will
+rise above them. I am sure my 'true woman' will never be crushed or
+dwarfed by them. Woman must take to her soul a purpose and then make
+circumstances conform to this purpose, instead of forever singing the
+refrain, 'if and if and if.'"<a name="FNanchor_107_107" id="FNanchor_107_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_107_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>Late in 1858, Susan received a letter from Wendell Phillips which put
+new life into all her efforts for women. He wrote her that an
+anonymous donor had given him $5,000 for the woman's rights cause and
+that he, Lucy Stone, and Susan had been named trustees to spend it
+wisely and effectively.</p>
+
+<p>The man who felt that the woman's rights cause was important enough to
+rate a gift of that size proved to be wealthy Francis Jackson of
+Boston, in whose home Susan had visited a few years before with Lucy
+and Antoinette. Jubilant over the prospects, she at once began to make
+plans. She wanted to use all of the fund for lectures, conventions,
+tracts, and newspaper articles; Lucy thought part of the money should
+be spent to prove unconstitutional the law which taxed women without
+representation and Antoinette was eager for a share to establish a
+church in which she could preach woman's rights with the Gospel.</p>
+
+<p>Both Wendell Phillips and Lucy Stone agreed that Susan should have
+$1,500 for the intensive campaign she had planned for New York, and
+for once in her life she started off without a financial worry, with
+money in hand to pay her speakers. She held meetings in all of the
+principal towns of the state, making them at least partially pay for
+themselves. Her lecturers each received $12 a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> week and she kept a
+like amount for herself, for planning the tour, organizing the
+meetings, and delivering her new lecture, "The True Woman."</p>
+
+<p>"I am having fine audiences of thinking men and women," she wrote Mary
+Hallowell. "Oh, if we could but make our meetings ring like those of
+the antislavery people, wouldn't the world hear us? But to do that we
+must have souls baptized into the work and consecrated to it."<a name="FNanchor_108_108" id="FNanchor_108_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_108_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a></p>
+
+<p>Some souls were deeply stirred by the woman's rights gospel. One of
+these was the wealthy Boston merchant, Charles F. Hovey, who in his
+will left $50,000 in trust to Wendell Phillips, William Lloyd
+Garrison, Parker Pillsbury, Abby Kelley Foster, and others, to be
+spent for the "promotion of the antislavery cause and other reforms,"
+among them woman's rights, and not less than $8,000 a year to be spent
+to promote these reforms. With all this financial help available,
+Susan expected great things to happen.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>During the winter of 1860 while the legislature was in session, Susan
+spent six weeks in Albany with Lydia Mott, and day after day she
+climbed the long hill to the capitol to interview legislators on
+amendments to the married women's property laws. When these amendments
+were passed by the Senate, Assemblyman Anson Bingham urged her to
+bring their mutual friend, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, to Albany to speak
+before his committee to assure passage by the Assembly.</p>
+
+<p>Once again Susan hurried to Seneca Falls, and unpacking her little
+portmanteau stuffed with papers and statistics, discussed the subject
+with Mrs. Stanton in front of the open fire late into the night. Then
+the next morning while Mrs. Stanton shut herself up in the quietest
+room in the house to write her speech, Susan gave the children their
+breakfast, sent the older ones off to school, watched over the babies,
+prepared the desserts, and made herself generally useful. By this time
+the children regarded her affectionately as "Aunt Thusan," and they
+knew they must obey her, for she was a stern disciplinarian whom even
+the mischievous Stanton boys dared not defy.</p>
+
+<p>These visits of Susan's were happy, satisfying times for both these
+young women. A few days' respite from travel in a well-run<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> home with
+a friend she admired did wonders for Susan, giving her perspective on
+the work she had already done and courage to tackle new problems,
+while for Mrs. Stanton this short period of stimulating companionship
+and freedom from household cares was a godsend. "Miss Anthony" had
+long ago become Susan to Elizabeth, but Susan all through her life
+called her very best friend "Mrs. Stanton," playfully to be sure, but
+with a remnant of that formality which it was hard for her to cast
+off.</p>
+
+<p>The speech was soon finished. Mrs. Stanton's imagination, fired by her
+sympathetic understanding of women's problems, had turned Susan's cold
+hard facts into moving prose, while Susan, the best of critics,
+detected every weak argument or faltering phrase. They both felt they
+had achieved a masterpiece.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Stanton delivered this address before a joint session of the New
+York legislature in March 1860. Susan beamed with pride as she watched
+the large audience crowd even the galleries and heard the long loud
+applause for the speech which she was convinced could not have been
+surpassed by any man in the United States.</p>
+
+<p>The next day the Assembly passed the Married Women's Property Bill,
+and when shortly it was signed by the governor, Susan and Mrs. Stanton
+scored their first big victory, winning a legal revolution for the
+women of New York State. This new law was a challenge to women
+everywhere. Under it a married woman had the right to hold property,
+real and personal, without the interference of her husband, the right
+to carry on any trade or perform any service on her own account and to
+collect and use her own earnings; a married woman might now buy, sell,
+and make contracts, and if her husband had abandoned her or was
+insane, a convict, or a habitual drunkard, his consent was
+unnecessary; a married woman might sue and be sued, she was the joint
+guardian with her husband of her children, and on the decease of her
+husband the wife had the same rights that her husband would have at
+her death.</p>
+
+<p>Susan did not then realize the full significance of what she had
+accomplished&mdash;that she had unleashed a new movement for freedom which
+would be the means of strengthening the democratic government of her
+country.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="THE_ZEALOT" id="THE_ZEALOT"></a>THE ZEALOT</h2>
+
+
+<p>With a spirit of confidence inspired by her victory in New York State,
+Susan looked forward to the tenth national woman's rights convention
+in New York City in May 1860. At this convention she reported progress
+everywhere. Four thousand dollars from the Jackson and Hovey funds had
+been spent in the successful New York campaign, and similar work was
+scheduled for Ohio. In Kansas, women had won from the constitutional
+convention equal rights and privileges in state-controlled schools and
+in the management of the public schools, including the right to vote
+for members of school boards; mothers had been granted equal rights
+with fathers in the control and custody of their children, and married
+women had been given property rights. In Indiana, Maine, Missouri, and
+Ohio, married women could now control their own earnings.</p>
+
+<p>"Each year we hail with pleasure," she continued, "new accessions to
+our faith. Brave men and true from the higher walks of literature and
+art, from the bar, the bench, the pulpit, and legislative halls are
+now ready to help woman wherever she claims to stand." She was
+thinking of the aid given her by Andrew J. Colvin and Anson Bingham of
+the New York legislature, of the young journalist, George William
+Curtis, just recently speaking for women, of Samuel Longfellow at his
+first woman's rights convention, and of the popular Henry Ward Beecher
+who, just a few months before, had delivered his great woman's rights
+speech, thereby identifying himself irrevocably with the cause. She
+announced with great satisfaction the news, which the papers had
+carried a few days before, that Matthew Vassar of Poughkeepsie had set
+aside $400,000 to found a college for women equal in all respects to
+Harvard and Yale.<a name="FNanchor_109_109" id="FNanchor_109_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_109_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a></p>
+
+<p>Progress and good feeling were in the air, and the speakers were not
+heckled as in past years by the rowdies who had made it a practice to
+follow abolitionists into woman's rights meetings to bait them. Into
+this atmosphere of good will and rejoicing, Susan and Elizabeth
+Stanton now injected a more serious note, bringing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> before the
+convention the controversial question of marriage and divorce which
+heretofore had been handled with kid gloves at all woman's rights
+meetings, but which they sincerely believed demanded solution.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>Divorce had been much in the news because several leading families in
+America and in England were involved in lawsuits complicated by
+stringent divorce laws. Invariably the wife bore the burden of censure
+and hardship, for no matter how unprincipled her husband might be, he
+was entitled to her children and her earnings under the property laws
+of most states.</p>
+
+<p>In New York efforts were now being made to gain support for a liberal
+divorce bill, patterned after the Indiana law, and a variety of
+proposals were before the legislature, making drunkenness, insanity,
+desertion, and cruel and abusive treatment grounds for divorce. Horace
+Greeley in his <i>Tribune</i> had been vigorously opposing a more liberal
+law for New York, while Robert Dale Owen of Indiana wrote in its
+defense. Everywhere people were reading the Greeley-Owen debates in
+the <i>Tribune</i>. Through his widely circulated paper, Horace Greeley had
+in a sense become an oracle for the people who felt he was safe and
+good; while Robert Dale Owen, because of his youthful association with
+the New Harmony community and Frances Wright, was branded with
+radicalism which even his valuable service in the Indiana legislature
+and his two terms in Congress could not blot out.</p>
+
+<p>Susan and Mrs. Stanton had no patience with Horace Greeley's smug
+old-fashioned opinions on marriage and divorce. In fact these
+Greeley-Owen debates in the <i>Tribune</i> were the direct cause of their
+decision to bring this subject before the convention, where they hoped
+for support from their liberal friends. They counted especially on
+Lucy Stone, who seemed to give her approval when she wrote, "I am glad
+you will speak on the divorce question, provided you yourself are
+clear on the subject. It is a great grave topic that one shudders to
+grapple, but its hour is coming.... God touch your lips if you speak
+on it."<a name="FNanchor_110_110" id="FNanchor_110_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_110_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a></p>
+
+<p>Neither Susan nor Mrs. Stanton shuddered to grapple with any subject
+which they believed needed attention. In fact, the discussion of
+marriage and divorce in woman's rights conventions had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> been on their
+minds for some time. Three years before Susan had written Lucy, "I
+have thought with you until of late that the Social Question must be
+kept separate from Woman's Rights, but we have always claimed that our
+movement was <i>Human Rights</i>, not Woman's specially.... It seems to me
+we have played on the surface of things quite long enough. Getting the
+right to hold property, to vote, to wear what dress we please, etc.,
+are all to the good, but <i>Social Freedom</i>, after all, lies at the
+bottom of all, and unless woman gets that she must continue the slave
+of man in all other things."<a name="FNanchor_111_111" id="FNanchor_111_111"></a><a href="#Footnote_111_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>Consternation spread through the genial ranks of the convention as
+Mrs. Stanton now offered resolutions calling for more liberal divorce
+laws. Quick to sense the temper of an audience, Susan felt its
+resistance to being jolted out of the pleasant contemplation of past
+successes to the unpleasant recognition that there were still
+difficult ugly problems ahead. She was conscious at once of a stir of
+astonishment and disapproval when Mrs. Stanton in her clear compelling
+voice read, "Resolved, That an unfortunate or ill-assorted marriage is
+ever a calamity, but not ever, perhaps never a crime&mdash;and when society
+or government, by its laws or customs, compels its continuance, always
+to the grief of one of the parties, and the actual loss and damage of
+both, it usurps an authority never delegated to man, nor exercised by
+God, Himself...."<a name="FNanchor_112_112" id="FNanchor_112_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_112_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a></p>
+
+<p>Listening to Mrs. Stanton's speech in defense of her ten bold
+resolutions on marriage and divorce, Susan felt that her brave
+colleague was speaking for women everywhere, for wives of the present
+and the future. As the hearty applause rang out, she concluded that
+even the disapproving admired her courage; but before the applause
+ceased, she saw Antoinette Blackwell on her feet, waiting to be heard.
+She knew that Antoinette, like Horace Greeley, preferred to think of
+all marriages as made in heaven, and true to form Antoinette contended
+that the marriage relation "must be lifelong" and "as permanent and
+indissoluble as the relation of parent and child."<a name="FNanchor_113_113" id="FNanchor_113_113"></a><a href="#Footnote_113_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a> At once
+Ernestine Rose came to the rescue in support of Mrs. Stanton.</p>
+
+<p>Then Wendell Phillips showed his displeasure by moving that Mrs.
+Stanton's resolutions be laid on the table and expunged from the
+record because they had no more to do with this convention<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> than
+slavery in Kansas or temperance. "This convention," he asserted, "as I
+understand it, assembles to discuss the laws that rest unequally upon
+men and women, not those that rest equally on men and women."<a name="FNanchor_114_114" id="FNanchor_114_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_114_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a></p>
+
+<p>Aghast at this statement, Susan was totally unprepared to have his
+views supported by that other champion of liberty, William Lloyd
+Garrison, who, however, did not favor expunging the resolutions from
+the record.</p>
+
+<p>It was incomprehensible to Susan that neither Garrison nor Phillips
+recognized woman's subservient status in marriage under prevailing
+laws and traditions, and she now stated her own views with firmness:
+"As to the point that this question does not belong to this
+platform&mdash;from that I totally dissent. Marriage has ever been a
+one-sided matter, resting most unequally upon the sexes. By it, man
+gains all&mdash;woman loses all; tyrant law and lust reign supreme with
+him&mdash;meek submission and ready obedience alone befit her."<a name="FNanchor_115_115" id="FNanchor_115_115"></a><a href="#Footnote_115_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a></p>
+
+<p>Warming to the subject, she continued, "By law, public sentiment, and
+religion from the time of Moses down to the present day, woman has
+never been thought of other than as a piece of property, to be
+disposed of at the will and pleasure of man. And this very hour, by
+our statute books, by our so-called enlightened Christian
+civilization, she has no voice in saying what shall be the basis of
+the relation. She must accept marriage as man proffers it or not at
+all...."</p>
+
+<p>When finally the vote was taken, Mrs. Stanton's resolutions were laid
+on the table, but not expunged from the record, and the convention
+adjourned with much to talk about and think about for some time to
+come.</p>
+
+<p>The newspapers, of course, could not overlook such a piece of news as
+this heated argument on divorce in a woman's rights convention, and
+fanned the flames pro and con, most of them holding up Miss Anthony
+and Mrs. Stanton as dangerous examples of freedom for women. The Rev.
+A. D. Mayo, Unitarian clergyman of Albany, heretofore Susan's loyal
+champion, now made a point of reproving her. "You are not married," he
+declared with withering scorn. "You have no business to be discussing
+marriage." To this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> she retorted, "Well, Mr. Mayo, you are not a
+slave. Suppose you quit lecturing on slavery."<a name="FNanchor_116_116" id="FNanchor_116_116"></a><a href="#Footnote_116_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a></p>
+
+<p>Both Susan and Mrs. Stanton, amazed at the opposition and the
+disapproval they had aroused, were grateful for Samuel Longfellow's
+comforting words of commendation<a name="FNanchor_117_117" id="FNanchor_117_117"></a><a href="#Footnote_117_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a> and for the letters of approval
+which came from women from all parts of the state. Most satisfying of
+all was this reassurance from Lucretia Mott, whose judgment they so
+highly valued: "I was rejoiced to have such a defense of the
+resolutions as yours. I have the fullest confidence in the united
+judgment of Elizabeth Stanton and Susan Anthony and I am glad they are
+so vigorous in the work."<a name="FNanchor_118_118" id="FNanchor_118_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_118_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a></p>
+
+<p>Hardest to bear was the disapproval of Wendell Phillips whom they both
+admired so much. Difficult to understand and most disappointing was
+Lucy Stone's failure to attend the convention or come to their
+defense. Thinking over this first unfortunate difference of opinion
+among the faithful crusaders for freedom to whom she had always felt
+so close in spirit, Susan was sadly disillusioned, but she had no
+regrets that the matter had been brought up, and she defied her
+critics by speaking before a committee of the New York legislature in
+support of a liberal divorce bill. Nor was she surprised when a group
+of Boston women, headed by Caroline H. Dall, called a convention which
+they hoped would counteract this radical outbreak in the woman's
+rights movement by keeping to the safe subjects of education,
+vocation, and civil position.</p>
+
+<p>Having learned by this time through the hard school of experience that
+the bona-fide reformer could not play safe and go forward, Susan
+thoughtfully commented, "Cautious, careful people, always casting
+about to preserve their reputation and social standing, never can
+bring about a reform. Those who are really in earnest must be willing
+to be anything or nothing in the world's estimation, and publicly and
+privately, in season and out, avow their sympathy with despised and
+persecuted ideas and their advocates, and bear the consequences."<a name="FNanchor_119_119" id="FNanchor_119_119"></a><a href="#Footnote_119_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>The repercussions of the divorce debates were soon drowned out by the
+noise and excitement of the presidential campaign of 1860. With four
+candidates in the field, Breckenridge, Bell, Douglas,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> and Lincoln,
+each offering his party's solution for the nation's critical problems,
+there was much to think about and discuss, and Susan found woman's
+rights pushed into the background. At the same time antagonism toward
+abolitionists was steadily mounting for they were being blamed for the
+tensions between the North and the South.</p>
+
+<p>Dedicated to the immediate and unconditional emancipation of slavery,
+Susan saw no hope in the promises of any political party. Even the
+Republicans' opposition to the extension of slavery in the
+territories, which had won over many abolitionists, including Henry
+and Elizabeth Stanton, seemed to her a mild and ineffectual answer to
+the burning questions of the hour. For her to further the election of
+Abraham Lincoln was unthinkable, since he favored the enforcement of
+the Fugitive Slave Law and had stated he was not in favor of Negro
+citizenship.</p>
+
+<p>At heart she was a nonvoting Garrisonian abolitionist and would not
+support a political party which in any way sanctioned slavery. Had she
+been eligible as a voter she undoubtedly would have refused to cast
+her ballot until a righteous antislavery government had been
+established. As she expressed it in a letter to Mrs. Stanton, she
+could not, if she were a man, vote for "the least of two evils, one of
+which the Nation must surely have in the presidential chair."<a name="FNanchor_120_120" id="FNanchor_120_120"></a><a href="#Footnote_120_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a></p>
+
+<p>She saw no possibility at this time of wiping out slavery by means of
+political abolition, because in spite of the fact that slavery had for
+years been one of the most pressing issues before the American people,
+no great political party had yet endorsed abolition, nor had a single
+prominent practical statesman<a name="FNanchor_121_121" id="FNanchor_121_121"></a><a href="#Footnote_121_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a> advocated immediate unconditional
+emancipation. As the Liberty party experiment had proved, an
+abolitionist running for office on an antislavery platform was doomed
+to defeat. Therefore the gesture made in this critical campaign by a
+small group of abolitionists in nominating Gerrit Smith for president
+appeared utterly futile to Susan. Abolitionists, she believed,
+followed the only course consistent with their principles when they
+eschewed politics, abstained from voting, and devoted their energies
+with the fervor of evangelists to a militant educational campaign.</p>
+
+<p>So, whenever she could, she continued to hold antislavery<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> meetings.
+"Crowded house at Port Byron," her diary records. "I tried to say a
+few words at opening, but soon curled up like a sensitive plant. It is
+a terrible martyrdom for me to speak."<a name="FNanchor_122_122" id="FNanchor_122_122"></a><a href="#Footnote_122_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a> Yet so great was the need
+to enlighten people on the evils of slavery that she endured this
+martyrdom, stepping into the breach when no other speaker was
+available. Taking as her subject, "What Is American Slavery?" she
+declared, "It is the legalized, systematic robbery of the bodies and
+souls of nearly four millions of men, women, and children. It is the
+legalized traffic in God's image."<a name="FNanchor_123_123" id="FNanchor_123_123"></a><a href="#Footnote_123_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a></p>
+
+<p>She asked for personal liberty laws to protect the human rights of
+fugitive slaves, adding that the Dred Scott decision had been possible
+only because it reflected the spirit and purpose of the American
+people in the North as well as the South. She heaped blame on the
+North for restricting the Negro's educational and economic
+opportunities, for barring him from libraries, lectures, and theaters,
+and from hotels and seats on trains and buses.</p>
+
+<p>"Let the North," she urged, "prove to the South by her acts that she
+fully recognizes the humanity of the black man, that she respects his
+rights in all her educational, industrial, social, and political
+associations...."</p>
+
+<p>This was asking far more than the North was ready to give, but to
+Susan it was justice which she must demand. No wonder free Negroes in
+the North honored and loved her and expressed their gratitude whenever
+they could. "A fine-looking colored man on the train presented me with
+a bouquet," she wrote in her diary. "Can't tell whether he knew me or
+only felt my sympathy."<a name="FNanchor_124_124" id="FNanchor_124_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_124_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>The threats of secession from the southern states, which followed
+Lincoln's election, brought little anxiety to Susan or her
+fellow-abolitionists, for they had long preached, "No Union with
+Slaveholders," believing that dissolution of the Union would prevent
+further expansion of slavery in the new western territories, and not
+only lessen the damaging influence of slavery on northern
+institutions, but relieve the North of complicity in maintaining
+slavery. Garrison in his <i>Liberator</i> had already asked, "Will the
+South be so obliging as to secede from the Union?" When, in December
+1860, South Carolina seceded, Horace Greeley, who only a few months
+before had called the disunion abolitionists "a little coterie of
+common<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> scolds," now wrote in the <i>Tribune</i>, "If the cotton states
+shall decide that they can do better out of the Union than in it, we
+insist in letting them go in peace. The right to secede may be a
+revolutionary one, but it exists nevertheless."<a name="FNanchor_125_125" id="FNanchor_125_125"></a><a href="#Footnote_125_125" class="fnanchor">[125]</a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/086.jpg" width="450" height="385" alt="William Lloyd Garrison" title="" />
+<span class="caption">William Lloyd Garrison</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>What abolitionists feared far more than secession was that to save the
+Union some compromise would be made which would fasten slavery on the
+nation. Susan agreed with Garrison when he declared in the
+<i>Liberator</i>, "All Union-saving efforts are simply idiotic. At last
+'the covenant with death' is annulled, 'the agreement with Hell'
+broken&mdash;at least by the action of South Carolina and ere long by all
+the slave-holding states, for their doom is one."<a name="FNanchor_126_126" id="FNanchor_126_126"></a><a href="#Footnote_126_126" class="fnanchor">[126]</a></p>
+
+<p>Compromise, however, was in the air. The people were appalled and
+confused by the breaking up of the Union and the possibility of civil
+war, and the government fumbled. Powerful Republicans, among them
+Thurlow Weed, speaking for eastern financial interests, favored the
+Crittenden Compromise which would re-establish the Mason-Dixon line,
+protect slavery in the states where it was now legal, sanction the
+domestic slave trade, guarantee payment by the United States for
+escaped slaves, and forbid Congress<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> to abolish slavery in the
+District of Columbia without the consent of Virginia and Maryland.
+Even Seward suggested a constitutional amendment guaranteeing
+noninterference with slavery in the slave states for all time. In such
+an atmosphere as this, Susan gloried in Wendell Phillips's impetuous
+declarations against compromise.</p>
+
+<p>While the whole country marked time, waiting for the inauguration of
+President Lincoln, abolitionists sent out their speakers, Susan
+heading a group in western New York which included Samuel J. May,
+Stephen S. Foster, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. "All are united," she
+wrote William Lloyd Garrison, "that good faith and honor demand us to
+go forward and leave the responsibility of free speech or its
+suppression with the people of the places we visit." Then showing that
+she well understood the temper of the times, she added, "I trust ...
+no personal harm may come to you or Phillips or any of the little band
+of the true and faithful who shall defend the right...."<a name="FNanchor_127_127" id="FNanchor_127_127"></a><a href="#Footnote_127_127" class="fnanchor">[127]</a></p>
+
+<p>Feeling was running high in Buffalo when Susan arrived with her
+antislavery contingent in January 1861, expecting disturbances but
+unprepared for the animosity of audiences which hissed, yelled, and
+stamped so that not a speaker could be heard. The police made no
+effort to keep order and finally the mob surged over the platform and
+the lights went out. Nevertheless, Susan who was presiding held her
+ground until lights were brought in and she could dimly see the
+milling crowd.</p>
+
+<p>In small towns they were listened to with only occasional catcalls and
+boos of disapproval, but in every city from Buffalo to Albany the mobs
+broke up their meetings. Even in Rochester, which had never before
+shown open hostility to abolitionists, Susan's banner, "No Union with
+Slaveholders" was torn down and a restless audience hissed her as she
+opened her meeting and drowned out the speakers with their shouting
+and stamping until at last the police took over and escorted the
+speakers home through the jeering crowds.</p>
+
+<p>All but Susan now began to question the wisdom of holding more
+meetings, but her determination to continue, and to assert the right
+of free speech, shamed her colleagues into acquiescence. Cayenne
+pepper, thrown on the stove, broke up their meeting at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> Port Byron. In
+Rome, rowdies bore down upon Susan, who was taking the admission fee
+of ten cents, brushed her aside, "big cloak, furs, and all,"<a name="FNanchor_128_128" id="FNanchor_128_128"></a><a href="#Footnote_128_128" class="fnanchor">[128]</a> and
+rushed to the platform where they sang, hooted, and played cards until
+the speakers gave up in despair. Syracuse, well known for its
+tolerance and pride in free speech, now greeted them with a howling
+drunken mob armed with knives and pistols and rotten eggs. Susan on
+the platform courageously faced their gibes until she and her
+companions were forced out into the street. They then took refuge in
+the home of fellow-abolitionists while the mob dragged effigies of
+Susan and Samuel J. May through the streets and burned them in the
+square.</p>
+
+<p>Not even this kept Susan from her last advertised meeting in Albany
+where Lucretia Mott, Martha C. Wright, Gerrit Smith, and Frederick
+Douglass joined her. Here the Democratic mayor, George H. Thatcher,
+was determined to uphold free speech in spite of almost overwhelming
+opposition, and calling at the Delavan House for the abolitionists,
+safely escorted them to their hall. Then, with a revolver across his
+knees, he sat on the platform with them while his policemen, scattered
+through the hall, put down every disturbance; but at the end of the
+day, he warned Susan that he could no longer hold the mob in check and
+begged her as a personal favor to him to call off the rest of the
+meetings. She consented, and under his protection the intrepid little
+group of abolitionists walked back to their hotel with the mob
+trailing behind them.</p>
+
+<p>Looking back upon the tense days and nights of this "winter of
+mobs,"<a name="FNanchor_129_129" id="FNanchor_129_129"></a><a href="#Footnote_129_129" class="fnanchor">[129]</a> Susan was proud of her group of abolitionists who so
+bravely had carried out their mission. In comparison, the Republicans
+had shown up badly, not a Republican mayor having the courage or
+interest to give them protection. In fact, she found little in the
+attitude of the Republicans to offer even a glimmer of hope that they
+were capable of governing in this crisis. Lincoln's inaugural address
+prejudiced her at once, for he said, "I have no purpose directly or
+indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the states
+where it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so and I have
+no inclination to do so."<a name="FNanchor_130_130" id="FNanchor_130_130"></a><a href="#Footnote_130_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a> To her the future looked dark when
+statesmen would save the Union at such a price.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"No Compromise" was Susan's watchword these days, as a feminist as
+well as an abolitionist, even though this again set her at odds with
+Garrison and Phillips, the two men she respected above all others.
+They were now writing her stern letters urging her to reveal the
+hiding place of a fugitive wife and her daughter. Just before she had
+started on her antislavery crusade and while she was in Albany with
+Lydia Mott, a heavily veiled woman with a tragic story had come to
+them for help. She was the wife of Dr. Charles Abner Phelps, a highly
+respected member of the Massachusetts Senate, and the mother of three
+children. She had discovered, she told them, that her husband was
+unfaithful to her, and when she confronted him with the proof, he had
+insisted that she suffered from delusions and had her committed to an
+insane asylum. For a year and a half she had not been allowed to
+communicate with her children, but finally her brother, a prominent
+Albany attorney, obtained her release through a writ of habeas corpus,
+took her to his home, and persuaded Dr. Phelps to allow the children
+to visit her for a few weeks. Now she was desperate as she again faced
+the prospect of being separated from her children by Massachusetts law
+which gave even an unfaithful husband control of his wife's person and
+their children.</p>
+
+<p>Well aware of how often her friends of the Underground Railroad had
+defied the Fugitive Slave Law and hidden and transported fugitive
+slaves, Susan decided she would do the same for this cultured
+intelligent woman, a slave to her husband under the law. Without a
+thought of the consequences, she took the train on Christmas Day for
+New York with Mrs. Phelps and her thirteen-year-old daughter, both in
+disguise, hoping that in the crowded city they could hide from Dr.
+Phelps and the law. Arriving late at night, they walked through the
+snow and slush to a hotel, only to be refused a room because they were
+not accompanied by a gentleman. They tried another hotel, with the
+same result, and then Susan, remembering a boarding house run by a
+divorced woman she knew, hopefully rang her doorbell. She too refused
+them, claiming all her boarders would leave if she harbored a runaway
+wife. By this time it was midnight. Cold and exhausted, they braved a
+Broadway hotel, where they were told there was no vacant room; but
+Susan, convinced this was only an excuse, said as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> much to the clerk,
+adding, "You can give us a place to sleep or we will sit in this
+office all night." When he threatened to call the police, she
+retorted, "Very well, we will sit here till they come to take us to
+the station."<a name="FNanchor_131_131" id="FNanchor_131_131"></a><a href="#Footnote_131_131" class="fnanchor">[131]</a> Finally he relented and gave them a room without
+heat. Early the next morning, Susan began making the rounds of her
+friends in search of shelter for Mrs. Phelps and her daughter, and
+finally at the end of a discouraging day, Abby Hopper Gibbons, the
+Quaker who had so often hidden fugitive slaves, took this fugitive
+wife into her home.</p>
+
+<p>Returning to Albany, Susan found herself under suspicion and
+threatened with arrest by Dr. Phelps and Mrs. Phelps's brothers,
+because she had broken the law by depriving a father of his child.
+Letters and telegrams, demanding that she reveal Mrs. Phelps's hiding
+place, followed her to Rochester and on her antislavery tour through
+western New York. Refusing to be intimidated, she ignored them all.</p>
+
+<p>When Garrison wrote her long letters in his small neat hand, begging
+her not to involve the woman's rights and antislavery movements in any
+"hasty and ill-judged, no matter how well-meant" action, it was hard
+for her to reconcile this advice with his impetuous, undiplomatic, and
+dangerous actions on behalf of Negro slaves. "I feel the strongest
+assurance," she told him, "that what I have done is wholly right. Had
+I turned my back upon her I should have scorned myself.... That I
+should stop to ask if my act would injure the reputation of any
+movement never crossed my mind, nor will I allow such a fear to stifle
+my sympathies or tempt me to expose her to the cruel inhuman treatment
+of her own household. Trust me that as I ignore all law to help the
+slave, so will I ignore it all to protect an enslaved woman."<a name="FNanchor_132_132" id="FNanchor_132_132"></a><a href="#Footnote_132_132" class="fnanchor">[132]</a></p>
+
+<p>When later they met at an antislavery convention, Garrison, renewing
+his efforts on behalf of Dr. Phelps, put this question to Susan,
+"Don't you know that the law of Massachusetts gives the father the
+entire guardianship and control of the children?"</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, I know it," she answered. "Does not the law of the United States
+give the slaveholder the ownership of the slave? And don't you break
+it every time you help a slave to Canada? Well, the law which gives
+the father the sole ownership of the children is just as wicked and
+I'll break it just as quickly. You would die before<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> you would deliver
+a slave to his master, and I will die before I will give up that child
+to its father."</p>
+
+<p>Susan escaped arrest as she thought she would, for Dr. Phelps could
+not afford the unfavorable publicity involved. He managed to kidnap
+his child on her way to Sunday School, but his wife eventually won a
+divorce through the help of her friends.</p>
+
+<p>The most trying part of this experience for Susan was the attitude of
+Garrison and Phillips, who, had now for the second time failed to
+recognize that the freedom they claimed for the Negro was also
+essential for women. They believed in woman's rights, to be sure, but
+when these rights touched the institution of marriage, their vision
+was clouded. Just a year before, they had fought Mrs. Stanton's
+divorce resolutions because they were unable to see that the existing
+laws of marriage did not apply equally to men and women. Now they
+sustained the father's absolute right over his child. What was it,
+Susan wondered, that kept them from understanding? Was it loyalty to
+sex, was it an unconscious clinging to dominance and superiority, or
+was it sheer inability to recognize women as human beings like
+themselves? "Very many abolitionists," she wrote in her diary, "have
+yet to learn the ABC of woman's rights."<a name="FNanchor_133_133" id="FNanchor_133_133"></a><a href="#Footnote_133_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="A_WAR_FOR_FREEDOM" id="A_WAR_FOR_FREEDOM"></a>A WAR FOR FREEDOM</h2>
+
+
+<p>Six more southern states, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi,
+Louisiana, and Texas, following the lead of South Carolina, seceded
+early in 1861 and formed the Confederate States of America. This
+breaking up of the Union disturbed Susan primarily because it took the
+minds of most of her colleagues off everything but saving the Union.
+Convinced that even in a time of national crisis, work for women must
+go on, she tried to prepare for the annual woman's rights convention
+in New York, but none of her hitherto dependable friends would help
+her. Nevertheless, she persisted, even after the fall of Fort Sumter
+and the President's call for troops. Only when the abolitionists
+called off their annual New York meetings did she reluctantly realize
+that woman's rights too must yield to the exigencies of the hour.</p>
+
+<p>Influenced by her Quaker background, she could not see war as the
+solution of this or any other crisis. In fact, the majority of
+abolitionists were amazed and bewildered when war came because it was
+not being waged to free the slaves. Looking to their leaders for
+guidance, they heard Wendell Phillips declare for war before an
+audience of over four thousand in Boston. Garrison, known to all as a
+nonresistant, made it clear that his sympathies were with the
+government. He saw in "this grand uprising of the manhood of the
+North"<a name="FNanchor_134_134" id="FNanchor_134_134"></a><a href="#Footnote_134_134" class="fnanchor">[134]</a> a growing appreciation of liberty and free institutions
+and a willingness to defend them. Calling upon abolitionists to stand
+by their principles, he at the same time warned them not to criticize
+Lincoln or the Republicans unnecessarily, not to divide the North, but
+to watch events and bide their time, and he opposed those
+abolitionists who wanted to withhold support of the government until
+it stood openly and unequivocally for the Negro's freedom. From the
+front page of the <i>Liberator</i>, he now removed his slogan, "No Union
+with Slaveholders." Kindly placid Samuel J. May, usually against all
+violence, now compared the sacrifices of the war to the crucifixion,
+and to Susan this was blasphemy. Even Parker Pillsbury wrote her, "I
+am rejoicing over Old Abe, but my voice is still for war."<a name="FNanchor_135_135" id="FNanchor_135_135"></a><a href="#Footnote_135_135" class="fnanchor">[135]</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>She was troubled, confused, and disillusioned by the attitude of these
+men and by that of most of her antislavery friends. Only very few,
+among them Lydia Mott, were uncompromising non-resistants. To one of
+them she wrote, "I have tried hard to persuade myself that I alone
+remained mad, while all the rest had become sane, because I have
+insisted that it is our duty to bear not only our usual testimony but
+one even louder and more earnest than ever before.... The
+Abolitionists, for once, seem to have come to an agreement with all
+the world that they are out of tune and place, hence should hold their
+peace and spare their rebukes and anathemas. Our position to me seems
+most humiliating, simply that of the politicians, one of expediency,
+not principle. I have not yet seen one good reason for the abandonment
+of all our meetings, and am more and more ashamed and sad that even
+the little Apostolic number have yielded to the world's motto&mdash;'the
+end justifies the means.'"<a name="FNanchor_136_136" id="FNanchor_136_136"></a><a href="#Footnote_136_136" class="fnanchor">[136]</a></p>
+
+<p>Now the farm home was a refuge. Her father, leaving her in charge,
+traveled West for his long-dreamed-of visit with his sons in Kansas,
+with Daniel R., now postmaster at Leavenworth, and with Merritt and
+his young wife, Mary Luther, in their log cabin at Osawatomie. As a
+release from her pent-up energy, Susan turned to hard physical work.
+"Superintended the plowing of the orchard," she recorded in her diary.
+"The last load of hay is in the barn; and all in capital order....
+Washed every window in the house today. Put a quilted petticoat in the
+frame.... Quilted all day, but sewing seems no longer to be my
+calling.... Fitted out a fugitive slave for Canada with the help of
+Harriet Tubman."<a name="FNanchor_137_137" id="FNanchor_137_137"></a><a href="#Footnote_137_137" class="fnanchor">[137]</a></p>
+
+<p>Although she filled her days, life on the farm in these stirring times
+seemed futile to her. She missed the stimulating exchange of ideas
+with fellow-abolitionists and confessed to her diary, "The all-alone
+feeling will creep over me. It is such a fast after the feast of great
+presences to which I have been so long accustomed."</p>
+
+<p>The war was much on her mind. Eagerly she read Greeley's <i>Tribune</i> and
+the Rochester <i>Democrat</i>. The news was discouraging&mdash;the tragedy of
+Bull Run, the call for more troops, defeat after defeat for the Union
+armies. General Fr&eacute;mont in Missouri freeing the slaves of rebels only
+to have Lincoln cancel the order to avert antagonizing the border
+states.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"How not to do it seems the whole study of Washington," she wrote in
+her diary. "I wish the government would move quickly, proclaim freedom
+to every slave and call on every able-bodied Negro to enlist in the
+Union Army.... To forever blot out slavery is the only possible
+compensation for this merciless war."<a name="FNanchor_138_138" id="FNanchor_138_138"></a><a href="#Footnote_138_138" class="fnanchor">[138]</a></p>
+
+<p>To satisfy her longing for a better understanding of people and
+events, she turned to books, first to Elizabeth Barrett Browning's
+<i>Casa Guidi Windows</i>, which she called "a grand poem, so fitting to
+our terrible struggle," then to her <i>Sonnets from the Portuguese</i>, and
+George Eliot's popular <i>Adam Bede</i>, recently published. More serious
+reading also absorbed her, for she wanted to keep abreast of the most
+advanced thought of the day. "Am reading Buckle's <i>History of
+Civilization</i> and Darwin's <i>Descent of Man</i>," she wrote in her diary.
+"Have finished <i>Origin of the Species</i>. Pillsbury has just given me
+Emerson's poems."<a name="FNanchor_139_139" id="FNanchor_139_139"></a><a href="#Footnote_139_139" class="fnanchor">[139]</a></p>
+
+<p>Eager to thrash out all her new ideas with Elizabeth Stanton, she went
+to Seneca Falls for a few days of good talk, hoping to get Mrs.
+Stanton's help in organizing a woman's rights convention in 1862; but
+not even Mrs. Stanton could see the importance of such work at this
+time, believing that if women put all their efforts into winning the
+war, they would, without question, be rewarded with full citizenship.
+Susan was skeptical about this and disappointed that even the best
+women were so willing to be swept aside by the onrush of events.</p>
+
+<p>Although opposed to war, Susan was far from advocating peace at any
+price, and was greatly concerned over the confusion in Washington
+which was vividly described in the discouraging letters Mrs. Stanton
+received from her husband, now Washington correspondent for the New
+York <i>Tribune</i>. Both she and Mrs. Stanton chafed at inaction. They had
+loyalty, intelligence, an understanding of national affairs, and
+executive ability to offer their country, but such qualities were not
+sought after among women.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>In the spring of 1862, Susan helped Mrs. Stanton move her family to a
+new home in Brooklyn, and spent a few weeks with her there, getting
+the feel of the city in wartime. She then had the satisfaction of
+discovering that at least one woman was of use to her country, young
+eloquent Anna E. Dickinson.<a name="FNanchor_140_140" id="FNanchor_140_140"></a><a href="#Footnote_140_140" class="fnanchor">[140]</a> Susan listened<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> with pride and joy
+while Anna spoke to an enthusiastic audience at Cooper Union on the
+issues of the war. She took Anna to her heart at once. Anna's youth,
+her fervor, and her remarkable ability drew out all of Susan's
+motherly instincts of affection and protectiveness. They became
+devoted friends, and for the next few years carried on a voluminous
+correspondence.</p>
+
+<p>Harriet Hosmer and Rosa Bonheur also helped restore Susan's confidence
+in women during these difficult days when, forced to mark time, she
+herself seemed at loose ends. Visiting the Academy of Design, she
+studied "in silent reverential awe," the marble face of Harriet
+Hosmer's Beatrice Cenci, and declared, "Making that cold marble
+breathe and pulsate, Harriet Hosmer has done more to ennoble and
+elevate woman than she could possibly have done by mere words...." Of
+Rosa Bonheur, the first woman to venture into the field of animal
+painting, she said, "Her work not only surpasses anything ever done by
+a woman, but is a bold and successful step beyond all other
+artists."<a name="FNanchor_141_141" id="FNanchor_141_141"></a><a href="#Footnote_141_141" class="fnanchor">[141]</a></p>
+
+<p>This confidence was soon dispelled, however, when a letter came from
+Lydia Mott containing the crushing news that the New York legislature
+had amended the newly won Married Woman's Property Law of 1860, while
+women's attention was focused on the war, and had taken away from
+mothers the right to equal guardianship of their children and from
+widows the control of the property left at the death of their
+husbands.</p>
+
+<p>"We deserve to suffer for our confidence in 'man's sense of justice,'"
+she confessed to Lydia. " ... All of our reformers seem suddenly to
+have grown politic. All alike say, 'Have no conventions at this
+crisis!' Garrison, Phillips, Mrs. Mott, Mrs. Wright, Mrs. Stanton,
+etc. say, 'Wait until the war excitement abates....' I am sick at
+heart, but cannot carry the world against the wish and will of our
+best friends...."<a name="FNanchor_142_142" id="FNanchor_142_142"></a><a href="#Footnote_142_142" class="fnanchor">[142]</a></p>
+
+<p>Unable to arouse even a glimmer of interest in woman's rights at this
+time, Susan started off on a lecture tour of her own, determined to
+make people understand that this war, so abhorrent to her, must be
+fought for the Negroes' freedom. "I cannot feel easy in my conscience
+to be dumb in an hour like this," she explained to Lydia, adding, "It
+is so easy to feel your power for public work slipping away if you
+allow yourself to remain too long snuggled<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> in the Abrahamic bosom of
+home. It requires great will power to resurrect one's soul.<a name="FNanchor_143_143" id="FNanchor_143_143"></a><a href="#Footnote_143_143" class="fnanchor">[143]</a></p>
+
+<p>"I am speaking now extempore," she continued, "and more to my
+satisfaction than ever before. I am amazed at myself, but I could not
+do it if any of our other speakers were listening to me. I am entirely
+off old antislavery grounds and on the new ones thrown up by the war."</p>
+
+<p>Feeling particularly close to Lydia at this time, she gratefully
+added, "What a stay, counsel, and comfort you have been to me, dear
+Lydia, ever since that eventful little temperance meeting in that
+cold, smoky chapel in 1852. How you have compelled me to feel myself
+competent to go forward when trembling with doubt and distrust. I can
+never express the magnitude of my indebtedness to you."</p>
+
+<p>In the small towns of western New York, people were willing to listen
+to Susan, for they were troubled by the defeats northern armies had
+suffered and by the appalling lack of unity and patriotism in the
+North. They were beginning to see that the problem of slavery had to
+be faced and were discussing among themselves whether Negroes were
+contraband, whether army officers should return fugitive slaves to
+their masters, whether slaves of the rebels should be freed, whether
+Negroes should be enlisted in the army.</p>
+
+<p>Susan had an answer for them. "It is impossible longer to hold the
+African race in bondage," she declared, "or to reconstruct this
+Republic on the old slaveholding basis. We can neither go back nor
+stand still. With the nation as with the individual, every new
+experience forces us into a new and higher life and the old self is
+lost forever. Hundreds of men who never thought of emancipation a year
+ago, talk it freely and are ready to vote for it and fight for it
+now.<a name="FNanchor_144_144" id="FNanchor_144_144"></a><a href="#Footnote_144_144" class="fnanchor">[144]</a></p>
+
+<p>"Can the thousands of Northern soldiers," she asked, "who in their
+march through Rebel States have found faithful friends and generous
+allies in the slaves ever consent to hurl them back into the hell of
+slavery, either by word, or vote, or sword? Slaves have sought shelter
+in the Northern Army and have tasted the forbidden fruit of the Tree
+of Liberty. Will they return quietly to the plantation and patiently
+endure the old life of bondage with all its degradation, its
+cruelties, and wrong? No, No, there can<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> be no reconstruction on the
+old basis...." Far less degrading and ruinous, she earnestly added,
+would be the recognition of the independence of the southern
+Confederacy.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/097.jpg" width="450" height="345" alt="Susan B. Anthony" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Susan B. Anthony</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>To the question of what to do with the emancipated slaves, her quick
+answer was, "Treat the Negroes just as you do the Irish, the Scotch,
+and the Germans. Educate them to all the blessings of our free
+institutions, to our schools and churches, to every department of
+industry, trade, and art.</p>
+
+<p>"What arrogance in <i>us</i>," she continued, "to put the question, What
+shall <i>we</i> do with a race of men and women who have fed, clothed, and
+supported both themselves and their oppressors for centuries...."</p>
+
+<p>Often she spoke against Lincoln's policy of gradual, compensated
+emancipation, which to an eager advocate of "immediate, unconditional
+emancipation" seemed like weakness and appeasement. She had to admit,
+however, that there had been some progress in the right direction, for
+Congress had recently forbidden the return of fugitive slaves to their
+masters, had decreed immediate<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> emancipation in the District of
+Columbia, and prohibited slavery in the territories.</p>
+
+<p>President Lincoln's promise of freedom on January 1, 1863, to slaves
+in all states in armed rebellion against the government, seemed wholly
+inadequate to her and to her fellow-abolitionists, because it left
+slavery untouched in the border states, but it did encourage them to
+hope that eventually Lincoln might see the light. Horace Greeley wrote
+Susan, "I still keep at work with the President in various ways and
+believe you will yet hear him proclaim universal freedom. Keep this
+letter and judge me by the event."<a name="FNanchor_145_145" id="FNanchor_145_145"></a><a href="#Footnote_145_145" class="fnanchor">[145]</a></p>
+
+<p>It troubled her that public opinion in the North was still far from
+sympathetic to emancipation. Northern Democrats, charging Lincoln with
+incompetence and autocratic control, called for "The Constitution as
+it is, the Union as it was." They had the support of many northern
+businessmen who faced the loss of millions of credit given to
+southerners and the support of northern workmen who feared the
+competition of free Negroes. They had elected Horatio Seymour governor
+of New York, and had gained ground in many parts of the country. A
+militant group in Ohio, headed by Congressman Vallandigham, continued
+to oppose the war, asking for peace at once with no terms unfavorable
+to the South.</p>
+
+<p>All these developments Susan discussed with her father, for she
+frequently came home between lectures. He was a tower of strength to
+her. When she was disillusioned or when criticism and opposition were
+hard to bear, his sympathy and wise counsel never failed her. There
+was a strong bond of understanding and affection between them.</p>
+
+<p>His sudden illness and death, late in November 1862, were a shock from
+which she had to struggle desperately to recover. Her life was
+suddenly empty. The farm home was desolate. She could not think of
+leaving her mother and her sister Mary there all alone. Nor could she
+count on help from Daniel or Merritt, both of whom were serving in the
+army in the West, Daniel, as a lieutenant colonel, and Merritt as a
+captain in the 7th Kansas Cavalry. For many weeks she had no heart for
+anything but grief. "It seemed as if everything in the world must
+stop."<a name="FNanchor_146_146" id="FNanchor_146_146"></a><a href="#Footnote_146_146" class="fnanchor">[146]</a></p>
+
+<p>Not even President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, issued January
+1, 1863, roused her. It took a letter from Henry<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> Stanton from
+Washington to make her see that there was war work for her to do. He
+wrote her, "The country is rapidly going to destruction. The Army is
+almost in a state of mutiny for want of its pay and lack of a leader.
+Nothing can carry through but the southern Negroes, and nobody can
+marshal them into the struggle except the abolitionists.... Such men
+as Lovejoy, Hale, and the like have pretty much given up the struggle
+in despair. You have no idea how dark the cloud is which hangs over
+us.... We must not lay the flattering unction to our souls that the
+proclamation will be of any use if we are beaten and have a
+dissolution of the Union. Here then is work for you, Susan, put on
+your armor and go forth."<a name="FNanchor_147_147" id="FNanchor_147_147"></a><a href="#Footnote_147_147" class="fnanchor">[147]</a></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>A month later, Susan went to New York for a visit with Elizabeth
+Stanton, confident that if they counseled together, they could find a
+way to serve their country in its hour of need.</p>
+
+<p>She was well aware that all through the country women were responding
+magnificently in this crisis, giving not only their husbands and sons
+to the war, but carrying on for them in the home, on the farm, and in
+business. Many were sewing and knitting for soldiers, scraping lint
+for hospitals, and organizing Ladies' Aid Societies, which, operating
+through the United States Sanitary Commission, the forerunner of the
+Red Cross, sent clothing and nourishing food to the inadequately
+equipped and poorly fed soldiers in the field. In the large cities
+women were holding highly successful "Sanitary Fairs" to raise funds
+for the Sanitary Commission. In fact, through the women, civilian
+relief was organized as never before in history. Individual women too,
+Susan knew, were making outstanding contributions to the war. Lucy
+Stone's sister-in-law, Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell,<a name="FNanchor_148_148" id="FNanchor_148_148"></a><a href="#Footnote_148_148" class="fnanchor">[148]</a> a friend and
+admirer of Florence Nightingale, was training much-needed nurses,
+while Dr. Mary Walker, putting on coat and trousers, ministered
+tirelessly to the wounded on the battlefield. Dorothea Dix, the
+one-time schoolteacher who had awakened the people to their barbarous
+treatment of the insane, had offered her services to the
+Surgeon-General and was eventually appointed Superintendent of Army
+Nurses, with authority to recruit nurses and oversee hospital
+housekeeping. Clara Barton, a government employee, and other women
+volunteers<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> were finding their way to the front to nurse the wounded
+who so desperately needed their help; and Mother Bickerdyke, living
+with the armies in the field, nursed her boys and cooked for them,
+lifting their morale by her motherly, strengthening presence. Through
+the influence of Anna Ella Carroll, Maryland had been saved for the
+Union and she, it was said, was ably advising President Lincoln.</p>
+
+<p>Susan herself had felt no call to nurse the wounded, although she had
+often skillfully nursed her own family; nor had she felt that her
+qualifications as an expert housekeeper and good executive demanded
+her services at the front to supervise army housekeeping. Instead she
+looked for some important task to which other women would not turn in
+these days when relief work absorbed all their attention. It was not
+enough, she felt, for women to be angels of mercy, valuable and
+well-organized as this phase of their work had become. A spirit of
+awareness was lacking among them, also a patriotic fervor, and this
+led her to believe that northern women needed someone to stimulate
+their thinking, to force them to come to grips with the basic issues
+of the war and in so doing claim their own freedom. Women, she
+reasoned, must be aroused to think not only in terms of socks, shirts,
+and food for soldiers or of bandages and nursing, but in terms of the
+traditions of freedom upon which this republic was founded. Women must
+have a part in molding public opinion and must help direct policy as
+Anna Ella Carroll was proving women could do. Here was the best
+possible training for prospective women voters. To all this Mrs.
+Stanton heartily agreed.</p>
+
+<p>As they sat at the dining-room table with Mrs. Stanton's two
+daughters, Maggie and Hattie, all busily cutting linen into small
+squares and raveling them into lint for the wounded, they discussed
+the state of the nation. They were troubled by the low morale of the
+North and by the insidious propaganda of the Copperheads, an antiwar,
+pro-Southern group, which spread discontent and disrespect for the
+government. Profiteering was flagrant, and through speculation and war
+contracts, large fortunes were being built up among the few, while the
+majority of the people not only found their lives badly disrupted by
+the war but suffered from high prices and low wages. So far no
+decisive victory had encouraged confidence in ultimate triumph over
+the South. In newspapers and magazines, women of the North were being
+unfavorably compared with southern<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> women and criticized because of
+their lack of interest in the war. Writing in the <i>Atlantic Monthly</i>,
+March, 1863, Gail Hamilton, a rising young journalist, accused
+northern women of failing to come up to the level of the day. "If you
+could have finished the war with your needles," she chided them, "it
+would have been finished long ago, but stitching does not crush
+rebellion, does not annihilate treason...."</p>
+
+<p>Thinking along these same lines, Susan and Mrs. Stanton now decided to
+go a step further. They would act to bring women abreast of the issues
+of the day, Susan with her flare for organizing women, Mrs. Stanton
+with her pen and her eloquence. They would show women that they had an
+ideal to fight for. They would show them the uselessness of this
+bloody conflict unless it won freedom for all of the slaves. Freedom
+for all, as a basic demand of the republic, would be their watchword.
+Men were forming Union Leagues and Loyal Leagues to combat the
+influence of secret antiwar societies, such as the Knights of the
+Golden Circle. "Why not organize a Women's National Loyal League?"
+Susan and Mrs. Stanton asked each other.</p>
+
+<p>They talked their ideas over first with the New York abolitionists,
+then with Horace Greeley, Henry Ward Beecher, and his dashing young
+friend, Theodore Tilton, and with Robert Dale Owen, now in the city as
+the recently appointed head of the Freedman's Inquiry Commission.
+These men were in touch with Charles Sumner and other antislavery
+members of Congress. All agreed that the Emancipation Proclamation
+must be implemented by an act of Congress, by an amendment to the
+Constitution, and that public opinion must be aroused to demand a
+Thirteenth Amendment. If women would help, so much the better.</p>
+
+<p>Susan at once thought of petitions. If petitions had won the Woman's
+Property Law in New York, they could win the Thirteenth Amendment. The
+largest petition ever presented to Congress was her goal.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>Carefully Susan and Mrs. Stanton worked over an <i>Appeal to the Women
+of the Republic</i>, sending it out in March 1863 with a notice of a
+meeting to be held in New York. It left no doubt in the minds of those
+who received it that women had a responsibility<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> to their country
+beyond services of mercy to the wounded and disabled.</p>
+
+<p>From all parts of the country, women responded to their call. The
+veteran antislavery and woman's rights worker, Angelina Grimk&eacute; Weld,
+came out of her retirement for the meeting. Ernestine Rose, the ever
+faithful, was on hand. Lucy Stone and Antoinette Brown Blackwell were
+there, and the popular Hutchinson family, famous for their stirring
+abolition songs. They helped Susan and Mrs. Stanton steer the course
+of the meeting into the right channels, to show the women assembled
+that the war was being fought not merely to preserve the Union, but
+also to preserve the American way of life, based on the principle of
+equal rights and freedom for all, to save it from the encroachments of
+slavery and a slaveholding aristocracy. Susan proposed a resolution
+declaring that there can never be a true peace until the civil and
+political rights of all citizens are established, including those of
+Negroes and women. The introduction of the woman's rights issue into a
+war meeting with an antislavery program was vigorously opposed by
+women from Wisconsin, but the faithful feminists came to the rescue
+and the controversial resolution was adopted.</p>
+
+<p>Although she always instinctively related all national issues to
+woman's rights and vice versa, Susan did not allow this subject to
+overshadow the main purpose of the meeting. Instead she analyzed the
+issue of the war and reproached Lincoln for suppressing the fact that
+slavery was the real cause of the war and for waiting two long years
+before calling the four million slaves to the side of the North.
+"Every hour's delay, every life sacrificed up to the proclamation that
+called the slave to freedom and to arms," she declared, "was nothing
+less than downright murder by the government.... I therefore hail the
+day when the government shall recognize that it is a war for
+freedom."<a name="FNanchor_149_149" id="FNanchor_149_149"></a><a href="#Footnote_149_149" class="fnanchor">[149]</a></p>
+
+<p>A Women's National Loyal League was organized, electing Susan
+secretary and Mrs. Stanton president. They sent a long letter to
+President Lincoln thanking him for the Emancipation Proclamation,
+especially for the freedom it gave Negro women, and assuring him of
+their loyalty and support in this war for freedom. Their own immediate
+task, they decided, was to circulate petitions asking for an act of
+Congress to emancipate "all persons of African descent<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> held in
+involuntary servitude." As Susan so tersely expressed it, they would
+"canvass the nation for freedom."</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>All the oratory over, Susan now undertook the hard work of making the
+Women's National Loyal League a success, assuming the initial
+financial burden of printing petitions and renting an office, Room 20,
+at Cooper Institute, where she was busy all day and where New York
+members met to help her. To each of the petitions sent out, she
+attached her battle cry, "There must be a law abolishing slavery....
+Women, you cannot vote or fight for your country. Your only way to be
+a power in the government is through the exercise of this one, sacred,
+constitutional 'right of petition,' and we ask you to use it now to
+the utmost...." She also asked those signing the petitions to
+contribute a penny to help with expenses and in this way she slowly
+raised $3,000.<a name="FNanchor_150_150" id="FNanchor_150_150"></a><a href="#Footnote_150_150" class="fnanchor">[150]</a></p>
+
+<p>At first the response was slow, although both Republican and
+antislavery papers were generous in their praise of this undertaking,
+but when the signed petitions began to come in, she felt repaid for
+all her efforts, and when the Hovey Fund trustees appropriated twelve
+dollars a week for her salary, the financial burden lifted a little.
+Yet it was ever present. For herself she needed little. She wrote her
+mother and Mary, "I go to a little restaurant nearby for lunch every
+noon. I always take strawberries with two tea rusks. Today I said,
+'all this lacks is a glass of milk from my mother's cellar,' and the
+girl replied, 'We have very nice Westchester milk.' So tomorrow I
+shall add that to my bill of fare. My lunch costs, berries five cents,
+rusks five, and tomorrow the milk will be three."<a name="FNanchor_151_151" id="FNanchor_151_151"></a><a href="#Footnote_151_151" class="fnanchor">[151]</a></p>
+
+<p>The cost of postage mounted as the petitions continued to go out to
+all parts of the country. In dire need of funds, Susan decided to
+appeal to Henry Ward Beecher; and wearily climbing Columbia Heights to
+his home, she suddenly felt a strong hand on her shoulder and a
+familiar voice asking, "Well, old girl, what do you want now?" He took
+up a collection for her in Plymouth Church, raising $200. Gerrit Smith
+sent her $100, when she had hoped for $1,000, and Jessie Benton
+Fr&eacute;mont, $50. Before long, her "war of ideas" won the support of
+Wendell Phillips, Frederick Douglass, Horace Greeley, George William
+Curtis, and other popular lecturers who spoke for her at Cooper Union
+to large audiences whose admission<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> fees swelled her funds; and
+eventually Senator Sumner, realizing how important the petitions could
+be in arousing public opinion for the Thirteenth Amendment, saved her
+the postage by sending them out under his frank.<a name="FNanchor_152_152" id="FNanchor_152_152"></a><a href="#Footnote_152_152" class="fnanchor">[152]</a></p>
+
+<p>She made her home with the Stantons, who had moved from Brooklyn to 75
+West 45th Street, New York, and the comfortable evenings of good
+conversation and her busy days at the office helped mightily to heal
+her grief for her father. In the bustling life of the city she felt
+she was living more intensely, more usefully, as these critical days
+of war demanded. Henry Stanton, now an editorial writer for Greeley's
+<i>Tribune</i>, brought home to them the inside story of the news and of
+politics. All of them were highly critical of Lincoln, impatient with
+his slowness and skeptical of his plans for slaveholders and slaves in
+the border states. They questioned Garrison's wisdom in trusting
+Lincoln. Susan could not feel that Lincoln was honest when he
+protested that he did not have the power to do all that the
+abolitionists asked. "The pity is," she wrote Anna E. Dickinson, "that
+the vast mass of people really believe the man <i>honest</i>&mdash;that he
+believes he has not the power&mdash;I wish I could...."<a name="FNanchor_153_153" id="FNanchor_153_153"></a><a href="#Footnote_153_153" class="fnanchor">[153]</a></p>
+
+<p>New York seethed with unrest as time for the enforcement of the draft
+drew near. Indignant that rich men could avoid the draft by buying a
+substitute, workingmen were easily incited to riot, and the city was
+soon overrun by mobs bent on destruction. The lives of all Negroes and
+abolitionists were in danger. The Stanton home was in the thick of the
+rioting, and when Susan and Henry Stanton came home during a lull,
+they all decided to take refuge for the night at the home of Mrs.
+Stanton's brother-in-law, Dr. Bayard. Here they also found Horace
+Greeley hiding from the mob, for hoodlums were marching through the
+streets shouting, "We'll hang old Horace Greeley to a sour apple
+tree."</p>
+
+<p>The next morning Susan started for the office as usual, thinking the
+worst was over, but as not a single horsecar or stage was running, she
+took the ferry to Flushing to visit her cousins. Here too there was
+rioting, but she stayed on until order was restored by the army. She
+returned to the city to find casualties mounting to over a thousand
+and a million dollars' worth of property destroyed. Negroes had been
+shot and hung on lamp posts, Horace Greeley's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> <i>Tribune</i> office had
+been wrecked and the homes of abolitionist friends burned. "These are
+terrible times," she wrote her family, and then went back to work,
+staying devotedly at it through all the hot summer months.<a name="FNanchor_154_154" id="FNanchor_154_154"></a><a href="#Footnote_154_154" class="fnanchor">[154]</a></p>
+
+<p>By the end of the year, she had enrolled the signatures of 100,000 men
+and women on her petitions, and assured by Senator Sumner that these
+petitions were invaluable in creating sentiment for the Thirteenth
+Amendment, she raised the number of signatures in the next few months
+to 400,000.</p>
+
+<p>In April 1864, the Thirteenth Amendment passed the Senate and the
+prospects for it in the House were good. This phase of her work
+finished, Susan disbanded the Women's National Loyal League and
+returned to her family in Rochester.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>In despair over the possible re-election of Abraham Lincoln, Susan had
+joined Henry and Elizabeth Stanton in stirring up sentiment for John
+C. Fr&eacute;mont. Abolitionists were sharply divided in this presidential
+campaign. Garrison and Phillips disagreed on the course of action,
+Garrison coming out definitely for Lincoln in the <i>Liberator</i>, while
+Phillips declared himself emphatically against four more years of
+Lincoln. Susan, the Stantons, and Parker Pillsbury were among those
+siding with Phillips because they feared premature reconstruction
+under Lincoln. They cited Lincoln's Amnesty Proclamation as an example
+of his leniency toward the rebels. They saw danger in leaving free
+Negroes under the control of southerners embittered by war, and called
+for Negro suffrage as the only protection against oppressive laws.
+They opposed the readmission of Louisiana without the enfranchisement
+of Negroes. Lincoln, they knew, favored the extension of suffrage only
+to literate Negroes and to those who had served in the military
+forces. In fact, Lincoln held back while they wanted to go ahead under
+full steam and they looked to Fr&eacute;mont to lead them.</p>
+
+<p>Following the presidential campaign anxiously from Rochester, Susan
+wrote Mrs. Stanton, "I am starving for a full talk with somebody
+posted, not merely pitted for Lincoln...." The persistent cry of the
+<i>Liberator</i> and the <i>Antislavery Standard</i> to re-elect Lincoln and not
+to swap horses in midstream did not ring true to her. "We read no more
+of the good old doctrine 'of two evils choose neither,'"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> she wrote
+Anna E. Dickinson. She confessed to Anna, "It is only safe to seek and
+act the truth and to profess confidence in Lincoln would be a lie in
+me."<a name="FNanchor_155_155" id="FNanchor_155_155"></a><a href="#Footnote_155_155" class="fnanchor">[155]</a></p>
+
+<p>As the war dragged on through the summer without decisive victories
+for the North, Lincoln's prospects looked bleak, and to her dismay,
+Susan saw the chances improving for McClellan, the candidate of the
+northern Democrats who wanted to end the war, leave slavery alone, and
+conciliate the South. The whole picture changed, however, with the
+capture of Atlanta by General Sherman in September. The people's
+confidence in Lincoln revived and Fr&eacute;mont withdrew from the contest.
+One by one the anti-Lincoln abolitionists were converted; and Susan,
+anxiously waiting for word from Mrs. Stanton, was relieved to learn
+that she was not one of them, nor was Wendell Phillips whose judgment
+and vision both of them valued above that of any other man. With
+approval she read these lines which Phillips had just written Mrs.
+Stanton, "I would cut off both hands before doing anything to aid
+Mac's [McClellan's] election. I would cut oft my right hand before
+doing anything to aid Abraham Lincoln's election. I wholly distrust
+his fitness to settle this thing and indeed his purpose."<a name="FNanchor_156_156" id="FNanchor_156_156"></a><a href="#Footnote_156_156" class="fnanchor">[156]</a></p>
+
+<p>There is nothing to indicate any change of opinion on Susan's part
+regarding Lincoln's unfitness for a second term. That he was the
+lesser of two evils, she of course acknowledged. For her these
+pre-election days were discouraging and frustrating. She had very
+definite ideas on reconstruction which she felt in justice to the
+Negro must be carried out, and Lincoln did not meet her requirements.</p>
+
+<p>After Lincoln's re-election, she again looked to Wendell Phillips for
+an adequate policy at this juncture, and she was not disappointed.
+"Phillips has just returned from Washington," Mrs. Stanton wrote her.
+"He says the radical men feel they are powerless and checkmated....
+They turn to such men as Phillips to say what politicians dare not
+say.... We say now, as ever, 'Give us immediately unconditional
+emancipation, and let there be no reconstruction except on the
+broadest basis of justice and equality!...' Phillips and a few others
+must hold up the pillars of the temple.... I cannot tell you how happy
+I am to find Douglass on the same platform with us. Keep him on the
+right track. Tell him in this revolution, he, Phillips, and you and I
+must hold the highest ground and truly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> represent the best type of the
+white man, the black man, and the woman."<a name="FNanchor_157_157" id="FNanchor_157_157"></a><a href="#Footnote_157_157" class="fnanchor">[157]</a></p>
+
+<p>Susan, holding "the highest ground," found it difficult to mark time
+until she could find her place in the reconstruction. "The work of the
+hour," she wrote Anna E. Dickinson, "is not alone to put down the
+Rebels in arms, but to educate Thirty Millions of People into the idea
+of a True Republic. Hence every influence and power that both men and
+women can bring to bear will be needed in the reconstruction of the
+Nation on the broad basis of justice and equality."<a name="FNanchor_158_158" id="FNanchor_158_158"></a><a href="#Footnote_158_158" class="fnanchor">[158]</a></p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="THE_NEGROS_HOUR" id="THE_NEGROS_HOUR"></a>THE NEGRO'S HOUR</h2>
+
+
+<p>Susan's thoughts now turned to Kansas, as they had many times since
+her brothers had settled there. Daniel and Annie, his young wife from
+the East, urged her to visit them.<a name="FNanchor_159_159" id="FNanchor_159_159"></a><a href="#Footnote_159_159" class="fnanchor">[159]</a> Daniel was well established in
+Kansas, the publisher of his own newspaper and the mayor of
+Leavenworth. He had served a little over a year in the Union army in
+the First Kansas Cavalry. She longed to see him and the West that he
+loved.</p>
+
+<p>Now for the first time she felt free to make the long journey, for her
+mother and Mary had sold the farm on the outskirts of Rochester and
+had moved into the city, buying a large red brick house shaded by
+maples and a beautiful horse chestnut. It had been a wrench for Susan
+to give up the farm with its memories of her father, but there were
+compensations in the new home on Madison Street, for Guelma, her
+husband, Aaron McLean, and their family lived with them there. Hannah
+and her family had also settled in Rochester, and when they bought the
+house next door, Susan had the satisfaction of living again in the
+midst of her family.<a name="FNanchor_160_160" id="FNanchor_160_160"></a><a href="#Footnote_160_160" class="fnanchor">[160]</a></p>
+
+<p>She was particularly devoted to Guelma's twenty-three-year-old
+daughter, Ann Eliza, whose "merry laugh" and "bright, joyous presence"
+brought new life into the household. Ann Eliza was a stimulating
+intelligent companion, and Susan looked forward to seeing many of her
+own dreams fulfilled in her niece. Then suddenly in the fall of 1864,
+Ann Eliza was taken ill, and her death within a few days left a great
+void.<a name="FNanchor_161_161" id="FNanchor_161_161"></a><a href="#Footnote_161_161" class="fnanchor">[161]</a></p>
+
+<p>In the midst of this sorrow, Daniel sent Susan a ticket and a check
+for a trip to Kansas. Hesitating no longer, she waited only until her
+"tip-top Rochester dressmaker" made up "the new, five-dollar silk"
+which she had bought in New York.<a name="FNanchor_162_162" id="FNanchor_162_162"></a><a href="#Footnote_162_162" class="fnanchor">[162]</a></p>
+
+<p>Before leaving for Kansas, in January, 1865, she pasted on the first
+page of her diary a clipping of a poem by Henry Wadsworth<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> Longfellow,
+"Something Left Undone," which seemed so perfectly to interpret her
+own feelings:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Labor with what zeal we will<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Something still remains undone<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Something uncompleted still<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Waits the rising of the sun....<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Till at length it is or seems<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Greater than our strength can bear<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">As the burden of our dreams<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Pressing on us everywhere....<a name="FNanchor_163_163" id="FNanchor_163_163"></a><a href="#Footnote_163_163" class="fnanchor">[163]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>With "the burden of her dreams" pressing on her, Susan traveled
+westward. The future of the Negro was much on her mind, for the
+Thirteenth Amendment abolishing slavery had just been sent to the
+states for ratification. That it would be ratified she had no doubt,
+but she recognized the responsibility facing the North to provide for
+the education and rehabilitation of thousands of homeless bewildered
+Negroes trying to make their way in a still unfriendly world, and she
+looked forward to taking part in this work.</p>
+
+<p>Beyond Chicago, where she stopped over to visit her uncle Albert
+Dickinson and his family, her journey was rugged, and when she reached
+Leavenworth she reveled in the comfort of Daniel's "neat, little,
+snow-white cottage with green blinds." She liked Daniel's wife, Annie,
+at once, admired her gaiety and the way she fearlessly drove her
+beautiful black horse across the prairie. "They have a real 'Aunt
+Chloe' in the kitchen," she wrote Mrs. Stanton, "and a little Darkie
+boy for errands and table waiter. I never saw a girl to match. The
+more I see of the race, the more wonderful they are to me."<a name="FNanchor_164_164" id="FNanchor_164_164"></a><a href="#Footnote_164_164" class="fnanchor">[164]</a></p>
+
+<p>There was always good companionship in Daniel's home, for friends from
+both the East and the West found it a convenient stopping place, and
+there was much discussion of politics, the Negro question, and the
+future of the West. Business was booming in Leavenworth, then the most
+thriving town between St. Louis and San Francisco. Eight years before,
+when Daniel had first settled there, it boasted a population of 4,000.
+Now it had grown to 22,000, was lighted with gas, and was building its
+business blocks of brick. As Susan drove through the busy streets with
+Annie, she saw emigrants<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> coming in by steamer and train to settle in
+Kansas and watched for the covered wagons that almost every day
+stopped in Leavenworth for supplies before moving on to the far West.
+Driving over the wide prairie, sometimes a warm brown, then again
+white with snow under a wider expanse of deep blue sky than she had
+ever seen before, she relaxed as she had not in many a year and began
+to feel the call of the West. She even thought she might like to
+settle in Kansas until she was caught up by the sharp realization of
+how she would miss the stimulating companionship of her friends in the
+East.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 314px;">
+<img src="images/110.jpg" width="314" height="450" alt="Daniel Anthony, brother of Susan B. Anthony" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Daniel Anthony, brother of Susan B. Anthony</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>When Daniel was busy with his campaign for his second term as mayor,
+she helped him edit the <i>Bulletin</i>. He warned her not to fill his
+paper up with woman's rights, and in spite of his sympathy for the
+Negro, forbade her to advocate Negro suffrage in his paper.</p>
+
+<p>"I wish I could talk through it the things I'd like to say to the
+young martyr state ..." she wrote Mrs. Stanton. "The Legislature gave
+but six votes for Negro suffrage the other day.... The idea of Kansas
+refusing her loyal Negroes."</p>
+
+<p>Again and again she was shocked at the prejudice against<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> Negroes in
+Kansas, as when Daniel employed a Negro typesetter and the printers,
+refusing to admit him to their union, went out on strike until he was
+discharged.</p>
+
+<p>"In this city," she reported to Mrs. Stanton, "there are four thousand
+ex-Missouri slaves who have sought refuge here within the three past
+years." Making it her business to learn what was being done to help
+them and educate them, she visited their schools, their Sunday
+schools, and the Colored Home, and gave much of her time to them. To
+encourage them to demand their rights, she organized an Equal Rights
+League among them. This was one thing she could do, even if she could
+not plead for Negro suffrage in Daniel's newspaper.<a name="FNanchor_165_165" id="FNanchor_165_165"></a><a href="#Footnote_165_165" class="fnanchor">[165]</a></p>
+
+<p>Then one breath-taking piece of news followed another&mdash;Lee's
+surrender, April 9, 1865, and in less than a week, Lincoln's
+assassination, his death, and Andrew Johnson's succession to the
+Presidency.</p>
+
+<p>Susan looked upon Lincoln's assassination and death as an act of God.
+She wrote to Mrs. Stanton, "Was there ever a more terrific command to
+a Nation to 'stand still and know that I am God' since the world
+began? The Old Book's terrible exhibitions of God's wrath sink into
+nothingness. And this fell blow just at the very hour he was declaring
+his willingness to consign those five million faithful, brave, and
+loving loyal people of the South to the tender mercies of the ex-slave
+lords of the lash."<a name="FNanchor_166_166" id="FNanchor_166_166"></a><a href="#Footnote_166_166" class="fnanchor">[166]</a></p>
+
+<p>She longed "to go out and do battle for the Lord once more," but when
+she could have expressed her opinions at the big mass meeting held in
+memory of Lincoln, she remained silent. "My soul was full," she
+confessed to Mrs. Stanton, "but the flesh not equal to stemming the
+awful current, to do what the people have called make an exhibition of
+myself. So quenched the spirit and came home ashamed of myself."</p>
+
+<p>Then she added, "Dear-a-me&mdash;how overfull I am, and how I should like
+to be nestled into some corner away from every chick and child with
+you once more."</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>Disturbing news came from the East of dissension in the antislavery
+ranks, of Garrison's desire to dissolve the American Antislavery
+Society after the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> and of
+Phillips' insistence that it continue until freedom for the Negro was
+firmly established. While Garrison maintained that northern states,
+denying the ballot to the Negro, could not consistently make Negro
+suffrage a requirement for readmitting rebel states to the Union,
+Phillips demanded Negro suffrage as a condition of readmission.
+Immediately abolitionists took sides. Parker Pillsbury, Lydia and
+Lucretia Mott, Frederick Douglass, Anna E. Dickinson, the Stantons,
+and others lined up with Phillips, whose vehement and scathing
+criticism of reconstruction policies seemed to them the need of the
+hour. Susan also took sides, praising "dear ever glorious Phillips"
+and writing in her diary, "The disbanding of the American Antislavery
+Society is fully as untimely as General Grant's and Sherman's granting
+parole and pardon to the whole Rebel armies."<a name="FNanchor_167_167" id="FNanchor_167_167"></a><a href="#Footnote_167_167" class="fnanchor">[167]</a></p>
+
+<p>To her friends in the East, she wrote, "How can anyone hold that
+Congress has no right to demand Negro suffrage in the returning Rebel
+states because it is not already established in all the loyal ones?
+What would have been said of Abolitionists ten or twenty years ago,
+had they preached to the people that Congress had no right to vote
+against admitting a new state with slavery, because it was not already
+abolished in all the old States? It is perfectly astounding, this
+seeming eagerness of so many of our old friends to cover up and
+apologize for the glaring hate toward the equal recognition of the
+manhood of the black race."<a name="FNanchor_168_168" id="FNanchor_168_168"></a><a href="#Footnote_168_168" class="fnanchor">[168]</a></p>
+
+<p>She rejoiced when word came that the American Antislavery Society
+would continue under the presidency of Phillips, with Parker Pillsbury
+as editor of the <i>Antislavery Standard</i>; but she was saddened by the
+withdrawal of Garrison, whom she had idolized for so many years and
+whose editorials in the <i>Liberator</i> had always been her
+inspiration.<a name="FNanchor_169_169" id="FNanchor_169_169"></a><a href="#Footnote_169_169" class="fnanchor">[169]</a></p>
+
+<p>As she read the weekly New York <i>Tribune</i>, which came regularly to
+Daniel, she grew more and more concerned over President Johnson's
+reconstruction policy and more and more convinced of the need of a
+crusade for political and civil rights for the Negro. Asked to deliver
+the Fourth of July oration at Ottumwa, Kansas, she decided to put into
+it all her views on the controversial subject of reconstruction.</p>
+
+<p>Traveling by stage the 125 miles to Ottumwa, she found good<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> company
+en route and "great talk on politics, Negro equality, and temperance,"
+and thought the "grand old prairies ... perfectly splendid and the
+timber-skirted creeks ... delightful."<a name="FNanchor_170_170" id="FNanchor_170_170"></a><a href="#Footnote_170_170" class="fnanchor">[170]</a></p>
+
+<p>Before a large gathering of Kansas pioneers, many of whom had driven
+forty or fifty miles to hear her, she stood tall, straight, and
+earnest, as she reminded them of the noble heritage of Kansas, of the
+bloody years before the war when in the free-state fight, Kansas men
+and women "taught the nation anew" the principles of the Declaration
+of Independence. Lashing out with the vehemence of Phillips against
+President Johnson's reconstruction policy, she warned, "There has been
+no hour fraught with so much danger as the present.... To be foiled
+now in gathering up the fruits of our blood-bought victories and to
+re-enthrone slavery under the new guise of Negro disfranchisement ...
+would be a disaster, a cruelty and crime, which would surely bequeath
+to coming generations a legacy of wars and rumors of wars...."<a name="FNanchor_171_171" id="FNanchor_171_171"></a><a href="#Footnote_171_171" class="fnanchor">[171]</a></p>
+
+<p>She then cited the results of the elections in Virginia, South
+Carolina, and Tennessee to prove her point that unless Negroes were
+given the vote, rebels would be put in office and a new code of laws
+apprenticing Negroes passed, establishing a new form of slavery.</p>
+
+<p>She urged her audience to be awake to the politicians who were using
+the peoples' reverence and near idolatry of Lincoln to push through
+anti-Negro legislation under the guise of carrying out his policies.
+Then putting behind her the prejudice and impatience with Lincoln
+which she had felt during his lifetime, she added, "If the
+administration of Abraham Lincoln taught the American people one
+lesson above another, it was that they must think and speak and
+proclaim, and that he as their President was bound to execute their
+will, not his own. And if Lincoln were alive today, he would say as he
+did four years ago, 'I wait the voice of the people.'"</p>
+
+<p>In her special pleading for the Negro, she did not forget women.
+Calling attention to the fact that our nation had never been a true
+republic because the ballot was exclusively in the hands of the "free
+white male," she asked for a government "of the people," men and
+women, white and black, with Negro suffrage and woman suffrage as
+basic requirements.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 341px;">
+<img src="images/114.jpg" width="341" height="450" alt="Wendell Phillips" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Wendell Phillips</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>So enthusiastic were the Republicans over her speech that they urged
+her to prepare it for publication, suggesting, however, that she
+delete the passage on woman suffrage. This was her first intimation
+that Republicans might balk at enfranchising women. So great had been
+women's contribution to the winning of the war and so indebted were
+the Republicans to women for creating sentiment for the Thirteenth
+Amendment, that she had come to expect, along with Mrs. Stanton, that
+the ballot would without question be given them as a reward.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>It was soon obvious to Susan that politicians in the East as well as
+in Kansas were shying away from woman suffrage. Mrs. Stanton reported
+that even Wendell Phillips was backsliding, not wishing to campaign
+for Negro suffrage and woman suffrage at the same time. "While I could
+continue as heretofore, arguing for woman's rights, just as I do for
+temperance every day," he had written, "still I would not mix the
+movements.... I think such mixture would lose for the Negro far more
+than we should gain for the woman. I am now engaged in abolishing
+slavery in a land<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> where the abolition of slavery means conferring or
+recognizing citizenship, and where citizenship supposes the ballot for
+all men."<a name="FNanchor_172_172" id="FNanchor_172_172"></a><a href="#Footnote_172_172" class="fnanchor">[172]</a></p>
+
+<p>Such reasoning filled Susan with despair, for she firmly believed that
+women who had been asking for full citizenship for seventeen years
+deserved precedence over the Negro. Mrs. Stanton agreed. To them,
+Negro suffrage without woman suffrage was unthinkable, an unbearable
+humiliation. Half of the Negroes were women, and manhood suffrage
+would fasten upon them a new form of slavery. How could Wendell
+Phillips, they asked each other, fail to recognize not only the
+timeliness of woman suffrage, but the fact that women were better
+qualified for the ballot than the majority of Negroes, who, because of
+their years in slavery, were illiterate and the easy prey of
+unscrupulous politicians? By all means enfranchise Negroes, they
+argued with him, but enfranchise women as well, and if there must be a
+limitation on suffrage, let it be on the basis of literacy, not on the
+basis of sex.</p>
+
+<p>Among Republican members of Congress and abolitionists, there was
+serious discussion of a Fourteenth Amendment to extend to the Negro
+civil rights and the ballot. Susan, reading about this in Kansas, and
+Mrs. Stanton, discussing it in New York with her husband, Wendell
+Phillips, and Robert Dale Owen, saw in such a revision of the
+Constitution a just and logical opportunity to extend woman's rights
+at the same time. Previously committed to state action on woman
+suffrage but only because it had then seemed the necessary first step,
+both women welcomed the more direct road offered by an amendment to
+the Constitution. Only they of all the old woman's rights workers were
+awake to this opportunity.</p>
+
+<p>Throughout the United States, people were thinking about the
+Constitution as Americans had not done since the Bill of Rights was
+ratified in 1791. Not only were amendments to the federal Constitution
+in the air, not only were rebel states being readmitted to the Union
+with new constitutions, but state constitutions in the North were
+being revised, and western territories sought statehood. In Susan's
+opinion the time was ripe to proclaim equal rights for all. This
+clearly was woman's hour.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>"Come back and help," pleaded Elizabeth Stanton, who grew more and
+more alarmed as she saw all interest in woman suffrage<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> crowded out of
+the minds of reformers by their zeal for the Negro. "I have argued
+constantly with Phillips and the whole fraternity, but I fear one and
+all will favor enfranchising the Negro without us. Woman's cause is in
+deep water.... There is pressing need of our woman's rights
+convention...."<a name="FNanchor_173_173" id="FNanchor_173_173"></a><a href="#Footnote_173_173" class="fnanchor">[173]</a></p>
+
+<p>Susan's spirits revived at the prospect of holding a woman's rights
+convention, and plans for the future began to take shape as she read
+the closing lines of Mrs. Stanton's letter: "I hope in a short time to
+be comfortably located in a new house where we will have a room ready
+for you.... I long to put my arms about you once more and hear you
+scold me for all my sins and shortcomings.... Oh, Susan, you are very
+dear to me. I should miss you more than any other living being on this
+earth. You are entwined with much of my happy and eventful past, and
+all my future plans are based on you as coadjutor. Yes, our work is
+one, we are one in aim and sympathy and should be together. Come
+home."</p>
+
+<p>Parker Pillsbury also added his plea, "Why have you deserted the field
+of action at a time like this, at an hour unparalleled in almost
+twenty centuries?... It is not for me to decide your field of labor.
+Kansas needed John Brown and may need you ... but New York is to
+revise her constitution next year and, if you are absent, who is to
+make the plea for woman?"</p>
+
+<p>Reading her newspaper a few days later, she found that the politicians
+had made their first move, introducing in the House of Representatives
+a resolution writing the word "male" into the qualifications of voters
+in the second section of the proposed Fourteenth Amendment. She
+started at once for the East.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>On the long journey back, in the heat of August, traveling by stage
+and railroad with many stops to make the necessary connections, Susan
+not only visited her many relatives who had moved to the West, but
+also called on antislavery and woman suffrage workers, and held
+meetings to plead for free schools for Negroes and for the ballot for
+Negroes and women. She found people relieved to have the war over and
+busy with their own affairs, but with prejudices smoldering. Public
+speaking was still an ordeal for her and she confessed to her diary,
+"Made a labored talk.... Had a struggle to get through with speech,"
+and again, "Had a hard time.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> Thoughts nor words would come&mdash;Staggered
+through."<a name="FNanchor_174_174" id="FNanchor_174_174"></a><a href="#Footnote_174_174" class="fnanchor">[174]</a> However, she was a determined woman. The message must
+be carried to the people and she would do it whether she suffered in
+the process or not.</p>
+
+<p>Late in September, she reached her own comfortable home in Rochester,
+but she had too much on her mind to stay there long, and within a few
+weeks was in New York with Elizabeth Stanton, deep in a serious
+discussion of how to create an overwhelming demand for woman suffrage
+at this crucial time. Again they decided to petition Congress, this
+time for the vote for both women and Negroes. Five years had now
+passed since the last national woman's rights convention, and the
+workers were scattered; some had lost interest and others thought only
+of the need of the Negro. Lucretia Mott, Lydia Mott, and Parker
+Pillsbury responded at once. Susan sought out Lucy Stone in spite of
+the differences that had grown up between them, and after talking with
+Lucy, confessed to herself that she had been unjustly impatient with
+her.<a name="FNanchor_175_175" id="FNanchor_175_175"></a><a href="#Footnote_175_175" class="fnanchor">[175]</a></p>
+
+<p>Hoping for aid from the Jackson or Hovey Fund, she went to New England
+to revive interest there and in Concord talked with the Emersons,
+Bronson Alcott, and Frank Sanborn. When she asked Emerson whether he
+thought it wise to demand woman suffrage at this time, he replied,
+"Ask my wife. I can philosophize, but I always look to her to decide
+for me in practical matters." Unhesitatingly Mrs. Emerson agreed with
+Susan that Congress must be petitioned immediately to enfranchise
+women either before Negroes were granted the vote or at the same
+time.<a name="FNanchor_176_176" id="FNanchor_176_176"></a><a href="#Footnote_176_176" class="fnanchor">[176]</a></p>
+
+<p>Even Wendell Phillips, who did not want to mix Negro and woman
+suffrage, gave Susan $500 from the Hovey Fund to finance the
+petitions, but many of the friends upon whom she had counted needed a
+verbal lashing to rouse them out of their apathy. Very soon she had to
+face the unpleasant fact that by pressing for woman suffrage now, she
+was estranging many abolitionists. Nevertheless she and Mrs. Stanton
+went ahead undaunted, determined that a petition for woman suffrage
+would go to Congress even if it carried only their own two signatures.</p>
+
+<p>However, petitions with many signatures were reaching Congress in
+January 1866&mdash;the very first demand ever made for Congressional action
+on woman suffrage. Senator Sumner, for whom<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> women had rolled up
+400,000 signatures for the Thirteenth Amendment, now presented under
+protest "as most inopportune" a petition headed by Lydia Maria Child,
+who for years had been his valiant aid in antislavery work; and
+Thaddeus Stevens, heretofore friendly to woman suffrage and ever
+zealous for the Negro, ignored a petition from New York headed by
+Elizabeth Cady Stanton.<a name="FNanchor_177_177" id="FNanchor_177_177"></a><a href="#Footnote_177_177" class="fnanchor">[177]</a></p>
+
+<p>By this time it was clear to Susan that since the two powerful
+Republicans, Senator Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens, both basically
+friendly to woman suffrage, were determined to devote themselves
+wholly to Negro suffrage and to the extension of their party's
+influence, she could expect no help from lesser party members. Her
+only alternative was to appeal to the Democrats or to an occasional
+recalcitrant Republican, and she allowed nothing to stand in her way,
+not even the frenzied pleas of her abolitionist friends. She found
+James Brooks of New York, Democratic leader of the House, willing to
+present her petitions, and she made use of him, although he was
+regarded by abolitionists as a Copperhead and although he was now
+advocating conciliatory reconstruction for the South of which she
+herself disapproved. Other Democrats came to the rescue in the Senate
+as well as in the House&mdash;a few because they saw justice in the demands
+of the women, others because they believed white women should have
+political precedence over Negroes, and still others because they saw
+in their support of woman suffrage an opportunity to harass the
+Republicans. During 1866, petitions for woman suffrage with 10,000
+signatures were presented by Democrats and irregular Republicans.</p>
+
+<p>In the meantime, conferences in New York with Henry Ward Beecher and
+Theodore Tilton were encouraging, and for a time Susan thought she had
+found an enthusiastic ally in Tilton, the talented popular young
+editor of the <i>Independent</i>. Theodore Tilton, with his long hair and
+the soulful face of a poet, with his eloquence as a lecturer and his
+flare for journalism, was at the height of his popularity. He had
+winning ways and was full of ideas. After the ratification of the
+Thirteenth Amendment abolishing slavery, in December 1865, he had
+proposed that the American Antislavery Society and the woman's rights
+group merge to form an American Equal Rights Association which would
+fight for equal rights for all, for Negro and woman suffrage. Wendell
+Phillips he suggested for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> president, and the <i>Antislavery Standard</i>
+as the paper of the new organization.</p>
+
+<p>This sounded reasonable and hopeful to Susan, and she hurried to
+Boston with a group from New York, including Lucy Stone, to consult
+Wendell Phillips and his New England colleagues. Wendell Phillips,
+however, was cool to the proposition, pointing out the necessity of
+amending the constitution of the American Antislavery Society before
+any such action could be taken. Never dreaming that he would actually
+oppose their plan, Susan expected this would be taken care of; but
+when she convened her woman's rights convention in New York in May
+1866, simultaneously with that of the American Antislavery Society,
+she found to her dismay that no formal notice of the proposed union
+had been given to the members of the antislavery group and therefore
+there was no way for them to vote their organization into an Equal
+Rights Association. Not to be sidetracked, she then asked the woman's
+rights convention to broaden its platform to include rights for the
+Negro. To her this seemed a natural development as she had always
+thought of woman's rights as part of the larger struggle for human
+rights.</p>
+
+<p>"For twenty years," she declared, "we have pressed the claims of women
+to the right of representation in the government.... Up to this hour
+we have looked only to State action for the recognition of our rights;
+but now by the results of the war, the whole question of suffrage
+reverts back to the United States Constitution. The duty of Congress
+at this moment is to declare what shall be the basis of representation
+in a republican form of government.</p>
+
+<p>"There is, there can be, but one true basis," she continued. "Taxation
+and representation must be inseparable; hence our demand must now go
+beyond woman.... We therefore wish to broaden our woman's rights
+platform and make it in name what it has ever been in spirit, a human
+rights platform."<a name="FNanchor_178_178" id="FNanchor_178_178"></a><a href="#Footnote_178_178" class="fnanchor">[178]</a></p>
+
+<p>The women, so often accused in later years of fighting only for their
+own rights, had the courage at this time to attempt a practical
+experiment in generosity. Susan and Mrs. Stanton with all their hearts
+wanted this experiment to succeed, and yet as they resolved their
+woman's rights organization into the American Equal Rights
+Association, they were apprehensive.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>They did not have to wait long for disillusionment. Meeting Wendell
+Phillips and Theodore Tilton in the office of the <i>Antislavery
+Standard</i> to plan a campaign for the Equal Rights Association, they
+discussed with them what should be done in New York, preparatory to
+the revision of the state constitution. Emphatically Wendell Phillips
+declared that the time was ripe for striking the word "white" out of
+the constitution, but not the word "male." That could come, he added,
+when the constitution was next revised, some twenty or thirty years
+later. To their astonishment, Theodore Tilton heartily agreed. Then he
+added, "The question of striking out the word 'male,' we as an equal
+rights association shall of course present as an intellectual theory,
+but not as a practical thing to be accomplished at this convention."
+Completely unprepared for such an attitude on Tilton's part, Susan
+retorted with indignation, "I would sooner cut off my right hand than
+ask for the ballot for the black man and not for woman." Then telling
+the two men just what she thought of them for their betrayal of women,
+she swept out of the office to keep another appointment.<a name="FNanchor_179_179" id="FNanchor_179_179"></a><a href="#Footnote_179_179" class="fnanchor">[179]</a></p>
+
+<p>Equally exasperated with these men, Mrs. Stanton stayed on, hoping to
+heal the breach, but when Susan returned to the Stanton home that
+evening, she found her highly indignant, declaring she was through
+boosting the Negro over her own head. Then and there they vowed that
+they would devote themselves with all their might and main to woman
+suffrage and to that alone.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>By this time, Congress had passed a civil rights bill over President
+Johnson's veto, conferring the rights of citizenship upon freedmen,
+and a Fourteenth Amendment to make these rights permanent was now
+before Congress. The latest developments regarding the various drafts
+of the Fourteenth Amendment were passed along to Susan and Mrs.
+Stanton by Robert Dale Owen. Senator Sumner, he reported, had yielded
+to party pressure and now supported the Fourteenth Amendment, although
+in the past he had always maintained such an amendment wholly
+unnecessary since there was already enough justice, liberty, and
+equality in the Constitution to protect the humblest citizen. Senator
+Sumner opposed and defeated a clause in the amendment referring to
+"race" and "color," words which had never previously been mentioned
+in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> the Constitution, but he raised no serious objection to the
+introduction of the word "male" as a qualification for suffrage, which
+was also unprecedented. That he tried time and time again to avoid the
+word "male" when he was redrafting the amendment or that Thaddeus
+Stevens tried to substitute "legal voters" for "male citizens" was no
+comfort to Susan and Mrs. Stanton, as they saw the Fourteenth
+Amendment writing discrimination against women into the federal
+Constitution for the first time.<a name="FNanchor_180_180" id="FNanchor_180_180"></a><a href="#Footnote_180_180" class="fnanchor">[180]</a></p>
+
+<p>As they carefully read over the first section of the Fourteenth
+Amendment, which conferred citizenship on every person born or
+naturalized in the United States, women's rights seemed assured:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>"All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and
+subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the
+United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State
+shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the
+privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States;
+nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or
+property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person
+within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Then in the controversial second section which provided the penalty of
+reduction of representation in Congress for states depriving Negroes
+of the ballot, they saw themselves written out of the Constitution by
+the words, "male inhabitants" and "male citizens," used to define
+legal voters. It was baffling to be kept from their goal by a single
+word in a provision which at best was the unsatisfactory compromise
+arrived at by radical and conservative Republicans and which sincere
+abolitionists felt was unfair to the Negro. That it was unfair to
+women, there was no doubt.</p>
+
+<p>With determination, Susan and Mrs. Stanton fought this injustice. Were
+they not "persons born ... in the United States," they asked. Were
+they forever to be regarded as children or as lower than persons,
+along with criminals, idiots, and the insane? Were women not counted
+in the basis of representation and should they not have a voice in the
+election of those representatives whose office their numbers helped to
+establish?</p>
+
+<p>As Susan studied the Constitution, she saw that the question of
+suffrage had up to this time been left to the states and that there<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span>
+were no provisions defining suffrage or citizenship or limiting the
+right of suffrage. Only now was the precedent being broken by the
+Fourteenth Amendment which conferred citizenship on Negroes and
+limited suffrage to males. How could this be constitutional, she
+reasoned, when the first lines of the Constitution read, "We, the
+people of the United States, in order to ... establish justice ... and
+secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do
+ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of
+America." Of course "the people" must include women, if the English
+language meant what it said.</p>
+
+<p>The Fourteenth Amendment with the limiting word "male" was passed by
+Congress and referred to the states for ratification in June 1866. As
+never before, Susan felt the curse of the tradition of the
+unimportance of women. Once more politicians and reformers had ignored
+women's inherent rights as human beings. In spite of women's
+intelligence and their wartime service to their country, no statesman
+of power or vision felt it at all necessary to include women under the
+Fourteenth Amendment's broad term of "persons." Yet according to
+statements made in later years by John A. Bingham and Roscoe Conkling,
+both sponsors of the amendment and concerned with its drafting, the
+possibility was considered of protecting corporations and the property
+of individuals from the interference of state and municipal
+legislation, through the federal control extended by this amendment.
+At any rate, they wrought well for the corporations which have
+received abundant protection under the Fourteenth Amendment, along
+with all male citizens, while women were left outside the pale.<a name="FNanchor_181_181" id="FNanchor_181_181"></a><a href="#Footnote_181_181" class="fnanchor">[181]</a></p>
+
+<p>Tactfully the Republicans explained to women that even Negro suffrage
+could not be definitely spelled out in the Fourteenth Amendment, if it
+were to be accepted by the people; and added that Negro suffrage was
+all the strain that the Republican party could bear at this time; but
+neither Susan nor Mrs. Stanton were fooled by this sophistry. They
+knew that Republican politicians saw in the Negro vote in the South
+the means of keeping their party in power for a long time to come, and
+could entirely overlook justice to Negro women since they were assured
+of enough votes without them. The women of the North need not be
+considered, since they had nothing to offer politically. They would
+vote, it was thought, just as their husbands voted.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Completely deserted by all their former friends in the Republican
+party, Susan and Mrs. Stanton now made use of an irregular Republican,
+Senator Cowan of Pennsylvania, whom the abolitionists had labeled "the
+watchdog of slavery." When Benjamin Wade's bill "to enfranchise each
+and every male person" in the District of Columbia "without any
+distinction on account of color or race," was discussed on the Senate
+floor in December 1866, Senator Cowan offered an amendment striking
+out the word "male" and thus leaving the door open for women. He
+stated the case for woman suffrage well and with eloquence, and
+although he was accused of being insincere and wishing merely to cloud
+the issue, he forced the Republicans to show their hands. In the
+three-day debate which followed, Senator Wilson of Massachusetts
+declared emphatically that he was opposed to connecting the two
+issues, woman and Negro suffrage, but would at any time support a
+separate bill for woman's enfranchisement. Senator Pomeroy of Kansas
+objected to jeopardizing the chances of Negro suffrage by linking it
+with woman suffrage, but Senator Wade of Ohio boldly expressed his
+approval of woman suffrage, even casting a vote for Senator Cowan's
+amendment, as did B. Gratz Brown of Missouri. In the final vote, nine
+votes were counted for woman suffrage and thirty-seven against.<a name="FNanchor_182_182" id="FNanchor_182_182"></a><a href="#Footnote_182_182" class="fnanchor">[182]</a></p>
+
+<p>Susan recorded even this defeat as progress, for woman suffrage had
+for the first time been debated in Congress and prominent Senators had
+treated it with respect. The Republican press, however, was showing
+definite signs of disapproval, even Horace Greeley's New York
+<i>Tribune</i>. Almost unbelieving, she read Greeley's editorial, "A Cry
+from the Females," in which he said, "Talk of a true woman needing the
+ballot as an accessory of power when she rules the world with the
+glance of an eye." With the Democratic press as always solidly against
+woman suffrage and the <i>Antislavery Standard</i> avoiding the subject as
+if it did not exist, no words favorable to votes for women now reached
+the public.<a name="FNanchor_183_183" id="FNanchor_183_183"></a><a href="#Footnote_183_183" class="fnanchor">[183]</a></p>
+
+<p>It was hard for Susan to forgive the <i>Antislavery Standard</i> for what
+she regarded as a breach of trust. Financed by the Hovey Fund, it owed
+allegiance, she believed, to women as well as the Negro. In protest
+Parker Pillsbury resigned his post as editor, but among the leading
+men in the antislavery ranks, only he, Samuel J. May, James Mott, and
+Robert Purvis, the cultured, wealthy Philadelphia<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> Negro, were willing
+to support Susan and Mrs. Stanton in their campaign for woman suffrage
+at this time. The rest aligned themselves unquestioningly with the
+Republicans, although in the past they had always been distrustful of
+political parties.</p>
+
+<p>Discouraging as this was for Susan, their influence upon the
+antislavery women was far more alarming. These women one by one
+temporarily deserted the woman's rights cause, persuaded that this was
+the Negro's hour and that they must be generous, renounce their own
+claims, and work only for the Negroes' civil and political rights.
+Less than a dozen remained steadfast, among them Lucretia Mott, Martha
+C. Wright, Ernestine Rose, and for a time Lucy Stone, who wrote John
+Greenleaf Whittier in January 1867, "You know Mr. Phillips takes the
+ground that this is 'the Negro's hour,' and that the women, if not
+criminal, are at least, not wise to urge their own claim. Now, so sure
+am I that he is mistaken and that the only name given, by which the
+country can be saved, is that of <span class="smcap lowercase">WOMAN</span>, that I want to ask you ... to
+use your influence to induce him to reconsider the position he has
+taken. He is the only man in the nation to whom has been given the
+charm which compels all men, willing or unwilling, to listen when he
+speaks ... Mr. Phillips used to say, 'take your part with the perfect
+and abstract right, and trust God to see that it shall prove
+expedient.' Now he needs someone to help him see that point
+again."<a name="FNanchor_184_184" id="FNanchor_184_184"></a><a href="#Footnote_184_184" class="fnanchor">[184]</a></p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="TIMES_THAT_TRIED_WOMENS_SOULS" id="TIMES_THAT_TRIED_WOMENS_SOULS"></a>TIMES THAT TRIED WOMEN'S SOULS</h2>
+
+
+<p>Bitterly disillusioned, Susan as usual found comfort in action. She
+carried to the New York legislature early in 1867 her objections to
+the Fourteenth Amendment in a petition from the American Equal Rights
+Association, signed by Lucy Stone, Henry Blackwell, Elizabeth Cady
+Stanton, and herself. People generally were critical of the amendment,
+many fearing it would too readily reinstate rebels as voters, and she
+hoped to block ratification by capitalizing on this dissatisfaction.
+She saw no disloyalty to Negroes in this, for she regarded the
+amendment as "utterly inadequate."<a name="FNanchor_185_185" id="FNanchor_185_185"></a><a href="#Footnote_185_185" class="fnanchor">[185]</a></p>
+
+<p>This protest made, she turned her attention to New York's
+constitutional convention, which provided an unusual opportunity for
+writing woman suffrage into the new constitution. First she sought an
+interview with Horace Greeley, hoping to regain his support which was
+more important than ever since he had been chosen a delegate to this
+convention. When she and Mrs. Stanton asked him for space in the
+<i>Tribune</i> to advocate woman suffrage as well as Negro suffrage, he
+emphatically replied, "No! You must not get up any agitation for that
+measure.... Help us get the word 'white' out of the constitution. This
+is the Negro's hour.... Your turn will come next."<a name="FNanchor_186_186" id="FNanchor_186_186"></a><a href="#Footnote_186_186" class="fnanchor">[186]</a></p>
+
+<p>Convinced that this was also woman's hour, Susan disregarded his
+opinions and his threats and circulated woman suffrage petitions in
+all parts of the state. She won the support of the handsome, highly
+respected George William Curtis, now editor of <i>Harper's Magazine</i> and
+also a convention delegate, and of the popular Henry Ward Beecher and
+Gerrit Smith. The sponsorship of the cause by these men helped
+mightily. New York women sent in petitions with hundreds of
+signatures, but the Republican party was at work, cracking its whip,
+and Horace Greeley was appointed chairman of the committee on the
+right of suffrage.</p>
+
+<p>Both Susan and Mrs. Stanton spoke at the constitutional convention's
+hearing on woman suffrage, Susan with her usual forthrightness
+answering the many questions asked by the delegates, spreading
+consternation among them by declaring that women<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> would eventually
+serve as jurors and be drafted in time of war. Assuming women unable
+to bear arms for their country, the delegates smugly linked the ballot
+and the bullet together, and Horace Greeley gleefully asked the two
+women, "If you vote, are you ready to fight?" Instantly, Susan
+replied, "Yes, Mr. Greeley, just as you fought in the late war&mdash;at the
+point of a goose quill." Then turning to the other delegates, she
+reminded them that several hundred women, disguised as men, had fought
+in the Civil War, and instead of being honored for their services and
+paid, they had been discharged in disgrace.<a name="FNanchor_187_187" id="FNanchor_187_187"></a><a href="#Footnote_187_187" class="fnanchor">[187]</a></p>
+
+<p>Confident that Horace Greeley would sooner or later fall back on his
+oft-repeated, trite remark, "The best women I know do not want to
+vote," Susan had asked Mrs. Greeley to roll up a big petition in
+Westchester County, and believing heartily in woman suffrage she had
+complied. This gave Susan and Mrs. Stanton a trump card to play,
+should Horace Greeley present an adverse report as they were informed
+he would do.<a name="FNanchor_188_188" id="FNanchor_188_188"></a><a href="#Footnote_188_188" class="fnanchor">[188]</a></p>
+
+<p>In Albany to hear the report, these two conspirators gloated over
+their plan as they surveyed the packed galleries and noted the many
+reporters who would jump at a bit of spicy news to send their papers.
+Just before Horace Greeley was to give his report, George William
+Curtis announced with dignity and assurance, "Mr. President, I hold in
+my hand a petition from Mrs. Horace Greeley and 300 other women,
+citizens of Westchester, asking that the word 'male' be stricken from
+the Constitution."<a name="FNanchor_189_189" id="FNanchor_189_189"></a><a href="#Footnote_189_189" class="fnanchor">[189]</a></p>
+
+<p>Ripples of amusement ran through the audience, and reporters hastily
+took notes, as Horace Greeley, the top of his head red as a beet,
+looked up with anger at the galleries, and then in a thin squeaky
+voice and with as much authority as he could muster declared, "Your
+committee does not recommend an extension of the elective franchise to
+women...." As a result, New York's new constitution enfranchised only
+male citizens.<a name="FNanchor_190_190" id="FNanchor_190_190"></a><a href="#Footnote_190_190" class="fnanchor">[190]</a></p>
+
+<p>Horace Greeley justified his opposition to woman suffrage in a letter
+to Moncure D. Conway: "The keynote of my political creed is the axiom
+that 'Governments derive their just powers from the consent of the
+governed....' I sought information from different quarters ... and
+practically all agreed in the conclusion that <i>the women of our state
+do not choose to vote</i>. Individuals do, at least<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> three fourths of the
+sex do not. I accepted their choice as decisive; just as I reported in
+favor of enfranchising the Blacks because they do wish to vote. The
+few may not; but the many do; and I think they should control the
+situation.... It seems but fair to add that female suffrage seems to
+me to involve the balance of the family relation as it has hitherto
+existed...."<a name="FNanchor_191_191" id="FNanchor_191_191"></a><a href="#Footnote_191_191" class="fnanchor">[191]</a></p>
+
+<p>Horace Greeley never forgave Susan and Mrs. Stanton for humiliating
+him in the constitutional convention or for the headlines in the
+evening papers which coupled his adverse report with his wife's
+petition. When they met again in New York a few weeks later at one of
+Alice Cary's popular evening receptions, he ignored their friendly
+greeting and brusquely remarked, "You two ladies are the most
+maneuvering politicians in the State of New York."<a name="FNanchor_192_192" id="FNanchor_192_192"></a><a href="#Footnote_192_192" class="fnanchor">[192]</a></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>While Susan's work in New York State was at its height, appeals for
+help had reached her from Republicans in Kansas, where in November
+1867 two amendments would be voted upon, enfranchising women and
+Negroes. Unable to go to Kansas herself at that time or to spare
+Elizabeth Stanton, she rejoiced when Lucy Stone consented to speak
+throughout Kansas and when she and Lucy, as trustees of the Jackson
+Fund, outvoting Wendell Phillips, were able to appropriate $1,500 for
+this campaign.</p>
+
+<p>Lucy was soon sending enthusiastic reports to Susan from Kansas, where
+she and her husband, Henry Blackwell, were winning many friends for
+the cause. "I fully expect we shall carry the State," Lucy confidently
+wrote Susan. "The women here are grand, and it will be a shame past
+all expression if they don't get the right to vote.... But the Negroes
+are all against us.... These men <i>ought not to be allowed to vote
+before we do</i>, because they will be just so much dead weight to
+lift."<a name="FNanchor_193_193" id="FNanchor_193_193"></a><a href="#Footnote_193_193" class="fnanchor">[193]</a></p>
+
+<p>One cloud now appeared on the horizon. Republicans in Kansas began to
+withdraw their support from the woman suffrage amendment they had
+sponsored. It troubled Lucy and Susan that the New York <i>Tribune</i> and
+the <i>Independent</i>, both widely read in Kansas, published not one word
+favorable to woman suffrage, for these two papers with their influence
+and prestige could readily, they believed, win the ballot for women
+not only in Kansas but throughout the nation. Soon the temper of the
+Republican press<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> changed from indifference to outright animosity,
+striking at Lucy and Henry Blackwell by calling them "free lovers,"
+because Lucy was traveling with her husband as Lucy Stone and not as
+Mrs. Henry B. Blackwell. Still Lucy was hopeful, believing the
+Democrats were ready to take them up, but she reminded Susan, "It will
+be necessary to have a good force here in the fall, and you will have
+to come."</p>
+
+<p>Never for a moment did the importance of this election in Kansas
+escape Susan, and her estimate of it was also that of John Stuart
+Mill, who wrote from England to the sponsor of the Kansas woman
+suffrage amendment, Samuel N. Wood, "If your citizens next November
+give effect to the enlightened views of your Legislature, history will
+remember one of the youngest states in the civilized world has been
+the first to adopt a measure of liberation destined to extend all over
+the earth and to be looked back to ... as one of the most fertile in
+beneficial consequences of all improvements yet effected in human
+affairs."<a name="FNanchor_194_194" id="FNanchor_194_194"></a><a href="#Footnote_194_194" class="fnanchor">[194]</a></p>
+
+<p>Susan fully expected Kansas to pioneer for woman suffrage just as it
+had taken its stand against slavery when the rest of the country held
+back. Her first problem, however, was to raise the money to get
+herself and Elizabeth Stanton there. The grant from the Jackson Fund
+had been spent by the Blackwells and Olympia Brown of Michigan, who
+most providentially volunteered to continue their work when they
+returned to the East. Olympia Brown, recently graduated from Antioch
+College and ordained as a minister in the Universalist church, was a
+new recruit to the cause. Young and indefatigable, she reached every
+part of Kansas during the summer, driving over the prairies with the
+Singing Hutchinsons.<a name="FNanchor_195_195" id="FNanchor_195_195"></a><a href="#Footnote_195_195" class="fnanchor">[195]</a></p>
+
+<p>Olympia Brown's valiant help made waiting in New York easier for Susan
+as she tried in every way to raise money. Further grants from the
+Jackson Fund were cut off by an unfavorable court decision; and the
+trustees of the Hovey Fund, established to further the rights of both
+Negroes and women, refused to finance a woman suffrage campaign in
+Kansas.</p>
+
+<p>"We are left without a dollar," she wrote State Senator Samuel N.
+Wood. "Every speaker who goes to Kansas must <i>now pay her own</i>
+expenses out of her own private purse, unless money should come from
+some unexpected source. I shall run the risk&mdash;as I told<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> you&mdash;and draw
+upon almost my last hundred to go. I tell you this that you may not
+contract <i>debts</i> under the impression that <i>our</i> Association can pay
+for them&mdash;<i>for it cannot</i>."<a name="FNanchor_196_196" id="FNanchor_196_196"></a><a href="#Footnote_196_196" class="fnanchor">[196]</a></p>
+
+<p>She did find a way to finance the printing of leaflets so urgently
+needed for distribution in Kansas. Soliciting advertisements up and
+down Broadway during the heat of July and August, she collected enough
+to pay the printer for 60,000 tracts, with the result that along with
+the dignified, eloquent speeches of Henry Ward Beecher, Theodore
+Parker, George William Curtis, and John Stuart Mill went
+advertisements of Howe sewing machines, Mme. Demorest's millinery and
+patterns, Browning's washing machines, and Decker pianofortes to
+attract the people of Kansas.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>With both New York and Kansas on her mind, Susan had had little time
+to be with her family, although she had often longed to slip out to
+Rochester for a visit with her mother and Guelma who had been ill for
+several months. Finally she spent a few days with them on her way to
+Kansas.</p>
+
+<p>On the long train journey from Rochester to Kansas with such a
+congenial companion as Elizabeth Stanton, she enjoyed every new
+experience, particularly the new Palace cars advertised as the finest,
+most luxurious in the world, costing $40,000 each. The comfortable
+daytime seats transformed into beds at night and the meals served by
+solicitous Negro waiters were of the greatest interest to these two
+good housekeepers and the last bit of comfort they were to enjoy for
+many a day.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as they reached Kansas, they set out immediately on a two-week
+speaking tour of the principal towns, and as usual Susan starred Mrs.
+Stanton while she herself acted as general manager, advertising the
+meetings, finding a suitable hall, sweeping it out if necessary,
+distributing and selling tracts, and perhaps making a short speech
+herself. The meetings were highly successful, but traveling by stage
+and wagon was rugged; most of the food served them was green with soda
+or floating in grease and the hotels were infested with bedbugs. Susan
+wrote her family of sleepless nights and of picking the "tormentors"
+out of their bonnets and the ruffles of their dresses.<a name="FNanchor_197_197" id="FNanchor_197_197"></a><a href="#Footnote_197_197" class="fnanchor">[197]</a></p>
+
+<p>Occasionally there was an oasis of cleanliness and good food,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> as when
+they stopped at the railroad hotel in Salina and found it run by
+Mother Bickerdyke, who, marching through Georgia with General Sherman,
+had nursed and fed his soldiers. At such times Kansas would take on a
+rosy glow and Susan could report, "We are getting along splendidly.
+Just the frame of a Methodist Church with sidings and roof, and rough
+cottonwood boards for seats, was our meeting place last night ...; and
+a perfect jam it was, with men crowded outside at all the windows....
+Our tracts do more than half the battle; reading matter is so very
+scarce that everybody clutches at a book of any kind.... All that
+great trunk full were sold and given away at our first 14 meetings,
+and we in return received $110 which a little more than paid our
+railroad fare&mdash;eight cents per mile&mdash;and hotel bills. Our collections
+thus far fully equal those at the East. I have been delightfully
+disappointed for everybody said I couldn't raise money in Kansas
+meetings."<a name="FNanchor_198_198" id="FNanchor_198_198"></a><a href="#Footnote_198_198" class="fnanchor">[198]</a></p>
+
+<p>The reputation of both women preceded them to Kansas. Susan had to win
+her way against prejudice built up by newspaper gibes of past years
+which had caricatured her as a meddlesome reformer and a sour old
+maid, but gradually her friendliness, hominess, and sincerity broke
+down these preconceptions. Kansas soon respected this tall slender
+energetic woman who, as she overrode obstacles, showed a spirit akin
+to that of the frontiersman.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Stanton, on the other hand, was welcomed at once with enthusiasm.
+The fact that she was the mother of seven children as well as a
+brilliant orator opened the way for her. She was good to look at, a
+queenly woman at fifty-two, with a fresh rosy complexion and carefully
+curled soft white hair. Her motherliness and refreshing sense of humor
+built up a bond of understanding with her audiences. People were eager
+to see her, hear her, talk with her, and entertain her.</p>
+
+<p>This preference was obvious to Susan, but it aroused no jealousy. She
+sent Mrs. Stanton out through the state by mule team to all the small
+towns and settlements far from the railroad, along with their popular
+and faithful Republican ally, Charles Robinson, first Free State
+Governor of Kansas, counting on these two to build up good will. In
+the meantime, making her headquarters in Lawrence, she reorganized the
+campaign to meet the increasing opposition of the Republican machine,
+against which the continued support<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> of a few prominent Kansas
+Republicans availed little. As the state was predominantly Republican,
+the prospects were gloomy, for the Democrats had not yet taken them up
+as Lucy Stone had predicted, but still opposed both the Negro and
+woman suffrage amendments. A new liquor law, which it was thought
+women would support, further complicated the situation, aligning the
+liquor interests and the German and Irish settlers solidly against
+votes for women.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>While Susan was searching desperately for some way of appealing to the
+Democrats, help came from an unexpected source. The St. Louis Suffrage
+Association urged George Francis Train to come to the aid of women in
+Kansas, and always ready to champion a new and unpopular cause, he
+telegraphed his willingness to win the Democratic vote and pay his own
+expenses. Knowing little about him except that he was wealthy,
+eccentric, and interested in developing the Union Pacific Railroad,
+Susan turned tactfully to her Kansas friends for advice, although she
+herself welcomed his help. They wired him, "The people want you, the
+women want you";<a name="FNanchor_199_199" id="FNanchor_199_199"></a><a href="#Footnote_199_199" class="fnanchor">[199]</a> and he came into the state in a burst of glory,
+speaking first in Leavenworth and Lawrence to large curious audiences.
+A tall handsome man with curly brown hair and keen gray eyes, flashily
+dressed in a blue coat with brass buttons, white vest, black trousers,
+patent-leather boots, and lavender kid gloves, he was a sight worth
+driving miles to see, and he gave his audiences the best entertainment
+they had had in many a day, shouting jingles at them in the midst of
+his speeches and mercilessly ridiculing the Republicans. Here was none
+of the boredom of most political speeches, none of the long sonorous
+sentences with classical allusions which the big-name orators of the
+day poured out. His bold statements, his clipped rapid-fire sentences
+held the people's attention whether they agreed with him or not. When
+he spoke in Leavenworth, the hall was packed with Irishmen who were
+building the railroad to the West. They hissed when he mentioned woman
+suffrage, but before long he had won them over and they cheered when
+he shook his finger at them and shouted, "Every man in Kansas who
+throws a vote for the Negro and not for women has insulted his mother,
+his daughter, his sister, and his wife."<a name="FNanchor_200_200" id="FNanchor_200_200"></a><a href="#Footnote_200_200" class="fnanchor">[200]</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 314px;">
+<img src="images/132.jpg" width="314" height="450" alt="George Francis Train" title="" />
+<span class="caption">George Francis Train</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>At once the Republican press began a campaign of vilification, calling
+Train a Copperhead and ridiculing his eccentricities and conceits; and
+eastern Republicans, fearing they had harmed the Negro amendment in
+Kansas by their opposition to woman suffrage, tried to make
+last-minute amends by sending an appeal to Kansas voters to support
+both amendments. Even Horace Greeley lamely supported them in a
+<i>Tribune</i> editorial which Susan read with disgust: "It is plain that
+the experiment of Female Suffrage is to be tried; and, while we regard
+it with distrust, we are quite willing to see it pioneered by Kansas.
+She is a young State, and has a memorable history, wherein her women
+have borne an honorable part.... If, then, a majority of them really
+desire to vote, we, if we lived in Kansas, should vote to give them
+the opportunity. Upon a full and fair trial, we believe they would
+conclude that the right of suffrage for women was, on the whole,
+rather a plague than a profit, and vote to resign it into the hands of
+their husbands and fathers...."<a name="FNanchor_201_201" id="FNanchor_201_201"></a><a href="#Footnote_201_201" class="fnanchor">[201]</a></p>
+
+<p>These halfhearted appeals were too late, for the political machine in
+Kansas had already done its work; and Susan, turning<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> her back on such
+fair-weather friends, cultivated the Democrats even more sedulously.
+When the Democrat who had promised to accompany George Francis Train
+on a speaking tour failed him, she took his place. When Train demurred
+at the strenuous task ahead, she announced she would undertake it
+alone. Always the gallant gentleman, he accompanied her, and continued
+with her through the long hard weeks of travel in mail and lumber
+wagons over rough roads, through mud and rain, to the remotest
+settlements, far from the railroads. Because it was a necessity,
+traveling alone with a gentleman whom she hardly knew troubled her not
+at all, unconventional though it was.</p>
+
+<p>She took charge of the meetings, opening them herself with a short
+sincere plea for both the woman and Negro suffrage amendments, and
+then she introduced George Francis Train, who, no matter how late they
+arrived or how tiring the day, had changed his wrinkled gray traveling
+suit for his resplendent platform costume. The expectant crowd never
+failed to respond with a gasp of surprise, and immediately the fun
+began as Train with his wit and his mimicry entertained them, calling
+for their support of woman suffrage and advocating as well some of his
+own pet ideas, such as freeing Ireland from British oppression, paying
+our national debt in greenbacks, establishing an eight-hour day in
+industry, and even nominating himself for President.</p>
+
+<p>Amused by his dramatics and often amazed at his conceit, Susan found
+neither as objectionable as the outright falsehood circulated by
+opponents of woman suffrage. As the days went by with their continued
+hardships and increasing fatigue, she marveled at his unfailing
+courteousness, his pluck, and good cheer, while he in turn admired her
+courage, her endurance, and her zeal for her cause, and between them a
+bond of respect and loyalty was built up which could not be destroyed
+by the pressures of later years.</p>
+
+<p>During the long hours on the road, he entertained her with the story
+of his life and his travels, an adventure story of a poor boy who had
+made good. Building clipper ships, introducing American goods in
+Australia, traveling in India, China, and Russia, promoting street
+railways in England, and now building the Union Pacific, he had a
+wealth of information to impart.</p>
+
+<p>Their views on the Negro differed sharply. Rating the whole<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> race as
+inferior and incapable of improvement, he naturally opposed
+enfranchising Negroes before women. She, on the other hand, had always
+regarded Negroes as her equals, and in campaigning with Train, she had
+to make her choice between Negroes and women. She chose women, just as
+her abolitionist friends in the East had chosen the Negro; and their
+indifference and opposition to woman suffrage at this crucial time was
+as unforgivable to her as was his valuation of the Negro to them. They
+called him a Copperhead, remembering his southern wife and his hatred
+of abolitionists, his vocal resistance to the draft, and his demands
+for immediate unconditional peace. They ignored entirely his defense
+of the Union in England during the Civil War when he publicly debated
+with Englishmen who supported the Confederacy. They abused him in
+their newspapers and he, not to be outdone, ridiculed them in his
+speeches, shouting, "Where is Wendell Phillips, today? Lost caste
+everywhere. Inconsistent in all things, cowardly in this. Where is
+Horace Greeley in this Kansas war for liberty? Pitching the woman
+suffrage idea out of the Convention and bailing out Jeff Davis. Where
+is William Lloyd Garrison? Being patted on the shoulders by his
+employers, our enemies abroad, for his faithful work in trying to
+destroy our nation. Where is Henry Ward Beecher? Writing a story for
+Bonner's Ledger...."<a name="FNanchor_202_202" id="FNanchor_202_202"></a><a href="#Footnote_202_202" class="fnanchor">[202]</a></p>
+
+<p>They never forgave him this estimate of them, nor did they forgive
+Susan for associating herself with him.</p>
+
+<p>On one of the last days of the Kansas campaign, while she was driving
+over the prairie with him, he suddenly asked her why the woman
+suffrage people did not have a paper of their own. "Not lack of
+brains, but lack of money," she tersely replied.<a name="FNanchor_203_203" id="FNanchor_203_203"></a><a href="#Footnote_203_203" class="fnanchor">[203]</a></p>
+
+<p>They talked for a while about the good such a paper would do, about
+the people who should edit and write for it, what name it should have.
+Then he said simply, "I will give you the money."</p>
+
+<p>Because a woman suffrage paper had been her cherished dream for so
+many years, she did not dare regard this as more than a gallant
+gesture soon to be forgotten; but to her amazement that very evening
+she heard Train announce to his audience, "When Miss Anthony gets back
+to New York, she is going to start a woman suffrage paper. Its name is
+to be <i>The Revolution</i>: its motto, 'Men their rights, and nothing
+more; women, their rights and nothing less.'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> This paper is to be a
+weekly, price $2. per year; its editors, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and
+Parker Pillsbury; its proprietor, Susan B. Anthony. Let everybody
+subscribe for it!"</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>Election day brought both Susan and Mrs. Stanton back to Leavenworth,
+to Daniel's home, to learn the verdict of the people of Kansas. As the
+returns came in, their hope of seeing Kansas become the first woman
+suffrage state quickly faded. Neither their amendment nor the Negroes'
+polled enough votes for adoption. Their woman suffrage amendment,
+however, received only 1,773 votes less than the Republican-sponsored
+Negro amendment, and to have accomplished this in a hard-fought bitter
+campaign against powerful opponents gave them confidence in themselves
+and in their judgment of men and events. No longer need they depend
+upon Wendell Phillips or other abolitionist leaders for guidance. From
+now on they would chart their own course. This led, they believed, to
+Washington, where they must gain support among members of Congress for
+a federal woman suffrage amendment. Few, if any, Republicans would
+help them, but already one Democrat had come forward. George Francis
+Train had offered to pay their expenses if they would join him on a
+lecture tour on their way East. To Susan, who had to raise every penny
+spent in her work, this seemed like an answer to prayer, as did his
+proposal to finance a woman suffrage paper for them.</p>
+
+<p>By this time their abolitionist friends in the East were writing them
+indignant letters blaming the defeat of the Negro amendment on George
+Francis Train and warning them not to link woman suffrage with an
+unbalanced charlatan. Even their devoted friends in Kansas, including
+Governor Robinson, advised them against further association with
+Train.</p>
+
+<p>They did not make their decision lightly, nor was it easy to go
+against the judgment of respected friends, but of this they were
+confident&mdash;that with or without Train, they would estrange most of
+their old friends if they campaigned for woman suffrage now. Without
+him, their work, limited by lack of funds, would be ineffectual. With
+his financial backing, they not only had the opportunity of spreading
+their message in all the principal cities on their way back to New
+York, but had the promise of a paper, now so<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span> desperately needed when
+other news channels were closed to them. That Train was eccentric they
+agreed, and they also admitted that possibly some of his financial
+theories were unsound. They believed he was ahead of his time when he
+advocated the eight-hour day and the abolition of standing armies; but
+at least he looked forward, not backward. Susan had found him to be a
+man of high principles. She had heard him "make speeches on woman's
+suffrage that could be equalled only by John B. Gough,"<a name="FNanchor_204_204" id="FNanchor_204_204"></a><a href="#Footnote_204_204" class="fnanchor">[204]</a> the
+well-known temperance crusader. Train's radical ideas did not disturb
+her. Her association with antislavery extremists prior to the Civil
+War had made her impervious to the criticism and accusations of
+conservatives. She was aware that on this proposed lecture tour Train
+probably wanted to make use of her executive ability and of Mrs.
+Stanton's popularity as a speaker; but on the other hand, his
+generosity to them was beyond anything they had ever experienced.</p>
+
+<p>For Susan there was only one choice&mdash;to work for woman suffrage with
+the financial backing of Train. Mrs. Stanton agreed, and as she
+expressed it, "I have always found that when we see eye to eye, we are
+sure to be right, and when we pull together we are strong.... I take
+my beloved Susan's judgment against the world."<a name="FNanchor_205_205" id="FNanchor_205_205"></a><a href="#Footnote_205_205" class="fnanchor">[205]</a></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>Traveling homeward with George Francis Train, Susan and Mrs. Stanton
+spoke in Chicago, St. Louis, Louisville, Cincinnati, Cleveland,
+Buffalo, Rochester, Boston, Hartford, and other important cities where
+they drew large crowds, which had never before listened to a
+discussion of woman suffrage. Most of their old friends among the
+suffragists and abolitionists shunned them, for they had been warned
+against this folly by their colleagues in the East. The lively
+meetings rated plenty of publicity, complimentary in the Democratic
+papers but sarcastic and hostile in the Republican press. Usually
+"Woman Suffrage" got the headlines, but sometimes it was "Woman
+Suffrage and Greenbacks" or "Train for President." Handbills, the
+printing of which Susan supervised, scattered Train's rhymes and
+epigrams far and wide and carried a notice that the proceeds of all
+meetings would be turned over to the woman's rights cause. Susan also
+arranged for the printing of Train's widely distributed pamphlet, <i>The
+Great Epigram Campaign of Kansas</i>, with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span> this jingle, so
+uncomplimentary to the eastern abolitionists, on its cover:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The Garrisons, Phillipses, Greeleys, and Beechers,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">False prophets, false guides, false teachers and preachers,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Left Mrs. Stanton, Miss Anthony, Brown, and Stone,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To fight the Kansas battle alone;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">While your Rosses, Pomeroys, and your Clarkes<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Stood on the fence, or basely fled,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">While woman was saved by a Copperhead.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Even more unforgivable than this to the abolitionist suffragists were
+the back-page advertisements of a new woman-suffrage paper, <i>The
+Revolution</i>, and of woman's rights tracts which could be purchased
+from Susan B. Anthony, Secretary of the American Equal Rights
+Association. That Susan would presume to line up this organization in
+any way with George Francis Train aroused the indignation of Lucy
+Stone, who felt the cause was being trailed in the dust. While Susan
+and Mrs. Stanton traveled homeward, enjoying the comfort of the best
+hotels and the applause of enthusiastic audiences, a coalition against
+them was being formed in the East.</p>
+
+<p>"All the old friends with scarce an exception are sure we are wrong,"
+Susan wrote in her diary, January 1, 1868. "Only time can tell, but I
+believe we are right and hence bound to succeed."<a name="FNanchor_206_206" id="FNanchor_206_206"></a><a href="#Footnote_206_206" class="fnanchor">[206]</a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="THE_ONE_WORD_OF_THE_HOUR" id="THE_ONE_WORD_OF_THE_HOUR"></a>THE ONE WORD OF THE HOUR</h2>
+
+
+<p>"If we women fail to speak the <i>one word</i> of the hour," Susan wrote
+Anna E. Dickinson, "who shall do it? No man is able, for no man sees
+or feels as we do. To whom God gives the word, to him or her he says,
+'Go preach it.'"<a name="FNanchor_207_207" id="FNanchor_207_207"></a><a href="#Footnote_207_207" class="fnanchor">[207]</a></p>
+
+<p>This is just what Susan aimed to do in her new paper, <i>The
+Revolution</i>. It's name, she believed, expressed exactly the stirring
+up of thought necessary to establish justice for all&mdash;for women,
+Negroes, workingmen and-women, and all who were oppressed. Her two
+editors, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Parker Pillsbury, reliable friends
+as well as vivid forceful writers, were completely in sympathy with
+her own liberal ideas and could be counted on to crusade fearlessly
+for every righteous cause. What did it matter if George Francis Train
+wanted space in the paper to publish his views and for a financial
+column, edited by David M. Melliss of the New York <i>World</i>? Brought up
+on the antislavery platform where free speech was the watchword and
+where all, even long-winded cranks, were allowed to express their
+opinions, Susan willingly opened the pages of <i>The Revolution</i> to
+Train and to Melliss in return for financial backing.</p>
+
+<p>When on January 8, 1868, the first issue of her paper came off the
+press, her heart swelled with pride and satisfaction as she turned
+over its pages, read its good editorials, and under the frank of
+Democratic Congressman James Brooks of New York, sent out ten thousand
+copies to all parts of the country.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Revolution</i> promised to discuss not only subjects which were of
+particular concern to her and to Elizabeth Stanton, such as "educated
+suffrage, irrespective of sex or color," equal pay for women for equal
+work, and practical education for girls as well as boys, but also the
+eight-hour day, labor problems, and a new financial policy for
+America. This new financial policy, the dream of George Francis Train,
+advocated the purchase of American goods only; the encouragement of
+immigration to rebuild the South and to settle the country from ocean
+to ocean; the establishment of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> French financing systems, the
+Cr&eacute;dit Foncier and Cr&eacute;dit Mobilier, to develop our mines and
+railroads; the issuing of greenbacks; and penny ocean postage "to
+strengthen the brotherhood of Labor."</p>
+
+<p>All in all it was not a program with wide appeal. Dazzled by the
+opportunities for making money in this new undeveloped country, people
+were in no mood to analyze the social order, or to consider the needs
+of women or labor or the living standards of the masses. Unfamiliar
+with the New York Stock Exchange, they found little to interest them
+in the paper's financial department, while speculators and promoters,
+such as Jay Gould and Jim Fiske, wanted no advice from the lone eagle,
+George Francis Train, and resented Melliss's columns of Wall Street
+gossip which often portrayed them in an unfavorable light. Nor did a
+public-affairs paper edited and published by women carry much weight.
+None of this, however, mattered much to Susan, who did not aim for a
+popular paper but "to make public sentiment." It was her hope that
+just as the <i>Liberator</i> under William Lloyd Garrison had been "the
+pillar of light and of fire to the slave's emancipation," so <i>The
+Revolution</i> would become "the guiding star to the enfranchisement of
+women."<a name="FNanchor_208_208" id="FNanchor_208_208"></a><a href="#Footnote_208_208" class="fnanchor">[208]</a></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>Upon Susan fell the task of building up subscriptions, soliciting
+advertisements, and getting copy to the printer. As her office in the
+New York <i>World</i> building, 37 Park Row, was on the fourth floor and
+the printer was several blocks away on the fifth floor of a building
+without an elevator, her job proved to be a test of physical
+endurance. To this was added an ever-increasing financial burden, for
+Train had sailed for England when the first number was issued, had
+been arrested because of his Irish sympathies, and had spent months in
+a Dublin jail, from which he sent them his thoughts on every
+conceivable subject but no money for the paper. He had left $600 with
+Susan and had instructed Melliss to make payments as needed, but this
+soon became impossible, and she had to face the alarming fact that, if
+the paper were to continue, she must raise the necessary money
+herself. Because the circulation was small, it was hard to get
+advertisers, particularly as she was firm in her determination to
+accept only advertisements of products she could recommend. Patent
+medicines and any questionable products were ruled out. Subscriptions
+came in encouragingly but in no sense met<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> the deficit which piled up
+unrelentingly. Her goal was 100,000 subscribers.</p>
+
+<p>She had gone to Washington at once to solicit subscriptions personally
+from the President and members of Congress. Ben Wade of Ohio headed
+the list of Senators who subscribed, and loyal as always to woman
+suffrage, encouraged her to go ahead and push her cause. "It has got
+to come," he added, "but Congress is too busy now to take it up."
+Senator Henry Wilson of Massachusetts greeted her gruffly, telling her
+that she and Mrs. Stanton had done more to block reconstruction in the
+last two years than all others in the land, but he subscribed because
+he wanted to know what they were up to. Although Senator Pomeroy was
+"sore about Kansas" and her alliance with the Democrats, he
+nevertheless subscribed, but Senator Sumner was not to be seen. The
+first member of the House to put his name on her list was her
+dependable understanding friend, George Julian of Indiana, and many
+others followed his lead. For two hours she waited to see President
+Johnson, in an anteroom "among the huge half-bushel-measure spittoons
+and terrible filth ... where the smell of tobacco and whiskey was
+powerful." When she finally reached him, he immediately refused her
+request, explaining that he had a thousand such solicitations every
+day. Not easily put off, she countered at once by remarking that he
+had never before had such a request in his life. "You recognize, Mr.
+Johnson," she continued, "that Mrs. Stanton and myself for two years
+have boldly told the Republican party that they must give ballots to
+women as well as to Negroes, and by means of <i>The Revolution</i> we are
+bound to drive the party to this logical conclusion or break it into a
+thousand pieces as was the old Whig party, unless we get our rights."
+This "brought him to his pocketbook," she triumphantly reported, and
+in a bold hand he signed his name, Andrew Johnson, as much as to say,
+"Anything to get rid of this woman and break the radical party."<a name="FNanchor_209_209" id="FNanchor_209_209"></a><a href="#Footnote_209_209" class="fnanchor">[209]</a></p>
+
+<p>She was proud of her paper, proud of its typography which was far more
+readable than the average news sheets of the day with their miserably
+small print. The larger type and less crowded pages were inviting, the
+articles stimulating.</p>
+
+<p>Parker Pillsbury, covering Congressional and political developments
+and the impeachment trial of President Johnson with which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span> he was not
+in sympathy, was fearless in his denunciations of politicians, their
+ruthless intrigue and disregard of the public. During the turbulent
+days when the impeachment trial was front-page news everywhere, <i>The
+Revolution</i> proclaimed it as a political maneuver of the Republicans
+to confuse the people and divert their attention from more important
+issues, such as corruption in government, high prices, taxation, and
+the fabulous wealth being amassed by the few. This of course roused
+the intense disapproval of Wendell Phillips, Theodore Tilton, and
+Horace Greeley, all of whom regarded Johnson as a traitor and shouted
+for impeachment. It ran counter to the views of Susan's brother
+Daniel, who telegraphed Senator Ross of Kansas demanding his vote for
+impeachment. Although no supporter of President Johnson, Susan was now
+completely awake to the political manipulations of the radical
+Republicans and what seemed to her their readiness to sacrifice the
+good of the nation for the success of their party. She repudiated them
+all&mdash;all but the rugged Ben Wade, always true to woman suffrage, and
+the tall handsome Chief Justice, Salmon P. Chase, who, she believed,
+stood for justice and equality.</p>
+
+<p>Both of these men Susan regarded as far better qualified for the
+Presidency than General Grant, who now was the obvious choice of the
+Republicans for 1868. "Why go pell-mell for Grant," asked <i>The
+Revolution</i>, "when all admit that he is unfit for the position? It is
+not too late, if true men and women will do their duty, to make an
+honest man like Ben Wade, President. Let us save the Nation. As to the
+Republican party the sooner it is scattered to the four winds of
+Heaven the better."<a name="FNanchor_210_210" id="FNanchor_210_210"></a><a href="#Footnote_210_210" class="fnanchor">[210]</a> Later when Chase was out of the running among
+Republicans and not averse to overtures from the Democrats, <i>The
+Revolution</i> urged him as the Democratic candidate with universal
+suffrage as his slogan.</p>
+
+<p>Susan demanded civil rights, suffrage, education, and farms for the
+Negroes as did the Republicans, but she could not overlook the
+political corruption which was flourishing under the military control
+of the South, and she recognized that the Republicans' insistence on
+Negro suffrage in the South did not stem solely from devotion to a
+noble principle, but also from an overwhelming desire to insure
+victory for their party in the coming election. These views were
+reflected editorially in <i>The Revolution</i>, which, calling attention<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span>
+to the fact that Connecticut, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and
+Pennsylvania had refused to enfranchise their Negroes, asked why Negro
+suffrage should be forced on the South before it was accepted in the
+North.</p>
+
+<p>The Fourteenth Amendment was having hard sledding and <i>The Revolution</i>
+repudiated it, calling instead for an amendment granting universal
+suffrage, or in other words, suffrage for women and Negroes. <i>The
+Revolution</i> also discussed in editorials by Mrs. Stanton other
+subjects of interest to women, such as marriage, divorce,
+prostitution, and infanticide, all of which Susan agreed needed frank
+thoughtful consideration, but which other papers handled with kid
+gloves.</p>
+
+<p>In still another unpopular field, that of labor and capital, <i>The
+Revolution</i> also pioneered fearlessly, asking for shorter hours and
+lower wages for workers, as it pointed out labor's valuable
+contribution to the development of the country. It also called
+attention to the vicious contrasts in large cities, where many lived
+in tumbledown tenements in abject poverty while the few, with more
+wealth than they knew what to do with, spent lavishly and built
+themselves palaces.</p>
+
+<p>Sentiments such as these increased the indignation of Susan's critics,
+but she gloried in the output of her two courageous editors just as
+she had gloried in the evangelistic zeal of the antislavery crusaders.
+Wisely, however, she added to her list of contributors some of the
+popular women writers of the day, among them Alice and Phoebe Cary.
+She ran a series of articles on women as farmers, machinists,
+inventors, and dentists, secured news from foreign correspondents,
+mostly from England, and published a Washington letter and woman's
+rights news from the states. Believing that women should become
+acquainted with the great women of the past, especially those who
+fought for their freedom and advancement, she printed an article on
+Frances Wright and serialized Mary Wollstonecraft's <i>A Vindication of
+the Rights of Women</i>.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>Eagerly Susan looked for favorable notices of her new paper in the
+press. Much to her sorrow, Horace Greeley's New York <i>Tribune</i>
+completely ignored its existence, as did her old standby, the
+<i>Antislavery Standard</i>. The New York <i>Times</i> ridiculed as usual<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span>
+anything connected with woman's rights or woman suffrage. The New York
+<i>Home Journal</i> called it "plucky, keen, and wide awake, although some
+of its ways are not at all to our taste." Theodore Tilton in the
+Congregationalist paper, <i>The Independent</i>, commented in his usual
+facetious style, which pinned him down neither to praise nor
+unfriendliness, but Susan was grateful to read, "<i>The Revolution</i> from
+the start will arouse, thrill, edify, amuse, vex, and non-plus its
+friends. But it will command attention: it will conquer a hearing."
+Newspapers were generally friendly. "Miss Anthony's woman's rights
+paper," declared the Troy (New York) <i>Times</i>, "is a realistic,
+well-edited, instructive journal ... and its beautiful mechanical
+execution renders its appearance very attractive." The Chicago
+<i>Workingman's Advocate</i> observed, "We have no doubt it will prove an
+able ally of the labor reform movement." Nellie Hutchinson of the
+Cincinnati <i>Commercial</i>, one of the few women journalists, described
+sympathetically for her readers the neat comfortable <i>Revolution</i>
+office and Susan with her "rare" but "genial smile," Susan, "the
+determined&mdash;the invincible ... destined to be Vice-President or
+Secretary of State...," adding, "The world is better for thee,
+Susan."<a name="FNanchor_211_211" id="FNanchor_211_211"></a><a href="#Footnote_211_211" class="fnanchor">[211]</a></p>
+
+<p>While new friends praised, old friends pleaded unsuccessfully with
+Mrs. Stanton and Parker Pillsbury to free themselves from Susan's
+harmful influence. William Lloyd Garrison wrote Susan of his regret
+and astonishment that she and Mrs. Stanton had so taken leave of their
+senses as to be infatuated with the Democratic party and to be
+associated with that "crack-brained harlequin and semi-lunatic,"
+George Francis Train. She published his letter in <i>The Revolution</i>
+with an answer by Mrs. Stanton which not only pointed out how often
+the Republicans had failed women but reminded Garrison how he had
+welcomed into his antislavery ranks anyone and everyone who believed
+in his ideas, "a motley crew it was." She recalled the label of
+fanatic which had been attached to him, how he had been threatened and
+pelted with rotten eggs for expressing his unpopular ideas and for
+burning the Constitution which he declared sanctioned slavery. With
+such a background, she told him, he should be able to recognize her
+right and Susan's to judge all parties and all men on what they did
+for woman suffrage.<a name="FNanchor_212_212" id="FNanchor_212_212"></a><a href="#Footnote_212_212" class="fnanchor">[212]</a></p>
+
+<p>None of these arguments made any impression upon Garrison,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> or upon
+Lucy Stone, whose bitter criticism and distrust of Susan's motives
+wounded Susan deeply. Only a few of her old friends seemed able to
+understand what she was trying to do, among them Martha C. Wright,
+who, at first critical of her association with Train, now wrote of
+<i>The Revolution</i>, "Its vigorous pages are what we need. Count on me
+now and ever as your true and unswerving friend."<a name="FNanchor_213_213" id="FNanchor_213_213"></a><a href="#Footnote_213_213" class="fnanchor">[213]</a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 422px;">
+<img src="images/144.jpg" width="422" height="450" alt="Anna E. Dickinson" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Anna E. Dickinson</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Another bright spot was Susan's friendship with Anna E. Dickinson,
+with whom she carried on a lively correspondence, scratching oft
+hurried notes to her on the backs of old envelopes or any odd scraps
+of paper that came to hand. Whenever Anna was in New York, she usually
+burst into the <i>Revolution</i> office, showered Susan with kisses, and
+carried on such an animated conversation about her experiences that
+the whole office force was spellbound, admiring at the same time her
+stylish costume and jaunty velvet cap with its white feather, very
+becoming on her short black curls.</p>
+
+<p>Repeatedly Susan urged Anna to stay with her in her "plain quarters"
+at 44 Bond Street or in her "nice hall bedroom" at 116 East
+Twenty-third Street. That Anna could have risen out of the hardships
+of her girlhood to such popularity as a lecturer and to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> such
+financial success was to Susan like a fairy tale come true. Scarcely
+past twenty, Anna not only had moved vast audiences to tears, but was
+sought after by the Republicans as one of their most popular campaign
+speakers and had addressed Congress with President Lincoln in
+attendance. Susan had been sadly disappointed that Anna had not seen
+her way clear to speak a strong word for women in the Kansas campaign,
+but she hoped that this vivid talented young woman would prove to be
+"the evangel" who would lead women "into the kingdom of political and
+civil rights." It never occurred to her that she herself might even
+now be that "evangel."<a name="FNanchor_214_214" id="FNanchor_214_214"></a><a href="#Footnote_214_214" class="fnanchor">[214]</a></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>By this time Susan had been called on the carpet by some of the
+officers of the American Equal Rights Association because she had used
+the Association's office as a base for business connected with the
+Train lecture tour and the establishment of <i>The Revolution</i>. She was
+also accused of spending the funds of the Association for her own
+projects and to advertise Train. Lucy Stone, Henry Blackwell, and
+Stephen Foster were particularly suspicious of her. Her accounts were
+checked and rechecked by them and found in good order. However, at the
+annual meeting of the Association in May 1868, Henry Blackwell again
+brought the matter up. Deeply hurt by his public accusation, she once
+more carefully explained that because there had been no funds except
+those which came out of her own pocket or had been raised by her, she
+had felt free to spend them as she thought best. This obviously
+satisfied the majority, many of whom expressed appreciation of her
+year of hard work for the cause. She later wrote Thomas Wentworth
+Higginson, "Even if not one old friend had seemed to have remembered
+the past and it had been swallowed up, overshadowed by the Train
+cloud, I should still have rejoiced that I have done the work&mdash;for no
+<i>human</i> prejudice or power can rob me of the joy, the compensation, I
+have stored up therefrom. That it is wholly spiritual, I need but tell
+you that this day, I have not two hundred dollars more than I had the
+day I entered upon the public work of woman's rights and
+antislavery."<a name="FNanchor_215_215" id="FNanchor_215_215"></a><a href="#Footnote_215_215" class="fnanchor">[215]</a></p>
+
+<p>What troubled her most at these meetings was not the animosity
+directed against her by Henry Blackwell and Lucy Stone, but the
+assertion, made by Frederick Douglass and agreed to by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span> all the men
+present, that Negro suffrage was more urgent than woman suffrage. When
+Lucy Stone came to the defense of woman suffrage in a speech whose
+content and eloquence Susan thought surpassed that of "any other
+mortal woman speaker," she was willing to forgive Lucy anything, and
+wrote Thomas Wentworth Higginson, "I want you to <i>know</i> that it is
+impossible for me to lay a straw in the way of anyone who <i>personally
+wrongs me</i>, if only that one will work nobly in the <i>cause</i> in their
+own way and time. They may try to hinder my success but I <i>never</i>
+theirs."</p>
+
+<p>Realizing that it would be futile for her to spend any more time
+trying to persuade the American Equal Rights Association to help her
+with her woman suffrage campaign, she now formed a small committee of
+her own, headed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton. It included Elizabeth Smith
+Miller, the liberal wealthy daughter of Gerrit Smith, Abby Hopper
+Gibbons, the Quaker philanthropist and social worker; and Mary Cheney
+Greeley, the wife of Horace Greeley, who, in spite of the fact that
+her husband now opposed woman suffrage, continued to take her stand
+for it. This committee, with <i>The Revolution</i> as its mouthpiece, was
+soon acting as a clearing house for woman suffrage organizations
+throughout the country and called itself the Woman's Suffrage
+Association of America.</p>
+
+<p>To the national Republican convention in Chicago which nominated
+General Grant for President, these women sent a carefully worded
+memorial asking that the rights of women be recognized in the
+reconstruction. It was ignored. Thereupon Susan turned to the
+Democrats, attending with Mrs. Stanton a preconvention rally in New
+York, addressed by Governor Horatio Seymour. Given seats of honor on
+the platform, they attracted considerable attention and the New York
+<i>Sun</i> commented editorially that this honor conferred upon them by the
+Democrats not only committed Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton to Governor
+Seymour's views but also committed the Democrats to incorporate a
+woman suffrage plank in their platform.</p>
+
+<p>This was too much for some of the officers of the American Equal
+Rights Association, whose executive committee now adopted a sarcastic
+resolution proposing that Susan attend the national Democratic
+convention and prove her confidence in the Democrats by securing a
+plank in their platform.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Ignoring the unfriendly implications of this resolution and the
+ridicule heaped upon her by the New York City papers, Susan made plans
+to attend the Democratic convention, which for the first time since
+the war was bringing northern and southern Democrats together for the
+dedication of their new, imposing headquarters, Tammany Hall, and
+which was also attracting many liberals who, disgusted by the
+corruption of the Republicans, were looking for a "new departure" from
+the Democrats. To the amazement of the delegates, Susan with Mrs.
+Stanton and several other women walked into the convention when it was
+well under way and sent a memorial up to Governor Seymour who was
+presiding. He received it graciously, announcing that he held in his
+hand a memorial of the women of the United States signed by Susan B.
+Anthony, and then turned it over to the secretary to be read while the
+audience shouted and cheered. The sonorous passages demanding the
+enfranchisement of women rang out through and above the bedlam: "We
+appeal to you because ... you have been the party heretofore to extend
+the suffrage. It was the Democratic party that fought most valiantly
+for the removal of the 'property qualification' from all white men and
+thereby placed the poorest ditch digger on a political level with the
+proudest millionaire.... And now you have an opportunity to confer a
+similar boon on the women of the country and thus ... perpetuate your
+political power for decades to come...."<a name="FNanchor_216_216" id="FNanchor_216_216"></a><a href="#Footnote_216_216" class="fnanchor">[216]</a></p>
+
+<p>To hear these words read in a national political convention was to
+Susan worth any ridicule she might be forced to endure. She was not
+allowed to speak to the convention as she had requested, and shouts
+and jeers continued as her memorial was hurriedly referred to the
+Resolutions committee where it could be conveniently overlooked.</p>
+
+<p>The Republican press reported the incident with sarcasm and animosity,
+the <i>Tribune</i> deeply wounding her: "Miss Susan B. Anthony has our
+sincere pity. She has been an ardent suitor of democracy, and they
+rejected her overtures yesterday with screams of laughter."<a name="FNanchor_217_217" id="FNanchor_217_217"></a><a href="#Footnote_217_217" class="fnanchor">[217]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Democrats' nomination of Horatio Seymour and Frank Blair was as
+reactionary and unpromising of a "new departure" as was the choice of
+General Grant and Schuyler Colfax by the Republicans. Thereupon <i>The
+Revolution</i> called for a new party, a people's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> party which would be
+sincerely devoted to the welfare of all the people. So strongly did
+Susan feel about this that in one of her few signed editorials she
+declared, "Both the great political parties pretending to save the
+country are only endeavoring to save themselves.... In their hands
+humanity has no hope.... The sooner their power is broken as parties
+the better.... <i>The Revolution</i> calls for construction, not
+reconstruction.... Who will aid us in our grand enterprise of a
+nation's salvation?"<a name="FNanchor_218_218" id="FNanchor_218_218"></a><a href="#Footnote_218_218" class="fnanchor">[218]</a></p>
+
+<p>To "darling Anna" she wrote more specifically, "Both parties are owned
+body and soul by the <i>Gold Gamblers</i> of the Nation&mdash;and so far as the
+honest working men and women of the country are concerned, it matters
+very little which succeeds. Oh that the Gods would inspire men of
+influence and money to move for a third party&mdash;universal suffrage and
+anti-monopolist of land and gold."<a name="FNanchor_219_219" id="FNanchor_219_219"></a><a href="#Footnote_219_219" class="fnanchor">[219]</a></p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="WORK_WAGES_AND_THE_BALLOT" id="WORK_WAGES_AND_THE_BALLOT"></a>WORK, WAGES, AND THE BALLOT</h2>
+
+
+<p>In her zeal to promote the welfare of all the people, Susan now turned
+her attention to the workingwomen of New York, whose low wages, long
+hours, and unhealthy working and living conditions had troubled her
+for a long time. Women were being forced out of the home into the
+factory by a changing and expanding economy, and at last were being
+paid for their work. However, the women she met on the streets of New
+York, hurrying to work at dawn and returning late at night, weary,
+pale, and shabbily dressed, had none of the confidence of the
+economically independent. They had merely exchanged one form of
+slavery for another. She saw the ballot as their most powerful ally,
+and as she told the factory girls of Cohoes, New York, they could
+compel their employers to grant them a ten-hour day, equal opportunity
+for advancement, and equal pay, the moment they held the ballot in
+their hands.<a name="FNanchor_220_220" id="FNanchor_220_220"></a><a href="#Footnote_220_220" class="fnanchor">[220]</a></p>
+
+<p>As yet labor unions were few and short-lived. The women tailors of New
+York had formed a union as early as 1825, but it had not survived, and
+later attempts to form women's unions had rarely been successful. A
+few men's unions had weathered the years, but they had not enrolled
+women, fearing their competition. Women were welcomed only by the
+National Labor Union, established in Baltimore in 1866 for the purpose
+of federating all unions.</p>
+
+<p>When the National Labor Union Congress met in New York in September
+1868, Susan saw an opportunity for women to take part, and in
+preparation she called a group of workingwomen together in <i>The
+Revolution</i> office to form a Workingwomen's Association which she
+hoped would eventually represent all of the trades. At this meeting,
+the majority were from the printing trade, typesetters operating the
+newly invented typesetting machines, press feeders, bookbinders, and
+clerks, in whom she had become interested through her venture in
+publishing. She wanted them to call their organization the
+Workingwomen's Suffrage Association, but they refused, because they
+feared the public's disapproval of woman suffrage and were convinced
+they should not seek political rights until they had improved their
+working conditions. She could not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span> make them see that they were
+putting the cart before the horse. They did, however, form
+Workingwomen's Association No. 1, electing her their delegate to the
+National Labor Congress.</p>
+
+<p>Next she called a meeting of the women in the sewing trades, and with
+the help of men from the National Labor Union, persuaded a hundred of
+them to form Workingwomen's Association No. 2. Most of these women
+were seamstresses making men's shirts, women's coats, vests, lace
+collars, hoop skirts, corsets, fur garments, and straw hats, but also
+represented were women from the umbrella, parasol, and paper collar
+industry, metal burnishers, and saleswomen. Most of them were young
+girls who worked from ten to fourteen hours a day, from six in the
+morning until eight at night, and earned from $4 to $8 a week.</p>
+
+<p>"You must not work for these starving prices any longer ...," Susan
+told them. "Have a spirit of independence among you, 'a wholesome
+discontent,' as Ralph Waldo Emerson has said, and you will get better
+wages for yourselves. Get together and discuss, and meet again and
+again.... I will come and talk to you...."<a name="FNanchor_221_221" id="FNanchor_221_221"></a><a href="#Footnote_221_221" class="fnanchor">[221]</a> They elected Mrs. Mary
+Kellogg Putnam to represent them at the National Labor Congress.</p>
+
+<p>With Mrs. Putnam and Kate Mullaney, the able president of the Collar
+Laundry Union of Troy, New York, with Mary A. MacDonald of the Women's
+Protective Labor Union of Mt. Vernon, New York, and Mrs. Stanton,
+representing the Woman's Suffrage Association of America, Susan
+knocked at the door of the National Labor Congress. All were welcomed
+but Mrs. Stanton, who represented a woman suffrage organization and
+whose acceptance the rank and file feared might indicate to the public
+that the Labor Congress endorsed votes for women.</p>
+
+<p>The women had a friend in William H. Sylvis of the Iron Molders'
+Union, who was the driving force behind the National Labor Congress,
+and he made it clear at once that he welcomed Mrs. Stanton and
+everyone else who believed in his cause. So strong, however, was the
+opposition to woman suffrage among union men that eighteen threatened
+to resign if Mrs. Stanton were admitted as a delegate. The debate
+continued, giving Susan an opportunity to explain why the ballot was
+important to workingwomen. "It is the power of the ballot," she
+declared, "that makes men<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span> successful in their strikes."<a name="FNanchor_222_222" id="FNanchor_222_222"></a><a href="#Footnote_222_222" class="fnanchor">[222]</a> She
+recommended that both men and women be enrolled in unions, pointing
+out that had this been done, women typesetters would not have replaced
+men at lower wages in the recent strike of printers on the New York
+<i>World</i>. Finally a resolution was adopted, making it clear that Mrs.
+Stanton's acceptance in no way committed the National Labor Congress
+to her "peculiar ideas" or to "Female Suffrage."</p>
+
+<p>A committee on female labor was then appointed with Susan as one of
+its members. At once she tried to show the committee how the vote
+would help women in their struggle for higher wages. She had at hand a
+perfect example in the unsuccessful strike of Kate Mullaney's strong,
+well-organized union of 500 collar laundry workers in Troy, New York.
+Aware that Kate blamed their defeat on the ruthless newspaper
+campaign, inspired and paid for by employers, Susan asked her, "If you
+had been 500 carpenters or 500 masons, do you not think you would have
+succeeded?"<a name="FNanchor_223_223" id="FNanchor_223_223"></a><a href="#Footnote_223_223" class="fnanchor">[223]</a></p>
+
+<p>"Certainly," Kate Mullaney replied, adding that the striking
+bricklayers had won everything they demanded. Susan then reminded her
+that because the bricklayers were voters, newspapers respected them
+and would hesitate to arouse their displeasure, realizing that in the
+next election they would need the votes of all union men for their
+candidates. "If you collar women had been voters," she told them, "you
+too would have held the balance of political power in that little city
+of Troy."</p>
+
+<p>Susan convinced the committee on female labor, and in their strong
+report to the convention they urged women "to secure the ballot" as
+well as "to learn the trades, engage in business, join labor unions or
+form protective unions of their own, ... and use every other honorable
+means to persuade or force employers to do justice to women by paying
+them equal wages for equal work." These women also called upon the
+National Labor Congress to aid the organization of women's unions, to
+demand the eight-hour day for women as well as men, and to ask
+Congress and state legislatures to pass laws providing equal pay for
+women in government employ. The phrase, "to secure the ballot," was
+quickly challenged by some of the men and had to be deleted before the
+report was accepted; but this setback was as nothing to Susan in
+comparison with the friends she had made for woman suffrage among
+prominent labor<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> leaders and with the fact that a woman, Kate Mullaney
+of Troy, had been chosen assistant secretary of the National Labor
+Union and its national organizer of women.<a name="FNanchor_224_224" id="FNanchor_224_224"></a><a href="#Footnote_224_224" class="fnanchor">[224]</a></p>
+
+<p>The National Labor Union Congress won high praise in <i>The Revolution</i>
+as laying the foundation of the new political party of America which
+would be triumphant in 1872. "The producers, the working-men, the
+women, the Negroes," <i>The Revolution</i> declared, "are destined to form
+a triple power that shall speedily wrest the sceptre of government
+from the non-producers, the land monopolists, the bondholders, and the
+politicians."<a name="FNanchor_225_225" id="FNanchor_225_225"></a><a href="#Footnote_225_225" class="fnanchor">[225]</a></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>One of the most encouraging signs at this time was the friendliness of
+the New York <i>World</i>, whose reporters covered the meetings of the
+Workingwomen's Association with sympathy, arousing much local
+interest. Reprinting these reports and supplementing them, <i>The
+Revolution</i> carried their import farther afield, bringing to the
+attention of many the wisdom and justice of equal pay for equal work,
+and the need to organize workingwomen and to provide training and
+trade schools for them. <i>The Revolution</i> continually spurred women on
+to improve themselves, to learn new skills, and actually to do equal
+work if they expected equal pay.</p>
+
+<p>When reports reached Susan that women in the printing trade were
+afraid of manual labor, of getting their hands and fingers dirty, and
+of lifting heavy galleys, she quickly let them know that she had no
+patience with this. "Those who stay at home," she told them, "have to
+wash kettles and lift wash tubs and black stoves until their hands are
+blackened and hardened. In this spirit, you must go to work on your
+cases of type. Are these cases heavier than a wash tub filled with
+water and clothes, or the old cheese tubs?... The trouble is either
+that girls are not educated to have physical strength or else they do
+not like to use it. If a union of women is to succeed, it must be
+composed of strength, nerve, courage, and persistence, with no fear of
+dirtying their white fingers, but with a determination that when they
+go into an office they would go through all that was required of them
+and demand just as high wages as the men....</p>
+
+<p>"Make up your mind," she continued, "to take the 'lean' with the
+'fat,' and be early and late at the case precisely as the men are.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> I
+do not demand equal pay for any women save those who do equal work in
+value. Scorn to be coddled by your employers; make them understand
+that you are in their service as workers, not as women."<a name="FNanchor_226_226" id="FNanchor_226_226"></a><a href="#Footnote_226_226" class="fnanchor">[226]</a></p>
+
+<p>Workingwomen's associations now existed in Boston, St. Louis, Chicago,
+San Francisco and other cities, encouraged and aroused by the efforts
+at organization in New York. These associations occasionally exchanged
+ideas, and news of all of them was published in <i>The Revolution</i>. The
+groups in Boston and in the outlying textile mills were particularly
+active, and Susan brought to her next suffrage convention in
+Washington in 1870 Jennie Collins of Lowell who was ably leading a
+strike against a cut in wages. The newspapers, too, began to notice
+workingwomen, publishing articles about their working and living
+conditions.</p>
+
+<p>Trying to amalgamate the various groups in New York, Susan now formed
+a Workingwomen's Central Association, of which she was elected
+president. To its meetings she brought interesting speakers and
+practical reports on wages, hours, and working conditions. She herself
+picked up a great deal of useful information in her daily round as she
+talked with this one and that one. On her walks to and from work, in
+all kinds of weather, she met poorly clad women carrying sacks and
+baskets in which they collected rags, scraps of paper, bones, old
+shoes, and anything worth rescuing from "garbage boxes." With
+friendliness and good cheer, she greeted these ragpickers, sometimes
+stopping to talk with them about their work, and through her interest
+brought several into the Workingwomen's Association. Looking forward
+to surveys on all women's occupations, she started out by appointing a
+committee to investigate the ragpickers, many of whom lived in
+tumbledown slab shanties on the rocky land which is now a part of
+Central Park.</p>
+
+<p>This investigation revealed that more than half of the 1200 ragpickers
+were women and that it was the one occupation in which women had equal
+opportunity with men and received equal compensation for their day's
+work. Average earnings ranged from forty cents a day to ten dollars a
+week. The report, highly sentimental in the light of today's
+scientific approach, was a promising beginning, a survey made by women
+themselves in their own interest&mdash;the forerunner of the reports of the
+Labor Department's Women's Bureau.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Cooperatives appealed to Susan as they did to many labor leaders as
+the best means of freeing labor. When the Sewing Machine Operators
+Union tried to establish a shop where their members could share the
+profits of their labor, she did her best to help them, hoping to see
+them gain economic independence in a light airy clean shop where
+wealthy women, eager to help their sisters, would patronize them.
+However, the wealthy women to whom she appealed to finance this
+project did not respond, looking upon a cooperative as a first step
+toward socialism and a threat to their own profits. She was able,
+however, to arouse a glimmer of interest among the members of the
+newly formed literary club, Sorosis, in the problems of working women.</p>
+
+<p>She had the satisfaction of seeing women typesetters form their own
+union in 1869, and this was, according to the Albany <i>Daily
+Knickerbocker</i>, "the first move of the kind ever made in the country
+by any class of labor, to place woman on a par with man as regards
+standing, intelligence, and manual ability."<a name="FNanchor_227_227" id="FNanchor_227_227"></a><a href="#Footnote_227_227" class="fnanchor">[227]</a> <i>The Revolution</i>
+encouraged this union by printing notices of its meetings and urging
+all women compositors to join. In signed articles, Susan pointed out
+how wages had improved since the union was organized. "A little more
+Union, girls," she said, "and soon all employers will come up to 45
+cents, the price paid men.... So join the Union, girls, and together
+say <i>Equal Pay for Equal Work</i>."<a name="FNanchor_228_228" id="FNanchor_228_228"></a><a href="#Footnote_228_228" class="fnanchor">[228]</a></p>
+
+<p>Eager to bring more women into the printing trade where wages were
+higher, she tried in every possible way to establish trade schools for
+them. She looked forward to a printing business run entirely by women,
+giving employment to hundreds. So obsessed was she by the idea of a
+trade school for women compositors that when printers in New York went
+on a strike, she saw an opportunity for women to take their places and
+appealed by letter and in person to a group of employers "to
+contribute liberally for the purpose of enabling us to establish a
+training school for girls in the art of typesetting." Explaining that
+hundreds of young women, now stitching at starvation wages, were ready
+and eager to learn the trade, she added, "Give us the means and we
+will soon give you competent women compositors."<a name="FNanchor_229_229" id="FNanchor_229_229"></a><a href="#Footnote_229_229" class="fnanchor">[229]</a> Having learned
+by experience that men always kept women out of their field of labor
+unless forced by circumstances to admit them, she also urged young
+women to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span> take the places of striking typesetters at whatever wage
+they could get.</p>
+
+<p>It never occurred to her in her eagerness to bring women into a new
+occupation that she might be breaking the strike. She saw only women's
+opportunity to prove to employers that they were able to do the work
+and to show the Typographical Union that they should admit women as
+members. Labor men, however, soon let her know how much they
+disapproved of her strategy. She tried to explain her motives to them,
+that she was trying to fit these women to earn equal wages with men.
+She reminded these men of how hard it was for women to get into the
+printing trade and how they had refused to admit women to their union;
+and she called their attention to her whole-hearted support of the
+lately formed Women's Typographical Union.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the men were never convinced and never forgot this misstep,
+bringing it up at the National Labor Union Congress in Philadelphia in
+1869, which Susan attended as a delegate of the New York
+Workingwomen's Association. Here she found herself facing an
+unfriendly group without the support of William H. Sylvis, who had
+recently died. For three days they debated her eligibility as a
+delegate, first expressing fear that her admission would commit the
+Labor Congress to woman suffrage. When she won 55 votes against 52 in
+opposition, Typographical Union No. 6 of New York brought accusations
+against her which aroused suspicion in the minds of many union
+members. They pointed out that she belonged to no union, and they
+called her an enemy of labor because she had encouraged women to take
+men's jobs during the printers' strike. They could not or would not
+understand that in urging women to take men's jobs, she had been
+fighting for women just as they fought for their union, and they
+completely overlooked how continuously and effectively she had
+supported the Women's Typographical Union. Her <i>Revolution</i>, they
+claimed, was printed at less than union rates in a "rat office" and
+her explanation was not satisfactory. That it was printed on contract
+outside her office was no answer to satisfy union men who could not
+realize on what a scant margin her paper operated or how gladly she
+would have set up a union shop had the funds been available.</p>
+
+<p>Not only were these accusations repeated again and again, they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> were
+also carried far and wide by the press, with the result that Susan was
+not only kept out of the Labor Congress but was even sharply
+criticized by some members of her Workingwomen's Association.</p>
+
+<p>"As to the charges which were made by Typographical Union No. 6," she
+reported to this Association, "no one believes them; and I don't think
+they are worth answering. I admit that this Workingwomen's Association
+is not a <i>trade</i> organization; and while I join heart and hand with
+the working people in their trades unions, and in everything else by
+which they can protect themselves against the oppression of
+capitalists and employers, I say that this organization of ours is
+more upon the broad platform of philosophizing on the general
+questions of labor, and to discuss what can be done to ameliorate the
+condition of working people generally."<a name="FNanchor_230_230" id="FNanchor_230_230"></a><a href="#Footnote_230_230" class="fnanchor">[230]</a></p>
+
+<p>She was not without friends in the ranks of labor, however, the New
+England delegates giving her their support. The New York <i>World</i>, very
+fair in its coverage of the heated debates, declared, "Of her devotion
+to the cause of workingwomen, there can be no question."<a name="FNanchor_231_231" id="FNanchor_231_231"></a><a href="#Footnote_231_231" class="fnanchor">[231]</a></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>The activities of the Workingwomen's Association had by this time
+begun to irk employers, and some of them threatened instant dismissal
+of any employee who reported her wages or hours to these meddling
+women. Fear of losing their jobs now hung over many while others were
+forbidden by their fathers, husbands, and brothers to have anything to
+do with strong-minded Susan B. Anthony.</p>
+
+<p>To counteract this disintegrating influence and to bring all classes
+of women together in their fight for equal rights, Susan persuaded the
+popular lecturer, Anna E. Dickinson, to speak for the Workingwomen's
+Association at Cooper Union. This, however, only added fuel to the
+flames, for Anna, in an emotional speech, "A Struggle for Life," told
+the tragic story of Hester Vaughn, a workingwoman who had been accused
+of murdering her illegitimate child. Found in a critical condition
+with her dead baby beside her, Hester Vaughn had been charged with
+infanticide, tried without proper defense, and convicted by a
+prejudiced court, although there was no proof that she had
+deliberately killed her child. At Susan's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> instigation, the
+Workingwomen's Association sent a woman physician, Dr. Clemence
+Lozier, and the well-known author, Eleanor Kirk, to Philadelphia to
+investigate the case. Both were convinced of Hester Vaughn's
+innocence.</p>
+
+<p>With the aid of Elizabeth Cady Stanton's courageous editorials in <i>The
+Revolution</i>, Susan made such an issue of the conviction of Hester
+Vaughn that many newspapers accused her of obstructing justice and
+advocating free love, and this provided a moral weapon for her critics
+to use in their fight against the growing independence of women.
+Eventually her efforts and those of her colleagues won a pardon for
+Hester Vaughn. At the same time the publicity given this case served
+to educate women on a subject heretofore taboo, showing them that
+poverty and a double standard of morals made victims of young women
+like Hester Vaughn. Susan also made use of this case to point out the
+need for women jurors to insure an unprejudiced trial. She even
+suggested that Columbia University Law School open its doors to women
+so that a few of them might be able to understand their rights under
+the law and bring aid to their less fortunate sisters.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>Under Susan's guidance, the Workingwomen's Association continued to
+hold meetings as long as she remained in New York. In its limited way,
+it carried on much-needed educational work, building up self-respect
+and confidence among workingwomen, stirring up "a wholesome
+discontent," and preparing the way for women's unions. The public
+responded. At Cooper Union, telegraphy courses were opened to women;
+the New York Business School, at Susan's instigation, offered young
+women scholarships in bookkeeping; and there were repeated requests
+for the enrollment of women in the College of New York.</p>
+
+<p>Living in the heart of this rapidly growing, sprawling city, Susan saw
+much to distress her and pondered over the disturbing social
+conditions, looking for a way to relieve poverty and wipe out crime
+and corruption. She saw luxury, extravagance, and success for the few,
+while half of the population lived in the slums in dilapidated houses
+and in damp cellars, often four or five to a room. Immigrants,
+continually pouring in from Europe, overtaxed the already inadequate
+housing, and unfamiliar with our language and customs, were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> the easy
+prey of corrupt politicians. Many were homeless, sleeping in the
+streets and parks until the rain or cold drove them into police
+stations for warmth and shelter. Susan longed to bring order and
+cleanliness, good homes and good government to this overcrowded city,
+and again and again she came to the conclusion that votes for women,
+which meant a voice in the government, would be the most potent factor
+for reform.</p>
+
+<p>Yet she did not close her mind to other avenues of reform. Seeing
+reflected in the life of the city the excesses, the injustice, and the
+unsoundness of laissez-faire capitalism, she spoke out fearlessly in
+<i>The Revolution</i> against its abuses, such as the fortunes made out of
+the low wages and long hours of labor, or the Wall Street speculation
+to corner the gold market, or the efforts to take over the public
+lands of the West through grants to the transcontinental railroads.
+Her active mind also sought a solution of the complicated currency
+problem. In fact there was no public question which she hesitated to
+approach, to think out or attempt to solve. She did not keep her
+struggle for woman suffrage aloof from the pressing problems of the
+day. Instead she kept it abreast of the times, keenly alive to social,
+political, and economic issues, and involved in current public
+affairs.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="THE_INADEQUATE_FIFTEENTH_AMENDMENT" id="THE_INADEQUATE_FIFTEENTH_AMENDMENT"></a>THE INADEQUATE FIFTEENTH AMENDMENT</h2>
+
+
+<p>The Fourteenth Amendment had been ratified in July 1868, but
+Republicans found it inadequate because it did not specifically
+enfranchise Negroes. More than ever convinced that they needed the
+Negro vote in order to continue in power, they prepared to supplement
+it by a Fifteenth Amendment, which Susan hoped would be drafted to
+enfranchise women as well as Negroes. Immediately through her Woman's
+Suffrage Association of America, she petitioned Congress to make no
+distinction between men and women in any amendment extending or
+regulating suffrage.</p>
+
+<p>She and Elizabeth Stanton also persuaded their good friends, Senator
+Pomeroy of Kansas and Congressman Julian of Indiana, to introduce in
+December 1868 resolutions providing that suffrage be based on
+citizenship, be regulated by Congress, and that all citizens, native
+or naturalized, enjoy this right without distinction of race, color,
+or sex. Before the end of the month, Senator Wilson of Massachusetts
+and Congressman Julian had introduced other resolutions to enfranchise
+women in the District of Columbia and in the territories. Even the New
+York <i>Herald</i> could see no reason why "the experiment" of woman
+suffrage should not be tried in the District of Columbia.<a name="FNanchor_232_232" id="FNanchor_232_232"></a><a href="#Footnote_232_232" class="fnanchor">[232]</a></p>
+
+<p>To focus attention on woman suffrage at this crucial time, Susan, in
+January 1869, called together the first woman suffrage convention ever
+held in Washington. No only did it attract women from as far west as
+Illinois, Missouri, and Kansas, but Senator Pomeroy lent it importance
+by his opening speech, and through the detailed and respectful
+reporting of the New York <i>World</i> and of Grace Greenwood of the
+Philadelphia <i>Press</i> it received nationwide notice.</p>
+
+<p>Congress, however, gave little heed to women's demands. "The
+experiment" of woman suffrage in the District of Columbia was not
+tried and nothing came of the resolutions for universal suffrage<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span>
+introduced by Pomeroy, Julian, and Wilson. In spite of all Susan's
+efforts to have the word "sex" added to the Fifteenth Amendment, she
+soon faced the bitter disappointment of seeing a version ignoring
+women submitted to the states for ratification: "The right of citizens
+of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the
+United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous
+condition of servitude."</p>
+
+<p>The blatant omission of the word "sex" forced Susan and Mrs. Stanton
+to initiate an amendment of their own, a Sixteenth Amendment, and
+again Congressman Julian came to their aid, although he too regarded
+Negro suffrage as more "immediately important and absorbing"<a name="FNanchor_233_233" id="FNanchor_233_233"></a><a href="#Footnote_233_233" class="fnanchor">[233]</a> than
+suffrage for women. On March 15, 1869, at one of the first sessions of
+the newly elected Congress, he introduced an amendment to the
+Constitution, providing that the right of suffrage be based on
+citizenship without any distinction or discrimination because of sex.
+This was the first federal woman suffrage amendment ever proposed in
+Congress.</p>
+
+<p>Opportunity to campaign for this amendment was now offered Susan and
+Elizabeth Stanton as they addressed a series of conventions in Ohio,
+Illinois, Wisconsin, and Missouri. Press notices were good, a
+Milwaukee paper describing Susan as "an earnest enthusiastic, fiery
+woman&mdash;ready, apt, witty and what a politician would call sharp ...
+radical in the strongest sense," making "radical everything she
+touches."<a name="FNanchor_234_234" id="FNanchor_234_234"></a><a href="#Footnote_234_234" class="fnanchor">[234]</a> She found woman suffrage sentiment growing by leaps and
+bounds in the West and western men ready to support a federal woman
+suffrage amendment.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>With a lighter heart than she had had in many a day and with new
+subscriptions to <i>The Revolution</i>, Susan returned to New York. She
+moved the <i>Revolution</i> office to the first floor of the Women's
+Bureau, a large four-story brownstone house at 49 East Twenty-third
+Street, near Fifth Avenue, which had been purchased by a wealthy New
+Yorker, Mrs. Elizabeth Phelps, who looked forward to establishing a
+center where women's organizations could meet and where any woman
+interested in the advancement of her sex would find encouragement and
+inspiration. Susan's hopes were high for the Women's Bureau, and in
+this most respectable, fashionable, and even elegant setting, she
+expected her <i>Revolution</i>, in spite of its<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span> inflammable name, to live
+down its turbulent past and win new friends and subscribers.<a name="FNanchor_235_235" id="FNanchor_235_235"></a><a href="#Footnote_235_235" class="fnanchor">[235]</a></p>
+
+<p>She made one last effort to resuscitate the American Equal Rights
+Association, writing personal letters to old friends, urging that past
+differences be forgotten and that all rededicate themselves to
+establishing universal suffrage by means of the Sixteenth Amendment.
+She was optimistic as she prepared for a convention in New York,
+particularly as one obstacle to unity had been removed. George Francis
+Train had voluntarily severed all connections with <i>The Revolution</i> to
+devote himself to freeing Ireland. She soon found, however, that the
+misunderstandings between her and her old antislavery friends were far
+deeper than George Francis Train, although he would for a long time be
+blamed for them. The Fifteenth Amendment was still a bone of
+contention and <i>The Revolution's</i> continued editorials against it
+widened the breach.</p>
+
+<p>The fireworks were set off in the convention of the American Equal
+Rights Association by Stephen S. Foster, who objected to the
+nomination of Susan and Mrs. Stanton as officers of the Association
+because they had in his opinion repudiated its principles. When asked
+to explain further, he replied that not only had they published a
+paper advocating educated suffrage while the Association stood for
+universal suffrage but they had shown themselves unfit by
+collaboration with George Francis Train who ridiculed Negroes and
+opposed their enfranchisement.</p>
+
+<p>Trying to pour oil on the troubled waters, Mary Livermore, the popular
+new delegate from Chicago, asked whether it was quite fair to bring up
+George Francis Train when he had retired from <i>The Revolution</i>.</p>
+
+<p>To this Stephen Foster sternly replied, "If <i>The Revolution</i> which has
+so often endorsed George Francis Train will repudiate him because of
+his course in respect to the Negro's rights, I have nothing further to
+say. But they do not repudiate him. He goes out; but they do not cast
+him out."<a name="FNanchor_236_236" id="FNanchor_236_236"></a><a href="#Footnote_236_236" class="fnanchor">[236]</a></p>
+
+<p>"Of course we do not," Susan instantly protested.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Foster then objected to the way Susan had spent the funds of the
+Association, accusing her of failing to keep adequate accounts.</p>
+
+<p>This she emphatically denied, explaining that she had presented a full
+accounting to the trust fund committee, that it had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> been audited, and
+she had been voted $1,000 to repay her for the amount she had
+personally advanced for the work.</p>
+
+<p>Unwilling to accept her explanation and calling it unreliable, he
+continued his complaints until interrupted by Henry Blackwell who
+corroborated Susan's statement, adding that she had refused the $1,000
+due her because of the dissatisfaction expressed over her management.
+Declaring himself completely satisfied with the settlement and
+confident of the purity of Susan's motives even if some of her
+expenditures were unwise, Henry Blackwell continued, "I will agree
+that many unwise things have been written in <i>The Revolution</i> by a
+gentleman who furnished part of the means by which the paper has been
+carried on. But that gentleman has withdrawn, and you, who know the
+real opinions of Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton on the question of
+Negro suffrage, do not believe that they mean to create antagonism
+between the Negro and woman question...."</p>
+
+<p>To Susan's great relief Henry Blackwell's explanation satisfied the
+delegates, who gave her and Mrs. Stanton a vote of confidence. Not so
+easily healed, however, were the wounds left by the accusations of
+mismanagement and dishonesty.</p>
+
+<p>The atmosphere was still tense, for differences of opinion on policy
+remained. Most of the old reliable workers stood unequivocally for the
+Fifteenth Amendment, which they regarded as the crowning achievement
+of the antislavery movement, and they heartily disapproved of forcing
+the issue of woman suffrage on Congress and the people at this time.
+Although they had been deeply moved by the suffering of Negro women
+under slavery and had used this as a telling argument for
+emancipation, they now gave no thought to Negro women, who, even more
+than Negro men, needed the vote to safeguard their rights. Believing
+with the Republicans that one reform at a time was all they could
+expect, they did not want to hear one word about woman suffrage or a
+Sixteenth Amendment until male Negroes were safely enfranchised by the
+Fifteenth Amendment.</p>
+
+<p>Offering a resolution endorsing the Fifteenth Amendment, Frederick
+Douglass quoted Julia Ward Howe as saying, "I am willing that the
+Negro shall get the ballot before me," and he added, "I cannot see how
+anyone can pretend that there is the same urgency in giving the ballot
+to women as to the Negro."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Quick as a flash, Susan was on her feet, challenging his statements,
+and as the dauntless champion of women debated the question with the
+dark-skinned fiery Negro, the friendship and warm affection built up
+between them over the years occasionally shone through the sharp words
+they spoke to each other.</p>
+
+<p>"The old antislavery school says that women must stand back," declared
+Susan, "that they must wait until male Negroes are voters. But we say,
+if you will not give the whole loaf of justice to an entire people,
+give it to the most intelligent first."</p>
+
+<p>Here she was greeted with applause and continued, "If intelligence,
+justice, and morality are to be placed in the government, then let the
+question of woman be brought up first and that of the Negro last....
+Mr. Douglass talks about the wrongs of the Negro, how he is hunted
+down ..., but with all the wrongs and outrages that he today suffers,
+he would not exchange his sex and take the place of Elizabeth Cady
+Stanton."</p>
+
+<p>"I want to know," shouted Frederick Douglass, "if granting you the
+right of suffrage will change the nature of our sexes?"</p>
+
+<p>"It will change the pecuniary position of woman," Susan retorted
+before the shouts of laughter had died down. "She will not be
+compelled to take hold of only such employments as man chooses for
+her."</p>
+
+<p>Lucy Stone, who so often in her youth had pleaded with Susan and
+Frederick Douglass for both the Negro and women, now entered the
+argument. She had matured, but her voice had lost none of its
+conviction or its power to sway an audience. Disagreeing with
+Douglass's assertion that Negro suffrage was more urgent than woman
+suffrage, she pointed out that white women of the North were robbed of
+their children by the law just as Negro women had been by slavery.</p>
+
+<p>This was balm to Susan's soul, but with Lucy's next words she lost all
+hope that her old friend would cast her lot wholeheartedly with women
+at this time. "Woman has an ocean of wrongs too deep for any plummet,"
+Lucy continued, "and the Negro too has an ocean of wrongs that cannot
+be fathomed. But I thank God for the Fifteenth Amendment, and hope
+that it will be adopted in every state. I will be thankful in my soul
+if anybody can get out of the terrible pit....<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"I believe," she admitted, "that the national safety of the government
+would be more promoted by the admission of women as an element of
+restoration and harmony than the other. I believe that the influence
+of woman will save the country before every other influence. I see the
+signs of the times pointing to this consummation. I believe that in
+some parts of the country women will vote for the President of these
+United States in 1872."</p>
+
+<p>Susan grew impatient as Lucy shifted from one side to the other,
+straddling the issue. Her own clear-cut approach, earning for her the
+reputation of always hitting the nail on the head, made Lucy's seem
+like temporizing.</p>
+
+<p>The men now took control, criticizing the amount of time given to the
+discussion of woman's rights, and voted endorsement of the Fifteenth
+Amendment. Nevertheless, a small group of determined women continued
+their fight, Susan declaring with spirit that she protested against
+the Fifteenth Amendment because it was not Equal Rights and would put
+2,000,000 more men in the position of tyrants over 2,000,000 women who
+until now had been the equals of the Negro men at their side.<a name="FNanchor_237_237" id="FNanchor_237_237"></a><a href="#Footnote_237_237" class="fnanchor">[237]</a></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>It was now clear to Susan and to the few women who worked closely with
+her that they needed a strong organization of their own and that it
+was folly to waste more time on the Equal Rights Association. Western
+delegates, disappointed in the convention's lack of interest in woman
+suffrage, expressed themselves freely. They had been sorely tried by
+the many speeches on extraneous subjects which cluttered the meetings,
+the heritage of a free-speech policy handed down by antislavery
+societies.</p>
+
+<p>"That Equal Rights Association is an awful humbug," exploded Mary
+Livermore to Susan. "I would not have come on to the anniversary, nor
+would any of us, if we had known what it was. We supposed we were
+coming to a woman suffrage convention."<a name="FNanchor_238_238" id="FNanchor_238_238"></a><a href="#Footnote_238_238" class="fnanchor">[238]</a></p>
+
+<p>At a reception for all the delegates held at the Women's Bureau at the
+close of the convention, this dissatisfaction culminated in a
+spontaneous demand for a new organization which would concentrate on
+woman suffrage and the Sixteenth Amendment. Alert to the
+possibilities, Susan directed this demand into concrete action by
+turning the reception temporarily into a business meeting.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> The result
+was the formation of the National Woman Suffrage Association by women
+from nineteen states, with Mrs. Stanton as president and Susan as a
+member of the executive committee. The younger women of the West,
+trusting the judgment of Susan and Mrs. Stanton, looked to them for
+leadership, as did a few of the old workers in the East&mdash;Ernestine
+Rose, always in the vanguard, Paulina Wright Davis, Elizabeth Smith
+Miller, Lucretia Mott, who although holding no office in the new
+organization gave it her support, Martha C. Wright, and Matilda Joslyn
+Gage who never wavered in her allegiance. Lucy Stone, who would have
+found it hard even to step into the <i>Revolution</i> office, did not
+attend the reception at the Women's Bureau or take part in the
+formation of the new woman suffrage organization.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 384px;">
+<img src="images/165.jpg" width="384" height="450" alt="Paulina Wright Davis" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Paulina Wright Davis</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Aided and abetted by her new National Woman Suffrage Association,
+Susan continued her opposition in <i>The Revolution</i> to the Fifteenth
+Amendment until it was ratified in 1870.</p>
+
+<p>So incensed was the Boston group by <i>The Revolution's</i> opposition to
+the Fifteenth Amendment, so displeased was Lucy Stone by the formation
+of the National Woman Suffrage Association<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> without consultation with
+her, one of the oldest workers in the field, that they began to talk
+of forming a national woman suffrage organization of their own. They
+charged Susan with lust for power and autocratic control. Mrs. Stanton
+they found equally objectionable because of her radical views on sex,
+marriage, and divorce, expressed in <i>The Revolution</i> in connection
+with the Hester Vaughn case. They sincerely felt that the course of
+woman suffrage would run more smoothly, arouse less antagonism, and
+make more progress without these two militants who were forever
+stirring things up and introducing extraneous subjects.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>During these trying days of accusations, animosity, and rival
+factions, Mrs. Stanton's unwavering support was a great comfort to
+Susan as was the joy of having a paper to carry her message.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to all the responsibilities connected with publishing her
+weekly paper, advertising, subscriptions, editorial policy, and
+raising the money to pay the bills, Susan was also holding successful
+conventions in Saratoga and Newport where men and women of wealth and
+influence gathered for the summer; she was traveling out to St. Louis,
+Chicago, and other western cities to speak on woman suffrage, making
+trips to Washington to confer with Congressmen, getting petitions for
+the Sixteenth Amendment circulated, and through all this, building up
+the National Woman Suffrage Association.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Revolution</i> office became the rallying point for a
+forward-looking group of women, many of whom contributed to the
+hard-hitting liberal sheet. Elizabeth Tilton, the lovely dark-haired
+young wife of the popular lecturer and editor of the <i>Independent</i>,
+selected the poetry. Alice and Phoebe Cary gladly offered poems and a
+novel; and when Susan was away, Phoebe Cary often helped Mrs. Stanton
+get out the paper. Elizabeth Smith Miller gave money, encouragement,
+and invaluable aid with her translations of interesting letters which
+<i>The Revolution</i> received from France and Germany. Laura Curtis
+Bullard, the heir to the Dr. Winslow-Soothing-Syrup fortune, who
+traveled widely in Europe, sent letters from abroad and took a lively
+interest in the paper. Another new recruit was Lillie Devereux Blake,
+who was gaining a reputation as a writer and who soon proved to be a
+brilliant orator and an invaluable<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> worker in the New York City
+suffrage group. Dr. Clemence S. Lozier, unfailingly gave her support,
+and her calm assurance strengthened Susan. The wealthy Paulina Wright
+Davis of Providence, Rhode Island, who followed Parker Pillsbury as
+editor, when he felt obliged to resign for financial reasons, gave the
+paper generous financial backing.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 411px;">
+<img src="images/167.jpg" width="411" height="450" alt="Isabella Beecher Hooker" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Isabella Beecher Hooker</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>It was Mrs. Davis who brought into the fold the half sister of Henry
+Ward Beecher, Isabella Beecher Hooker, a queenly woman, one of the
+elect of Hartford, Connecticut. Hoping to break down Mrs. Hooker's
+prejudice against Susan and Mrs. Stanton, which had been built up by
+New England suffragists, Mrs. Davis invited the three women to spend a
+few days with her. After this visit, Mrs. Hooker wrote to a friend in
+Boston, "I have studied Miss Anthony day and night for nearly a
+week.... She is a woman of incorruptible integrity and the thought of
+guile has no place in her heart. In unselfishness and benevolence she
+has scarcely an equal, and her energy and executive ability are
+bounded only by her physical power, which is something immense.
+Sometimes she fails in judgment, according to the standards of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span>
+others, but in right intentions never, nor in faithfulness to her
+friends.... After attending a two days' convention in Newport,
+engineered by her in her own fashion, I am obliged to accept the most
+favorable interpretation of her which prevails generally, rather than
+that of Boston. Mrs. Stanton too is a magnificent woman.... I hand in
+my allegiance to both as leaders and representatives of the great
+movement."<a name="FNanchor_239_239" id="FNanchor_239_239"></a><a href="#Footnote_239_239" class="fnanchor">[239]</a></p>
+
+<p>From then on, Mrs. Hooker did her best to reconcile the Boston and New
+York factions, hoping to avert the formation of a second national
+woman suffrage organization.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="A_HOUSE_DIVIDED" id="A_HOUSE_DIVIDED"></a>A HOUSE DIVIDED</h2>
+
+
+<p>"I think we need two national associations for woman suffrage so that
+those who do not oppose the Fifteenth Amendment, nor take the tone of
+<i>The Revolution</i> may yet have an organization with which they can work
+in harmony."<a name="FNanchor_240_240" id="FNanchor_240_240"></a><a href="#Footnote_240_240" class="fnanchor">[240]</a> So wrote Lucy Stone to many of her friends during
+the summer of 1869, and some of these letters fell into Susan's hands.</p>
+
+<p>"The radical abolitionists and the Republicans could never have worked
+together but in separate organizations both did good service," Lucy
+further explained. "There are just as distinctly two parties to the
+woman movement.... Each organization will attract those who naturally
+belong to it&mdash;and there will be harmonious work."</p>
+
+<p>When the ground had been prepared by these letters, Lucy asked old
+friends and new to sign a call to a woman suffrage convention, to be
+held in Cleveland, Ohio, in November 1869, "to unite those who cannot
+use the methods which Mrs. Stanton and Susan use...."<a name="FNanchor_241_241" id="FNanchor_241_241"></a><a href="#Footnote_241_241" class="fnanchor">[241]</a></p>
+
+<p>Those feeling as she did eagerly signed the call, while others who
+knew little about the controversy in the East added their names
+because they were glad to take part in a convention sponsored by such
+prominent men and women as Julia Ward Howe, George William Curtis,
+Henry Ward Beecher, Thomas Wentworth Higginson, and William Lloyd
+Garrison. Still others who did not understand the insurmountable
+differences in temperament and policy between the two groups hoped
+that a new truly national organization would unite the two factions.
+Even Mary Livermore, who had been active in the formation of the
+National Woman Suffrage Association, was by this time responding to
+overtures from the Boston group, writing William Lloyd Garrison, "I
+have been repelled by some of the idiosyncrasies of our New York
+friends, as have others. Their opposition to the Fifteenth Amendment,
+the buffoonery of George F. Train, the loose utterances of the
+<i>Revolution</i> on the marriage and dress questions&mdash;and what is equally
+potent hindrance to the cause, the fearful squandering of money<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span> at
+the New York headquarters&mdash;all this has tended to keep me on my own
+feet, apart from those to whom I was at first attracted.... I am glad
+at the prospect of an association that will be truly national and
+which promises so much of success and character."<a name="FNanchor_242_242" id="FNanchor_242_242"></a><a href="#Footnote_242_242" class="fnanchor">[242]</a></p>
+
+<p>Neither Susan nor Mrs. Stanton received a notice of the Cleveland
+convention, but Susan, scanning a copy of the call sent her by a
+solicitous friend, was deeply disturbed when she saw the signatures of
+Lydia Mott, Amelia Bloomer, Myra Bradwell, Gerrit Smith, and other
+good friends.</p>
+
+<p>The New York <i>World</i>, at once suspecting a feud, asked, "Where are
+those well-known American names, Susan B. Anthony, Parker Pillsbury,
+and Elizabeth Cady Stanton? It is clear that there is a division in
+the ranks of the strong-minded and that an effort is being made to
+ostracize <i>The Revolution</i> which has so long upheld the cause of
+Suffrage, through evil report and good...."<a name="FNanchor_243_243" id="FNanchor_243_243"></a><a href="#Footnote_243_243" class="fnanchor">[243]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Rochester <i>Democrat</i>, loyal to Susan, put this question, "Can it
+be possible that a National Woman's Suffrage Convention is called
+without Susan's knowledge or consent?... A National Woman's Suffrage
+Association without speeches from Susan B. Anthony and Mrs. Stanton
+will be a new order of things. The idea seems absurd."<a name="FNanchor_244_244" id="FNanchor_244_244"></a><a href="#Footnote_244_244" class="fnanchor">[244]</a></p>
+
+<p>To Susan it also seemed both absurd and unrealistic, for she
+remembered how almost single-handed she had held together and built up
+the woman suffrage movement during the years when her colleagues had
+been busy with family duties. She was appalled at the prospect of a
+division in the ranks at this time when she believed victory possible
+through the action of a strong united front.</p>
+
+<p>Confident that many who signed the call were ignorant of or blind to
+the animus behind it, she did her best to bring the facts before them.
+She put the blame for the rift entirely upon Lucy Stone, believing
+that without Lucy's continual stirring up, past differences in policy
+would soon have been forgotten. The antagonism between the two burned
+fiercely at this time. Susan was determined to fight to the last ditch
+for control of the movement, convinced that her policies and Mrs.
+Stanton's were forward-looking, unafraid, and always put women first.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Susan now also had to face the humiliating possibility that she might
+be forced to give up <i>The Revolution</i>. Not only was the operating
+deficit piling up alarmingly, but there were persistent rumors of a
+competitor, another woman suffrage paper to be edited by Lucy Stone
+and Julia Ward Howe.</p>
+
+<p>Susan had assumed full financial responsibility for <i>The Revolution</i>
+because Mrs. Stanton and Parker Pillsbury, both with families to
+consider, felt unable to share this burden. Mrs. Stanton had always
+contributed her services and Parker Pillsbury had been sadly
+underpaid, while Susan had drawn out for her salary only the most
+meager sums for bare living expenses.</p>
+
+<p>With a maximum of 3,000 subscribers, the paper could not hope to pay
+its way even though she had secured a remarkably loyal group of
+advertisers.<a name="FNanchor_245_245" id="FNanchor_245_245"></a><a href="#Footnote_245_245" class="fnanchor">[245]</a> Reluctantly she raised the subscription price from
+$2 to $3 a year. Her friends and family were generous with gifts and
+loans, but these only met the pressing needs of the moment and in no
+way solved the overall financial problem of the paper.</p>
+
+<p>Appealing once again to her wealthy and generous Quaker cousin, Anson
+Lapham, she wrote him in desperation, "My paper must not, shall not go
+down. I am sure you believe in me, in my honesty of purpose, and also
+in the grand work which <i>The Revolution</i> seeks to do, and therefore
+you will not allow me to ask you in vain to come to the rescue.
+Yesterday's mail brought 43 subscribers from Illinois and 20 from
+California. We only need time to win financial success. I know you
+will save me from giving the world a chance to say, 'There is a
+woman's rights failure; even the best of women can't manage business!'
+If only I could die, and thereby fail honorably, I would say, 'Amen,'
+but to live and fail&mdash;it would be too terrible to bear."<a name="FNanchor_246_246" id="FNanchor_246_246"></a><a href="#Footnote_246_246" class="fnanchor">[246]</a> He came
+to her aid as he always had in the past.</p>
+
+<p>Susan's sister Mary not only lent her all her savings, but spent her
+summer vacation in New York in 1869, working in <i>The Revolution</i>
+office while Susan, busy with woman suffrage conventions in Newport,
+Saratoga, Chicago, and Ohio, was building up good will and
+subscriptions for her paper. Concerned for her welfare, Mary
+repeatedly but unsuccessfully urged her to give up. Daniel added his
+entreaties to Mary's, begging Susan not to go further into debt,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> but
+to form a stock company if she were determined to continue her paper.
+She considered his advice very seriously for he was a practical
+businessman and yet appreciated what she was trying to do. For a time
+the formation of a stock company seemed possible, for the project
+appealed to three women of means, Paulina Wright Davis, Isabella
+Beecher Hooker, and Laura Curtis Bullard, but it never materialized.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>With the financial problem of <i>The Revolution</i> still unsolved, Susan
+decided to make her appearance at Lucy Stone's convention in
+Cleveland, Ohio, on November 24, 1869. Not only did she want to see
+with her own eyes and hear with her own ears all that went on, but she
+was determined to walk the second mile with Lucy and her supporters,
+or even to turn the other cheek, if need be, for the sake of her
+beloved cause.</p>
+
+<p>Seeing her in the audience, Judge Bradwell of Chicago moved that she
+be invited to sit on the platform, but Thomas Wentworth Higginson, who
+was presiding, replied that he thought this unnecessary as a special
+invitation had already been extended to all desiring to identify
+themselves with the movement. Judge Bradwell would not be put off, his
+motion was carried, and as Susan walked up to the platform to join the
+other notables, she was greeted with hearty applause. Sitting there
+among her critics, she wondered what she could possibly say to
+persuade them to forget their differences for the sake of the cause.
+After listening to Lucy Stone plead for renewed work for woman
+suffrage and for petitions for a Sixteenth Amendment, she
+spontaneously rose to her feet and asked permission to speak. "I
+hope," she began, "that the work of this association, if it be
+organized, will be to go in strong array up to the Capitol at
+Washington to demand a Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution. The
+question of the admission of women to the ballot would not then be
+left to the mass of voters in every State, but would be submitted by
+Congress to the several legislatures of the States for ratification,
+and ... be decided by the most intelligent portion of the people. If
+the question is left to the vote of the rank and file, it will be put
+off for years.<a name="FNanchor_247_247" id="FNanchor_247_247"></a><a href="#Footnote_247_247" class="fnanchor">[247]</a></p>
+
+<p>"So help me, Heaven!" she continued with emotion. "I care not what may
+come out of this Convention, so that this great cause<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span> shall go
+forward to its consummation! And though this Convention by its action
+shall nullify the National Association of which I am a member, and
+though it shall tread its heel upon <i>The Revolution</i>, to carry on
+which I have struggled as never mortal woman or mortal man struggled
+for any cause ... still, if you will do the work in Washington so that
+this Amendment will be proposed, and will go with me to the several
+Legislatures and <i>compel</i> them to adopt it, I will thank God for this
+Convention as long as I have the breath of life."</p>
+
+<p>Loud and continuous applause greeted these earnest words. However,
+instead of pledging themselves to work for a Sixteenth Amendment, the
+newly formed American Woman Suffrage Association, blind to the
+exceptional opportunity at this time for Congressional action on woman
+suffrage, decided to concentrate on work in the states where suffrage
+bills were pending. Instead of electing an outstanding woman as
+president, they chose Henry Ward Beecher, boasting that this was proof
+of their genuine belief in equal rights. Lucy Stone headed the
+executive committee.</p>
+
+<p>Divisions soon began developing among the suffragists in the field.
+Many whose one thought previously had been the cause now spent time
+weighing the differences between the two organizations and between
+personalities, and antagonisms increased.</p>
+
+<p>Hardest of all for Susan to bear was the definite announcement of a
+rival paper, the <i>Woman's Journal</i>, to be issued in Boston in January
+1870 under the editorship of Lucy Stone, Mary A. Livermore, and Julia
+Ward Howe, with Henry Blackwell as business manager. Mary Livermore,
+who previously had planned to merge her paper, the <i>Agitator</i>, with
+<i>The Revolution</i> now merged it with the <i>Woman's Journal</i>. Financed by
+wealthy stockholders, all influential Republicans, the <i>Journal</i>,
+Susan knew, would be spared the financial struggles of <i>The
+Revolution</i>, but would be obliged to conform to Republican policy in
+its support of woman's rights. Had not the <i>Woman's Journal</i> been such
+an obvious affront to the heroic efforts of <i>The Revolution</i> and a
+threat to its very existence, she could have rejoiced with Lucy over
+one more paper carrying the message of woman suffrage.</p>
+
+<p>More determined than ever to continue <i>The Revolution</i>, Susan
+redoubled her efforts, announcing an imposing list of contributors<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span>
+for 1870, including the British feminist, Lydia Becker, and as a
+special attraction, a serial by Alice Cary. Through the efforts of
+Mrs. Hooker, Harriet Beecher Stowe was persuaded to consider serving
+as contributing editor provided the paper's name was changed to <i>The
+True Republic</i> or to some other name satisfactory to her.<a name="FNanchor_248_248" id="FNanchor_248_248"></a><a href="#Footnote_248_248" class="fnanchor">[248]</a></p>
+
+<p>Having struggled against the odds for so long, Susan had no intention
+of being stifled now by Mrs. Stowe's more conservative views, nor
+would she give her crusading sheet an innocuous name. However, the
+decision was taken out of her hands by <i>The Revolution's</i> coverage of
+the sensational McFarland-Richardson murder case, which so shocked
+both Mrs. Hooker and Mrs. Stowe that they gave up all thought of being
+associated in a publishing venture with Susan or Mrs. Stanton.</p>
+
+<p>The whole country was stirred in December 1869 by the fatal shooting
+in the <i>Tribune</i> office of the well-known journalist, Albert D.
+Richardson, by Daniel McFarland, to whose divorced wife Richardson had
+been attentive. When just before his death, Richardson was married to
+the divorced Mrs. McFarland by Henry Ward Beecher with Horace Greeley
+as a witness, the press was agog. So strong was the feeling against a
+divorced woman that Henry Ward Beecher was severely condemned for
+officiating at the marriage, and Mrs. Richardson was played up in the
+press and in court as the villain, although her divorce had been
+granted because of the brutality and instability of McFarland.</p>
+
+<p>Indignant at the sophistry of the press and the general acceptance of
+a double standard of morals, <i>The Revolution</i> not only spoke out
+fearlessly in defense of Mrs. Richardson but in an editorial by Mrs.
+Stanton frankly analyzed the tragic human relations so obvious in the
+case. With Susan's full approval, Mrs. Stanton wrote, "I rejoice over
+every slave that escapes from a discordant marriage. With the
+education and elevation of women we shall have a mighty sundering of
+the unholy ties that hold men and women together who loathe and
+despise each other...."<a name="FNanchor_249_249" id="FNanchor_249_249"></a><a href="#Footnote_249_249" class="fnanchor">[249]</a> When the court acquitted McFarland,
+giving him the custody of his twelve-year-old son, Susan called a
+protest meeting which attracted an audience of two thousand.</p>
+
+<p>Such words and such activities disturbed many who sympathized<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> with
+Mrs. Richardson but saw no reason for flaunting exultant approval of
+divorce in a woman suffrage paper, and they turned to the <i>Woman's
+Journal</i> as more to their taste.</p>
+
+<p>Susan, however, reading the first number of the <i>Woman's Journal</i>,
+found its editorials lacking fire. She rebelled at Julia Ward Howe's
+counsel, "to lay down all partisan warfare and organize a peaceful
+Grand Army of the Republic of Women ... not ... as against men, but as
+against all that is pernicious to men and women."<a name="FNanchor_250_250" id="FNanchor_250_250"></a><a href="#Footnote_250_250" class="fnanchor">[250]</a> Susan's fight
+had never been against men but against man-made laws that held women
+in bondage. There had always been men willing to help her. Experience
+had taught her that the struggle for woman's rights was no peaceful
+academic debate, but real warfare which demanded political strategy,
+self-sacrifice, and unremitting labor. She was prouder than ever of
+her <i>Revolution</i> and its liberal hard-hitting policy.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>Convinced that the National Woman Suffrage Association must publicize
+its existence and its value, Susan began the year 1870 with a
+convention in Washington which even Senator Sumner praised as
+exceeding in interest anything he had ever witnessed there. Its
+striking demonstration of the vitality and intelligence of the
+National Association was the best answer she could possibly have given
+to the accusations and criticism aimed at her and her organization.</p>
+
+<p>Jessie Benton Fr&eacute;mont, watching the delegates enter the dining room of
+the Arlington Hotel, called Susan over to her table and said with a
+twinkle in her eyes, "Now, tell me, Miss Anthony, have you hunted the
+country over and picked out and brought to Washington a score of the
+most beautiful women you could find?"<a name="FNanchor_251_251" id="FNanchor_251_251"></a><a href="#Footnote_251_251" class="fnanchor">[251]</a></p>
+
+<p>They were a fine-looking and intelligent lot&mdash;Paulina Wright Davis,
+Isabella Beecher Hooker, Josephine Griffin of the Freedman's Bureau,
+Charlotte Wilbour, Matilda Joslyn Gage, Martha C. Wright, and Olympia
+Brown; Phoebe Couzins and Virginia Minor from Missouri, Madam Annek&egrave;
+from Wisconsin, and best of all to Susan, Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
+Their presence, their friendship and allegiance were a source of great
+pride and joy. Elizabeth Stanton had come from St. Louis, interrupting
+her successful lecture tour, when she much preferred to stay away from
+all conventions.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> She had written Susan, "Of course, I stand by you to
+the end. I would not see you crushed by rivals even if to prevent it
+required my being cut into inch bits.... No power in heaven, hell or
+earth can separate us, for our hearts are eternally wedded
+together."<a name="FNanchor_252_252" id="FNanchor_252_252"></a><a href="#Footnote_252_252" class="fnanchor">[252]</a></p>
+
+<p>Also at this convention to show his support of Susan and her program,
+was her faithful friend of many years, the Rev. Samuel J. May of
+Syracuse. Clara Barton, ill and unable to attend, sent a letter to be
+read, an appeal to her soldier friends for woman suffrage.</p>
+
+<p>Not only did the large and enthusiastic audiences show a growing
+interest in votes for women, but two great victories for women in
+1869, one in Great Britain and the other in the United States, brought
+to the convention a feeling of confidence. Women taxpayers had been
+granted the right to vote in municipal elections in England, Scotland,
+and Wales, through the efforts of Jacob Bright. In the Territory of
+Wyoming, during the first session of its legislature, women had been
+granted the right to vote, to hold office, and serve on juries, and
+married women had been given the right to their separate property and
+their earnings. This progressive action by men of the West turned
+Susan's thoughts hopefully to the western territories, and early in
+1870 when the Territory of Utah enfranchised its women, she had
+further cause for rejoicing.</p>
+
+<p>To celebrate these victories for which her twenty years' work for
+women had blazed the trail, some of her friends held a reception for
+her in New York at the Women's Bureau on her fiftieth birthday. She
+was amazed at the friendly attention her birthday received in the
+press. "Susan's Half Century," read a headline in the <i>Herald</i>. The
+<i>World</i> called her the Moses of her sex. "A Brave Old Maid," commented
+the <i>Sun</i>. But it was to the <i>Tribune</i> that she turned with special
+interest, always hoping for a word of approval from Horace Greeley and
+finding at last this faint ray of praise: "Careful readers of the
+<i>Tribune</i> have probably succeeded in discovering that we have not
+always been able to applaud the course of Miss Susan B. Anthony.
+Indeed, we have often felt, and sometimes said that her methods were
+as unwise as we thought her aims undesirable. But through these years
+of disputation and struggling. Miss Anthony has thoroughly impressed
+friends and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span> enemies alike with the sincerity and earnestness of her
+purpose...."<a name="FNanchor_253_253" id="FNanchor_253_253"></a><a href="#Footnote_253_253" class="fnanchor">[253]</a></p>
+
+<p>To Anna E. Dickinson, far away lecturing, Susan confided, "Oh, Anna, I
+am so glad of it all because it will teach the young girls that to be
+true to principle&mdash;to live an idea, though an unpopular one&mdash;that to
+live single&mdash;without any man's name&mdash;may be honorable."<a name="FNanchor_254_254" id="FNanchor_254_254"></a><a href="#Footnote_254_254" class="fnanchor">[254]</a></p>
+
+<p>A few of Susan's younger colleagues still insisted that a merger of
+the National and American Woman Suffrage Associations might be
+possible. Again Theodore Tilton undertook the task of mediation and
+Lucretia Mott, who had retired from active participation in the
+woman's rights movement, tried to help work out a reconciliation.
+Susan was skeptical but gave them her blessing. Representatives of the
+American Association, however, again made it plain that they were
+unwilling to work with Susan and Mrs. Stanton.<a name="FNanchor_255_255" id="FNanchor_255_255"></a><a href="#Footnote_255_255" class="fnanchor">[255]</a></p>
+
+<p>By this time <i>The Revolution</i> had become an overwhelming financial
+burden. For some months Mrs. Stanton had been urging Susan to give it
+up and turn to the lecture field, as she had done, to spread the
+message of woman's rights. Susan hesitated, unwilling to give up <i>The
+Revolution</i> and not yet confident that she could hold the attention of
+an audience for a whole evening. However, she found herself a great
+success when pushed into several Lyceum lecture engagements in
+Pennsylvania by Mrs. Stanton's sudden illness. "Miss Anthony evidently
+lectures not for the purpose of receiving applause," commented the
+Pittsburgh <i>Commercial</i>, "but for the purpose of making people
+understand and be convinced. She takes her place on the stage in a
+plain and unassuming manner and speaks extemporaneously and fluently,
+too, reminding one of an old campaign speaker, who is accustomed to
+talk simply for the purpose of converting his audience to his
+political theories. She used plain English and plenty of it.... She
+clearly evinced a quality that many politicians lack&mdash;sincerity."<a name="FNanchor_256_256" id="FNanchor_256_256"></a><a href="#Footnote_256_256" class="fnanchor">[256]</a></p>
+
+<p>For each of these lectures on "Work, Wages, and the Ballot," she
+received a fee of $75 and was able as well to get new subscribers for
+<i>The Revolution</i>. She now saw the possibilities for herself and the
+cause in a Lyceum tour, and when the Lyceum Bureau, pleased with her
+reception in Pennsylvania wanted to book her for lectures in the West,
+she accepted, calling Parker Pillsbury back to <i>The</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span> <i>Revolution</i> to
+take charge. All through Illinois she drew large audiences and her
+fees increased to $95, $125, and $150. In two months she was able to
+pay $1,300 of <i>The Revolution's</i> debt.</p>
+
+<p>When she returned to New York, she realized that she could not
+continue to carry <i>The Revolution</i> alone, in spite of increased
+subscriptions. Its $10,000 debt weighed heavily upon her. Parker
+Pillsbury's help could only be temporary; Mrs. Stanton's strenuous
+lecture tour left her little time to give to the paper; and Susan's
+own friends and family were unable to finance it further.</p>
+
+<p>Fortunately the idea of editing a paper appealed strongly to the
+wealthy Laura Curtis Bullard, who had the promise of editorial help
+from Theodore Tilton. Susan now turned the paper over to them
+completely, receiving nothing in return but shares of stock, while she
+assumed the entire indebtedness.</p>
+
+<p>Giving up the control of her beloved paper was one of the most
+humiliating experiences and one of the deepest sorrows she ever faced.
+<i>The Revolution</i> had become to her the symbol of her crusade for
+women. Overwhelmed by a sense of failure, she confided to her diary on
+the date of the transfer, "It was like signing my own death warrant,"
+and to a friend she wrote, "I feel a great, calm sadness like that of
+a mother binding out a dear child that she could not support."<a name="FNanchor_257_257" id="FNanchor_257_257"></a><a href="#Footnote_257_257" class="fnanchor">[257]</a></p>
+
+<p>She made a valiant announcement of the transfer in <i>The Revolution</i> of
+May 26, 1870, expressing her delight that the paper had at last found
+financial backing and a new, enthusiastic editor. "In view of the
+active demand for conventions, lectures, and discussions on Woman
+Suffrage," she added, "I have concluded that so far as my own personal
+efforts are concerned, I can be more useful on the platform than in a
+newspaper. So, on the 1st of June next, I shall cease to be the <i>sole</i>
+proprietor of <i>The Revolution</i>, and shall be free to attend public
+meetings where ever so plain and matter of fact an old worker as I am
+can secure a hearing."<a name="FNanchor_258_258" id="FNanchor_258_258"></a><a href="#Footnote_258_258" class="fnanchor">[258]</a></p>
+
+<p>Financial backing, however, did not put <i>The Revolution</i> on its feet,
+although its forthright editorials and articles were replaced by spicy
+and brilliant observations on pleasant topics which offended no one.
+Before the year was up, Mrs. Bullard was making overtures to Susan to
+take the paper back. Susan wanted desperately "to keep the Old Ship
+Revolution's colors flying"<a name="FNanchor_259_259" id="FNanchor_259_259"></a><a href="#Footnote_259_259" class="fnanchor">[259]</a> and to bring back<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span> Mrs. Stanton's
+stinging editorials. She also feared that Mrs. Bullard on Theodore
+Tilton's advice might turn the paper over to the Boston group to be
+consolidated with the <i>Woman's Journal</i>. As no funds were available,
+she had to turn her back on her beloved paper and hope for the best.
+"I suppose there is a wise Providence in my being stripped of power to
+go forward," she wrote at this time. "At any rate, I mean to try and
+make good come out of it."<a name="FNanchor_260_260" id="FNanchor_260_260"></a><a href="#Footnote_260_260" class="fnanchor">[260]</a></p>
+
+<p>For one more year, <i>The Revolution</i> struggled on under the editorship
+of Mrs. Bullard and Theodore Tilton and then was taken over by the
+<i>Christian Enquirer</i>. The $10,000 debt, incurred under Susan's
+management, she regarded as her responsibility, although her brother
+Daniel and many of her friends urged bankruptcy proceedings. "My pride
+for women, to say nothing of my conscience," she insisted, "says
+no."<a name="FNanchor_261_261" id="FNanchor_261_261"></a><a href="#Footnote_261_261" class="fnanchor">[261]</a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="A_NEW_SLANT_ON_THE_FOURTEENTH_AMENDMENT" id="A_NEW_SLANT_ON_THE_FOURTEENTH_AMENDMENT"></a>A NEW SLANT ON THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT</h2>
+
+
+<p>While Susan was lecturing in the West, hoping to earn enough to pay
+off <i>The Revolution's</i> debt, she was pondering a new approach to the
+enfranchisement of women which had been proposed by Francis Minor, a
+St. Louis attorney and the husband of her friend, Virginia Minor.</p>
+
+<p>Francis Minor contended that while the Constitution gave the states
+the right to regulate suffrage, it nowhere gave them the power to
+prohibit it, and he believed that this conclusion was strengthened by
+the Fourteenth Amendment which provided that "no State shall make or
+enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of
+citizens of the United States."</p>
+
+<p>To claim the right to vote under the Fourteenth Amendment made a great
+appeal to both Susan and Elizabeth Stanton. Susan published Francis
+Minor's arguments in <i>The Revolution</i> and also his suggestion that
+some woman test this interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment by
+attempting to vote at the next election; while Mrs. Stanton used this
+new approach as the basis of her speech before a Congressional
+committee in 1870.</p>
+
+<p>With such a fresh and thrilling project to develop, Susan looked
+forward to the annual woman suffrage convention to be held in
+Washington in January 1871. So heavy was her lecture schedule that she
+reluctantly left preparations for the convention in the willing hands
+of Isabella Beecher Hooker, who was confident she could improve on
+Susan's meetings and guide the woman's rights movement into more
+ladylike and aristocratic channels, winning over scores of men and
+women who hitherto had remained aloof. At the last moment, however,
+she appealed in desperation to Susan for help, and Susan, canceling
+important lecture engagements, hurried to Washington. Here she found
+the newspapers full of Victoria C. Woodhull and her Memorial to
+Congress on woman suffrage, which had been presented by Senator Harris
+of Louisiana and Congressman Julian of Indiana. Capitalizing on the
+new approach to woman suffrage, Mrs. Woodhull based her arguments<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span> on
+the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, praying Congress to enact
+legislation to enable women to exercise the right to vote vested in
+them by these amendments. A hearing was scheduled before the House
+judiciary committee the very morning the convention opened.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/181.jpg" width="450" height="374" alt="Victoria C. Woodhull" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Victoria C. Woodhull</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Convinced that she and her colleagues must attend that hearing, Susan
+consulted with her friends in Congress and overrode Mrs. Hooker's
+hesitancy about associating their organization with so questionable a
+woman as Victoria Woodhull. She engaged a constitutional lawyer,
+Albert G. Riddle,<a name="FNanchor_262_262" id="FNanchor_262_262"></a><a href="#Footnote_262_262" class="fnanchor">[262]</a> to represent the 30,000 women who had
+petitioned Congress for the franchise. Then she and Mrs. Hooker
+attended the hearing and asked for prompt action on woman suffrage.
+This was the first Congressional hearing on federal enfranchisement.
+Previous hearings had considered trying the experiment only in the
+District of Columbia.</p>
+
+<p>Susan had never before seen Victoria Woodhull. Early in 1870, however,
+she had called at the brokerage office which Victoria and her sister,
+Tennessee Claflin, had opened in New York on Broad Street. The press
+had been full of amused comments regarding<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span> the lady bankers, and
+Susan had wanted to see for herself what kind of women they were. Here
+she met and talked with Tennessee Claflin, publishing their interview
+in <i>The Revolution</i>, and also an advertisement of Woodhull, Claflin &amp;
+Co., Bankers and Brokers.<a name="FNanchor_263_263" id="FNanchor_263_263"></a><a href="#Footnote_263_263" class="fnanchor">[263]</a></p>
+
+<p>About six weeks later, these prosperous "lady brokers" had established
+their own paper, <i>Woodhull &amp; Claflin's Weekly</i>, an "Organ of Social
+Regeneration and Constructive Reform," but Susan had barely noticed
+its existence, so burdened had she been by the impending loss of her
+own paper and by pressing lecture engagements. She was therefore
+unaware that this new weekly explored a field wider than finance,
+advocating as well woman suffrage and women's advancement,
+spiritualism, radical views on marriage, love, and sex, and the
+nomination of Victoria C. Woodhull for President of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>Now in a committee room of the House of Representatives, Susan
+listened carefully as the dynamic beautiful Victoria Woodhull read her
+Memorial and her arguments to support it, in a clear well-modulated
+voice. Simply dressed in a dark blue gown, with a jaunty Alpine hat
+perched on her curls, she gave the impression of innocent earnest
+youth, and she captivated not only the members of the judiciary
+committee, but the more critical suffragists as well. For the moment
+at least she seemed an appropriate colleague of the forthright
+crusader, Susan B. Anthony, and her fashionable friends, Isabella
+Beecher Hooker and Paulina Wright Davis. They invited Victoria and her
+sister, Tennessee Claflin, to their convention, and asked her to
+repeat her speech for them.</p>
+
+<p>At this convention Susan, encouraged by the favorable reception among
+politicians of the Woodhull Memorial, mapped out a new and militant
+campaign, based on her growing conviction that under the Fourteenth
+Amendment women's rights as citizens were guaranteed. She urged women
+to claim their rights as citizens and persons under the Fourteenth
+Amendment, to register and prepare to vote at the next election, and
+to bring suit in the courts if they were refused.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>So enthusiastic had been the reception of this new approach to woman
+suffrage, so favorable had been the news from those<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span> close to leading
+Republicans, that Susan was unprepared for the adverse report of the
+judiciary committee on the Woodhull Memorial. She now studied the
+favorable minority report issued by Benjamin Butler of Massachusetts
+and William Loughridge of Iowa. Their arguments seemed to her
+unanswerable; and hurriedly and impulsively in the midst of her
+western lecture tour, she dashed off a few lines to Victoria Woodhull,
+to whom she willingly gave credit for bringing out this report.
+"Glorious old Ben!" she wrote. "He surely is going to pronounce the
+word that will settle the woman question, just as he did the word
+'contraband' that so summarily settled the Negro question....
+Everybody here chimes in with the new conclusion that we are already
+free."<a name="FNanchor_264_264" id="FNanchor_264_264"></a><a href="#Footnote_264_264" class="fnanchor">[264]</a></p>
+
+<p>Far from New York where Victoria's activities were being aired by the
+press, Susan thought of her at this time only in connection with the
+Memorial and its impact on the judiciary committee. To be sure, she
+heard stories crediting Benjamin Butler with the authorship of the
+Woodhull Memorial, and rumors reached her of Victoria's unorthodox
+views on love and marriage and of her girlhood as a fortune teller,
+traveling about like a gypsy and living by her wits. Even so, Susan
+was ready to give Victoria the benefit of the doubt until she herself
+found her harmful to the cause, for long ago she had learned to
+discount attacks on the reputations of progressive women. In fact,
+Victoria Woodhull provided Susan and her associates with a spectacular
+opportunity to prove the sincerity of their contention that there
+should not be a double standard of morals&mdash;one for men and another for
+women.</p>
+
+<p>Returning to New York in May 1871, to a convention of the National
+Woman Suffrage Association, Susan found that Mrs. Hooker, Mrs.
+Stanton, and Mrs. Davis had invited Victoria Woodhull to address that
+convention and to sit on the platform between Lucretia Mott and Mrs.
+Stanton.</p>
+
+<p>Through them and others more critical, Susan was brought up to date on
+the sensational story of Victoria Woodhull, who had been drawing
+record crowds to her lectures and whose unconventional life
+continuously provided reporters with interesting copy. Victoria's home
+at 15 East Thirty-eighth Street, resplendent and ornate with gilded
+furniture and bric-a-brac, housed not only her husband, Colonel Blood,
+and herself but her divorced husband and their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span> children as well, and
+also all of her quarrelsome relatives. Here many radicals, social
+reformers, and spiritualists gathered, among them Stephen Pearl
+Andrews, who soon made use of Victoria and her <i>Weekly</i> to publicize
+his dream of a new world order, the Pantarchy, as he called it.
+Victoria, herself, was an ardent spiritualist, controlled by
+Demosthenes of the spirit world to whom she believed she owed her most
+brilliant utterances and by whom she was guided to announce herself as
+a presidential candidate in 1872. Needless to say, with such a
+background, Victoria Woodhull became a very controversial figure among
+the suffragists.</p>
+
+<p>In New York only a few days, it was hard for Susan to separate fact
+from fiction, truth from rumor and animosity. Even Demosthenes did not
+seem too ridiculous to her, for many of her most respected friends
+were spiritualists. Nor did Victoria's presidential aspirations
+trouble her greatly. Presidential candidates had been nothing to brag
+of, and willingly would she support the right woman for President. If
+Victoria lived up to the high standard of the Woodhull Memorial, then
+even she might be that woman. After all, it was an era of radical
+theories and Utopian dreams, of extravagances of every sort. Almost
+anything could happen.</p>
+
+<p>Whatever doubts the suffragists may have had when they saw Victoria
+Woodhull on the platform at the New York meeting of the National
+Association, she swept them all along with her when, as one inspired,
+she made her "Great Secession" speech. "If the very next Congress
+refuses women all the legitimate results of citizenship," she
+declared, "we shall proceed to call another convention expressly to
+frame a new constitution and to erect a new government.... We mean
+treason; we mean secession, and on a thousand times grander scale than
+was that of the South. We are plotting revolution; we will overthrow
+this bogus Republic and plant a government of righteousness in its
+stead...."<a name="FNanchor_265_265" id="FNanchor_265_265"></a><a href="#Footnote_265_265" class="fnanchor">[265]</a></p>
+
+<p>Susan, who felt deeply her right to full citizenship, who herself had
+talked revolution, and who had so often listened to the extravagant
+antislavery declarations of William Lloyd Garrison, Wendell Phillips,
+and Parker Pillsbury, was not offended by these statements. She was,
+however, troubled by the attitude of the press, particularly of the
+<i>Tribune</i> which labeled this gathering the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span> "Woodhull Convention" and
+accused the suffragists of adopting Mrs. Woodhull's free-love
+theories.</p>
+
+<p>Having experienced so recently the animosity stirred up by her
+alliance with George Francis Train, Susan resolved to be cautious
+regarding Victoria Woodhull and was beginning to wonder if Victoria
+was not using the suffragists to further her own ambitions. Yet many
+trusted friends, who had talked with Mrs. Woodhull far more than she
+had the opportunity to do, were convinced that she was a genius and a
+prophet who had risen above the sordid environment of her youth to do
+a great work for women and who had the courage to handle subjects
+which others feared to touch.</p>
+
+<p>Free love, for example, Susan well knew was an epithet hurled
+indiscriminately at anyone indiscreet enough to argue for less
+stringent divorce laws or for an intelligent frank appraisal of
+marriage and sex. Was it for this reason, Susan asked herself, that
+Mrs. Woodhull was called a "free-lover," or did she actually advocate
+promiscuity?</p>
+
+<p>With these questions puzzling her, she left for Rochester and the
+West. Almost immediately the papers were full of Victoria Woodhull and
+her family quarrels which brought her into court. This was a
+disillusioning experience for the National Woman Suffrage Association
+which had so recently featured Victoria Woodhull as a speaker, and
+Susan began seriously to question the wisdom of further association
+with this strange controversial character. Nevertheless, Victoria
+still had her ardent defenders among the suffragists, particularly
+Isabella Beecher Hooker and Paulina Wright Davis. Even the thoughtful
+judicious Martha C. Wright wrote Mrs. Hooker at this time, "It is not
+always 'the wise and prudent' to whom the truth is revealed; tho' far
+be it from me to imply aught derogatory to Mrs. Woodhull. No one can
+be with her, see her gentle and modest bearing and her spiritual face,
+without feeling sure that she is a true woman, whatever unhappy
+surroundings may have compromised her. I have never met a stranger
+toward whom I felt more tenderly drawn, in sympathy and love."<a name="FNanchor_266_266" id="FNanchor_266_266"></a><a href="#Footnote_266_266" class="fnanchor">[266]</a></p>
+
+<p>Elizabeth Cady Stanton spoke her mind in Theodore Tilton's new paper,
+<i>The Golden Age</i>: "Victoria C. Woodhull stands before us today a
+grand, brave woman, radical alike in political, religious<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span> and social
+principles. Her face and form indicate the complete triumph in her
+nature of the spiritual over the sensuous. The processes of her
+education are little to us; the grand result everything."<a name="FNanchor_267_267" id="FNanchor_267_267"></a><a href="#Footnote_267_267" class="fnanchor">[267]</a></p>
+
+<p>Victoria was in dire need of defenders, for the press was venomous,
+goading her on to revenge. Susan, now traveling westward, lecturing in
+one state after another, thinking of ways to interest the people in
+woman suffrage, was too busy and too far away to follow Victoria
+Woodhull's court battles.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>Mrs. Stanton met Susan in Chicago late in May 1871, to join her on a
+lecture tour of the far West. Together they headed for Wyoming and
+Utah, eager to set foot in the states which had been the first to
+extend suffrage to women. The long leisurely days on the train gave
+these two old friends, Susan now fifty-one and Mrs. Stanton,
+fifty-six, ample time to talk and philosophize, to appraise their past
+efforts for women, and plan their speeches for the days ahead. While
+their main theme would always be votes for women, they decided that
+from now on they must also arouse women to rebel against their legal
+bondage under the "man marriage," as they called it, and to face
+frankly the facts about sex, prostitution, and the double standard of
+morals. In Utah, in the midst of polygamy fostered by the Mormon
+Church, they would encounter still another sex problem.</p>
+
+<p>After an enthusiastic welcome in Denver, they moved on to Laramie,
+Wyoming, where one hundred women greeted them as the train pulled in.
+From this first woman suffrage state, Susan exultingly wrote, "We have
+been moving over the soil, that is really the land of the free and the
+home of the brave.... Women here can say, 'What a magnificent country
+is ours, where every class and caste, color and sex, may find
+freedom....'"<a name="FNanchor_268_268" id="FNanchor_268_268"></a><a href="#Footnote_268_268" class="fnanchor">[268]</a></p>
+
+<p>They reached Salt Lake City just after the Godbe secession by which a
+group of liberal Mormons abandoned polygamy. As guests of the Godbes
+for a week, they had every opportunity to become acquainted with the
+Mormons, to observe women under polygamy, and to speak in long all-day
+sessions to women alone.</p>
+
+<p>Susan tried to show her audiences in Utah that her point of attack
+under both monogamy and polygamy was the subjection of women, and that
+to remedy this the self-support of women was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span> essential. In Utah she
+found little opportunity for women to earn a living for themselves and
+their children, as there was no manufacturing and there were no free
+schools in need of teachers. "Women here, as everywhere," she
+declared, "must be able to live honestly and honorably without the aid
+of men, before it can be possible to save the masses of them from
+entering into polygamy or prostitution, legal or illegal."<a name="FNanchor_269_269" id="FNanchor_269_269"></a><a href="#Footnote_269_269" class="fnanchor">[269]</a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 336px;">
+<img src="images/187.jpg" width="336" height="450" alt="Susan B. Anthony, 1871" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Susan B. Anthony, 1871</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Some of Susan's' critics at home felt she was again besmirching the
+suffrage cause by setting foot in polygamous Utah, but this was of no
+moment to her, for she saw the crying need of the right kind of
+missionary work among Mormon women, "no Phariseeism, no shudders of
+Puritanic horror, ... but a simple, loving fraternal clasp of hands
+with these struggling women" to encourage them and point the way.</p>
+
+<p>Hearing that Susan and Mrs. Stanton were in the West en route to
+California, Leland Stanford, Governor of California and president of
+the recently completed Central Pacific Railway, sent them passes for
+their journey. They reached San Francisco with high hopes that they
+could win the support of western men for their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span> demand for woman
+suffrage under the Fourteenth Amendment. Their welcome was warm and
+the press friendly. An audience of over 1,200 listened with real
+interest to Mrs. Stanton. Then the two crusaders made a misstep. Eager
+to learn the woman's side of the case in the recent widely publicized
+murder of the wealthy attorney, Alexander P. Crittenden, by Laura
+Fair, they visited Laura Fair in prison. Immediately the newspapers
+reported this move in a most critical vein, with the result that an
+uneasy audience crowded into the hall where Susan was to speak on "The
+Power of the Ballot." As she proceeded to prove that women needed the
+ballot to protect themselves and their work and could not count on the
+support and protection of men, she cited case after case of men's
+betrayal of women. Then bringing home her point, she declared with
+vigor, "If all men had protected all women as they would have their
+own wives and daughters protected, you would have no Laura Fair in
+your jail tonight."<a name="FNanchor_270_270" id="FNanchor_270_270"></a><a href="#Footnote_270_270" class="fnanchor">[270]</a></p>
+
+<p>Boos and hisses from every part of the hall greeted this statement;
+but Susan, trained on the antislavery platform to hold her ground
+whatever the tumult, waited patiently until this protest subsided,
+standing before the defiant audience, poised and unafraid. Then, in a
+clear steady voice, she repeated her challenging words. This time,
+above the hisses, she heard a few cheers, and for the third time she
+repeated, "If all men had protected all women as they would have their
+own wives and daughters protected, you would have no Laura Fair in
+your jail tonight."</p>
+
+<p>Now the audience, admiring her courage, roared its applause. "I
+declare to you," she concluded, "that woman must not depend upon the
+protection of man, but must be taught to protect herself, and here I
+take my stand."</p>
+
+<p>Reading the newspapers the next morning, she found herself accused not
+only of defending Laura Fair, but of condoning the murder of
+Crittenden. This story was republished throughout the state and
+eagerly picked up by New York newspapers.</p>
+
+<p>As it was now impossible for her or for Mrs. Stanton to draw a
+friendly audience anywhere in California, they took refuge in the
+Yosemite Valley for the next few weeks. Susan was inconsolable. These
+slanders on top of the loss of <i>The Revolution</i> and the split in the
+suffrage ranks seemed more than she could bear. "Never in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span> all my hard
+experience have I been under such fire," she confided to her diary.
+"The clouds are so heavy over me.... I never before was so cut
+down."<a name="FNanchor_271_271" id="FNanchor_271_271"></a><a href="#Footnote_271_271" class="fnanchor">[271]</a></p>
+
+<p>Not until she had spent several days riding horseback in the Yosemite
+Valley on "men's saddles" in "linen bloomers," over long perilous
+exhausting trails, did the clouds begin to lift. Gradually the beauty
+and grandeur of the mountains and the giant redwoods brought her peace
+and refreshment, putting to flight "all the old six-days story and the
+6,000 jeers."</p>
+
+<p>Bearing the brunt of the censure in California, Susan expected Mrs.
+Stanton to come to her defense in letters to the newspapers. When she
+did not do so, Susan was deeply hurt, for in the past she had so many
+times smoothed the way for her friend. Even now, on their return to
+San Francisco, where she herself did not yet dare lecture, she did her
+best to build up audiences for Mrs. Stanton and to get correct
+transcripts of her lectures to the papers. Disillusioned and
+heartsick, she was for the first time sadly disappointed in her
+dearest friend.</p>
+
+<p>Moving on to Oregon to lecture at the request of the pioneer
+suffragist, Abigail Scott Duniway, she wrote Mrs. Stanton, who had
+left for the East, "As I rolled on the ocean last week feeling that
+the very next strain might swamp the ship, and thinking over all my
+sins of omission and commission, there was nothing undone which
+haunted me like the failure to speak the word at San Francisco again
+and more fully. I would rather today have the satisfaction of having
+said the true and needful thing on Laura Fair and the social evil,
+with the hisses and hoots of San Francisco and the entire nation
+around me, than all that you or I could possibly experience from their
+united eulogies with that one word unsaid."<a name="FNanchor_272_272" id="FNanchor_272_272"></a><a href="#Footnote_272_272" class="fnanchor">[272]</a></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>So far Susan's western trip had netted her only $350. This was
+disappointing in so far as she had counted upon it to reduce
+substantially her <i>Revolution</i> debt. She now hoped to build her
+earnings up to $1,000 in Oregon and Washington. Everywhere in these
+two states people took her to their hearts and the press with a few
+exceptions was complimentary. The beauty of the rugged mountainous
+country compensated her somewhat for the long tiring<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> stage rides over
+rough roads and for the cold uncomfortable lonely nights in poor
+hotels. Only occasionally did she enjoy the luxury of a good cup of
+coffee or a clean bed in a warm friendly home.</p>
+
+<p>At first in Oregon she was apprehensive about facing an audience
+because of her San Francisco experience, and she wrote Mrs. Stanton,
+"But to the rack I must go, though another San Francisco torture be in
+store for me."<a name="FNanchor_273_273" id="FNanchor_273_273"></a><a href="#Footnote_273_273" class="fnanchor">[273]</a> She spoke on "The Power of the Ballot," on women's
+right to vote under the Fourteenth Amendment, on the need of women to
+be self-supporting, and clearly and logically she marshaled her facts
+and her arguments. Occasionally she obliged with a temperance speech,
+or gathered women together to talk to them about the social evil,
+relieved when they responded to this delicate subject with earnestness
+and gratitude. Practice soon made her an easy, extemporaneous speaker.
+Yet she was only now and then satisfied with her efforts, recording in
+her diary, "Was happy in a real Patrick Henry speech."<a name="FNanchor_274_274" id="FNanchor_274_274"></a><a href="#Footnote_274_274" class="fnanchor">[274]</a></p>
+
+<p>The proceeds from her lectures were disappointing, as money was scarce
+in the West that winter, and she had just decided to return to the
+East to spend Christmas with her mother and sisters when she was urged
+to accept lecture engagements in California. Putting her own personal
+longings behind her, she took the stage to California, sitting outside
+with the driver so that she could better enjoy the scenery and learn
+more about the people who had settled this new lonely overpowering
+country. "Horrible indeed are the roads," she wrote her mother, "miles
+and miles of corduroy and then twenty miles ... of black mud.... How
+my thought does turn homeward, mother."<a name="FNanchor_275_275" id="FNanchor_275_275"></a><a href="#Footnote_275_275" class="fnanchor">[275]</a></p>
+
+<p>This time she was warmly received in San Francisco. The prejudice, so
+vocal six months before, had disappeared. "Made my Fourteenth
+Amendment argument splendidly," she wrote in her diary. "All delighted
+with it and me&mdash;and it is such a comfort to have the friends feel that
+I help the good work on."<a name="FNanchor_276_276" id="FNanchor_276_276"></a><a href="#Footnote_276_276" class="fnanchor">[276]</a></p>
+
+<p>She was gaining confidence in herself and wrote her family, "I miss
+Mrs. Stanton. Still I can not but enjoy the feeling that the people
+call on me, and the fact that I have an opportunity to sharpen my wits
+a little by answering questions and doing the chatting, instead of
+merely sitting a lay figure and listening to the brilliant
+scintillations as they emanate from her never-exhausted<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span> magazine.
+There is no alternative&mdash;whoever goes into a parlor or before an
+audience with that woman does it at a cost of a fearful overshadowing,
+a price which I have paid for the last ten years, and that cheerfully,
+because I felt our cause was most profited by her being seen and
+heard, and my best work was making the way clear for her."<a name="FNanchor_277_277" id="FNanchor_277_277"></a><a href="#Footnote_277_277" class="fnanchor">[277]</a></p>
+
+<p>Starting homeward through Wyoming and Nevada where she also had
+lecture engagements, she wrote in her diary on January 1, 1872, "6
+months of constant travel, full 8000 miles, 108 lectures. The year's
+work full 13,000 miles travel&mdash;170 meetings." On the train she met the
+new California Senator, Aaron A. Sargent, his wife Ellen, and their
+children. A warm friendship developed on this long journey during
+which the train was stalled in deep snow drifts. "This is indeed a
+fearful ordeal, fastened here ... midway of the continent at the top
+of the Rocky mountains," she recorded. "The railroad has supplied the
+passengers with soda crackers and dried fish.... Mrs. Sargent and I
+have made tea and carried it throughout the train to the nursing
+mothers."<a name="FNanchor_278_278" id="FNanchor_278_278"></a><a href="#Footnote_278_278" class="fnanchor">[278]</a> The Sargents had brought their own food for the journey
+and shared it with Susan. This and the good conversation lightened the
+ordeal for her, especially as both Senator and Mrs. Sargent believed
+heartily in woman's rights, and Senator Sargent in his campaign for
+the Senate had boldly announced his endorsement of woman suffrage.</p>
+
+<p>This friendly attitude among western men toward votes for women was
+the most encouraging development in Susan's long uphill fight. These
+men, looking upon women as partners who had shared with them the
+dangers and hardships of the frontier, recognized at once the justice
+of woman suffrage and its benefit to the country.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>Susan traveled directly from Nevada to Washington instead of breaking
+her journey by a visit with her brothers in Kansas, as she had hoped
+to do. She even omitted Rochester so that she might be in time for the
+national woman suffrage convention in Washington in January 1872, for
+which Mrs. Hooker, Mrs. Davis, and Mrs. Stanton were preparing. She
+found Victoria Woodhull with them, her presence provoking criticism
+and dissension.</p>
+
+<p>Impulsively she came to Victoria's defense at the convention:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span> "I have
+been asked by many, 'Why did you drag Victoria Woodhull to the front?'
+Now, bless your souls, she was not dragged to the front. She came to
+Washington with a powerful argument. She presented her Memorial to
+Congress and it was a power.... She had an interview with the
+judiciary committee. We could never secure that privilege. She was
+young, handsome, and rich. Now if it takes youth, beauty, and money to
+capture Congress, Victoria is the woman we are after."<a name="FNanchor_279_279" id="FNanchor_279_279"></a><a href="#Footnote_279_279" class="fnanchor">[279]</a></p>
+
+<p>"I was asked by an editor of a New York paper if I knew Mrs.
+Woodhull's antecedents," she continued. "I said I didn't and that I
+did not care any more for them than I do about those of the members of
+Congress.... I have been asked along the Pacific coast, 'What about
+Woodhull? You make her your leader?' Now we don't make leaders; they
+make themselves."</p>
+
+<p>Victoria, however, did not prove to be the leading light of this
+convention, although she made one of her stirring fiery speeches
+calling upon her audience to form an Equal Rights party and nominate
+her for President of the United States. By this time, Susan had
+concluded that Victoria Woodhull for President did not ring true and
+she would have nothing to do with her self-inspired candidacy. Quickly
+she steered the convention away from Victoria Woodhull for President
+toward the consideration of the more practical matter of woman's right
+to vote under the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments.</p>
+
+<p>This time it was Susan, not Victoria, who was granted a hearing before
+the Senate judiciary committee. "At the close of the war," Susan
+reminded the Senators, "Congress lifted the question of suffrage for
+men above State power, and by the amendments prohibited the
+deprivation of suffrage to any citizen by any State. When the
+Fourteenth Amendment was first proposed ... we rushed to you with
+petitions praying you not to insert the word 'male' in the second
+clause. Our best friends ... said to us: 'The insertion of that word
+puts no new barrier against women; therefore do not embarrass us but
+wait until we get the Negro question settled.' So the Fourteenth
+Amendment with the word 'male' was adopted.<a name="FNanchor_280_280" id="FNanchor_280_280"></a><a href="#Footnote_280_280" class="fnanchor">[280]</a></p>
+
+<p>"When the Fifteenth was presented without the word 'sex,'" she
+continued, "we again petitioned and protested, and again our friends
+declared that the absence of the word was no hindrance to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span> us, and
+again begged us to wait until they had finished the work of the war,
+saying, 'After we have enfranchised the Negro, we will take up your
+case.'</p>
+
+<p>"Have they done as they promised?" she asked. "When we come asking
+protection under the new guarantees of the Constitution, the same men
+say to us ... to wait the action of Congress and State legislatures in
+the adoption of a Sixteenth Amendment which shall make null and void
+the word 'male' in the Fourteenth and supply the want of the word
+'sex' in the Fifteenth. Such tantalizing treatment imposed upon
+yourselves or any class of men would have caused rebellion and in the
+end a bloody revolution...."</p>
+
+<p>Unconvinced of the urgency or even the desirability of votes for
+women, the Senate judiciary committee promptly issued an adverse
+report, but Susan was assured that her cause had a few persistent
+supporters in Congress when Benjamin Butler presented petitions to the
+House for a declaratory act for the Fourteenth Amendment and
+Congressman Parker of Missouri introduced a bill granting women the
+right to vote and hold office in the territories.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>Susan now turned to the more sympathetic West to take her plea for
+woman suffrage directly to the people. Speaking almost daily in
+Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, and Illinois, she had little time to think of
+the work in the East; the glamor of Victoria Woodhull faded, and she
+realized that her own hard monotonous spade work would in the long run
+do more for the cause than the meteoric rise of a vivid personality
+who gave only part of herself to the task.</p>
+
+<p>When letters came from Mrs. Stanton and Mrs. Hooker showing plainly
+that they were falling in with Victoria's plans to form a new
+political party, Susan at once dashed off these lines of warning: "We
+have no element out of which to make a political party, because there
+is not a man who would vote a woman suffrage ticket if thereby he
+endangered his Republican, Democratic, Workingmen's, or Temperance
+party, and all our time and words in that direction are simply thrown
+away. My name must not be used to call any such meeting."<a name="FNanchor_281_281" id="FNanchor_281_281"></a><a href="#Footnote_281_281" class="fnanchor">[281]</a></p>
+
+<p>Then she added, "Mrs. Woodhull has the advantage of us because she has
+the newspaper, and she persistently means to run<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span> our craft into her
+port and none other. If she were influenced by women spirits ... I
+might consent to be a mere sail-hoister for her; but as it is she is
+wholly owned and dominated by <i>men</i> spirits and I spurn the whole lot
+of them...."</p>
+
+<p>A few weeks later, as she looked over the latest copy of <i>Woodhull &amp;
+Claflin's Weekly</i>, she was horrified to find her name signed to a call
+to a political convention sponsored by the National Woman Suffrage
+Association. Immediately she telegraphed Mrs. Stanton to remove her
+name and wrote stern indignant letters begging her and Mrs. Hooker not
+to involve the National Association in Victoria Woodhull's
+presidential campaign. Although she herself had often called for a new
+political party while she was publishing <i>The Revolution</i>, she was
+practical enough to recognize that a party formed under Victoria
+Woodhull's banner was doomed to failure.</p>
+
+<p>Returning to New York, she found both Mrs. Stanton and Mrs. Hooker
+still completely absorbed in Victoria's plans. Bringing herself up to
+date once more on the latest developments in the colorful life of
+Victoria Woodhull, she found that she had been lecturing on "The
+Impending Revolution" to large enthusiastic audiences and that she had
+again been called into court by her family. Goaded to defiance by an
+increasingly virulent press, Victoria had also begun to blackmail
+suffragists who she thought were her enemies, among them Mrs. Bullard,
+Mrs. Blake, and Mrs. Phelps. This made Susan take steps at once to
+free the National Association of her influence.</p>
+
+<p>When Victoria Woodhull, followed by a crowd of supporters, sailed into
+the first business session of the National Woman Suffrage Association
+in New York, announcing that the People's convention would hold a
+joint meeting with the suffragists, Susan made it plain that they
+would do nothing of the kind, as Steinway Hall had been engaged for a
+woman suffrage convention. With relief, she watched Victoria and her
+flock leave for a meeting place of their own. Disgruntled at what she
+called Susan's intolerance, Mrs. Stanton then asked to be relieved of
+the presidency. Elected to take her place, Susan was now free to cope
+with Victoria, should this again become necessary.</p>
+
+<p>Not to be outmaneuvered by Susan, Victoria made a surprise appearance
+near the end of the evening session and moved that the convention
+adjourn to meet the next morning in Apollo Hall with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span> the people's
+convention. Quickly one of her colleagues seconded the motion. Susan
+refused to put this motion, standing quietly before the excited
+audience, stern and somber in her steel-gray silk dress. Beside her on
+the platform, Victoria, intense and vivid, put the motion herself, and
+it was overwhelmingly carried by her friends scattered among the
+suffragists. Declaring this out of order because neither Victoria nor
+many of those voting were members of the National Association, Susan
+in her most commanding voice adjourned the convention to meet in the
+same place the next morning. Victoria, however, continued her demands
+until Susan ordered the janitor to turn out the lights. Then the
+audience dispersed in the darkness.</p>
+
+<p>With these drastic measures, Susan rescued the National Woman Suffrage
+Association from Victoria Woodhull, who had her own triumph later at
+Apollo Hall, where, surrounded by wildly cheering admirers, she was
+nominated for President of the United States by the newly formed Equal
+Rights party.</p>
+
+<p>Reading about Victoria's nomination in the morning papers, Susan
+breathed a prayer of gratitude for a narrow escape, recording in her
+diary, "There never was such a foolish muddle&mdash;all come of Mrs. S.
+[Stanton] consulting and conceding to Woodhull &amp; calling a People's
+Con[vention].... All came near being lost.... I never was so hurt with
+the folly of Stanton.... Our movement as such is so demoralized by
+letting go the helm of ship to Woodhull&mdash;though we rescued it&mdash;it was
+as by a hair breadth escape." She was surprised to find no
+condemnation of her actions in <i>Woodhull &amp; Claflin's Weekly</i> but only
+the implication that the suffragists were too slow for Victoria's
+great work.<a name="FNanchor_282_282" id="FNanchor_282_282"></a><a href="#Footnote_282_282" class="fnanchor">[282]</a></p>
+
+<p>The attitude of some of the leading suffragists toward Victoria
+Woodhull remained a problem. Fortunately Mrs. Stanton came back into
+line, but both Mrs. Hooker and Mrs. Davis seemed bound to drift under
+Victoria's influence, and the promising young lawyer, Belva Lockwood,
+campaigned for the Equal Rights party and its candidate Victoria
+Woodhull.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>While Victoria Woodhull's fortunes were speedily dropping from the
+sublime heights of a presidential nomination to the humiliation of
+financial ruin, the loss of her home, and the suspended publication<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span>
+of her <i>Weekly</i>, Susan was knocking at the doors of the Republican and
+Democratic national conventions. She had previously appealed to the
+liberal Republicans, among whose delegates were her old friends George
+W. Julian, B. Gratz Brown, and Theodore Tilton, but they had ignored
+woman suffrage and had nominated for President, Horace Greeley, now a
+persistent opponent of votes for women. The Democrats did no better.
+Faced with Grant as the strong Republican nominee, they too nominated
+Horace Greeley with B. Gratz Brown as his running mate, hoping by this
+coalition to achieve victory. The Republicans, still unwilling to go
+the whole way for woman suffrage by giving it the recognition of a
+plank in their platform, did, however, offer women a splinter at which
+Susan grasped eagerly because it was the first time an important,
+powerful political party had ever mentioned women in their platform.</p>
+
+<p>"The Republican party," read the splinter, "is mindful of its
+obligations to the loyal women of America for their noble devotion to
+the cause of freedom; their admission to wider fields of usefulness is
+received with satisfaction; and the honest demands of any class of
+citizens for equal rights should be treated with respectful
+consideration."<a name="FNanchor_283_283" id="FNanchor_283_283"></a><a href="#Footnote_283_283" class="fnanchor">[283]</a></p>
+
+<p>Thankful to have escaped involvement with Victoria Woodhull and her
+Equal Rights party just at this time when the Republicans were ready
+to smile upon women, Susan basked in an aura of respectability thrown
+around her by her new political allies. She was even hopeful that the
+two woman-suffrage factions could now forget their differences and
+work together for "the living, vital issue of today&mdash;freedom to
+women."</p>
+
+<p>She at once began speaking for the Republican party, looking forward
+to carrying the discussion of woman suffrage into every school
+district and every ward meeting. In the beginning the Republicans were
+generous with funds, giving her $1,000 for women's meetings in New
+York, Philadelphia, Rochester, and other large cities. For speakers
+she sought both Lucy Stone and Anna E. Dickinson, but Lucy made it
+plain in letters to Mrs. Stanton that she would take no part in
+Republican rallies conducted by Susan, and Anna responded with a
+torrent of false accusations.<a name="FNanchor_284_284" id="FNanchor_284_284"></a><a href="#Footnote_284_284" class="fnanchor">[284]</a> Only Mary Livermore of the American
+Association consented to speak at Susan's Republican rallies; but with
+Mrs. Stanton, Mrs. Gage, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span> Olympia Brown to call upon, Susan did
+not lack for effective orators.</p>
+
+<p>In an <i>Appeal to the Women of America</i>, financed by the Republicans
+and widely circulated, she urged the election of Grant and Wilson and
+the defeat of Horace Greeley, whom she described as women's most
+bitter opponent. "Both by tongue and pen," she declared, "he has
+heaped abuse, ridicule, and misrepresentation upon our leading women,
+while the whole power of the <i>Tribune</i> had been used to crush our
+great reform...."<a name="FNanchor_285_285" id="FNanchor_285_285"></a><a href="#Footnote_285_285" class="fnanchor">[285]</a></p>
+
+<p>Beyond this she was unwilling to go in criticizing her one-time
+friend. In fact her sense of fairness recoiled at the ridicule and
+defamation heaped upon Horace Greeley in the campaign. "I shall not
+join with the Republicans," she wrote Mrs. Stanton, "in hounding
+Greeley and the Liberals with all the old war anathemas of the
+Democracy.... My sense of justice and truth is outraged by the
+Harper's cartoons of Greeley and the general falsifying tone of the
+Republican press. It is not fair for us to join in the cry that
+everybody who is opposed to the present administration is either a
+Democrat or an apostate."<a name="FNanchor_286_286" id="FNanchor_286_286"></a><a href="#Footnote_286_286" class="fnanchor">[286]</a></p>
+
+<p>Susan sensed a change in the Republicans' attitude toward women, as
+they grew increasingly confident of victory. Not only did they refuse
+further financial aid, but criticized Susan roundly because in her
+speeches she emphasized woman suffrage rather than the virtues of the
+Republican party. She ignored their complaints, and wrote Mrs.
+Stanton, "If you are willing to go forth ... saying that you endorse
+the party on any other point ... than that of its recognition of
+woman's claim to vote, <i>I</i> am not...."<a name="FNanchor_287_287" id="FNanchor_287_287"></a><a href="#Footnote_287_287" class="fnanchor">[287]</a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="TESTING_THE_FOURTEENTH_AMENDMENT" id="TESTING_THE_FOURTEENTH_AMENDMENT"></a>TESTING THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT</h2>
+
+
+<p>Susan preached militancy to women throughout the presidential campaign
+of 1872, urging them to claim their rights under the Fourteenth and
+Fifteenth Amendments by registering and voting in every state in the
+Union.</p>
+
+<p>Even before Francis Minor had called her attention to the
+possibilities offered by these amendments, she had followed with great
+interest a similar effort by Englishwomen who, in 1867 and 1868, had
+attempted to prove that the "ancient legal rights of females" were
+still valid and entitled women property holders to vote for
+representatives in Parliament, and who claimed that the word "man" in
+Parliamentary statutes should be interpreted to include women. In the
+case of the 5,346 householders of Manchester, the court held that
+"every woman is personally incapable" in a legal sense.<a name="FNanchor_288_288" id="FNanchor_288_288"></a><a href="#Footnote_288_288" class="fnanchor">[288]</a> This
+legal contest had been fully reported in <i>The Revolution</i>, and
+disappointing as the verdict was, Susan looked upon this attempt to
+establish justice as an indication of a great awakening and uprising
+among women.</p>
+
+<p>There had also been heartening signs in her own country, which she
+hoped were the preparation for more successful militancy to come. She
+had exulted in <i>The Revolution</i> in 1868 over the attempt of women to
+vote in Vineland, New Jersey. Encouraged by the enfranchisement of
+women in Wyoming in 1869, Mary Olney Brown and Charlotte Olney French
+had cast their votes in Washington Territory. A young widow, Marilla
+Ricker, had registered and voted in New Hampshire in 1870, claiming
+this right as a property holder, but her vote was refused. In 1871,
+Nannette B. Gardner and Catherine Stebbins in Detroit, Catherine V.
+White in Illinois, Ellen R. Van Valkenburg in Santa Cruz, California,
+and Carrie S. Burnham in Philadelphia registered and attempted to
+vote. Only Mrs. Gardner's vote was accepted. That same year, Sarah
+Andrews Spencer, Sarah E. Webster, and seventy other women marched to
+the polls to register and vote in the District of Columbia. Their
+ballots refused, they brought suit against the Board of Election<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span>
+Inspectors, carrying the case unsuccessfully to the Supreme Court of
+the United States.<a name="FNanchor_289_289" id="FNanchor_289_289"></a><a href="#Footnote_289_289" class="fnanchor">[289]</a> Another test case based on the Fourteenth
+Amendment had also been carried to the Supreme Court by Myra Bradwell,
+one of the first women lawyers, who had been denied admission to the
+Illinois bar because she was a woman.</p>
+
+<p>With the spotlight turned on the Fourteenth Amendment by these women,
+lawyers here and there throughout the country were discussing the
+legal points involved, many admitting that women had a good case. Even
+the press was friendly.</p>
+
+<p>Susan had looked forward to claiming her rights under the Fourteenth
+and Fifteenth Amendments and was ready to act. She had spent the
+thirty days required of voters in Rochester with her family and as she
+glanced through the morning paper of November 1, 1872, she read these
+challenging words, "Now Register!... If you were not permitted to vote
+you would fight for the right, undergo all privations for it, face
+death for it...."<a name="FNanchor_290_290" id="FNanchor_290_290"></a><a href="#Footnote_290_290" class="fnanchor">[290]</a></p>
+
+<p>This was all the reminder she needed. She would fight for this right.
+She put on her bonnet and coat, telling her three sisters what she
+intended to do, asked them to join her, and with them walked briskly
+to the barber shop where the voters of her ward were registering.
+Boldly entering this stronghold of men, she asked to be registered.
+The inspector in charge, Beverly W. Jones, tried to convince her that
+this was impossible under the laws of New York. She told him she
+claimed her right to vote not under the New York constitution but
+under the Fourteenth Amendment, and she read him its pertinent lines.
+Other election inspectors now joined in the argument, but she
+persisted until two of them, Beverly W. Jones and Edwin F. Marsh, both
+Republicans, finally consented to register the four women.</p>
+
+<p>This mission accomplished, Susan rounded up twelve more women willing
+to register. The evening papers spread the sensational news, and by
+the end of the registration period, fifty Rochester women had joined
+the ranks of the militants.</p>
+
+<p>On election day, November 5, 1872, Susan gleefully wrote Elizabeth
+Stanton, "Well, I have gone and done it!!&mdash;positively voted the
+Republican ticket&mdash;Strait&mdash;this <span class="smcap">a.m.</span> at 7 o'clock&mdash;&amp; swore my vote in
+at that.... All my three sisters voted&mdash;Rhoda deGarmo too&mdash;Amy Post
+was rejected &amp; she will immediately<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span> bring action against the
+registrars.... Not a jeer not a word&mdash;not a look&mdash;disrespectful has
+met a single woman.... I hope the mornings telegrams will tell of many
+women all over the country trying to vote.... I hope you voted
+too."<a name="FNanchor_291_291" id="FNanchor_291_291"></a><a href="#Footnote_291_291" class="fnanchor">[291]</a></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>Election day did not bring the general uprising of women for which
+Susan had hoped. In Michigan, Missouri, Ohio, and Connecticut, as in
+Rochester, a few women tried to vote. In New York City, Lillie
+Devereux Blake and in Fayetteville, New York, Matilda Joslyn Gage had
+courageously gone to the polls only to be turned away. Elizabeth
+Stanton did not vote on November 5, 1872, and her lack of enthusiasm
+about a test case in the courts was very disappointing to Susan.</p>
+
+<p>However, the fact that Susan B. Anthony had voted won immediate
+response from the press in all parts of the country. Newspapers in
+general were friendly, the New York <i>Times</i> boldly declaring, "The act
+of Susan B. Anthony should have a place in history," and the Chicago
+<i>Tribune</i> venturing to suggest that she ought to hold public office.
+The cartoonists, however, reveling in a new and tempting subject,
+caricatured her unmercifully, the New York Graphic setting the tone.
+Some Democratic papers condemned her, following the line of the
+Rochester <i>Union and Advertiser</i> which flaunted the headline, "Female
+Lawlessness," and declared that Miss Anthony's lawlessness had proved
+women unfit for the ballot.</p>
+
+<p>Before she voted, Susan had taken the precaution of consulting Judge
+Henry R. Selden, a former judge of the Court of Appeals. After
+listening with interest to her story and examining the arguments of
+Benjamin Butler, Francis Minor, and Albert G. Riddle in support of the
+claim that women had a right to vote under the Fourteenth and
+Fifteenth Amendments, he was convinced that women had a good case and
+consented to advise her and defend her if necessary. Judge Selden, now
+retired from the bench because of ill health, was practicing law in
+Rochester where he was highly respected. A Republican, he had served
+as lieutenant governor, member of the Assembly, and state senator.
+Susan had known him as one of the city's active abolitionists, a
+friend of Frederick Douglass who had warned him to flee the country
+after the raid on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span> Harper's Ferry and the capture of John Brown. Such
+a man she felt she could trust.</p>
+
+<p>All was quiet for about two weeks after the election and it looked as
+if the episode might be forgotten in the jubilation over Grant's
+election. Then, on November 18, the United States deputy marshal rang
+the doorbell at 7 Madison Street and asked for Miss Susan B. Anthony.
+When she greeted him, he announced with embarrassment that he had come
+to arrest her.</p>
+
+<p>"Is this your usual manner of serving a warrant?" she asked in
+surprise.<a name="FNanchor_292_292" id="FNanchor_292_292"></a><a href="#Footnote_292_292" class="fnanchor">[292]</a></p>
+
+<p>He then handed her papers, charging that she had voted in violation of
+Section 19 of an Act of Congress, which stipulated that anyone voting
+knowingly without having the lawful right to vote was guilty of a
+crime, and on conviction would be punished by a fine not exceeding
+$500, or by imprisonment not exceeding three years.</p>
+
+<p>This was a serious development. It had never occurred to Susan that
+this law, passed in 1870 to halt the voting of southern rebels, could
+actually be applicable to her. In fact, she had expected to bring suit
+against election inspectors for refusing to accept the ballots of
+women. Now charged with crime and arrested, she suddenly began to
+sense the import of what was happening to her.</p>
+
+<p>When the marshal suggested that she report alone to the United States
+Commissioner, she emphatically refused to go of her own free will and
+they left the house together, she extending her wrists for the
+handcuffs and he ignoring her gesture. As they got on the streetcar
+and the conductor asked for her fare, she further embarrassed the
+marshal by loudly announcing, "I'm traveling at the expense of the
+government. This gentleman is escorting me to jail. Ask him for my
+fare." When they arrived at the commissioner's office, he was not
+there, but a hearing was set for November 29.</p>
+
+<p>On that day, in the office where a few years before fugitive slaves
+had been returned to their masters, Susan was questioned and
+cross-examined, and she felt akin to those slaves. Proudly she
+admitted that she had voted, that she had conferred with Judge Selden,
+that with or without his advice she would have attempted to vote to
+test women's right to the franchise.<a name="FNanchor_293_293" id="FNanchor_293_293"></a><a href="#Footnote_293_293" class="fnanchor">[293]</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"Did you have any doubt yourself of your right to vote?" asked the
+commissioner.</p>
+
+<p>"Not a particle," she replied.</p>
+
+<p>On December 23, 1872, in Rochester's common council chamber, before a
+large curious audience, Susan, the other women voters, and the
+election inspectors were arraigned. People expecting to see bold
+notoriety-seeking women were surprised by their seriousness and
+dignity. "The majority of these law-breakers," reported the press,
+"were elderly, matronly-looking women with thoughtful faces, just the
+sort one would like to see in charge of one's sick-room, considerate,
+patient, kindly."<a name="FNanchor_294_294" id="FNanchor_294_294"></a><a href="#Footnote_294_294" class="fnanchor">[294]</a></p>
+
+<p>The United States Commissioner fixed their bail at $500 each. All
+furnished bail but Susan, who through her counsel, Henry R. Selden,
+applied for a writ of habeas corpus, demanding immediate release and
+challenging the lawfulness of her arrest. When a writ of habeas corpus
+was denied and her bail increased to $1,000 by United States District
+Judge Nathan K. Hall, sitting in Albany, Susan was more than ever
+determined to resist the interference of the courts in her
+constitutional right as a citizen to vote. She refused to give bail,
+emphatically stating that she preferred prison.</p>
+
+<p>Seeing no heroism but only disgrace in a jail term for his client and
+unwilling to let her bring this ignominy upon herself. Henry Selden
+chivalrously assured her that this was a time when she must be guided
+by her lawyer's advice, and he paid her bail. Ignorant of the
+technicalities of the law, she did not realize the far-reaching
+implications of this well-intentioned act until they left the
+courtroom and in the hallway met tall vigorous John Van Voorhis of
+Rochester who was working on the case with Judge Selden. With the
+impatience of a younger man, eager to fight to the finish, he
+exclaimed, "You have lost your chance to get your case before the
+Supreme Court by writ of habeas corpus!"<a name="FNanchor_295_295" id="FNanchor_295_295"></a><a href="#Footnote_295_295" class="fnanchor">[295]</a></p>
+
+<p>Aghast, Susan rushed back to the courtroom, hoping to cancel the bond,
+but it was too late. Bitterly disappointed, she remonstrated with
+Henry Selden, but he quietly replied, "I could not see a lady I
+respected in jail." She never forgave him for this, in spite of her
+continued appreciation of his keen legal mind, his unfailing kindness,
+and his willingness to battle for women.</p>
+
+<p>Within a few days she appeared before the Federal Grand Jury<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span> in
+Albany and was indicted on the charge that she "did knowingly,
+wrongfully and unlawfully vote for a Representative in the Congress of
+the United States...."<a name="FNanchor_296_296" id="FNanchor_296_296"></a><a href="#Footnote_296_296" class="fnanchor">[296]</a> Her trial was set for the term of the
+United States District Court, beginning May 13, 1873, in Rochester,
+New York.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 376px;">
+<img src="images/203.jpg" width="376" height="450" alt="Judge Henry R. Selden" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Judge Henry R. Selden</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>During these difficult days in Albany, Susan found comfort and
+courage, as in the past, in the friendliness of Lydia Mott's home.
+Here she planned the steps by which to win public approval and
+financial aid for her test case. She addressed the commission which
+was revising New York's constitution on woman's right to vote under
+the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, pointing out that the law
+limiting suffrage to males was nullified by this new interpretation.
+Eager to spread the truth about her own legal contest, she distributed
+printed copies of Judge Selden's argument. Then traveling to New York
+and Washington, she personally presented copies to newspaper editors
+and Congressmen. To one of these men she wrote, "It is not for
+myself&mdash;but for all womanhood&mdash;yes and all manhood too&mdash;that I most
+rejoice in the appeal to the legal mind<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span> of the Nation. It is no
+longer whether women wish to vote, or men are willing, but it is
+woman's Constitutional right."<a name="FNanchor_297_297" id="FNanchor_297_297"></a><a href="#Footnote_297_297" class="fnanchor">[297]</a></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>In spite of the fact that Susan was technically in the custody of the
+United States Marshal, who objected to her leaving Rochester, she
+managed to carry out a full schedule of lectures in Ohio, Indiana, and
+Illinois, and also the usual annual Washington and New York woman
+suffrage conventions at which she told the story of her voting, her
+arrest, and her pending trial, and where she received enthusiastic
+support.</p>
+
+<p>Because she wanted the people to understand the legal points on which
+she based her right to vote, Susan spoke on "The Equal Right of All
+Citizens to the Ballot" in every district in Monroe County. So
+thorough and convincing was she that the district attorney asked for a
+change of venue, fearing that any Monroe County jury, sitting in
+Rochester, would be prejudiced in her favor. When her case was
+transferred to the United States Circuit Court in Canandaigua, to be
+heard a month later, she immediately descended upon Ontario County
+with her speech, "Is It a Crime for a Citizen of the United States to
+Vote?" and Matilda Joslyn Gage joined her, speaking on "The United
+States on Trial, Not Susan B. Anthony."</p>
+
+<p>On the lecture platform Susan wore a gray silk dress with a soft,
+white lace collar. Her hair, now graying, was smoothed back and
+twisted neatly into a tight knot. Everything about her indicated
+refinement and sincerity, and most of her audiences felt this.</p>
+
+<p>"Our democratic-republican government is based on the idea of the
+natural right of every individual member thereof to a voice and vote
+in making and executing the laws," she declared as she looked into the
+faces of the men and women who had gathered to hear her, farmers,
+storekeepers, lawyers, and housewives, rich and poor, a cross section
+of America.</p>
+
+<p>Repeating to them salient passages from the Declaration of
+Independence and the Preamble to the Constitution, she added, "It was
+we, the people, not we, the white male citizens, nor yet we, the male
+citizens: but we the whole people, who formed this Union. And we
+formed it, not to give the blessings of liberty, but to secure them;
+not to the half of ourselves and the half of our posterity, but to the
+whole people&mdash;women as well as men."<a name="FNanchor_298_298" id="FNanchor_298_298"></a><a href="#Footnote_298_298" class="fnanchor">[298]</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>She asked, "Is the right to vote one of the privileges or immunities
+of citizens? I think the disfranchised ex-rebels, and the ex-state
+prisoners will agree with me that it is not only one of them, but the
+one without which all the others are nothing."<a name="FNanchor_299_299" id="FNanchor_299_299"></a><a href="#Footnote_299_299" class="fnanchor">[299]</a></p>
+
+<p>Quoting for them the Fifteenth Amendment, she told them it had settled
+forever the question of the citizen's right to vote. The Fifteenth
+Amendment, she reasoned, applies to women, first because women are
+citizens and secondly because of their "previous condition of
+servitude." Defining a slave as a person robbed of the proceeds of his
+labor and subject to the will of another, she showed how state laws
+relating to married women had placed them in the position of slaves.</p>
+
+<p>As she analyzed the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments
+and cited authorities for her conclusions, she left little doubt in
+the minds of those who heard her that women were persons and citizens
+whose privileges and immunities could not be abridged.</p>
+
+<p>On this note she concluded: "We ask the juries to fail to return
+verdicts of 'guilty' against honest, law-abiding, tax-paying United
+States citizens for offering their votes at our elections ... We ask
+the judges to render true and unprejudiced opinions of the law, and
+wherever there is room for doubt to give its benefit on the side of
+liberty and equal rights to women, remembering that 'the true rule of
+interpretation under our national constitution, especially since its
+amendments, is that anything for human rights is constitutional,
+everything against human rights unconstitutional.' And it is on this
+line that we propose to fight our battle for the ballot&mdash;all
+peaceably, but nevertheless persistently through to complete triumph,
+when all United States citizens shall be recognized as equals before
+the law."</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>Speaking twenty-one nights in succession was arduous. "So few see or
+feel any special importance in the impending trial," she jotted down
+in her diary. In towns, such as Geneva, where she had old friends,
+like Elizabeth Smith Miller, she was assured of a friendly welcome and
+a good audience.<a name="FNanchor_300_300" id="FNanchor_300_300"></a><a href="#Footnote_300_300" class="fnanchor">[300]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 325px;">
+<img src="images/206.jpg" width="325" height="500" alt="&quot;The Woman Who Dared&quot;" title="" />
+<span class="caption">&quot;The Woman Who Dared&quot;</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>As the collections, taken up after her lectures, were too small to pay
+her expenses, her financial problems weighed heavily. The notes she
+had signed for <i>The Revolution</i> were in the main still<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span> unpaid, and
+one of her creditors was growing impatient. She had recently paid her
+counsel, Judge Selden, $200 and John Van Voorhis, $75, leaving only
+$3.45 in her defense fund, but as usual a few of her loyal friends
+came to her aid, and both Judge Selden and John Van Voorhis, deeply
+interested in her courageous fight, gave most of their time without
+charge.<a name="FNanchor_301_301" id="FNanchor_301_301"></a><a href="#Footnote_301_301" class="fnanchor">[301]</a></p>
+
+<p>If this campaign was a problem financially, it was a success in the
+matter of nation-wide publicity. The New York <i>Herald</i> exulted in
+hostile gibes at women suffrage and published fictitious interviews,
+ridiculing Susan as a homely aggressive old maid, but the New York
+<i>Evening Post</i> prophesied that the court decision would likely be in
+her favor. The Rochester <i>Express</i> championed her warmly: "All
+Rochester will assert&mdash;at least all of it worth heeding&mdash;that Miss
+Anthony holds here the position of a refined and estimable woman,
+thoroughly respected and beloved by the large circle of staunch
+friends who swear by her common sense and loyalty, if not by her
+peculiar views." In fact the consensus of opinion in Rochester was
+much like that of the woman who remarked, "No, I am not converted to
+what these women advocate. I am too cowardly for that; but I am
+converted to Susan B. Anthony."<a name="FNanchor_302_302" id="FNanchor_302_302"></a><a href="#Footnote_302_302" class="fnanchor">[302]</a></p>
+
+<p>This, however, was far from the attitude of Lucy Stone's <i>Woman's
+Journal</i>, which had ignored Susan's voting in November 1872 because it
+was out of sympathy with this militant move and with her
+interpretation of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. Later, as
+her case progressed in the courts, the <i>Journal</i> did give it brief
+notice as a news item, but in 1873 when it listed as a mark of honor
+the women who had worked wisely for the cause, Susan B. Anthony's name
+was not among them, and this did not pass unnoticed by Susan; nor did
+the fact that she was snubbed by the Congress of Women, meeting in New
+York and sponsored by Mary A. Livermore, Julia Ward Howe, and Maria
+Mitchell. This drawing away of women hurt her far more than newspaper
+gibes. In fact she was sadly disappointed in women's response to the
+herculean effort she was making for them.</p>
+
+<p>Even more disconcerting was the adverse decision of the Supreme Court
+on the Myra Bradwell case, which at once shattered the confidence of
+most of her legal advisors. The court held that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span> Illinois had violated
+no provision of the federal Constitution in refusing to allow Myra
+Bradwell to practice law because she was a woman and declared that the
+right to practice law in state courts is not a privilege or an
+immunity of a citizen of the United States, nor is the power of a
+state to prescribe qualifications for admission to the bar affected by
+the Fourteenth Amendment. Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase, filing a
+dissenting opinion, lived up to Susan's faith in him, but Benjamin
+Butler wrote her, "I do not believe anybody in Congress doubts that
+the Constitution authorizes the right of women to vote, precisely as
+it authorizes trial by jury and many other like rights guaranteed to
+citizens. But the difficulty is, the courts long since decided that
+the constitutional provisions do not act upon the citizens, except as
+guarantees, ex proprio vigore, and in order to give force to them
+there must be legislation.... Therefore, the point is for the friends
+of woman suffrage to get congressional legislation."<a name="FNanchor_303_303" id="FNanchor_303_303"></a><a href="#Footnote_303_303" class="fnanchor">[303]</a></p>
+
+<p>Susan, however, never wavered in her conviction that she as a citizen
+had a constitutional right to vote and that it was her duty to test
+this right in the courts.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="IS_IT_A_CRIME_FOR_A_CITIZEN_TO_VOTE" id="IS_IT_A_CRIME_FOR_A_CITIZEN_TO_VOTE"></a>"IS IT A CRIME FOR A CITIZEN ... TO VOTE?"</h2>
+
+
+<p>Charged with the crime of voting illegally, Susan was brought to trial
+on June 17, 1873, in the peaceful village of Canandaigua, New York.
+Simply dressed and wearing her new bonnet faced with blue silk and
+draped with a dotted veil,<a name="FNanchor_304_304" id="FNanchor_304_304"></a><a href="#Footnote_304_304" class="fnanchor">[304]</a> she stoically climbed the court-house
+steps, feeling as if on her shoulders she carried the political
+destiny of American women. With her were her counsel, Henry R. Selden
+and John Van Voorhis, her sister, Hannah Mosher, most of the women who
+had voted with her in Rochester, and Matilda Joslyn Gage, whose
+interest in this case was akin to her own.</p>
+
+<p>In the courtroom on the second floor, seated behind the bar, Susan
+watched the curious crowd gather and fill every available seat. She
+wondered, as she calmly surveyed the all-male jury, whether they could
+possibly understand the humiliation of a woman who had been arrested
+for exercising the rights of a citizen. The judge, Ward Hunt, did not
+promise well, for he had only recently been appointed to the bench
+through the influence of his friend and townsman, Roscoe Conkling, the
+undisputed leader of the Republican party in New York and a bitter
+opponent of woman suffrage. She tried to fathom this small,
+white-haired, colorless judge upon whose fairness so much depended.
+Prim and stolid, he sat before her, faultlessly dressed in a suit of
+black broadcloth, his neck wound with an immaculate white neckcloth.
+He ruled against her at once, refusing to let her testify on her own
+behalf.</p>
+
+<p>She was completely satisfied, however, as she listened to Henry
+Selden's presentation of her case. Tall and commanding, he stood
+before the court with nobility and kindness in his face and eyes,
+bringing to mind a handsome cultured Lincoln. So logical, so just was
+his reasoning, so impressive were his citations of the law that it
+seemed to her they must convince the jury and even the expressionless
+judge on the bench.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Pointing out that the only alleged ground of the illegality of Miss
+Anthony's vote was that she was a woman, Henry Selden declared, "If
+the same act had been done by her brother under the same
+circumstances, the act would have been not only innocent and laudable,
+but honorable; but having been done by a woman it is said to be a
+crime.... I believe this is the first instance in which a woman has
+been arraigned in a criminal court, merely on account of her
+sex."<a name="FNanchor_305_305" id="FNanchor_305_305"></a><a href="#Footnote_305_305" class="fnanchor">[305]</a> He claimed that Miss Anthony had voted in good faith,
+believing that the United States Constitution gave her the right to
+vote, and he clearly outlined her interpretation of the Fourteenth and
+Fifteenth Amendments, declaring that she stood arraigned as a criminal
+simply because she took the only step possible to bring this great
+constitutional question before the courts.</p>
+
+<p>After he had finished, Susan followed closely for two long hours the
+arguments of the district attorney, Richard Crowley, who contended
+that whatever her intentions may have been, good or bad, she had by
+her voting violated a law of the United States and was therefore
+guilty of crime.</p>
+
+<p>At the close of the district attorney's argument, Judge Hunt without
+leaving the bench drew out a written document, and to her surprise,
+read from it as he addressed the jury. "The right of voting or the
+privilege of voting," he declared, "is a right or privilege arising
+under the constitution of the State, not of the United States.<a name="FNanchor_306_306" id="FNanchor_306_306"></a><a href="#Footnote_306_306" class="fnanchor">[306]</a></p>
+
+<p>"The Legislature of the State of New York," he continued, "has seen
+fit to say, that the franchise of voting shall be limited to the male
+sex.... If the Fifteenth Amendment had contained the word 'sex,' the
+argument of the defendant would have been potent.... The Fourteenth
+Amendment gives no right to a woman to vote, and the voting of Miss
+Anthony was in violation of the law....</p>
+
+<p>"There was no ignorance of any fact," he added, "but all the facts
+being known, she undertook to settle a principle in her own person....
+To constitute a crime, it is true, that there must be a criminal
+intent, but it is equally true that knowledge of the facts of the case
+is always held to supply this intent...."</p>
+
+<p>Then hesitating a moment, he concluded, "Upon this evidence I suppose
+there is no question for the jury and that the jury should be directed
+to find a verdict of guilty."</p>
+
+<p>Immediately Henry Selden was on his feet, addressing the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span> judge,
+requesting that the jury determine whether or not the defendant was
+guilty of crime.</p>
+
+<p>Judge Hunt, however, refused and firmly announced, "The question,
+gentlemen of the jury, in the form it finally takes, is wholly a
+question or questions of law, and I have decided as a question of law,
+in the first place, that under the Fourteenth Amendment which Miss
+Anthony claims protects her, she was not protected in a right to vote.</p>
+
+<p>"And I have decided also," he continued, "that her belief and the
+advice which she took does not protect her in the act which she
+committed. If I am right in this, the result must be a verdict on your
+part of guilty, and therefore I direct that you find a verdict of
+guilty."</p>
+
+<p>Again Henry Selden was on his feet. "That is a direction," he
+declared, "that no court has power to make in a criminal case."</p>
+
+<p>The courtroom was tense. Susan, watching the jury and wondering if
+they would meekly submit to his will, heard the judge tersely order,
+"Take the verdict, Mr. Clerk."</p>
+
+<p>"Gentlemen of the jury," intoned the clerk, "hearken to your verdict
+as the Court has recorded it. You say you find the defendant guilty of
+the offense whereof she stands indicted, and so say you all."</p>
+
+<p>Claiming exception to the direction of the Court that the jury find a
+verdict of guilty in this a criminal case. Henry Selden asked that the
+jury be polled.</p>
+
+<p>To this, Judge Hunt abruptly replied, "No. Gentlemen of the jury, you
+are discharged."</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>That night Susan recorded her estimate of Judge Hunt's verdict in her
+diary in one terse sentence, "The greatest outrage History ever
+witnessed."<a name="FNanchor_307_307" id="FNanchor_307_307"></a><a href="#Footnote_307_307" class="fnanchor">[307]</a></p>
+
+<p>The New York <i>Sun</i>, the Rochester <i>Democrat and Chronicle</i>, and the
+Canandaigua <i>Times</i> were indignant over Judge Hunt's failure to poll
+the jury. "Judge Hunt," commented the <i>Sun</i>, "allowed the jury to be
+impanelled and sworn, and to hear the evidence; but when the case had
+reached the point of rendering the verdict, he directed a verdict of
+guilty. He thus denied a trial by jury to an accused party in his
+court; and either through malice, which we<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span> do not believe, or through
+ignorance, which in such a flagrant degree is equally culpable in a
+judge, he violated one of the most important provisions of the
+Constitution of the United States.... The privilege of polling the
+jury has been held to be an absolute right in this State and it is a
+substantial right ..."<a name="FNanchor_308_308" id="FNanchor_308_308"></a><a href="#Footnote_308_308" class="fnanchor">[308]</a></p>
+
+<p>Claiming that the defendant had been denied her right of trial by
+jury. Henry Selden the next day moved for a new trial. Judge Hunt
+denied the motion, and, ordering the defendant to stand up, asked her,
+"Has the prisoner anything to say why sentence shall not be
+pronounced."<a name="FNanchor_309_309" id="FNanchor_309_309"></a><a href="#Footnote_309_309" class="fnanchor">[309]</a></p>
+
+<p>"Yes, your honor," Susan replied, "I have many things to say; for in
+your ordered verdict of guilty, you have trampled underfoot every
+vital principle of our government. My natural rights, my civil rights,
+my political rights, my judicial rights, are all alike ignored...."</p>
+
+<p>Impatiently Judge Hunt protested that he could not listen to a
+rehearsal of arguments which her counsel had already presented.</p>
+
+<p>"May it please your honor," she persisted, "I am not arguing the
+question but simply stating the reasons why sentence cannot in justice
+be pronounced against me. Your denial of my citizen's right to vote is
+the denial of my right of consent as one of the governed, the denial
+of my right of representation as one of the taxed, the denial of my
+right to a trial by a jury of my peers ..."</p>
+
+<p>"The Court cannot allow the prisoner to go on," interrupted Judge
+Hunt; but Susan, ignoring his command to sit down, protested that her
+prosecutors and the members of the jury were all her political
+sovereigns.</p>
+
+<p>Again Judge Hunt tried to stop her, but she was not to be put off. She
+was pleading for all women and her voice rang out to every corner of
+the courtroom.</p>
+
+<p>"The Court must insist," declared Judge Hunt, "the prisoner has been
+tried according to established forms of law."</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, your honor," admitted Susan, "but by forms of law all made by
+men, interpreted by men, administered by men, in favor of men, and
+against women...."</p>
+
+<p>"The Court orders the prisoner to sit down," shouted Judge Hunt. "It
+will not allow another word."</p>
+
+<p>Unheeding, Susan continued, "When I was brought before your<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span> honor for
+trial, I hoped for a broad and liberal interpretation of the
+Constitution and its recent amendments, that should declare all United
+States citizens under its protecting aegis&mdash;that should declare
+equality of rights the national guarantee to all persons born or
+naturalized in the United States. But failing to get this
+justice&mdash;failing, even, to get a trial by a jury <i>not</i> of my peers&mdash;I
+ask not leniency at your hands&mdash;but rather the full rigors of the
+law."</p>
+
+<p>Once more Judge Hunt tried to stop her, and acquiescing at last, she
+sat down, only to be ordered by him to stand up as he pronounced her
+sentence, a fine of $100 and the costs of prosecution.</p>
+
+<p>"May it please your honor," she protested, "I shall never pay a dollar
+of your unjust penalty. All the stock in trade I possess is a $10,000
+debt, incurred by publishing my paper&mdash;<i>The Revolution</i> ... the sole
+object of which was to educate all women to do precisely as I have
+done, rebel against your man-made, unjust, unconstitutional forms of
+law, that tax, fine, imprison, and hang women, while they deny them
+the right of representation in the government.... I shall earnestly
+and persistently continue to urge all women to the practical
+recognition of the old revolutionary maxim that 'Resistance to tyranny
+is obedience to God.'"</p>
+
+<p>Pouring cold water on this blaze of oratory. Judge Hunt tersely
+remarked that the Court would not require her imprisonment pending the
+payment of her fine.</p>
+
+<p>This shrewd move, obviously planned in advance, made it impossible to
+carry the case to the United States Supreme Court by writ of habeas
+corpus.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>That same afternoon, Susan was on hand for the trial of the three
+election inspectors. This time Judge Hunt submitted the case to the
+jury but with explicit instructions that the defendants were guilty.
+The jury returned a verdict of guilty, and the inspectors, denied a
+new trial, were each fined $25 and costs. Two of them, Edwin F. Marsh
+and William B. Hall, refused to pay their fines and were sent to jail.
+Susan appealed on their behalf to Senator Sargent in Washington, who
+eventually secured a pardon for them from President Grant. He also
+presented a petition to the Senate, in January 1874, to remit Susan's
+fine, as did William Loughridge of Iowa to the House, but the
+judiciary committees reported adversely.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Because neither of these cases had been decided on the basis of
+national citizenship and the right of a citizen to vote, Susan was
+heartsick. To have them relegated to the category of election fraud
+was as if her high purpose had been trailed in the dust. Wishing to
+spread reliable information about her trial and the legal questions
+involved, she had 3,000 copies of the court proceedings printed for
+distribution.<a name="FNanchor_310_310" id="FNanchor_310_310"></a><a href="#Footnote_310_310" class="fnanchor">[310]</a></p>
+
+<p>It was hard for her to concede that justice for women could not be
+secured in the courts, but there seemed to be no way in the face of
+the cold letter of the law to take her case to the Supreme Court of
+the United States. This would have been possible on writ of habeas
+corpus had Judge Hunt sentenced her to prison for failure to pay her
+fine, but this he carefully avoided.</p>
+
+<p>Even that intrepid fighter, John Van Voorhis, could find no loophole,
+and another of her loyal friends in the legal profession, Albert G.
+Riddle, wrote her, "There is not, I think, the slightest hope from the
+courts and just as little from the politicians. They will never take
+up this cause, never! Individuals will, parties never&mdash;till the thing
+is done.... The trouble is that man can govern alone, and that, though
+woman has the right, man wants to do it, and if she wait for him to
+ask her, she will never vote.... Either man must be made to see and
+feel ... the need of woman's help in the great field of human
+government, and so demand it; or woman must arise and come forward as
+she never has, and take her place."<a name="FNanchor_311_311" id="FNanchor_311_311"></a><a href="#Footnote_311_311" class="fnanchor">[311]</a></p>
+
+<p>The case of Virginia Minor of St. Louis still held out a glimmer of
+hope. She had brought suit against an election inspector for his
+refusal to register her as a voter in the presidential election of
+1872, and the case of Minor vs. Happersett reached the United States
+Supreme Court in 1874. An adverse decision, on March 29, 1875,
+delivered by Chief Justice Waite, a friend of woman suffrage, was a
+bitter blow to Susan and to all those who had pinned their faith on a
+more liberal interpretation of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth
+Amendments.</p>
+
+<p>Carefully studying the decision, Susan tried to fathom its reasoning,
+so foreign to her own ideas of justice. "Sex," she read, "has never
+been made of one of the elements of citizenship in the United
+States.... The XIV Amendment did not affect the citizenship of women
+any more than it did of men.... The direct question<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span> is, therefore,
+presented whether all citizens are necessarily voters."<a name="FNanchor_312_312" id="FNanchor_312_312"></a><a href="#Footnote_312_312" class="fnanchor">[312]</a></p>
+
+<p>She read on: "The Constitution does not define the privileges and
+immunities of citizens.... In this case we need not determine what
+they are, but only whether suffrage is necessarily one of them. It
+certainly is nowhere made so in express terms....</p>
+
+<p>"When the Constitution of the United States was adopted, all the
+several States, with the exception of Rhode Island, had Constitutions
+of their own.... We find in no State were all citizens permitted to
+vote.... Women were excluded from suffrage in nearly all the States by
+the express provision of their constitutions and laws ... No new State
+has ever been admitted to the Union which has conferred the right of
+suffrage upon women, and this has never been considered valid
+objection to her admission. On the contrary ... the right of suffrage
+was withdrawn from women as early as 1807 in the State of New Jersey,
+without any attempt to obtain the interference of the United States to
+prevent it. Since then the governments of the insurgent States have
+been reorganized under a requirement that, before their
+Representatives could be admitted to seats in Congress, they must have
+adopted new Constitutions, republican in form. In no one of these
+Constitutions was suffrage conferred upon women, and yet the States
+have all been restored to their original position as States in the
+Union ... Certainly if the courts can consider any question settled,
+this is one....</p>
+
+<p>"Our province," concluded Chief Justice Waite, "is to decide what the
+law is, not to declare what it should be.... Being unanimously of the
+opinion that the Constitution of the United States does not confer the
+right of suffrage upon any one, and that the Constitutions and laws of
+the several States which commit that important trust to men alone are
+not necessarily void, we affirm the judgment of the Court below."</p>
+
+<p>"A states-rights document," Susan called this decision and she scored
+it as inconsistent with the policies of a Republican administration
+which, through the Civil War amendments, had established federal
+control over the rights and privileges of citizens. If the
+Constitution does not confer the right of suffrage, she asked herself,
+why does it define the qualifications of those voting for members of
+the House of Representatives? How about the enfranchisement of Negroes
+by federal amendment or the enfranchisement of foreigners?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span> Why did
+the federal government interfere in her case, instead of leaving it in
+the hands of the state of New York?</p>
+
+<p>Like most abolitionists, Susan had always regarded the principles of
+the Declaration of Independence as underlying the Constitution and as
+the essence of constitutional law. In her opinion, the interpretation
+of the Constitution in the Virginia Minor case was not only out of
+harmony with the spirit of the Declaration of Independence, but also
+contrary to the wise counsel of the great English jurist, Sir Edward
+Coke, who said, "Whenever the question of liberty runs doubtful, the
+decision must be given in favor of liberty."<a name="FNanchor_313_313" id="FNanchor_313_313"></a><a href="#Footnote_313_313" class="fnanchor">[313]</a></p>
+
+<p>In the face of such a ruling by the highest court in the land, she was
+helpless. Women were shut out of the Constitution and denied its
+protection. From here on there was only one course to follow, to press
+again for a Sixteenth Amendment to enfranchise women.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="SOCIAL_PURITY" id="SOCIAL_PURITY"></a>SOCIAL PURITY</h2>
+
+
+<p>Militancy among the suffragists continued to flare up here and there
+in resistance to taxation without representation. Abby Kelley Foster's
+home in Worcester was sold for taxes for a mere fraction of its worth,
+while in Glastonbury, Connecticut, Abby and Julia Smith's cows and
+personal property were seized for taxes. Both Dr. Harriot K. Hunt in
+Boston and Mary Anthony in Rochester continued their tax protests.
+Much as Susan admired this spirited rebellion, she recognized that
+these militant gestures were but flames in the wind unless they had
+behind them a well-organized, sustained campaign for a Sixteenth
+Amendment, and this she could not undertake until <i>The Revolution</i>
+debt was paid. Nor was there anyone to pinch-hit for her since
+Ernestine Rose had returned to England and Mrs. Stanton gave all her
+time to Lyceum lectures.</p>
+
+<p>At the moment the prospect looked bleak for woman suffrage. In
+Congress, there was not the slightest hope of the introduction of or
+action on a Sixteenth Amendment. In the states, interest was kept
+alive by woman suffrage bills before the legislatures, and year by
+year, with more people recognizing the inherent justice of the demand,
+the margin of defeat grew smaller. Whenever these state contests were
+critical, Susan managed to be on hand, giving up profitable lecture
+engagements to speak without fees; in Michigan in 1874 and in Iowa in
+1875, she made new friends for the cause but was unable to stem the
+tide of prejudice against granting women the vote. After the defeat in
+Michigan, she wrote in her diary, "Every whisky maker, vendor,
+drinker, gambler, every ignorant besotted man is against us, and then
+the other extreme, every narrow, selfish religious bigot."<a name="FNanchor_314_314" id="FNanchor_314_314"></a><a href="#Footnote_314_314" class="fnanchor">[314]</a></p>
+
+<p>A new militant movement swept the country in 1874, starting in small
+Ohio towns among women who were so aroused over the evil influence of
+liquor on husbands, sons, fathers, and brothers, that they gathered in
+front of saloons to sing and pray, hoping to persuade drunkards to
+reform and saloon keepers to close their doors. Out of this uprising,
+the Women's Christian Temperance Union developed, and within the next
+few years was organized<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span> into a powerful reform movement by a young
+schoolteacher from Illinois, Frances E. Willard.</p>
+
+<p>A lifelong advocate of temperance, Susan had long before reached the
+conclusion that this reform could not be achieved by a strictly
+temperance or religious movement, but only through the votes of women.
+Nevertheless, she lent a helping hand to the Rochester women who
+organized a branch of the W.C.T.U., but she told them just how she
+felt: "The best thing this organization will do for you will be to
+show you how utterly powerless you are to put down the liquor traffic.
+You can never talk down or sing down or pray down an institution which
+is voted into existence. You will never be able to lessen this evil
+until you have votes."<a name="FNanchor_315_315" id="FNanchor_315_315"></a><a href="#Footnote_315_315" class="fnanchor">[315]</a></p>
+
+<p>As she traveled through the West for the Lyceum Bureau, she did what
+she could to stimulate interest in a federal woman suffrage amendment,
+speaking out of a full heart and with sure knowledge on "Bread and the
+Ballot" and "The Power of the Ballot," earning on the average $100 a
+week, which she applied to the <i>Revolution</i> debt.</p>
+
+<p>Lyceum lecturers were now at the height of their
+popularity,&mdash;particularly in the West, where in the little towns
+scattered across the prairies there were few libraries and theaters,
+and the distribution of books, magazines, and newspapers in no way met
+the people's thirst for information or entertainment. Men, women, and
+children rode miles on horseback or drove over rough roads in wagons
+to see and hear a prominent lecturer. Susan was always a drawing card,
+for a woman on the lecture platform still was a novelty and almost
+everyone was curious about Susan B. Anthony. Many, to their surprise,
+discovered she was not the caricature they had been led to believe.
+She looked very ladylike and proper as she stood before them in her
+dark silk platform dress, a little too stern and serious perhaps, but
+frequently her face lighted up with a friendly smile. She spoke to
+them as equals and they could follow her reasoning. Her simple
+conversational manner was refreshing after the sonorous pretentious
+oratory of other lecturers.</p>
+
+<p>Continuous travel in all kinds of weather was difficult. Branch lines
+were slow and connections poor. Often trains were delayed by
+blizzards, and then to keep her engagements she was obliged to travel
+by sleigh over the snowy prairies. There were long waits<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span> in dingy
+dirty railroad stations late at night. Even there she was always busy,
+reading her newspapers in the dim light or dashing off letters home on
+any scrap of paper she had at hand, thinking gratefully of her sister
+Mary who in addition to her work as superintendent of the neighborhood
+public school, supervised the household at 7 Madison Street. Hotel
+rooms were cold and drab, the food was uninviting, and only
+occasionally did she find to her delight "a Christian cup of
+coffee."<a name="FNanchor_316_316" id="FNanchor_316_316"></a><a href="#Footnote_316_316" class="fnanchor">[316]</a> She often felt that the Lyceum Bureau drove her
+unnecessarily hard, routed her inefficiently, and profited too
+generously from her labors. Now and then she dispensed with their
+services, sent out her own circulars soliciting engagements, and
+arranged her own tours, proving to her satisfaction that a woman could
+be as businesslike as a man and sometimes more so.<a name="FNanchor_317_317" id="FNanchor_317_317"></a><a href="#Footnote_317_317" class="fnanchor">[317]</a></p>
+
+<p>Weighed down by worry over the illness of her sisters, Guelma and
+Hannah, she felt a lack of fire and enthusiasm in her work. Anxiously
+she waited for letters from home, and when none reached her she was in
+despair. At such times, hotel rooms seemed doubly lonely and she
+reproached herself for being away from home and for putting too heavy
+a burden on her sister Mary. Yet there was nothing else to be done
+until the <i>Revolution</i> debt was paid, for some of her creditors were
+becoming impatient.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>As often as possible Susan returned to Rochester to be with her
+family, and was able to nurse Guelma through the last weeks of her
+illness. Heartbroken when she died, in November 1873, she resolved to
+take better care of Hannah, sending her out to Colorado and Kansas for
+her health. She then tried to spend the summer months at home so that
+Mary could visit Hannah in Colorado and Daniel and Merritt in Kansas.</p>
+
+<p>These months at home with her mother whom she dearly loved were a
+great comfort to them both. They enjoyed reading aloud, finding George
+Eliot's <i>Middlemarch</i> and Hawthorne's <i>Scarlet Letter</i> of particular
+interest as Susan was searching for the answers to many questions
+which had been brought into sharp focus by the Beecher-Tilton case,
+now filling the newspapers. Like everyone else, she read the latest
+developments in this tragic involvement of three of her good friends.
+She was especially concerned about Elizabeth and Theodore Tilton, in
+whose home she had so often<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span> visited and toward whom she felt a warm
+motherly affection. Her sympathy went out to Elizabeth Tilton, whose
+help and loyalty during the difficult days of <i>The Revolution</i> she
+never forgot. Although she had often differed with Theodore, whose
+quick changes of policy and temperament she could not understand, he
+had won her gratitude many times by befriending the cause. The same
+was true of Henry Ward Beecher, who had found time in his busy life to
+say a good word for woman's rights.</p>
+
+<p>Susan was close to the facts, for in desperation a few years before,
+Elizabeth Tilton had confided in her. Unfortunately both Elizabeth and
+Theodore had made confidants of others less wise than Susan. Mrs.
+Stanton had passed the story along to Victoria Woodhull, who late in
+1872 had revived her <i>Weekly</i> for a crusade on what she called "the
+social question" and had published her expose, "The Beecher-Tilton
+Scandal Case." As a result the lives of all involved were being ruined
+by merciless publicity.</p>
+
+<p>The Beecher-Tilton story as it unfolded revealed three admirable
+people caught in a tangled web of human relationships. Henry Ward
+Beecher, for years a close friend and benefactor of his young
+parishioners, Theodore and Elizabeth Tilton, had been accused by
+Theodore of immoral relations with Elizabeth. Accusations and denials
+continued while intrigue and negotiations deepened the confusion. The
+whole matter burst into flame in 1874 in the trial of Henry Ward
+Beecher before a committee of Plymouth Church, which exonerated him.
+Reading Beecher's statement in her newspaper, Susan impulsively wrote
+Isabella Beecher Hooker, "Wouldn't you think if God ever did strike
+anyone dead for telling a lie, he would have struck then?"<a name="FNanchor_318_318" id="FNanchor_318_318"></a><a href="#Footnote_318_318" class="fnanchor">[318]</a></p>
+
+<p>When early in 1875 the Beecher-Tilton case reached the courts in a
+suit brought by Theodore Tilton against Henry Ward Beecher for the
+alienation of his wife's affections, it became headline news
+throughout the country. The press, greedy for sensation, published
+anything and everything even remotely connected with the case.
+Reporters hounded Susan, who by this time was again lecturing in the
+West, and she seldom entered a train, bus, or hotel without finding
+them at her heels, as if by their very persistence they meant to force
+her to express her opinion regarding the guilt or innocence of Henry
+Ward Beecher. They never caught her off guard and she<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span> steadfastly
+refused to reveal to them, or to the lawyers of either side, who
+astutely approached her, the story which Elizabeth Tilton had told her
+in confidence. Yet in spite of her continued silence, she was twice
+quoted by the press, once through the impulsiveness of Mrs. Stanton,
+who expressed herself frankly at every opportunity, and again when the
+New York <i>Graphic</i> without Susan's consent published her letter to
+Mrs. Hooker.</p>
+
+<p>The sympathy of the public was generally with Henry Ward Beecher,
+whose popularity and prestige were tremendous. A dynamic preacher,
+whose sermons drew thousands to his church and whose written word
+carried religion and comfort to every part of the country, he could
+not suddenly be ruined by the circulation of a scandal or even by a
+sensational trial. Behind him were all those who were convinced that
+the future of the Church and Morality demanded his vindication. On his
+side, also, as Susan well knew, was the powerful, behind-the-scenes
+influence of the financial interests who profited from Plymouth Church
+real estate, from the earnings of Beecher's paper, <i>Christian Union</i>,
+and from his book the <i>Life of Christ</i>, now in preparation and for
+which he had already been paid $20,000.</p>
+
+<p>Susan and Mrs. Stanton paid the penalty of being on the unpopular
+side. When Elizabeth Tilton was not allowed to testify in her own
+defense, they accused Beecher and Tilton of ruthlessly sacrificing her
+to save their own reputations. In fact, Susan and Mrs. Stanton knew
+far too much about the case for the comfort of either Beecher or
+Tilton, and to discredit them, a whispering campaign, and then a press
+campaign was initiated against them. They and their National Woman
+Suffrage Association were again accused of upholding free love. Their
+previous association with Victoria Woodhull was held against them, as
+were the frank discussions of marriage and divorce published in <i>The
+Revolution</i> six years before.</p>
+
+<p>Actually Susan's views on marriage were idealistic. "I hate the whole
+doctrine of 'variety' or 'promiscuity,'" she wrote John Hooker, the
+husband of her friend Isabella. "I am not even a believer in second
+marriages after one of the parties is dead, so sacred and binding do I
+consider the marriage relation."<a name="FNanchor_319_319" id="FNanchor_319_319"></a><a href="#Footnote_319_319" class="fnanchor">[319]</a></p>
+
+<p>Although in public Susan uttered not one word relating to the guilt or
+innocence of Henry Ward Beecher, she did confide<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span> her real feelings to
+her diary. She believed that to save himself Beecher was withholding
+the explanation which the situation demanded. "It is almost an
+impossibility," she wrote in her diary, "for a man and a woman to have
+a close sympathetic friendship without the tendrils of one soul
+becoming fastened around the other, with the result of infinite pain
+and anguish." Then again she wrote, "There is nothing more
+demoralizing than lying. The act itself is scarcely so base as the lie
+which denies it."<a name="FNanchor_320_320" id="FNanchor_320_320"></a><a href="#Footnote_320_320" class="fnanchor">[320]</a></p>
+
+<p>Susan's silence probably brought her more notoriety than anything she
+could have said on this much discussed subject, and it heightened her
+reputation for honesty and integrity. "Miss Anthony," commented the
+New York <i>Sun</i>, "is a lady whose word will everywhere be believed by
+those who know anything of her character." The Rochester <i>Democrat and
+Chronicle</i> had this to say: "Whether she will make any definite
+revelations remains to be seen, but whatever she does say will be
+received by the public with that credit which attaches to the evidence
+of a truthful witness. Her own character, known and honored by the
+country, will give importance to any utterances she may make."<a name="FNanchor_321_321" id="FNanchor_321_321"></a><a href="#Footnote_321_321" class="fnanchor">[321]</a></p>
+
+<p>She was not called as a witness by either side during the 112 days of
+trial which ended in July 1875 with the jury unable to agree on a
+verdict.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>Realizing that many taboos were being broken down by the lurid
+nation-wide publicity on the Beecher-Tilton case and that as a result
+people were more willing to consider subjects which hitherto had not
+been discussed in polite society, Susan began to plan a lecture on
+"Social Purity."</p>
+
+<p>She was familiar with the public protest Englishwomen under the
+leadership of Josephine Butler were making against the state
+regulation of vice. Following with interest and admiration their
+courageous fight for the repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts, which
+placed women suspected of prostitution under police power, Susan found
+encouragement in the support these reformers had received from such
+men as John Stuart Mill and Jacob Bright. Such legislation, she
+resolved, must not gain a foothold in her country, because it not only
+disregarded women's right to personal liberty<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span> but showed a dangerous
+callousness toward men's share of responsibility for prostitution.</p>
+
+<p>She was awake to the problems prostitution presented in cities like
+New York and Washington, its prevalence, the police protection it
+received, the political corruption it fostered and the reluctance of
+the public to face the situation, the majority of men regarding it as
+a necessity, and most women closing their eyes to its existence.</p>
+
+<p>During the winter of 1875, while the Beecher-Tilton case was being
+tried in Brooklyn, she delivered her speech on "Social Purity" at the
+Chicago Grand Opera House, in the Sunday dime-lecture course, facing
+with trepidation the immense crowd which gathered to hear her. Even
+the daring Mrs. Stanton had warned her that she would never be asked
+to speak in Chicago again, and with this the manager of the Slayton
+Lecture Bureau agreed. But they were wrong. The people were hungry for
+the truth and for a constructive policy. In the past they had heard
+the "social evil" described and denounced in vivid thunderous words by
+eloquent men and by the dramatic Anna E. Dickinson. Now an earnest
+woman with graying hair, one of their own kind, talked to them without
+mincing matters, calmly and logically, and offered them a remedy.</p>
+
+<p>Calling their attention to the daily newspaper reports of divorce and
+breach-of-promise suits, of wife murders and "paramour" shootings, of
+abortions and infanticide, she told them that the prevalence of these
+evils showed clearly that men were incapable of coping with them
+successfully and needed the help of women. She cited statistics,
+revealing 20,000 prostitutes in the city of New York, where a
+foundling hospital during the first six months of its existence
+rescued 1,300 waifs laid in baskets on its doorstep. She courageously
+mentioned the prevalence of venereal disease and spoke out against
+England's Contagious Diseases Acts which were repeatedly suggested for
+New York and Washington and which she described as licensed
+prostitution, men's futile and disastrous attempt to deal with social
+corruption.</p>
+
+<p>Declaring that the poverty and economic dependence of women as well as
+the passions of men were the causes of prostitution, she quoted more
+statistics which showed a great increase in the poverty of women. Work
+formerly done in the household, she explained, was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span> being gradually
+taken over by factories, with the result that women in order to earn a
+living had been forced to follow it out of the home and were
+supporting themselves wholly or in part at a wage inadequate to meet
+their needs. No wonder many were tempted by food, clothes, and
+comfortable shelter into an immoral life.</p>
+
+<p>Her solution was "to lift this vast army of poverty-stricken women who
+now crowd our cities, above the temptation, the necessity, to sell
+themselves in marriage or out, for bread and shelter." "Women," she
+told them, "must be educated out of their unthinking acceptance of
+financial dependence on man into mental and economic independence.
+Girls like boys must be educated to some lucrative employment. Women
+like men must have an equal chance to earn a living."<a name="FNanchor_322_322" id="FNanchor_322_322"></a><a href="#Footnote_322_322" class="fnanchor">[322]</a></p>
+
+<p>"Whoever controls work and wages," she continued, "controls morals.
+Therefore we must have women employers, superintendents, committees,
+legislators; wherever girls go to seek the means of subsistence, there
+must be some woman. Nay, more; we must have women preachers, lawyers,
+doctors&mdash;that wherever women go to seek counsel&mdash;spiritual, legal,
+physical&mdash;there, too, they will be sure to find the best and noblest
+of their own sex to minister to them."</p>
+
+<p>Then she added, "Marriage, to women as to men, must be a luxury, not a
+necessity; an incident of life, not all of it.... Marriage never will
+cease to be a wholly unequal partnership until the law recognizes the
+equal ownership in the joint earnings and possessions."</p>
+
+<p>She asked for the vote so that women would have the power to help make
+the laws relating to marriage, divorce, adultery, breach of promise,
+rape, bigamy, infanticide, and so on. These laws, she reminded them,
+have not only been framed by men, but are administered by men. Judges,
+jurors, lawyers, all are men, and no woman's voice is heard in our
+courts except as accused or witness, and in many cases the married
+woman is denied the right to testify as to her guilt or innocence.</p>
+
+<p>Never before had the audience heard the case for social purity
+presented in this way and they listened intently. When the applause
+was subsiding, Susan saw Parker Pillsbury and Bronson Alcott,
+fellow-lecturers on the Lyceum circuit, coming toward her,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span> smiling
+approval. They were generous in their praise, Bronson Alcott
+declaring, "You have stated here this afternoon, in a fearless manner,
+truths that I have hardly dared to think, much less to utter."<a name="FNanchor_323_323" id="FNanchor_323_323"></a><a href="#Footnote_323_323" class="fnanchor">[323]</a></p>
+
+<p>She repeated this lecture in St. Louis, in Wisconsin, and in Kansas,
+and while most city newspapers, acknowledging the need of facing the
+issues, praised her courage, small-town papers were frankly disturbed
+by a spinster's public discussion of the "social evil," one paper
+observing, "The best lecture a woman can give the community ... on the
+sad 'evil' ... is the sincerity of her profound ignorance on the
+subject."<a name="FNanchor_324_324" id="FNanchor_324_324"></a><a href="#Footnote_324_324" class="fnanchor">[324]</a></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>Having bravely done her bit for social purity, Susan with relief
+turned again to her favorite lecture, "Bread and the Ballot." Her
+message fell on fertile ground. These western men and women saw
+justice in her reasoning. Having broken with tradition by leaving the
+East for the frontier, they could more easily drop old ways for new.
+Western men also recognized the influence for good that women had
+brought to lonely bleak western towns&mdash;better homes, cleanliness,
+comfort, then schools, churches, law and order&mdash;and many of them were
+willing to give women the vote. All they needed was prodding to
+translate that willingness into law.</p>
+
+<p>As she continued her lecturing, she kept her watchful eye on her
+family and the annual New York and Washington conventions, attending
+to many of the routine details herself. Finally, on May 1, 1876, she
+recorded in her diary, "The day of Jubilee for me has come. I have
+paid the last dollar of the <i>Revolution</i> debt."<a name="FNanchor_325_325" id="FNanchor_325_325"></a><a href="#Footnote_325_325" class="fnanchor">[325]</a></p>
+
+<p>Even the press took notice, the Chicago <i>Daily News</i> commenting, "By
+working six years and devoting to the purpose all the money she could
+earn, she has paid the debt and interest. And now, when the creditors
+of that paper and others who really know her, hear the name of Susan
+B. Anthony, they feel inclined to raise their hats in reverence."<a name="FNanchor_326_326" id="FNanchor_326_326"></a><a href="#Footnote_326_326" class="fnanchor">[326]</a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="A_FEDERAL_WOMAN_SUFFRAGE_AMENDMENT" id="A_FEDERAL_WOMAN_SUFFRAGE_AMENDMENT"></a>A FEDERAL WOMAN SUFFRAGE AMENDMENT</h2>
+
+
+<p>Like everyone else in the United States in 1876, Susan now turned her
+attention to the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, which was
+proclaiming to the world the progress this new country had made. Susan
+pointed out, however, that one hundred years after the signing of the
+Declaration of Independence, women were still deprived of basic
+citizenship rights.</p>
+
+<p>As an afterthought, a Woman's Pavilion had been erected on the
+exposition grounds and exhibited here she found only women's
+contribution to the arts but nothing which would in any way show the
+part women had played in building up the country or developing
+industry. She longed to explain so that all could hear how the skilled
+work of women had contributed to the prosperous textile and shoe
+industries, to the manufacture of cartridges and Waltham watches, and
+countless other products. Could she have had her way, she would have
+made the Woman's Pavilion an eloquent appeal for equal rights, but
+unable to do this, she established a center of rebellion for the
+National Woman Suffrage Association at 1431 Chestnut Street, in
+parlors on the first floor. Here she spent many happy hours directing
+the work, often sleeping on the sofa so that she could work late and
+save money for the cause.</p>
+
+<p>Philadelphia had always been a friendly city because of Lucretia Mott.
+Now Lucretia came almost daily to the women's headquarters, bringing a
+comforting sense of support, approval, and friendship. When Mrs.
+Stanton, free at last from her lecture engagements, joined them in
+June, Susan's happiness was complete and she confided to her diary,
+"Glad enough to see her and feel her strength come in."<a name="FNanchor_327_327" id="FNanchor_327_327"></a><a href="#Footnote_327_327" class="fnanchor">[327]</a></p>
+
+<p>Susan and Mrs. Stanton now sent the Republican and Democratic national
+conventions well-written memorials pointing out the appropriateness of
+enfranchising women in this centennial year. But<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span> no woman suffrage
+plank was adopted by either party. Susan put Mrs. Stanton and Mrs.
+Gage to work on a Women's Declaration of 1876, and so "magnificent" a
+document did they produce that she not only had many copies printed
+for distribution but had one beautifully engrossed on parchment for
+presentation to President Grant at the Fourth of July celebration in
+Independence Square.</p>
+
+<p>Unable to secure permission to present this declaration, she made
+plans of her own. For herself, she managed to get a press card as
+reporter for her brother's paper, the Leavenworth <i>Times</i>. Mrs.
+Stanton and Lucretia Mott refused to attend the celebration, so
+indignant were they over the snubs women had received from the
+Centennial Commission, and they held a women's meeting at the First
+Unitarian Church. When at the last minute four tickets were sent Susan
+by the Centennial Commission, she gave them to the most militant of
+her colleagues, Matilda Joslyn Gage, Lillie Devereux Blake, Sarah
+Andrews Spencer, and Phoebe Couzins. With Susan in the lead, they
+pushed through the jostling crowd to Independence Square on that
+bright hot Fourth of July and were seated among the elect on the
+platform.</p>
+
+<p>By this time they had learned that Thomas W. Ferry of Michigan, Acting
+Vice President, would substitute for President Grant at the ceremony.
+Because he was a good friend of woman suffrage, Phoebe Couzins made
+one more effort for orderly procedure, sending him a note asking for
+permission to present the Women's Declaration. This failed, and rather
+than take part in creating a disturbance, she withdrew, leaving her
+four friends on the platform.</p>
+
+<p>"We ... sat there waiting ..." reported Mrs. Blake. "The heat was
+frightful.... Amid such a throng it was difficult to hear anything ...
+We decided that our presentation should take place immediately after
+Mr. Richard Lee of Virginia, grandson of the Signer, had read the
+Declaration of Independence. He read it from the original document,
+and it was an impressive moment when that time-honored parchment was
+exposed to the view of the wildly cheering crowd.... Mr. Lee's voice
+was inaudible, but at last I caught the words, 'our sacred honors,'
+and cried, 'Now is the time.'</p>
+
+<p>"We all four rose, Miss Anthony first, next Mrs. Gage, bearing our
+engrossed Declaration, and Mrs. Spencer and myself following with
+hundreds of printed copies in our hands. There was a stir in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span> the
+crowd just at the time, and General Hawley who had been keeping a wary
+eye on us, had relaxed his vigilance for a moment, as he signed to the
+band to resume playing. He did not see us advancing until we reached
+the Vice President's dais. There Miss Anthony, taking the parchment
+from Mrs. Gage, stepped forward and presented it to Mr. Ferry, saying,
+'I present to you a Declaration of Rights from the women citizens of
+the United States.'"<a name="FNanchor_328_328" id="FNanchor_328_328"></a><a href="#Footnote_328_328" class="fnanchor">[328]</a></p>
+
+<p>Nonplussed, Mr. Ferry bowed low and received the Declaration without a
+word. Then the four intrepid women filed out, distributing printed
+copies of their declaration while General Hawley boomed out, "Order!
+Order!"</p>
+
+<p>Leaving the square and mounting a platform erected for musicians in
+front of Independence Hall, they waited until a curious crowd had
+gathered around them. Then while Mrs. Gage held an umbrella over Susan
+to shield her from the hot sun, she read the Women's Declaration in a
+loud clear voice that carried far.</p>
+
+<p>"We do rejoice in the success, thus far, of our experiment of
+self-government," she began. "Our faith is firm and unwavering in the
+broad principles of human rights proclaimed in 1776, not only as
+abstract truths, but as the cornerstones of a republic. Yet we cannot
+forget, even in this glad hour, that while all men of every race, and
+clime, and condition, have been invested with the full rights of
+citizenship under our hospitable flag, all women still suffer the
+degradation of disfranchisement."<a name="FNanchor_329_329" id="FNanchor_329_329"></a><a href="#Footnote_329_329" class="fnanchor">[329]</a></p>
+
+<p>Then she enumerated women's grievances and the crowd applauded as she
+drove home point after point.</p>
+
+<p>"Woman," she continued, "has shown equal devotion with man to the
+cause of freedom and has stood firmly by his side in its defense.
+Together they have made this country what it is.... We ask our rulers,
+at this hour, no special favors, no special privileges.... We ask
+justice, we ask equality, we ask that all civil and political rights
+that belong to the citizens of the United States be guaranteed to us
+and our daughters forever."</p>
+
+<p>Stepping down from the platform into the applauding crowd which
+eagerly reached for printed copies of the declaration, she and her
+four companions hurried to the First Unitarian Church where an eager
+audience awaited their report and hailed their courage.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/229.jpg" width="450" height="440" alt="Aaron A. Sargent" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Aaron A. Sargent</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The New York <i>Tribune</i>, commenting on Susan's militancy, prophesied
+that it foreshadowed "the new forms of violence and disregard of order
+which may accompany the participation of women in active partisan
+politics."<a name="FNanchor_330_330" id="FNanchor_330_330"></a><a href="#Footnote_330_330" class="fnanchor">[330]</a></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>Nor was Congress impressed by Susan's centennial publicity demanding a
+federal woman suffrage amendment. She had gathered petitions from
+twenty-six states with 10,000 signatures which were presented to the
+Senate in 1877. The majority of the Senators found these petitions
+uproariously funny, and Susan in the visitors' gallery at the time of
+their presentation was infuriated by the mirth and disrespect of these
+men. "A few read the petitions as they would any other, with dignity
+and without comment," reported the popular journalist, Mary Clemmer,
+in her weekly Washington column, "but the majority seemed intensely
+conscious of holding something unutterably funny in their hands....
+The entire Senate presented the appearance of a laughing school
+practicing sidesplitting and ear-extended grins." After a few humorous
+and sarcastic remarks the petitions were referred to the Committee on
+Public<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span> Lands. Only one Senator, Aaron A. Sargent of California, was
+"man enough and gentleman enough to lift the petitions from this
+insulting proposition.... He ... demanded for the petition of more
+than 10,000 women at least the courtesy which would be given any
+other."<a name="FNanchor_331_331" id="FNanchor_331_331"></a><a href="#Footnote_331_331" class="fnanchor">[331]</a></p>
+
+<p>Although his words did not deter the Senators, Susan was proud of this
+tall vigorous white-haired Californian and grateful for his
+spontaneous support in this humiliating situation. He had been a
+trusted friend and counselor ever since she had shared with him and
+his family the long snowy journey from Nevada in 1872. She looked
+forward to the time when woman suffrage would have more such advocates
+in the Congress and when she would find there new faces and a more
+liberal spirit.</p>
+
+<p>Disappointment only drove Susan into more intensive activity. Between
+lectures she now nursed her sister Hannah who was critically ill in
+Daniel's home in Leavenworth. After Hannah's death in May 1877, Susan
+worked off her grief in Colorado, where the question of votes for
+women was being referred to the people of the state.</p>
+
+<p>The suffragists in Colorado were headed by Dr. Alida Avery, who had
+left her post as resident physician at the new woman's college,
+Vassar, to practice medicine in Denver. Making Dr. Avery's home her
+headquarters, Susan carried her plea for the ballot to settlements far
+from the railroads, traveling by stagecoach over rough lonely roads
+through magnificent scenery. Holding meetings wherever she could, she
+spoke in schoolhouses, in hotel dining rooms, and even in saloons,
+when no other place was available, and always she was treated with
+respect and listened to with interest. Occasionally only a mere
+handful gathered to hear her, but in Lake City she spoke to an
+audience of a thousand or more from a dry-goods box on the court-house
+steps. She was equal to anything, but the mining towns depressed her,
+for they were swarming with foreigners who had been welcomed as
+naturalized, enfranchised citizens and who almost to a man opposed
+extending the vote to women. This precedence of foreign-born men over
+American women was not only galling to her but menaced, she believed,
+the growth of American democracy.</p>
+
+<p>Woman suffrage was defeated in Colorado in 1877, two to one.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span> With the
+Chinese coming into the state in great numbers to work in the mines,
+the specter that stalked through this campaign was the fear of putting
+the ballot into the hands of Chinese women.</p>
+
+<p>From Colorado, Susan moved on to Nebraska with a new lecture, "The
+Homes of Single Women." Although she much preferred to speak on "Woman
+and the Sixteenth Amendment" or "Bread and the Ballot," she realized
+that, in order to be assured of return engagements, she must
+occasionally vary her subjects, but she was unwilling to wander far
+afield while women's needs still were so great. By means of this new
+lecture she hoped to dispel the widespread, deeply ingrained fallacy
+that single women were unwanted helpless creatures wholly dependent
+upon some male relative for a home and support. Aware that this
+mistaken estimate was slowly yielding in the face of a changing
+economic order, she believed she could help lessen its hold by
+presenting concrete examples of independent self-supporting single
+women who had proved that marriage was not the only road to security
+and a home. She told of Alice and Phoebe Cary, whose home in New York
+City was a rendezvous for writers, artists, musicians, and reformers;
+of Dr. Clemence Lozier, the friend of women medical students; of Mary
+L. Booth, well established through her income as editor of <i>Harper's
+Bazaar</i>; and of her beloved Lydia Mott, whose home had been a refuge
+for fugitive slaves and reformers.<a name="FNanchor_332_332" id="FNanchor_332_332"></a><a href="#Footnote_332_332" class="fnanchor">[332]</a></p>
+
+<p>In Nebraska, she made a valuable new friend for the cause, Clara
+Bewick Colby, whose zeal and earnest, intelligent face at once
+attracted her. Within a few years, Mrs. Colby established in Beatrice,
+Nebraska, a magazine for women, the <i>Woman's Tribune</i>, which to
+Susan's joy spoke out for a federal woman suffrage amendment.</p>
+
+<p>Because Susan's contract with the Slayton Lecture Bureau allowed no
+break in her engagements, she was obliged to leave the Washington
+convention of the National Woman Suffrage Association in the hands of
+others in 1878. It was much on her mind as she traveled through
+Dakota, Minnesota, Missouri, and Kansas, and she sent a check for $100
+to help with the expenses of the convention. Particularly on her mind
+was a federal woman suffrage amendment, for since 1869 when a
+Sixteenth Amendment enfranchising women had been introduced in
+Congress and ignored, no further efforts along that line had been
+made. Now good news came from Mrs. Stanton,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span> who had attended the
+convention. She had persuaded Senator Sargent to introduce in the
+Senate, on January 10, 1878, a new draft of a Sixteenth Amendment,
+following the wording of the Fifteenth. It read, "The right of
+citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged
+by the United States or by any State on account of sex."<a name="FNanchor_333_333" id="FNanchor_333_333"></a><a href="#Footnote_333_333" class="fnanchor">[333]</a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 374px;">
+<img src="images/232.jpg" width="374" height="450" alt="Clara Bewick Colby" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Clara Bewick Colby</span>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>During the next few years the Sixteenth Amendment made little headway,
+although the complexion of Congress changed, the Democrats breaking
+the Republicans' hold and winning a substantial majority. Encouraging
+as was the more liberal spirit of the new Congress and the defeat of
+several implacable enemies, Susan found California's failure to return
+Senator Sargent an irreparable loss. In addition she now had to face a
+newly formed group of anti-suffragists under the leadership of Mrs.
+Dahlgren, Mrs. Sherman, and Almira Lincoln Phelps, who sang the
+refrain which Congressmen loved to hear, that women did not want the
+vote because it would wreck marriage and the home.</p>
+
+<p>Hoping to counteract this adverse influence by increased pressure<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span> for
+the Sixteenth Amendment, Susan once more appealed for help to the
+American Woman Suffrage Association through her old friends, William
+Lloyd Garrison and Wendell Phillips. Garrison replied that her efforts
+for a federal amendment were premature and "would bring the movement
+into needless contempt." This she found strange advice from the man
+who had fearlessly defied public opinion to crusade against slavery.
+Wendell Phillips did better, writing, "I think you are on the right
+track&mdash;the best method to agitate the question, and I am with you,
+though between you and me, I still think the individual States must
+lead off, and that this reform must advance piecemeal, State by State.
+But I mean always to help everywhere and everyone."<a name="FNanchor_334_334" id="FNanchor_334_334"></a><a href="#Footnote_334_334" class="fnanchor">[334]</a></p>
+
+<p>The American Association continued to follow the state-by-state
+method, and this holding back aroused Susan to the boiling point, for
+experience had taught her that in state elections woman suffrage faced
+the prejudiced opposition of an ever-increasing number of naturalized
+immigrants, who had little understanding of democratic government or
+sympathy with the rights of women. A federal amendment, on the other
+hand, depending for its adoption upon Congress and ratifying
+legislatures, was in the hands of a far more liberal, intelligent, and
+preponderantly American group. "We have puttered with State rights for
+thirty years," she sputtered, "without a foothold except in the
+territories."<a name="FNanchor_335_335" id="FNanchor_335_335"></a><a href="#Footnote_335_335" class="fnanchor">[335]</a></p>
+
+<p>Year by year she continued her Washington conventions, convinced that
+these gatherings in the national capital could not fail to impress
+Congressmen with the seriousness of their purpose. As women from many
+states lobbied for the Sixteenth Amendment, reporting a growing
+sentiment everywhere for woman suffrage, as they received in the press
+respectful friendly publicity, Congressmen began to take notice. At
+the large receptions held at the Riggs House, through the generosity
+of the proprietors, Jane Spofford and her husband, Congressmen became
+better acquainted with the suffragists, finding that they were not
+cranks, as they had supposed, but intelligent women and socially
+charming.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Stanton's poise as presiding officer and the warmth of her
+personality made her the natural choice for president of the National
+Woman Suffrage Association through the years. Her popularity, now well
+established throughout the country after her ten<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span> years of lecturing
+on the Lyceum circuit, lent prestige to the cause. To Susan, her
+presence brought strength and the assurance that "the brave and true
+word" would be spoken.<a name="FNanchor_336_336" id="FNanchor_336_336"></a><a href="#Footnote_336_336" class="fnanchor">[336]</a> A new office had been created for Susan,
+that of vice-president at large, and in that capacity she guided,
+steadied, and prodded her flock.</p>
+
+<p>The subjects which the conventions discussed covered a wide field
+going far beyond their persistent demands for a federal woman suffrage
+amendment. Not only did they at this time urge an educational
+qualification for voters to combat the argument that woman suffrage
+would increase the ignorant vote, but they also protested the counting
+of women in the basis of representation so long as they were
+disfranchised. They criticized the church for barring women from the
+ministry and from a share in church government. They took up the case
+of Anna Ella Carroll,<a name="FNanchor_337_337" id="FNanchor_337_337"></a><a href="#Footnote_337_337" class="fnanchor">[337]</a> who had been denied recognition and a
+pension for her services to her country during the Civil War, and they
+urged pensions for all women who had nursed soldiers during the war.
+They welcomed to their conventions Mormon women from Utah who came to
+Washington to protest efforts to disfranchise them as a means of
+discouraging polygamy.</p>
+
+<p>Susan injected international interest into these conventions by
+reading Alexander Dumas's arguments for woman suffrage, letters from
+Victor Hugo and English suffragists, and a report by Mrs. Stanton's
+son, Theodore, now a journalist, of the International Congress in
+Paris in 1878, which discussed the rights of women. Occasionally
+foreign-born women, now making new homes for themselves in this
+country, joined the ranks of the suffragists, and a few of them, like
+Madam Annek&eacute; and Clara Heyman from Germany contributed a great deal
+through their eloquence and wider perspective. These contacts with the
+thoughts and aspirations of men and women of other countries led Susan
+to dream of an international conference of women in the not too
+distant future.<a name="FNanchor_338_338" id="FNanchor_338_338"></a><a href="#Footnote_338_338" class="fnanchor">[338]</a></p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="RECORDING_WOMENS_HISTORY" id="RECORDING_WOMENS_HISTORY"></a>RECORDING WOMEN'S HISTORY</h2>
+
+
+<p>Recording women's history for future generations was a project that
+had been in the minds of both Susan and Mrs. Stanton for a long time.
+Both looked upon women's struggle for a share in government as a
+potent force in strengthening democracy and one to be emphasized in
+history. Men had always been the historians and had as a matter of
+course extolled men's exploits, passing over women's record as
+negligible. Susan intended to remedy this and she was convinced that
+if women close to the facts did not record them now, they would be
+forgotten or misinterpreted by future historians. Already many of the
+old workers had died, Martha C. Wright, Lydia Mott, whom Susan had
+nursed in her last illness, Lucretia Mott, and William Lloyd Garrison.
+There was no time to be lost.<a name="FNanchor_339_339" id="FNanchor_339_339"></a><a href="#Footnote_339_339" class="fnanchor">[339]</a></p>
+
+<p>In the spring of 1880, Susan's mother died, and it was no longer
+necessary for her to fit into her schedule frequent visits in
+Rochester. Her sister Mary, busy with her teaching, was sharing her
+home with her two widowed brothers-in-law and two nieces whose
+education she was supervising.<a name="FNanchor_340_340" id="FNanchor_340_340"></a><a href="#Footnote_340_340" class="fnanchor">[340]</a> Mrs. Stanton had just given up the
+strenuous life of a Lyceum lecturer and welcomed work that would keep
+her at home. Susan, who had managed to save $4,500 out of her lecture
+fees, felt she could afford to devote at least a year to the history.</p>
+
+<p>She now shipped several boxes of letters, clippings, and documents to
+the Stanton home in Tenafly, New Jersey.<a name="FNanchor_341_341" id="FNanchor_341_341"></a><a href="#Footnote_341_341" class="fnanchor">[341]</a> As they planned their
+book, it soon became obvious that the one volume which they had hoped
+to finish in a few months would extend to two or three volumes and
+take many years to write. They called in Matilda Joslyn Gage to help
+them, and the three of them signed a contract to share the work and
+the profits.</p>
+
+<p>The history presented a publishing problem as well as a writing
+ordeal, and Susan, interviewing New York publishers, found the subject
+had little appeal. Finally, however, she signed a contract with Fowler
+&amp; Wells under which the authors agreed to pay the cost of composition,
+stereotyping, and engravings; and as usual she raised the necessary
+funds.<a name="FNanchor_342_342" id="FNanchor_342_342"></a><a href="#Footnote_342_342" class="fnanchor">[342]</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 349px;">
+<img src="images/236.jpg" width="349" height="450" alt="Matilda Joslyn Gage" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Matilda Joslyn Gage</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Returning to Tenafly as to a second home, Susan usually found Mrs.
+Stanton beaming a welcome from the piazza and Margaret and Harriot
+running to the gate to meet her. The Stanton children were fond of
+Susan. It was a comfortable happy household, and Susan, thoroughly
+enjoying Mrs. Stanton's companionship, attacked the history with
+vigor. Sitting opposite each other at a big table in the sunny tower
+room, they spent long hours at work. Susan, thin and wiry, her graying
+hair neatly smoothed back over her ears, sat up very straight as she
+rapidly sorted old clippings and letters and outlined chapters, while
+Mrs. Stanton, stout and placid, her white curls beautifully arranged,
+wrote steadily and happily, transforming masses of notes into readable
+easy prose.<a name="FNanchor_343_343" id="FNanchor_343_343"></a><a href="#Footnote_343_343" class="fnanchor">[343]</a></p>
+
+<p>Having sent appeals for information to colleagues in all parts of the
+country, Susan, as the contributions began to come in, struggled to
+decipher the often almost illegible, handwritten manuscripts, many of
+them careless and inexact about dates and facts. To their request for
+data about her, Lucy Stone curtly replied, "I have never kept a diary
+or any record of my work, and so am unable to furnish you the required
+dates.... You say 'I' must be referred<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span> to in the history you are
+writing.... I cannot furnish a biographical sketch and trust you will
+not try to make one. Yours with ceaseless regret that any 'wing' of
+suffragists should attempt to write the history of the other."<a name="FNanchor_344_344" id="FNanchor_344_344"></a><a href="#Footnote_344_344" class="fnanchor">[344]</a></p>
+
+<p>The greater part of the writing fell upon Mrs. Stanton, but Matilda
+Joslyn Gage contributed the chapters, "Preceding Causes," "Women in
+Newspapers," and "Women, Church, and State." Susan carefully selected
+the material and checked the facts. She helped with the copying of the
+handwritten manuscript and with the proofreading. Believing that
+pictures of the early workers were almost as important for the
+<i>History</i> as the subject matter itself, she tried to provide them, but
+they presented a financial problem with which it was hard to cope, for
+each engraving cost $100.<a name="FNanchor_345_345" id="FNanchor_345_345"></a><a href="#Footnote_345_345" class="fnanchor">[345]</a></p>
+
+<p>When the first volume of the <i>History of Woman Suffrage</i> came off the
+press in May 1881, she proudly and lovingly scanned its 878 pages
+which told the story of women's progress in the United States up to
+the Civil War.</p>
+
+<p>She was well aware that the <i>History</i> was not a literary achievement,
+but the facts were there, as accurate as humanly possible; all the
+eloquent, stirring speeches were there, a proof of the caliber and
+high intelligence of the pioneers; and out of the otherwise dull
+record of meetings, conventions, and petitions, a spirit of
+independence and zeal for freedom shone forth, highlighted
+occasionally by dramatic episodes. As Mrs. Stanton so aptly expressed
+it, "We have furnished the bricks and mortar for some future architect
+to rear a beautiful edifice."<a name="FNanchor_346_346" id="FNanchor_346_346"></a><a href="#Footnote_346_346" class="fnanchor">[346]</a></p>
+
+<p>The distribution of the book was very much on Susan's mind, for she
+realized that it would not be in great demand because of its cost,
+bulk, and subject matter. Nor could she at this time present it to
+libraries, as she wished, for she had already spent her savings on the
+illustrations. "It ought to be in every school library," she wrote
+Amelia Bloomer, "where every boy and girl of the nation could see and
+read and learn what women have done to secure equality of rights and
+chances for girls and women...."<a name="FNanchor_347_347" id="FNanchor_347_347"></a><a href="#Footnote_347_347" class="fnanchor">[347]</a></p>
+
+<p>So much material had been collected while Volume I was in preparation
+that both Susan and Mrs. Stanton felt they should immediately
+undertake Volume II. After a summer of lecturing to help finance its
+publication, Susan returned to Tenafly to the monotonous<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span> work of
+compilation. "I am just sick to death of it," she wrote her young
+friend Rachel Foster. "I had rather wash or whitewash or do any
+possible hard work than sit here and go there digging into the dusty
+records of the past&mdash;that is, rather <i>make</i> history than write
+it."<a name="FNanchor_348_348" id="FNanchor_348_348"></a><a href="#Footnote_348_348" class="fnanchor">[348]</a></p>
+
+<p>Yet she never entirely gave up making history, for she was always
+planning for the future and Rachel Foster was now her able lieutenant,
+relieving her of details, doing the spade work for the annual
+Washington conventions, and arranging for an occasional lecture
+engagement. Susan would not leave Tenafly for a lecture fee of less
+than $50.</p>
+
+<p>She took this intelligent young girl to her heart as she had Anna E.
+Dickinson in the past. Rachel, however, had none of Anna's dramatic
+temperament or love of the limelight, but in her orderly businesslike
+way was eager to serve Susan, whom she had admired ever since as a
+child she had heard her speak for woman suffrage in her mother's
+drawing room.</p>
+
+<p>While Susan was pondering the ways and means of financing another
+volume of the <i>History</i>, the light broke through in a letter from
+Wendell Phillips, announcing the astonishing news that she and Lucy
+Stone had inherited approximately $25,000 each for "the woman's cause"
+under the will of Eliza Eddy, the daughter of their former benefactor,
+Francis Jackson. Although the legacy was not paid until 1885 because
+of litigation, its promise lightened considerably Susan's financial
+burden and she knew that Volumes II and III were assured. Her
+gratitude to Eliza Eddy was unbounded, and better still, she read
+between the lines the good will of Wendell Phillips who had been Eliza
+Eddy's legal advisor. That he, whom she admired above all men, should
+after their many differences still regard her as worthy of this trust,
+meant as much to her as the legacy itself.</p>
+
+<p>In May 1882 she had the satisfaction of seeing the second volume of
+the <i>History of Woman Suffrage</i> in print, carrying women's record
+through 1875. Volume III was not completed until 1885.</p>
+
+<p>Women's response to their own history was a disappointment. Only a few
+realized its value for the future, among them Mary L. Booth, editor of
+<i>Harper's Bazaar</i>. The majority were indifferent and some even
+critical. When Mrs. Stanton offered the three volumes<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span> to the Vassar
+College library, they were refused.<a name="FNanchor_349_349" id="FNanchor_349_349"></a><a href="#Footnote_349_349" class="fnanchor">[349]</a> Nevertheless, every time
+Susan looked at the three large volumes on her shelves, she was happy,
+for now she was assured that women's struggle for citizenship and
+freedom would live in print through the years. To libraries in the
+United States and Europe, she presented well over a thousand copies,
+grateful that the Eliza Eddy legacy now made this possible.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>In 1883, Susan surprised everyone by taking a vacation in Europe. Soon
+after Volume II of the <i>History</i> had been completed, Mrs. Stanton had
+left for Europe with her daughter Harriot.<a name="FNanchor_350_350" id="FNanchor_350_350"></a><a href="#Footnote_350_350" class="fnanchor">[350]</a> Her letters to Susan
+reported not only Harriot's marriage to an Englishman, William Henry
+Blatch, but also encouraging talks with the forward-looking women of
+England and France whom she hoped to interest in an international
+organization. Repeatedly she urged Susan to join her, to meet these
+women, and to rest for a while from her strenuous labors. The
+possibility of forming an international organization of women was a
+greater attraction to Susan than Europe itself, and when Rachel Foster
+suggested that she make the journey with her, she readily consented.</p>
+
+<p>"She goes abroad a republican Queen," observed the Kansas City
+<i>Journal</i>, "uncrowned to be sure, but none the less of the blood
+royal, and we have faith that the noblest men and women of Europe will
+at once recognize and welcome her as their equal."<a name="FNanchor_351_351" id="FNanchor_351_351"></a><a href="#Footnote_351_351" class="fnanchor">[351]</a></p>
+
+<p>In London, Susan met Mrs. Stanton, "her face beaming and her white
+curls as lovely as ever." Then after talking with English suffragists
+and her two old friends, William Henry Channing and Ernestine Rose,
+now living in England, Susan traveled with Rachel through Italy,
+Switzerland, Germany, and France, where a whole new world opened
+before her. She thoroughly enjoyed its beauty; yet there was much that
+distressed her and she found herself far more interested in the
+people, their customs and living conditions than in the treasures of
+art. "It is good for our young civilization," she wrote Daniel, "to
+see and study that of the old world and observe the hopelessness of
+lifting the masses into freedom and freedom's industry, honesty and
+integrity. How any American, any lover of our free institutions, based
+on equality of rights for all, can settle down and live here is more
+than I can comprehend. It<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span> will only be by overturning the powers that
+education and equal chances ever can come to the rank and file. The
+hope of the world is indeed our republic...." To a friend she
+reported, "Amidst it all my head and heart turn to our battle for
+women at home. Here in the old world, with ... its utter blotting out
+of women as an equal, there is no hope, no possibility of changing her
+condition; so I look to our own land of equality for men, and partial
+equality for women, as the only one for hope or work."<a name="FNanchor_352_352" id="FNanchor_352_352"></a><a href="#Footnote_352_352" class="fnanchor">[352]</a></p>
+
+<p>Back in London again, she allowed herself a few luxuries, such as an
+expensive India shawl and more social life than she had had in many a
+year, and she longed to have Mary enjoy it all with her. She visited
+suffragists in Scotland and Ireland as well as in England and
+occasionally spoke at their meetings.<a name="FNanchor_353_353" id="FNanchor_353_353"></a><a href="#Footnote_353_353" class="fnanchor">[353]</a> Here as in America
+suffragists differed over the best way to win the vote, and even the
+most radical among them were more conservative and cautious than
+American women, but she admired them all and tried to understand the
+very different problems they faced. Gradually she interested a few of
+them in an international conference of women, and before she sailed
+back to America with Mrs. Stanton in November 1883, she had their
+promise of cooperation.</p>
+
+<p>The newspapers welcomed her home. "Susan B. Anthony is back from
+Europe," announced the Cleveland <i>Leader</i>, "and is here for a winter's
+fight on behalf of woman suffrage. She seems remarkably well, and has
+gained fifteen pounds since she left last spring. She is sixty-three,
+but looks just the same as twenty years ago. There is perhaps an extra
+wrinkle in her face, a little more silver in her hair, but her blue
+eyes are just as bright, her mouth as serious and her step as active
+as when she was forty. She would attract attention in any crowd."<a name="FNanchor_354_354" id="FNanchor_354_354"></a><a href="#Footnote_354_354" class="fnanchor">[354]</a></p>
+
+<p>Susan came back to an indifferent Congress. "All would fall flat and
+dead if someone were not here to keep them in mind of their duty to
+us," she wrote a friend at this time, and to her diary she confided,
+"It is perfectly disheartening that no member feels any especial
+interest or earnest determination in pushing this question of woman
+suffrage, to all men only a side issue."<a name="FNanchor_355_355" id="FNanchor_355_355"></a><a href="#Footnote_355_355" class="fnanchor">[355]</a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="IMPETUS_FROM_THE_WEST" id="IMPETUS_FROM_THE_WEST"></a>IMPETUS FROM THE WEST</h2>
+
+
+<p>"My heart almost stands still. I hope against hope, but still I hope,"
+Susan wrote in her diary in 1885, as she waited for news from Oregon
+Territory regarding the vote of the people on a woman suffrage
+amendment.<a name="FNanchor_356_356" id="FNanchor_356_356"></a><a href="#Footnote_356_356" class="fnanchor">[356]</a> Woman suffrage was defeated in Oregon; and in
+Washington Territory, where in 1883 it had carried, a contest was
+being waged in the courts to invalidate it. In Nebraska it had also
+been defeated in 1882. Since the victories in Wyoming and Utah in 1869
+and 1870, not another state or territory had written woman suffrage
+into law.</p>
+
+<p>In spite of these setbacks, Susan still saw great promise in the West
+and resumed her lecturing there. She knew the rapidly growing young
+western states and territories as few easterners did, and she
+understood their people. Here women were making themselves
+indispensable as teachers, and state universities, now open to them,
+graduated over two thousand women a year. The Farmers' Alliance, the
+Grange, and the Prohibition party, all distinctly western in origin,
+admitted women to membership and were friendly to woman suffrage.
+School suffrage had been won in twelve western states as against five
+in the East, and Kansas women were now voting in municipal elections.
+In a sense, woman suffrage was becoming respectable in the West, and a
+woman was no longer ostracized by her friends for working with Susan
+B. Anthony.</p>
+
+<p>Still critical of her own speaking, Susan was often discouraged over
+her lectures, but her vitality, her naturalness, and her flashes of
+wit seldom failed to win over her audiences. Her nephew, Daniel Jr., a
+student at the University of Michigan, hearing her speak, wrote his
+parents, "At the beginning of her lecture, Aunt Susan does not do so
+well; but when she is in the midst of her argument and all her
+energies brought into play, I think she is a very powerful
+speaker."<a name="FNanchor_357_357" id="FNanchor_357_357"></a><a href="#Footnote_357_357" class="fnanchor">[357]</a></p>
+
+<p>On these trips through the West, she kept in close touch with her
+brothers Daniel and Merritt in Kansas, frequently visiting in their
+homes and taking her numerous nieces to Rochester. She<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span> valued
+Daniel's judgment highly, and he, well-to-do and influential, was a
+great help to her in many ways, investing her savings and furnishing
+her with railroad passes which greatly reduced her ever-increasing
+traveling expenses.</p>
+
+<p>Everywhere she met active zealous members of the Women's Christian
+Temperance Union. Since the Civil War, temperance had become a
+vigorous movement in the Middle West, doing its utmost to counteract
+the influence of the many large new breweries and saloons. Through the
+Prohibition party, organized on a national basis in 1872, temperance
+was now a political issue in Kansas, Iowa, and the Territory of
+Dakota, and through the W.C.T.U. women waged an effective
+total-abstinence campaign. Brought into the suffrage movement by
+Frances Willard under the slogan, "For God and Home and Country,"
+these women quickly sensed the value of their votes to the temperance
+cause. Nor was Susan slow to recognize their importance to her and her
+work, for they represented an entirely new group, churchwomen, who
+heretofore had been suspicious of and hostile toward woman's rights.
+Through them, she anticipated a powerful impetus for her cause.</p>
+
+<p>With admiration she had watched Frances Willard's career.<a name="FNanchor_358_358" id="FNanchor_358_358"></a><a href="#Footnote_358_358" class="fnanchor">[358]</a> This
+vivid consecrated young woman was a born leader, quick to understand
+woman's need of the vote and eager to lead women forward. It was a
+disappointment, however, when she joined the American rather than the
+National Woman Suffrage Association. The reasons for this, Susan
+readily understood, were Frances Willard's warm friendship with Mary
+Livermore and her own preference for the American's state-by-state
+method, similar to that she had so successfully followed in her
+W.C.T.U. Yet Frances Willard, whenever she could, cooperated with
+Susan whom she admired and loved; and through the years these two
+great leaders valued and respected each other, even though they
+frequently differed over policy and method.</p>
+
+<p>Susan, for example, was often troubled because women suffrage and
+temperance were more and more linked together in the public mind, thus
+confusing the issues and arousing the hostility of those who might
+have been friendly toward woman suffrage had they not feared that
+women's votes would bring in prohibition. She did her best to make it
+clear to her audiences that she did not ask for the ballot in order
+that women might vote against saloons and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span> for prohibition. She
+demanded only that women have the same right as men to express their
+opinions at the polls. Such an attitude was hard for many temperance
+women to understand and to forgive.</p>
+
+<p>Over women's support of specific political parties, Susan and Frances
+Willard were never able to agree. Susan had never been willing to ally
+herself with a minority party. Therefore, to Frances Willard's
+disappointment, she withheld her support from the Prohibition party in
+1880, although their platform acknowledged woman's need of the ballot
+and directed them to use it to settle the liquor question, and in 1884
+when they recommended state suffrage for women. Finding women eager to
+support the Prohibitionists in gratitude for these inadequate planks,
+Susan even issued a statement urging them to support the Republicans,
+who held out the most hope to them even if woman suffrage had not been
+mentioned in their platform. Her experience in Washington had proved
+to her the friendliness and loyalty of individual Republicans, and she
+was unwilling to jeopardize their support.</p>
+
+<p>Her judgment was confirmed during the next few years when friendly
+Republicans spoke for woman suffrage in the Senate, and when in 1887
+the woman suffrage amendment was debated and voted on in the Senate.
+In the Senate gallery eagerly listening, Susan took notice that the
+sixteen votes cast for the amendment were those of Republicans.<a name="FNanchor_359_359" id="FNanchor_359_359"></a><a href="#Footnote_359_359" class="fnanchor">[359]</a></p>
+
+<p>Still hoping to win Susan's endorsement of the Prohibition party in
+1888, Frances Willard asked her to outline what kind of plank would
+satisfy her.</p>
+
+<p>"Do you mean so satisfy me," Susan replied, "that I would work, and
+recommend to all women to work ... for the success of the third party
+ticket?... Not until a third party gets into power ... which promises
+a larger per cent of representatives, on the floor of Congress, and in
+the several State legislatures, who will speak and vote for women's
+enfranchisement, than does the Republican, shall I work for it. You
+see, as yet there is not a single Prohibitionist in Congress while
+there are at least twenty Republicans on the floor of the United
+States Senate, besides fully one-half of the members of the House of
+Representatives who are in favor of woman suffrage.... I do not
+propose to work for the defeat of the party which thus far has
+furnished nearly every vote in that direction."<a name="FNanchor_360_360" id="FNanchor_360_360"></a><a href="#Footnote_360_360" class="fnanchor">[360]</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Nor was she lured away when, in 1888, the Prohibition party endorsed
+woman suffrage and granted Frances Willard the honor of addressing its
+convention and serving on the resolutions committee.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>The temperance issue also cropped up in the annual Washington
+conventions of the National Woman Suffrage Association, preparations
+for which Susan now left to Rachel Foster, May Wright Sewall, a
+capable young recruit from Indiana, and Jane Spofford. However, she
+still supervised these conventions, prodding and interfering, in what
+she called her most Andrew Jackson-like manner. She always returned to
+Washington with excitement and pleasure, and with the hope of some
+outstanding victory, and the suite at the Riggs House, given her by
+generous Jane Spofford, was a delight after months of hard travel in
+the West. "I shall come both ragged and dirty," she wrote Mrs.
+Spofford in 1887. "Though the apparel will be tattered and torn, the
+mind, the essence of me, is sound to the core. Please tell the little
+milliner to have a bonnet picked out for me, and get a dressmaker who
+will patch me together so that I shall be presentable."<a name="FNanchor_361_361" id="FNanchor_361_361"></a><a href="#Footnote_361_361" class="fnanchor">[361]</a></p>
+
+<p>Open to all women irrespective of race or creed, the National Woman
+Suffrage Association attracted fearless independent devoted members.
+They welcomed Mormon women into the fold, and when the bill to
+disfranchise Mormon women as a punishment for polygamy was before
+Congress in 1887, they did their utmost to help Mormon women retain
+the vote, but were defeated.</p>
+
+<p>They welcomed as well many temperance advocates. A few delegates,
+however, among them Mrs. Stanton, Mrs. Gage, and Mrs. Colby, scorned
+what they called the "singing and praying" temperance group and
+protested that temperance and religion were getting too strong a hold
+on the organization. Abigail Duniway from Oregon contended that
+suffragists should not join forces with temperance groups and blamed
+the defeat of woman suffrage in Oregon, Idaho, and Washington, in
+1887, on men's fear that women would vote for prohibition.</p>
+
+<p>Often Susan was obliged to act as arbiter between the temperance and
+nontemperance groups. She did not underestimate the momentum which the
+well-organized W.C.T.U. had already given the suffrage cause,
+particularly in states where the National Association<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span> had only a few
+and scattered workers. She needed and wanted the help of these
+temperance women and of Frances Willard's forceful and winning
+personality. She also saw the importance of breaking down with Frances
+Willard's aid the slow-yielding opposition of the church.</p>
+
+<p>Occasionally enthusiastic workers undertook projects which to her
+seemed unwise. She told them frankly how she felt and left it at that,
+but most of them had to learn by experience. When Belva Lockwood, one
+of her most able colleagues in Washington, accepted the nomination for
+President of the United States, offered her by the women of California
+in 1884 and by the women of Iowa in 1888 through their Equal Rights
+party, she did not lend her support or that of the National
+Association, but followed her consistent policy of no alignment with a
+minority party. Nevertheless, she heartily believed in women's right
+and ability to hold the highest office in the land.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>Ever since her trip to Europe in 1883, Susan had been planning for an
+international gathering of women. Interest in this project was kept
+alive among European women by Mrs. Stanton during her frequent visits
+with her daughter Harriot in England and her son Theodore in France.
+It was Susan, however, who put the machinery in motion through the
+National Woman Suffrage Association and issued a call for an
+international conference in Washington, in March 1888, to commemorate
+the fortieth anniversary of the first woman's rights convention. Ten
+thousand invitations were sent out to organizations of women in all
+parts of the world, to professional, business, and reform groups as
+well as to those advocating political and civil rights for women, and
+an ambitious program was prepared. Most of the work for the conference
+and the raising of $13,000 to finance it fell upon the shoulders of
+Susan, Rachel Foster, and May Wright Sewall, but they also had the
+enthusiastic cooperation of Frances Willard, who, with her nation-wide
+contacts, was of inestimable value in arousing interest among the many
+and varied women's organizations and the labor groups. Another happy
+development was Clara Colby's decision to publish her <i>Woman's
+Tribune</i> in Washington during the conference. Mrs. Colby's <i>Tribune</i>,
+established in Beatrice, Nebraska, in 1883, had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span> since then met in a
+measure Susan's need for a paper for the National Association and she
+welcomed its transfer to Washington.<a name="FNanchor_362_362" id="FNanchor_362_362"></a><a href="#Footnote_362_362" class="fnanchor">[362]</a></p>
+
+<p>Women from all parts of the world assembled in Albaugh's Opera House
+in Washington for the epoch-making international conference which
+opened on Sunday, March 25, 1888, with religious services conducted
+entirely by women, as if to prove to the world that women in the
+pulpit were appropriate and adequate. Fifty-three national
+organizations sent representatives, and delegates came from England,
+France, Norway, Denmark, Finland, India, and Canada.</p>
+
+<p>Presiding over all sixteen sessions, Susan rejoiced over a record
+attendance. Her thoughts went back to the winter of 1854 when she and
+Ernestine Rose had held their first woman's rights meetings in
+Washington, finding only a handful ready to listen. The intervening
+thirty-four years had worked wonders. Now women were willing to travel
+not only across the continent but from Europe and Asia to discuss and
+demand equal educational advantages, equal opportunities for training
+in the professions and in business, equal pay for equal work, equal
+suffrage, and the same standard of morals for all. Aware of their
+responsibility to their countries, they asked for the tools, education
+and the franchise, to help solve the world's problems. They were
+listened to with interest and respect, and were received at the White
+House by President and Mrs. Cleveland.</p>
+
+<p>Through it all, a dynamic, gray-haired woman in a black silk dress
+with a red shawl about her shoulders was without question the heroine
+of the occasion. "This lady," observed the Baltimore <i>Sun</i>, "daily
+grows upon all present; the woman suffragists love her for her good
+works, the audience for her brightness and wit, and the multitude of
+press representatives for her frank, plain, open, business-like way of
+doing everything connected with the council.... Her word is the
+parliamentary law of the meeting. Whatever she says is done without
+murmur or dissent."<a name="FNanchor_363_363" id="FNanchor_363_363"></a><a href="#Footnote_363_363" class="fnanchor">[363]</a></p>
+
+<p>A permanent International Council of Women to meet once every five
+years was organized with Millicent Garrett Fawcett of England as
+president, and a National Council to meet every three years was formed
+as an affiliate with Frances Willard as president and Susan as
+vice-president at large. Emphasizing education and social and moral
+reform, the International Council did not rank suffrage<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span> first as
+Susan had hoped. Nevertheless, she was happy that an international
+movement of enterprising women was well on its way. They would learn
+by experience.</p>
+
+<p>Of all the favorable results of the International Council of Women,
+two were of special importance to Susan, meeting Anna Howard Shaw and
+overtures from Lucy Stone for a union of the National and American
+Woman Suffrage Associations.</p>
+
+<p>Prejudiced against Anna Howard Shaw, who had aligned herself with Mary
+Livermore and Lucy Stone, and who she assumed, was a narrow Methodist
+minister, Susan was unprepared to find that the pleasing young woman
+in the pulpit on the first day of the conference, holding her audience
+spellbound with her oratory, was Anna Howard Shaw. Here was a warm
+personality, a crusader eager to right human wrongs, and above all a
+matchless public speaker. Anna too had heard much criticism of Susan
+and had formed a distorted opinion of her which was quickly dispelled
+as she watched her preside. They liked each other the moment they met.</p>
+
+<p>Anna Howard Shaw had grown up on the Michigan frontier, her
+indomitable spirit and her eagerness for learning conquering the
+hardships and the limitations of her surroundings. Encouraged by Mary
+Livermore, who by chance lectured in her little town, she worked her
+way through Albion College and Boston University Theological School,
+from which she graduated in 1878. She then served as the pastor of two
+Cape Cod churches, but was refused ordination by the Methodist
+Episcopal church because of her sex. Eventually she was ordained by
+the Methodist Protestant church. During her pastorate, she studied
+medicine at Boston University, and because of her ability as a speaker
+was in demand as a lecturer for temperance and woman suffrage groups.
+Through the Massachusetts Woman Suffrage Association, she met an
+inspiring group of reformers, and their influence and that of Frances
+Willard, in whose work she was intensely interested, led her to leave
+the ministry for active work in the temperance and woman suffrage
+movements. After several years as a lecturer and organizer for the
+Massachusetts Woman Suffrage Association, she was placed at the head
+of the franchise department of the W.C.T.U. This was her work when she
+met Susan B. Anthony.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 348px;">
+<img src="images/248.jpg" width="348" height="450" alt="Anna Howard Shaw" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Anna Howard Shaw</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The more Susan talked with Anna, the better she liked her, and the
+feeling was mutual. This wholesome woman of forty-one, with abundant
+vitality, unmarried and without pressing family ties to divert her,
+seemed particularly well fitted to assist Susan in the arduous
+campaigns which lay ahead. A natural orator, she could in a measure
+take the place of Mrs. Stanton, who could no longer undertake western
+tours. Before the International Council adjourned, Susan had Anna's
+promise that she would lecture for the National Association.</p>
+
+<p>One of Susan's nieces, Lucy E. Anthony, also felt drawn to Anna after
+meeting her at the International Council. A warm friendship quickly
+developed and continued throughout their lives. Within a few years
+they were living together, Lucy serving as Anna's secretary and
+planning her lecture tours and campaign trips. Educated in Rochester
+through the help of her aunts, Susan and Mary, living in their home
+and loving them both, Lucy readily made their interests her own and
+devoted her life to the suffrage movement. Neither a public speaker
+nor a campaigner, she put her executive ability to work, and her
+tasks, though less spectacular,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span> were important and freed both Susan
+and Anna from many details.</p>
+
+<p>Just as the International Council of Women had broken down Anna Howard
+Shaw's prejudice regarding Susan B. Anthony and her National Woman
+Suffrage Association, just so it clarified the opinions of other young
+women, now aligning themselves with the cause. Admiring the leaders of
+both factions, these young women saw no reason why the two groups
+should not work together in one large strong organization, and this
+seemed increasingly important as they welcomed women from other
+countries to this first international conference. Unfamiliar with the
+personal antagonisms and the sincere differences in policy which had
+caused the separation after the Civil War, they did not understand the
+difficulties still in the way of union. So strongly, however, did they
+press for a united front that the leaders of both groups felt
+themselves swept along toward that goal. Susan herself had long looked
+forward to the time when all suffragists would again work together,
+but since the unsuccessful overtures of her group in 1870, she had
+made no further efforts in that direction. She was completely taken by
+surprise when in the fall of 1887 the American Association proposed
+that she and Lucy Stone confer regarding union.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>The negotiations revived old arguments in the minds of zealous
+partisans, and in the <i>Woman's Journal</i>, the <i>Woman's Tribune</i>, and
+elsewhere, attempts were made to fasten the blame for the
+twenty-year-old rift upon this one and that one; but so strong ran the
+tide for union among the younger women that this excursion into the
+past aroused little interest.</p>
+
+<p>The election of the president of the merged organizations was the most
+difficult hurdle. Lucy Stone suggested that neither she, Mrs. Stanton,
+nor Susan allow their names to be proposed, since they had been blamed
+for the division, but this was easier said than done. The clamor for
+Susan and Mrs. Stanton was so strong and continuous among the younger
+members that it soon became apparent that unless one or the other were
+chosen, there would be no hope of union. The odds were in Susan's
+favor. Her popularity in the National Association was tremendous.
+Although Mrs. Stanton was revered as the mother of woman suffrage and
+admired for her brilliant mind and her poise as presiding officer, she
+now spent so<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span> much time in Europe with her daughter Harriot that many
+who might otherwise have voted for her felt that the office should go
+to Susan, who was always on the job.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 332px;">
+<img src="images/250.jpg" width="332" height="450" alt="Harriot Stanton Blatch" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Harriot Stanton Blatch</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Most of the American Association regarded Susan as safer and less
+radical than Mrs. Stanton, less likely to stray from the straight path
+of woman suffrage, and Henry Blackwell recommended her election.</p>
+
+<p>Susan did not want the presidency. She wanted it for Mrs. Stanton, who
+had headed the National Association so ably for so many years. She
+pleaded earnestly with the delegates of the National Association: "I
+will say to every woman who is a National and who has any love for the
+old Association, or for Susan B. Anthony, that I hope you will not
+vote for her for president.... Don't you vote for any human being but
+Mrs. Stanton.... When the division was made 22 years ago it was
+because our platform was too broad, because Mrs. Stanton was too
+radical.... And now ... if Mrs. Stanton shall be deposed ... you
+virtually degrade her.... I want our platform to be kept broad enough
+for the infidel, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span> atheist, the Mohammedan, or the Christian....
+These are the broad principles I want you to stand upon."<a name="FNanchor_364_364" id="FNanchor_364_364"></a><a href="#Footnote_364_364" class="fnanchor">[364]</a></p>
+
+<p>When the two organizations met in February 1890 to effect formal union
+as the National American Woman Suffrage Association, Elizabeth Cady
+Stanton was elected president by a majority of 41 votes, while Susan
+was the almost unanimous choice for vice-president at large. With Lucy
+Stone chosen chairman of the executive committee, Jane Spofford
+treasurer, and Rachel Foster and Alice Stone Blackwell
+secretaries,<a name="FNanchor_365_365" id="FNanchor_365_365"></a><a href="#Footnote_365_365" class="fnanchor">[365]</a> the new organization was well equipped with able
+leaders for the work ahead. It was dedicated to work for both state
+and federal woman suffrage amendments and its official organ would be
+the <i>Woman's Journal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Susan now faced the future with gratitude that a strong unified
+organization could be handed down to the younger women who would
+gradually take over the work she had started, and her confidence in
+these young women grew day by day. Working closely with Rachel Foster
+and May Wright Sewall, she knew their caliber. Anna Howard Shaw and
+Alice Stone Blackwell showed great promise, and Harriot Stanton Blatch
+was living up to her expectations. In England where Harriot had made
+her home since her marriage in 1882, she was active in the cause, and
+on her visits to her mother in New York, she kept in touch with the
+suffrage movement in the United States. She took part in the union
+meeting, and in her diary, Susan recorded these words of commendation,
+"Harriot said but a few words, yet showed herself worthy of her mother
+and her mother's lifelong friend and co-worker. It was a proud moment
+for me."<a name="FNanchor_366_366" id="FNanchor_366_366"></a><a href="#Footnote_366_366" class="fnanchor">[366]</a></p>
+
+<p>To such she could entrust her beloved cause.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="VICTORIES_IN_THE_WEST" id="VICTORIES_IN_THE_WEST"></a>VICTORIES IN THE WEST</h2>
+
+
+<p>New western states were coming into the Union, North and South Dakota,
+Montana, Washington, Idaho, and Wyoming, and in Susan's opinion it was
+highly important that they be admitted as woman suffrage states, for
+she had not forgotten that disturbing line of the Supreme Court
+decision in the Virginia Minor case which read, "No new State has ever
+been admitted to the Union which has conferred the right of suffrage
+on women, and this has never been considered a valid objection to her
+admission."<a name="FNanchor_367_367" id="FNanchor_367_367"></a><a href="#Footnote_367_367" class="fnanchor">[367]</a> Susan wanted to start a new trend.</p>
+
+<p>Opposition to Wyoming's woman suffrage provision was strong in
+Congress in spite of the fact that it had the unanimous approval of
+Wyoming's constitutional convention. To Susan in the gallery of the
+House of Representatives, listening anxiously to the debate on the
+admission of Wyoming, defeat was unthinkable after women had voted in
+the Territory of Wyoming for twenty years; but Democrats, wishing to
+block the admission of a preponderantly Republican state, used woman
+suffrage as an excuse. With a sinking heart, she heard an amendment
+offered, limiting suffrage in Wyoming to males. At the crucial moment,
+however, the tide was turned by a telegram from the Wyoming
+legislature, the words of which rejoiced Susan, "We will remain out of
+the Union a hundred years rather than come in without woman
+suffrage."<a name="FNanchor_368_368" id="FNanchor_368_368"></a><a href="#Footnote_368_368" class="fnanchor">[368]</a> After this, the House voted to admit Wyoming, 139 to
+127, but the Senate delayed, renewing the attack on the woman suffrage
+provision. Not until July 1890, while she was speaking to a large
+audience in the opera house at Madison, South Dakota, did the good
+news of the admission of Wyoming reach her. Jubilant as she commented
+on this great victory, she spoke as one inspired, for she saw this as
+the turning point in her forty long years of uphill work.</p>
+
+<p>Neither North Dakota nor South Dakota had wanted to risk their chances
+of statehood by incorporating woman suffrage in their
+constitutions.<a name="FNanchor_369_369" id="FNanchor_369_369"></a><a href="#Footnote_369_369" class="fnanchor">[369]</a> Yet public opinion in both states was friendly,
+South Dakota directing its first legislature to submit the question to
+the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span> voters. It was this that brought Susan to South Dakota in 1890.
+Sentiment for woman suffrage in South Dakota had previously been
+created almost entirely by the W.C.T.U., and this had linked woman
+suffrage and prohibition together. Now, the liquor interests made
+prohibition an issue in this woman suffrage campaign, as they rallied
+their forces for the repeal of prohibition which had been adopted when
+South Dakota was admitted to statehood. Through the propaganda of the
+liquor interests the 30,000 foreign-born voters became formidable
+opponents, and newly naturalized Russians, Scandinavians, and Poles,
+given the vote before American women, wore badges carrying the slogan,
+"Against Woman Suffrage and Susan B. Anthony."<a name="FNanchor_370_370" id="FNanchor_370_370"></a><a href="#Footnote_370_370" class="fnanchor">[370]</a> Both Republicans
+and Democrats cultivated these foreign-born voters, turning a cold
+shoulder to the woman suffrage amendment and refusing to endorse it in
+their state conventions. Even the Farmers' Alliance and the Knights of
+Labor, previously friendly to woman suffrage, now joined with the
+Prohibitionists to form a third political party which also failed to
+endorse the woman suffrage amendment. On top of all this,
+anti-suffragists from Massachusetts, calling themselves Remonstrants,
+flooded South Dakota with their leaflets.</p>
+
+<p>It now seemed to Susan as if every clever politician had lined up
+against women. During these trying days, Anna Howard Shaw joined her,
+and together they covered the state, hoping by the truth and sincerity
+of their statements to quash the propaganda against woman suffrage.
+Often they traveled in freight cars, as transportation was limited, or
+drove long distances in wagons over the sun-baked prairie. The heat
+was intense and the hot winds, blowing incessantly, seared everything
+they touched. After two years of drouth, the farmers were desperately
+poor, and Susan, concerned over their plight, wondered why Congress
+could not have appropriated the money for artesian wells to help these
+honest earnest people, instead of voting $40,000 for an investigating
+commission.<a name="FNanchor_371_371" id="FNanchor_371_371"></a><a href="#Footnote_371_371" class="fnanchor">[371]</a></p>
+
+<p>Occasionally Susan and Anna spent the night in isolated sod houses
+where ingenious pioneer women cooked their scant meals over burning
+chips of buffalo bones gathered on the prairie. Glorying in the
+valiant spirit of these women, who in loneliness and hardship played
+an important but unheralded role in the conquest of this new country,
+Susan was generous with her praise. To them her<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span> words of commendation
+were like a benediction, and few of them ever forgot a visit from
+Susan B. Anthony.</p>
+
+<p>By this time life on the frontier was an old story to her, for she had
+campaigned under similar conditions in Kansas and in the far West.
+Nonetheless, the hardships were trying. Yet this plucky woman of
+seventy wrote friends in the East, "Tell everybody that I am perfectly
+well in body and in mind, never better, and never doing more work....
+O, the lack of modern comforts and conveniences! But I can put up with
+it better than any of the young folks.... I shall push ahead and do my
+level best to carry this State, come weal or woe to me personally....
+I never felt so buoyed up with the love and sympathy and confidence of
+the good people everywhere...."<a name="FNanchor_372_372" id="FNanchor_372_372"></a><a href="#Footnote_372_372" class="fnanchor">[372]</a></p>
+
+<p>Young vigorous Anna Howard Shaw proved to be a campaigner after
+Susan's own heart, tireless, uncomplaining, and good-tempered, an
+exceptional speaker, witty and quick to say the right word at the
+right time. It was a joy to find in Anna the same devotion to the
+cause that she herself felt, the same crusading fervor and
+reliability. During the long drives over the prairie, she talked to
+Anna of the work that must be done, of what it would mean to the women
+of the future, and she fired Anna's soul "with the flame that burned
+in her own."<a name="FNanchor_373_373" id="FNanchor_373_373"></a><a href="#Footnote_373_373" class="fnanchor">[373]</a></p>
+
+<p>Another young western woman, Carrie Chapman Catt, also attracted
+Susan's attention at this time. She had volunteered for the South
+Dakota campaign, after attending her first national woman suffrage
+convention; and Susan, meeting her in Huron, South Dakota, to map out
+a speaking tour for her, found a tall handsome confident young woman
+ready to attack the work and see it through, in spite of the hardships
+which confronted her.</p>
+
+<p>Carrie Lane, a graduate of Iowa State College, had briefly studied law
+and taught school before her marriage to Lee Chapman. Now, four years
+after his death, she had married George W. Catt of Seattle, a
+promising young engineer and a former fellow-student at Iowa State
+College. What particularly impressed Susan was that Carrie, in spite
+of her marriage in June, had kept her pledge to come to South Dakota.
+She was pleased with the way Carrie not only heroically filled every
+difficult engagement, but sized up the campaign for herself and
+planned for the future. In Carrie's report of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span> her work there was a
+ruthless practicality which was rare and which instantly won Susan's
+approval. Here was a young woman to watch and to keep in the work.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 306px;">
+<img src="images/255.jpg" width="306" height="450" alt="The Anthony home, Rochester, New York" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Anthony home, Rochester, New York</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The visible result of six months of campaigning was defeat, with the
+vote 22,972 for woman suffrage and 45,632 opposed, and as Susan
+remembered the maneuvers of the politicians, the trading of votes for
+the location of the state capital, and the scheming of the liquor
+interests, she felt she was championing a lonely cause.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>From now on Susan hoped to turn over to the younger women much of the
+lecturing and organizing in the West, and she needed an anchorage, a
+home of her own from which she could direct the work. Her mother had
+willed 17 Madison Street to Mary, who had rented the first floor and
+was living on the second where there was a room for Susan. Now that
+Susan planned to spend more time at home and Mary had retired from
+teaching, they decided to take over the whole house, modernize and
+redecorate it, and enjoy it the rest of their lives. Mary as usual
+took charge, but Susan had definite ideas about what should be done.
+Mary, who had learned to be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span> cautious and frugal, was more willing
+than Susan to make old furnishings do, but their friends came to the
+rescue, showering them with gifts.</p>
+
+<p>Freshly painted and papered, with new rugs on the floor, lace curtains
+at the windows, easy chairs and new furniture here and there, the
+house was all Susan had wished for, and everywhere were familiar
+touches, such as her mother's spinning wheel by the fireplace in the
+back parlor.</p>
+
+<p>She spent most of her time in her study on the second floor. Here she
+hung her pictures of the reformers she admired and loved; and right
+over her desk, looking down at her, was the comforting picture of her
+dearest friend, Mrs. Stanton. Hour after hour, she sat at this desk,
+writing letters, hurriedly dashing off one after another, writing just
+as the thoughts came, as if she were talking, bothering little with
+punctuation, using dashes instead, and vigorously underlining words
+and phrases for emphasis. Instructions to workers in all parts of the
+country, letters of friendship and sympathy, answers to the many
+questions which came in every mail, these were signed and sealed one
+after another, and slipped into the mail box when she took a brisk
+walk before going to bed.</p>
+
+<p>She started each day with the morning newspaper, stepping out on the
+front veranda to pick it up, taking a deep breath of fresh air, and
+enjoying the green grass and the tall graceful chestnut trees in front
+of the house. Then sitting down in the back parlor beside the big
+table covered with magazines and mail, she carefully read her paper
+before beginning the work at her desk, for she must keep up-to-date on
+the news.</p>
+
+<p>Rochester was important to her. It was her city, and she was on hand
+with her colleagues whenever there was an opportunity for women to
+express interest in its government, progress, or welfare. Not only did
+she encourage women to make use of their newly won right to vote in
+school elections, she also urged municipal suffrage for women.
+Appealing to the governor to appoint a woman to fill a vacancy on the
+board of trustees of Rochester's State Industrial School, she herself
+received the appointment which the <i>Democrat and Chronicle</i> called "a
+fitting recognition of one of the ablest and best women in the
+commonwealth."<a name="FNanchor_374_374" id="FNanchor_374_374"></a><a href="#Footnote_374_374" class="fnanchor">[374]</a></p>
+
+<p>One of her first acts as trustee was a practical one for the girls.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span>
+"Spent entire day at State Industrial School," she wrote in her diary,
+"getting the laundry girls&mdash;who had always washed for the entire
+institution by hand and ironed that old way&mdash;transferred to the boys'
+laundry room to use its machinery&mdash;am sure it will work well&mdash;girls 12
+of them delighted."<a name="FNanchor_375_375" id="FNanchor_375_375"></a><a href="#Footnote_375_375" class="fnanchor">[375]</a> She also taught the boys to patch and darn,
+and later asked for coeducation.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/257.jpg" width="450" height="314" alt="Susan B. Anthony at her desk" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Susan B. Anthony at her desk</span>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>Susan looked forward to welcoming Mrs. Stanton at 17 Madison Street
+when she returned to this country in 1891, particularly because she
+had sold her home in Tenafly after her husband's death, in 1887, and
+now had no home to go to. Susan hoped that as they again worked
+together she could persuade Mrs. Stanton to concentrate on more
+serious writing than the chatty reminiscences she had just published
+and which Susan felt were "not the greatest" of herself.<a name="FNanchor_376_376" id="FNanchor_376_376"></a><a href="#Footnote_376_376" class="fnanchor">[376]</a> When she
+heard that Mrs. Stanton seriously contemplated living in New York with
+two of her children, she begged her to reconsider, writing, "This is
+the first time since 1850 that I have anchored myself to any
+particular spot, and in doing it my constant thought was that you
+would come here ... and stay for as long, at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span> least, as we must be
+together to put your writings into systematic shape to go down to
+posterity. I have no writings to go down, so my ambition is not for
+myself, but is for the one by the side of whom I have wrought these
+forty years, and to get whose speeches before audiences ... has been
+the delight of my life."<a name="FNanchor_377_377" id="FNanchor_377_377"></a><a href="#Footnote_377_377" class="fnanchor">[377]</a></p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Stanton decided to make her home in New York, but first she
+visited Susan who found her as stimulating as ever and brimful of
+ideas. They plotted and planned as of old and managed to stir up
+public opinion on the question of admitting women to the University of
+Rochester. With women enrolled at the University of Michigan since
+1870, and at Cornell since 1872, and with Columbia University yielding
+at last to women's entreaties by establishing Barnard College in 1889,
+they felt it their duty to awaken Rochester, and although their
+agitation produced no immediate results, it did start other women
+thinking and made news for the press. The cartoons on the subject
+delighted them both.<a name="FNanchor_378_378" id="FNanchor_378_378"></a><a href="#Footnote_378_378" class="fnanchor">[378]</a></p>
+
+<p>Susan soon realized that the writing she had planned for Mrs. Stanton
+would never be done, for Mrs. Stanton had already made up her mind to
+write for magazines and newspapers on new and controversial subjects,
+feeling this was the best contribution she could make to the cause.
+Susan also found it increasingly difficult to hold her old friend to
+the straight path of woman suffrage, Mrs. Stanton insisting that too
+much concentration on this one subject was narrowing and left women
+unprepared for the intelligent use of the ballot. Women, Mrs. Stanton
+argued, needed to be stirred up to think, and this they would not do
+as long as their minds were dominated by the church, which, she
+believed, had for generations hampered their development by
+emphasizing their inferiority and subordination. She was determined to
+analyze and rebel, and Susan could in no way divert her. Completely
+absorbed in trying to prove that the Bible, accurately translated and
+interpreted, did not teach the inferiority or the subordination of
+women, she was writing a book which she called <i>The Woman's Bible</i>,
+chapters of which were already appearing in the <i>Woman's Tribune</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 349px;">
+<img src="images/259.jpg" width="349" height="450" alt="Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Susan was not unsympathetic to Mrs. Stanton's ideas, but she opposed
+this excursion into religious controversy because she was sure it
+would stir up futile wrangles among the suffragists and keep Mrs.
+Stanton from giving her best to the cause. Her lack of interest<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span> then
+and her frank disapproval as <i>The Woman's Bible</i> progressed were a
+great disappointment to Mrs. Stanton, and these two old friends began
+to grow somewhat apart as they took different roads to reach their
+goal, the one intent on freeing women's minds, the other determined to
+establish their citizenship. Yet their friendship endured.</p>
+
+<p>In 1892 Susan reluctantly consented to Mrs. Stanton's retirement as
+president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Mrs.
+Stanton's request that she be followed by Susan won unanimous
+approval, and Anna Howard Shaw was moved up to second place,
+vice-president at large. For forty years, Susan had watched Mrs.
+Stanton preside with a poise, warmth, and skill which few could equal.
+She knew she would miss her dynamic reassuring presence at the
+conventions. Yet she was obliged to admit to herself that it was more
+than fitting that she should at last head the ever-growing
+organization which she had built up. This was the last convention
+which Mrs. Stanton attended, and it was the last for Lucy Stone who
+died the next year. Susan appreciated the eager young women who now
+took their places, but she did not yet feel completely at home with
+them. "Only think," she wrote an old-time colleague, "I shall not have
+a white-haired woman on the platform with me, and I shall be alone
+there of all the pioneer workers. Always with the 'old guard' I had
+perfect confidence that the wise and right thing would be said. What a
+platform ours then was of self-reliant strong women! I felt sure of
+you all.... I can not feel quite certain that our younger sisters will
+be equal to the emergency, yet they are each and all valiant, earnest,
+and talented, and will soon be left to manage the ship without even
+me."<a name="FNanchor_379_379" id="FNanchor_379_379"></a><a href="#Footnote_379_379" class="fnanchor">[379]</a></p>
+
+<p>In 1892, the year of the presidential election, Susan hopefully
+attended the national political conventions. Again the Republicans
+made their proverbial excuses, explaining that they not only faced a
+formidable opponent in Grover Cleveland but also the threat of a new
+People's party. The familiar ring of their alibis, which they had
+repeated since Reconstruction days, made Susan wonder when and if ever
+the Republicans would feel able to bear the strain of woman suffrage.
+Their platform remembered the poor, the foreign-born, and male
+Negroes, but it still ignored women. Yet hope for the future stirred
+in her heart as she saw at the convention<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span> two women serving as
+delegates from Wyoming. Here was the entering wedge.</p>
+
+<p>The Democrats as usual were silent on woman suffrage, but undismayed
+by them or by the Prohibitionists, who this year failed to endorse
+votes for women, Susan moved on to Omaha with Anna Howard Shaw for the
+first national convention of the new People's party. Here she met
+representatives of the Farmers' Alliance and the Knights of Labor,
+both friendly to woman suffrage, and men from other groups, critical
+of the two major political parties for their failure to solve the
+pressing economic problems confronting the nation. Susan was
+sympathetic with many of the aims of the People's party, having seen
+with her own eyes the plight of debt-burdened, hard-working farmers
+and having crusaded in her own paper, <i>The Revolution</i>, for the rights
+of labor and for the control of industrial monopoly. However, she
+still viewed minor, reform parties with a highly critical eye. The
+People's party gave her no woman suffrage plank and she found them
+"quite as oblivious to the underlying principle of justice to women as
+either of the old parties...."<a name="FNanchor_380_380" id="FNanchor_380_380"></a><a href="#Footnote_380_380" class="fnanchor">[380]</a></p>
+
+<p>With the election of Grover Cleveland, whose opposition to woman
+suffrage was well known, and with the Democrats in the saddle for
+another four years, Congressional action on the woman suffrage
+amendment was blocked. Nevertheless, the cause moved ahead in the
+states; Colorado was to vote on the question in 1893 and Kansas in
+1894, and New York was revising its constitution. In addition, the
+World's Fair in Chicago in 1893 offered endless opportunities to bring
+the subject before the people.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>As soon as plans for the World's Fair were under way, Susan began to
+work indirectly through prominent women in Washington and Chicago for
+the appointment of women to the board of management. "Lady Managers"
+were appointed, 115 strong, who proved to be very much alive under the
+leadership of Mrs. Bertha Honor&eacute; Palmer. Susan found Mrs. Palmer
+almost as determined as she to secure equality of rights for women at
+the World's Fair, and nothing that she herself might have planned
+could have been more effective than the series of world congresses in
+which both men and women took part, or than the World's Congress of
+Representative Women.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/262.jpg" width="450" height="312" alt="Elizabeth Smith Miller, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and
+Susan B. Anthony" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Elizabeth Smith Miller, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and
+Susan B. Anthony</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Two of Susan's "girls," as she liked to call them, Rachel Foster
+Avery<a name="FNanchor_381_381" id="FNanchor_381_381"></a><a href="#Footnote_381_381" class="fnanchor">[381]</a> and May Wright Sewall, were appointed by Mrs. Palmer to
+take charge of the World's Congress of Representative Women, and they
+arranged a meeting of the International Council of Women as a part of
+this Congress.</p>
+
+<p>Convening soon after the opening of the World's Fair, the Congress of
+Representative Women drew record crowds at its eighty-one sessions.
+Twenty-seven countries and 126 organizations were represented. Here
+Susan, to her joy, heard Negroes, American Indians, and Mormons tell
+of their progress and their problems, and saw them treated with as
+much respect as American millionaires, English nobility, or the most
+virtuous, conservative housewife. Watching these women assemble,
+talking with them, and listening to their well-delivered speeches, she
+felt richly rewarded for the lonely work she had undertaken forty
+years before, when scarcely a woman could be coaxed to a meeting or be
+persuaded to express her opinions in public. Although only one session
+of the congress was devoted to the civil and political rights of
+women, it was gratifying to her that women's need of the ballot was
+spontaneously<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span> brought up in meeting after meeting, showing that
+women, whatever their cause or whatever their organization, were
+recognizing that only by means of the vote could their reforms be
+achieved.</p>
+
+<p>Speaking on the subject to which she had dedicated her life, Susan
+gave credit to the pioneering suffragists for the change which had
+taken place in public opinion regarding the position of women. She
+urged women's organizations to give suffrage their wholehearted
+support and pointed out the great power of some of the newer
+organizations, such as the W.C.T.U. with its membership of half a
+million and the young General Federation of Women's Clubs of 40,000
+members. Confessing that her own National American Woman Suffrage
+Association in comparison was poor in numbers and limited in funds,
+she added, "I would philosophize on the reason why. It is because
+women have been taught always to work for something else than their
+own personal freedom; and the hardest thing in the world is to
+organize women for the one purpose of securing their political liberty
+and political equality."<a name="FNanchor_382_382" id="FNanchor_382_382"></a><a href="#Footnote_382_382" class="fnanchor">[382]</a> Even so, the vital woman's rights
+organizations, she concluded, drew the whole world to them in spirit
+if not in person.</p>
+
+<p>Her very presence among them without her words, in fact her very
+presence on the fair grounds, advertised her cause, for in the mind of
+the public she personified woman suffrage. This tall dignified woman
+with smooth gray hair, abundant in energy and spontaneous
+friendliness, was the center of attraction at the World's Congress of
+Representative Women. In her new black dress of Chinese silk,
+brightened with blue, and her small black bonnet, trimmed with lace
+and blue forget-me-nots, she was the perfect picture of everyone's
+grandmother, and the people took her to their hearts.<a name="FNanchor_383_383" id="FNanchor_383_383"></a><a href="#Footnote_383_383" class="fnanchor">[383]</a> She was the
+one woman all wanted to see. Curious crowds jammed the hall and
+corridors when she was scheduled to speak, and often a policeman had
+to clear the way for her. At whatever meeting she appeared, the
+audience at once burst into applause and started calling for her,
+interrupting the speakers, and were not satisfied until she had
+mounted the platform so that all could see her and she had said a few
+words. Then they cheered her. After years of ridicule and
+unpopularity, she hardly knew what to make of all this, but she
+accepted it with happiness as a tribute to her<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span> beloved cause. Many
+who had been critical and wary of her newfangled notions began to
+reverse their opinions after they saw her and heard her words of good
+common sense. Even those who still opposed woman suffrage left the
+World's Fair with a new respect for Susan B. Anthony.</p>
+
+<p>She stayed on in Chicago for much of the summer and fall, for she was
+in demand as a speaker at several of the world congresses and had five
+speeches to read for Mrs. Stanton, who felt unable to brave the heat
+and the crowds. She felt at home in this bustling, rapidly growing
+city which for so many years had been the halfway station on her
+lecture and campaign trips through the West. Here she had always found
+a warm welcome, first from her cousins, the Dickinsons, then from the
+ever-widening circle of friends she won for her cause. Now she was
+literally swamped with hospitality.<a name="FNanchor_384_384" id="FNanchor_384_384"></a><a href="#Footnote_384_384" class="fnanchor">[384]</a> She rejoiced that such great
+numbers of everyday people were able to enjoy the beauty of the fair
+grounds and the many interesting exhibits, and when a group of
+clergymen urged Sunday closing, she took issue with them, declaring
+that Sunday was the only day on which many were free to attend. Asked
+by a disapproving clergyman if she would like to have a son of hers
+attend Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show on Sunday, she promptly and
+bluntly replied, "Of course I would, and I think he would learn far
+more there than from the sermons in some churches!"<a name="FNanchor_385_385" id="FNanchor_385_385"></a><a href="#Footnote_385_385" class="fnanchor">[385]</a></p>
+
+<p>Hearing of this, Buffalo Bill offered her a box at his popular Wild
+West Show, and she appeared the next day with twelve of her "girls."
+Dashing into the arena on his spirited horse while the band played and
+the spotlight flashed on him, Buffalo Bill rode directly up to Susan's
+box, reined his horse, and swept off his big western hat to salute
+her. Quick to respond, she rose and bowed, and beaming with pleasure,
+waved her handkerchief at him while the immense audience applauded and
+cheered.</p>
+
+<p>She returned home early in November 1893, with happy memories of the
+World's Fair and to good news from Colorado. "Telegram ... from
+Denver&mdash;said woman suffrage carried by 5000 majority," she recorded in
+her diary.<a name="FNanchor_386_386" id="FNanchor_386_386"></a><a href="#Footnote_386_386" class="fnanchor">[386]</a> This laconic comment in no way expressed the joy in
+her heart.</p>
+
+<p>Her diaries, written hurriedly in small fine script, year after year,
+in black-covered notebooks about three inches by six, were a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span> brief
+terse record of her work and her travels. Only occasionally a line of
+philosophizing shone out from the mass of routine detail, or an
+illuminating comment on a friend or a difficult situation, but she
+never failed to record a family anniversary, a birthday, or a death.</p>
+
+<p>The Colorado victory, referred to so casually in her diary, was
+actually of great importance to her and her cause, for it carried
+forward the trend initiated by the admission of Wyoming as a woman
+suffrage state in 1890. Colorado also proved to her that her "girls"
+could take over her work. So busy had she been winning good will for
+the cause at the World's Fair that she had left Colorado in the
+capable hands of the women of the state and of young efficient Carrie
+Chapman Catt, to whom she now turned over the supervision of all state
+campaigns.</p>
+
+<p>Encouragement also came from another part of the world, from New
+Zealand, where the vote was extended to women. This confirmed her
+growing conviction that equal citizenship was best understood on the
+frontier and that in her own country victory would come from the West.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="LIQUOR_INTERESTS_ALERT_FOREIGN-BORN_VOTERS_AGAINST_WOMAN_SUFFRAGE" id="LIQUOR_INTERESTS_ALERT_FOREIGN-BORN_VOTERS_AGAINST_WOMAN_SUFFRAGE"></a>LIQUOR INTERESTS ALERT FOREIGN-BORN VOTERS AGAINST WOMAN SUFFRAGE</h2>
+
+
+<p>"I am in the midst of as severe a treadmill as I ever experienced,
+traveling from fifty to one hundred miles every day and speaking five
+or six nights a week,"<a name="FNanchor_387_387" id="FNanchor_387_387"></a><a href="#Footnote_387_387" class="fnanchor">[387]</a> Susan wrote a friend in 1894, during the
+campaign to wrest woman suffrage from the New York constitutional
+convention. She was now seventy-four years old. Political machines and
+financial interests were deeply intrenched in New York, and although
+two governors had recommended that women be represented in the
+constitutional convention and a bill had been passed making women
+eligible as delegates, neither Republicans nor Democrats had the
+slightest intention of allowing women to slip into men's stronghold.
+It was obvious to Susan that without representation at the convention
+and without power to enforce their demands, women's only hope was an
+intensive educational campaign which she now directed with vigor.
+Whenever she could, she conferred with Mrs. Stanton, whose judgment
+she valued, and there was zest in working together as they had during
+the previous constitutional convention in 1867.</p>
+
+<p>The women of New York were aroused as never before. Young able
+speakers went through the state, piling up signatures on their
+petitions, but they had few influential friends among the delegates.
+Anti-suffragists were active, encouraged by Bishop Doane of the
+Protestant Episcopal church and Mrs. Lyman Abbott, whose name carried
+the prestige and influence of her husband's popular magazine, <i>The
+Outlook</i>.</p>
+
+<p>With the election of Joseph Choate of New York as president of the
+convention, Susan knew that woman suffrage was doomed, for Choate had
+political aspirations and was not likely to let his sympathies for an
+unpopular cause jeopardize his chances of becoming governor. While he
+gave women every opportunity to be heard, at the same time he arranged
+for the defeat of woman suffrage by appointing men to consider the
+subject who were definitely opposed, and they submitted an adverse
+report. Here was a situation similar<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span> to that in 1867, when her
+one-time friend, Horace Greeley, had deserted women for political
+expediency.</p>
+
+<p>"I am used to defeat every time and know how to pick up and push on
+for another attack," she wrote as she now turned her attention to
+Kansas.<a name="FNanchor_388_388" id="FNanchor_388_388"></a><a href="#Footnote_388_388" class="fnanchor">[388]</a></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>The Republicans in Kansas had sponsored school and municipal suffrage
+for women and had passed a woman suffrage amendment to be referred to
+the people in 1894. Yet they proved to be as great a disappointment to
+Susan as they were in 1867, when as a last resort she had been obliged
+to campaign with the Democrats and George Francis Train.</p>
+
+<p>The population of Kansas had changed with the years, as immigrants
+from Europe had come into the state, and Susan was again confronted
+with the powerful opposition of foreign-born voters for whose support
+the political parties bargained. The liquor interests were also
+active, and the Republicans, who had brought prohibition to Kansas,
+now left the question discreetly alone, even making a deal with German
+Democrats for their votes by promising to ignore in their platform
+both prohibition and woman suffrage. Prohibition and woman suffrage
+were synonymous in the minds of voters, because women had generally
+voted for enforcement in municipal elections, and no matter how hard
+Susan tried, she found it impossible to have woman suffrage considered
+on its own merits.</p>
+
+<p>Watching the straws in the wind, she saw Republican supremacy
+seriously threatened by the new Populist party. Convinced that she
+could no longer count on help from Kansas Republicans, she turned to
+the Populist party, ignoring the pleas of Republican women who warned
+her she would hurt the cause by association with such a radical group.
+The Populists were generally regarded as the party of social unrest,
+of a regulated economy, and unsound money, and they were looked upon
+with suspicion. To many they represented a threat to the American
+free-enterprise system, and they were blamed for the labor troubles
+which had flared up in the bloody Homestead strike in the steel mills
+of Pennsylvania and in the Pullman strike, defying the powerful
+railroads. Susan was never afraid to side with the underdog, and she
+could well understand why western farmers, in the hope of relief, were
+eagerly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span> flocking into the Populist party when their corn sold for ten
+cents a bushel and the products they bought were high-priced and their
+mortgage interest was never lower than 10 per cent.</p>
+
+<p>To the Populist convention, she declared, "I have labored for women's
+enfranchisement for forty years and I have always said that for the
+party that endorsed it, whether Republican, Democratic, or Populist, I
+would wave my handkerchief."<a name="FNanchor_389_389" id="FNanchor_389_389"></a><a href="#Footnote_389_389" class="fnanchor">[389]</a></p>
+
+<p>"We want more than the waving of your handkerchief, Miss Anthony,"
+interrupted a delegate, who then asked her, "If the People's party put
+a woman suffrage plank in its platform, will you go before the voters
+of this state and tell them that because the People's party has
+espoused the cause of woman suffrage, it deserves the vote of every
+one who is a supporter of that cause?"</p>
+
+<p>"I most certainly will," she replied, adding as the audience cheered
+her wildly, "for I would surely choose to ask votes for the party
+which stood for the principle of justice to women, though wrong on
+financial theories, rather than for the party which was sound on
+questions of money and tariff, and silent on the pending amendment to
+secure political equality to half of the people."</p>
+
+<p>"I most certainly will" was the phrase which was remembered and was
+flashed through the country, and as a result, the Republican press and
+Susan's Republican friends harshly criticized her for taking her stand
+with the radicals.</p>
+
+<p>Like all political parties, the Populists found it hard to comprehend
+justice for women, but after a four-hour debate, the convention
+endorsed the woman suffrage amendment, absolving, however, members who
+refused to support it. The rank and file rejoiced as if each and every
+one of them were heart and soul for the cause. They cheered, they
+waved their canes, they threw their hats high in the air, and then
+swarmed around Susan and Anna Shaw to shake their hands and welcome
+them into the Populist party.</p>
+
+<p>With woman suffrage at last a political issue in Kansas, Susan left
+the field to her "girls." Her homecoming brought reporters to 17
+Madison Street for the details about her alignment with the Populist
+party. "I didn't go over to the Populists," she told them. "I have
+been like a drowning man for a long time, waiting for someone to throw
+a plank in my direction. I didn't step on the whole platform, but just
+on the woman suffrage plank.... Here is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span> a party in power which is
+likely to remain in power, and if it will give its endorsement to our
+movement, we want it."<a name="FNanchor_390_390" id="FNanchor_390_390"></a><a href="#Footnote_390_390" class="fnanchor">[390]</a></p>
+
+<p>This explanation, however, did not satisfy her critics, and as the
+Republican press circulated false stories about her enthusiasm for the
+Populist party, letters of protest poured in, among them one from
+Henry Blackwell. To him, she replied, "I shall not praise the
+Republicans of Kansas, or wish or work for their success, when I know
+by their own confessions to me that the rights of the women of their
+state have been traded by them in cold blood for the votes of the
+lager beer foreigners and whisky Democrats.... I never, in my whole
+forty years work, so utterly repudiated any set of politicians as I do
+those Republicans of Kansas.... I never was surer of my position that
+no self-respecting woman should wish or work for the success of a
+party that ignores her political rights."<a name="FNanchor_391_391" id="FNanchor_391_391"></a><a href="#Footnote_391_391" class="fnanchor">[391]</a></p>
+
+<p>The contest in Kansas was close and bitter. Kansas women carried on an
+able campaign with the help of Anna Howard Shaw and Carrie Chapman
+Catt. When Susan returned to the state in October, she not only found
+that the Democrats had entered the fight with an anti-suffrage plank
+but the Populists had noticeably lost ground since the Pullman strike
+riots, the court injunction against the strikers, and the arrest of
+Eugene V. Debs. Again this prairie state, from which she had hoped so
+much, refused to extend suffrage to women. Impulsively she recommended
+a little "Patrick Henryism" to the women of Kansas, suggesting that
+they fold their hands and refuse to help men run the churches, the
+charities, and the reform movements.<a name="FNanchor_392_392" id="FNanchor_392_392"></a><a href="#Footnote_392_392" class="fnanchor">[392]</a></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>California was the next state to demand Susan's attention. A
+Republican legislature had submitted a woman suffrage amendment to be
+voted on by the people in 1896, and the women of California asked for
+her help. She toured the state in the spring of 1895 with Anna Howard
+Shaw, and everywhere she won friends. The continuous travel and
+speaking, however, taxed her far more than she realized, and soon
+after her return to the East, she collapsed. As this news flashed over
+the wires, letters poured in from her friends, begging her to spare
+herself. Two of these letters were especially precious. One in bold
+vigorous script was from her good comrade, Parker Pillsbury, now
+eighty-six, who had been an unfailing help<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span> during the most difficult
+years of her career and whom she probably trusted more completely than
+any other man. The other from her dearest friend, Elizabeth Stanton,
+read, "I never realized how desolate the world would be to me without
+you until I heard of your sudden illness. Let me urge you with all the
+strength I have, and all the love I bear you, to stay at home and rest
+and save your precious self."<a name="FNanchor_393_393" id="FNanchor_393_393"></a><a href="#Footnote_393_393" class="fnanchor">[393]</a></p>
+
+<p>She now realized that rest was imperative for a time, but it troubled
+her that people thought of her as old and ill, and she wrote Clara
+Colby never to mention anyone's illness in her <i>Woman's Tribune</i>,
+adding, "It is so dreadful to get public thought centered on one as
+ill&mdash;as I have had it the last two months."<a name="FNanchor_394_394" id="FNanchor_394_394"></a><a href="#Footnote_394_394" class="fnanchor">[394]</a></p>
+
+<p>She had no intention of retiring from the field. She knew her own
+strength and that her life must be one of action. "I am able to endure
+the strain of daily traveling and lecturing at over three-score and
+ten," she observed, "mainly because I have always worked and loved
+work.... As machinery in motion lasts longer than when lying idle, so
+a body and soul in active exercise escapes the corroding rust of
+physical and mental laziness, which prematurely cuts off the life of
+so many women."<a name="FNanchor_395_395" id="FNanchor_395_395"></a><a href="#Footnote_395_395" class="fnanchor">[395]</a></p>
+
+<p>Yet she did slow up a little, refusing an offer from the Slayton
+Lecture Bureau for a series of lectures at $100 a night, and she
+engaged a capable secretary, Emma B. Sweet, to help her with her
+tremendous correspondence. "Dear Rachel" had given her a typewriter,
+and now instead of dashing off letters at her desk late at night, she
+learned to dictate them to Mrs. Sweet at regular hours. As requests
+came in from newspapers and magazines for her comments on a wide
+variety of subjects, she answered those that made possible a word on
+the advancement of women.</p>
+
+<p>Bicycling had come into vogue and women as well as men were taking it
+up, some women even riding their bicycles in short skirts or bloomers.
+What did she think of this? "If women ride the bicycle or climb
+mountains," she replied, "they should don a costume which will permit
+them the use of their legs." Of bicycling she said, "I think it has
+done more to emancipate woman than any one thing in the world. I
+rejoice every time I see a woman ride by on a wheel. It gives her a
+feeling of self-reliance and independence the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span> moment she takes her
+seat; and away she goes, the picture of untrammeled womanhood."<a name="FNanchor_396_396" id="FNanchor_396_396"></a><a href="#Footnote_396_396" class="fnanchor">[396]</a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 411px;">
+<img src="images/271.jpg" width="411" height="450" alt="Ida Husted Harper" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Ida Husted Harper</span>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>Susan returned to California in February 1896. Through the generosity
+and interest of two young Rochester friends, her Unitarian minister,
+William C. Gannett, and his wife, Mary Gannett, she was able to take
+her secretary with her. Making her home in San Francisco with her
+devoted friend, Ellen Sargent, she at once began to plan speaking
+tours for herself and her "girls," many of whom, including her niece
+Lucy, had come West to help her. She appealed successfully to Frances
+Willard to transfer the national W.C.T.U. convention to another state,
+for she was determined to keep the issue of prohibition out of the
+California campaign.</p>
+
+<p>With the press more than friendly and several San Francisco dailies
+running woman suffrage departments, she realized the importance of
+keeping newspapers fed with readable factual material and enlisted the
+aid of a young journalist, Ida Husted Harper, whom she had met in 1878
+while lecturing in Terre Haute, Indiana, and who was in California
+that winter. When the San Francisco<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span> <i>Examiner</i>, William Randolph
+Hearst's powerful Democratic paper, offered Susan a column on the
+editorial page if she would write it and sign it, she dictated her
+thoughts to Mrs. Harper, who smoothed them out for the column, helping
+her as Mrs. Stanton had in the past, for writing was still a great
+hardship. Grateful to Mrs. Harper, she sang her praises: "The moment I
+give the idea&mdash;the point&mdash;she formulates it into a good
+sentence&mdash;while I should have to haggle over it half an hour."<a name="FNanchor_397_397" id="FNanchor_397_397"></a><a href="#Footnote_397_397" class="fnanchor">[397]</a></p>
+
+<p>California women had won suffrage planks from Republicans, Populists,
+and Prohibitionists, and the prospects looked bright. Rich women came
+to their aid, Mrs. Leland Stanford, with her railroad fortune,
+furnishing passes for all the speakers and organizers, and Mrs. Phoebe
+Hearst contributing $1,000 to their campaign. What warmed Susan's
+heart, however, was the spirit of the rank and file, the seamstresses
+and washerwomen, paying their two-dollar pledges in twenty-five-cent
+installments, the poorly clad women bringing in fifty cents or a
+dollar which they had saved by going without tea, and the women who
+had worked all day at their jobs, stopping at headquarters for a
+package of circulars to fold and address at night. The working women
+of California made it plain that they wanted to vote.</p>
+
+<p>Susan insisted upon carrying out what she called her "wild goose
+chase" over the state.<a name="FNanchor_398_398" id="FNanchor_398_398"></a><a href="#Footnote_398_398" class="fnanchor">[398]</a> People crowded to hear her at farmers'
+picnics in the mountains, in schoolhouses in small towns, and in
+poolrooms where chalked up on the blackboard she often found "Welcome
+Susan B. Anthony." She was at home everywhere and ready for anything.
+The men liked her short matter-of-fact speeches and her flashes of
+wit. Her hopes were high that the friendly people she met would not
+fail to vote justice to women.</p>
+
+<p>She grew apprehensive, however, when the newspapers, pressured by
+their advertisers, one by one began to ignore woman suffrage. The
+Liquor Dealers' League had been sending letters to hotel owners,
+grocers, and druggists, as well as to saloons, warning that votes for
+women would mean prohibition and would threaten their livelihood. Word
+was spread that if women voted not one glass of beer would be sold in
+San Francisco. As in Kansas, liquor interests had persuaded
+naturalized Irish, Germans, and Swedes to oppose woman suffrage, so
+now in California, they appealed to the Chinese.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>On election day Susan was in San Francisco with Anna Howard Shaw and
+Ellen Sargent, watching and anxiously waiting for the returns. Telling
+the story of those last tense hours when women's fate hung in the
+balance, Anna Howard Shaw reported, "I shall always remember the
+picture of Miss Anthony and the wife of Senator Sargent wandering
+around the polls arm in arm at eleven o'clock at night, their tired
+faces taking on lines of deeper depression with every minute, for the
+count was against us.... When the final counts came in, we found that
+we had won the state from the north down to Oakland and from the south
+up to San Francisco; but there was not sufficient majority to overcome
+the adverse votes of San Francisco and Oakland. In San Francisco the
+saloon element and the most aristocratic section ... made an equal
+showing against us.... Every Chinese vote was against us."<a name="FNanchor_399_399" id="FNanchor_399_399"></a><a href="#Footnote_399_399" class="fnanchor">[399]</a></p>
+
+<p>In spite of defeat in California, Susan had the joy of marking up two
+more states for woman suffrage in 1896. Utah was granted statehood
+with a woman suffrage provision in its constitution and Idaho's
+favorable vote, though contested in the courts, was upheld by the
+State Supreme Court. Now women in Wyoming, Colorado, Idaho, and Utah
+were voters.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="AUNT_SUSAN_AND_HER_GIRLS" id="AUNT_SUSAN_AND_HER_GIRLS"></a>AUNT SUSAN AND HER GIRLS</h2>
+
+
+<p>The future of the National American Woman Suffrage Association was
+much on Susan's mind. This organization which she had conceived and
+nursed through its struggling infancy had grown in numbers and
+prestige, and she understood, as no one else could, the importance of
+leaving it in the right hands so that it could function successfully
+without her.</p>
+
+<p>The young women now in the work, many of them just out of college,
+were intelligent, efficient, and confident, and yet as she compared
+them with the vivid consecrated women active in the early days of the
+movement, she observed in her diary, "[Clarina] Nichols&mdash;Paulina
+Davis&mdash;Lucy Stone&mdash;Frances D. Gage&mdash;Lucretia Mott &amp; E. C.
+Stanton&mdash;each without peer among any of our college graduates&mdash;young
+women of today."<a name="FNanchor_400_400" id="FNanchor_400_400"></a><a href="#Footnote_400_400" class="fnanchor">[400]</a></p>
+
+<p>Even so, she appreciated the "young women of today" whom she
+affectionately called her girls or her adopted nieces, but she still
+held the reins tightly, although they often champed at the bit.
+Recognizing, however, that she must choose between personal power and
+progress for her cause, she characteristically chose progress. Quick
+to appreciate ability and zeal when she saw it, she seldom failed to
+make use of it. When Carrie Chapman Catt presented a detailed plan for
+a thorough overhauling of the mechanics of the organization, she gave
+her approval, remarking drily, "There never yet was a young woman who
+did not feel that if she had had the management of the work from the
+beginning, the cause would have been carried long ago. I felt just
+that way when I was young."<a name="FNanchor_401_401" id="FNanchor_401_401"></a><a href="#Footnote_401_401" class="fnanchor">[401]</a></p>
+
+<p>On four of her adopted nieces, Rachel Foster Avery, Anna Howard Shaw,
+Harriet Taylor Upton, and Carrie Chapman Catt, Susan felt that the
+greater part of her work would fall and be "worthily done."<a name="FNanchor_402_402" id="FNanchor_402_402"></a><a href="#Footnote_402_402" class="fnanchor">[402]</a> Yet
+she feared that in their enthusiasm for efficient organization they
+might lose the higher concepts of freedom and justice which had been
+the driving force behind her work. Not having learned the lessons of
+leadership when the cause was unpopular, they lacked the discipline of
+adversity, which bred in the consecrated<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span> reformer the wisdom,
+tolerance, and vision so necessary for the success of her task. What
+they did understand far better than the highly individualistic
+pioneers was the value of teamwork, which grew in importance as the
+National American Association expanded far beyond the ability of one
+person to cope with it.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<img src="images/275.jpg" width="400" height="450" alt="Rachel Foster Avery" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Rachel Foster Avery</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Probably first in her affections was Rachel Foster Avery, who had been
+like a daughter to her since their trip to Europe together in 1883.
+The confidence she felt in their friendship was always a comfort.
+Rachel's intelligent approach to problems made her an asset at every
+meeting, and Susan relied much on her judgment.</p>
+
+<p>In Anna Howard Shaw, ten years older than Rachel, Susan had found the
+hardy campaigner and orator for whom she had longed. Anna expressed a
+warmth and understanding that most of the younger women lacked, and
+best of all she loved the cause as Susan herself loved it. Because of
+her close friendship with Susan's niece Lucy, she was regarded as one
+of the family, and whenever possible between lectures she stopped over
+in Rochester for a good talk with "Aunt Susan."</p>
+
+<p>Harriet Taylor Upton of Warren, Ohio, had enlisted in the ranks<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span> in
+the 1880s when her father was a member of Congress. Because of her
+influence in Washington and Ohio, Harriet was invaluable, and Susan
+speedily brought her into the official circle of the National American
+Association as treasurer, even thinking of her as a possible
+president.<a name="FNanchor_403_403" id="FNanchor_403_403"></a><a href="#Footnote_403_403" class="fnanchor">[403]</a> Harriet's jovial irrepressible personality readily won
+friends, and Susan found her a refreshing and comfortable companion,
+able to see a bit of humor in almost every situation. When differences
+of opinion at meetings threatened to get out of hand, Harriet could
+always be relied on to break the tension with a few witty remarks.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 419px;">
+<img src="images/276.jpg" width="419" height="450" alt="Harriet Taylor Upton" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Harriet Taylor Upton</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Carrie Chapman Catt gave every indication of developing into an
+outstanding executive. Not another one of Susan's "girls" could so
+quickly or so intelligently size up a situation as Carrie, nor could
+they so effectively put into action well-thought-out plans. Not as
+popular a speaker as the more emotional Anna Howard Shaw, she held her
+audiences by her appeal to their intelligence. Tall, handsome, and
+well dressed, she never failed to leave a favorable impression. Only
+her name irked Susan, and as Susan wrote Clara Colby, "If Catt it must
+be then I insist, she should keep her own father's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span> name&mdash;Lane&mdash;and
+not her first husband's name&mdash;Chapman,"<a name="FNanchor_404_404" id="FNanchor_404_404"></a><a href="#Footnote_404_404" class="fnanchor">[404]</a> but the three Cs
+intrigued Carrie and she continued to be known as Carrie Chapman Catt.
+Now living in the East because her husband's expanding business had
+brought him to New York, she was easily accessible, and from her
+beautiful new home at Bensonhurst, a suburb of Brooklyn, she carried
+on the rapidly growing work of the organization committee until a New
+York City office became imperative. In Carrie, Susan recognized
+qualities demanded of a leader at this stage of the campaign when
+suffragists must learn to be as keen as politicians and as well
+organized.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>"Spring is not heralded in Washington by the arrival of the robin,"
+commented a Washington newspaper, "but by the appearance of Miss
+Anthony's red shawl." Susan was still the dominating figure at the
+annual woman suffrage conventions. Everyone looked eagerly for the
+tall lithe gray-haired woman with a red shawl on her arm or around her
+shoulders. Once when Susan appeared on the platform with a new white
+crepe shawl, the reporters immediately registered their displeasure by
+putting down their pencils. This did not escape her, and always on
+good terms with the newsmen and informal with her audiences, she
+called out, "Boys, what is the matter?"<a name="FNanchor_405_405" id="FNanchor_405_405"></a><a href="#Footnote_405_405" class="fnanchor">[405]</a></p>
+
+<p>"Where is the red shawl?" one of them asked. "No red shawl, no
+report."</p>
+
+<p>Enjoying this little by-play, she sent her niece Lucy back to the
+hotel for the red shawl, and when Lucy brought it up to the platform
+and put it about her shoulders, the audience burst into applause, for
+the red shawl, like Susan herself, had become the well-loved symbol of
+woman suffrage.</p>
+
+<p>Susan was convinced that the annual national convention should always
+be held in Washington, where Congress could see and feel the growing
+strength and influence of the movement. Her "girls," on the other
+hand, wanted to take their conventions to different parts of the
+country to widen their influence. Not as certain as Susan that work
+for a federal amendment must come first, many of them contended that a
+few more states won for woman suffrage would best help the cause at
+this time. The southern women, now active, were firm believers in
+states' rights and supported state work.<a name="FNanchor_406_406" id="FNanchor_406_406"></a><a href="#Footnote_406_406" class="fnanchor">[406]</a> Susan's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span> experience had
+taught her the impracticability of direct appeal to the voters in the
+states, now that foreign-born men in increasing numbers were arrayed
+against votes for women. In spite of her arguments and her pleas, the
+National American Association voted in 1894 to hold conventions in
+different parts of the country in alternate years. Disappointed, but
+trying her best graciously to follow the will of the majority, she
+traveled to Atlanta and to Des Moines for the conventions of 1895 and
+1897.</p>
+
+<p>Nor did the younger women welcome the messages which Mrs. Stanton, at
+Susan's insistence, sent to every convention. Susan herself often
+wished her good friend would stick more closely to woman suffrage
+instead of introducing extraneous subjects, such as "Educated
+Suffrage," "The Matriarchate," or "Women and the Church," but
+nevertheless she proudly read her papers to successive conventions.
+Insisting that the conventions were too academic, Mrs. Stanton urged
+Susan to inject more vitality into them by broadening their platform.
+Susan, however, had come to the conclusion that concentration on woman
+suffrage was imperative in order to unite all women under one banner
+and build up numbers which Congressmen were bound to respect. With
+this her "girls" agreed 100 per cent. While all of them were convinced
+suffragists, they were divided on other issues, and few of them were
+wholehearted feminists, as were Susan and Mrs. Stanton.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>With the publication of <i>The Woman's Bible</i> in 1895, Mrs. Stanton
+almost upset the applecart, stirring up heated controversy in the
+National American Woman Suffrage Association. <i>The Woman's Bible</i> was
+a keen and sometimes biting commentary on passages in the Bible
+relating to women. It questioned the traditional interpretation which
+for centuries has fastened the stigma of inferiority upon women, and
+pointed out that the female as well as the male was created in the
+image of God. To those who regarded every word of the Bible as
+inspired by God, <i>The Woman's Bible</i> was heresy, and both the clergy
+and the press stirred up a storm of protest against it. Suffragists
+were condemned for compiling a new Bible and were obliged to explain
+again and again that <i>The Woman's Bible</i> expressed Mrs. Stanton's
+personal views and not those of the movement.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Susan regarded <i>The Woman's Bible</i> as a futile, questionable
+digression from the straight path of woman suffrage. To Clara Colby,
+who praised it in her <i>Woman's Tribune</i>, she wrote, "Of all her great
+speeches, I am always proud&mdash;but of her Bible commentaries, I am not
+proud&mdash;either of their spirit or letter.... I could cry a heap&mdash;every
+time I read or think&mdash;if it would undo them&mdash;or do anybody or myself
+or the cause or Mrs. Stanton any good&mdash;they are so entirely unlike her
+former self&mdash;so flippant and superficial. But she thinks I have gone
+over to the enemy&mdash;so counts my judgment worth nothing more than that
+of any other narrow-souled body.... But I shall love and honor her to
+the end&mdash;whether her <i>Bible</i> please me or not. So I hope she will do
+for me."<a name="FNanchor_407_407" id="FNanchor_407_407"></a><a href="#Footnote_407_407" class="fnanchor">[407]</a></p>
+
+<p>She was, however, wholly unprepared for the rebellion staged by her
+"girls" at the Washington convention of 1896, when, led by Rachel
+Foster Avery, they repudiated <i>The Woman's Bible</i> and proposed a
+resolution declaring that their organization had no connection with
+it. This was clear proof to Susan that her "girls" lacked tolerance
+and wisdom. Listening to the debate, she was heartsick. Anna Howard
+Shaw and Mrs. Catt as well as Alice Stone Blackwell spoke for the
+resolution. Only a few raised their voices against it, among them her
+sister Mary, Clara Colby, Mrs. Blake, and a young woman new to the
+ranks, Charlotte Perkins Stetson.</p>
+
+<p>Susan was presiding, and leaving the chair to express her opinions,
+she firmly declared, "To pass such a resolution is to set back the
+hands on the dial of reform.... We have all sorts of people in the
+Association and ... a Christian has no more right on our platform than
+an atheist. When this platform is too narrow for all to stand on, I
+shall not be on it.... Who is to set up a line? Neither you nor I can
+tell but Mrs. Stanton will come out triumphant and that this will be
+the great thing done in woman's cause. Lucretia Mott at first thought
+Mrs. Stanton had injured the cause of woman's rights by insisting on
+the demand for woman suffrage, but she had sense enough not to pass a
+resolution about it....<a name="FNanchor_408_408" id="FNanchor_408_408"></a><a href="#Footnote_408_408" class="fnanchor">[408]</a></p>
+
+<p>"Are you going to cater to the whims and prejudices of people?" she
+asked them. "We draw out from other people our own thought. If, when
+you go out to organize, you go with a broad spirit, you will<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span> create
+and call out breadth and toleration. You had better organize one woman
+on a broad platform than 10,000 on a narrow platform of intolerance
+and bigotry."</p>
+
+<p>Her voice tense with emotion, she concluded, "This resolution adopted
+will be a vote of censure upon a woman who is without a peer in
+intellectual and statesmanlike ability; one who has stood for half a
+century the acknowledged leader of progressive thought and demand in
+regard to all matters pertaining to the absolute freedom of
+women."<a name="FNanchor_409_409" id="FNanchor_409_409"></a><a href="#Footnote_409_409" class="fnanchor">[409]</a></p>
+
+<p>When the resolution was adopted 53 to 40, she was so disappointed in
+her "girls" and so hurt by their defiance that she was tempted to
+resign. Hurrying to New York after the convention to talk with Mrs.
+Stanton, she found her highly indignant and insistent that they both
+resign from the ungrateful organization which had repudiated the women
+to whom it owed its existence. The longer Susan considered taking this
+step, the less she felt able to make the break. She severely
+reprimanded Mrs. Catt, Rachel, Harriet Upton, and Anna, telling them
+they were setting up an inquisition.</p>
+
+<p>Finally she wrote Mrs. Stanton, "No, my dear, instead of my resigning
+and leaving those half-fledged chickens without any mother, I think it
+my duty and the duty of yourself and all the liberals to be at the
+next convention and try to reverse this miserable narrow action."<a name="FNanchor_410_410" id="FNanchor_410_410"></a><a href="#Footnote_410_410" class="fnanchor">[410]</a></p>
+
+<p>To a reporter who wanted her views on <i>The Woman's Bible</i>, she made it
+plain that she had no part in writing the book, but added, "I think
+women have just as good a right to interpret and twist the Bible to
+their own advantage as men have always twisted it and turned it to
+theirs. It was written by men, and therefore its reference to women
+reflects the light in which they were regarded in those days. In the
+same way the history of our Revolutionary War was written, in which
+very little is said of the noble deeds of women, though we know how
+they stood by and helped the great work; it is so with history all
+through."<a name="FNanchor_411_411" id="FNanchor_411_411"></a><a href="#Footnote_411_411" class="fnanchor">[411]</a></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>For some years, Susan's girls had been urging her to write her
+reminiscences, spurred on by the fact that Mrs. Stanton, Mary
+Livermore, and Julia Ward Howe were writing theirs. There were also<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span>
+other good reasons for putting her to work at this task. Writing would
+keep her safely at home and away from the strenuous work in the field
+which they feared was sapping her strength. It would keep her well
+occupied so that they could develop the work and the conventions in
+their own way.</p>
+
+<p>Susan put off this task from month to month and from year to year,
+torn between her desire to leave a true record of her work and her
+longing to be always in the thick of the suffrage fight. Finally she
+began looking about for a collaborator, convinced that she herself
+could never write an interesting line. Ida Husted Harper, with her
+newspaper experience and her interest in the cause, seemed the logical
+choice, and in the spring of 1897, she came to 17 Madison Street to
+work on the biography.<a name="FNanchor_412_412" id="FNanchor_412_412"></a><a href="#Footnote_412_412" class="fnanchor">[412]</a></p>
+
+<p>The attic had been remodeled for workrooms and here Susan now spent
+her days with Mrs. Harper, trying to reconstruct the past. She had
+definite ideas about how the book should be written, holding up as a
+model the biography of William Lloyd Garrison recently written by his
+children. Mrs. Harper also had high standards, and influenced by the
+formalities of the day, edited Susan's vivid brusque
+letters&mdash;hurriedly written and punctuated with dashes&mdash;so that they
+conformed with her own easy but more formal style. To this Susan
+readily consented, for she always depreciated her own writing ability.
+On one point, however, she was adamant, that her story be told without
+dwelling upon the disagreements among the old workers.</p>
+
+<p>The household was geared to the "bog," as they called the biography.
+Mary, supervising as usual, watched over their meals and the housework
+with the aid of a young rosy-cheeked Canadian girl, Anna Dann, who had
+recently come to work for them and whom they at once took to their
+hearts, making her one of the family. Soon another young girl,
+Genevieve Hawley from Fort Scott, Kansas, was employed to help with
+the endless copying, sorting of letters, and pasting of scrapbooks,
+and with the current correspondence which piled up and diverted Susan
+from the book.<a name="FNanchor_413_413" id="FNanchor_413_413"></a><a href="#Footnote_413_413" class="fnanchor">[413]</a> Through 1897 and 1898, they worked at top speed.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony, A Story of the Evolution of
+the Status of Women</i>, in two volumes, by Ida Husted Harper, was
+published by the Bowen Merrill Company of Indianapolis<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span> just before
+Christmas 1898. Happy as a young girl out of school, Susan inscribed
+copies for her many friends and eagerly watched for reviews, pleased
+with the favorable comments in newspapers and magazines throughout
+this country and Europe.<a name="FNanchor_414_414" id="FNanchor_414_414"></a><a href="#Footnote_414_414" class="fnanchor">[414]</a></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>By this time the Cuban rebellion was crowding all other news out of
+the papers, and Susan followed it closely, for this struggle for
+freedom instantly won her sympathy. She hoped that Spain under
+pressure from the United States might be persuaded to give Cuba her
+independence, but the blowing up of the battleship <i>Maine</i> and the war
+cries of the press and of a faction in Congress led to armed
+intervention in April 1898. Always opposed to war as a means of
+settling disputes, she wrote Rachel, "To think of the mothers of this
+nation sitting back in silence without even the power of a legal
+protest&mdash;while their sons are taken without a by-your-leave! Well all
+through&mdash;it is barbarous ... and I hope you and all our young women
+will rouse to work as never before&mdash;and get the women of the Republic
+clothed with the power of control of conditions in peace&mdash;or when it
+shall come again&mdash;which Heaven forbid&mdash;in war."<a name="FNanchor_415_415" id="FNanchor_415_415"></a><a href="#Footnote_415_415" class="fnanchor">[415]</a></p>
+
+<p>Not only did she express these sentiments in letters to her friends,
+but in a public meeting, where only patriotic fervor and flag-waving
+were welcome, she dared criticize the unsanitary army camps and the
+greed and graft which deprived soldiers of wholesome food. "There
+isn't a mother in the land," she declared, "who wouldn't know that a
+shipload of typhoid stricken soldiers would need cots to lie on and
+fuel to cook with, and that a swamp was not a desirable place in which
+to pitch a camp.... What the government needs at such a time is not
+alone bacteriologists and army officers but also women who know how to
+take care of sick boys and have the common sense to surround them with
+sanitary conditions."<a name="FNanchor_416_416" id="FNanchor_416_416"></a><a href="#Footnote_416_416" class="fnanchor">[416]</a> At this her audience, at first hostile,
+burst into applause.</p>
+
+<p>More and more disturbed by the inefficient care of the wounded and the
+feeding of enlisted men, she wrote Rachel, "Every day's reports and
+comments about the war only show the need of women at the front&mdash;not
+as employees permitted to be there because they begged to be&mdash;but
+there by right&mdash;as managers and dictators<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span> in all departments in which
+women have been trained&mdash;those of feeding and caring for in health and
+nursing the sick."<a name="FNanchor_417_417" id="FNanchor_417_417"></a><a href="#Footnote_417_417" class="fnanchor">[417]</a></p>
+
+<p>The war over, the problem of governing the Philippines, Puerto Rico,
+and Hawaii was of great interest to her, and she at once asked for the
+enfranchisement of the women of these newly won island possessions.
+She regarded it as an outrage for the most democratic nation in the
+world to foist upon them an exclusively masculine government, a "male
+oligarchy," as she called it. "I really believe I shall explode," she
+wrote Clara Colby, "if some of you young women don't wake up and raise
+your voice in protest.... I wonder if when I am under the sod&mdash;or
+cremated and floating in the air&mdash;I shall have to stir you and others
+up. How can you not be all on fire?"<a name="FNanchor_418_418" id="FNanchor_418_418"></a><a href="#Footnote_418_418" class="fnanchor">[418]</a></p>
+
+<p>The unwillingness of her "girls" to relate woman suffrage to
+contemporary public affairs such as this, repeatedly disappointed her.
+Yet she was well aware that the younger generation would never see the
+work through her eyes, or exactly follow her pattern.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>Disappointed that her National American Woman Suffrage Association did
+not attract members as did the W.C.T.U. or the General Federation of
+Women's Clubs, she confessed to Clara Colby, "It is the disheartening
+part of my life that so very few women will work for the emancipation
+of their own half of the race."<a name="FNanchor_419_419" id="FNanchor_419_419"></a><a href="#Footnote_419_419" class="fnanchor">[419]</a> Watching women flock into these
+other organizations and contributing to all sorts of charities, she
+was obliged to admit that "very few are capable of seeing that the
+cause of nine-tenths of all the misfortunes which come to women, and
+to men also, lies in the subjection of women, and therefore the
+important thing is to lay the ax at the root."<a name="FNanchor_420_420" id="FNanchor_420_420"></a><a href="#Footnote_420_420" class="fnanchor">[420]</a></p>
+
+<p>She also discovered that it was one thing to build up a large
+organization and another to keep women so busy with pressing work for
+the cause that they did not find time to expend their energies on the
+mechanics of organization. Not only did she chafe at the red tape most
+of them spun, but she often felt that they were too prone to linger in
+academic by-ways, listening to speeches and holding pleasant
+conventions. Since the California campaign of 1896, only one state,
+Washington, had been roused to vote on a woman suffrage amendment,
+which was defeated and only one<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span> more state Delaware had granted women
+the right to vote for members of school boards.</p>
+
+<p>Again and again she warned her "girls" that some kind of action on
+woman suffrage by Congress every year was important. A hearing, a
+committee report, a debate, or even an unfavorable vote would, she was
+convinced, do more to stir up the whole nation than all the speakers
+and organizers that could be sent through the country.</p>
+
+<p>Such thoughts as these, relative to the work which was always on her
+mind, she dashed off to one after another of her young colleagues.
+"Your letters sound like a trumpet blast," wrote Anna Howard Shaw,
+grateful for her counsel. "They read like St. Paul's Epistles to the
+Romans, so strong, so clear, so full of courage."<a name="FNanchor_421_421" id="FNanchor_421_421"></a><a href="#Footnote_421_421" class="fnanchor">[421]</a></p>
+
+<p>At seventy-eight, Susan realized that the time was approaching when
+she must make up her mind to turn over to a younger woman the
+presidency of the National American Association, and during the summer
+of 1898 she announced to her executive committee that she would retire
+on her eightieth birthday in 1900.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="PASSING_ON_THE_TORCH" id="PASSING_ON_THE_TORCH"></a>PASSING ON THE TORCH</h2>
+
+
+<p>The last year of Susan's presidency was particularly precious to her.
+In a sense it represented her farewell to the work she had carried on
+most of her life, and at the same time it was also the hopeful
+beginning of the period leading to victory. Yet she had no illusion of
+speedy or easy success for her "girls" and she did her best to prepare
+them for the obstacles they would inevitably meet. She warned them not
+to expect their cause to triumph merely because it was just.
+"Governments," she told them, "never do any great good things from
+mere principle, from mere love of justice.... You expect too much of
+human nature when you expect that."<a name="FNanchor_422_422" id="FNanchor_422_422"></a><a href="#Footnote_422_422" class="fnanchor">[422]</a></p>
+
+<p>The movement had reached an impasse. The temper of Congress, as shown
+by the admission of Hawaii as a territory without woman suffrage, was
+both indifferent and hostile. That this attitude did not express the
+will of the American people, she was firmly convinced. It was due, she
+believed, to the political influence of powerful groups opposed to
+woman suffrage&mdash;the liquor interests controlling the votes of
+increasing numbers of immigrants, machine politicians fearful of
+losing their power, and financial interests whose conservatism
+resisted any measure which might upset the status quo. How to
+undermine this opposition was now her main problem, and she saw no
+other way but persistent agitation through a more active, more
+effective, ever-growing woman suffrage organization, reaching a wider
+cross section of the people. She herself had established a press
+bureau which was feeding interesting factual articles on woman
+suffrage to newspapers throughout the country, for as she wrote Mrs.
+Colby, the suffrage cause "needs to picture its demands in the daily
+papers where the unconverted can see them rather than in special
+papers where only those already converted can see them."<a name="FNanchor_423_423" id="FNanchor_423_423"></a><a href="#Footnote_423_423" class="fnanchor">[423]</a></p>
+
+<p>Of greatest importance to her was winning the support of organized
+labor. Samuel Gompers, the president of the American Federation of
+Labor, had already shown his friendliness toward equal pay and votes
+for women and was putting women organizers<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span> in the field to speed the
+unionization of women. Even so she was surprised at the enthusiasm
+with which she was received at the American Federation of Labor
+convention in 1899, when the four hundred delegates by a rising vote
+adopted a strong resolution urging favorable action on a federal woman
+suffrage amendment.</p>
+
+<p>So far as possible she had always established friendly relations with
+labor organizations, first in 1869 with William H. Sylvis's National
+Labor Union and then with the Knights of Labor and their leader,
+Terrence V. Powderly.<a name="FNanchor_424_424" id="FNanchor_424_424"></a><a href="#Footnote_424_424" class="fnanchor">[424]</a> When Eugene V. Debs, president of the
+American Railway Union, was arrested during the Pullman strike in 1894
+for defying a court injunction, she did not rate him, as so many did,
+a dangerous radical, but as an earnest reformer, crusading for an
+unpopular cause. They had met years before in Terre Haute, where at
+his request she had lectured on woman suffrage, and immediately they
+had won each other's sympathy and respect. She did not see indications
+of anarchy in the Pullman and Homestead strikes or in the Haymarket
+riot, but regarded them as an unfortunate phase of an industrial
+revolution which in time would improve the relations of labor and
+capital.</p>
+
+<p>That women would be effected by this industrial revolution was obvious
+to her, and she wanted them to understand it and play their part in
+it. For this reason she saw the importance of keeping the National
+American Woman Suffrage Association informed on all developments
+affecting wage-earning women and to her delight she found three young
+suffragists wide awake on this subject. One of them, Florence Kelley,
+had joined forces with that remarkable young woman, Jane Addams, in
+her valuable social experiment, Hull House, in the slums of Chicago,
+and was now devoting herself to improving the working conditions of
+women and children. She represented a new trend in thought and
+work&mdash;social service&mdash;which made a great appeal to college women and
+set in motion labor legislation designed to protect women and
+children. Another young woman of promise, Gail Laughlin, pioneering as
+a lawyer, approached the subject from the feminist viewpoint, seeking
+protection for women not through labor legislation based on sex, but
+through trade unions, the vote, equal pay, and a wider recognition of
+women's right to contract for their labor on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span> the same terms as men.
+Her survey of women's working conditions, presented at a convention of
+the National American Association was so valuable and attracted so
+much attention that she was appointed to the United States Labor
+Commission. Harriot Stanton Blatch also understood the significance of
+the industrial revolution and woman's part in it, and she too opposed
+labor legislation based on sex. Coming from England occasionally to
+visit her mother in New York, she brought her liberal viewpoint into
+woman suffrage conventions with a flare of oratory matching that of
+her gifted parents. "The more I see of her," Susan remarked to a
+friend, "the more I feel the greatness of her character."<a name="FNanchor_425_425" id="FNanchor_425_425"></a><a href="#Footnote_425_425" class="fnanchor">[425]</a></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>Although it was Susan's intention to hew to the line of woman suffrage
+and not to comment publicly on controversial issues, she could not
+keep silent when confronted with injustice. Religious intolerance,
+bigotry, and racial discrimination always forced her to take a stand,
+regardless of the criticism she might bring on herself.</p>
+
+<p>The treatment of the Negro in both the North and the South was always
+of great concern to her, and during the 1890s, when a veritable
+epidemic of lynchings and race riots broke out, she expressed herself
+freely in Rochester newspapers. She noted the dangerous trend as
+indicated by new anti-Negro societies and the limitation of membership
+to white Americans in the Spanish-American War veterans' organization.
+Whenever the opportunity presented itself, she put into practice her
+own sincere belief in race equality. During every Washington
+convention, she arranged to have one of her good speakers occupy the
+pulpit of a Negro church, and in the South she made it a point to
+speak herself in Negro churches and schools and before their
+organizations, even though this might prejudice southerners. In her
+own home, she gladly welcomed the Negro lecturers and educators who
+came to Rochester. This seeking out of the Negro in friendliness was a
+religious duty to her and a pleasure. She demanded of everyone
+employed in her household, respectful treatment of Negro guests. She
+rejoiced when she saw Negroes in the audience at woman suffrage
+conventions in Washington, and it gave her great satisfaction to hear
+Mary Church Terrell, a beautiful intelligent Negro who<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span> had been
+educated at Oberlin and in Europe, making speeches which equaled and
+even surpassed those of the most eloquent white suffragists.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>Susan did not fail to keep in touch with the international feminist
+movement, and in the summer of 1899, when she was seventy-nine years
+old, she headed the United States delegation to the International
+Council of Women, meeting in London. Visiting Harriot Stanton Blatch
+at her home in Basingstoke, she first conferred with the leading
+British feminists, bringing herself up to date on the progress of
+their cause. In England as in the United States, the burden of the
+suffrage campaign had shifted from the shoulders of the pioneers to
+their daughters, and they were carrying on with vigor, pressing for
+the passage of a franchise bill in the House of Commons.</p>
+
+<p>Moving on to London, she was acclaimed as she had been at the World's
+Fair in Chicago. "The papers here have been going wild over Miss
+Anthony, declaring her to be the most unaggressive woman suffragist
+ever seen," reported a journalist to his newspaper in the United
+States.</p>
+
+<p>From China, India, New Zealand, and Australia, from South Africa,
+Palestine, Persia, and the Argentine, as well as from Europe and the
+United States, women had come to London to discuss their progress and
+their problems, and Susan, pointing out to them the goal toward which
+they must head, declared with confidence, "The day will come when man
+will recognize woman as his peer, not only at the fireside but in the
+councils of the nation. Then, and not until then, will there be the
+perfect comradeship ... between the sexes that shall result in the
+highest development of the race."<a name="FNanchor_426_426" id="FNanchor_426_426"></a><a href="#Footnote_426_426" class="fnanchor">[426]</a></p>
+
+<p>She had hoped that Queen Victoria would receive the delegates at
+Windsor Castle, thus indicating her approval of the International
+Council. She longed to talk with this woman who had ruled so long and
+so well. That a queen sat on the throne of England, this in itself was
+important to her and she wanted to express her gratitude, although she
+was well aware that the Queen had never used her influence for the
+improvement of laws relating to women. She had hoped to convince her
+of the need of votes for women, but Queen Victoria never gave her the
+opportunity. All that influential<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span> Englishwomen were able to arrange
+was the admission of the delegates to the courtyard of Windsor Castle
+to watch the Queen start on her drive and to tea in the banquet room
+without the Queen.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 368px;">
+<img src="images/289.jpg" width="368" height="450" alt="Carrie Chapman Catt" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Carrie Chapman Catt</span>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>Returning home late in August 1899, Susan began at once to make
+definite plans to turn over the presidency of the National American
+Woman Suffrage Association to a younger woman. Although she well knew
+that the choice of her successor was actually in the hands of the
+membership, it was her intention to do what she could within the
+bounds of democratic procedure to insure the best possible leadership.
+To fill the office, she turned instinctively to Anna Howard Shaw whom
+she loved more dearly as the years went by and whose selfless devotion
+to the cause she trusted implicitly. Yet Anna, in spite of her many
+qualifications, lacked a few which were exceptional in Carrie Chapman
+Catt&mdash;creative executive ability, diplomacy, a talent for working with
+people, directing them, and winning their devotion. With growing
+admiration, Susan had been watching Mrs. Catt's indefatigable work in
+the states where<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></span> she had been building up active branches. Her flare
+for raising money was outstanding, and Susan realized, as few others
+did, the crying need of funds for the campaigns ahead. In addition
+Mrs. Catt had no personal financial worries, for her husband,
+successful in business, was sympathetic to her work. Anna, on the
+other hand, would have to support herself by lecturing and carry as
+well the burden of the presidency of a rapidly growing organization.</p>
+
+<p>Anna made the decision for Susan. She urged the candidacy of Mrs.
+Catt, although her highest ambition had always been to succeed her
+beloved Aunt Susan. As she later confessed to Susan, this was a
+personal sacrifice which cost her many a heartache, but she "honestly
+felt that Mrs. Catt was better fitted ... as well as freer to go into
+an unpaid field."<a name="FNanchor_427_427" id="FNanchor_427_427"></a><a href="#Footnote_427_427" class="fnanchor">[427]</a> Susan therefore approached Mrs. Catt through
+Rachel and Harriet Upton, and was relieved when she consented to stand
+for election.</p>
+
+<p>Rumors of Susan's retirement aroused ambitions in Lillie Devereux
+Blake, who from the point of seniority and devoted work in New York
+was regarded as being next in line for the presidency by Mrs. Stanton
+and Mrs. Colby. Unable to visualize Mrs. Blake as the leader of this
+large organization with its diverse strong personalities, Susan
+nevertheless conceded her right to compete for the office. Although
+she appreciated Mrs. Blake's valuable work for the cause, there never
+had been understanding or sympathy between them. Temperamentally the
+blunt stern New Englander with untiring drive had little in common
+with the southern beauty turned reformer.</p>
+
+<p>A change in the presidency needed wise and patient handling as
+personal ambitions, prejudices, and misunderstandings reared their
+heads. When there were murmurings of secession among a small group if
+Mrs. Catt were elected, Susan wrote Mrs. Colby that such talk was
+"very immature, very despotic, very undemocratic," and she hoped she
+was not one of the malcontents.<a name="FNanchor_428_428" id="FNanchor_428_428"></a><a href="#Footnote_428_428" class="fnanchor">[428]</a></p>
+
+<p>Another problem was the future of the organization committee which
+under Mrs. Catt's chairmanship had carried on a large part of the
+work. Its influence was considerable and could readily develop so as
+to conflict with that of the officers, thus threatening the unity of
+the whole organization. To dissolve the committee seemed to Susan and
+her closest advisors the wisest procedure. Mary Garrett<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></span> Hay, who had
+worked closely with Mrs. Catt on the organization committee, opposed
+this plan, but after earnest discussion the officers, including Mrs.
+Catt, agreed to dissolve the organization committee.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>As Susan appeared on the platform at the opening session of the
+Washington convention in February 1900, there was thunderous applause
+from an audience tense with emotion at the thought of losing the
+leader who had guided them for so many years. The tall gray-haired
+woman in black satin, with soft rich lace at her throat and the
+proverbial red shawl about her shoulders, had become the symbol of
+their cause. Now, as she looked down upon them with a friendly smile
+and motherly tenderness, tears came to their eyes, and they wanted to
+remember always just how she looked at that moment. Then she broke the
+tension with a call to duty, a summons to press for the federal
+amendment, and one more plea that they always hold their annual
+conventions in the national capital.</p>
+
+<p>Difficult and sad as this official leave-taking was, she had made up
+her mind to carry if through with good cheer. Tirelessly she presided
+at three sessions daily. With the pride of a mother, she listened to
+the many reports and with particular satisfaction to that of the
+treasurer which showed all debts paid and pledges amounting to $10,000
+to start the new year. Susan herself had made this possible, raising
+enough to pay past debts and securing pledges so that the new
+administration could start its work free from financial worries.</p>
+
+<p>"I have fully determined to retire from the active presidency of the
+Association," she announced when the reports and speeches were over.
+"I am not retiring now because I feel unable, mentally or physically,
+to do the necessary work, but because I wish to see the organization
+in the hands of those who are to have its management in the future. I
+want to see you all at work, while I am alive, so I can scold if you
+do not do it well. Give the matter of selecting your officers serious
+thought. Consider who will do the best work for the political
+enfranchisement of women, and let no personal feelings enter into the
+question."<a name="FNanchor_429_429" id="FNanchor_429_429"></a><a href="#Footnote_429_429" class="fnanchor">[429]</a></p>
+
+<p>Watching developments with the keen eye of a politician, she<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></span> was
+confident that Mrs. Catt would be elected to succeed her, although
+Mrs. Blake's candidacy was still being assiduously pressed and
+circulars recommending her, signed by Mrs. Stanton, Mrs. Russell Sage
+and Dr. Mary Putnam Jacobi, were being widely distributed. Just before
+the balloting, however, Mrs. Blake withdrew her name in the interest
+of harmony. This left the field to Mrs. Catt, who received 254 votes
+of the 278 cast.</p>
+
+<p>A burst of applause greeted the announcement of Mrs. Catt's election.
+Then abruptly it stopped, as the realization swept over the delegates
+that Aunt Susan was no longer their president. Walking to the front of
+the platform, Susan took Mrs. Catt by the hand, and while the
+delegates applauded, the two women stood before them, the one showing
+in her kind face the experience and wisdom of years, the other young,
+intelligent, and beautiful, her life still before her. There were
+tears in Susan's eyes and her voice was unsteady as she said, "I am
+sure you have made a wise choice.... 'New conditions bring new
+duties.' These new duties, these changed conditions, demand stronger
+hands, younger heads, and fresher hearts. In Mrs. Catt, you have my
+ideal leader. I present to you my successor."<a name="FNanchor_430_430" id="FNanchor_430_430"></a><a href="#Footnote_430_430" class="fnanchor">[430]</a></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>Susan's joyous confidence in the new administration was rudely jolted
+as controversy over the future of the organization committee flared up
+during the last days of the convention. Under strong pressure from
+Mary Garrett Hay, Mrs. Catt had counseled with Henry Blackwell, and at
+one of the last sessions he had slipped in a motion authorizing the
+continuance of the organization committee.<a name="FNanchor_431_431" id="FNanchor_431_431"></a><a href="#Footnote_431_431" class="fnanchor">[431]</a></p>
+
+<p>Stunned by this development and looking upon it as a threat to the
+harmony of the new administration, Susan, supported by Harriet Upton
+and Rachel, prepared to take action, and the next morning, at the
+first post-convention executive committee meeting at which Mrs. Catt
+presided, Susan proposed that the national officers, headed by Mrs.
+Catt, take over the duties of the organization committee. This
+precipitated a heated debate, during which Henry Blackwell and his
+daughter, Alice, called such procedure unconstitutional, and Mary Hay
+resigned. As the discussion became too acrimonious, Mrs. Catt put an
+end to it by calling up unfinished<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</a></span> business, and thus managed to
+steer the remainder of the session into less troubled waters. The next
+day, however, Susan brought the matter up again, and on her motion the
+organization committee was voted out of existence with praise for its
+admirable record of service.</p>
+
+<p>Here were all the makings of a factional feud which, if fanned into
+flame, could well have split the National American Association. Not
+only had the old organization interfered with the new, indirectly
+reprimanding Mrs. Catt, but Susan, by her own personal influence and
+determination, had reversed the action of the convention. As a result,
+Mrs. Catt was indignant, hurt, and sorely tempted to resign, but after
+sending a highly critical letter to every member of the business
+committee, she took up her work with vigor.</p>
+
+<p>Disappointed and heartsick over the turn of events, Susan searched for
+a way to re-establish harmony and her own faith in her successor.
+Realizing that a mother's cool counsel and guiding hand were needed to
+heal the misunderstandings, and convinced that unity and trust could
+be restored only by frank discussion of the problem by those involved,
+she asked for a meeting of the business committee at her home. "What
+can we do to get back into trust in each other?" she wrote Laura Clay.
+"That is the thing we must do&mdash;somehow&mdash;and it cannot be done by
+letter. We must hold a meeting&mdash;and we must have you&mdash;and every single
+one of our members at it."<a name="FNanchor_432_432" id="FNanchor_432_432"></a><a href="#Footnote_432_432" class="fnanchor">[432]</a></p>
+
+<p>Impatient at what to her seemed unnecessary delay, she kept prodding
+Mrs. Catt to call this meeting. Fortunately both Susan and Mrs. Catt
+were genuinely fond of each other and placed the welfare of the cause
+above personal differences. Both were tolerant and steady and
+understood the pressures put on the leader of a great organization.
+Anxious and troubled as she waited for this meeting, Susan appreciated
+Anna Shaw's visits as never before, marking them as red-letter days on
+her calender.</p>
+
+<p>Late in August 1900, all the officers finally gathered at 17 Madison
+Street, and Susan listened to their discussions with deep concern. She
+was confident she could rely completely on Harriet Upton, Rachel, and
+Anna and could count on Laura Clay's "level head and good common
+sense."<a name="FNanchor_433_433" id="FNanchor_433_433"></a><a href="#Footnote_433_433" class="fnanchor">[433]</a> She never felt sure of Alice<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></span> Stone Blackwell and knew
+there was great sympathy and often a working alliance between her, her
+father, and Mrs. Catt. Of the latest member of the official family,
+Catharine Waugh McCulloch, she had little first-hand knowledge. Mrs.
+Catt, whom she longed to fathom and trust, was still an enigma. During
+those hot humid August days, misunderstandings were healed, unity was
+restored, and Susan was reassured that not a single one of her "girls"
+desired "other than was good for the work."<a name="FNanchor_434_434" id="FNanchor_434_434"></a><a href="#Footnote_434_434" class="fnanchor">[434]</a></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>Susan had always been a champion of coeducation, speaking for it as
+early as the 1850s at state teachers' meetings and proposing it for
+Columbia University in her <i>Revolution</i>. In 1891, she and Mrs. Stanton
+had agitated for the admission of women to the University of
+Rochester. Seven years later the trustees consented to admit women
+provided $100,000 could be raised in a year, and Susan served on the
+fund-raising committee with her friend, Helen Barrett Montgomery.
+Because the alumni of the University of Rochester opposed coeducation
+and the city's wealthiest men were indifferent, progress was slow, but
+the trustees were persuaded to extend the time and to reduce by one
+half the amount to be raised.</p>
+
+<p>With so much else on her mind in 1900, including the sudden death of
+her brother Merritt, she had given the fund little thought until the
+committee appealed to her in desperation when only one day remained in
+which to raise the last $8,000. Immediately she went into action.
+Remembering that Mary had talked of willing the University $2,000 if
+it became coeducational, she persuaded her to pledge that amount now.
+Then setting out in a carriage on a very hot September morning, she
+slowly collected pledges for all but $2,000. As the trustees were in
+session and likely to adjourn any minute, she appealed to Samuel
+Wilder, one of Rochester's prominent elder citizens who had already
+contributed, to guarantee that amount until she could raise it. To
+this he gladly agreed. Reaching the trustees' meeting with Mrs.
+Montgomery just in time, with pledges assuring the payment of the full
+$50,000, she was amazed at their reception. Instead of rejoicing with
+them, the trustees began to quibble over Samuel Wilder's guarantee of
+the last $2,000 because of the state of his health. When she offered
+her life insurance as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</a></span> security, they still put her off, telling her
+to come back in a few days. Even then they continued to quibble, but
+finally admitted that the women had won. Disillusioned, she wrote in
+her diary, "Not a trustee has given anything although there are
+several millionaires among them."<a name="FNanchor_435_435" id="FNanchor_435_435"></a><a href="#Footnote_435_435" class="fnanchor">[435]</a> Only her life insurance policy
+and her dogged persistence had saved the day.</p>
+
+<p>This effort to open Rochester University to women, on top of a very
+full and worrisome year, was so taxing and so disillusioning that she
+became seriously ill. When she recovered sufficiently for a drive, she
+asked to be taken to the university campus and afterward wrote in her
+diary, "As I drove over the campus, I felt 'these are not forbidden
+grounds to the girls of the city any longer.' It is good to feel that
+the old doors sway on their hinges&mdash;to women! Will the vows be kept to
+them&mdash;will the girls have equal chances with the boys? They promised
+well&mdash;the fulfilment will be seen&mdash;whether there shall not be some
+hitch from the proposed to a separate school."<a name="FNanchor_436_436" id="FNanchor_436_436"></a><a href="#Footnote_436_436" class="fnanchor">[436]</a></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>Still keeping her watchful eye on the National American Association,
+Susan traveled to Minneapolis in the spring of 1901 for the first
+annual convention under the new administration. There was talk of an
+"entire new deal," the retirement of all who had served under Miss
+Anthony, and the election of a "new cabinet of officers," and Susan
+was so concerned that there might also be a change in the presidency
+that she felt she must be on hand to guide and steady the
+proceedings.<a name="FNanchor_437_437" id="FNanchor_437_437"></a><a href="#Footnote_437_437" class="fnanchor">[437]</a></p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Catt was re-elected and Susan returned to Rochester well
+satisfied and ready to devote herself to completing the fourth volume
+of the <i>History of Woman Suffrage</i> on which she and Mrs. Harper had
+been working intermittently for the past year. It was published late
+in 1902. While working on the History, Susan, although more than
+satisfied with Mrs. Harper's work, often thought nostalgically of her
+happy stimulating years of collaboration with Mrs. Stanton. She seldom
+saw Mrs. Stanton now, but they kept in touch with each other by
+letter.</p>
+
+<p>In the spring of 1902, she visited Mrs. Stanton twice in New York, and
+planned to return in November to celebrate Mrs. Stanton's
+eighty-seventh birthday. In anticipation, she wrote Mrs. Stanton,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</a></span> "It
+is fifty-one years since we first met and we have been busy through
+every one of them, stirring up the world to recognize the rights of
+women.... We little dreamed when we began this contest ... that half a
+century later we would be compelled to leave the finish of the battle
+to another generation of women. But our hearts are filled with joy to
+know that they enter upon this task equipped with a college education,
+with business experience, with the freely admitted right to speak in
+public&mdash;all of which were denied to women fifty years ago.... These
+strong, courageous, capable, young women will take our place and
+complete our work. There is an army of them where we were but a
+handful...."<a name="FNanchor_438_438" id="FNanchor_438_438"></a><a href="#Footnote_438_438" class="fnanchor">[438]</a></p>
+
+<p>Two weeks before Mrs. Stanton's birthday, Susan was stunned by a
+telegram announcing that her old comrade had passed away in her chair.
+Bewildered and desolate, she sat alone in her study for several hours,
+trying bravely to endure her grief. Then came the reporters for copy
+which only this heartbroken woman could give. "I cannot express myself
+at all as I feel," she haltingly told them. "I am too crushed to
+speak. If I had died first, she would have found beautiful phrases to
+describe our friendship, but I cannot put it into words."<a name="FNanchor_439_439" id="FNanchor_439_439"></a><a href="#Footnote_439_439" class="fnanchor">[439]</a></p>
+
+<p>From New York, where she had gone for the funeral, she wrote in
+anguish to Mrs. Harper, "Oh, the voice is stilled which I have loved
+to hear for fifty years. Always I have felt that I must have Mrs.
+Stanton's opinion of things before I knew where I stood myself. I am
+all at sea&mdash;but the Laws of Nature are still going on&mdash;with no shadow
+or turning&mdash;what a wonder it is&mdash;it goes right on and on&mdash;no matter
+who lives or who dies."<a name="FNanchor_440_440" id="FNanchor_440_440"></a><a href="#Footnote_440_440" class="fnanchor">[440]</a></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>National woman suffrage conventions were still red-letter events to
+Susan and she attended them no matter how great the physical effort,
+traveling to New Orleans in 1903. Of particular concern was the 1904
+convention because of Mrs. Catt's decision at the very last moment not
+to stand for re-election on account of her health. Looking over the
+field, Susan saw no one capable of taking her place but Anna Howard
+Shaw. Not to be able to turn to Mrs. Stanton's capable daughter,
+Harriot Stanton Blatch, at this time was disappointing, but Harriot's
+long absence in England had made her more or less of a stranger to the
+membership of the National American Association,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</a></span> and for some reason
+she did not seem to fit in, lacking her mother's warmth and
+appeal.<a name="FNanchor_441_441" id="FNanchor_441_441"></a><a href="#Footnote_441_441" class="fnanchor">[441]</a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/297.jpg" width="500" height="492" alt="Quotation in the handwriting of Susan B. Anthony" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Quotation in the handwriting of Susan B. Anthony</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>"I don't see anybody in the whole rank of our suffrage movement to
+take her [Mrs. Catt's] place but you," Susan now wrote Anna Howard
+Shaw. "If you will take it with a salary of say, $2,000, I will go
+ahead and try to see what I can do. We must not let the society down
+into <i>feeble</i> hands.... Don't say <i>no</i>, for the <i>life</i> of <i>you</i>, for
+if Mrs. Catt <i>persists</i> in going out, we shall simply <i>have</i> to
+<i>accept it</i> and we must <i>tide over</i> with the <i>best material</i> that we
+have, and <i>you are the best</i>, and would you have taken office <i>four
+years ago</i>, you would have been elected over-whelmingly."<a name="FNanchor_442_442" id="FNanchor_442_442"></a><a href="#Footnote_442_442" class="fnanchor">[442]</a></p>
+
+<p>Anna could not refuse Aunt Susan, and when she was elected with Mrs.
+Catt as vice-president, Susan breathed freely again.</p>
+
+<p>It warmed Susan's heart to enter the convention on her eighty-fourth
+birthday to a thundering welcome, to banter with Mrs. Upton who called
+her to the platform, and to stop the applause with a smile and "There
+now, girls, that's enough."<a name="FNanchor_443_443" id="FNanchor_443_443"></a><a href="#Footnote_443_443" class="fnanchor">[443]</a> Nothing could have been more
+appropriate for her birthday than the Colorado jubilee over which she
+presided and which gave irrefutable evidence of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</a></span> success of woman
+suffrage in that state. There was rejoicing too over Australia, where
+women had been voting since 1902 and over the new hope in Europe, in
+Denmark, where women had chosen her birthday to stage a demonstration
+in favor of the pending franchise bill.</p>
+
+<p>For the last time, she spoke to a Senate committee on the woman
+suffrage amendment. Standing before these indifferent men, a tired
+warrior at the end of a long hard campaign, she reminded them that she
+alone remained of those who thirty-five years before, in 1869, had
+appealed to Congress for justice. "And I," she added, "shall not be
+able to come much longer.</p>
+
+<p>"We have waited," she told them. "We stood aside for the Negro; we
+waited for the millions of immigrants; now we must wait till the
+Hawaiians, the Filipinos, and the Puerto Ricans are enfranchised; then
+no doubt the Cubans will have their turn. For all these ignorant,
+alien peoples, educated women have been compelled to stand aside and
+wait!" Then with mounting impatience, she asked them, "How long will
+this injustice, this outrage continue?"<a name="FNanchor_444_444" id="FNanchor_444_444"></a><a href="#Footnote_444_444" class="fnanchor">[444]</a></p>
+
+<p>Their answer to her was silence. They sent no report to the Senate on
+the woman suffrage amendment. Yet she was able to say to a reporter of
+the New York <i>Sun</i>, "I have never lost my faith, not for a moment in
+fifty years."<a name="FNanchor_445_445" id="FNanchor_445_445"></a><a href="#Footnote_445_445" class="fnanchor">[445]</a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="SUSAN_B_ANTHONY_OF_THE_WORLD" id="SUSAN_B_ANTHONY_OF_THE_WORLD"></a>SUSAN B. ANTHONY OF THE WORLD</h2>
+
+
+<p>Susan was on the ocean in May 1904 with her sister Mary and a group of
+good friends, headed for a meeting of the International Council of
+Women in Berlin. What drew her to Berlin was the plan initiated by
+Carrie Chapman Catt to form an International Woman Suffrage Alliance
+prior to the meetings of the International Council. This had been
+Susan's dream and Mrs. Stanton's in 1883, when they first conferred
+with women of other countries regarding an international woman
+suffrage organization and found only the women of England ready to
+unite on such a radical program. Now that women had worked together
+successfully in the International Council for sixteen years on other
+less controversial matters relating to women, she and Mrs. Catt were
+confident that a few of them at least were willing to unite to demand
+the vote.</p>
+
+<p>Chosen as a matter of course to preside over this gathering of
+suffragists in Berlin, Susan received an enthusiastic welcome. For her
+it was a momentous occasion, and eager to spread news of the meeting
+far and wide, she could not understand the objections of many of the
+delegates to the presence of reporters who they feared might send out
+sensational copy.</p>
+
+<p>"My friends, what are we here for?" she asked her more timid
+colleagues. "We have come from many countries, travelled thousands of
+miles to form an organization for a great international work, and do
+we want to keep it a secret from the public? No; welcome all reporters
+who want to come, the more, the better. Let all we say and do here be
+told far and wide. Let the people everywhere know that in Berlin women
+from all parts of the world have banded themselves together to demand
+political freedom. I rejoice in the presence of these reporters, and
+instead of excluding them from our meetings let us help them to all
+the information we can and ask them to give it the widest
+publicity."<a name="FNanchor_446_446" id="FNanchor_446_446"></a><a href="#Footnote_446_446" class="fnanchor">[446]</a></p>
+
+<p>This won the battle for the reporters, who gave her rousing applause,
+and the news flashed over the wires was sympathetic, dignified, and
+abundant. It told the world of the formation of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</a></span> the International
+Woman Suffrage Alliance by women from the United States, Great
+Britain, Germany, The Netherlands, Sweden, Australia, Norway, and
+Denmark, "to secure the enfranchisement of women of all nations." It
+praised the honorary president, Susan B. Anthony, and the American
+women who took over the leadership of this international venture,
+Carrie Chapman Catt, the president, and Rachel Foster Avery,
+corresponding secretary.</p>
+
+<p>To celebrate the occasion, German suffragists called a public mass
+meeting, and Susan, eager to rejoice with them, was surprised to find
+members of the International Council disgruntled and accusing the
+International Woman Suffrage Alliance of stealing their thunder and
+casting the dark shadow of woman suffrage over their conference. To
+placate them and restore harmony, she stayed away from this public
+meeting, but she could not control the demand for her presence.</p>
+
+<p>"Where is Susan B. Anthony?" were the first words spoken as the mass
+meeting opened. Then immediately the audience rose and burst into
+cheers which continued without a break for ten minutes. Anna Howard
+Shaw there on the platform and deeply moved by this tribute to Aunt
+Susan, later described how she felt: "Every second of that time I
+seemed to see Miss Anthony alone in her hotel room, longing with all
+her big heart to be with us, as we longed to have her.... Afterwards,
+when we burst in upon her and told her of the great demonstration, the
+mere mention of her name had caused, her lips quivered and her brave
+old eyes filled with tears."<a name="FNanchor_447_447" id="FNanchor_447_447"></a><a href="#Footnote_447_447" class="fnanchor">[447]</a></p>
+
+<p>The next morning her "girls" brought her the Berlin newspapers,
+translating for her the report of the meeting and these heart-warming
+lines, "The Americans call her 'Aunt Susan.' She is our 'Aunt Susan'
+too."</p>
+
+<p>This was but a foretaste of her reception throughout her stay in
+Berlin. To the International Council, she was "Susan B. Anthony of the
+World," the woman of the hour, whom all wanted to meet. Every time she
+entered the conference hall, the audience rose and remained standing
+until she was seated. Every mention of her name brought forth cheers.
+The many young women, acting as ushers, were devoted to her and eager
+to serve her. They greeted her by kissing her hand. Embarrassed at
+first by such homage, she soon responded by kissing them on the
+cheek.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 323px;">
+<img src="images/301.jpg" width="323" height="450" alt="Susan B. Anthony at the age of eighty-five" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Susan B. Anthony at the age of eighty-five</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Empress Victoria Augusta, receiving the delegates in the Royal
+Palace, singled out Susan, and instead of following the custom of
+kissing the Empress's hand, Susan bowed as she would to any
+distinguished American, explaining that she was a Quaker and did not
+understand the etiquette of the court. The Empress praised Susan's
+great work, and unwilling to let such an opportunity slip by, Susan
+offered the suggestion that Emperor William who had done so much to
+build up his country might now wish to raise the status of German
+women. To this the Empress replied with a smile, "The gentlemen are
+very slow to comprehend this great movement."<a name="FNanchor_448_448" id="FNanchor_448_448"></a><a href="#Footnote_448_448" class="fnanchor">[448]</a></p>
+
+<p>When the talented Negro, Mary Church Terrell, addressing the
+International Council in both German and French, received an ovation,
+Susan's cup of joy was filled to the brim, for she glimpsed the bright
+promise of a world without barriers of sex or race.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>The newspapers welcomed her home, and in her own comfortable sitting
+room she read Rochester's greeting in the <i>Democrat and Chronicle</i>,
+"There are woman suffragists and anti-suffragists, but all Rochester
+people, irrespective of opinion ... are Anthony men and women. We
+admire and esteem one so single-minded, earnest and unselfish, who,
+with eighty-four years to her credit, is still too busy and useful to
+think of growing old."<a name="FNanchor_449_449" id="FNanchor_449_449"></a><a href="#Footnote_449_449" class="fnanchor">[449]</a></p>
+
+<p>Her happiness over this welcome was clouded, however, by the serious
+illness of her brother Daniel, and she and Mary hurried to Kansas to
+see him. Two months later he passed away. Now only she and Mary were
+left of all the large Anthony family. Without Daniel, the world seemed
+empty. His strength of character, independence, and sympathy with her
+work had comforted and encouraged her all through her life. A fearless
+editor, a successful businessman, a politician with principles, he had
+played an important role in Kansas, and proud of him, she cherished
+the many tributes published throughout the country.</p>
+
+<p>Courageously she now picked up the threads of her life. Her precious
+National American Woman Suffrage Association was out of her hands, but
+she still had the <i>History of Woman Suffrage</i> to distribute, and it
+gave her a great sense of accomplishment to hand<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</a></span> on to future
+generations this record of women's struggle for freedom.<a name="FNanchor_450_450" id="FNanchor_450_450"></a><a href="#Footnote_450_450" class="fnanchor">[450]</a></p>
+
+<p>Missing the stimulous of work with her "girls," she took more and more
+pleasure in the company of William and Mary Gannett of the First
+Unitarian Church, whose liberal views appealed to her strongly. She
+liked to have young people about her and followed the lives of all her
+nieces and nephews with the greatest interest, spurring on their
+ambitions and helping finance their education. The frequent visits of
+"Niece Lucy" were a great joy during these years, as was the nearness
+of "Niece Anna O,"<a name="FNanchor_451_451" id="FNanchor_451_451"></a><a href="#Footnote_451_451" class="fnanchor">[451]</a> who married and settled in Rochester. The
+young Canadian girl, Anna Dann, had become almost indispensable to her
+and to Mary, as companion, secretary, and nurse, and her marriage left
+a void in the household. Anna Dann was married at 17 Madison Street by
+Anna Howard Shaw with Susan beaming upon her like a proud grandmother.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>Longing to see one more state won for suffrage, Susan carefully
+followed the news from the field, looking hopefully to California and
+urging her "girls" to keep hammering away there in spite of defeats.
+Her eyes were also on the Territory of Oklahoma, where a constitution
+was being drafted preparatory to statehood. "The present bill for the
+new state," she wrote Anna Howard Shaw, in December 1904, "is an
+insult to women of Oklahoma, such as has never been perpetrated
+before. We have always known that women were in reality ranked with
+idiots and criminals, but it has never been said in words that the
+state should ... restrict or abridge the suffrage ... on account of
+illiteracy, minority, <i>sex</i>, conviction of felony, mental condition,
+etc.... We must fight this bill to the utmost...."<a name="FNanchor_452_452" id="FNanchor_452_452"></a><a href="#Footnote_452_452" class="fnanchor">[452]</a></p>
+
+<p>The brightest spot in the West was Oregon, where suffrage had been
+defeated in 1900 by only 2,000 votes. In June 1905, when the National
+American Association held its first far western convention in Portland
+during the Lewis and Clark Exposition, Susan could not keep away,
+although she had never expected to go over the mountains again. As she
+traveled to Portland with Mary and a hundred or more delegates in
+special cars, she recalled her many long tiring trips through the West
+to carry the message of woman<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</a></span> suffrage to the frontier. In
+comparison, this was a triumphal journey, showing her, as nothing else
+could, what her work had accomplished. Greeted at railroad stations
+along the way by enthusiastic crowds, showered with flowers and gifts,
+she stood on the back platform of the train with her "girls," shaking
+hands, waving her handkerchief, and making an occasional speech.</p>
+
+<p>Presiding over the opening session of the Portland convention,
+standing in a veritable garden of flowers which had been presented to
+her, she remarked with a droll smile, "This is rather different from
+the receptions I used to get fifty years ago.... I am thankful for
+this change of spirit which has come over the American people."<a name="FNanchor_453_453" id="FNanchor_453_453"></a><a href="#Footnote_453_453" class="fnanchor">[453]</a></p>
+
+<p>On Woman's Day, she was chosen to speak at the unveiling of the statue
+of Sacajawea, the Indian woman who had led Lewis and Clark through the
+dangerous mountain passes to the Pacific, winning their gratitude and
+their praise. In the story of Sacajawea who had been overlooked by the
+government when every man in the Lewis and Clark expedition had been
+rewarded with a large tract of land, Susan saw the perfect example of
+man's thoughtless oversight of the valuable services of women. Looking
+up at the bronze statue of the Indian woman, her papoose on her back
+and her arm outstretched to the Pacific, Susan said simply, "This is
+the first statue erected to a woman because of deeds of daring....
+This recognition of the assistance rendered by a woman in the
+discovery of this great section of the country is but the beginning of
+what is due." Then, with the sunlight playing on her hair and lighting
+up her face, she appealed to the men of Oregon for the vote. "Next
+year," she reminded them, "the men of this proud state, made possible
+by a woman, will decide whether women shall at last have the rights in
+it which have been denied them so many years. Let men remember the
+part women have played in its settlement and progress and vote to give
+them these rights which belong to every citizen."<a name="FNanchor_454_454" id="FNanchor_454_454"></a><a href="#Footnote_454_454" class="fnanchor">[454]</a></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>Reporters were at Susan's door, when she returned to Rochester, for
+comments on ex-President Cleveland's tirade against clubwomen and
+woman suffrage in the popular <i>Ladies' Home Journal</i>. "Pure
+fol-de-rol," she told them, adding testily, "I would think that Grover
+Cleveland was about the last person to talk about the sanctity of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[Pg 305]</a></span> the
+home and woman's sphere." This was good copy for Republican newspapers
+and they made the most of it, as women throughout the country added
+their protests to Susan's. A popular jingle of the day ran, "Susan B.
+Anthony, she took quite a fall out of Grover C."<a name="FNanchor_455_455" id="FNanchor_455_455"></a><a href="#Footnote_455_455" class="fnanchor">[455]</a></p>
+
+<p>Susan, however, had something far more important on her mind than
+fencing with Grover Cleveland&mdash;an interview with President Theodore
+Roosevelt. Here was a man eager to right wrongs, to break monopolies,
+to see justice done to the Negro, a man who talked of a "square deal"
+for all, and yet woman suffrage aroused no response in him.</p>
+
+<p>In November 1905, she undertook a trip to Washington for the express
+purpose of talking with him. The year before, at a White House
+reception, he had singled her out to stand at his side in the
+receiving line. She looked for the same friendliness now. Memorandum
+in hand, she plied him with questions which he carefully evaded, but
+she would not give up.</p>
+
+<p>"Mr. Roosevelt," she earnestly pleaded, "this is my principle request.
+It is almost the last request I shall ever make of anybody. Before you
+leave the Presidential chair recommend to Congress to submit to the
+Legislatures a Constitutional Amendment which will enfranchise women,
+and thus take your place in history with Lincoln, the great
+emancipator. I beg of you not to close your term of office without
+doing this."<a name="FNanchor_456_456" id="FNanchor_456_456"></a><a href="#Footnote_456_456" class="fnanchor">[456]</a></p>
+
+<p>To this he made no response, and trying once more to wring from him
+some slight indication of sympathy for her cause, she added, "Mr.
+President, your influence is so great that just one word from you in
+favor of woman suffrage would give our cause a tremendous impetus."</p>
+
+<p>"The public knows my attitude," he tersely replied. "I recommended it
+when Governor of New York."</p>
+
+<p>"True," she acknowledged, "but that was a long time ago. Our enemies
+say that was the opinion of your younger years and that since you have
+been President you have never uttered one word that could be construed
+as an endorsement."</p>
+
+<p>"They have no cause to think I have changed my mind," he suavely
+replied as he bade her good-bye. In the months that followed he gave
+her no sign that her interview had made the slightest impression.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>One of the most satisfying honors bestowed on Susan during these last
+years was the invitation to be present at Bryn Mawr College in 1902
+for the unveiling of a bronze portrait medallion of herself. Bryn
+Mawr, under its brilliant young president, M. Carey Thomas, herself a
+pioneer in establishing the highest standards for women's education,
+showed no such timidity as Vassar where neither Susan nor Elizabeth
+Cady Stanton had been welcome as speakers. At Bryn Mawr, Susan talked
+freely and frankly with the students, and best of all, became better
+acquainted with M. Carey Thomas and her enterprising friend, Mary
+Garrett of Baltimore, who was using her great wealth for the
+advancement of women. She longed to channel their abilities to woman
+suffrage and a few years later arranged for a national convention in
+their home city, Baltimore, appealing to them to make it an
+outstanding success.<a name="FNanchor_457_457" id="FNanchor_457_457"></a><a href="#Footnote_457_457" class="fnanchor">[457]</a></p>
+
+<p>Arriving in Baltimore in January 1906 for this convention, Susan was
+the honored guest in Mary Garrett's luxurious home. Frail and ill, she
+was unable to attend all the sessions, as in the past, but she was
+present at the highlight of this very successful convention, the
+College Evening arranged by M. Carey Thomas. With women's colleges
+still resisting the discussion of woman suffrage and the Association
+of Collegiate Alumnae refusing to support it, the College Evening
+marked the first public endorsement of this controversial subject by
+college women. Up to this time the only encouraging sign had been the
+formation in 1900 of the College Equal Suffrage League by two young
+Radcliffe alumnae, Maud Wood Park and Inez Haynes Irwin. Now here, in
+conservative Baltimore, college presidents and college faculty gave
+woman suffrage their blessing, and Susan listened happily as
+distinguished women, one after another, allied themselves to the
+cause: Dr. Mary E. Woolley, who as president of Mt. Holyoke was
+developing Mary Lyons' pioneer seminary into a high ranking college;
+Lucy Salmon, Mary A. Jordan, and Mary W. Calkins of the faculties of
+Vassar, Smith, and Wellesley; Eva Perry Moore, a trustee of Vassar and
+president of the Association of Collegiate Alumnae, with whom she
+dared differ on this subject; Maud Wood Park, representing the younger
+generation in the College Equal Suffrage League; and last of all, the
+president of Bryn Mawr, M. Carey Thomas. After expressing her
+gratitude to the pioneers of this great movement, Miss<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[Pg 307]</a></span> Thomas turned
+to Susan and said, "To you, Miss Anthony, belongs by right, as to no
+other woman in the world's history, the love and gratitude of all
+women in every country of the civilized globe. We your daughters in
+spirit, rise up today and call you blessed.... Of such as you were the
+lines of the poet Yeats written:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">'They shall be remembered forever,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">They shall be alive forever,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">They shall be speaking forever,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The people shall hear them forever.'"<a name="FNanchor_458_458" id="FNanchor_458_458"></a><a href="#Footnote_458_458" class="fnanchor">[458]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>During the thundering applause, Susan came forward to respond, her
+face alight, and the audience rose. "If any proof were needed of the
+progress of the cause for which I have worked, it is here tonight,"
+she said simply. "The presence on the stage of these college women,
+and in the audience of all those college girls who will someday be the
+nation's greatest strength, tell their story to the world. They give
+the highest joy and encouragement to me...."<a name="FNanchor_459_459" id="FNanchor_459_459"></a><a href="#Footnote_459_459" class="fnanchor">[459]</a></p>
+
+<p>During her visit at the home of Mary Garrett, Susan spoke freely with
+her and with M. Carey Thomas of the needs of the National American
+Association, particularly of the Standing Fund of $100,000 of which
+she had dreamed and which she had started to raise. Now, like an
+answer to prayer, Mary Garrett and President Thomas, fresh from their
+successful money-raising campaigns for Johns Hopkins and Bryn Mawr,
+offered to undertake a similar project for woman suffrage, proposing
+to raise $60,000&mdash;$12,000 a year for the next five years.</p>
+
+<p>"As we sat at her feet day after day between sessions of the
+convention, listening to what she wanted us to do to help women and
+asking her questions," recalled M. Carey Thomas in later years, "I
+realized that she was the greatest person I had ever met. She seemed
+to me everything that a human being could be&mdash;a leader to die for or
+to live for and follow wherever she led."<a name="FNanchor_460_460" id="FNanchor_460_460"></a><a href="#Footnote_460_460" class="fnanchor">[460]</a></p>
+
+<p>Immediately after the convention, Susan went to Washington with the
+women who were scheduled to speak at the Congressional hearing on
+woman suffrage. In her room at the Shoreham Hotel, a room with a view
+of the Washington Monument which the manager always saved for her, she
+stood at the window looking out<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[Pg 308]</a></span> over the city as if saying farewell.
+Then turning to Anna Shaw, she said with emotion, "I think it is the
+most beautiful monument in the whole world."<a name="FNanchor_461_461" id="FNanchor_461_461"></a><a href="#Footnote_461_461" class="fnanchor">[461]</a></p>
+
+<p>That evening she sat quietly through the many tributes offered to her
+on her eighty-sixth birthday, longing to tell all her friends the
+gratitude and hope that welled up in her heart. Finally she rose, and
+standing by Anna Howard Shaw who was presiding, she impulsively put
+her hand on her shoulder and praised her for her loyal support. Then
+turning to the other officers, she thanked them for all they had done.
+"There are others also," she added, "just as true and devoted to the
+cause&mdash;I wish I could name everyone&mdash;but with such women consecrating
+their lives&mdash;" She hesitated a moment, and then in her clear rich
+voice, added with emphasis, "Failure is impossible."<a name="FNanchor_462_462" id="FNanchor_462_462"></a><a href="#Footnote_462_462" class="fnanchor">[462]</a></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>In Rochester, in the home she so dearly loved, she spent her last
+weeks, thinking of the cause and the women who would carry it on.
+Longing to talk with Anna Shaw, she sent for her, but Anna, feeling
+she was needed, came even before a letter could reach her. With Anna
+at her bedside, Susan was content.</p>
+
+<p>"I want you to give me a promise," she pleaded, reaching for Anna's
+hand. "Promise me you will keep the presidency of the association as
+long as you are well enough to do the work."<a name="FNanchor_463_463" id="FNanchor_463_463"></a><a href="#Footnote_463_463" class="fnanchor">[463]</a></p>
+
+<p>Deeply moved, Anna replied, "But how can I promise that? I can keep it
+only as long as others wish me to keep it."</p>
+
+<p>"Promise to make them wish you to keep it," Susan urged. "Just as I
+wish you to keep it...."</p>
+
+<p>After a moment, she continued, "I do not know anything about what
+comes to us after this life ends, but ... if I have any conscious
+knowledge of this world and of what you are doing, I shall not be far
+away from you; and in times of need I will help you all I can. Who
+knows? Perhaps I may be able to do more for the Cause after I am gone
+than while I am here."</p>
+
+<p>A few days later, on March 13, 1906, she passed away, her hand in
+Anna's.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[Pg 309]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 350px;">
+<img src="images/309.jpg" width="350" height="493" alt="Susan B. Anthony, 1905" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Susan B. Anthony, 1905</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Asked, a few years before, if she believed that all women in the
+United States would ever be given the vote, she had replied with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</a></span>
+assurance, "It will come, but I shall not see it.... It is inevitable.
+We can no more deny forever the right of self-government to one-half
+our people than we could keep the Negro forever in bondage. It will
+not be wrought by the same disrupting forces that freed the slave, but
+come it will, and I believe within a generation."<a name="FNanchor_464_464" id="FNanchor_464_464"></a><a href="#Footnote_464_464" class="fnanchor">[464]</a></p>
+
+<p>She had so longed to see women voting throughout the United States, to
+see them elected to legislatures and Congress, but for her there had
+only been the promise of fulfillment in Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, and
+Idaho, and far away in New Zealand and Australia.</p>
+
+<p>"Failure is impossible" was the rallying cry she left with her "girls"
+to spur them on in the long discouraging struggle ahead, fourteen more
+years of campaigning until on August 26, 1920, women were enfranchised
+throughout the United States by the Nineteenth Amendment.</p>
+
+<p>Even then their work was not finished, for she had looked farther
+ahead to the time when men and women everywhere, regardless of race,
+religion, or sex, would enjoy equal rights. Her challenging words,
+"Failure is impossible," still echo and re-echo through the years, as
+the crusade for human rights goes forward and men and women together
+strive to build and preserve a free world.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="NOTES" id="NOTES"></a>NOTES</h2>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER I &mdash; QUAKER HERITAGE</h4>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>Report of the International Council of Women</i>, 1888
+(Washington, 1888), p. 163.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Charles B. Waite, "Who Were the Voters in the Early
+History of This Country?" <i>Chicago Law Times</i>, Oct., 1888.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Janet Whitney, <i>Abigail Adams</i> (Boston, 1947), p. 129. In
+1776, Abigail Adams wrote her husband, John Adams, at the Continental
+Congress in Philadelphia, "In the new code of laws which I suppose it
+will be necessary for you to make, I desire you would remember the
+ladies and be more generous and favorable to them than your ancestors!
+Do not put such unlimited powers into the hands of husbands. Remember
+all men would be tyrants if they could. If particular care and
+attention is not paid to the ladies, we are determined to foment a
+rebellion, and will not hold ourselves bound by any laws in which we
+have no voice or representation." Ethel Armes, <i>Stratford Hall</i>
+(Richmond, Va., 1936), pp. 206-209.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Under the Missouri Compromise, Maine was admitted as a
+free state, Missouri as a slave state, and slavery was excluded from
+all of the Louisiana Purchase, north of latitude 36&deg;31'.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> The meeting house, built in 1783, is still standing. It
+is owned by the town of Adams, and cared for by the Adams Society of
+Friends Descendants. Susan traced her ancestry to William Anthony of
+Cologne who migrated to England and during the reign of Edward VI, was
+made Chief Graver of the Royal Mint and Master of the Scales, holding
+this office also during the reign of Queen Mary and part of Queen
+Elizabeth's reign. In 1634, one of his descendants, John Anthony,
+settled in Rhode Island, and just before the Revolution, his great
+grandson, David, Susan's great grandfather, bought land near Adams,
+Massachusetts, then regarded as the far West.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Ida Husted Harper, <i>The Life and Work of Susan B.
+Anthony</i> (Indianapolis, 1898), I, p. 10.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Daniel and Susannah Richardson Read gave Lucy and Daniel
+Anthony land for their home, midway between the Anthony and Read
+farms. Here Susan was born in a substantial two-story, frame house,
+built by her father.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Ms., Diary, 1837.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 25.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Ms., Diary, Jan. 21, Feb. 10, 1838</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 31.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Ms., Diary, Feb. 26, 1838.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, Feb. 6, 1838.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, May 7, 1838.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 36.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 37.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 40.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 39.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 43-44.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER II &mdash; WIDENING HORIZONS</h4>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> Anthony Collection, Museum of Arts and Sciences,
+Rochester, New York.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> Hannah Anthony married Eugene Mosher, a merchant of
+Easton, New York, on September 4, 1845.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> Ms., Susan B. Anthony Memorial Collection, Rochester,
+New York.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 48.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 50.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> May 28, 1848, Lucy E. Anthony Collection.</p></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</a></span></p>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 53.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> Ms., Susan B. Anthony Papers, Library of Congress.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> <i>Report of the International Council of Women</i>, 1888, p.
+327.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> To Nora Blatch, n.d., Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers,
+Vassar College Library, Poughkeepsie, New York.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I. p. 52.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> Amy H. Croughton, <i>Antislavery Days in Rochester</i>
+(Rochester, N.Y., 1936). Anyone implicated in the escape of a slave
+was liable to $1000 fine, to the payment of $1000 to the owner of the
+fugitive, and to a possible jail sentence of six months.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER III &mdash; FREEDOM TO SPEAK</h4>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 65.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> <i>The Lily</i>, May, 1852.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Matilda
+Joslyn Gage, <i>History of Woman Suffrage</i> (New York, 1881), I, p. 489.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 77.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 78.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 90.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> Theodore Stanton and Harriot Stanton Blatch, Eds.,
+<i>Elizabeth Cady Stanton, As Revealed in Her Letters, Diary, and
+Reminiscences</i> (New York, 1922), II, p. 52.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> Aug., 1853, Harper, Anthony, I, pp. 98-99; <i>History of
+Woman Suffrage</i>, I, pp. 513-515.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> Susan B. Anthony Scrapbook, Library of Congress.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> Ms., Diary, 1853.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER IV &mdash; A PURSE OF HER OWN</h4>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> Judge William Hay of Saratoga Springs, New York.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> Feb. 19, 1854, Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers, Library of
+Congress.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 116. Among those who wore the
+bloomer costume were Angelina and Sarah Grimk&eacute;, many women in
+sanitoriums and some of the Lowell, Mass. mill workers. In Ohio, the
+bloomer was so popular that 60 women in Akron wore it at a ball, and
+in Battle Creek, Michigan, 31 attended a Fourth of July celebration in
+the bloomer. Amelia Bloomer, moving to the West wore it for eight
+years. Garrison, Phillips, and William Henry Channing disapproved of
+the bloomer costume, but Gerrit Smith continued to champion it and his
+daughter wore it at fashionable receptions in Washington during his
+term in Congress.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> <i>History of Woman Suffrage</i>, I, p. 608.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> 1854 (copy), Blackwell Papers, Edna M. Stantial
+Collection.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, pp. 111-112.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> March 3, 1854 (copy), Blackwell Papers, Edna M. Stantial
+Collection.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> Ms., Diary, March 24, 28, 1854.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, March 29, 1854.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, March 30, 1854.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> The New England Emigrant Aid Company, headed by Eli
+Thayer of Worcester, was formed to send free-soil settlers to Kansas,
+offering reduced fare and farm equipment. Their first settlers reached
+Kansas in August, 1854, founding the town of Lawrence in honor of one
+of their chief patrons, the wealthy Amos Lawrence of Massachusetts.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 121.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> Diary, April 28, 1854.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> Leonard C. Ehrlich, <i>God's Angry Man</i> (New York, 1941),
+p. 57.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 122.</p></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</a></span></p>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> Caroline Cowles Richards, <i>Village Life in America</i> (New
+York, 1913), p. 49.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> 1858, Blackwell Papers, Edna M. Stantial Collection.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 133.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> Eliza J. Eddy's husband, James Eddy, took their two
+young daughters away from their mother and to Europe, causing her
+great anguish. This led her father, Francis Jackson, to give liberally
+to the woman's rights cause. Mrs. Eddy, herself, left a bequest of
+$56,000 to be divided between Susan B. Anthony and Lucy Stone.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, pp. 131-133.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 138.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 139.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> Jan. 18, 1856, Garrison Papers, Sophia Smith Collection,
+Smith College.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, pp. 140-141.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> May 25, 1856, Blackwell Papers, Edna M. Stantial
+Collection.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER V &mdash; NO UNION WITH SLAVEHOLDERS</h4>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, pp. 144-145. As John Brown visited
+Frederick Douglass in Rochester, it is possible that Susan B. Anthony
+had met him.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> Oct. 19, 1856, Blackwell Papers, Edna M. Stantial
+Collection.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 148.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 151; also quotation following.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> Alice Stone Blackwell, <i>Lucy Stone</i> (Boston, 1930), pp.
+197-198.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> Ms., Susan B. Anthony Papers, Library of Congress.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 152.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> April 20, 1857, Abby Kelley Foster Papers, American
+Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Massachusetts.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> Parker Pillsbury, <i>The Acts of the Antislavery Apostles</i>
+(Concord, N.H., 1883).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I. p. 160.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> March 22, 1858, Blackwell Papers, Edna M. Stantial
+Collection.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> N.d., Alma Lutz Collection.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_81_81" id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> Charles A. and Mary B. Beard, <i>The Rise of American
+Civilization</i> (New York, 1930), II, p. 9.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_82_82" id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> A. M. Schlesinger and H. C. Hockett, <i>Land of the Free</i>
+(New York, 1944), p. 297.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_83_83" id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> March 19, 1859, Antislavery Papers, Boston Public
+Library.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_84_84" id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> Francis Jackson, William Lloyd II, and Wendell Phillips
+Garrison, <i>William Lloyd Garrison</i>, 1805-1879 (New York, 1889), III,
+p. 486.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 490.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_86_86" id="Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 181.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 180.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_88_88" id="Footnote_88_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> Henrietta Buckmaster, <i>Let My People Go</i> (New York,
+1941), p. 269; Ehrlich, <i>God's Angry Man</i>, pp. 344-345, 350.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_89_89" id="Footnote_89_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> Susan B. Anthony Scrapbook, Library of Congress. In
+1890, after visiting the John Brown Memorial at North Elbe, New York,
+Susan B. Anthony wrote: "John Brown was crucified for doing what he
+believed God commanded him to do, 'to break the yoke and let the
+oppressed go free,' precisely as were the saints of old for following
+what they believed to be God's commands. The barbarism of our
+government was by so much the greater as our light and knowledge are
+greater than those of two thousand years ago." Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, II,
+p. 708.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER VI &mdash; THE TRUE WOMAN</h4>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_90_90" id="Footnote_90_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, pp. 173-174, 198.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_91_91" id="Footnote_91_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 160.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_92_92" id="Footnote_92_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> May 26, 1856, Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers, Vassar
+College Library.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_93_93" id="Footnote_93_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, June 5, 1856. Antoinette Brown Blackwell was
+often called Nette.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_94_94" id="Footnote_94_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> Ms., Susan B. Anthony Papers, Library of Congress.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_95_95" id="Footnote_95_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> 1856, Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers, Library of
+Congress.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_96_96" id="Footnote_96_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> Ms., Susan B. Anthony Papers, Library of Congress. A
+notation on this ms. reads, "Written by Elizabeth Cady
+Stanton&mdash;Delivered by Susan B. Anthony."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_97_97" id="Footnote_97_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 143.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_98_98" id="Footnote_98_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98_98"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> Stanton and Blatch, <i>Stanton</i>, II, p. 71.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_99_99" id="Footnote_99_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99_99"><span class="label">[99]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 162.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_100_100" id="Footnote_100_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100_100"><span class="label">[100]</span></a> June 10, 1856, Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers, Library
+of Congress.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_101_101" id="Footnote_101_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101_101"><span class="label">[101]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 171.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_102_102" id="Footnote_102_102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_102_102"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> Sept. 27, 1857, Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers, Library
+of Congress.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_103_103" id="Footnote_103_103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_103_103"><span class="label">[103]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 175.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_104_104" id="Footnote_104_104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_104_104"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> Ms., Diary, 1855.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_105_105" id="Footnote_105_105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_105_105"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> Sept. 27, 1857, Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers, Library
+of Congress.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_106_106" id="Footnote_106_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106_106"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> Elizabeth Barrett Browning, <i>Aurora Leigh</i> (New York,
+1857), p. 316; quotations following, pp. 53-54, pp. 364-365.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_107_107" id="Footnote_107_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107_107"><span class="label">[107]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 170.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_108_108" id="Footnote_108_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 177. Mary Hallowell, a liberal Rochester
+Quaker, always interested in Susan B. Anthony and her work.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER VII &mdash; THE ZEALOT</h4>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_109_109" id="Footnote_109_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109_109"><span class="label">[109]</span></a> <i>History of Woman Suffrage</i>, I. p. 689. Henry Ward
+Beecher's speech, <i>The Public Function of Women</i>, delivered at Cooper
+Union, Feb. 2, 1860, was widely distributed as a tract.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_110_110" id="Footnote_110_110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_110_110"><span class="label">[110]</span></a> April 16, 1860, Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers, Library
+of Congress.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_111_111" id="Footnote_111_111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_111_111"><span class="label">[111]</span></a> June 16, 1857, Blackwell Papers, Edna M. Stantial
+Collection.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_112_112" id="Footnote_112_112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_112_112"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> <i>History of Woman Suffrage</i>, I, p. 717.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_113_113" id="Footnote_113_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113_113"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 725.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_114_114" id="Footnote_114_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114_114"><span class="label">[114]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 732.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_115_115" id="Footnote_115_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115_115"><span class="label">[115]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 735.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_116_116" id="Footnote_116_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116_116"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 196.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_117_117" id="Footnote_117_117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_117_117"><span class="label">[117]</span></a> Elizabeth Cady Stanton, <i>Eighty Years and More</i> (New
+York, 1898), p. 219. Samuel Longfellow whispered to Mrs. Stanton in
+the midst of the debate, "Nevertheless you are right and the
+convention will sustain you."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_118_118" id="Footnote_118_118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_118_118"><span class="label">[118]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I. p. 195.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_119_119" id="Footnote_119_119"></a><a href="#FNanchor_119_119"><span class="label">[119]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 197.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_120_120" id="Footnote_120_120"></a><a href="#FNanchor_120_120"><span class="label">[120]</span></a> Aug. 25, 1860, Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers, Vassar
+College Library.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_121_121" id="Footnote_121_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121_121"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> Charles Sumner was the First prominent statesman to
+speak for emancipation, Oct., 1861, at the Massachusetts Republican
+Convention.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_122_122" id="Footnote_122_122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_122_122"><span class="label">[122]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 198.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_123_123" id="Footnote_123_123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_123_123"><span class="label">[123]</span></a> Ms., Susan B. Anthony Papers, Library of Congress.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_124_124" id="Footnote_124_124"></a><a href="#FNanchor_124_124"><span class="label">[124]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 198.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_125_125" id="Footnote_125_125"></a><a href="#FNanchor_125_125"><span class="label">[125]</span></a> Garrisons, <i>Garrison</i>, III, p. 504; Beards, <i>The Rise
+of American Civilization</i>, II, p. 63.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_126_126" id="Footnote_126_126"></a><a href="#FNanchor_126_126"><span class="label">[126]</span></a> Garrisons, <i>Garrison</i>, III, p. 508.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_127_127" id="Footnote_127_127"></a><a href="#FNanchor_127_127"><span class="label">[127]</span></a> Jan. 18, 1861, Antislavery Papers, Boston Public
+Library.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_128_128" id="Footnote_128_128"></a><a href="#FNanchor_128_128"><span class="label">[128]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 210.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_129_129" id="Footnote_129_129"></a><a href="#FNanchor_129_129"><span class="label">[129]</span></a> Susan B. Anthony Scrapbook, 1861, Library of Congress.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_130_130" id="Footnote_130_130"></a><a href="#FNanchor_130_130"><span class="label">[130]</span></a> Carl Sandburg, <i>Abraham Lincoln, The War Years</i> (New
+York, 1939), I, p. 125.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_131_131" id="Footnote_131_131"></a><a href="#FNanchor_131_131"><span class="label">[131]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 202. Mrs. Phelps later found a
+more permanent home with the author, Elizabeth Ellet.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_132_132" id="Footnote_132_132"></a><a href="#FNanchor_132_132"><span class="label">[132]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 203-204.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_133_133" id="Footnote_133_133"></a><a href="#FNanchor_133_133"><span class="label">[133]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 198.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER VIII &mdash; A WAR FOR FREEDOM</h4>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_134_134" id="Footnote_134_134"></a><a href="#FNanchor_134_134"><span class="label">[134]</span></a> Garrisons, <i>Garrison</i>, IV, pp. 30-31.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_135_135" id="Footnote_135_135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_135_135"><span class="label">[135]</span></a> Lydia Mott to W. L. Garrison, May 8, 1861, Boston
+Public Library; Stanton and Blatch, <i>Stanton</i>, II, p. 89.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_136_136" id="Footnote_136_136"></a><a href="#FNanchor_136_136"><span class="label">[136]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 215.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_137_137" id="Footnote_137_137"></a><a href="#FNanchor_137_137"><span class="label">[137]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 216. Harriet Tubman, a fugitive slave, was
+often called the Moses of her people because she led so many of them
+into the promised land of freedom.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_138_138" id="Footnote_138_138"></a><a href="#FNanchor_138_138"><span class="label">[138]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_139_139" id="Footnote_139_139"></a><a href="#FNanchor_139_139"><span class="label">[139]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 198.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_140_140" id="Footnote_140_140"></a><a href="#FNanchor_140_140"><span class="label">[140]</span></a> Anna E. Dickinson was born in Philadelphia in 1842. The
+death of her father, two years later, left the family in straightened
+circumstances, and Anna, after attending a Friends school, began very
+early to support herself by copying in lawyers' offices and by working
+at the U.S. Mint. Speaking extemporaneously at Friends and antislavery
+meetings, she discovered she had a gift for oratory and was soon in
+demand as a speaker.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_141_141" id="Footnote_141_141"></a><a href="#FNanchor_141_141"><span class="label">[141]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 219.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_142_142" id="Footnote_142_142"></a><a href="#FNanchor_142_142"><span class="label">[142]</span></a> April, 1862. <i>History of Woman Suffrage</i>, I, p. 748.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_143_143" id="Footnote_143_143"></a><a href="#FNanchor_143_143"><span class="label">[143]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, pp. 218, 222.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_144_144" id="Footnote_144_144"></a><a href="#FNanchor_144_144"><span class="label">[144]</span></a> <i>Emancipation, the Duty of Government</i>, Ms., Lucy E.
+Anthony Collection. Reading that General Grant had returned 13 slaves
+to their masters, an indignant Susan B. Anthony wrote Mrs. Stanton,
+"Such gratuitous outrage should be met with instant death&mdash;without
+judge or jury&mdash;if any offense may." Feb. 27, 1862, Elizabeth Cady
+Stanton Papers, Library of Congress.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_145_145" id="Footnote_145_145"></a><a href="#FNanchor_145_145"><span class="label">[145]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 221.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_146_146" id="Footnote_146_146"></a><a href="#FNanchor_146_146"><span class="label">[146]</span></a> Jan. 24, 1904, Anna Dann Mason Collection.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_147_147" id="Footnote_147_147"></a><a href="#FNanchor_147_147"><span class="label">[147]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, p. 226.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_148_148" id="Footnote_148_148"></a><a href="#FNanchor_148_148"><span class="label">[148]</span></a> The first woman in the United States to obtain a
+medical degree, 1849.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_149_149" id="Footnote_149_149"></a><a href="#FNanchor_149_149"><span class="label">[149]</span></a> <i>History of Woman Suffrage</i>, II, pp. 57-58.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_150_150" id="Footnote_150_150"></a><a href="#FNanchor_150_150"><span class="label">[150]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 230. Members of the Women's
+National Loyal League wore a silver pin showing a slave breaking his
+last chains and bearing the inscription, "In emancipation is national
+unity." Susan B. Anthony to Mrs. Drake, Sept. 18, 1863, Alma Lutz
+Collection.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_151_151" id="Footnote_151_151"></a><a href="#FNanchor_151_151"><span class="label">[151]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 234.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_152_152" id="Footnote_152_152"></a><a href="#FNanchor_152_152"><span class="label">[152]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, To Samuel May, Jr., Sept. 21, 1863, Alma Lutz
+Collection.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_153_153" id="Footnote_153_153"></a><a href="#FNanchor_153_153"><span class="label">[153]</span></a> April 14, 1864, Anna E. Dickinson Papers, Library of
+Congress.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_154_154" id="Footnote_154_154"></a><a href="#FNanchor_154_154"><span class="label">[154]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 230.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_155_155" id="Footnote_155_155"></a><a href="#FNanchor_155_155"><span class="label">[155]</span></a> June 12, 1864, Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers, July 1,
+1864, Anna E. Dickinson Papers, Library of Congress. About this time,
+a friend of Susan B. Anthony's youth, now a widower living in Ohio in
+comfortable circumstances, unsuccessfully urged her to marry him.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_156_156" id="Footnote_156_156"></a><a href="#FNanchor_156_156"><span class="label">[156]</span></a> Sept. 23, 1864, Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers, Library
+of Congress.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_157_157" id="Footnote_157_157"></a><a href="#FNanchor_157_157"><span class="label">[157]</span></a> Stanton and Blatch, <i>Stanton</i>, II, pp. 103-104.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_158_158" id="Footnote_158_158"></a><a href="#FNanchor_158_158"><span class="label">[158]</span></a> March 14, 1864, Anna E. Dickinson Papers, Library of
+Congress.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER IX &mdash; THE NEGRO'S HOUR</h4>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_159_159" id="Footnote_159_159"></a><a href="#FNanchor_159_159"><span class="label">[159]</span></a> Daniel R. Anthony married Anna Osborne of Edgartown,
+Martha's Vineyard, in 1864.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_160_160" id="Footnote_160_160"></a><a href="#FNanchor_160_160"><span class="label">[160]</span></a> Before buying the house on Madison Street, then
+numbered 7, Mrs. Anthony and Mary lived for a time at 69 North Street,
+Rochester. Hannah and Eugene Mosher bought the adjoining house on
+Madison Street in 1866. Aaron McLean took over his father-in-law's
+profitable insurance business.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_161_161" id="Footnote_161_161"></a><a href="#FNanchor_161_161"><span class="label">[161]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 241.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_162_162" id="Footnote_162_162"></a><a href="#FNanchor_162_162"><span class="label">[162]</span></a> Feb. 14, 1865, Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers, Library
+of Congress.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_163_163" id="Footnote_163_163"></a><a href="#FNanchor_163_163"><span class="label">[163]</span></a> Ms., Diary, April 27, 1862.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_164_164" id="Footnote_164_164"></a><a href="#FNanchor_164_164"><span class="label">[164]</span></a> Feb. 14, 1862, Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers, Library
+of Congress.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_165_165" id="Footnote_165_165"></a><a href="#FNanchor_165_165"><span class="label">[165]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_166_166" id="Footnote_166_166"></a><a href="#FNanchor_166_166"><span class="label">[166]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, April 19, 1862.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_167_167" id="Footnote_167_167"></a><a href="#FNanchor_167_167"><span class="label">[167]</span></a> Ms., Diary, April 26, 27, 1865.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_168_168" id="Footnote_168_168"></a><a href="#FNanchor_168_168"><span class="label">[168]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 245.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_169_169" id="Footnote_169_169"></a><a href="#FNanchor_169_169"><span class="label">[169]</span></a> The <i>Liberator</i> ceased publication, Dec. 29, 1865.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_170_170" id="Footnote_170_170"></a><a href="#FNanchor_170_170"><span class="label">[170]</span></a> Ms., Diary, June 30, July 3, 1865.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_171_171" id="Footnote_171_171"></a><a href="#FNanchor_171_171"><span class="label">[171]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, II, pp. 960-967.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_172_172" id="Footnote_172_172"></a><a href="#FNanchor_172_172"><span class="label">[172]</span></a> Stanton and Blatch, <i>Stanton</i>, II, p. 105.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_173_173" id="Footnote_173_173"></a><a href="#FNanchor_173_173"><span class="label">[173]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>; Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 244.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_174_174" id="Footnote_174_174"></a><a href="#FNanchor_174_174"><span class="label">[174]</span></a> Ms., Diary, Aug. 7, Sept. 5, 20, 1865.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_175_175" id="Footnote_175_175"></a><a href="#FNanchor_175_175"><span class="label">[175]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, Nov. 26-27, 1865.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_176_176" id="Footnote_176_176"></a><a href="#FNanchor_176_176"><span class="label">[176]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 251.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_177_177" id="Footnote_177_177"></a><a href="#FNanchor_177_177"><span class="label">[177]</span></a> <i>History of Woman Suffrage</i>, II, pp. 96-97.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_178_178" id="Footnote_178_178"></a><a href="#FNanchor_178_178"><span class="label">[178]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 260.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_179_179" id="Footnote_179_179"></a><a href="#FNanchor_179_179"><span class="label">[179]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 261, 323.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_180_180" id="Footnote_180_180"></a><a href="#FNanchor_180_180"><span class="label">[180]</span></a> <i>History of Woman Suffrage</i>, II, pp. 322-324. One of
+Thaddeus Stevens' drafts read: "If any State shall disfranchise any of
+its citizens on account of color, all that class shall be counted out
+of the basis of representation." Then the question arose whether or
+not disfranchising Negro women would carry this penalty and the result
+was a rewording which struck out "color" and added "male."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_181_181" id="Footnote_181_181"></a><a href="#FNanchor_181_181"><span class="label">[181]</span></a> Beards, <i>The Rise of American Civilization</i>, II, pp.
+111-112; Joseph B. James, <i>The Framing of the Fourteenth Amendment</i>
+(Urbana, Ill., 1956), pp. 59, 166, 196-200.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_182_182" id="Footnote_182_182"></a><a href="#FNanchor_182_182"><span class="label">[182]</span></a> <i>History of Woman Suffrage</i>, II, p. 103. Senator Henry
+B. Anthony of Rhode Island, Susan B. Anthony's cousin, spoke and voted
+for woman suffrage.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_183_183" id="Footnote_183_183"></a><a href="#FNanchor_183_183"><span class="label">[183]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 101. The New York <i>Post</i>, which had been
+friendly to woman suffrage under the editorship of William Cullen
+Bryant, now came out against it.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_184_184" id="Footnote_184_184"></a><a href="#FNanchor_184_184"><span class="label">[184]</span></a> John Albree, Editor, <i>Whittier Correspondence from
+Oakknoll</i> (Salem, Mass., 1911), p. 158. Frances D. Gage of Ohio,
+Caroline H. Dall of Massachusetts, and Clarina Nichols of Kansas also
+supported woman suffrage at this time.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER X &mdash; TIMES THAT TRIED WOMEN'S SOULS</h4>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_185_185" id="Footnote_185_185"></a><a href="#FNanchor_185_185"><span class="label">[185]</span></a> Ms., Petition, Jan. 9, 1867, Alma Lutz Collection</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_186_186" id="Footnote_186_186"></a><a href="#FNanchor_186_186"><span class="label">[186]</span></a> Ms., note, 1893, Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers, Library
+of Congress.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_187_187" id="Footnote_187_187"></a><a href="#FNanchor_187_187"><span class="label">[187]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 278; <i>History of Woman
+Suffrage</i>, II, p. 284.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_188_188" id="Footnote_188_188"></a><a href="#FNanchor_188_188"><span class="label">[188]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 279.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_189_189" id="Footnote_189_189"></a><a href="#FNanchor_189_189"><span class="label">[189]</span></a> <i>History of Woman Suffrage</i>, II, p. 287. Petitions with
+20,000 signatures were presented.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_190_190" id="Footnote_190_190"></a><a href="#FNanchor_190_190"><span class="label">[190]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 285.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_191_191" id="Footnote_191_191"></a><a href="#FNanchor_191_191"><span class="label">[191]</span></a> Aug. 25, 1867, Alma Lutz Collection.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_192_192" id="Footnote_192_192"></a><a href="#FNanchor_192_192"><span class="label">[192]</span></a> <i>History of Woman Suffrage</i>, II, p. 287.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_193_193" id="Footnote_193_193"></a><a href="#FNanchor_193_193"><span class="label">[193]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 234-235, 239.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_194_194" id="Footnote_194_194"></a><a href="#FNanchor_194_194"><span class="label">[194]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 252.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_195_195" id="Footnote_195_195"></a><a href="#FNanchor_195_195"><span class="label">[195]</span></a> A famous family of singers who enlivened woman's
+rights, antislavery, and temperance meetings with their songs.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_196_196" id="Footnote_196_196"></a><a href="#FNanchor_196_196"><span class="label">[196]</span></a> July 9, 1867, Anthony Papers, Kansas State Historical
+Society, Topeka, Kansas.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_197_197" id="Footnote_197_197"></a><a href="#FNanchor_197_197"><span class="label">[197]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 284.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_198_198" id="Footnote_198_198"></a><a href="#FNanchor_198_198"><span class="label">[198]</span></a> <i>History of Woman Suffrage</i>, II, p. 242.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_199_199" id="Footnote_199_199"></a><a href="#FNanchor_199_199"><span class="label">[199]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 287. George Francis Train on
+his own initiative spoke for woman suffrage before the New York
+Constitutional Convention.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_200_200" id="Footnote_200_200"></a><a href="#FNanchor_200_200"><span class="label">[200]</span></a> George Francis Train, <i>The Great Epigram Campaign of
+Kansas</i> (Leavenworth, Kansas, 1867), p. 68.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_201_201" id="Footnote_201_201"></a><a href="#FNanchor_201_201"><span class="label">[201]</span></a> <i>History of Woman Suffrage</i>, II, pp. 248-249.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_202_202" id="Footnote_202_202"></a><a href="#FNanchor_202_202"><span class="label">[202]</span></a> Train, <i>The Great Epigram Campaign of Kansas</i>, p. 40.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_203_203" id="Footnote_203_203"></a><a href="#FNanchor_203_203"><span class="label">[203]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 290.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_204_204" id="Footnote_204_204"></a><a href="#FNanchor_204_204"><span class="label">[204]</span></a> Inscription by Susan B. Anthony on copy of Train's <i>The
+Great Epigram Campaign of Kansas</i>, Library of Congress.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_205_205" id="Footnote_205_205"></a><a href="#FNanchor_205_205"><span class="label">[205]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 293.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_206_206" id="Footnote_206_206"></a><a href="#FNanchor_206_206"><span class="label">[206]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 295.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER XI &mdash; HE ONE WORD OF THE HOUR</h4>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_207_207" id="Footnote_207_207"></a><a href="#FNanchor_207_207"><span class="label">[207]</span></a> July 6, 1866, Anna E. Dickinson Papers, Library of
+Congress.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_208_208" id="Footnote_208_208"></a><a href="#FNanchor_208_208"><span class="label">[208]</span></a> <i>The Revolution</i>, I, Jan. 8, 1868, pp. 1-12.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_209_209" id="Footnote_209_209"></a><a href="#FNanchor_209_209"><span class="label">[209]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_210_210" id="Footnote_210_210"></a><a href="#FNanchor_210_210"><span class="label">[210]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, April 23, June 25, 1868, pp. 49, 392.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_211_211" id="Footnote_211_211"></a><a href="#FNanchor_211_211"><span class="label">[211]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, pp. 296-297, 302-303; <i>The
+Revolution</i>, I, Jan. 22, 1868, p. 34.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_212_212" id="Footnote_212_212"></a><a href="#FNanchor_212_212"><span class="label">[212]</span></a> <i>The Revolution</i>, I, Jan. 29, 1868, p. 243.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_213_213" id="Footnote_213_213"></a><a href="#FNanchor_213_213"><span class="label">[213]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 301.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_214_214" id="Footnote_214_214"></a><a href="#FNanchor_214_214"><span class="label">[214]</span></a> March 18, May 4, 1868, Anna E. Dickinson Papers,
+Library of Congress. Susan had a room at the Stantons until they
+prepared to move to their new home in Tenafly, New Jersey.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_215_215" id="Footnote_215_215"></a><a href="#FNanchor_215_215"><span class="label">[215]</span></a> Aug. 20, 1868, Higginson Papers, Boston Public
+Library.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_216_216" id="Footnote_216_216"></a><a href="#FNanchor_216_216"><span class="label">[216]</span></a> <i>The Revolution</i>, II, July 9, 1868, p. 1.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_217_217" id="Footnote_217_217"></a><a href="#FNanchor_217_217"><span class="label">[217]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, July 16, 1868, p. 17.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_218_218" id="Footnote_218_218"></a><a href="#FNanchor_218_218"><span class="label">[218]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, Aug. 6, 1868, p. 72.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_219_219" id="Footnote_219_219"></a><a href="#FNanchor_219_219"><span class="label">[219]</span></a> July 10, 1868, Anna E. Dickinson Papers, Library of
+Congress.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER XII &mdash; WORK, WAGES, AND THE BALLOT</h4>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_220_220" id="Footnote_220_220"></a><a href="#FNanchor_220_220"><span class="label">[220]</span></a> Feb. 18, 1868, Anna E. Dickinson Papers, Library of
+Congress.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_221_221" id="Footnote_221_221"></a><a href="#FNanchor_221_221"><span class="label">[221]</span></a> <i>The Revolution</i>, II, Sept. 24, 1868, p. 198. L. A.
+Hines of Cincinnati, publisher of Hine's Quarterly, assisted Miss
+Anthony in organizing women in the sewing trades.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_222_222" id="Footnote_222_222"></a><a href="#FNanchor_222_222"><span class="label">[222]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 204.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_223_223" id="Footnote_223_223"></a><a href="#FNanchor_223_223"><span class="label">[223]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, II, pp. 999-1000.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_224_224" id="Footnote_224_224"></a><a href="#FNanchor_224_224"><span class="label">[224]</span></a> <i>The Revolution</i>, II, Oct. 1, 1868, p. 204.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_225_225" id="Footnote_225_225"></a><a href="#FNanchor_225_225"><span class="label">[225]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 200.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_226_226" id="Footnote_226_226"></a><a href="#FNanchor_226_226"><span class="label">[226]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, Oct. 8, 1868, p. 214. A Woman's Exchange was
+also initiated by the Workingwomen's Association.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_227_227" id="Footnote_227_227"></a><a href="#FNanchor_227_227"><span class="label">[227]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, June 24, 1869, p. 394.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_228_228" id="Footnote_228_228"></a><a href="#FNanchor_228_228"><span class="label">[228]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, March 18, 1869, p. 173.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_229_229" id="Footnote_229_229"></a><a href="#FNanchor_229_229"><span class="label">[229]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, Feb. 4, 1869, p. 73.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_230_230" id="Footnote_230_230"></a><a href="#FNanchor_230_230"><span class="label">[230]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, Sept. 9, 1869, p. 154.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_231_231" id="Footnote_231_231"></a><a href="#FNanchor_231_231"><span class="label">[231]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, Aug. 26, 1869, p. 120.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER XIII &mdash; THE INADEQUATE FIFTEENTH AMENDMENT</h4>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_232_232" id="Footnote_232_232"></a><a href="#FNanchor_232_232"><span class="label">[232]</span></a> <i>The Revolution</i>, II, Dec. 24, 1868, p. 385.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_233_233" id="Footnote_233_233"></a><a href="#FNanchor_233_233"><span class="label">[233]</span></a> George W. Julian, <i>Political Recollections</i>, 1840-1872
+(Chicago, 1884), pp. 324-325.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_234_234" id="Footnote_234_234"></a><a href="#FNanchor_234_234"><span class="label">[234]</span></a> <i>The Revolution</i>, III, March 11, 1869, p. 148.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_235_235" id="Footnote_235_235"></a><a href="#FNanchor_235_235"><span class="label">[235]</span></a> The very proper Sorosis would not meet at the Women's
+Bureau while it housed the radical <i>Revolution</i>, and as women showed
+so little interest in her project, Mrs. Phelps gave it up after a
+year's trial.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_236_236" id="Footnote_236_236"></a><a href="#FNanchor_236_236"><span class="label">[236]</span></a> <i>The Revolution</i>, III, May 20, 1869, pp. 305-307.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_237_237" id="Footnote_237_237"></a><a href="#FNanchor_237_237"><span class="label">[237]</span></a> <i>History of Woman Suffrage</i>, II, p. 392.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_238_238" id="Footnote_238_238"></a><a href="#FNanchor_238_238"><span class="label">[238]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, pp. 327-328.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_239_239" id="Footnote_239_239"></a><a href="#FNanchor_239_239"><span class="label">[239]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 332.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER XIV &mdash; A HOUSE DIVIDED</h4>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_240_240" id="Footnote_240_240"></a><a href="#FNanchor_240_240"><span class="label">[240]</span></a> Lucy Stone to Frank Sanborn, Aug. 18, 1869, Alma Lutz
+Collection.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_241_241" id="Footnote_241_241"></a><a href="#FNanchor_241_241"><span class="label">[241]</span></a> Lucy Stone to Esther Pugh, Aug. 30, 1869, Ida Husted
+Harper Collection, Henry E. Huntington Library, San Marino,
+California.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_242_242" id="Footnote_242_242"></a><a href="#FNanchor_242_242"><span class="label">[242]</span></a> Mary Livermore to W. L. Garrison, Oct. 4, 1869, Boston
+Public Library. Wendell Phillips did not sign the call or attend the
+convention for "reasons that are good to him," wrote Lucy Stone to
+Garrison, Sept. 27, 1869, Boston Public Library.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_243_243" id="Footnote_243_243"></a><a href="#FNanchor_243_243"><span class="label">[243]</span></a> <i>The Revolution</i>, IV, Oct. 21, 1869, p. 265.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_244_244" id="Footnote_244_244"></a><a href="#FNanchor_244_244"><span class="label">[244]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 266.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_245_245" id="Footnote_245_245"></a><a href="#FNanchor_245_245"><span class="label">[245]</span></a> The Empire Sewing Machine Co., Benedict's Watches,
+Madame Demorest's dress patterns, Sapolio, insurance companies,
+savings banks, the Union Pacific, offering first mortgage bonds.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_246_246" id="Footnote_246_246"></a><a href="#FNanchor_246_246"><span class="label">[246]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, pp. 354-355. In 1873, Anson
+Lapham cancelled notes, amounting to $4000, and praised Susan for her
+continued courageous work for women.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_247_247" id="Footnote_247_247"></a><a href="#FNanchor_247_247"><span class="label">[247]</span></a> <i>The Revolution</i>, IV, Dec. 2, 1869, p. 343.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_248_248" id="Footnote_248_248"></a><a href="#FNanchor_248_248"><span class="label">[248]</span></a> Harriet Beecher Stowe to Susan B. Anthony, Dec., 1869,
+Alma Lutz Collection.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_249_249" id="Footnote_249_249"></a><a href="#FNanchor_249_249"><span class="label">[249]</span></a> <i>The Revolution</i>, IV, Dec. 23, 1869, p. 385.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_250_250" id="Footnote_250_250"></a><a href="#FNanchor_250_250"><span class="label">[250]</span></a> <i>Woman's Journal</i>, Jan. 8, 1870.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_251_251" id="Footnote_251_251"></a><a href="#FNanchor_251_251"><span class="label">[251]</span></a> Ms., Diary, Jan. 18, 1870.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_252_252" id="Footnote_252_252"></a><a href="#FNanchor_252_252"><span class="label">[252]</span></a> Stanton and Blatch, <i>Stanton</i>, II, pp. 124-125.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_253_253" id="Footnote_253_253"></a><a href="#FNanchor_253_253"><span class="label">[253]</span></a> <i>The Revolution</i>, V, Feb. 24, 1870, pp. 117-118. Susan
+attributed the <i>Tribune</i> editorial to Whitelaw Reid. Susan B. Anthony
+Scrapbook, Library of Congress.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_254_254" id="Footnote_254_254"></a><a href="#FNanchor_254_254"><span class="label">[254]</span></a> Feb. 21, 1870, Anna E. Dickinson Papers, Library of
+Congress. Anna E. Dickinson sent Miss Anthony generous checks to help
+finance <i>The Revolution</i>. Although she lectured at Cooper Union for
+the National Woman Suffrage Association shortly after it was
+organized, she never became a member of the organization or attended
+its conventions. This was a great disappointment to Miss Anthony.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_255_255" id="Footnote_255_255"></a><a href="#FNanchor_255_255"><span class="label">[255]</span></a> Finally, Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton against their
+best judgment were persuaded by younger members of the National Woman
+Suffrage Association to drop the name National and replace it with
+Union and then to try to negotiate further with the American
+Association. Theodore Tilton was elected president of the Union Woman
+Suffrage Society. This proved to be an organization in name only, and
+in a short time these same younger members clamored for the return to
+office of Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton and reestablished the National
+Woman Suffrage Association.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_256_256" id="Footnote_256_256"></a><a href="#FNanchor_256_256"><span class="label">[256]</span></a> <i>The Revolution</i>, V, March 10, 1870, p. 153. Mrs.
+Stanton's Lyceum lectures were undertaken to finance the education of
+her 7 children.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_257_257" id="Footnote_257_257"></a><a href="#FNanchor_257_257"><span class="label">[257]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 362.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_258_258" id="Footnote_258_258"></a><a href="#FNanchor_258_258"><span class="label">[258]</span></a> <i>The Revolution</i>, V, May 26, 1870, p. 328.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_259_259" id="Footnote_259_259"></a><a href="#FNanchor_259_259"><span class="label">[259]</span></a> Sept. 19, 1870, Anna E. Dickinson Papers, Library of
+Congress.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_260_260" id="Footnote_260_260"></a><a href="#FNanchor_260_260"><span class="label">[260]</span></a> To E. A. Studwell, Sept. 15, 1870, Radcliffe Women's
+Archives, Cambridge, Massachusetts.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_261_261" id="Footnote_261_261"></a><a href="#FNanchor_261_261"><span class="label">[261]</span></a> To Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Oct. 15, 1871, Lucy E.
+Anthony Collection</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER XV &mdash; A NEW SLANT ON THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT</h4>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_262_262" id="Footnote_262_262"></a><a href="#FNanchor_262_262"><span class="label">[262]</span></a> A former Congressman from Ohio, a personal friend of
+Senator Benjamin Wade who was a loyal friend of woman suffrage.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_263_263" id="Footnote_263_263"></a><a href="#FNanchor_263_263"><span class="label">[263]</span></a> <i>The Revolution</i>, V, March 19, 1870, pp. 154-155, 159.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_264_264" id="Footnote_264_264"></a><a href="#FNanchor_264_264"><span class="label">[264]</span></a> Clipping from <i>Woodhull &amp; Claflin's Weekly</i>, Susan B.
+Anthony Scrapbook, Library of Congress.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_265_265" id="Footnote_265_265"></a><a href="#FNanchor_265_265"><span class="label">[265]</span></a> Emanie, Sachs, <i>The Terrible Siren</i> (New York, 1928),
+p. 87. After hearing Victoria Woodhull speak at a woman suffrage
+meeting in Philadelphia, Lucretia Mott wrote her daughters, March 21,
+1871, "I wish you could have heard Mrs. Woodhull ... so earnest yet
+modest and dignified, and so full of faith that she is divinely
+inspired for her work. The 30 or 40 persons present were much
+impressed with her work and beautiful utterances." Garrison Papers,
+Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_266_266" id="Footnote_266_266"></a><a href="#FNanchor_266_266"><span class="label">[266]</span></a> May 20, 1871, Ida Husted Harper Collection, Henry E.
+Huntington Library.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_267_267" id="Footnote_267_267"></a><a href="#FNanchor_267_267"><span class="label">[267]</span></a> <i>The Golden Age</i>, Dec., 1871.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_268_268" id="Footnote_268_268"></a><a href="#FNanchor_268_268"><span class="label">[268]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 388.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_269_269" id="Footnote_269_269"></a><a href="#FNanchor_269_269"><span class="label">[269]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 389-390.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_270_270" id="Footnote_270_270"></a><a href="#FNanchor_270_270"><span class="label">[270]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 391-394. Laura Fair, who reportedly had
+been the mistress of Alexander P. Crittenden for six years, was
+acquitted of his murder on the grounds that his death was not due to
+her pistol shot but to a disease from which he was suffering. Julia
+Cooley Altrocchi, <i>The Spectacular San Franciscans</i> (New York, 1949).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_271_271" id="Footnote_271_271"></a><a href="#FNanchor_271_271"><span class="label">[271]</span></a> Ms., Diary, July 13-23, 1871.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_272_272" id="Footnote_272_272"></a><a href="#FNanchor_272_272"><span class="label">[272]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 396.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_273_273" id="Footnote_273_273"></a><a href="#FNanchor_273_273"><span class="label">[273]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_274_274" id="Footnote_274_274"></a><a href="#FNanchor_274_274"><span class="label">[274]</span></a> Ms., Diary, Oct. 13, 1871.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_275_275" id="Footnote_275_275"></a><a href="#FNanchor_275_275"><span class="label">[275]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 403.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_276_276" id="Footnote_276_276"></a><a href="#FNanchor_276_276"><span class="label">[276]</span></a> Ms., Diary, Dec. 15, 1871.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_277_277" id="Footnote_277_277"></a><a href="#FNanchor_277_277"><span class="label">[277]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 396.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_278_278" id="Footnote_278_278"></a><a href="#FNanchor_278_278"><span class="label">[278]</span></a> Ms., Diary, Jan. 2, 1872.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_279_279" id="Footnote_279_279"></a><a href="#FNanchor_279_279"><span class="label">[279]</span></a> <i>Woodhull &amp; Claflin's Weekly</i>, Jan. 23, 1873.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_280_280" id="Footnote_280_280"></a><a href="#FNanchor_280_280"><span class="label">[280]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, pp. 410-411.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_281_281" id="Footnote_281_281"></a><a href="#FNanchor_281_281"><span class="label">[281]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 413.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_282_282" id="Footnote_282_282"></a><a href="#FNanchor_282_282"><span class="label">[282]</span></a> Ms., Diary, May 8, 10, 12, 1872.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_283_283" id="Footnote_283_283"></a><a href="#FNanchor_283_283"><span class="label">[283]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, pp. 416-417.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_284_284" id="Footnote_284_284"></a><a href="#FNanchor_284_284"><span class="label">[284]</span></a> Ms., Diary, Sept. 21, 1872. Lucy Stone wrote in the
+<i>Woman's Journal</i>, July 27, 1872, "We are glad that the wing of the
+movement to which these ladies belong have decided to cast in their
+lot with the Republican party. If they had done so sooner, it would
+have been better for all concerned...."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_285_285" id="Footnote_285_285"></a><a href="#FNanchor_285_285"><span class="label">[285]</span></a> <i>History of Woman Suffrage</i>, II, p. 519. The
+Republicans financed a paper, <i>Woman's Campaign</i>, edited by Helen
+Barnard, which published some of Susan's speeches and which Susan for
+a time hoped to convert into a woman suffrage paper.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_286_286" id="Footnote_286_286"></a><a href="#FNanchor_286_286"><span class="label">[286]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 422.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_287_287" id="Footnote_287_287"></a><a href="#FNanchor_287_287"><span class="label">[287]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i></p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER XVI &mdash; TESTING THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT</h4>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_288_288" id="Footnote_288_288"></a><a href="#FNanchor_288_288"><span class="label">[288]</span></a> Ray Strachey, <i>Struggle</i> (New York, 1930), pp.
+113-116.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_289_289" id="Footnote_289_289"></a><a href="#FNanchor_289_289"><span class="label">[289]</span></a> The U.S. Supreme Court upheld the decision of a lower
+court that without specific legislation by Congress, the 14th
+Amendment could not overrule the law of the District of Columbia which
+limited suffrage to male citizens over 21. <i>History of Woman
+Suffrage</i>, II, pp. 587-601.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_290_290" id="Footnote_290_290"></a><a href="#FNanchor_290_290"><span class="label">[290]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 423.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_291_291" id="Footnote_291_291"></a><a href="#FNanchor_291_291"><span class="label">[291]</span></a> Nov. 5, 1872, Ida Husted Harper Collection, Henry E.
+Huntington Library. Miss Anthony had assured the election inspectors
+that she would pay the cost of any suit which might be brought against
+them for accepting women's votes.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_292_292" id="Footnote_292_292"></a><a href="#FNanchor_292_292"><span class="label">[292]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 426. The Anthony home was then
+numbered 7 Madison Street.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_293_293" id="Footnote_293_293"></a><a href="#FNanchor_293_293"><span class="label">[293]</span></a> <i>An Account of the Proceedings of the Trial of Susan B.
+Anthony on the Charge of Illegal Voting</i> (Rochester, New York, 1874),
+p. 16.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_294_294" id="Footnote_294_294"></a><a href="#FNanchor_294_294"><span class="label">[294]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 428.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_295_295" id="Footnote_295_295"></a><a href="#FNanchor_295_295"><span class="label">[295]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 433.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_296_296" id="Footnote_296_296"></a><a href="#FNanchor_296_296"><span class="label">[296]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, pp. 2-3.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_297_297" id="Footnote_297_297"></a><a href="#FNanchor_297_297"><span class="label">[297]</span></a> N.d., Susan B. Anthony Papers, New York Public
+Library.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_298_298" id="Footnote_298_298"></a><a href="#FNanchor_298_298"><span class="label">[298]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, pp. 151, 153. Judge Story, <i>Commentaries on
+the Constitution of the United States</i>, Sec. 456: "The importance of
+examining the preamble for the purpose of expounding the language of a
+statute has long been felt and universally conceded in all juridical
+discussion." <i>History of Woman Suffrage</i>, II, p. 477.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_299_299" id="Footnote_299_299"></a><a href="#FNanchor_299_299"><span class="label">[299]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, II, pp. 978, 986-987.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_300_300" id="Footnote_300_300"></a><a href="#FNanchor_300_300"><span class="label">[300]</span></a> Ms., Diary, May 10, June 7, 1873.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_301_301" id="Footnote_301_301"></a><a href="#FNanchor_301_301"><span class="label">[301]</span></a> Suffrage clubs in New York, Buffalo, Chicago, and
+Milwaukee sent $50 and $100 contributions. Susan's cousin, Anson
+Lapham, cancelled notes for $4000 which she had signed while
+struggling to finance <i>The Revolution</i>. The women of Rochester rallied
+behind her, forming a Taxpayers' Association to protest taxation
+without representation.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_302_302" id="Footnote_302_302"></a><a href="#FNanchor_302_302"><span class="label">[302]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, II, pp. 994-995.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_303_303" id="Footnote_303_303"></a><a href="#FNanchor_303_303"><span class="label">[303]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, I, p. 429.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER XVII &mdash; "IS IT A CRIME FOR A CITIZEN ... TO VOTE?"</h4>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_304_304" id="Footnote_304_304"></a><a href="#FNanchor_304_304"><span class="label">[304]</span></a> Ms., Diary, April 26, 1873.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_305_305" id="Footnote_305_305"></a><a href="#FNanchor_305_305"><span class="label">[305]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, p. 17.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_306_306" id="Footnote_306_306"></a><a href="#FNanchor_306_306"><span class="label">[306]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 62-68.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_307_307" id="Footnote_307_307"></a><a href="#FNanchor_307_307"><span class="label">[307]</span></a> Ms., Diary, June 18, 1873.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_308_308" id="Footnote_308_308"></a><a href="#FNanchor_308_308"><span class="label">[308]</span></a> Susan B. Anthony Scrapbook, 1873, Library of Congress.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_309_309" id="Footnote_309_309"></a><a href="#FNanchor_309_309"><span class="label">[309]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, pp. 81-85.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_310_310" id="Footnote_310_310"></a><a href="#FNanchor_310_310"><span class="label">[310]</span></a> This booklet also included the speeches of Susan B.
+Anthony and Matilda Joslyn Gage, delivered prior to the trial, and a
+short appraisal of the trial, <i>Judge Hunt and the Right of Trial by
+Jury</i>, by John Hooker, the husband of Isabella Beecher Hooker. The
+Rochester <i>Democrat and Chronicle</i> called the booklet "the most
+important contribution yet made to the discussion of woman suffrage
+from a legal standpoint." The <i>Woman's Suffrage Journal</i>, IV, Aug. 1,
+1873, p. 121, published in England by Lydia Becker, said: "The
+American law which makes it a criminal offense for a person to vote
+who is not legally qualified appears harsh to our ideas."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_311_311" id="Footnote_311_311"></a><a href="#FNanchor_311_311"><span class="label">[311]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, pp. 455-456.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_312_312" id="Footnote_312_312"></a><a href="#FNanchor_312_312"><span class="label">[312]</span></a> <i>History of Woman Suffrage</i>, II, pp. 737-739, 741-742.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_313_313" id="Footnote_313_313"></a><a href="#FNanchor_313_313"><span class="label">[313]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, p. 191.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER XVIII &mdash; SOCIAL PURITY</h4>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_314_314" id="Footnote_314_314"></a><a href="#FNanchor_314_314"><span class="label">[314]</span></a> Ms., Diary, Nov. 4, 1874.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_315_315" id="Footnote_315_315"></a><a href="#FNanchor_315_315"><span class="label">[315]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 457. Frances Willard took her
+stand for woman suffrage in the W.C.T.U. in 1876.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_316_316" id="Footnote_316_316"></a><a href="#FNanchor_316_316"><span class="label">[316]</span></a> Ms., Diary, Sept., 1877.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_317_317" id="Footnote_317_317"></a><a href="#FNanchor_317_317"><span class="label">[317]</span></a> To James Redpath, Dec. 23, 1870, Alma Lutz Collection.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_318_318" id="Footnote_318_318"></a><a href="#FNanchor_318_318"><span class="label">[318]</span></a> New York <i>Graphic</i>, Sept. 12, 1874. Mrs. Hooker
+believed her half-brother guilty and repeatedly urged him to confess,
+assuring him she would join him in announcing "a new social freedom."
+Kenneth R. Andrews, Nook Farm (Cambridge, Mass., 1950), pp. 36-39.
+Rumors that Mrs. Hooker was insane were deliberately circulated.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_319_319" id="Footnote_319_319"></a><a href="#FNanchor_319_319"><span class="label">[319]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 463.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_320_320" id="Footnote_320_320"></a><a href="#FNanchor_320_320"><span class="label">[320]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i> Only a few entries relating to the
+Beecher-Tilton case remain in the Susan B. Anthony diaries, now in the
+Library of Congress, and the diary for 1875 is not there.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_321_321" id="Footnote_321_321"></a><a href="#FNanchor_321_321"><span class="label">[321]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 462.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_322_322" id="Footnote_322_322"></a><a href="#FNanchor_322_322"><span class="label">[322]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, II, pp. 1007-1009.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_323_323" id="Footnote_323_323"></a><a href="#FNanchor_323_323"><span class="label">[323]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, I, p. 468.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_324_324" id="Footnote_324_324"></a><a href="#FNanchor_324_324"><span class="label">[324]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 470. Miss Anthony interrupted her lecturing
+for nine weeks to nurse her brother Daniel after he had been shot by a
+rival editor in Leavenworth.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_325_325" id="Footnote_325_325"></a><a href="#FNanchor_325_325"><span class="label">[325]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 472.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_326_326" id="Footnote_326_326"></a><a href="#FNanchor_326_326"><span class="label">[326]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 473.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER XIX &mdash; A FEDERAL WOMAN SUFFRAGE AMENDMENT</h4>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_327_327" id="Footnote_327_327"></a><a href="#FNanchor_327_327"><span class="label">[327]</span></a> Ms., Diary, June 18, 1876.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_328_328" id="Footnote_328_328"></a><a href="#FNanchor_328_328"><span class="label">[328]</span></a> Katherine D. Blake and Margaret Wallace, <i>Champion of
+Women, The Life of Lillie Devereux Blake</i> (New York, 1943), pp.
+124-126.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_329_329" id="Footnote_329_329"></a><a href="#FNanchor_329_329"><span class="label">[329]</span></a> <i>History of Woman Suffrage</i>, III, pp. 31, 34. The
+Woman's Journal surprised Susan with a friendly editorial, "Good Use
+of the Fourth of July," written by Lucy Stone, July 15, 1876.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_330_330" id="Footnote_330_330"></a><a href="#FNanchor_330_330"><span class="label">[330]</span></a> <i>History of Woman Suffrage</i>, III, p. 43. The
+Philadelphia <i>Press</i> praised the Declaration of Rights and the women
+in the suffrage movement. The report of the New York <i>Post</i> was
+patronizingly favorable, pointing out the indifference of the public
+to the subject.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_331_331" id="Footnote_331_331"></a><a href="#FNanchor_331_331"><span class="label">[331]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, pp. 485-486.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_332_332" id="Footnote_332_332"></a><a href="#FNanchor_332_332"><span class="label">[332]</span></a> Ms., Susan B. Anthony Papers, Library of Congress.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_333_333" id="Footnote_333_333"></a><a href="#FNanchor_333_333"><span class="label">[333]</span></a> This amendment was re-introduced in the same form in
+every succeeding Congress until it was finally passed in 1919 as the
+Nineteenth Amendment. It was ratified by the states in 1920, 14 years
+after Susan B. Anthony's death. When occasionally during her lifetime
+it was called the Susan B. Anthony Amendment by those who wished to
+honor her devotion to the cause, she protested, meticulously giving
+Elizabeth Cady Stanton credit for making the first public demand for
+woman suffrage in 1848. She also made it clear that although she
+worked for the amendment long and hard, she did not draft it. After
+her death, during the climax of the woman suffrage campaign, these
+facts were overlooked by the younger workers who made a point of
+featuring the Susan B. Anthony Amendment, both because they wished to
+immortalize her and because they realized the publicity value of her
+name.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_334_334" id="Footnote_334_334"></a><a href="#FNanchor_334_334"><span class="label">[334]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 484.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_335_335" id="Footnote_335_335"></a><a href="#FNanchor_335_335"><span class="label">[335]</span></a> <i>History of Woman Suffrage</i>, III, p. 66.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_336_336" id="Footnote_336_336"></a><a href="#FNanchor_336_336"><span class="label">[336]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, II, p. 544.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_337_337" id="Footnote_337_337"></a><a href="#FNanchor_337_337"><span class="label">[337]</span></a> <i>History of Woman Suffrage</i>, III, p. 153; II, pp. 3-12,
+863-868; Sarah Ellen Blackwell, <i>A Military Genius, Life of Anna Ella
+Carroll of Maryland</i> (Washington, D.C., 1891), I, pp. 153-154.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_338_338" id="Footnote_338_338"></a><a href="#FNanchor_338_338"><span class="label">[338]</span></a> "Woman Suffrage as a Means of Moral Improvement and the
+Prevention of Crime" by Alexander Dumas, <i>History of Woman Suffrage</i>,
+III, p. 190. Theodore Stanton, foreign correspondent for the New York
+<i>Tribune</i>, now lived in Paris.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER XX &mdash; RECORDING WOMEN'S HISTORY</h4>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_339_339" id="Footnote_339_339"></a><a href="#FNanchor_339_339"><span class="label">[339]</span></a> The only such history available was the <i>History of the
+National Woman's Rights Movement for Twenty Years</i> (New York, 1871),
+written by Paulina Wright Davis to commemorate the first national
+woman's rights convention in Worcester, Massachusetts, in 1850. This
+brief record, ending with Victoria Woodhull's Memorial to Congress,
+was inadequate and placed too much emphasis on Victoria Woodhull who
+had flashed through the movement like a meteor, leaving behind her a
+trail of discord and little that was constructive.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_340_340" id="Footnote_340_340"></a><a href="#FNanchor_340_340"><span class="label">[340]</span></a> Aaron McLean, Eugene Mosher, his daughter Louise,
+Merritt's daughter, Lucy E. Anthony from Fort Scott, Kansas, and later
+Lucy's sister "Anna O."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_341_341" id="Footnote_341_341"></a><a href="#FNanchor_341_341"><span class="label">[341]</span></a> Mrs. Stanton moved to the new home she had built in
+Tenafly, New Jersey, in 1868.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_342_342" id="Footnote_342_342"></a><a href="#FNanchor_342_342"><span class="label">[342]</span></a> Fowler &amp; Wells furnished the paper, press work, and
+advertising and paid the authors 12&frac12;% commission on sales. They did
+not look askance at such a controversial subject, having published the
+Fowler family's phrenological books. In addition the women of the
+family were suffragists.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_343_343" id="Footnote_343_343"></a><a href="#FNanchor_343_343"><span class="label">[343]</span></a> In 1855, at the instigation of her father. Miss Anthony
+began to preserve her press clippings. She now found them a valuable
+record, and she hired a young girl to paste them in six large account
+books. Thirty-two of her scrapbooks are now in the Library of
+Congress.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_344_344" id="Footnote_344_344"></a><a href="#FNanchor_344_344"><span class="label">[344]</span></a> Aug. 30, 1876, Ida Husted Harper Collection, Henry E.
+Huntington Library. The history of the American Woman Suffrage
+Association was compiled for Volume II from the <i>Woman's Journal</i> and
+Mary Livermore's <i>The Agitator</i> by Harriot Stanton.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_345_345" id="Footnote_345_345"></a><a href="#FNanchor_345_345"><span class="label">[345]</span></a> Nov. 30, 1880, Amelia Bloomer Papers, Seneca Falls
+Historical Society, Seneca Falls, N. Y.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_346_346" id="Footnote_346_346"></a><a href="#FNanchor_346_346"><span class="label">[346]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, II, p. 531. The <i>History</i> received
+friendly and complimentary reviews, the New York <i>Tribune</i> and <i>Sun</i>
+giving it two columns.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_347_347" id="Footnote_347_347"></a><a href="#FNanchor_347_347"><span class="label">[347]</span></a> June 28, 1881, Amelia Bloomer Papers, Seneca Falls
+Historical Society, Seneca Falls, N. Y. The cost of a cloth copy of
+the <i>History</i> was $3.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_348_348" id="Footnote_348_348"></a><a href="#FNanchor_348_348"><span class="label">[348]</span></a> Dec. 19, 1880, Susan B. Anthony Papers, Library of
+Congress. Rachel Foster's mother was a life-long friend of Elizabeth
+Cady Stanton and sympathetic to her work for women. The widow of a
+wealthy Pittsburgh newspaperman, she was now active in Pennsylvania
+suffrage organizations. Her daughters, Rachel and Julia, early became
+interested in the cause.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_349_349" id="Footnote_349_349"></a><a href="#FNanchor_349_349"><span class="label">[349]</span></a> E. C. Stanton to Laura Collier, Jan. 21, 1886,
+Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers, Vassar College Library. Mary Livermore
+criticized the <i>History</i> as poorly edited.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_350_350" id="Footnote_350_350"></a><a href="#FNanchor_350_350"><span class="label">[350]</span></a> After her marriage in 1882, to William Henry Blatch of
+Basingstoke, Harriot made her home in England for the next 20 years.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_351_351" id="Footnote_351_351"></a><a href="#FNanchor_351_351"><span class="label">[351]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, II, p. 549.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_352_352" id="Footnote_352_352"></a><a href="#FNanchor_352_352"><span class="label">[352]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 553, 558, 562. Miss Anthony spent a week
+with her old friends, Ellen and Aaron Sargent in Berlin where Aaron
+was serving as American Minister to Germany. In Paris she visited
+Theodore Stanton and his French wife.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_353_353" id="Footnote_353_353"></a><a href="#FNanchor_353_353"><span class="label">[353]</span></a> Lydia Becker, Mrs. Jacob Bright, Helen Taylor,
+Priscilla Bright McLaren, Margaret Bright Lucas, Alice Scatcherd, and
+Elizabeth Pease Nichol. A bill to enfranchise widows and spinsters was
+pending in Parliament. Only a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</a></span> few women were courageous enough to
+demand votes for married women as well.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_354_354" id="Footnote_354_354"></a><a href="#FNanchor_354_354"><span class="label">[354]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, II, p. 582.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_355_355" id="Footnote_355_355"></a><a href="#FNanchor_355_355"><span class="label">[355]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 591, 583.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER XXI &mdash; IMPETUS FROM THE WEST</h4>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_356_356" id="Footnote_356_356"></a><a href="#FNanchor_356_356"><span class="label">[356]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, II, p. 592.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_357_357" id="Footnote_357_357"></a><a href="#FNanchor_357_357"><span class="label">[357]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 658.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_358_358" id="Footnote_358_358"></a><a href="#FNanchor_358_358"><span class="label">[358]</span></a> Miss Anthony first met Frances Willard in 1875 when she
+lectured in Rochester. Invited to sit on the platform, by her side,
+she thoughtfully refused, adding "You have a heavy enough load to
+carry without me." Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, I, p. 472. When Frances Willard
+took her stand for woman suffrage in the W.C.T.U. in 1876, Miss
+Anthony wrote her, "Now you are to go forward. I wish I could see you
+and make you feel my gladness." Mary Earhart, <i>Frances Willard</i>
+(Chicago, 1944), p. 153.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_359_359" id="Footnote_359_359"></a><a href="#FNanchor_359_359"><span class="label">[359]</span></a> During the debate, Frances Willard rendered valuable
+aid with a petition for woman suffrage, signed by 200,000 women. This
+counteracted in a measure the protests against woman suffrage by
+President Eliot of Harvard and 200 New England clergymen.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_360_360" id="Footnote_360_360"></a><a href="#FNanchor_360_360"><span class="label">[360]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, II, pp. 622-623.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_361_361" id="Footnote_361_361"></a><a href="#FNanchor_361_361"><span class="label">[361]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 612.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_362_362" id="Footnote_362_362"></a><a href="#FNanchor_362_362"><span class="label">[362]</span></a> So successful was Mrs. Colby's Washington venture that
+she continued to publish her <i>Woman's Tribune</i> there for the next 16
+years</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_363_363" id="Footnote_363_363"></a><a href="#FNanchor_363_363"><span class="label">[363]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, II, p. 637.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_364_364" id="Footnote_364_364"></a><a href="#FNanchor_364_364"><span class="label">[364]</span></a> <i>Woman's Tribune</i>, Feb. 22, 1890.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_365_365" id="Footnote_365_365"></a><a href="#FNanchor_365_365"><span class="label">[365]</span></a> The credit for achieving union after two years of
+patient negotiation goes to Rachel Foster Avery, secretary of the
+National Association, and to Lucy Stone's daughter, Alice Stone
+Blackwell, secretary of the American Association.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_366_366" id="Footnote_366_366"></a><a href="#FNanchor_366_366"><span class="label">[366]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, II, p. 675.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER XXII &mdash; VICTORIES IN THE WEST</h4>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_367_367" id="Footnote_367_367"></a><a href="#FNanchor_367_367"><span class="label">[367]</span></a> Minor vs. Happersett, <i>History of Woman Suffrage</i>, II,
+pp. 741-742. North and South Dakota, Washington and Montana were
+admitted in 1889, Wyoming and Idaho in 1890.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_368_368" id="Footnote_368_368"></a><a href="#FNanchor_368_368"><span class="label">[368]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, IV, pp. 999-1000.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_369_369" id="Footnote_369_369"></a><a href="#FNanchor_369_369"><span class="label">[369]</span></a> North Dakota's constitution provided that the
+legislature might in the future enfranchise women.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_370_370" id="Footnote_370_370"></a><a href="#FNanchor_370_370"><span class="label">[370]</span></a> <i>History of Woman Suffrage</i>, IV, p. 556.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_371_371" id="Footnote_371_371"></a><a href="#FNanchor_371_371"><span class="label">[371]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, II, p. 690.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_372_372" id="Footnote_372_372"></a><a href="#FNanchor_372_372"><span class="label">[372]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 688.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_373_373" id="Footnote_373_373"></a><a href="#FNanchor_373_373"><span class="label">[373]</span></a> Anna Howard Shaw, <i>The Story of a Pioneer</i> (New York,
+1915), p. 202.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_374_374" id="Footnote_374_374"></a><a href="#FNanchor_374_374"><span class="label">[374]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, II, p. 731.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_375_375" id="Footnote_375_375"></a><a href="#FNanchor_375_375"><span class="label">[375]</span></a> Ms., Diary, Feb. 28, April 18, 1893.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_376_376" id="Footnote_376_376"></a><a href="#FNanchor_376_376"><span class="label">[376]</span></a> Published first in the <i>Woman's Tribune</i>, then as a
+book in 1898 under the title, <i>Eighty Years and More</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_377_377" id="Footnote_377_377"></a><a href="#FNanchor_377_377"><span class="label">[377]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, II, p. 712.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_378_378" id="Footnote_378_378"></a><a href="#FNanchor_378_378"><span class="label">[378]</span></a> During this visit the young sculptor, Adelaide Johnson,
+modeled busts of Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton which later were
+chiseled in marble and were exhibited with the bust of Lucretia Mott
+at the World's Fair in Chicago in 1893. They are now in the Capitol in
+Washington.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_379_379" id="Footnote_379_379"></a><a href="#FNanchor_379_379"><span class="label">[379]</span></a> To Clarina Nichols. Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, II, p. 544. Miss
+Anthony wrote in her diary, Oct. 18, 1893, "Lucy Stone died this
+evening at her home&mdash;Dorchester, Mass. aged 75&mdash;I can but wonder if
+the spirit now sees things as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</a></span> it did 25 years ago!" The wound
+inflicted by Lucy's misunderstanding of her motives had never healed.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_380_380" id="Footnote_380_380"></a><a href="#FNanchor_380_380"><span class="label">[380]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 727.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_381_381" id="Footnote_381_381"></a><a href="#FNanchor_381_381"><span class="label">[381]</span></a> Rachel Foster was married in 1888 to Cyrus Miller
+Avery.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_382_382" id="Footnote_382_382"></a><a href="#FNanchor_382_382"><span class="label">[382]</span></a> May Wright Sewall, Editor, <i>The World's Congress of
+Representative Women</i> (Chicago, 1894), p. 464.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_383_383" id="Footnote_383_383"></a><a href="#FNanchor_383_383"><span class="label">[383]</span></a> Statement by Lucy E. Anthony, Una R. Winter
+Collection.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_384_384" id="Footnote_384_384"></a><a href="#FNanchor_384_384"><span class="label">[384]</span></a> Miss Anthony's diary, 1893, mentions visiting "dear
+Mrs. Coonley" (Lydia Avery Coonley) in her beautiful, friendly home.
+May Wright Sewall, and devoted Emily Gross. Her sister Mary, Daniel,
+Merritt, and their families joined her at the Fair for a few weeks.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_385_385" id="Footnote_385_385"></a><a href="#FNanchor_385_385"><span class="label">[385]</span></a> Shaw, <i>The Story of a Pioneer</i>, pp. 205-207.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_386_386" id="Footnote_386_386"></a><a href="#FNanchor_386_386"><span class="label">[386]</span></a> Ms., Diary, Nov. 8, 1893.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER XXIII &mdash; LIQUOR INTERESTS ALERT FOREIGN-BORN VOTERS AGAINST WOMAN SUFFRAGE</h4>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_387_387" id="Footnote_387_387"></a><a href="#FNanchor_387_387"><span class="label">[387]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, II, p. 763.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_388_388" id="Footnote_388_388"></a><a href="#FNanchor_388_388"><span class="label">[388]</span></a> To Elizabeth Smith Miller, July 25, 1894, Elizabeth
+Smith Miller Papers, New York Public Library.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_389_389" id="Footnote_389_389"></a><a href="#FNanchor_389_389"><span class="label">[389]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, II, p. 788.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_390_390" id="Footnote_390_390"></a><a href="#FNanchor_390_390"><span class="label">[390]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 791.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_391_391" id="Footnote_391_391"></a><a href="#FNanchor_391_391"><span class="label">[391]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 794.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_392_392" id="Footnote_392_392"></a><a href="#FNanchor_392_392"><span class="label">[392]</span></a> To Clara Colby, July 22, 1895, Anthony Collection,
+Henry E. Huntington Library.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_393_393" id="Footnote_393_393"></a><a href="#FNanchor_393_393"><span class="label">[393]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, II, p. 842.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_394_394" id="Footnote_394_394"></a><a href="#FNanchor_394_394"><span class="label">[394]</span></a> N.d., Anthony Collection, Henry E. Huntington Library.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_395_395" id="Footnote_395_395"></a><a href="#FNanchor_395_395"><span class="label">[395]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, II, p. 843.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_396_396" id="Footnote_396_396"></a><a href="#FNanchor_396_396"><span class="label">[396]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 844, 859.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_397_397" id="Footnote_397_397"></a><a href="#FNanchor_397_397"><span class="label">[397]</span></a> Ms., Diary, July 10, 1896.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_398_398" id="Footnote_398_398"></a><a href="#FNanchor_398_398"><span class="label">[398]</span></a> Sept. 8, 1896, Anthony Collection, Henry E. Huntington
+Library.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_399_399" id="Footnote_399_399"></a><a href="#FNanchor_399_399"><span class="label">[399]</span></a> Shaw, <i>The Story of a Pioneer</i>, pp. 274-275.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER XIV &mdash; AUNT SUSAN AND HER GIRLS</h4>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_400_400" id="Footnote_400_400"></a><a href="#FNanchor_400_400"><span class="label">[400]</span></a> Ms., Diary, Nov. 7, 1895</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_401_401" id="Footnote_401_401"></a><a href="#FNanchor_401_401"><span class="label">[401]</span></a> Mary Gray Peck, <i>Carrie Chapman Catt</i> (New York, 1944),
+p. 84.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_402_402" id="Footnote_402_402"></a><a href="#FNanchor_402_402"><span class="label">[402]</span></a> Ms., Diary, Nov. 27, 1895.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_403_403" id="Footnote_403_403"></a><a href="#FNanchor_403_403"><span class="label">[403]</span></a> To Mrs. Upton, Sept. 5, 1890, University of Rochester
+Library, Rochester, New York.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_404_404" id="Footnote_404_404"></a><a href="#FNanchor_404_404"><span class="label">[404]</span></a> Feb. 10, 1894, Anthony Collection, Henry E. Huntington
+Library.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_405_405" id="Footnote_405_405"></a><a href="#FNanchor_405_405"><span class="label">[405]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, III, p. 1113.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_406_406" id="Footnote_406_406"></a><a href="#FNanchor_406_406"><span class="label">[406]</span></a> Miss Anthony's first attempt to win Southern women to
+suffrage was at the time of the New Orleans Exposition in 1885.
+Because of her reputation as an abolitionist, she had much resistance
+to overcome in the South.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_407_407" id="Footnote_407_407"></a><a href="#FNanchor_407_407"><span class="label">[407]</span></a> Dec. 18, 1895, Anthony Collection, Henry E. Huntington
+Library.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_408_408" id="Footnote_408_408"></a><a href="#FNanchor_408_408"><span class="label">[408]</span></a> <i>Woman's Tribune</i>, Feb. 1, 1896.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_409_409" id="Footnote_409_409"></a><a href="#FNanchor_409_409"><span class="label">[409]</span></a> <i>History of Woman Suffrage</i>, IV, p. 264.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_410_410" id="Footnote_410_410"></a><a href="#FNanchor_410_410"><span class="label">[410]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, II, p. 855. The action of the
+National American Woman Suffrage Association on the Woman's Bible was
+never reversed.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_411_411" id="Footnote_411_411"></a><a href="#FNanchor_411_411"><span class="label">[411]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 856.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_412_412" id="Footnote_412_412"></a><a href="#FNanchor_412_412"><span class="label">[412]</span></a> Susan thought seriously of Clara Colby as a
+collaborator but concluded she was too involved with the <i>Woman's
+Tribune</i>. Susan agreed to share royalties with Mrs. Harper on the
+biography and any other work on which they might collaborate. On her
+75th birthday Susan's girls had presented her with an annuity of $800
+a year. This made it possible for her to give up lecturing and
+concentrate on her book.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_413_413" id="Footnote_413_413"></a><a href="#FNanchor_413_413"><span class="label">[413]</span></a> Genevieve Hawley left an interesting record of these
+years in letters to her aunt, many of which are preserved in the Susan
+B. Anthony Memorial Collection in Rochester, New York.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_414_414" id="Footnote_414_414"></a><a href="#FNanchor_414_414"><span class="label">[414]</span></a> Both the New York <i>Herald</i> and Chicago <i>Inter-Ocean</i>
+gave the book full-page reviews. A third volume was published in
+1908.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_415_415" id="Footnote_415_415"></a><a href="#FNanchor_415_415"><span class="label">[415]</span></a> Aug. 10, 1898, Susan B. Anthony Papers, Library of
+Congress.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_416_416" id="Footnote_416_416"></a><a href="#FNanchor_416_416"><span class="label">[416]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, III, p. 1121.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_417_417" id="Footnote_417_417"></a><a href="#FNanchor_417_417"><span class="label">[417]</span></a> Aug. 10, 1898, Susan B. Anthony Papers, Library of
+Congress.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_418_418" id="Footnote_418_418"></a><a href="#FNanchor_418_418"><span class="label">[418]</span></a> Dec. 17, 1898, Anthony Collection, Henry E. Huntington
+Library. Clara Colby, making her headquarters in Washington, kept
+Susan informed on developments and they carried on an animated,
+voluminous correspondence during these years.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_419_419" id="Footnote_419_419"></a><a href="#FNanchor_419_419"><span class="label">[419]</span></a> March 12, 1894, Anthony Collection, Henry E. Huntington
+Library.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_420_420" id="Footnote_420_420"></a><a href="#FNanchor_420_420"><span class="label">[420]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, II, p. 920.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_421_421" id="Footnote_421_421"></a><a href="#FNanchor_421_421"><span class="label">[421]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, II, p. 924.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER XXV &mdash; PASSING ON THE TORCH</h4>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_422_422" id="Footnote_422_422"></a><a href="#FNanchor_422_422"><span class="label">[422]</span></a> Rachel Foster Avery, Ed., <i>National Council of Women</i>,
+1891 (Philadelphia, 1891), p. 229.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_423_423" id="Footnote_423_423"></a><a href="#FNanchor_423_423"><span class="label">[423]</span></a> Dec. 1, 1898, Anthony Collection, Henry E. Huntington
+Library. Mrs. Elnora Babcock of New York was in charge of the press
+bureau.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_424_424" id="Footnote_424_424"></a><a href="#FNanchor_424_424"><span class="label">[424]</span></a> Miss Anthony was enrolled as a member of the Knights of
+Labor and invited this organization to send delegates to the
+International Council of Women in 1888.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_425_425" id="Footnote_425_425"></a><a href="#FNanchor_425_425"><span class="label">[425]</span></a> To Ellen Wright Garrison, 1900, Sophia Smith
+Collection, Smith College.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_426_426" id="Footnote_426_426"></a><a href="#FNanchor_426_426"><span class="label">[426]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, III, p. 1137. A few years later,
+militant suffragists, led by Emmeline Pankhurst, were active in
+London. Mrs. Pankhurst heard Miss Anthony speak in Manchester in
+1904.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_427_427" id="Footnote_427_427"></a><a href="#FNanchor_427_427"><span class="label">[427]</span></a> Ida Husted Harper Ms., Catharine Waugh McCulloch
+Papers, Radcliffe Women's Archives.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_428_428" id="Footnote_428_428"></a><a href="#FNanchor_428_428"><span class="label">[428]</span></a> Nov. 20, 1899, Anthony Collection, Henry E. Huntington
+Library.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_429_429" id="Footnote_429_429"></a><a href="#FNanchor_429_429"><span class="label">[429]</span></a> <i>History of Woman Suffrage</i>, IV, p. 385. Miss Anthony
+was "moved up," as she expressed it, to Honorary President.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_430_430" id="Footnote_430_430"></a><a href="#FNanchor_430_430"><span class="label">[430]</span></a> Peck, Catt, p. 107, Washington <i>Post</i> quotation.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_431_431" id="Footnote_431_431"></a><a href="#FNanchor_431_431"><span class="label">[431]</span></a> To Laura Clay, April 15, 1900, University of Kentucky
+Library, Lexington, Kentucky.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_432_432" id="Footnote_432_432"></a><a href="#FNanchor_432_432"><span class="label">[432]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, March 15, 1900.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_433_433" id="Footnote_433_433"></a><a href="#FNanchor_433_433"><span class="label">[433]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_434_434" id="Footnote_434_434"></a><a href="#FNanchor_434_434"><span class="label">[434]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, Sept. 7, 1900.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_435_435" id="Footnote_435_435"></a><a href="#FNanchor_435_435"><span class="label">[435]</span></a> Ms., Diary, Nov. 10, 1900.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_436_436" id="Footnote_436_436"></a><a href="#FNanchor_436_436"><span class="label">[436]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, Sept. 26, 1900. A separate woman's college was
+established at the University of Rochester and not until 1952 were the
+men's and women's colleges merged.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_437_437" id="Footnote_437_437"></a><a href="#FNanchor_437_437"><span class="label">[437]</span></a> May 20, 1901, Note, Susan B. Anthony Memorial
+Collection, Rochester, New York.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_438_438" id="Footnote_438_438"></a><a href="#FNanchor_438_438"><span class="label">[438]</span></a> <i>History of Woman Suffrage</i>, V, pp. 741-742.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_439_439" id="Footnote_439_439"></a><a href="#FNanchor_439_439"><span class="label">[439]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, III, p. 1263.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_440_440" id="Footnote_440_440"></a><a href="#FNanchor_440_440"><span class="label">[440]</span></a> Oct. 28, 1902, Anthony Collection, Henry E. Huntington
+Library.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_441_441" id="Footnote_441_441"></a><a href="#FNanchor_441_441"><span class="label">[441]</span></a> Oct. 27, 1904, Elizabeth Smith Miller Collection, New
+York Public Library. A few years later, Mrs. Blatch made a vital
+contribution to the cause through the Women's Political Union which
+she organized and which brought more militant methods and new life
+into the woman suffrage campaign in New York State.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_442_442" id="Footnote_442_442"></a><a href="#FNanchor_442_442"><span class="label">[442]</span></a> Jan. 27, 1904, Lucy E. Anthony Collection. Mrs. Blake
+who had been a candidate in 1900 had by this time formed her own
+organization, the National Legislative League.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_443_443" id="Footnote_443_443"></a><a href="#FNanchor_443_443"><span class="label">[443]</span></a> <i>History of Woman Suffrage</i>, V, p. 99.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_444_444" id="Footnote_444_444"></a><a href="#FNanchor_444_444"><span class="label">[444]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, III, p. 1308.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_445_445" id="Footnote_445_445"></a><a href="#FNanchor_445_445"><span class="label">[445]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i></p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPTER XVI &mdash; SUSAN B. ANTHONY OF THE WORLD</h4>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_446_446" id="Footnote_446_446"></a><a href="#FNanchor_446_446"><span class="label">[446]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, III, p. 1325.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_447_447" id="Footnote_447_447"></a><a href="#FNanchor_447_447"><span class="label">[447]</span></a> Shaw, <i>The Story of a Pioneer</i>, p. 210.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_448_448" id="Footnote_448_448"></a><a href="#FNanchor_448_448"><span class="label">[448]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, III, p. 1319.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_449_449" id="Footnote_449_449"></a><a href="#FNanchor_449_449"><span class="label">[449]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 1336.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_450_450" id="Footnote_450_450"></a><a href="#FNanchor_450_450"><span class="label">[450]</span></a> Miss Anthony also carefully prepared her scrapbooks,
+her books, and bound volumes of <i>The Revolution</i>, woman's rights and
+antislavery magazines for presentation to the Library of Congress,
+inscribing each with a note of explanation.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_451_451" id="Footnote_451_451"></a><a href="#FNanchor_451_451"><span class="label">[451]</span></a> Ann Anthony Bacon.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_452_452" id="Footnote_452_452"></a><a href="#FNanchor_452_452"><span class="label">[452]</span></a> <i>New York Suffrage Newsletter</i>, Jan., 1905.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_453_453" id="Footnote_453_453"></a><a href="#FNanchor_453_453"><span class="label">[453]</span></a> <i>History of Woman Suffrage</i>, V, p. 122.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_454_454" id="Footnote_454_454"></a><a href="#FNanchor_454_454"><span class="label">[454]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, III, p. 1365. The statue of
+Sacajawea, presented to the Exposition by the clubwomen of America,
+was the work of Alice Cooper of Denver. Woman suffrage was again
+defeated in Oregon in 1906.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_455_455" id="Footnote_455_455"></a><a href="#FNanchor_455_455"><span class="label">[455]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, III, pp. 1357, 1359.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_456_456" id="Footnote_456_456"></a><a href="#FNanchor_456_456"><span class="label">[456]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 1376-1377.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_457_457" id="Footnote_457_457"></a><a href="#FNanchor_457_457"><span class="label">[457]</span></a> The medallion, the work of Leila Usher of Boston, was
+commissioned by Mary Garrett.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_458_458" id="Footnote_458_458"></a><a href="#FNanchor_458_458"><span class="label">[458]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, III, p. 1395.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_459_459" id="Footnote_459_459"></a><a href="#FNanchor_459_459"><span class="label">[459]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 1395-1396.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_460_460" id="Footnote_460_460"></a><a href="#FNanchor_460_460"><span class="label">[460]</span></a> Sept., 1935, Statement, Una R. Winter Collection.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_461_461" id="Footnote_461_461"></a><a href="#FNanchor_461_461"><span class="label">[461]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, III, p. 1409.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_462_462" id="Footnote_462_462"></a><a href="#FNanchor_462_462"><span class="label">[462]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_463_463" id="Footnote_463_463"></a><a href="#FNanchor_463_463"><span class="label">[463]</span></a> Shaw, <i>The Story of a Pioneer</i>, pp. 230-232.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_464_464" id="Footnote_464_464"></a><a href="#FNanchor_464_464"><span class="label">[464]</span></a> Harper, <i>Anthony</i>, III, p. 1259.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="BIBLIOGRAPHY" id="BIBLIOGRAPHY"></a>BIBLIOGRAPHY</h2>
+
+
+<p class="sc heading lowercase">MANUSCRIPT COLLECTIONS</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Massachusetts:<br />
+Abby Kelley Foster Papers.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Lucy E. Anthony and Ann Anthony Bacon Papers:<br />
+Susan B. Anthony Diaries, Letters, and Speeches.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Boston Public Library, Manuscript Division:<br />
+  Antislavery, Garrison, and Higginson Papers.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Matilda Joslyn Gage Collection.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery, San Marino, California, Manuscript Division:<br />
+  Ida Husted Harper Collection.<br />
+  Anthony Collection.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka, Kansas:<br />
+  Anthony Papers.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., Manuscript Division:<br />
+  Susan B. Anthony Papers, including Diaries.<br />
+  Anna E. Dickinson Papers.<br />
+  Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., Rare Book Room:<br />
+  Susan B. Anthony Scrapbooks.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Alma Lutz Collection.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Anna Dann Mason Collection.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Museum of Arts and Sciences, Rochester, New York:<br />
+  Anthony Collection.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">New York Public Library, Manuscript Division:<br />
+  Susan B. Anthony Papers.<br />
+  Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers.<br />
+  Elizabeth Smith Miller Papers.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Ohio State Library, Columbus, Ohio:<br />
+  Ohioana Library Collection.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Seneca Falls Historical Society, Seneca Falls, New York:<br />
+  Amelia Bloomer Papers.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts:<br />
+  Sophia Smith Collection.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Edna M. Stantial Collection:<br />
+  Blackwell Papers.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Susan B. Anthony Memorial Collection, 17 Madison Street, Rochester, New York.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Radcliffe Women's Archives, Radcliffe College,
+Cambridge, Massachusetts.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">University of California, Bancroft Library, Berkeley, California:<br />
+  Susan B. Anthony Papers.<br />
+  Keith Papers.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">University of Kentucky Library, Lexington, Kentucky:<br />
+  Laura Clay Papers.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">University of Rochester Library, Rochester, New York:<br />
+  Susan B. Anthony Papers.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Vassar College Library, Poughkeepsie, New York:<br />
+  Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers.<br />
+  Margaret Stanton Lawrence Papers.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Una R. Winter Collection.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="heading sc lowercase">PUBLISHED MATERIAL</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Abbott, Mrs. Lyman. <i>Mrs. Lyman Abbott on Woman Suffrage.</i> Pamphlet.
+New York, n.d.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Albree, John (ed.). <i>Whittier Correspondence from Oakknoll.</i> Salem,
+Mass., 1911.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Altrocchi, Julia Cooley. <i>The Spectacular San Franciscans.</i> New York,
+1949.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio"><i>An Account of the Proceedings of the Trial of Susan B. Anthony on the
+Charge of Illegal Voting.</i> Rochester, N.Y., 1874.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Ames, Mary Clemmer. <i>A Memorial of Alice and Phoebe Cary.</i> New York,
+1873.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Andrews, Kenneth. <i>Nook Farm.</i> Cambridge, Mass., 1950.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Anthony, Charles L. <i>Genealogy of the Anthony Family from 1495 to
+1904.</i> Sterling, Ill., 1904.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Anthony, Katharine. <i>Susan B. Anthony, Her Personal History and Her
+Era.</i> New York, 1954.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Anthony, Susan B. "Woman's Half Century of Evolution," <i>North American
+Review</i>, December 1902.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;. "Educating Husbands for the Twentieth Century," <i>McClure's
+Syndicate</i>, 1901.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;. "The Status of Women Past, Present and Future," <i>The Arena</i>, May
+1897.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;. "Why Some Marriages Are Failures," <i>McClure's Syndicate</i>, 1901.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;. "The Wrongs of Man," <i>McClure's Syndicate</i>, 1901.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;. "What I Would Have Done with a Bad Husband," <i>McClure's
+Syndicate</i>, 1901.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Armes, Ethel. <i>Stratford Hall.</i> Richmond, Va., 1936.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Avery, Rachel Foster (ed.). <i>National Council of Women</i>, 1891.
+Philadelphia, 1891.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Barnes, Gilbert H. <i>The Antislavery Impulse.</i> New York, 1933.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Beard, Charles A. and Mary R. <i>The American Spirit.</i> New York, 1927.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;. <i>The Rise of American Civilization.</i> New York, 1930.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Beard, Charles A. and William. <i>The American Leviathan.</i> New York,
+1930.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Beecher, Henry Ward. <i>Woman's Influence in Politics.</i> Pamphlet.
+Boston, 1870.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Birney, Catherine H. <i>The Grimk&eacute; Sisters.</i> Boston, 1885.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Blackwell, Alice Stone. <i>Lucy Stone.</i> Boston, 1930.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Blackwell, Sarah Ellen. <i>A Military Genius, Life of Anna Ella Carroll
+of Maryland.</i> Washington, D.C., 1891.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Blake, Katherine D., and Wallace, Margaret. <i>Champion of Women, The
+Life of Lillie Devereux Blake.</i> New York, 1943.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Blatch, Harriot Stanton, and Lutz, Alma. <i>Challenging Years.</i> New
+York, 1940.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Bloomer, D. C. <i>Life and Writings of Amelia Bloomer.</i> Boston, 1895.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Boas, Louise S. <i>Elizabeth Barrett Browning.</i> New York, 1930.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Bowditch, William I. <i>Woman Suffrage a Right, Not a Privilege.</i>
+Pamphlet. Cambridge, Mass., 1879.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Brink, Carol. <i>Harps in the Wind, The Story of the Singing
+Hutchinsons.</i> New York, 1947.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Brockett, Dr. L. F. <i>Woman: Her Rights, Wrongs, Privileges, and
+Responsibilities.</i> Hartford, Conn., 1869.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Brown, Olympia (ed.). <i>Democratic Ideals, A Memorial Sketch of Clara
+B. Colby.</i> Portland, Ore., 1917.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Browne, Junius Henri. <i>The Great Metropolis, A Mirror of New York.</i>
+Hartford, Conn., 1869.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Browne, William B. "Laphams Were Among the First Quakers to Settle
+Within the Town of Adams." <i>Transcript</i> (North Adams, Mass.),
+September 6, 1924.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Browning, Elizabeth Barrett. <i>Aurora Leigh.</i> New York, 1857.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Buckmaster, Henrietta. <i>Let My People Go.</i> New York, 1941.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Burnham, Carrie S. <i>Woman Suffrage, The Argument of Carrie S. Burnham
+before the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.</i> Pamphlet. Philadelphia,
+1873.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Calhoun, Lucia Gilbert. "Modern Women and What Is Said of Them."
+Pamphlet reprinted from <i>The Saturday Review</i>. New York, 1868.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Catt, Carrie Chapman, and Shuler, Nettie Rogers. <i>Woman Suffrage and
+Politics.</i> New York, 1923.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Channing, William Henry. <i>Review of the History of Woman Suffrage.</i>
+Pamphlet reprinted in 1881 from the <i>Inquirer</i> (London), November 5,
+1881.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Chester, Giraud. <i>Embattled Maiden, The Life of Anna Dickinson.</i> New
+York, 1951.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Claflin, Tennessee. <i>Constitutional Equality, A Right of Woman.</i> New
+York, 1871.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Cole, Arthur Charles. <i>The Irrepressible Conflict, 1850-1865.</i> New
+York, 1934.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Colman, Lucy M. <i>Reminiscences.</i> Buffalo, N.Y., 1891.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Croughton, Amy H. <i>Antislavery Days in Rochester.</i> Rochester, N.Y.,
+1936.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Curtis, George William. <i>Equal Rights for Women.</i> Pamphlet. Boston,
+1869.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Dahlgren, Madeline Vinton. <i>Thoughts on Female Suffrage and in
+Vindication of Woman's True Rights.</i> Pamphlet. Washington, 1871.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Davis, Paulina Wright. <i>History of the National Woman's Rights
+Movement for Twenty Years.</i> New York, 1871.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Debs, Eugene V. "Susan B. Anthony, Pioneer of Freedom," <i>Pearsons
+Magazine</i>, July 1917.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Dictionary of American Biography.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Dorr, Rheta Childe. <i>Susan B. Anthony, The Woman Who Changed the Mind
+of a Nation.</i> New York, 1928.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Douglass, Frederick. <i>The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass.</i>
+Hartford, Conn., 1881.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Duniway, Abigail Scott. <i>Path Breaking.</i> Portland, Ore., 1914.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Earhart, Mary. <i>Frances Willard.</i> Chicago, 1944.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Ehrlich, Leonard C. <i>God's Angry Man.</i> New York, 1941.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio"><i>Eminent Women of the Age.</i> Hartford, Conn., 1869.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Finch, Edith. <i>Carey Thomas of Bryn Mawr.</i> New York, 1947.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Garrison, Francis J., William Lloyd II, and Wendell P. <i>William Lloyd
+Garrison, 1805-1879.</i> New York, 1885-1889.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Ginger, Ray. <i>The Bending Cross, A Biography of Eugene Victor Debs.</i>
+New Brunswick, N.J., 1949.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Goodman, Clavia. <i>Bitter Harvest, Laura Clay's Suffrage Work.</i>
+Lexington, Ky., 1946.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Gray, Wood. <i>The Hidden Civil War.</i> New York, 1942.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Greeley, Horace. <i>Recollections of a Busy Life.</i> New York, 1868.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Greenbie, Marjorie B. <i>Lincoln's Daughters of Mercy.</i> New York, 1944.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;. <i>My Dear Lady, The Story of Anna Ella Carroll.</i> New York, 1940.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Greenbie, Marjorie B., and Sydney. <i>Anna Ella Carroll and Abraham
+Lincoln.</i> Tampa, Fla., 1952.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Hallowell, Anna Davis. <i>James and Lucretia Mott.</i> Boston, 1884.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Hamilton, Gail. "A Call to My Country-Women," <i>Atlantic Monthly</i>,
+March 1863.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Hare, Lloyd C. M. <i>Lucretia Mott, The Greatest American Woman.</i> New
+York, 1937.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Harlow, Ralph V. <i>Gerrit Smith.</i> New York, 1939.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Harper, Ida Husted. <i>The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony.</i>
+Indianapolis, 1898, 1908.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[Pg 330]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="biblio">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;. <i>History of Woman Suffrage</i>, Vols. V and VI. New York, 1922.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Harper, Ida Husted, and Anthony, Susan B. <i>History of Woman Suffrage</i>,
+Vol. IV. Rochester, N.Y., 1902.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Hayek, F. A. <i>John Stuart Mill and Harriet Taylor.</i> Chicago, 1951.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Hebard, Grace Raymond. <i>How Woman Suffrage Came to Wyoming.</i> Pamphlet.
+New York, 1940.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Henry, Alice. <i>The Trade Union Woman.</i> New York, 1923.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Hibben, Paxton. <i>Henry Ward Beecher.</i> New York, 1927.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Higginson, Mary Thatcher (ed.). <i>Letters and Journals of Thomas
+Wentworth Higginson.</i> Boston, 1921.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Higginson, Thomas Wentworth. <i>Women and the Alphabet.</i> Boston, 1881.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Hooker, Isabella Beecher. <i>The Constitutional Rights of Women of the
+United States.</i> Washington, 1888.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Howe, Julia Ward. <i>Reminiscences, 1819-1899.</i> Boston, 1900.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Hutchinson, John Wallace. <i>The Story of the Hutchinsons.</i> Boston,
+1896.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio"><i>International Woman Suffrage Conference.</i> Washington, D.C., 1902.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Isely, J. A. <i>Horace Greeley and the Republican Party, 1853-1861.</i>
+Princeton, N.J., 1947.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">James, Joseph B. <i>The Framing of the Fourteenth Amendment.</i> Urbana,
+Ill., 1956.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Johns, Helen. "This Is a Day Full of Meaning to Friends of Woman
+Suffrage," <i>Public Ledger</i> (Philadelphia), Feb. 14, 1920.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Johnson, Oliver. <i>William Lloyd Garrison and His Times.</i> Boston, 1879.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Julian, George W. <i>Political Recollections</i>, 1840-1872. Chicago, 1884.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Kerr, Laura. <i>Lady in the Pulpit.</i> New York, 1951.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Korngold, Ralph. <i>Two Friends of Man.</i> Boston, 1950.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Livermore, Mary A. <i>The Story of My Life.</i> Hartford, Conn., 1897.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;. <i>My Story of the War.</i> Hartford, Conn., 1889.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Lutz, Alma. <i>Created Equal, A Biography of Elizabeth Cady Stanton.</i>
+New York, 1940.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;. <i>Emma Willard, Daughter of Democracy.</i> Boston, 1929.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Macy, Jesse. <i>The Antislavery Crusade.</i> New Haven, 1920.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Malin, James C. <i>John Brown and the Legend of Fifty-Six.</i>
+Philadelphia, 1942.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Mason, Anna Dann. "The Most Unforgettable Character I've Met,"
+<i>Genessee Country Scrapbook</i>, Vol. IV (Rochester, N. Y., 1953).</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">May, Samuel J. <i>Some Recollections of the Antislavery Conflict.</i>
+Boston, 1869.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Mill, Elizabeth Taylor. <i>Enfranchisement of Women</i>, reprinted from the
+<i>Westminster and Quarterly Review</i>, New York, 1868.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Mill, John Stuart. <i>Autobiography.</i> London, 1873.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;. <i>The Social and Political Dependence of Women.</i> Boston, 1868.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;. <i>The Subjection of Women.</i> London, 1869.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;. <i>Suffrage for Women</i> (Speech in British Parliament, May 20,
+1867). Pamphlet. Boston, 1869.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio"><i>Mormon Women's Protest, An Appeal for Freedom, Justice, and Equal
+Rights.</i> Pamphlet. Salt Lake City, Utah, 1886.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">McKelvey, Blake. <i>Rochester, the Flower City, 1855-1890.</i> Cambridge,
+Mass., 1949.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;. "Susan B. Anthony," <i>Rochester History</i>, April, 1945, Rochester,
+N. Y.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Nichols, Mrs. C. I. H. <i>The Responsibilities of Woman.</i> Pamphlet.
+1851.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Nordholf, Charles. "A Tilt at the Woman Question," <i>Harper's</i>
+Magazine, February 1863.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Norton, Frank H. <i>Frank Leslie's Historical Register of the U. S.
+Centennial Exposition, 1876.</i> New York, 1877.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio"><i>Our Famous Women.</i> Hartford, Conn., 1883.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Pankhurst, Emmeline. <i>My Own Story.</i> New York, 1914.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Parker, P. J. M. <i>Rochester, A Story Historical.</i> Rochester, N.Y.,
+1884.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Parker, Theodore. <i>A Sermon on the Public Function of Women.</i>
+Pamphlet. Boston, 1853.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Peck, Mary Gray. <i>Carrie Chapman Catt.</i> New York, 1944.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Phillips, Wendell. <i>Freedom for Woman.</i> Pamphlet. New York, 1868.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Pillsbury, Parker. <i>The Acts of the Antislavery Apostles.</i> Concord,
+N.H., 1883.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;. <i>The Mortality of Nations.</i> Pamphlet. New York, 1867.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio"><i>The Place of Women in the Society of Friends.</i> Pamphlet. Oxford,
+England, 1910.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Powderly, Terrence V. <i>The Path I Trod.</i> New York, 1940.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio"><i>Proceedings of the Woman's Rights Convention Held at Syracuse,
+September 8th, 9th, and 10th, 1852.</i> Pamphlet.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Quarles, Benjamin. <i>Frederick Douglass.</i> Washington, D.C., 1948.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio"><i>Report of the International Council of Women, 1888.</i> Washington,
+D.C., 1888.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Richards, Caroline Cowles. <i>Village Life in America.</i> New York, 1913.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Richardson, Albert D. <i>Beyond the Mississippi.</i> Hartford, Conn., 1867.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Robinson, Sara T. D. <i>Kansas, Its Interior and Exterior.</i> Lawrence,
+Kansas, 1899.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Rosenberger, Jesse Leonard. <i>Rochester, The Making of a University.</i>
+Rochester, N.Y., 1927.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Ross, Ishbel. <i>Angel of the Battlefield.</i> New York, 1956.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;. <i>Ladies of the Press.</i> New York, 1936.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Rourke, Constance. <i>Trumpets of Jubilee.</i> New York, 1927.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Sachs, Emanie. <i>The Terrible Siren.</i> New York, 1928.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Sanborn, F. B. <i>Life and Letters of John Brown.</i> Boston, 1891.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Sandburg, Carl. <i>Abraham Lincoln, The War Years.</i> New York, 1939.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Sanford, Harold W. <i>A Century of Unitarianism in Rochester.</i>
+Rochester, N.Y., 1939.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Schlesinger, Arthur M. <i>The American As Reformer.</i> Cambridge, Mass.,
+1950.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;. <i>The Political and Social Growth of the United States,
+1852-1933.</i> New York, 1936.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;. <i>The Rise of Modern America, 1865-1951.</i> New York, 1951.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Schlesinger, Arthur M., and Hockett, H. C. <i>Land of the Free.</i> New
+York, 1944.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Sears, Lorenzo. <i>Wendell Phillips.</i> New York, 1909.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Selden, Clara Sayre. <i>Family Sketches.</i> Rochester, N.Y., 1939.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Sewall, May Wright (ed.). <i>The World's Congress of Representative
+Women.</i> Chicago, 1894.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Shaw, Anna Howard. <i>The Story of a Pioneer.</i> New York, 1915.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Smith, Gerrit. <i>Letter to Elizabeth Cady Stanton on Woman's Rights and
+Dress Reform.</i> Pamphlet. Peterboro, N.H., 1855.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Smith, Julia. <i>Abby Smith and Her Cows, With a Report of the Law Case
+Decided Contrary to Law.</i> Pamphlet. Hartford, Conn., 1877.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Smith, Matthew Hale. <i>Sunshine and Shadow in New York.</i> Hartford,
+Conn., 1869.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Sprague, William F. <i>Women and the West.</i> Boston, 1940.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Stanton, Elizabeth Cady. <i>Address to the Legislature of New York,
+February, 1854.</i> Pamphlet. Albany, 1854.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;. <i>Bible and Church Degrade Women.</i> Pamphlet. Chicago, 1884.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;. <i>The Christian Church and Women.</i> Pamphlet reprinted from <i>The
+Index</i> (Boston), n.d.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;. "The Degradation of Disfranchisement," <i>National Bulletin</i>,
+March 1891. Pamphlet.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;. <i>Eighty Years and More.</i> New York, 1898.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="biblio">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;. <i>The Slave's Appeal.</i> Pamphlet. Albany, 1860.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;. <i>Significance and History of the Ballot.</i> Pamphlet. Washington,
+D.C., 1898.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;. <i>The Solitude of Self.</i> Pamphlet. Washington, D.C., 1892.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;. <i>Suffrage, a Natural Right.</i> Pamphlet. Chicago, 1894.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;. <i>The Woman's Bible.</i> New York, 1898.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, Anthony, Susan B., and Gage, Matilda Joslyn.
+<i>History of Woman Suffrage</i>, Vols. I, II, III. New York and Rochester,
+1881, 1882, 1886.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Stanton, Theodore. <i>The Woman Question in Europe.</i> New York, 1884.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Stanton, Theodore, and Blatch, Harriot Stanton (Ed.). <i>Elizabeth Cady
+Stanton, As Revealed in Her Letters, Diary, and Reminiscences</i>, New
+York, 1922.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Stevens, G. A., <i>New York Typographical Union No. 6.</i> Albany, 1913.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Strachey, Ray. <i>Struggle.</i> New York, 1930.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Ten Broek, Jacobus. <i>The Antislavery Origins of the Fourteenth
+Amendment.</i> Berkeley, Calif., 1951.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Terrell, Mary Church. <i>A Colored Woman in a White World.</i> Washington,
+D.C., 1940.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Thornton, Willis. <i>The Nine Lives of Citizen Train.</i> New York, 1948.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Tilton, Theodore. <i>Biography of Victoria C. Woodhull.</i> (Golden Age
+Tract No. 3.) Pamphlet. New York, 1871.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Tracy, George A. <i>History of the Typographical Union.</i> Indianapolis,
+1913.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Train, George Francis. <i>The Great Epigram Campaign of Kansas.</i>
+Pamphlet. Leavenworth, Kansas, 1867.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;. <i>My Life in Many States and Foreign Lands.</i> New York, 1902.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;. <i>Train's Union Speeches.</i> Pamphlet. Philadelphia, 1862.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Trowbridge, Lydia Jones. <i>Frances Willard of Evanston.</i> Chicago, 1938.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">True, Charles H. <i>Ten Years of Woman Suffrage in Wyoming.</i> Pamphlet.
+Rochester, N.Y., 1879.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Waite, Charles B. "Who Were the Voters in the Early History of this
+Country?" <i>Chicago Law Times</i>, October 1888.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Willard, Frances. <i>Glimpses of Fifty Years.</i> Chicago, 1889.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Willard, Frances E., and Livermore, Mary A. <i>A Woman of the Century.</i>
+New York, 1893.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Williams, Blanche Colton. <i>Clara Barton.</i> New York, 1941.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Whitney, Janet. <i>Abigail Adams.</i> Boston, 1947.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Woodhull, Victoria C. <i>The Argument for Women's Electoral Rights under
+Amendments XIV and XV of the Constitution of the United States.</i>
+London, 1887.</p>
+
+<p class="biblio">Woody, Thomas. <i>A History of Women's Education in the United States.</i>
+New York, 1929.</p>
+
+
+<p class="heading sc lowercase">NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS</p>
+
+<p>
+Adams (Mass.) <i>Freeman</i><br />
+<i>The Agitator</i><br />
+<i>Antislavery Standard</i><br />
+Chicago Daily <i>Tribune</i><br />
+Chicago <i>Inter-Ocean</i><br />
+<i>The Golden Age</i><br />
+<i>Harper's Weekly</i><br />
+<i>The Independent</i><br />
+<i>Ladies' Home Journal</i><br />
+<i>The Liberator</i><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</a></span><i>The Lily</i><br />
+New York <i>Daily Graphic</i><br />
+New York <i>Herald</i><br />
+New York <i>Post</i><br />
+New York <i>Suffrage News Letter</i><br />
+New York <i>Sun</i><br />
+New York <i>Times</i><br />
+New York <i>Tribune</i><br />
+New York <i>World</i><br />
+Philadelphia <i>Press</i><br />
+<i>The Revolution</i><br />
+<i>Rochester History</i><br />
+San Francisco <i>Examiner</i><br />
+<i>The Una</i><br />
+<i>Woman's Campaign</i><br />
+<i>Woman's Journal</i><br />
+<i>Woman's Tribune</i><br />
+<i>Woman's Suffrage Journal</i> (London, England)<br />
+<i>Woodhull &amp; Claflin's Weekly</i><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<p>&nbsp;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[Pg 335]</a></span></p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX</h2>
+
+<table style="width:60%;" border="0" summary="index">
+	<tr>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_A">A</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_B">B</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_C">C</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_D">D</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_E">E</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_F">F</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_G">G</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_H">H</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_I">I</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_J">J</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_K">K</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_L">L</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_M">M</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_N">N</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_O">O</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_P">P</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_Q">Q</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_R">R</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_S">S</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_T">T</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_U">U</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_V">V</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_W">W</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_W">X</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_W">Y</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_W">Z</a></td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_A" name="IX_A"></a>Addams, Jane, <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li>
+<li>Alcott, Bronson, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li>
+<li>American Antislavery Society, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>-<a href="#Page_119">19</a></li>
+<li>American Equal Rights Association, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>-<a href="#Page_120">20</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>-<a href="#Page_146">46</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li>
+<li>American Federation of Labor, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>-<a href="#Page_286">86</a></li>
+<li>American Woman Suffrage Association, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>-<a href="#Page_173">73</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>-<a href="#Page_250">50</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a></li>
+<li>Anneké, Madam, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li>
+<li>Anthony, Ann O. <i>See</i> Bacon, Ann Anthony.</li>
+<li>Anthony, Anna Osborne, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>-<a href="#Page_109">09</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a></li>
+<li>Anthony, Daniel (father), <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>-<a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>-<a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>-<a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li>
+<li>Anthony, Daniel Jr. (nephew), <a href="#Page_241">241</a></li>
+<li>Anthony, Daniel Read (brother), <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>-<a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>-<a href="#Page_112">12</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>-<a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a></li>
+<li>Anthony, Eliza, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li>
+<li>Anthony, Guelma. <i>See</i> McLean, Guelma Anthony.</li>
+<li>Anthony, Hannah. <i>See</i> Mosher, Hannah Anthony.</li>
+<li>Anthony, Hannah Latham, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li>
+<li>Anthony, Humphrey, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li>
+<li>Anthony, Jacob Merritt, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a></li>
+<li>Anthony, Lucy E., <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li>
+<li>Anthony, Lucy Read, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>-<a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>-<a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>-<a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>-<a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>-<a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a></li>
+<li>Anthony, Mary Luther, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li>
+<li>Anthony, Mary S., <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a></li>
+<li>Anthony, Sarah Burtis, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li>
+<li>Anthony, Susan B., birth of, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>;
+  <ul class="IX">
+  <li>ancestry of, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>;</li>
+  <li>her school days, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>-<a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>-<a href="#Page_11">11</a>;</li>
+  <li>as teacher, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>-<a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>-<a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</li>
+  <li>her first temperance speech, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;</li>
+  <li>her interest in books, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</li>
+  <li>her interest in outdoor work, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>;</li>
+  <li>her opinions on marriage, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>-<a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>,
+    <ul class="IX">
+    <li>on women's support of political parties, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>,</li>
+    <li>on woman as president, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>;</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li>her first appeal for Congressional action on woman suffrage, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;</li>
+  <li>50th birthday celebration of, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</li>
+  <li>arrest and trial of, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>-<a href="#Page_203">03</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>-<a href="#Page_213">13</a>;</li>
+  <li>diaries of, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>-<a href="#Page_265">65</a>;</li>
+  <li>retirement of, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>;</li>
+  <li>84th birthday celebration of, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>;</li>
+  <li>last illness and death of, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>;</li>
+  <li>prophecy of, <a href="#Page_310">310</a></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Aurora Leigh, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>-<a href="#Page_76">76</a></li>
+<li>Avery, Dr. Alida, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li>
+<li>Avery, Rachel Foster, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>-<a href="#Page_239">39</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>-<a href="#Page_245">45</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>-<a href="#Page_275">75</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>-<a href="#Page_280">80</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>-<a href="#Page_293">93</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>-<a href="#Page_323">23</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_B" name="IX_B"></a>Bacon, Ann Anthony, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li>
+<li>Barton, Clara, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
+<li>Becker, Lydia, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li>
+<li>Beecher, Henry Ward, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>-<a href="#Page_174">74</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>-<a href="#Page_222">22</a></li>
+<li>Beecher-Tilton case, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>-<a href="#Page_223">23</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a></li>
+<li>Bickerdyke, Mother, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+<li>Bingham, Anson, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li>
+<li>Bingham, John A., <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li>
+<li>Blackwell, Alice Stone, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a></li>
+<li>Blackwell, Antoinette Brown, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>-<a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a></li>
+<li>Blackwell, Dr. Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li>
+<li>Blackwell, Ellen, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
+<li>Blackwell, Henry, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li>
+<li>Blackwell, Samuel, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+<li>Blake, Lillie Devereux, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li>
+<li>Blatch, Harriot Stanton, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>-<a href="#Page_251">51</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>-<a href="#Page_288">88</a>, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a></li>
+<li>Blatch, William Henry, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li>
+<li>Bloomer, Amelia, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li>
+<li>Bloomer Costume, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li>
+<li>Booth, Mary L., <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li>
+<li>Bradwell, Myra, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>-<a href="#Page_208">08</a></li>
+<li>Bright, Jacob, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
+<li>Brown, Antoinette. <i>See</i> Blackwell, Antoinette Brown.</li>
+<li>Brown, B. Gratz, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
+<li>Brown, John, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>-<a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a></li>
+<li>Brown, Olympia, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li>
+<li>Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>-<a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li>
+<li>Bryn Mawr College, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>-<a href="#Page_307">07</a></li>
+<li>Buffalo Bill (William F. Cody), <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li>
+<li>Bullard, Laura Curtis, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>-<a href="#Page_179">79</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+<li>Burnham, Carrie S., <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li>
+<li>Butler, Benjamin F., <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_C" name="IX_C"></a>Caldwell, Margaret Read, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li>
+<li>California campaign, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>-<a href="#Page_273">73</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a></li>
+<li>Carroll, Ella Anna, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li>
+<li>Cary, Alice, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li>
+<li>Cary, Phoebe, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li>
+<li>Catt, Carrie Chapman, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>-<a href="#Page_255">55</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>-<a href="#Page_277">77</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>-<a href="#Page_280">80</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>-<a href="#Page_294">94</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>-<a href="#Page_297">97</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li>
+<li>Centennial Exposition, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>-<a href="#Page_228">28</a></li>
+<li>Channing, William Henry, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li>
+<li>Chase, Salmon P., <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li>
+<li>Child, Lydia Maria, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li>
+<li>Claflin, Tennessee, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>-<a href="#Page_182">82</a></li>
+<li>Clay, Laura, <a href="#Page_293">293</a></li>
+<li>Clemmer, Mary, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li>
+<li>Cleveland, Grover, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>-<a href="#Page_261">61</a>, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>-<a href="#Page_305">05</a></li>
+<li>Coeducation, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>-<a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>-<a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li>
+<li>Colby, Clara Bewick, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>-<a href="#Page_245">45</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>-<a href="#Page_325">25</a></li>
+<li>College Equal Suffrage League, <a href="#Page_306">306</a></li>
+<li>College Evening, the, Baltimore, Maryland, <a href="#Page_307">307</a></li>
+<li>Conkling, Roscoe, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li>
+<li>Conway, Moncure D., <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li>
+<li>Corbin, Hannah Lee, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li>
+<li>Couzins, Phoebe, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></li>
+<li>Cowles, Caroline. <i>See</i> Richards, Caroline Cowles.</li>
+<li>Crittenden, Alexander P., <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a></li>
+<li>Curtis, George William, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>-<a href="#Page_126">26</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_D" name="IX_D"></a>Dall, Caroline H., <a href="#Page_316">316</a></li>
+<li>Dann, Anna. <i>See</i> Mason, Anna Dann.</li>
+<li>Daughters of Temperance, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>-<a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
+<li>Davis, Paulina Wright, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>-<a href="#Page_185">85</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li>
+<li>Debs, Eugene V., <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li>
+<li>De Garmo, Rhoda, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li>
+<li>Democrats, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>-<a href="#Page_131">31</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>-<a href="#Page_136">36</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>-<a href="#Page_141">41</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>-<a href="#Page_148">48</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>-<a href="#Page_197">97</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>-<a href="#Page_269">69</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li>
+<li>Demorest, Mme. Louise, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a></li>
+<li>Dickinson, Albert, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li>
+<li>Dickinson, Anna E., <a href="#Page_94">94</a>-<a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>-<a href="#Page_107">07</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>-<a href="#Page_145">45</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a></li>
+<li>Divorce, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>-<a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li>
+<li>Dix, Dorothea, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li>
+<li>Douglas, Stephen A., <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+<li>Douglass, Frederick, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>-<a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>-<a href="#Page_163">63</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li>
+<li>Duniway, Abigail Scott, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_E" name="IX_E"></a>Eddy, Eliza J., <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>-<a href="#Page_239">39</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a></li>
+<li>Emancipation Proclamation, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>-<a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>-<a href="#Page_102">02</a></li>
+<li>Emerson, Ralph Waldo, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_F" name="IX_F"></a>Fair, Laura, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>-<a href="#Page_189">89</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a></li>
+<li>Fawcett, Millicent Garrett, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li>
+<li>Federal Woman Suffrage Amendment, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>-<a href="#Page_162">62</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>-<a href="#Page_173">73</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>-<a href="#Page_218">18</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>-<a href="#Page_34">234</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a></li>
+<li>Fifteenth Amendment, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>-<a href="#Page_165">65</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>-<a href="#Page_193">93</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>-<a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li>
+<li>First National Woman's Rights convention, 1850, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li>
+<li>First Woman's Rights convention, 1848, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li>
+<li>Foster, Abby Kelley, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li>
+<li>Foster, Rachel. <i>See</i> Avery, Rachel Foster.</li>
+<li>Foster, Stephen S., <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li>
+<li>Fourteenth Amendment, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>-<a href="#Page_116">16</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>-<a href="#Page_122">22</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>-<a href="#Page_182">82</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>-<a href="#Page_193">93</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>-<a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>-<a href="#Page_208">08</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>-<a href="#Page_211">11</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a></li>
+<li>Frémont, Jessie Benton, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li>
+<li>Frémont, John C., <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_G" name="IX_G"></a>Gage, Frances D., <a href="#Page_53">53</a>-<a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a></li>
+<li>Gage, Matilda Joslyn, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>-<a href="#Page_228">28</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a></li>
+<li>Gannett, Mary Lewis, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a></li>
+<li>Gannett, William C., <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a></li>
+<li>Garrett, Mary, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>-<a href="#Page_307">07</a>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li>
+<li>Garrison, William Lloyd, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>-<a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>-<a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>-<a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>-<a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>-<a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>-<a href="#Page_105">05</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>-<a href="#Page_112">12</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li>
+<li>General Federation of Women's Clubs, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li>
+<li>Gibbons, Abby Hopper, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
+<li>Gilman, Charlotte Perkins Stetson, <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li>
+<li>Godbe, William S., <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li>
+<li>Gompers, Samuel, <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li>
+<li>Gough, John B., <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li>
+<li>Grant, Ulysses S., <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>-<a href="#Page_147">47</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a></li>
+<li>Greeley, Horace, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>-<a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>-<a href="#Page_104">04</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>-<a href="#Page_127">27</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>-<a href="#Page_142">42</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>-<a href="#Page_197">97</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li>
+<li>Greeley, Mary Cheney, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
+<li>Greenwood, Grace, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li>
+<li>Grimké Sisters, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_H" name="IX_H"></a>Hallowell, Mary, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a></li>
+<li>Hamilton, Gail, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
+<li>Harper, Ida Husted, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>-<a href="#Page_272">72</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>-<a href="#Page_296">96</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a></li>
+<li>Hawley, Genevieve, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a></li>
+<li>Hay, Mary Garrett, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>-<a href="#Page_292">92</a></li>
+<li>Hearst, Phoebe, <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li>
+<li>Hearst, William Randolph, <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li>
+<li>Higginson, Thomas Wentworth, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>-<a href="#Page_146">46</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li>
+<li>History of Woman Suffrage, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>-<a href="#Page_239">39</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a></li>
+<li>Hooker, Isabella Beecher, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>-<a href="#Page_168">68</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>-<a href="#Page_175">75</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>-<a href="#Page_183">83</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>-<a href="#Page_195">95</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>-<a href="#Page_321">21</a></li>
+<li>Hooker, John, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a></li>
+<li>Hovey, Charles F., <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li>
+<li>Hovey Fund, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li>
+<li>Howe, Julia Ward, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li>
+<li>Howe, Samuel G., <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li>
+<li>Hoxie, Hannah Anthony, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li>
+<li>Hunt, Dr. Harriot K., <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li>
+<li>Hunt, Judge Ward, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>-<a href="#Page_214">14</a></li>
+<li>Hutchinson Family Singers, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_I" name="IX_I"></a>International Council of Women, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>-<a href="#Page_249">49</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>-<a href="#Page_89">289</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>-<a href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a></li>
+<li>International Woman Suffrage Alliance, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>-<a href="#Page_300">300</a></li>
+<li>Irwin, Inez Haynes, <a href="#Page_306">306</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_J" name="IX_J"></a>Jackson, Francis, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a></li>
+<li>Jackson Fund, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
+<li>Jacobi, Dr. Mary Putnam, <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li>
+<li>Johnson, Adelaide, <a href="#Page_323">323</a></li>
+<li>Johnson, Andrew, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>-<a href="#Page_141">41</a></li>
+<li>Julian, George W., <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>-<a href="#Page_160">60</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_K" name="IX_K"></a>Kansas campaigns, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>-<a href="#Page_138">38</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>-<a href="#Page_269">69</a></li>
+<li>Kelley, Abby. <i>See</i> Foster, Abby Kelley.</li>
+<li>Kelley, Florence, <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li>
+<li>Knights of Labor, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_L" name="IX_L"></a>Lane, Carrie. <i>See</i> Catt, Carrie Chapman.</li>
+<li>Lapham, Anson, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a></li>
+<li>Laughlin, Gail, <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li>
+<li>Lawrence, Margaret Stanton, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li>
+<li>Lewis and Clark Exposition, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>-<a href="#Page_304">04</a></li>
+<li><i>Liberator, The</i>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>-<a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+<li><i>Lily, The</i>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
+<li>Lincoln, Abraham, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>-<a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>-<a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>-<a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>-<a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>-<a href="#Page_106">06</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a></li>
+<li>Livermore, Mary, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li>
+<li>Lockwood, Belva, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a></li>
+<li>Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li>
+<li>Longfellow, Samuel, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a></li>
+<li>Lozier, Dr. Clemence, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li>
+<li>Luther, Mary. <i>See</i> Anthony, Mary Luther.</li>
+<li>Lyceum Lecture Tours, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li>
+<li>Lyon, Mary, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_M" name="IX_M"></a>Married Women's Property Law, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>-<a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>-<a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
+<li>Mason, Anna Dann, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a></li>
+<li>May, Samuel J., <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>-<a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
+<li>May, Samuel Jr., <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
+<li>Mayo, Rev. A. D., <a href="#Page_82">82</a>-<a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+<li>McCulloch, Catharine Waugh, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li>
+<li>McFarland, Daniel, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li>
+<li>McFarland, Mrs. <i>See</i> Richardson, Abby Sage.</li>
+<li>McLean, Aaron, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>-<a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li>
+<li>McLean, Ann Eliza, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li>
+<li>McLean, Guelma Anthony, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>-<a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li>
+<li>McLean, Judge John, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>-<a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li>
+<li>Melliss, David M., <a href="#Page_138">138</a>-<a href="#Page_139">39</a></li>
+<li>Mill, Harriet Taylor, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li>
+<li>Mill, John Stuart, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>-<a href="#Page_129">29</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
+<li>Miller, Elizabeth Smith, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>-<a href="#Page_166">66</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li>
+<li>Minor, Francis, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li>
+<li>Minor, Virginia, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a></li>
+<li>Mitchell, Maria, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li>
+<li>Monroe County Lectures, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>-<a href="#Page_207">07</a></li>
+<li>Montgomery, Helen Barrett, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li>
+<li>Mormons, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>-<a href="#Page_187">87</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li>
+<li>Mosher, Eugene, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li>
+<li>Mosher, Hannah Anthony, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>-<a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a></li>
+<li>Mosher, Louise, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li>
+<li>Mott, James, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>-<a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li>
+<li>Mott, Lucretia, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>-<a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>-<a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>-<a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>-<a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>-<a href="#Page_227">27</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a></li>
+<li>Mott, Lydia, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>-<a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>-<a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a></li>
+<li>Moulson, Deborah, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>-<a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_N" name="IX_N"></a>National American Woman Suffrage Association, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>-<a href="#Page_278">78</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>-<a href="#Page_287">87</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>-<a href="#Page_293">93</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>-<a href="#Page_297">97</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>-<a href="#Page_303">03</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>-<a href="#Page_308">08</a></li>
+<li>National Council of Women, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li>
+<li>National Labor Union Congress, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>-<a href="#Page_152">52</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>-<a href="#Page_156">56</a></li>
+<li>National Woman Suffrage Association, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>-<a href="#Page_195">95</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>-<a href="#Page_251">51</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a></li>
+<li>Negro slavery, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>-<a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>-<a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>-<a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>-<a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>-<a href="#Page_103">03</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>-<a href="#Page_113">13</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a></li>
+<li>Negro suffrage, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>-<a href="#Page_114">14</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>-<a href="#Page_118">18</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>-<a href="#Page_125">25</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>-<a href="#Page_133">33</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>-<a href="#Page_142">42</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>-<a href="#Page_163">63</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>-<a href="#Page_166">66</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li>
+<li>New York constitutional conventions, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>-<a href="#Page_127">27</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>-<a href="#Page_167">67</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li>
+<li>New York State Industrial School, Rochester, New York, <a href="#Page_256">256</a></li>
+<li>New York State Teachers' convention, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>-<a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>-<a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
+<li>Nichols, Clarina, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a></li>
+<li>Nightingale, Florence, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li>
+<li>Nineteenth Amendment, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_O" name="IX_O"></a>Oberlin College, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
+<li>Occupations, Women's, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>-<a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></li>
+<li>Oklahoma campaign, <a href="#Page_303">303</a></li>
+<li>Oregon campaigns, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>-<a href="#Page_190">90</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>-<a href="#Page_304">04</a>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li>
+<li>Owen, Robert Dale, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_P" name="IX_P"></a>Palmer, Bertha Honoré, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>-<a href="#Page_262">62</a></li>
+<li>Pankhurst, Emmeline, <a href="#Page_325">325</a></li>
+<li>Park, Maud Wood, <a href="#Page_306">306</a></li>
+<li>Parker, Theodore, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
+<li>Phelps, Dr. Charles Abner, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>-<a href="#Page_91">91</a></li>
+<li>Phelps, Mrs. Charles Abner, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>-<a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a></li>
+<li>Phelps, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a></li>
+<li>Phillips, Wendell, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>-<a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>-<a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>-<a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>-<a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>-<a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>-<a href="#Page_106">06</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>-<a href="#Page_117">17</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>-<a href="#Page_135">35</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a></li>
+<li>Pillsbury, Parker, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>-<a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>-<a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li>
+<li>Pomeroy, Senator S. C., <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>-<a href="#Page_160">60</a></li>
+<li>Post, Amy, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li>
+<li>Purvis, Robert, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_Q" name="IX_Q"></a>Quakers, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>-<a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>-<a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>-<a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>-<a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>-<a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>-<a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>-<a href="#Page_315">15</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_R" name="IX_R"></a>Read, Daniel, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a></li>
+<li>Read, Joshua, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>-<a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
+<li>Read, Susannah Richardson, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a></li>
+<li>Republicans, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>-<a href="#Page_115">15</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>-<a href="#Page_124">24</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>-<a href="#Page_132">32</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>-<a href="#Page_136">36</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>-<a href="#Page_148">48</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>-<a href="#Page_197">97</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>-<a href="#Page_269">69</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a></li>
+<li><i>Revolution, The</i>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>-<a href="#Page_146">46</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>-<a href="#Page_149">49</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>-<a href="#Page_155">55</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>-<a href="#Page_158">58</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>-<a href="#Page_162">62</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>-<a href="#Page_167">67</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>-<a href="#Page_174">74</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>-<a href="#Page_180">80</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>-<a href="#Page_189">89</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>-<a href="#Page_221">21</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li>
+<li>Richards, Caroline Cowles, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li>
+<li>Richardson, Abbie Sage, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>-<a href="#Page_175">75</a></li>
+<li>Richardson, Albert D., <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li>
+<li>Ricker, Marilla, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li>
+<li>Riddle, Albert G., <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li>
+<li>Robinson, Charles, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
+<li>Rochester, University of, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>-<a href="#Page_295">95</a></li>
+<li>Rogers, Dr. Seth, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>-<a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
+<li>Roosevelt, Theodore, <a href="#Page_305">305</a></li>
+<li>Rose, Ernestine, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>-<a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_S" name="IX_S"></a>Sacajawea, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li>
+<li>Sage, Mrs. Russell, <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li>
+<li>Sanborn, Frank, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li>
+<li>Sargent, Aaron A., <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li>
+<li>Sargent, Ellen Clark, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li>
+<li>Selden, Judge Henry R., <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>-<a href="#Page_203">03</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>-<a href="#Page_212">12</a></li>
+<li>Sewall, May Wright, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>-<a href="#Page_245">45</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a></li>
+<li>Seward, William H., <a href="#Page_62">62</a>-<a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+<li>Seymour, Horatio, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>-<a href="#Page_147">47</a></li>
+<li>Shaw, Anne Howard, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>-<a href="#Page_249">49</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>-<a href="#Page_254">54</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>-<a href="#Page_261">61</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>-<a href="#Page_269">69</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>-<a href="#Page_276">76</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>-<a href="#Page_280">80</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>-<a href="#Page_290">90</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>-<a href="#Page_297">97</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a></li>
+<li>Sixteenth Amendment, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>-<a href="#Page_162">62</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>-<a href="#Page_173">73</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>-<a href="#Page_217">17</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>-<a href="#Page_233">33</a></li>
+<li>Smith, Abby and Julia, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li>
+<li>Smith, Elizabeth Oakes, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>-<a href="#Page_34">34</a></li>
+<li>Smith, Gerrit, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li>
+<li>South Dakota campaign, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>-<a href="#Page_255">55</a></li>
+<li>Spanish-American War, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>-<a href="#Page_283">83</a></li>
+<li>Spencer, Sarah Andrews, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></li>
+<li>Spofford, Jane, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a></li>
+<li>Stanford, Leland, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li>
+<li>Stanford, Mrs. Leland, <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li>
+<li>Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>-<a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>-<a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>-<a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>-<a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>-<a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>-<a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>-<a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>-<a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>-<a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>-<a href="#Page_130">30</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>-<a href="#Page_138">38</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>-<a href="#Page_143">43</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>-<a href="#Page_162">62</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>-<a href="#Page_167">67</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>-<a href="#Page_171">71</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>-<a href="#Page_177">77</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>-<a href="#Page_180">80</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>-<a href="#Page_191">91</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>-<a href="#Page_197">97</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>-<a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>-<a href="#Page_221">21</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>-<a href="#Page_227">27</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>-<a href="#Page_240">40</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>-<a href="#Page_245">45</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>-<a href="#Page_251">51</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>-<a href="#Page_258">58</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>-<a href="#Page_280">80</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>-<a href="#Page_296">96</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>-<a href="#Page_318">18</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>-<a href="#Page_323">23</a></li>
+<li>Stanton, Harriot. <i>See</i> Blatch, Harriot Stanton.</li>
+<li>Stanton, Henry B., <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>-<a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li>
+<li>Stanton, Margaret. <i>See</i> Lawrence, Margaret Stanton.</li>
+<li>Stanton, Theodore, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li>
+<li>Stetson, Charlotte Perkins. <i>See</i> Gilman, Charlotte Perkins Stetson.</li>
+<li>Stevens, Thaddeus, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a></li>
+<li>Stone, Lucy, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>-<a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>-<a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>-<a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>-<a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>-<a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>-<a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>-<a href="#Page_128">28</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>-<a href="#Page_145">45</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>-<a href="#Page_165">65</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>-<a href="#Page_173">73</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>-<a href="#Page_238">38</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a></li>
+<li>Stowe, Harriet Beecher, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li>
+<li>Sumner, Charles, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>-<a href="#Page_118">18</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a></li>
+<li>Sweet, Emma B., <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li>
+<li>Sylvis, William H., <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_T" name="IX_T"></a>Taylor, Harriet. <i>See</i> Mill, Harriet Taylor.</li>
+<li>Terrell, Mary Church, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>-<a href="#Page_288">88</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a></li>
+<li>Thirteenth Amendment, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>-<a href="#Page_105">05</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li>
+<li>Thomas, M. Carey, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>-<a href="#Page_307">07</a></li>
+<li>Tilton, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>-<a href="#Page_221">21</a></li>
+<li>Tilton, Theodore, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>-<a href="#Page_221">21</a></li>
+<li>Train, George Francis, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>-<a href="#Page_133">33</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>-<a href="#Page_139">39</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li>
+<li>Tubman, Harriet, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_U" name="IX_U"></a>Unitarians, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>-<a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a></li>
+<li>Upton, Harriet Taylor, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>-<a href="#Page_276">76</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_V" name="IX_V"></a>Van Voorhis, John, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>-<a href="#Page_203">03</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li>
+<li>Vassar College, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a></li>
+<li>Vaughn, Hester, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>-<a href="#Page_157">57</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li>
+<li>Victoria, Queen, <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li>
+<li>Victoria Augusta, Empress, <a href="#Page_302">302</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_W" name="IX_W"></a>Wade, Senator Benjamin, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>-<a href="#Page_141">41</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a></li>
+<li>Wages, Women's, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>-<a href="#Page_156">56</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>-<a href="#Page_286">86</a></li>
+<li>Waite, Chief Justice, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>-<a href="#Page_215">15</a></li>
+<li>Walker, Dr. Mary, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li>
+<li>Weed, Thurlow, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>-<a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+<li>Weld, Theodore, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li>
+<li>Whittier, John G., <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li>
+<li>Willard, Emma, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li>
+<li>Willard, Frances E., <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>-<a href="#Page_243">43</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>-<a href="#Page_247">47</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a></li>
+<li>Wilson, Senator Henry, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>-<a href="#Page_160">60</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li>
+<li>Wollstonecraft, Mary, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
+<li>Woman Suffrage, in Australia, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>;
+  <ul class="IX">
+  <li>in Colorado, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>-<a href="#Page_231">31</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>;</li>
+  <li>in Great Britain, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>-<a href="#Page_323">23</a>;</li>
+  <li>in Idaho, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>;</li>
+  <li>in New Zealand, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>;</li>
+  <li>in Utah, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>;</li>
+  <li>in Wyoming, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Woman Suffrage Conventions, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>-<a href="#Page_173">73</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>-<a href="#Page_176">76</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>-<a href="#Page_181">81</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>-<a href="#Page_185">85</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>-<a href="#Page_195">95</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>-<a href="#Page_234">34</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>-<a href="#Page_278">78</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>-<a href="#Page_296">96</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>-<a href="#Page_304">304</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>-<a href="#Page_307">07</a></li>
+<li><i>Woman's Bible</i>, The, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>-<a href="#Page_260">60</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>-<a href="#Page_280">80</a></li>
+<li><i>Woman's Journal</i>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a></li>
+<li>Woman's Rights Conventions, Seneca Falls, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;
+  <ul class="IX">
+  <li>Rochester, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</li>
+  <li>Syracuse, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>-<a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</li>
+  <li>Albany, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>-<a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</li>
+  <li>Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</li>
+  <li>Saratoga, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>-<a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</li>
+  <li>New York, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>-<a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>-<a href="#Page_82">82</a></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Woman's State Temperance Society, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>-<a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+<li>Woman's Suffrage Association of America, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li>
+<li><i>Woman's Tribune</i>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>-<a href="#Page_324">24</a></li>
+<li>Women's Christian Temperance Union, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>-<a href="#Page_218">18</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>,
+  <ul class="IX">
+  <li>271, <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li>
+  </ul></li>
+<li>Women's National Loyal League, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>-<a href="#Page_103">03</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a></li>
+<li>Woodhull, Victoria C., <a href="#Page_180">180</a>-<a href="#Page_186">86</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>-<a href="#Page_195">95</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>-<a href="#Page_221">21</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li>
+<li>Woolley, Dr. Mary E., <a href="#Page_306">306</a></li>
+<li>Workingwomen's Association, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>-<a href="#Page_153">53</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>-<a href="#Page_157">57</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li>
+<li>World's Fair, Chicago, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>-<a href="#Page_262">62</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>-<a href="#Page_324">24</a></li>
+<li>World's Temperance Convention, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li>
+<li>Wright, Frances, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
+<li>Wright, Martha C., <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name="END" id="END"></a>
+<div class="trans-note">
+<p class="heading">Transcriber's Notes:</p>
+<p>Every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as
+possible, including obsolete and variant spellings and other
+inconsistencies.  The transcriber made the following changes to the
+text to correct obvious errors:</p>
+
+<pre class="note">
+ 1. p.  14, Footnote #5 in Chapter "Quaker Heritage"
+            "ancestory" changed to "ancestry"
+ 2. p.  14, Footnote #12 in Chapter "Quaker Heritage"
+            "Dairy" changed to "Diary"
+ 3. p.  19, "responsibiity" changed to "responsibility"
+ 4. p.  31, "Presbysterian" changed to "Presbyterian"
+ 5. p.  53, "litle" changed to "little"
+ 6. p.  56, "Osawatamie" changed to "Osawatomie"
+ 7. p.  66, "marytrdom" changed to "martyrdom"
+ 8. p.  70, "newpaper" changed to "newspaper"
+ 9. p.  71, "Westminister" changed to "Westminster"
+10. p.  84, "betwen" changed to "between"
+11. p.  91, "fredom" changed to "freedom"
+12. p.  99, "marshall" changed to "marshal"
+13. p. 141, "Greley" changed to "Greeley"
+14. p. 143, "Garrion" changed to "Garrison"
+15. p. 154, "indepedence" changed to "independence"
+16. p. 155, rat office" changed to "rat office"
+17. p. 157, "Eourope" changed to "Europe"
+18. p. 162, "betwen" changed to "between"
+19. p. 164, at their side.  (Removed ending quote)
+20. p. 169, Mrs. Stanton and Susan use...." (Added ending quote)
+21. p. 175, "Griffing" changed to "Griffin"
+22. p. 184, "Victorial" changed to "Victoria"
+23. p. 186, "senusous" changed to "sensuous"
+24. p. 195, "Wodhull" changed to "Woodhull"
+25. p. 203, "womanhoood" changed to "womanhood"
+26. p. 209, "againt" changed to "against"
+27. p. 231, "ben" changed to "been"
+28. p. 234, "discused" changed to "discussed"
+29. p. 235, "Josyln" changed to "Joslyn"
+30. p. 236, "Cage" changed to "Gage"
+31. p. 253, "politican" changed to "politician"
+32. p. 265, "suffage" changed to "suffrage"
+33. p. 265, Footnote #367 in Chapter "Victories in the West"
+            "Happerset" changed to "Happersett"
+34. p. 274, "ue" changed to "use"
+35. p. 298, "contine" changed to "continue"
+36. p. 298, Footnote #426 in Chapter "Passing the Torch"
+            "yater" changed to "later"
+37. p. 306, "Byrn" changed to "Bryn"
+38. p. 308, "farwell" changed to "farewell"
+39. p. 329, "Thoguhts" changed to "Thoughts"
+40. p. 335, "phophecy" changed to "prophecy"
+</pre>
+
+</div>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Susan B. Anthony, by Alma Lutz
+
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+</pre>
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+</body>
+</html>
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@@ -0,0 +1,14841 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Susan B. Anthony, by Alma Lutz
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Susan B. Anthony
+       Rebel, Crusader, Humanitarian
+
+Author: Alma Lutz
+
+Release Date: January 25, 2007 [EBook #20439]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUSAN B. ANTHONY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Mark C. Orton, Richard J. Shiffer and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note:
+
+Extensive research did not uncover any evidence that the copyright on
+this publication was renewed.
+
+Every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as
+possible, including obsolete and variant spellings and other
+inconsistencies. Text that has been changed to correct an obvious
+error is noted at the end of this ebook.
+
+
+
+
+SUSAN B. ANTHONY
+
+
+REBEL, CRUSADER, HUMANITARIAN
+
+
+BY ALMA LUTZ
+
+
+ZENGER PUBLISHING CO. INC. BOX 9883, WASHINGTON DC 20015
+
+
+[Illustration: Susan B. Anthony]
+
+
+Alma Lutz was born and brought up in North Dakota, graduated from the
+Emma Willard School and Vassar College, and attended the Boston
+University School of Business Administration. She has written numerous
+articles and pamphlets and for many years has been a contributor to
+_The Christian Science Monitor_. Active in organizations working for
+the political, civil, and economic rights of women, she has also been
+interested in preserving the records of women's role in history and
+serves on the Advisory Board of the Radcliffe Women's Archives. Miss
+Lutz is the author of _Emma Willard, Daughter of Democracy_ (1929),
+_Created Equal, A Biography of Elizabeth Cady Stanton_ (1940),
+_Challenging Years, The Memoirs of Harriot Stanton Blatch_, with
+Harriot Stanton Blatch (1940), and the editor of _With Love Jane,
+Letters from American Women on the War Fronts_ (1945).
+
+(C) 1959 by Alma Lutz
+Member of the Authors League of America
+
+Published by arrangement with
+Beacon Press
+All rights reserved.
+
+
+Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
+
+Lutz, Alma.
+Susan B. Anthony: rebel, crusader, humanitarian.
+
+Reprint of the ed. published by Beacon Press, Boston.
+Bibliography: p.
+Includes index.
+1. Anthony, Susan Brownell, 1820-1906.
+[JK1899.A6L8 1975]  324'.3'0924 [B]  75-37764
+ISBN 0-89201-017-7
+
+Printed in the United States of America
+
+
+_To the young women of today_
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+To strive for liberty and for a democratic way of life has always been
+a noble tradition of our country. Susan B. Anthony followed this
+tradition. Convinced that the principle of equal rights for all, as
+stated in the Declaration of Independence, must be expressed in the
+laws of a true republic, she devoted her life to the establishment of
+this ideal.
+
+Because she recognized in Negro slavery and in the legal bondage of
+women flagrant violations of this principle, she became an active,
+courageous, effective antislavery crusader and a champion of civil and
+political rights for women. She saw women's struggle for freedom from
+legal restrictions as an important phase in the development of
+American democracy. To her this struggle was never a battle of the
+sexes, but a battle such as any freedom-loving people would wage for
+civil and political rights.
+
+While her goals for women were only partially realized in her
+lifetime, she prepared the soil for the acceptance not only of her
+long-hoped-for federal woman suffrage amendment but for a worldwide
+recognition of human rights, now expressed in the United Nations
+Charter and the Declaration of Human Rights. She looked forward to the
+time when throughout the world there would be no discrimination
+because of race, color, religion, or sex.
+
+
+
+
+ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
+
+
+"The letters of a person ...," said Thomas Jefferson, "form the only
+full and genuine journal of his life." Susan B. Anthony's letters,
+hundreds of them, preserved in libraries and private collections, and
+her diaries have been the basis of this biography, and I acknowledge
+my indebtedness to the following libraries and their helpful
+librarians: the American Antiquarian Society; the Bancroft Library of
+the University of California; the Boston Public Library; the Henry E.
+Huntington Library and Art Gallery; the Indiana State Library; the
+Kansas Historical Society; the Library of Congress; the Susan B.
+Anthony Memorial Collection of the Los Angeles Public Library, which
+has been transferred to the Henry E. Huntington Library; the New York
+Public Library; the New York State Library; the Ohio State Library;
+the Radcliffe Women's Archives; the Seneca Falls Historical Society;
+the Smith College Library; the Susan B. Anthony Memorial Inc.,
+Rochester, New York; the University of Rochester Library; the
+University of Kentucky Library; and the Vassar College Library.
+
+I am particularly indebted to Lucy E. Anthony, who asked me to write a
+biography of her aunt, lent me her aunt's diaries, and was most
+generous with her records and personal recollections. To her and to
+her sister, Mrs. Ann Anthony Bacon, I am very grateful for photographs
+and for permission to quote from Susan B. Anthony's diaries and from
+her letters and manuscripts.
+
+Ida Husted Harper's _Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony_, written in
+collaboration with Susan B. Anthony, and the _History of Woman
+Suffrage_, compiled by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony,
+Matilda Joslyn Gage, and Ida Husted Harper, have been invaluable. As
+many of the letters and documents used in the preparation of these
+books were destroyed, they have preserved an important record of the
+work of Susan B. Anthony and of the woman's rights movement.
+
+I am especially grateful to Martha Taylor Howard for her unfailing
+interest and for the use of the valuable Susan B. Anthony Memorial
+Collection which she initiated and developed in Rochester, New York;
+and to Una R. Winter for her interest and for the use of her Susan B.
+Anthony Collection, most of which is now in the Henry E. Huntington
+Library.
+
+I thank Edna M. Stantial for permission to examine and quote from the
+Blackwell Papers; Anna Dann Mason for permission to read her
+reminiscences and the many letters written to her by Susan B. Anthony;
+Ellen Garrison for permission to quote from letters of Lucretia Mott
+and Martha C. Wright; Eleanor W. Thompson for copies of Susan B.
+Anthony's letters to Amelia Bloomer; Henry R. Selden II whose
+grandfather was Susan B. Anthony's lawyer during her trial for voting;
+Judge John Van Voorhis whose grandfather was associated with Judge
+Selden in Miss Anthony's defense; William B. Brown for information
+about the early history of Adams, Massachusetts, the Susan B. Anthony
+birthplace, and the Friends Meeting House in Adams; Dr. James Harvey
+Young for information about Anna E. Dickinson; Margaret Lutz Fogg for
+help in connection with the trial of Susan B. Anthony; Dr. Blake
+McKelvey, City Historian of Rochester; Clara Sayre Selden and Wheeler
+Chapin Case of the Rochester Historical Society; the grand-nieces of
+Susan B. Anthony, Marion and Florence Mosher; Matilda Joslyn Gage II;
+Florence L. C. Kitchelt; and Rose Arnold Powell.
+
+I thank _The Christian Science Monitor_ for permission to use portions
+of an article published on October 24, 1958.
+
+I am especially grateful to A. Marguerite Smith for her constructive
+criticism of the manuscript and her unfailing encouragement.
+
+                                                ALMA LUTZ
+
+_Highmeadow_
+_Berlin, New York_
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS
+
+  QUAKER HERITAGE                                                    1
+
+  WIDENING HORIZONS                                                 15
+
+  FREEDOM TO SPEAK                                                  28
+
+  A PURSE OF HER OWN                                                39
+
+  NO UNION WITH SLAVEHOLDERS                                        56
+
+  THE TRUE WOMAN                                                    67
+
+  THE ZEALOT                                                        79
+
+  A WAR FOR FREEDOM                                                 92
+
+  THE NEGRO'S HOUR                                                 108
+
+  TIMES THAT TRIED WOMEN'S SOULS                                   125
+
+  HE ONE WORD OF THE HOUR                                          138
+
+  WORK, WAGES, AND THE BALLOT                                      149
+
+  THE INADEQUATE FIFTEENTH AMENDMENT                               159
+
+  A HOUSE DIVIDED                                                  169
+
+  A NEW SLANT ON THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT                          180
+
+  TESTING THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT                                 198
+
+  "IS IT A CRIME FOR A CITIZEN ... TO VOTE?"                       209
+
+  SOCIAL PURITY                                                    217
+
+  A FEDERAL WOMAN SUFFRAGE AMENDMENT                               226
+
+  RECORDING WOMEN'S HISTORY                                        235
+
+  IMPETUS FROM THE WEST                                            241
+
+  VICTORIES IN THE WEST                                            252
+
+  LIQUOR INTERESTS ALERT FOREIGN-BORN VOTERS AGAINST WOMAN
+    SUFFRAGE                                                       266
+
+  AUNT SUSAN AND HER GIRLS                                         274
+
+  PASSING ON THE TORCH                                             285
+
+  SUSAN B. ANTHONY OF THE WORLD                                    299
+
+  NOTES                                                            311
+
+  BIBLIOGRAPHY                                                     327
+
+  INDEX                                                            335
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+  Susan B. Anthony at the age of thirty-five        _Frontispiece_
+  (From a daguerrotype, courtesy Metropolitan Museum of Art,
+    New York, N.Y.)
+
+  Daniel Anthony, father of Susan B. Anthony                          2
+  (From _The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony_ by
+    Ida Husted Harper)
+
+  Lucy Read Anthony, mother of Susan B. Anthony                       3
+  (From _The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony_ by
+    Ida Husted Harper)
+
+  Susan B. Anthony Homestead, Adams, Massachusetts                    5
+  (The Smith Studio, Adams, Massachusetts)
+
+  Frederick Douglass                                                 22
+
+  Elizabeth Cady Stanton in her "Bloomer costume"                    27
+  (From _The Lily_)
+
+  Lucy Stone                                                         29
+  (From _Lucy Stone_ by Alice Stone Blackwell. Courtesy Little,
+    Brown and Company)
+
+  Susan B. Anthony at the age of thirty-four                         31
+  (Courtesy Susan B. Anthony Memorial, Inc., Rochester, New York)
+
+  James and Lucretia Mott                                            33
+  (From _James and Lucretia Mott_ by Anna D. Hallowell.
+  Courtesy Houghton Mifflin Company)
+
+  Elizabeth Cady Stanton and her son, Henry                          40
+
+  Ernestine Rose                                                     42
+  (From _History of Woman Suffrage_ by Elizabeth Cady Stanton,
+  Susan B. Anthony, and Matilda Joslyn Gage)
+
+  Parker Pillsbury                                                   49
+  (From _William Lloyd Garrison_ by His Children)
+
+  Merritt Anthony                                                    57
+  (Courtesy Mrs. Ann Anthony Bacon)
+
+  Susan B. Anthony, 1856                                             68
+  (Courtesy Mrs. Ann Anthony Bacon)
+
+  Lucy Stone and her daughter, Alice Stone Blackwell                 72
+  (Courtesy Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery,
+    San Marino, California)
+
+  William Lloyd Garrison                                             86
+  (From _William Lloyd Garrison and His Times_ by Oliver
+    Johnson)
+
+  Susan B. Anthony                                                   97
+
+  Daniel Anthony, brother of Susan B. Anthony                       110
+  (Courtesy Mrs. Ann Anthony Bacon)
+
+  Wendell Phillips                                                  114
+  (From _William Lloyd Garrison_ by His Children)
+
+  George Francis Train                                              132
+  (Courtesy New York Public Library)
+
+  Anna E. Dickinson                                                 144
+  (From _History of Woman Suffrage_ by Elizabeth Cady Stanton,
+    Susan B. Anthony, and Matilda Joslyn Gage)
+
+  Paulina Wright Davis                                              165
+
+  Isabella Beecher Hooker                                           167
+
+  Victoria C. Woodhull                                              181
+
+  Susan B. Anthony, 1871                                            187
+  (Courtesy Mrs. Ann Anthony Bacon)
+
+  Judge Henry R. Selden                                             203
+  (Courtesy Henry R. Selden II)
+
+  "The Woman Who Dared"                                             206
+  (New York _Daily Graphic_, June 5, 1873)
+
+  Aaron A. Sargent                                                  229
+  (Courtesy Library of Congress)
+
+  Clara Bewick Colby                                                232
+  (From _History of Woman Suffrage_ by Elizabeth Cady Stanton,
+  Susan B. Anthony, and Matilda Joslyn Gage)
+
+  Matilda Joslyn Gage                                               236
+  (From _History of Woman Suffrage_ by Elizabeth Cady Stanton,
+  Susan B. Anthony, and Matilda Joslyn Gage)
+
+  Anna Howard Shaw                                                  248
+  (From a photograph by Mary Carnel)
+
+  Harriot Stanton Blatch                                            250
+  (Courtesy Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery,
+    San Marino, California)
+
+  The Anthony home, Rochester, New York                             255
+  (Courtesy Susan B. Anthony Memorial, Inc., Rochester, New York)
+
+  Susan B. Anthony at her desk                                      257
+  (Courtesy Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College,
+    Northampton, Massachusetts)
+
+  Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton                       259
+
+  Elizabeth Smith Miller, Elizabeth Cady Stanton,                   262
+    and Susan B. Anthony
+
+  Ida Husted Harper                                                 271
+  (Courtesy Library of Congress)
+
+  Rachel Foster Avery                                               275
+  (Courtesy Library of Congress)
+
+  Harriet Taylor Upton                                              276
+  (Courtesy Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery,
+    San Marino, California)
+
+  Carrie Chapman Catt                                               289
+  (Courtesy Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College,
+    Northampton, Massachusetts)
+
+  Quotation in the handwriting of Susan B. Anthony                  297
+
+  Susan B. Anthony at the age of eighty-five                        301
+  (From a photograph by J. E. Hale)
+
+  Susan B. Anthony, 1905                                            309
+  (From a photograph by Ellis)
+
+
+
+
+
+QUAKER HERITAGE
+
+
+"If Sally Ann knows more about weaving than Elijah," reasoned
+eleven-year-old Susan with her father, "then why don't you make her
+overseer?"
+
+"It would never do," replied Daniel Anthony as a matter of course. "It
+would never do to have a woman overseer in the mill."
+
+This answer did not satisfy Susan and she often thought about it. To
+enter the mill, to stand quietly and look about, was the best kind of
+entertainment, for she was fascinated by the whir of the looms, by the
+nimble fingers of the weavers, and by the general air of efficiency.
+Admiringly she watched Sally Ann Hyatt, the tall capable weaver from
+Vermont. When the yarn on the beam was tangled or there was something
+wrong with the machinery, Elijah, the overseer, always called out to
+Sally Ann, "I'll tend your loom, if you'll look after this." Sally Ann
+never failed to locate the trouble or to untangle the yarn. Yet she
+was never made overseer, and this continued to puzzle Susan.[1]
+
+The manufacture of cotton was a new industry, developing with great
+promise in the United States, when Susan B. Anthony was born on
+February 15, 1820, in the wide valley at the foot of Mt. Greylock,
+near Adams, Massachusetts. Enterprising young men like her father,
+Daniel Anthony, saw a potential cotton mill by the side of every
+rushing brook, and young women, eager to earn the first money they
+could call their own, were leaving the farms, for a few months at
+least, to work in the mills. Cotton cloth was the new sensation and
+the demand for it was steadily growing. Brides were proud to display a
+few cotton sheets instead of commonplace homespun linen.
+
+When Susan was two years old, her father built a cotton factory of
+twenty-six looms beside the brook which ran through Grandfather Read's
+meadow, hauling the cotton forty miles by wagon from Troy, New York.
+The millworkers, most of them young girls from Vermont, boarded, as
+was the custom, in the home of the millowner; Susan's mother, Lucy
+Read Anthony, although she had three small daughters to care for,
+Guelma, Susan, and Hannah, boarded eleven of the millworkers with
+only the help of a thirteen-year-old girl who worked for her after
+school hours. Lucy Anthony cooked their meals on the hearth of the big
+kitchen fireplace, and in the large brick oven beside it baked crisp
+brown loaves of bread. In addition, washing, ironing, mending, and
+spinning filled her days. But she was capable and strong and was doing
+only what all women in this new country were expected to do. She
+taught her young daughters to help her, and Susan, even before she was
+six, was very useful; by the time she was ten she could cook a good
+meal and pack a dinner pail.
+
+[Illustration: Daniel Anthony, father of Susan B. Anthony]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Hard work and skill were respected as Susan grew up in the rapidly
+expanding young republic which less than fifty years before had been
+founded and fought for. Settlers, steadily pushing westward, had built
+new states out of the wilderness, adding ten to the original thirteen.
+Everywhere the leaven of democracy was working and men were putting
+into practice many of the principles so boldly stated in the
+Declaration of Independence, claiming for themselves equal rights and
+opportunities. The new states entered the Union with none of the
+traditional property and religious limitations on the franchise, but
+with manhood suffrage and all voters eligible for office. The older
+states soon fell into line, Massachusetts in 1820 removing property
+qualifications for voters. Before long, throughout the United States,
+all free white men were enfranchised, leaving only women, Negroes, and
+Indians without the full rights of citizenship.
+
+[Illustration: Lucy Read Anthony, mother of Susan B. Anthony]
+
+Although women freeholders had voted in some of the colonies and in
+New Jersey as late as 1807,[2] just as in England in the fifteenth
+franchise had gradually found its way into the statutes, and women's
+rights as citizens were ignored, in spite of the contribution they had
+made to the defense and development of the new nation. However,
+European travelers, among them De Tocqueville, recognized that the
+survival of the New World experiment in government and the prosperity
+and strength of the people were due in large measure to the
+superiority of American women. A few women had urged their claims:
+Abigail Adams asked her husband, a member of the Continental Congress,
+"to remember the ladies" in the "new code of laws"; and Hannah Lee
+Corbin of Virginia pleaded with her brother, Richard Henry Lee, to
+make good the principle of "no taxation without representation" by
+enfranchising widows with property.[3]
+
+Yet the legal bondage of women continued to be overlooked. It seemed a
+less obvious threat to free institutions and democratic government
+than the Negro in slavery. In fact, Negro slavery presented a problem
+which demanded attention again and again, flaring up alarmingly in
+1820, the year Susan B. Anthony was born, when Missouri was admitted
+to the Union as a slave state.[4]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+These were some of the forces at work in the minds of Americans during
+Susan's childhood. Her father, a liberal Quaker, was concerned over
+the extension of slavery, and she often heard him say that he tried to
+avoid purchasing cotton raised by slave labor. This early impression
+of the evil of slavery was never erased.
+
+The Quakers' respect for women's equality with men before God also
+left its mark on young Susan. As soon as she was old enough she went
+regularly to Meeting with her father, for all of the Anthonys were
+Quakers. They had migrated to western Massachusetts from Rhode Island,
+and there on the frontier had built prosperous farms, comfortable
+homes, and a meeting house where they could worship God in their own
+way. Susan, sitting with the women and children on the hand-hewn
+benches near the big fireplace in the meeting house[5] which her
+ancestors had built, found peace and consecration in the simple
+unordered service, in the long reverent silence broken by both the men
+and the women in the congregation as they were led to say a prayer or
+give out a helpful message. Forty families now worshiped here, the
+women sitting on one side and the men on the other; but women took
+their places with men in positions of honor, Susan's own grandmother,
+Hannah Latham Anthony, an elder, sitting in the "high seat," and her
+aunt, Hannah Anthony Hoxie, preaching as the spirit moved her. With
+this valuation of women accepted as a matter of course in her church
+and family circle, Susan took it for granted that it existed
+everywhere.
+
+Although her father was a devout Friend, she discovered that he had
+the reputation of thinking for himself, following the "inner light"
+even when its leading differed from the considered judgment of his
+fellow Quakers. For this he became a hero to her, especially after she
+heard the romantic story of his marriage to Lucy Read who was not a
+Quaker. The Anthonys and the Reads had been neighbors for years, and
+Lucy was one of the pupils at the "home school" which Grandfather
+Humphrey Anthony had built for his children on the farm, under the
+weeping willow at the front gate. Daniel and Lucy were schoolmates
+until Daniel at nineteen was sent to Richard Mott's Friends' boarding
+school at Nine Partners on the Hudson. When he returned as a teacher,
+he found his old playmate still one of the pupils, but now a beautiful
+tall young woman with deep blue eyes and glossy brown hair. Full of
+fun, a good dancer, and always dressed in the prettiest clothes, she
+was the most popular girl in the neighborhood. Promptly Daniel Anthony
+fell in love with her, but an almost insurmountable obstacle stood in
+the way: Quakers were not permitted to "marry out of Meeting." This,
+however, did not deter Daniel.
+
+[Illustration: Susan B. Anthony Homestead, Adams, Massachusetts]
+
+It was harder for Lucy to make up her mind. She enjoyed parties,
+dances, and music. She had a full rich voice, and as she sat at her
+spinning wheel, singing and spinning, she often wished that she could
+"go into a ten acre lot with the bars down"[6] and let her voice out.
+If she married Daniel, she would have to give all this up, but she
+decided in favor of Daniel. A few nights before the wedding, she went
+to her last party and danced until four in the morning while Daniel
+looked on and patiently waited until she was ready to leave.
+
+For his transgression of marrying out of Meeting, Daniel had to face
+the elders as soon as he returned from his wedding trip. They weighed
+the matter carefully, found him otherwise sincere and earnest, and
+decided not to turn him out. Lucy gave up her dancing and her singing.
+She gave up her pretty bright-colored dresses for plain somber
+clothes, but she did not adopt the Quaker dress or use the "plain
+speech." She went to meeting with Daniel but never became a Quaker,
+feeling always that she could not live up to their strict standard of
+righteousness.[7]
+
+This was Susan's heritage--Quaker discipline and austerity lightened
+by her father's independent spirit and by the kindly understanding of
+her mother who had not forgotten her own fun-loving girlhood; an
+environment where men and women were partners in church and at home,
+where hard physical work was respected, where help for the needy and
+unfortunate was spontaneous, and where education was regarded as so
+important that Grandfather Anthony built a school for his children and
+the neighbors' in his front yard. Her childhood was close enough to
+the Revolution to make Grandfather Read's part in it very real and a
+source of great pride. Eagerly and often she listened to the story of
+how he enlisted in the Continental army as soon as the news of the
+Battle of Lexington reached Cheshire and served with outstanding
+bravery under Arnold at Quebec, Ethan Allen at Ticonderoga, and
+Colonel Stafford at Bennington while his young wife waited anxiously
+for him throughout the long years of the war.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The wide valley in the Berkshire Hills where Susan grew up made a
+lasting impression on her. There was beauty all about her--the fruit
+trees blooming in the spring, the meadows white with daisies, the
+brook splashing over the rocks and sparkling in the summer sun, the
+flaming colors of autumn, the strength and companionship of the hills
+when the countryside was white with snow. She seldom failed to watch
+the sun set behind Greylock.
+
+Her father's cotton mill flourished. Regarded as one of the most
+promising, successful young men of the district, he soon attracted the
+attention of Judge John McLean, a cotton manufacturer of Battenville,
+New York, who, eager to enlarge his mills, saw in Daniel Anthony an
+able manager. Daniel, always ready to take the next step ahead,
+accepted McLean's offer, and on a sunny July day in 1826, Susan drove
+with her family through the hills forty-four miles to the new world of
+Battenville.
+
+Here in the home of Judge McLean, she saw Negroes for the first time,
+Negroes working to earn their freedom. Startled by their black faces,
+she was a little afraid, but when her father explained that in the
+South they could be sold like cattle and torn from their families, her
+fear turned to pity.
+
+At the district school, taught by a woman in summer and by a man in
+the winter, she learned to sew, spell, read, and write, and she wanted
+to study long division but the schoolmaster, unable to teach it, saw
+no reason why a woman should care for such knowledge. Her father, then
+realizing the need of better education for his five children, Guelma,
+Susan, Hannah, Daniel, and Mary, established a school for them in the
+new brick building where he had opened a store. Later on when their
+new brick house was finished, he set aside a large room for the
+school, and here for the first time in that district the pupils had
+separate seats, stools without backs, instead of the usual benches
+around the schoolroom walls. He engaged as teachers young women who
+had studied a year or two in a female seminary; and because female
+seminaries were rare in those days, women teachers with up-to-date
+training were hard to find. Only a few visionaries believed in the
+education of women. Nearby Emma Willard's recently established Troy
+Female Seminary was being watched with interest and suspicion. Mary
+Lyon, who had not yet founded her own seminary at Mt. Holyoke, was
+teaching at Zilpha Grant's school in Ipswich, Massachusetts, and one
+of her pupils, Mary Perkins, came to Battenville to teach the Anthony
+children. Mary Perkins brought new methods and new studies to the
+little school. She introduced a primer with small black illustrations
+which fascinated Susan. She taught the children to recite poetry,
+drilled them regularly in calisthenics, and longed to add music as
+well, but Daniel Anthony forbade this, for Quakers believed that music
+might seduce the thoughts of the young. So Susan, although she often
+had a song in her heart, had to repress it and never knew the joy of
+singing the songs of childhood.
+
+Her father, looking upon the millworkers as part of his family,
+started an evening school for them, often teaching it himself or
+calling in the family teacher. He organized a temperance society among
+the workers, and all signed a pledge never to drink distilled liquor.
+When he opened a store in the new brick building, he refused to sell
+liquor, although Judge McLean warned him it would ruin his trade.
+Daniel Anthony went even further. He resolved not to serve liquor when
+the millworkers' houses were built and the neighbors came to the
+"raising." Again Judge McLean protested, feeling certain that the men
+and boys would demand their gin and their rum, but Susan and her
+sisters helped their mother serve lemonade, tea, coffee, doughnuts,
+and gingerbread in abundance. The men joked a bit about the lack of
+strong drink which they expected with every meal, but they did not
+turn away from the good substitutes which were offered and they were
+on hand for the next "raising." Hearing all of this discussed at home,
+Susan, again proud of her father, ardently advocated the cause of
+temperance.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The mill was still of great interest to her and she watched every
+operation closely in her spare time, longing to try her hand at the
+work. One day when a "spooler" was ill, Susan and her sister Hannah
+eagerly volunteered to take her place. Their father was ready to let
+them try, pleased by their interest and curious to see what they could
+do, but their mother protested that the mill was no place for
+children. Finally Susan's earnest pleading won her mother's reluctant
+consent, and the two girls drew lots for the job. It went to
+twelve-year-old Susan on the condition that she divide her earnings
+with Hannah. Every day for two weeks she went early to the mill in her
+plain homespun dress, her straight hair neatly parted and smoothed
+over her ears. Proudly she tended the spools. She was skillful and
+quick, and received the regular wage of $1.50 a week, which she
+divided with Hannah, buying with her share six pale blue coffee cups
+for her mother who had allowed her this satisfying adventure.
+
+A few weeks before her thirteenth birthday, Susan became a member of
+the Society of Friends which met in nearby Easton, New York, and
+learned to search her heart and ask herself, "Art thou faithful?"
+Parties, dancing, and entertainments were generally ruled out of her
+life as sinful, and rarely were a temptation, but occasionally her
+mother, remembering her own good times, let her and her sisters go to
+parties at the homes of their Presbyterian neighbors, and for this her
+father was criticized at Friends' Meeting. Condemning bright colors,
+frills, and jewelry as vain and worldly, Susan accepted plain somber
+clothing as a mark of righteousness, and when she deviated to the
+extent of wearing the Scotch-plaid coat which her mother had bought
+her, she wondered if the big rent torn in it by a dog might not be
+deserved punishment for her pride in wearing it.
+
+That same year, the family moved into their new brick house of fifteen
+rooms, with hard-finish plaster walls and light green woodwork, the
+finest house in that part of the country. Here Susan's brother Merritt
+was born the next April, and her two-year-old sister, Eliza, died.
+
+Susan, Guelma, and Hannah continued their studies longer than most
+girls in the neighborhood, for Quakers not only encouraged but
+demanded education for both boys and girls. As soon as Susan and her
+sister Guelma were old enough, they taught the "home" school in the
+summer when the younger children attended, and then went further
+afield to teach in nearby villages. At fifteen Susan was teaching a
+district school for $1.50 a week and board, and although it was hard
+for her to be away from home, she accepted it as a Friend's duty to
+provide good education for children. Now Presbyterian neighbors
+criticized her father, protesting that well-to-do young ladies should
+not venture into paid work.
+
+Daniel Anthony was now a wealthy man, his factory the largest and most
+prosperous in that part of the country, and he could afford more and
+better education for his daughters. He sent Guelma, the eldest, to
+Deborah Moulson's Friends' Seminary near Philadelphia, where for $125
+a year "the inculcation of the principles of Humility, Morality, and
+Virtue" received particular attention; and when Guelma was asked to
+stay on a second year as a teacher, he suggested that Susan join her
+there as a pupil.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It was a long journey from Battenville to Philadelphia in 1837, and
+when Susan left her home on a snowy afternoon with her father, she
+felt as if the parting would be forever. Her first glimpse of the
+world beyond Battenville interested her immensely until her father
+left her at the seminary, and then she confessed to her diary, "Oh
+what pangs were felt. It seemed impossible for me to part with him. I
+could not speak to bid him farewell."[8] She tried to comfort herself
+by writing letters, and wrote so many and so much that Guelma often
+exclaimed, "Susan, thee writes too much; thee should learn to be
+concise." As it was a rule of the seminary that each letter must first
+be written out carefully on a slate, inspected by Deborah Moulson,
+then copied with care, inspected again, and finally sent out after
+four or five days of preparation, all spontaneity was stifled and her
+letters were stilted and overvirtuous. This censorship left its mark,
+and years later she confessed, "Whenever I take my pen in hand, I
+always seem to be mounted on stilts."[9]
+
+To her diary she could confide her real feelings--her discouragement
+over her lack of improvement and her inability to understand her many
+"sins," such as not dotting an _i_, too much laughter, or smiling at
+her friends instead of reproving them for frivolous conduct. She
+wrote, "Thought so much of my resolutions to do better in the future
+that even my dreams were filled with these desires.... Although I have
+been guilty of much levity and nonsensical conversation, and have also
+admitted thoughts to occupy my mind which should have been far distant
+from it, I do not consider myself as having committed any wilful
+offense but perhaps the reason I cannot see my own defects is because
+my heart is hardened."[10]
+
+The girls studied a variety of subjects, arithmetic, algebra,
+literature, chemistry, philosophy, physiology, astronomy, and
+bookkeeping. Men came to the school to conduct some of the classes,
+and Deborah Moulson was also assisted by several student teachers, one
+of whom, Lydia Mott, became Susan's lifelong friend. Susan worked
+hard, for she was a conscientious child, but none of her efforts
+seemed to satisfy Deborah Moulson, who was a hard taskmaster. Her
+reproofs cut deep, and once when Susan protested that she was always
+censured while Guelma was praised, Deborah Moulson sternly replied,
+"Thy sister Guelma does the best she is capable of, but thou dost not.
+Thou hast greater abilities and I demand of thee the best of thy
+capacity."[11]
+
+Mail from home was a bright spot, bringing into those busy austere
+days news of her friends, and when she read that one of them had
+married an old widower with six children, she reflected sagely, "I
+should think any female would rather live and die an old maid."[12]
+
+Then came word that her father's business had been so affected by the
+financial depression that the family would have to give up their home
+in Battenville. Sorrowfully she wrote in her diary, "O can I ever
+forget that loved residence in Battenville, and no more to call it
+home seems impossible."[13] It helped little to realize that countless
+other families throughout the country were facing the future penniless
+because banks had failed, mills were shut down, and work on canals and
+railroads had ceased. In April 1838, Daniel Anthony came to the
+seminary to take his daughters home.
+
+Susan felt keenly her father's sorrow over the failure of his business
+and the loss of the home he had built for his family, and she resolved
+at once to help out by teaching in Union Village, New York. In May
+1838, she wrote in her diary, "On last evening ... I again left my
+home to mingle with strangers which seems to be my sad lot. Separation
+was rendered more trying on account of the embarrassing condition of
+our business affairs, an inventory was expected to be taken today of
+our furniture by assignees.... Spent this day in school, found it
+small and quite disorderly. O, may my patience hold out to persevere
+without intermission."[14]
+
+Her patience did hold out, and also her courage, as the news came from
+home telling her how everything had to be sold to satisfy the
+creditors, the furniture, her mother's silver spoons, their clothing
+and books, the flour, tea, coffee, and sugar in the pantries. She
+rejoiced to hear that Uncle Joshua Read from Palatine Bridge, New
+York, had come to the rescue, had bought their most treasured and
+needed possessions and turned them over to her mother.
+
+On a cold blustery March day in 1839, when she was nineteen, Susan
+moved with her family two miles down the Battenkill to the little
+settlement of Hardscrabble, later called Center Falls, where her
+father owned a satinet factory and grist mill, built in more
+prosperous times. These were now heavily mortgaged but he hoped to
+save them. They moved into a large house which had been a tavern in
+the days when lumber had been cut around Hardscrabble. It was
+disappointing after their fine brick house in Battenville, but they
+made it comfortable, and their love for and loyalty to each other made
+them a happy family anywhere. As it had been a halfway house on the
+road to Troy and travelers continued to stop there asking for a meal
+or a night's lodging, they took them in, and young Daniel served them
+food and nonintoxicating drinks at the old tavern bar.
+
+Susan, when her school term was over, put her energies into housework,
+recording in her diary, "Did a large washing today.... Spent today at
+the spinning wheel.... Baked 21 loaves of bread.... Wove three yards
+of carpet yesterday."[15]
+
+The attic of the tavern had been finished off for a ballroom with
+bottles laid under the floor to give a nice tone to the music of the
+fiddles, and now the young people of the village wanted to hold their
+dancing school there. Susan's father, true to his Quaker training,
+felt obliged to refuse, but when they came the second time to tell him
+that the only other place available was a disreputable tavern where
+liquor was sold, he relented a little, and talked the matter over with
+his wife and daughters. Lucy Anthony, recalling her love of dancing,
+urged him to let the young people come. Finally he consented on the
+condition that Guelma, Hannah, and Susan would not dance. They agreed.
+Every two weeks all through the winter, the fiddles played in the
+attic room and the boys and girls of the neighborhood danced the
+Virginia reel and their rounds and squares, while the three Quaker
+girls sat around the wall, watching and longing to join in the fun.
+
+Such frivolous entertainment in the home of a Quaker could not be
+condoned, and Daniel Anthony was not only severely censured by the
+Friends but read out of Meeting, "because he kept a place of amusement
+in his house." But he did not regret his so-called sin any more than
+he regretted marrying out of Meeting. He continued to attend Friends'
+Meeting, but grew more and more liberal as the years went by. At this
+time, like all Quakers, he refused to vote, not wishing in any way to
+support a government that believed in war, and this influenced Susan
+who for some years regarded voting as unimportant. He refused to pay
+taxes for the same reason, and she often saw him put his pocketbook on
+the table and then remark drily to the tax collector, "I shall not
+voluntarily pay these taxes. If thee wants to rifle my pocketbook,
+thee can do so."[16]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+To help her father with his burden of debt was now Susan's purpose in
+life, and in the spring she again left the family circle to teach at
+Eunice Kenyon's Friends' Seminary in New Rochelle, New York. There
+were twenty-eight day pupils and a few boarders at the seminary, and
+for long periods while Eunice Kenyon was ill, Susan took full charge.
+
+She wrote her family all the little details of her life, but their
+letters never came often enough to satisfy her. Occasionally she
+received a paper or a letter from Aaron McLean, Judge McLean's
+grandson, who had been her good friend and Guelma's ever since they
+had moved to Battenville. His letters almost always started an
+argument which both of them continued with zest. After hearing the
+Quaker preacher, Rachel Barker, she wrote him, "I guess if you would
+hear her you would believe in a woman's preaching. What an absurd
+notion that women have not intellectual and moral faculties sufficient
+for anything but domestic concerns."[17]
+
+When New Rochelle welcomed President Van Buren with a parade, bands
+playing, and crowds in the streets, this prim self-righteous young
+woman took no part in this hero worship, but gave vent to her
+disapproval in a letter to Aaron.
+
+Disturbed over the treatment Negroes received at Friends' Meeting in
+New Rochelle, she impulsively wrote him, "The people about here are
+anti-abolitionist and anti everything else that's good. The Friends
+raised quite a fuss about a colored man sitting in the meeting house,
+and some left on account of it.... What a lack of Christianity is
+this!"[18]
+
+Her school term of fifteen weeks, for which she was paid $30, was over
+early in September, just in time for her to be at home for Guelma's
+wedding to Aaron McLean, and afterward she stayed on to teach the
+village school in Center Falls. This made it possible for her to join
+in the social life of the neighborhood. Often the young people drove
+to nearby villages, twenty buggies in procession. On a drive to
+Saratoga, her escort asked her to give up teaching to marry him. She
+refused, as she did again a few years later when a Quaker elder tried
+to entice her with his fine house, his many acres, and his sixty cows.
+Although she had reached the age of twenty, when most girls felt they
+should be married, she was still particular, and when a friend married
+a man far inferior mentally, she wrote in her diary, "'Tis strange,
+'tis passing strange that a girl possessed of common sense should be
+willing to marry a lunatic--but so it is."[19]
+
+During the next few years, both she and Hannah taught school almost
+continuously, for $2 to $2.50 a week. Time and time again Susan
+replaced a man who had been discharged for inefficiency. Although she
+made a success of the school, she discovered that she was paid only a
+fourth the salary he had received, and this rankled.
+
+Almost everywhere except among Quakers, she encountered a false
+estimate of women which she instinctively opposed. After spending
+several months with relatives in Vermont, where she had the unexpected
+opportunity of studying algebra, she stopped over for a visit with
+Guelma and Aaron in Battenville, where Aaron was a successful
+merchant. Eagerly she told them of her latest accomplishment. Aaron
+was not impressed. Later at dinner when she offered him the delicious
+cream biscuits which she had baked, he remarked with his most
+tantalizing air of male superiority, "I'd rather see a woman make
+biscuits like these than solve the knottiest problem in algebra."
+
+"There is no reason," she retorted, "why she should not be able to do
+both."[20]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] _Report of the International Council of Women_, 1888 (Washington,
+1888), p. 163.
+
+[2] Charles B. Waite, "Who Were the Voters in the Early History of
+This Country?" _Chicago Law Times_, Oct., 1888.
+
+[3] Janet Whitney, _Abigail Adams_ (Boston, 1947), p. 129. In 1776,
+Abigail Adams wrote her husband, John Adams, at the Continental
+Congress in Philadelphia, "In the new code of laws which I suppose it
+will be necessary for you to make, I desire you would remember the
+ladies and be more generous and favorable to them than your ancestors!
+Do not put such unlimited powers into the hands of husbands. Remember
+all men would be tyrants if they could. If particular care and
+attention is not paid to the ladies, we are determined to foment a
+rebellion, and will not hold ourselves bound by any laws in which we
+have no voice or representation." Ethel Armes, _Stratford Hall_
+(Richmond, Va., 1936), pp. 206-209.
+
+[4] Under the Missouri Compromise, Maine was admitted as a free state,
+Missouri as a slave state, and slavery was excluded from all of the
+Louisiana Purchase, north of latitude 36 deg.31'.
+
+[5] The meeting house, built in 1783, is still standing. It is owned
+by the town of Adams, and cared for by the Adams Society of Friends
+Descendants. Susan traced her ancestry to William Anthony of Cologne
+who migrated to England and during the reign of Edward VI, was made
+Chief Graver of the Royal Mint and Master of the Scales, holding this
+office also during the reign of Queen Mary and part of Queen
+Elizabeth's reign. In 1634, one of his descendants, John Anthony,
+settled in Rhode Island, and just before the Revolution, his great
+grandson, David, Susan's great grandfather, bought land near Adams,
+Massachusetts, then regarded as the far West.
+
+[6] Ida Husted Harper, _The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony_
+(Indianapolis, 1898), I, p. 10.
+
+[7] Daniel and Susannah Richardson Read gave Lucy and Daniel Anthony
+land for their home, midway between the Anthony and Read farms. Here
+Susan was born in a substantial two-story, frame house, built by her
+father.
+
+[8] Ms., Diary, 1837.
+
+[9] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 25.
+
+[10] Ms., Diary, Jan. 21, Feb. 10, 1838
+
+[11] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 31.
+
+[12] Ms., Diary, Feb. 26, 1838.
+
+[13] _Ibid._, Feb. 6, 1838.
+
+[14] _Ibid._, May 7, 1838.
+
+[15] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 36.
+
+[16] _Ibid._, p. 37.
+
+[17] _Ibid._, p. 40.
+
+[18] _Ibid._, p. 39.
+
+[19] _Ibid._
+
+[20] _Ibid._, pp. 43-44.
+
+
+
+
+WIDENING HORIZONS
+
+
+Unable to recoup his business losses in Center Falls and losing even
+the satinet factory, Susan's father had looked about in Virginia and
+Michigan as well as western New York for an opportunity to make a
+fresh start. A farm on the outskirts of Rochester looked promising,
+and with the money which Lucy Anthony had inherited from Grandfather
+Read and which had been held for her by Uncle Joshua Read, the first
+payment had been made on the farm by Uncle Joshua, who held it in his
+name and leased it to Daniel.[21] Had it been turned over to Susan's
+mother, it would have become Daniel Anthony's property under the law
+and could have been claimed by his creditors.
+
+Only Susan, Merritt, and Mary climbed into the stage with their
+parents, early in November 1845, on the first lap of their journey to
+their new home, near Rochester, New York. Guelma and Hannah[22] were
+both married and settled in homes of their own, and young Daniel,
+clerking in Lenox, had decided to stay behind.
+
+After a visit with Uncle Joshua at Palatine Bridge, they boarded a
+line boat on the Erie Canal, taking with them their gray horse and
+wagon; and surrounded by their household goods, they moved slowly
+westward. Standing beside her father in the warm November sunshine,
+Susan watched the strong horses on the towpath, plodding patiently
+ahead, and heard the wash of the water against the prow and the noisy
+greeting of boat horns. As they passed the snug friendly villages
+along the canal and the wide fertile fields, now brown and bleak after
+the harvest, she wondered what the new farm would be like and what the
+future would bring; and at night when the lights twinkled in the
+settlements along the shore, she thought longingly of her old home and
+the sisters she had left behind.
+
+After a journey of several days, they reached Rochester late in the
+afternoon. Her father took the horse and wagon off the boat, and in
+the chill gray dusk drove them three miles over muddy roads to the
+farm. It was dark when they arrived, and the house was cold, empty,
+and dismal, but after the fires were lighted and her mother had cooked
+a big kettle of cornmeal mush, their spirits revived. Within the next
+few days they transformed it into a cheerful comfortable home.
+
+The house on a little hill overlooked their thirty-two acres. Back of
+it was the barn, a carriage house, and a little blacksmith shop.[23]
+Looking out over the flat snowy fields toward the curving Genesee
+River and the church steeples in Rochester, Susan often thought
+wistfully of the blue hills around Center Falls and Battenville and of
+the good times she had had there.
+
+The winter was lonely for her in spite of the friendliness of their
+Quaker neighbors, the De Garmos, and the Quaker families in Rochester
+who called at once to welcome them. Her father found these neighbors
+very congenial and they readily interested him in the antislavery
+movement, now active in western New York. Within the next few months,
+several antislavery meetings were held in the Anthony home and opened
+a new world to Susan. For the first time she heard of the Underground
+Railroad which secretly guided fugitive slaves to Canada and of the
+Liberty party which was making a political issue of slavery. She
+listened to serious, troubled discussion of the annexation of Texas,
+bringing more power to the proslavery block, which even the
+acquisition of free Oregon could not offset. She read antislavery
+tracts and copies of William Lloyd Garrison's _Liberator_, borrowed
+from Quaker friends; and on long winter evenings, as she sat by the
+fire sewing, she talked over with her father the issues they raised.
+
+When spring came and the trees and bushes leafed out, she took more
+interest in the farm, discovering its good points one by one--the
+flowering quince along the driveway, the pinks bordering the walk to
+the front door, the rosebushes in the yard, and cherry trees, currant
+and gooseberry bushes in abundance. Her father planted peach and apple
+orchards and worked the "sixpenny farm,"[24] as he called it, to the
+best of his ability, but the thirty-two acres seemed very small
+compared with the large Anthony and Read farms in the Berkshires, and
+he soon began to look about for more satisfying work. This he found a
+few years later with the New York Life Insurance Company, then
+developing its business in western New York. Very successful in this
+new field, he continued in it the rest of his life, but he always kept
+the farm for the family home.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The first member of the family to leave the Rochester farm was Susan.
+The cherry trees were in bloom when she received an offer from
+Canajoharie Academy to teach the female department. As Canajoharie was
+across the river from Uncle Joshua Read's home in Palatine Bridge and
+he was a trustee of the academy, she read between the lines his kindly
+interest in her. He was an influential citizen of that community, a
+bank director and part owner of the Albany-Utica turnpike and the
+stage line to Schenectady. Accepting the offer at once, she made the
+long journey by canal boat to Canajoharie, and early in May 1846 was
+comfortably settled in the home of Uncle Joshua's daughter, Margaret
+Read Caldwell.
+
+She soon loved Margaret as a sister and was devoted to her children.
+None of her new friends were Quakers and she enjoyed their social life
+thoroughly, leaving behind her forever the somber clothing which she
+had heretofore regarded as a mark of righteousness. She began her
+school with twenty-five pupils and a yearly salary of approximately
+$110. This was more than she had ever earned before, and for the first
+time in her life she spent her money freely on herself.
+
+Her first quarterly examination, held before the principal, the
+trustees, and parents, established her reputation as a teacher, and in
+addition everyone said, "The schoolmarm looks beautiful."[25] She had
+dressed up for the occasion, wearing a new plaid muslin, purple,
+white, blue, and brown, with white collar and cuffs, and had hung a
+gold watch and chain about her neck. She wound the four braids of her
+smooth brown hair around her big shell comb and put on her new
+prunella gaiters with patent-leather heels and tips. She looked so
+pretty, so neat, and so capable that many of the parents feared some
+young man would fall desperately in love with her and rob the academy
+of a teacher. She did have more than her share of admirers. She soon
+saw her first circus and went to her first ball, a real novelty for
+the young woman who had sat demurely along the wall in the attic room
+of her Center Falls home while her more worldly friends danced.
+
+In spite of all her good times, she missed her family, but because of
+the long trip to Rochester, she did not return to the farm for two
+years. She spent her vacations with Guelma and Hannah, who lived only
+a few hours away, or in Albany with her former teacher at Deborah
+Moulson's seminary, Lydia Mott, a cousin by marriage of Lucretia Mott.
+In anticipation of a vacation at home, she wrote her parents,
+"Sometimes I can hardly wait for the day to come. They have talked of
+building a new academy this summer, but I do not believe they will. My
+room is not fit to stay in and I have promised myself that I would not
+pass another winter in it. If I must forever teach, I will seek at
+least a comfortable house to do penance in. I have a pleasant school
+of twenty scholars, but I have to manufacture the interest duty
+compels me to exhibit.... Energy and something to stimulate is
+wanting! But I expect the busy summer vacation spent with my dearest
+and truest friends will give me new life and fresh courage to
+persevere in the arduous path of duty. Do not think me unhappy with my
+fate, no not so. I am only a little tired and a good deal lazy. That
+is all. Do write very soon. Tell about the strawberries and peaches,
+cherries and plums.... Tell me how the yard looks, what flowers are in
+bloom and all about the farming business."[26]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+During her visits in Albany with Lydia Mott, who was now an active
+abolitionist, Susan heard a great deal about antislavery work. At this
+time, however, Canajoharie took little interest in this reform
+movement, but temperance was gaining a foothold. Throughout the
+country, Sons of Temperance were organizing and women wanted to help,
+but the men refused to admit them to their organizations, protesting
+that public reform was outside women's sphere. Unwilling to be put off
+when the need was so great, women formed their own secret temperance
+societies, and then, growing bolder, announced themselves as Daughters
+of Temperance.
+
+Canajoharie had its Daughters of Temperance, and Susan, long an
+advocate of temperance, gladly joined the crusade, and made her first
+speech when the Daughters of Temperance held a supper meeting to
+interest the people of the village. Few women at this time could have
+been persuaded to address an audience of both men and women, believing
+this to be bold, unladylike, and contrary to the will of God; but the
+young Quaker, whose grandmother and aunts had always spoken in
+Meeting when the spirit moved them, was ready to say her word for
+temperance, taking it for granted that it was not only woman's right
+but her responsibility to speak and work for social reform.
+
+About two hundred people assembled for the supper, and entering the
+hall, Susan found it festooned with cedar and red flannel and to her
+amazement saw letters in evergreen on one of the walls, spelling out
+Susan B. Anthony.
+
+"I hardly knew how to conduct myself amidst so much kindly
+regard,"[27] she confided to her family.
+
+She had carefully written out her speech and had sewn the pages
+together in a blue cover. Now in a clear serious voice, she read its
+formal flowery sentences telling of the weekly meetings of "this now
+despised little band" which had awakened women to the great need of
+reform.
+
+"It is generally conceded," she declared, "that our sex fashions the
+social and moral state of society. We do not assume that females
+possess unbounded power in abolishing the evil customs of the day; but
+we do believe that were they en masse to discontinue the use of wine
+and brandy as beverages at both their public and private parties, not
+one of the opposite sex, who has any claim to the title of gentleman,
+would so insult them as to come into their presence after having
+quaffed of that foul destroyer of all true delicacy and refinement....
+Ladies! There is no neutral position for us to assume...."[28]
+
+The next day the village buzzed with talk of the meeting; only a few
+criticized Susan for speaking in public, and almost all agreed that
+she was the smartest woman in Canajoharie.
+
+While she was busy with her temperance work, there were stirrings
+among women in other parts of New York State in the spring and early
+summer of 1848. Through the efforts of a few women who circulated
+petitions and the influence of wealthy men who saw irresponsible
+sons-in-law taking over the property they wanted their daughters to
+own, a Married Women's Property Law passed the legislature; this made
+it possible for a married woman to hold real estate in her own name.
+Heretofore all property owned by a woman at marriage and all received
+by gift or inheritance had at once become her husband's and he had had
+the right to sell it or will it away without her consent and to
+collect the rents or the income. The new law was welcomed in the
+Anthony household, for now Lucy Anthony's inheritance, which had
+bought the Rochester farm, could at last be put in her own name and
+need no longer be held for her by her brother.
+
+In the newspapers in July, Susan read scornful, humorous, and
+indignant reports of a woman's rights convention in Seneca Falls, New
+York, at which women had issued a Declaration of Sentiments,
+announcing themselves men's equals. They had protested against legal,
+economic, social, and educational discriminations and asked for the
+franchise. A woman's rights convention in the 1840s was a startling
+event. Women, if they were "ladies" did not attend public gatherings
+where politics or social reforms were discussed, because such subjects
+were regarded as definitely out of their sphere. Much less did they
+venture to call meetings of their own and issue bold resolutions.
+
+Susan was not shocked by this break with tradition, but she did not
+instinctively come to the defense of these rebellious women, nor
+champion their cause. She was amused rather than impressed. Yet
+Lucretia Mott's presence at the convention aroused her curiosity.
+Among her father's Quaker friends in Rochester, she had heard only
+praise of Mrs. Mott, and she herself, when a pupil at Deborah
+Moulson's seminary, had been inspired by Mrs. Mott's remarks at
+Friends' Meeting in Philadelphia.
+
+So far Susan had encountered few barriers because she was a woman. She
+had had little personal contact with the hardships other women
+suffered because of their inferior legal status. To be sure, it had
+been puzzling to her as child that Sally Hyatt, the most skillful
+weaver in her father's mill, had never been made overseer, but the
+fact that her mother had not the legal right to hold property in her
+own name did not at the time make an impression upon her. Brought up
+as a Quaker, she had no obstacles put in the way of her education. She
+had an exceptional father who was proud of his daughters' intelligence
+and ability and respected their opinions and decisions. Her only real
+complaint was the low salary she had been obliged to accept as a
+teacher because she was a woman. She sensed a feeling of male
+superiority, which she resented, in her brother-in-law, Aaron McLean,
+who did not approve of women preachers and who thought it more
+important for a woman to bake biscuits than to study algebra. She met
+the same arrogance of sex in her Cousin Margaret's husband, but she
+had not analyzed the cause, or seen the need of concerted action by
+women.
+
+Returning home for her vacation in August, she found to her surprise
+that a second woman's rights convention had been held in Rochester in
+the Unitarian church, that her mother, her father, and her sister
+Mary, and many of their Quaker friends had not only attended, but had
+signed the Declaration of Sentiments and the resolutions, and that her
+cousin, Sarah Burtis Anthony, had acted as secretary. Her father
+showed so much interest, as he told her about the meetings, that she
+laughingly remarked, "I think you are getting a good deal ahead of the
+times."[29] She countered Mary's ardent defense of the convention with
+good-natured ridicule. The whole family, however, continued to be so
+enthusiastic over the meetings and this new movement for woman's
+rights, they talked so much about Elizabeth Cady Stanton "with her
+black curls and ruddy cheeks"[30] and about Lucretia Mott "with her
+Quaker cap and her crossed handkerchief of the finest muslin," both
+"speaking so grandly and looking magnificent," that Susan's interest
+was finally aroused and she decided she would like to meet these women
+and talk with them. There was no opportunity for this, however, before
+she returned to Canajoharie for another year of teaching.
+
+It proved to be a year of great sadness because of the illness of her
+cousin Margaret whom she loved dearly. In addition to her teaching,
+she nursed Margaret and looked after the house and children. She saw
+much to discredit the belief that men were the stronger and women the
+weaker sex, and impatient with Margaret's husband, she wrote her
+mother that there were some drawbacks to marriage that made a woman
+quite content to remain single. In explanation she added, "Joseph had
+a headache the other day and Margaret remarked that she had had one
+for weeks. 'Oh,' said the husband, 'mine is the real headache, genuine
+pain, yours is sort of a natural consequence.'"[31]
+
+Within a few weeks Margaret died. This was heart-breaking for Susan,
+and without her cousin, Canajoharie offered little attraction.
+Teaching had become irksome. The new principal was uncongenial, a
+severe young man from the South whose father was a slaveholder. Susan
+longed for a change, and as she read of the young men leaving for the
+West, lured by gold in California, she envied them their adventure and
+their opportunity to explore and conquer a whole new world.
+
+[Illustration: Frederick Douglass]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The peaches were ripe when Susan returned to the farm. The orchard
+which her father had planted, now bore abundantly. Restless and eager
+for hard physical work, she discarded the stylish hoops which impeded
+action, put on an old calico dress, and spent days in the warm
+September sunshine picking peaches. Then while she preserved, canned,
+and pickled them, there was little time to long for pioneering in the
+West.
+
+She enjoyed the active life on the farm for she was essentially a
+doer, most happy when her hands and her mind were busy. As she helped
+with the housework, wove rag carpet, or made shirts by hand for her
+father and brothers, she dreamed of the future, of the work she might
+do to make her life count for something. Teaching, she decided, was
+definitely behind her. She would not allow her sister Mary's interest
+in that career to persuade her otherwise, even if teaching were the
+only promising and well-thought-of occupation for women. Reading the
+poems of Elizabeth Barrett Browning, she was deeply stirred and looked
+forward romantically to some great and useful life work.
+
+The _Liberator_, with its fearless denunciation of Negro slavery, now
+came regularly to the Anthony home, and as she pored over its pages,
+its message fired her soul. Eagerly she called with her father at the
+home of Frederick Douglass, who had recently settled in Rochester and
+was publishing his paper, the _North Star_. Not only did she want to
+show friendliness to this free Negro of whose intelligence and
+eloquence she had heard so much, but she wanted to hear first-hand
+from him and his wife of the needs of his people.
+
+Almost every Sunday the antislavery Quakers met at the Anthony farm.
+The Posts, the Hallowells, the De Garmos, and the Willises were sure
+to be there. Sometimes they sent a wagon into the city for Frederick
+Douglass and his family. Now and then famous abolitionists joined the
+circle when their work brought them to western New York--William Lloyd
+Garrison, looking with fatherly kindness at his friends through his
+small steel-rimmed spectacles; Wendell Phillips, handsome, learned,
+and impressive; black-bearded, fiery Parker Pillsbury; and the
+friendly Unitarian pastor from Syracuse, the Reverend Samuel J. May.
+Susan, helping her mother with dinner for fifteen or twenty, was torn
+between establishing her reputation as a good cook and listening to
+the interesting conversation. She heard them discuss woman's rights,
+which had divided the antislavery ranks. They talked of their
+antislavery campaigns and the infamous compromises made by Congress to
+pacify the powerful slaveholding interests. Like William Lloyd
+Garrison, all of them refused to vote, not wishing to take any part in
+a government which countenanced slavery. They called the Constitution
+a proslavery document, advocated "No Union with Slaveholders," and
+demanded immediate and unconditional emancipation. All about them and
+with their help the Underground Railroad was operating, circumventing
+the Fugitive Slave Law and guiding Negro refugees to Canada and
+freedom. Amy and Isaac Post's barn, Susan knew, was a station on the
+Underground, and the De Garmos and Frederick Douglass almost always
+had a Negro hidden away. She heard of riots and mobs in Boston and
+Ohio; but in Rochester not a fugitive was retaken and there were no
+street battles, although the New York _Herald_ advised the city to
+throw its "nigger printing press"[32] into Lake Ontario and banish
+Douglass to Canada.
+
+As the Society of Friends in Rochester was unfriendly to the
+antislavery movement, Susan with her father and other liberal Hicksite
+Quakers left it for the Unitarian church. Here for the first time they
+listened to "hireling ministry" and to a formal church service with
+music. This was a complete break with what they had always known as
+worship, but the friendly Christian spirit expressed by both minister
+and congregation made them soon feel at home. This new religious
+fellowship put Susan in touch with the most advanced thought of the
+day, broke down some of the rigid precepts drilled into her at Deborah
+Moulson's seminary, and encouraged liberalism and tolerance. Although
+there had been austerity in the outward forms of her Quaker training,
+it had developed in her a very personal religion, a strong sense of
+duty, and a high standard of ethics, which always remained with her.
+It had fostered a love of mankind that reached out spontaneously to
+help the needy, the unfortunate, and the oppressed, and this now
+became the driving force of her life. It led her naturally to seek
+ways and means to free the Negro from slavery and to turn to the
+temperance movement to wipe out the evil of drunkenness.
+
+These were the days when the reformed drunkard, John B. Gough, was
+lecturing throughout the country with the zeal of an evangelist,
+getting thousands to sign the total-abstinence pledge. Inspired by his
+example, the Daughters of Temperance were active in Rochester. They
+elected Susan their president, and not only did she plan suppers and
+festivals to raise money for their work but she organized new
+societies in neighboring towns. Her more ambitious plans for them were
+somewhat delayed by home responsibilities which developed when her
+father became an agent of the New York Life Insurance Company. This
+took him away from home a great deal, and as both her brothers were
+busy with work of their own and Mary was teaching, it fell to Susan to
+take charge of the farm. She superintended the planting, the
+harvesting, and the marketing, and enjoyed it, but she did not let it
+crowd out her interest in the causes which now seemed so vital.
+
+Horace Greeley's New York _Tribune_ came regularly to the farm, for
+the Anthonys, like many others throughout the country, had come to
+depend upon it for what they felt was a truthful report of the news.
+In this day of few magazines, it met a real need, and Susan, poring
+over its pages, not only kept in touch with current events, but found
+inspiration in its earnest editorials which so often upheld the ideals
+which she felt were important. She found thought-provoking news in the
+full and favorable report of the national woman's rights convention
+held in Worcester, Massachusetts, in October 1850. Better informed now
+through her antislavery friends about this new movement for woman's
+rights, she was ready to consider it seriously and she read all the
+stirring speeches, noting the caliber of the men and women taking
+part. Garrison, Phillips, Pillsbury, and Lucretia Mott were there, as
+well as Lucy Stone, that appealing young woman of whose eloquence on
+the antislavery platform Susan had heard so much, and Abby Kelley
+Foster, whose appointment to office in the American Antislavery
+Society had precipitated a split in the ranks on the "woman question."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A year later, when Abby Kelley Foster and her husband Stephen spoke at
+antislavery meetings in Rochester, Susan had her first opportunity to
+meet this fearless woman. Listening to Abby's speeches and watching
+the play of emotion on her eager Irish face under the Quaker bonnet,
+Susan wondered if she would ever have the courage to follow her
+example. Like herself, Abby had started as a schoolteacher, but after
+hearing Theodore Weld speak, had devoted herself to the antislavery
+cause, traveling alone through the country to say her word against
+slavery and facing not only the antagonism which abolition always
+provoked, but the unreasoning prejudice against public speaking by
+women, which was fanned into flame by the clergy. For listening to
+Abby Kelley, men and women had been excommunicated. Mobs had jeered at
+her and often pelted her with rotten eggs. She had married a
+fellow-abolitionist, Stephen Foster, even more unrelenting than she.
+
+Sensing Susan's interest in the antislavery cause and hoping to make
+an active worker of her, Abby and Stephen suggested that she join them
+on a week's tour, during which she marveled at Abby's ability to hold
+the attention and meet the arguments of her unfriendly audiences and
+wondered if she could ever be moved to such eloquence.
+
+Not yet ready to join the ranks as a lecturer, she continued her
+apprenticeship by attending antislavery meetings whenever possible and
+traveled to Syracuse for the convention which the mob had driven out
+of New York. Eager for more, she stopped over in Seneca Falls to hear
+William Lloyd Garrison and the English abolitionist, George Thompson,
+and was the guest of a temperance colleague, Amelia Bloomer, an
+enterprising young woman who was editing a temperance paper for women,
+_The Lily_.
+
+To her surprise Susan found Amelia in the bloomer costume about which
+she had read in _The Lily_. Introduced in Seneca Falls by Elizabeth
+Smith Miller, the costume, because of its comfort, had so intrigued
+Amelia that she had advocated it in her paper and it had been dubbed
+with her name. Looking at Amelia's long full trousers, showing beneath
+her short skirt but modestly covering every inch of her leg, Susan was
+a bit startled. Yet she could understand the usefulness of the costume
+even if she had no desire to wear it herself. In fact she was more
+than ever pleased with her new gray delaine dress with its long full
+skirt.
+
+Seneca Falls, however, had an attraction for Susan far greater than
+either William Lloyd Garrison or Amelia Bloomer, for it was the home
+of Elizabeth Cady Stanton whom she had longed to meet ever since 1848
+when her parents had reported so enthusiastically about her and the
+Rochester woman's rights convention. Walking home from the antislavery
+meeting with Mrs. Bloomer, Susan met Mrs. Stanton. She liked her at
+once and later called at her home. They discussed abolition,
+temperance, and woman's rights, and with every word Susan's interest
+grew. Mrs. Stanton's interest in woman's rights and her forthright,
+clear thinking made an instant appeal. Never before had Susan had such
+a satisfactory conversation with another woman, and she thought her
+beautiful. Mrs. Stanton's deep blue eyes with their mischievous
+twinkle, her rosy cheeks and short dark hair gave her a very youthful
+appearance, and it was hard for Susan to realize she was the mother of
+three lively boys.
+
+Susan listened enthralled while Mrs. Stanton told how deeply she had
+been moved as a child by the pitiful stories of the women who came to
+her father's law office, begging for relief from the unjust property
+laws which turned over their inheritance and their earnings to their
+husbands. For the first time, Susan heard the story of the exclusion
+of women delegates from the World's antislavery convention in London,
+in 1840, which Mrs. Stanton had attended with her husband and where
+she became the devoted friend of Lucretia Mott. She now better
+understood why these two women had called the first woman's rights
+convention in 1848 at which Mrs. Stanton had made the first public
+demand for woman suffrage.
+
+[Illustration: Elizabeth Cady Stanton in her "Bloomer costume"]
+
+They talked about the bloomer costume which Mrs. Stanton now wore and
+about dress reform which at the moment seemed to Mrs. Stanton an
+important phase of the woman's rights movement, and she pointed out to
+Susan the advantages of the bloomer in the life of a busy housekeeper
+who ran up and down stairs carrying babies, lamps, and buckets of
+water. She praised the freedom it gave from uncomfortable stays and
+tight lacing, confident it would be a big factor in improving the
+health of women.
+
+Thoroughly interested, Susan left Seneca Falls with much to think
+about, but not yet converted to the bloomer costume, or even to woman
+suffrage. Of one thing, however, she was certain. She wanted this
+woman of vision and courage for her friend.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[21] Anthony Collection, Museum of Arts and Sciences, Rochester, New
+York.
+
+[22] Hannah Anthony married Eugene Mosher, a merchant of Easton, New
+York, on September 4, 1845.
+
+[23] Ms., Susan B. Anthony Memorial Collection, Rochester, New York.
+
+[24] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 48.
+
+[25] _Ibid._, p. 50.
+
+[26] May 28, 1848, Lucy E. Anthony Collection.
+
+[27] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 53.
+
+[28] Ms., Susan B. Anthony Papers, Library of Congress.
+
+[29] _Report of the International Council of Women_, 1888, p. 327.
+
+[30] To Nora Blatch, n.d., Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers, Vassar
+College Library, Poughkeepsie, New York.
+
+[31] Harper, _Anthony_, I. p. 52.
+
+[32] Amy H. Croughton, _Antislavery Days in Rochester_ (Rochester,
+N.Y., 1936). Anyone implicated in the escape of a slave was liable to
+$1000 fine, to the payment of $1000 to the owner of the fugitive, and
+to a possible jail sentence of six months.
+
+
+
+
+FREEDOM TO SPEAK
+
+
+Susan was soon rejoicing at the prospect of meeting Lucy Stone and
+Horace Greeley, the editor of the New York _Tribune_. Mrs. Stanton had
+invited her to Seneca Falls to discuss with them and other influential
+men and women the founding of a people's college. Unhesitatingly she
+joined forces with Mrs. Stanton and Lucy Stone to insist that the
+people's college be opened to women on the same terms as men. Lucy had
+proved the practicability of this as a student at Oberlin, the first
+college to admit women, and was one of the first women to receive a
+college degree. However, to suggest coeducation in those days was
+enough to jeopardize the founding of a college, and Horace Greeley
+stood out against them, his babylike face, fringed with throat
+whiskers, getting redder by the moment as he begged them not to
+agitate the question.
+
+The people's college did not materialize, but out of this meeting grew
+a friendship between Susan, Elizabeth Stanton, and Lucy Stone, which
+developed the woman's rights movement in the United States. Susan
+discovered at once that Lucy, like Mrs. Stanton, was an ardent
+advocate of woman's rights. Brought up in a large family on a farm in
+western Massachusetts where a woman's lot was an unending round of
+hard work with no rights over her children or property, Lucy had seen
+much to make her rebellious. Resolving to free herself from this
+bondage, she had worked hard for an education, finally reaching
+Oberlin College. Here she held out for equal rights in education, and
+now as she went through the country, pleading for the abolition of
+slavery, she was not only putting into practice woman's right to
+express herself on public affairs, but was scattering woman's rights
+doctrine wherever she went. Listening to this rosy-cheeked,
+enthusiastic young woman with her little snub nose and soulful gray
+eyes, Susan began to realize how little opposition in comparison she
+herself had met because she was a woman. Not only had her father
+encouraged her to become a teacher, but he had actually aroused her
+interest in such causes as abolition, temperance, and woman's rights,
+while both Lucy and Mrs. Stanton had met disapproval and resistance
+all the way.
+
+[Illustration: Lucy Stone]
+
+She found Lucy, as well as Mrs. Stanton, in the bloomer dress,
+praising its convenience. As Lucy traveled about lecturing, in all
+kinds of weather, climbing on trains, into carriages, and walking on
+muddy streets, she found it much more practical and comfortable than
+the fashionable long full skirts. Nevertheless, there was discomfort
+in being stared at on the streets and in the chagrin of her friends.
+This reform was much on their minds and they discussed it pro and con,
+for Mrs. Stanton was facing real persecution in Seneca Falls, with
+boys screaming "breeches" at her when she appeared in the street and
+with her husband's political opponents ridiculing her costume in their
+campaign speeches. Both women, however, felt it their duty to bear
+this cross to free women from the bondage of cumbersome clothing,
+hoping always that the bloomer, because of its utility, would win
+converts and finally become the fashion. Susan admired their courage,
+but still could not be persuaded to put on the bloomer.
+
+Fired with their zeal, she began planning what she herself might do
+to rouse women. The idea of a separate woman's rights movement did not
+as yet enter her mind. Her thoughts turned rather to the two national
+reform movements already well under way, temperance and antislavery.
+While a career as an antislavery worker appealed strongly to her, she
+felt unqualified when she measured herself with the courageous Grimke
+sisters from South Carolina, or with Abby Kelley Foster, Lucy Stone,
+and the eloquent men in the movement. She had made a place for herself
+locally in temperance societies, and she decided that her work was
+there--to make women an active, important part of this reform.
+
+That winter, as a delegate of the Rochester Daughters of Temperance,
+she went with high hopes to the state convention of the Sons of
+Temperance in Albany, where she visited Lydia Mott and her sister
+Abigail, who lived in a small house on Maiden Lane. Both Lydia and
+Abigail, because of their independence, interested Susan greatly. They
+supported themselves by "taking in" boarders from among the leading
+politicians in Albany. They also kept a men's furnishings store on
+Broadway and made hand-ruffled shirt bosoms and fine linen accessories
+for Thurlow Weed, Horatio Seymour, and other influential citizens.
+Their political contacts were many and important, and yet they were
+also among the very few in that conservative city who stood for
+temperance, abolition of slavery, and woman's rights. Their home was a
+rallying point for reformers and a refuge for fugitive slaves. It was
+to be a second home to Susan in the years to come.
+
+When Susan and the other women delegates entered the convention of the
+Sons of Temperance, they looked forward proudly, if a bit timidly, to
+taking part in the meetings, but when Susan spoke to a motion, the
+chairman, astonished that a woman would be so immodest as to speak in
+a public meeting, scathingly announced, "The sisters were not invited
+here to speak, but to listen and to learn."[33]
+
+This was the first time that Susan had been publicly rebuked because
+she was a woman, and she did not take it lightly. Leaving the hall
+with several other indignant women delegates, amid the critical
+whisperings of those who remained "to listen and to learn," she
+hurried over to Lydia's shop to ask her advice on the next step to be
+taken. Lydia, delighted that they had had the spirit to leave the
+meeting, suggested they engage the lecture room of the Hudson Street
+Presbyterian Church and hold a meeting of their own that very night.
+She went with them to the office of her friend Thurlow Weed, the
+editor of the _Evening Journal_, who published the whole story in his
+paper.
+
+[Illustration: Susan B. Anthony at the age of thirty-four]
+
+Well in advance of the meeting, Susan was at the church, feeling very
+responsible, and when she saw Samuel J. May enter, she was greatly
+relieved. He had read the notice in the _Evening Journal_ and
+persuaded a friend to come with him. To see his genial face in the
+audience gave her confidence, for he would speak easily and well if
+others should fail her. Only a few people drifted into the meeting,
+for the night was snowy and cold. The room was poorly lighted, the
+stove smoked, and in the middle of the speeches, the stovepipe fell
+down. Yet in spite of all this, a spirit of independence and
+accomplishment was born in that gathering and plans were made to call
+a woman's state temperance convention in Rochester with Susan in
+charge.
+
+All this Susan reported to her new friend, Elizabeth Stanton, who
+promised to help all she could, urging that the new organization lead
+the way and not follow the advice of cautious, conservative women.
+Susan agreed, and as a first step in carrying out this policy, she
+asked Mrs. Stanton to make the keynote speech of the convention. Soon
+the Woman's State Temperance Society was a going concern with Mrs.
+Stanton as president and Susan as secretary. There was no doubt about
+its leading the way far ahead of the rank and file of the temperance
+movement when Mrs. Stanton, with Susan's full approval, recommended
+divorce on the grounds of drunkenness, declaring, "Let us petition our
+State government so to modify the laws affecting marriage and the
+custody of children that the drunkard shall have no claims on wife and
+child."[34]
+
+Such independence on the part of women could not be tolerated, and
+both the press and the clergy ruthlessly denounced the Woman's State
+Temperance Society. Susan, however, did not take this too seriously,
+familiar as she was with the persecution antislavery workers endured
+when they frankly expressed their convictions.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Now recognized as the leader of women's temperance groups in New York,
+Susan traveled throughout the state, organizing temperance societies,
+getting subscriptions for Amelia Bloomer's temperance paper, _The
+Lily_, and attending temperance conventions in spite of the fact that
+she met determined opposition to the participation of women. Impressed
+by the success of political action in Maine, where in 1851 the first
+prohibition law in the country had been passed, she now signed her
+letters, "Yours for Temperance Politics."[35] She appealed to women to
+petition for a Maine law for New York and brought a group of women
+before the legislature for the first time for a hearing on this
+prohibition bill. Realizing then that women's indirect influence could
+be of little help in political action, she saw clearly that women
+needed the vote.
+
+However, it was the woman's rights convention in Syracuse, New York,
+in September 1852, which turned her thoughts definitely in the
+direction of votes for women. It was the first woman's rights
+gathering she had ever attended and she was enthusiastic over the
+people she met. She talked eagerly with the courageous Jewish
+lecturer, Ernestine Rose; with Dr. Harriot K. Hunt of Boston, one of
+the first women physicians, who was waging a battle against taxation
+without representation; with Clarina Nichols of Vermont, editor of
+the _Windham County Democrat_, and with Matilda Joslyn Gage, the
+youngest member of the convention. All of these became valuable, loyal
+friends in the years ahead. Susan renewed her acquaintance with Lucy
+Stone, and met Antoinette Brown who had also studied at Oberlin
+College and was now the first woman ordained as a minister. With real
+pleasure she greeted Mrs. Stanton's cousin, Gerrit Smith, now
+Congressman from New York, and his daughter, Elizabeth Smith Miller,
+the originator of the much-discussed bloomer. Best of all was her
+long-hoped-for meeting with James and Lucretia Mott and Lucretia's
+sister, Martha C. Wright. Only Paulina Wright Davis of Providence and
+Elizabeth Oakes Smith of Boston were disappointing, for they appeared
+at the meetings in short-sleeved, low-necked dresses with
+loose-fitting jackets of pink and blue wool, shocking her deeply
+intrenched Quaker instincts. Although she realized that they wore
+ultrafashionable clothes to show the world that not all woman's rights
+advocates were frumps wearing the hideous bloomer, she could not
+forgive them for what to her seemed bad taste. How could such women,
+she asked herself, hope to represent the earnest, hard-working women
+who must be the backbone of the equal rights movement? Always
+forthright, when a principle was at stake, she expressed her feelings
+frankly when James Mott, serving with her on the nominating committee,
+proposed Elizabeth Oakes Smith for president. His reply, that they
+must not expect all women to dress as plainly as the Friends, in no
+way quieted her opposition. To her delight, Lucretia Mott was elected,
+and her dignity and poise as president of this large convention of
+2,000 won the respect even of the critical press. Susan was elected
+secretary and so clearly could her voice be heard as she read the
+minutes and the resolutions that the Syracuse _Standard_ commented,
+"Miss Anthony has a capital voice and deserves to be clerk of the
+Assembly."[36]
+
+[Illustration: James and Lucretia Mott]
+
+Not all of the newspapers were so friendly. Some labeled the gathering
+"a Tomfoolery convention" of "Aunt Nancy men and brawling women";
+others called it "the farce at Syracuse,"[37] but for Susan it marked
+a milestone. Never before had she heard so many earnest, intelligent
+women plead so convincingly for property rights, civil rights, and the
+ballot. Never before had she seen so clearly that in a republic women
+as well as men should enjoy these rights. The ballot assumed a new
+importance for her. Her conversion to woman suffrage was complete.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This new interest in the vote was steadily nurtured by Elizabeth
+Stanton, whom Susan now saw more frequently. Whenever she could, Susan
+stopped over in Seneca Falls for a visit. Here she found inspiration,
+new ideas, and good advice, and always left the comfortable Stanton
+home ready to battle for the rights of women. While Susan traveled
+about, organizing temperance societies and attending conventions, Mrs.
+Stanton, tied down at home by a family of young children, wrote
+letters and resolutions for her and helped her with her speeches.
+Susan was very reluctant about writing speeches or making them. The
+moment she sat down to write, her thoughts refused to come and her
+phrases grew stilted. She needed encouragement, and Mrs. Stanton gave
+it unstintingly, for she had grown very fond of this young woman whose
+mental companionship she found so stimulating.
+
+During one of these visits, Susan finally put on the bloomer and cut
+her long thick brown hair as part of the stern task of winning
+freedom for women. It was not an easy decision and she came to it only
+because she was unwilling to do less for the cause than Mrs. Stanton
+or Lucy Stone. Comfortable as the new dress was, it always attracted
+unfavorable attention and added fuel to the fire of an unfriendly
+press. This fire soon scorched her at the World's Temperance
+convention in New York, where women delegates faced the determined
+animosity of the clergy, who held the balance of power and quoted the
+Bible to prove that women were defying the will of God when they took
+part in public meetings. Obliged to withdraw, the women held meetings
+of their own in the Broadway Tabernacle, over which Susan presided
+with a poise and confidence undreamed of a few months before. A
+success in every way, they were nevertheless described by the press as
+a battle of the sexes, a free-for-all struggle in which shrill-voiced
+women in the bloomer costume were supported by a few "male Betties."
+The New York _Sun_ spoke of Susan's "ungainly form rigged out in the
+bloomer costume and provoking the thoughtless to laughter and ridicule
+by her very motions on the platform."[38] Untruth was piled upon
+untruth until dignified ladylike Susan with her earnest pleasing
+appearance was caricatured into everything a woman should not be. Less
+courageous temperance women now began to wonder whether they ought to
+associate with such a strong-minded woman as Susan B. Anthony.
+
+There were rumblings of discontent when the Woman's State Temperance
+Society met in Rochester for its next annual convention in June 1853,
+and Susan and Mrs. Stanton were roundly criticized because they did
+not confine themselves to the subject of temperance and talked too
+much about woman's rights. Not only was Mrs. Stanton defeated for the
+presidency but the by-laws were amended to make men eligible as
+officers. Men had been barred when the first by-laws were drafted by
+Susan and Mrs. Stanton because they wished to make the society a
+proving ground for women and were convinced that men holding office
+would take over the management, and women, less experienced, would
+yield to their wishes.
+
+This now proved to be the case, as the men began to do all the
+talking, calling for a new name for the society and insisting that all
+discussion of woman's rights be ruled out. In the face of this clear
+indication of a determined new policy which few of the women wished to
+resist, Susan refused re-election as secretary and both she and Mrs.
+Stanton resigned.
+
+This was Susan's first experience with intrigue and her first rebuff
+by women whom she had sincerely tried to serve. Defeated, hurt, and
+uncertain, she poured out her disappointment in troubled letters to
+Elizabeth Stanton, who, with the steadying touch of an older sister,
+roused her with the challenge, "We have other and bigger fish to
+fry."[39]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A few months later, Susan was off on a new crusade as she attended the
+state teachers' convention in Rochester. Of the five hundred teachers
+present, two-thirds were women, but there was not the slightest
+recognition of their presence. They filled the back seats of
+Corinthian Hall, forming an inert background for the vocal minority,
+the men. After sitting through two days' sessions and growing more and
+more impatient as not one woman raised her voice, Susan listened, as
+long as she could endure it, to a lengthy debate on the question, "Why
+the profession of teacher is not as much respected as that of lawyer,
+doctor, or minister."[40] Then she rose to her feet and in a
+low-pitched, clear voice addressed the chairman.
+
+At the sound of a woman's voice, an astonished rustle of excitement
+swept through the audience, and when the chairman, Charles Davies,
+Professor of Mathematics at West Point, had recovered from his
+surprise, he patronizingly asked, "What will the lady have?"
+
+"I wish, sir, to speak to the subject under discussion," she bravely
+replied.
+
+Turning to the men in the front row, Professor Davies then asked,
+"What is the pleasure of the convention?"
+
+"I move that she be heard," shouted an unexpected champion. Another
+seconded the motion. After a lengthy debate during which Susan stood
+patiently waiting, the men finally voted their approval by a small
+majority, and Professor Davies, a bit taken aback, announced, "The
+lady may speak."
+
+"It seems to me, gentlemen," Susan began, "that none of you quite
+comprehend the cause of the disrespect of which you complain. Do you
+not see that so long as society says woman is incompetent to be a
+lawyer, minister, or doctor, but has ample ability to be a teacher,
+every man of you who chooses this profession tacitly acknowledges that
+he has no more brains than a woman? And this, too, is the reason that
+teaching is a less lucrative profession; as here men must compete with
+the cheap labor of woman. Would you exalt your profession, exalt those
+who labor with you. Would you make it more lucrative, increase the
+salaries of the women engaged in the noble work of educating our
+future Presidents, Senators, and Congressmen."
+
+For a moment after this bombshell, there was complete silence. Then
+three men rushed down the aisle to congratulate her, telling her she
+had pluck, that she had hit the nail on the head, but the women near
+by glanced scornfully at her, murmuring, "Who can that creature be?"
+
+Susan, however, had started a few women thinking and questioning, and
+the next morning, Professor Davies, resplendent in his buff vest and
+blue coat with brass buttons, opened the convention with an
+explanation. "I have been asked," he said, "why no provisions have
+been made for female lecturers before this association and why ladies
+are not appointed on committees. I will answer." Then, in flowery
+metaphor, he assured them that he would not think of dragging women
+from their pedestals into the dust.
+
+"Beautiful, beautiful," murmured the women in the back rows, but Mrs.
+Northrup of Rochester offered resolutions recognizing the right of
+women teachers to share in all the privileges and deliberations of the
+organization and calling attention to the inadequate salaries women
+teachers received. These resolutions were kept before the meeting by a
+determined group and finally adopted. Susan also offered the name of
+Emma Willard as a candidate for vice-president, thinking the
+successful retired principal of the Troy Female Seminary, now
+interested in improving the public schools, might also be willing to
+lend a hand in improving the status of women in this educational
+organization. Mrs. Willard, however, declined the nomination, refusing
+to be drawn into Susan's rebellion.[41] Susan, nevertheless, left the
+convention satisfied that she had driven an entering wedge into
+Professor Davies' male stronghold, and she continued battering at
+this stronghold whenever she had an opportunity. She meant to put
+women in office and to win approval for coeducation and equal pay.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Teachers' conventions, however, were only a minor part of her new
+crusade, plans for which were still simmering in her mind and
+developing from day to day. Going back to many of the towns where she
+had held temperance meetings, she found that most of the societies she
+had organized had disbanded because women lacked the money to engage
+speakers or to subscribe to temperance papers. If they were married,
+they had no money of their own and no right to any interest outside
+their homes, unless their husbands consented.
+
+Discouraged, she wrote in her diary, "As I passed from town to town I
+was made to feel the great evil of woman's entire dependency upon man
+for the necessary means to aid on any and every reform movement.
+Though I had long admitted the wrong, I never until this time so fully
+took in the grand idea of pecuniary and personal independence. It
+matters not how overflowing with benevolence toward suffering humanity
+may be the heart of woman, it avails nothing so long as she possesses
+not the power to act in accordance with these promptings. Woman must
+have a purse of her own, and how can this be, so long as the _Wife_ is
+denied the right to her individual and joint earnings. Reflections
+like these, caused me to see and really feel that there was no true
+freedom for Woman without the possession of all her property rights,
+and that these rights could be obtained through legislation only, and
+so, the sooner the demand was made of the Legislature, the sooner
+would we be likely to obtain them."[42]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[33] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 65.
+
+[34] _The Lily_, May, 1852.
+
+[35] Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Matilda Joslyn
+Gage, _History of Woman Suffrage_ (New York, 1881), I, p. 489.
+
+[36] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 77.
+
+[37] _Ibid._, p. 78.
+
+[38] _Ibid._, p. 90.
+
+[39] Theodore Stanton and Harriot Stanton Blatch, Eds., _Elizabeth
+Cady Stanton, As Revealed in Her Letters, Diary, and Reminiscences_
+(New York, 1922), II, p. 52.
+
+[40] Aug., 1853, Harper, Anthony, I, pp. 98-99; _History of Woman
+Suffrage_, I, pp. 513-515.
+
+[41] Susan B. Anthony Scrapbook, Library of Congress.
+
+[42] Ms., Diary, 1853.
+
+
+
+
+A PURSE OF HER OWN
+
+
+The next important step in winning further property rights for women,
+it seemed to Susan, was to hold a woman's rights convention in the
+conservative capital city of Albany. This was definitely a challenge
+and she at once turned to Elizabeth Stanton for counsel. Somehow she
+must persuade Mrs. Stanton to find time in spite of her many household
+cares to prepare a speech for the convention and for presentation to
+the legislature. As eager as Susan to free women from unjust property
+laws, Mrs. Stanton asked only that Susan get a good lawyer, and one
+sympathetic to the cause, to look up New York State's very worst laws
+affecting women.[43] She could think and philosophize while she was
+baking and sewing, she assured Susan, but she had no time for
+research. Susan produced the facts for Mrs. Stanton, and while she
+worked on the speech, Susan went from door to door during the cold
+blustery days of December and January 1854 to get signatures on her
+petitions for married women's property rights and woman suffrage. Some
+of the women signed, but more of them slammed the door in her face,
+declaring indignantly that they had all the rights they wanted. Yet at
+this time a father had the legal authority to apprentice or will away
+a child without the mother's consent and an employer was obliged by
+law to pay a wife's wages to her husband.
+
+In spite of the fact that the bloomer costume made it easier for her
+to get about in the snowy streets, she now found it a real burden
+because it always attracted unfavorable attention. Boys jeered at her
+and she was continually conscious of the amused, critical glances of
+the men and women she met. She longed to take it off and wear an
+inconspicuous trailing skirt, but if she had been right to put it on,
+it would be weakness to take it off. By this time Elizabeth Stanton
+had given it up except in her own home, convinced that it harmed the
+cause and that the physical freedom it gave was not worth the price.
+"I hope you have let down a dress and a petticoat," she now wrote
+Susan. "The cup of ridicule is greater than you can bear. It is not
+wise, Susan, to use up so much energy and feeling in that way. You
+can put them to better use. I speak from experience."[44]
+
+[Illustration: Elizabeth Cady Stanton and her son, Henry]
+
+Lucy Stone too was wavering and was thinking of having her next dress
+made long. The three women corresponded about it, and Lucy as well as
+Mrs. Stanton urged Susan to give up the bloomer. With these entreaties
+ringing in her ears, Susan set out for Albany in February 1854 to make
+final arrangements for the convention. On the streets in Albany, in
+the printing offices, and at the capitol, men stared boldly at her,
+some calling out hilariously, "Here comes my bloomer." She endured it
+bravely until her work was done, but at night alone in her room at
+Lydia Mott's she poured out her anguish in letters to Lucy. "Here I am
+known only," she wrote, "as one of the women who ape men--coarse,
+brutal men! Oh, I can not, can not bear it any longer."[45]
+
+Even so she did not let down the hem of her skirt, but wore her
+bloomer costume heroically during the entire convention, determined
+that she would not be stampeded into a long skirt by the jeers of
+Albany men or the ridicule of the women. However, she made up her mind
+that immediately after the convention she would take off the bloomer
+forever. She had worn it a little over a year. Never again could she
+be lured into the path of dress reform.
+
+The Albany _Register_ scoffed at the "feminine propagandists of
+woman's rights" exhibiting themselves in "short petticoats and
+long-legged boots."[46] Nevertheless, the convention aroused such
+genuine interest that evening meetings were continued for two weeks,
+featuring as speakers Ernestine Rose, Antoinette Brown, Samuel J. May,
+and William Henry Channing, the young Unitarian minister from
+Rochester; and when the men appeared on the platform, the audience
+called for the women.
+
+Susan could not have asked for anything better than Elizabeth
+Stanton's moving plea for property rights for married women and the
+attention it received from the large audience in the Senate Chamber.
+Her heart swelled with pride as she listened to her friend, and so
+important did she think the speech that she had 50,000 copies printed
+for distribution.
+
+To back up Mrs. Stanton's words with concrete evidence of a demand for
+a change in the law, Susan presented petitions with 10,000 signatures,
+6,000 asking that married women be granted the right to their wages
+and 4,000 venturing to be recorded for woman suffrage.
+
+Enthusiastic over her Albany success, she impetuously wrote Lucy
+Stone, "Is this not a wonderful time, an era long to be
+remembered?"[47]
+
+Although the legislature failed to act on the petitions, she knew that
+her cause had made progress, for never before had women been listened
+to with such respect and never had newspapers been so friendly. She
+cherished these words of praise from Lucy, "God bless you, Susan dear,
+for the brave heart that will work on even in the midst of
+discouragement and lack of helpers. Everywhere I am telling people
+what your state is doing, and it is worth a great deal to the cause.
+The example of positive action is what we need."[48]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Susan continued her "example of positive action," this time against
+the Kansas-Nebraska bill, pending in Congress, which threatened repeal
+of the Missouri Compromise by admitting Kansas and Nebraska as
+territories with the right to choose for themselves whether they
+would be slave or free. "I feel that woman should in the very capitol
+of the nation lift her voice against that abominable measure," she
+wrote Lucy Stone, with whom she was corresponding more and more
+frequently. "It is not enough that H. B. Stowe should write."[49]
+Harriet Beecher Stowe's _Uncle Tom's Cabin_ had been published in 1852
+and during that year 300,000 copies were sold.
+
+[Illustration: Ernestine Rose]
+
+With Ernestine Rose, Susan now headed for Washington. These two women
+had been drawn together by common interests ever since they had met in
+Syracuse in 1852. Susan was not frightened, as many were, by
+Ernestine's reputed atheism. She appreciated Ernestine's intelligence,
+her devotion to woman's rights, and her easy eloquence. Conscious of
+her own limitations as an orator, she recognized her need of Ernestine
+for the many meetings she planned for the future.
+
+As they traveled to Washington together, she learned more about this
+beautiful, impressive, black-haired Jewess from Poland, who was ten
+years her senior. The daughter of a rabbi, Ernestine had found the
+limitations of orthodox religion unbearable for a woman and had left
+her home to see and learn more of the world in Prussia, Holland,
+France, Scotland, and England. She had married an Englishman
+sympathetic to her liberal views, and together they had come to New
+York where she began her career as a lecturer in 1836 when speaking in
+public branded women immoral. She spoke easily and well on education,
+woman's rights, and the evils of slavery. Her slight foreign accent
+added charm to her rich musical voice, and before long she was in
+demand as far west as Ohio and Michigan. With a colleague as
+experienced as Ernestine, Susan dared arrange for meetings even in the
+capital of the nation.
+
+Washington was tense over the slavery issue when they arrived, and
+Ernestine's friends warned her not to mention the subject in her
+lectures. Unheeding she commented on the Kansas-Nebraska bill, but the
+press took no notice and her audiences showed no signs of
+dissatisfaction. In fact, two comparatively unknown women, billed to
+lecture on the "Educational and Social Rights of Women" and the
+"Political and Legal Rights of Women," attracted little attention in a
+city accustomed to a blaze of Congressional oratory. Hoping to draw
+larger audiences and to lend dignity to their meetings, Susan asked
+for the use of the Capitol on Sunday, but was refused because
+Ernestine was not a member of a religious society. Making an attempt
+for Smithsonian Hall, Ernestine was told it could not risk its
+reputation by presenting a woman speaker.[50]
+
+A failure financially, their Washington venture was rich in
+experience. Susan took time out for sightseeing, visiting the
+"President's house" and Mt. Vernon, which to her surprise she found in
+a state of "delapidation and decay." "The mark of slavery o'ershadows
+the whole," she wrote in her diary. "Oh the thought that it was here
+that he whose name is the pride of this Nation, was the _Slave
+Master_."[51]
+
+Again and again in the Capitol, she listened to heated debates on the
+Kansas-Nebraska bill, astonished at the eloquence and fervor with
+which the "institution of slavery" could be defended. Seeing slavery
+first-hand, she abhorred it more than ever and observed with dismay
+its degenerating influence on master as well as slave. She began to
+feel that even she herself might be undermined by it almost
+unwittingly and confessed to her diary, "This noon, I ate my dinner
+without once asking myself are these human beings who minister to my
+wants, Slaves to be bought and sold and hired out at the will of a
+master?... Even I am getting _accustomed_ to _Slavery_ ... so much so
+that I have ceased continually to be made to feel its blighting,
+cursing influence."[52]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A few months later, Susan and Ernestine were in Philadelphia at a
+national woman's rights convention, and when Ernestine was proposed
+for president, Susan had her first opportunity to champion her new
+friend. A foreigner and a free-thinker, Ernestine encountered a great
+deal of prejudice even among liberal reformers, and Susan was
+surprised at the strength of feeling against her. Impressed during
+their trip to Washington by Ernestine's essentially fine qualities and
+her value to the cause, Susan fought for her behind the scenes,
+insisting that freedom of religion or the freedom to have no religion
+be observed in woman's rights conventions, and she had the
+satisfaction of seeing Ernestine elected to the office she so richly
+deserved.
+
+Freedom of religion or freedom to have no religion had become for
+Susan a principle to hold on to, as she listened at these early
+woman's rights meetings to the lengthy fruitless discussions regarding
+the lack of Scriptural sanction for women's new freedom. Usually a
+clergyman appeared on the scene, volubly quoting the Bible to prove
+that any widening of woman's sphere was contrary to the will of God.
+But always ready to refute him were Antoinette Brown, now an ordained
+minister, William Lloyd Garrison, and occasionally Susan herself. To
+the young Quaker broadened by her Unitarian contacts and unhampered by
+creed or theological dogma, such debates were worse than useless; they
+deepened theological differences, stirred up needless antagonisms,
+solved no problems, and wasted valuable time.
+
+During this convention, she was one of the twenty-four guests in
+Lucretia Mott's comfortable home at 238 Arch Street. Every meal, with
+its stimulating discussions, was a convention in itself. Susan's great
+hero, William Lloyd Garrison, sat at Lucretia's right at the long
+table in the dining room, Susan on her left, and at the end of each
+meal, when the little cedar tub filled with hot soapy water was
+brought in and set before Lucretia so that she could wash the silver,
+glass, and fine china at the table, Susan dried them on a snowy-white
+towel while the interesting conversation continued. There was talk of
+woman's rights, of temperance, and of spiritualism, which was
+attracting many new converts. There were thrilling stories of the
+opening of the West and the building of transcontinental railways; but
+most often and most earnestly the discussion turned to the progress of
+the antislavery movement, to the infamous Kansas-Nebraska bill, to the
+New England Emigrant Aid Company,[53] which was sending free-state
+settlers to Kansas, to the weakness of the government in playing again
+and again into the hands of the proslavery faction. Most of them saw
+the country headed toward a vast slave empire which would embrace
+Cuba, Mexico, and finally Brazil; and William Lloyd Garrison fervently
+reiterated his doctrine, "No Union with Slaveholders."
+
+Before leaving home Susan had heard first-hand reports of the bitter
+bloody antislavery contest in Kansas from her brother Daniel, who had
+just returned from a trip to that frontier territory with settlers
+sent out by the New England Emigrant Aid Company. Now talking with
+William Lloyd Garrison, she found herself torn between these two great
+causes for human freedom, abolition and woman's rights, and it was
+hard for her to decide which cause needed her more.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+She had not, however, forgotten her unfinished business in New York
+State. The refusal of the legislature to amend the property laws had
+doubled her determination to continue circulating petitions until
+married women's civil rights were finally recognized. It took courage
+to go alone to towns where she was unknown to arrange for meetings on
+the unpopular subject of woman's rights. Not knowing how she would be
+received, she found it almost as difficult to return to such towns as
+Canajoharie where she had been highly respected as a teacher six years
+before. In Canajoharie, however, she was greeted affectionately by her
+uncle Joshua Read. He and his friends let her use the Methodist church
+for her lecture, and when the trustees of the academy urged her to
+return there to teach, Uncle Joshua interrupted with a vehement "No!"
+protesting that others could teach but it was Susan's work "to go
+around and set people thinking about the laws."[54]
+
+Returning to the scene of her girlhood in Battenville and Easton,
+visiting her sisters Guelma and Hannah, and meeting many of her old
+friends, Susan realized as never before how completely she had
+outgrown her old environment. In her enthusiasm for her new work, she
+exposed "many of her heresies," and when her friends labeled William
+Lloyd Garrison an agnostic and rabble rouser, she protested that he
+was the most Christlike man she had ever known. "Thus it is belief,
+not Christian benevolence," she confided to her diary in 1854, "that
+is made the modern test of Christianity."[55]
+
+After eight strenuous months away from home, she was welcomed warmly
+by a family who believed in her work. She found abolition uppermost in
+everyone's mind. Her brother Merritt, fired by Daniel's tales of the
+West and the antislavery struggle in Kansas, was impatient to join the
+settlers there and could talk of nothing else. While he poured out the
+latest news about Kansas, he and a cousin Mary Luther helped Susan
+fold handbills for future woman's rights meetings. Susan listened
+eagerly and approvingly as he told of the 750 free-state settlers who
+during the past summer had gone out to Kansas, traveling up the
+Missouri on steamboats and over lonely trails in wagons marked
+"Kansas." Most of them were not abolitionists but men who wanted
+Kansas a free-labor state which they could develop with their own hard
+work. She heard of the ruthless treatment these "Yankee" settlers
+faced from the proslavery Missourians who wanted Kansas in the slavery
+bloc. There was bloodshed and there would be more. John Brown's sons
+had written from Kansas, "Send us guns. We need them more than
+bread."[56] Merritt was ready and eager to join John Brown.
+
+The Anthony farm was virtually a hotbed of insurrection with Merritt
+planning resistance in Kansas and Susan reform in New York. Susan
+mapped out an ambitious itinerary, hoping to canvass with her
+petitions every county in the state. With her father as security, she
+borrowed money to print her handbills and notices, and then wrote
+Wendell Phillips asking if any money for a woman's rights campaign had
+been raised by the last national convention. He replied with his own
+personal check for fifty dollars. His generosity and confidence
+touched her deeply, for already he had become a hero to her second
+only to William Lloyd Garrison. This tall handsome intellectual, a
+graduate of Harvard and an unsurpassed orator, had forfeited friends,
+social position, and a promising career as a lawyer to plead for the
+slave. He was also one of the very few men who sympathized with and
+aided the woman's rights cause.
+
+Horace Greeley too proved at this time to be a good friend, writing,
+"I have your letter and your programme, friend Susan. I will publish
+the latter in all our editions, but return your dollars."[57]
+
+Her earnestness and ability made a great appeal to these men. They
+marveled at her industry. Thirty-four years old now, not handsome but
+wholesome, simply and neatly dressed, her brown hair smoothly parted
+and brought down over her ears, she had nothing of the scatterbrained
+impulsive reformer about her, and no coquetry. She was practical and
+intelligent, and men liked to discuss their work with her. William
+Henry Channing, admiring her executive ability and her plucky reaction
+to defeat, dubbed her the Napoleon of the woman's rights movement.
+Parker Pillsbury, the fiery abolitionist from New Hampshire,
+broad-shouldered, dark-bearded, with blazing eyes and almost fanatical
+zeal, had become her devoted friend. He liked nothing better than to
+tease her about her idleness and pretend to be in search of more work
+for her to do.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+So impatient was Susan to begin her New York State campaign that she
+left home on Christmas Day to hold her first meeting on December 26,
+1854, at Mayville in Chatauqua County. The weather was cold and damp,
+but the four pounds of candles which she had bought to light the court
+house flickered cheerily while the small curious audience, gathered
+from several nearby towns, listened to the first woman most of them
+had ever heard speak in public. She would be, they reckoned, worth
+hearing at least once.
+
+Traveling from town to town, she held meetings every other night.
+Usually the postmasters or sheriffs posted her notices in the town
+square and gave them to the newspapers and to the ministers to
+announce in their churches. Even in a hostile community she almost
+always found a gallant fair-minded man to come to her aid, such as the
+hotel proprietor who offered his dining room for her meetings when
+the court house, schoolhouse, and churches were closed to her, or the
+group of men who, when the ministers refused to announce her meetings,
+struck off handbills which they distributed at the church doors at the
+close of the services. The newspapers too were generally friendly.
+
+As men were the voters with power to change the laws, she aimed to
+attract them to her evening meetings, and usually they came, seeking
+diversion, and listened respectfully. Some of them scoffed, others
+condemned her for undermining the home, but many found her reasoning
+logical and by their questions put life into the meetings. A few even
+encouraged their wives to enlist in the cause.
+
+The women, on the other hand, were timid or indifferent, although she
+pointed out to them the way to win the legal right to their earnings
+and their children. It was difficult to find among them a rebellious
+spirit brave enough to head a woman's rights society.
+
+"Susan B. Anthony is in town," wrote young Caroline Cowles, a
+Canandaigua school girl, in her diary at this time. "She made a
+special request that all seminary girls should come to hear her as
+well as all the women and girls in town. She had a large audience and
+she talked very plainly about our rights and how we ought to stand up
+for them and said the world would never go right until the women had
+just as much right to vote and rule as the men.... When I told
+Grandmother about it, she said she guessed Susan B. Anthony had
+forgotten that St. Paul said women should keep silence. I told her,
+no, she didn't, for she spoke particularly about St. Paul and said if
+he had lived in these times ... he would have been as anxious to have
+women at the head of the government as she was. I could not make
+Grandmother agree with her at all."[58]
+
+Many of the towns Susan visited were not on a railroad. Often after a
+long cold sleigh ride she slept in a hotel room without a fire; in the
+morning she might have to break the ice in the pitcher to take the
+cold sponge bath which nothing could induce her to omit since she had
+begun to follow the water cure, a new therapeutic method then in
+vogue.
+
+For a time Ernestine Rose came to her aid and it was a relief to turn
+over the meetings to such an accomplished speaker. But for the most
+part Susan braved it alone. Steadily adding names to her petitions
+and leaving behind the leaflets which Elizabeth Stanton had written,
+she aroused a glimmer of interest in a new valuation of women.
+
+[Illustration: Parker Pillsbury]
+
+On the stagecoach leaving Lake George on a particularly cold day, she
+found to her surprise a wealthy Quaker, whom she had met at the Albany
+convention, so solicitous of her comfort that he placed heated planks
+under her feet, making the long ride much more bearable. He turned up
+again, this time with his own sleigh, at the close of one of her
+meetings in northern New York, and wrapped in fur robes, she drove
+with him behind spirited gray horses to his sisters' home to stay over
+Sunday, and then to all her meetings in the neighborhood. It was
+pleasant to be looked after and to travel in comfort and she enjoyed
+his company, but when he urged her to give up the hard life of a
+reformer to become his wife, there was no hesitation on her part. She
+had dedicated her life to freeing women and Negroes and there could be
+no turning aside. If she ever married, it must be to a man who would
+encourage her work for humanity, a great man like Wendell Phillips, or
+a reformer like Parker Pillsbury.
+
+Returning home in May 1855, she took stock of her accomplishments. She
+had canvassed fifty-four counties and sold 20,000 tracts. Her expenses
+had been $2,291 and she had paid her way by selling tracts and by a
+small admission charge for her meetings. She even had seventy dollars
+over and above all expenses. She promptly repaid the fifty dollars
+which Wendell Phillips had advanced, but he returned it for her next
+campaign.
+
+However, her heart quailed at the prospect of another such winter, as
+she recalled the long, bitter-cold days of travel and the indifference
+of the women she was trying to help. Even the unfailing praise of her
+family and of Elizabeth Stanton, even the kindness and interest of the
+new friends she made paled into insignificance before the thought of
+another lone crusade. She was exhausted and suffering with rheumatic
+pains, and yet she would not rest, but prepared for an ambitious
+convention at Saratoga Springs, then the fashionable summer resort of
+the East.
+
+She had braved this center of fashion and frivolity the year before
+with her message of woman's rights, and to her great surprise, crowds
+seeking entertainment had come to her meetings, their admission fees
+and their purchase of tracts making the venture a financial success.
+Here was fertile ground. Susan was counting on Lucy Stone and
+Antoinette Brown to help her, for Elizabeth Stanton, then expecting
+her sixth baby, was out of the picture. Now, to her dismay, Lucy and
+Antoinette married the Blackwell brothers, Henry and Samuel.
+
+Fearing that they too like Elizabeth Stanton would be tied down with
+babies and household cares, Susan saw a bleak lonely road ahead for
+the woman's rights movement. She did so want her best speakers and
+most valuable workers to remain single until the spade work for
+woman's rights was done. Almost in a panic at the prospect of being
+left to carry on the Saratoga convention alone, Susan wrote Lucy
+irritable letters instead of praising her for drawing up a marriage
+contract and keeping her own name. Later, however, she realized what
+it had meant for Lucy to keep her own name, and then she wrote her, "I
+am more and more rejoiced that you have declared by actual doing that
+a woman has a name and may retain it all through her life."[59]
+
+So persistently did she now pursue Lucy and Antoinette that they both
+kept their promise to speak at the Saratoga convention, Lucy traveling
+all the way from Cincinnati where she was visiting in the Blackwell
+home. Lucy was loudly cheered by a large audience, eager to see this
+young woman whose marriage had attracted so much notice in the press.
+In fact Lucy Stone, who had kept her own name and who with her husband
+had signed a marriage protest against the legal disabilities of a
+married woman, was as much of a novelty in this fashionable circle as
+one of Barnum's high-priced curiosities.
+
+Pleased at Lucy's reception, Susan surveyed the audience
+hopefully--handsome men in nankeen trousers, red waistcoats, white
+neckcloths, and gray swallowtail coats, sitting beside beautiful young
+women wearing gowns of bombazine and watered silk with wide hoop
+skirts and elaborately trimmed bonnets which set off their curls. To
+her delight, they also applauded Antoinette Brown Blackwell, the first
+woman minister they had ever seen, and Ernestine Rose with her
+appealing foreign accent. They clapped loudly when she herself asked
+them to buy tracts and contribute to the work.
+
+Complimentary as this was, she did not flatter herself that they had
+endorsed woman's rights. That they had come to her meetings in large
+numbers while vacationing in Saratoga Springs, this was important. In
+some a spark of understanding glowed, and this spark would light
+others. They came from the South, from the West, and from the large
+cities of the East. There were railroad magnates among them, rich
+merchants, manufacturers, and politicians. Charles F. Hovey, the
+wealthy Boston dry-goods merchant, listened attentively to every word,
+and in the years that followed became a generous contributor to the
+cause.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Realizing how very tired she was and that she must feel more
+physically fit before continuing her work, Susan decided to take the
+water cure at her cousin Seth Rogers' Hydropathic Institute in
+Worcester, Massachusetts. This well-known sanitorium prescribed water
+internally and externally as a remedy for all kinds of ailments, and
+in an age when meals were overhearty, baths infrequent, and clothing
+tight and confining, the drinking of water, tub baths, showers, and
+wet packs had enthusiastic advocates. The soothing baths relaxed
+Susan and the leisure to read refreshed and strengthened her. She
+read, one after another, Carlyle's _Sartor Resartus_, George Sand's
+_Consuelo_, Madame de Stael's _Corinne_, then Frances Wright's _A Few
+Days in Athens_ and Mrs. Gaskell's _Life of Charlotte Bronte_, making
+notes in her diary (1855) of passages she particularly liked. She
+discussed current events with her cousin Seth on long drives in the
+country, finding him a delightful companion, well-read, understanding,
+and interested in people and causes. He took her to her first
+political meeting, where she was the only woman present and had a seat
+on the platform. It was one of the first rallies of the new Republican
+party which had developed among rebellious northern Whigs,
+Free-Soilers, and anti-Nebraska Democrats who opposed the extension of
+slavery. After listening to the speakers, among them Charles Sumner,
+she drew these conclusions: "Had the accident of birth given me place
+among the aristocracy of sex, I doubt not I should be an active,
+zealous advocate of Republicanism; unless perchance, I had received
+that higher, holier light which would have lifted me to the sublime
+height where now stand Garrison, Phillips, and all that small band
+whose motto is 'No Union with Slaveholders.'"[60]
+
+After listening to the satisfying sermons of Thomas Wentworth
+Higginson at his Free Church in Worcester, she wrote in her diary, "It
+is plain to me now that it is not sitting under preaching I dislike,
+but the fact that most of it is not of a stamp that my soul can
+respond to."[61]
+
+In September she interrupted "the cure" to attend a woman's rights
+meeting in Boston, and with Lucy Stone, Antoinette and Ellen Blackwell
+visited in the home of the wealthy merchant, Francis Jackson, making
+many new friends, among them his daughter, Eliza J. Eddy, whose
+unhappy marriage was to prove a blessing to the woman's rights
+cause.[62]
+
+At tea at the Garrisons', she met many of the "distinguished" men and
+women she had "worshiped" from afar. She heard Theodore Parker preach
+a sermon which filled her soul, and with Mr. Garrison called on him in
+his famous library. "It really seemed audacious in me to be ushered
+into such a presence and on such a commonplace errand as to ask him to
+come to Rochester to speak in a course of lectures I am planning," she
+wrote her family, "but he received me with such kindness and
+simplicity that the awe I felt on entering was soon dissipated. I then
+called on Wendell Phillips in his sanctum for the same purpose. I have
+invited Ralph Waldo Emerson by letter and all three have promised to
+come. In the evening with Mr. Jackson's son James, Ellen Blackwell and
+I went to see _Hamlet_. In spite of my Quaker training, I find I enjoy
+all these worldly amusements intensely."[63]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In January 1856, Susan set out again on a woman's rights tour of New
+York State to gather more signatures for her petitions. This time she
+persuaded Frances D. Gage of Ohio, a temperance worker and popular
+author of children's stories, to join her. An easy extemporaneous
+speaker, Mrs. Gage was an attraction to offer audiences, who drove
+eight or more miles to hear her; and in the cheerless hotels at night
+and on the long cold sleigh rides from town to town, she was a
+congenial companion.
+
+The winter was even colder and snowier than that of the year before.
+"No trains running," Susan wrote her family, "and we had a 36-mile
+ride in a sleigh.... Just emerged from a long line of snow drifts and
+stopped at this little country tavern, supped, and am now roasting
+over the hot stove."[64]
+
+Confronted almost daily with glaring examples of the injustices women
+suffered under the property laws, she was more than ever convinced
+that her work was worth-while. "We stopped at a little tavern where
+the landlady was not yet twenty and had a baby, fifteen months old,"
+she reported. "Her supper dishes were not washed and her baby was
+crying.... She rocked the little thing to sleep, washed the dishes and
+got our supper; beautiful white bread, butter, cheese, pickles, apple
+and mince pie, and excellent peach preserves. She gave us her warm
+room to sleep in.... She prepared a six o'clock breakfast for us,
+fried pork, mashed potatoes, mince pie, and for me at my special
+request, a plate of sweet baked apples and a pitcher of rich milk....
+When we came to pay our bill, the dolt of a husband took the money and
+put it in his pocket. He had not lifted a finger to lighten that
+woman's burdens.... Yet the law gives him the right to every dollar
+she earns, and when she needs two cents to buy a darning needle she
+has to ask him and explain what she wants it for."[65]
+
+When after a few weeks Mrs. Gage was called home by illness in her
+family, Susan appealed hopefully to Lucretia Mott's sister, Martha C.
+Wright, in Auburn, New York, "You can speak so much better, so much
+more wisely, so much more everything than I can." Then she added, "I
+should like a particular effort made to call out the Teachers, the
+Sewing Women, the Working Women generally--Can't you write something
+for your papers that will make them feel that it is for them that we
+work more than [for] the wives and daughters of the rich?"[66] Mrs.
+Wright, however, could help only in Auburn, and Susan was obliged to
+continue her scheduled meetings alone. She interrupted them only to
+present her petitions to the legislature.
+
+The response of the legislature to her two years of hard work was a
+sarcastic, wholly irrelevant report issued by the judiciary committee
+some weeks later to a Senate roaring with laughter. In the Albany
+_Register_ Susan read with mounting indignation portions of this
+infuriating report: "The ladies always have the best places and the
+choicest tidbit at the table. They have the best seats in cars,
+carriages, and sleighs; the warmest place in winter, the coolest in
+summer. They have their choice on which side of the bed they will lie,
+front or back. A lady's dress costs three times as much as that of a
+gentleman; and at the present time, with the prevailing fashion, one
+lady occupies three times as much space in the world as a gentleman.
+It has thus appeared to the married gentlemen of your committee, being
+a majority ... that if there is any inequality or oppression in the
+case, the gentlemen are the sufferers. They, however, have presented
+no petitions for redress, having doubtless made up their minds to
+yield to an inevitable destiny."[67]
+
+Why, Susan wondered sadly, were woman's rights only a joke to most
+men--something to be laughed at even in the face of glaring proofs of
+the law's injustice.
+
+There was encouragement, however, in the letters which now came from
+Lucy Stone in Ohio: "Hurrah Susan! Last week this State Legislature
+passed a law giving wives equal property rights, and to mothers equal
+baby rights with fathers. So much is gained. The petitions which I set
+on foot in Wisconsin for suffrage have been presented, made a rousing
+discussion, and then were tabled with three men to defend them!... In
+Nebraska too, the bill for suffrage passed the House.... The world
+moves!"[68]
+
+The world was moving in Great Britain as well, for as Susan read in
+her newspaper, women there were petitioning Parliament for married
+women's property rights, and among the petitioners were her
+well-beloved Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Harriet Martineau, Mrs.
+Gaskell, and Charlotte Cushman. Better still, Harriet Taylor, inspired
+by the example of woman's rights conventions in America, had written
+for the _Westminster Review_ an article advocating the enfranchisement
+of women.
+
+All this reassured Susan, even if New York legislators laughed at her
+efforts.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[43] Judge William Hay of Saratoga Springs, New York.
+
+[44] Feb. 19, 1854, Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers, Library of
+Congress.
+
+[45] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 116. Among those who wore the bloomer
+costume were Angelina and Sarah Grimke, many women in sanitoriums and
+some of the Lowell, Mass. mill workers. In Ohio, the bloomer was so
+popular that 60 women in Akron wore it at a ball, and in Battle Creek,
+Michigan, 31 attended a Fourth of July celebration in the bloomer.
+Amelia Bloomer, moving to the West wore it for eight years. Garrison,
+Phillips, and William Henry Channing disapproved of the bloomer
+costume, but Gerrit Smith continued to champion it and his daughter
+wore it at fashionable receptions in Washington during his term in
+Congress.
+
+[46] _History of Woman Suffrage_, I, p. 608.
+
+[47] 1854 (copy), Blackwell Papers, Edna M. Stantial Collection.
+
+[48] Harper, _Anthony_, I, pp. 111-112.
+
+[49] March 3, 1854 (copy), Blackwell Papers, Edna M. Stantial
+Collection.
+
+[50] Ms., Diary, March 24, 28, 1854.
+
+[51] _Ibid._, March 29, 1854.
+
+[52] _Ibid._, March 30, 1854.
+
+[53] The New England Emigrant Aid Company, headed by Eli Thayer of
+Worcester, was formed to send free-soil settlers to Kansas, offering
+reduced fare and farm equipment. Their first settlers reached Kansas
+in August, 1854, founding the town of Lawrence in honor of one of
+their chief patrons, the wealthy Amos Lawrence of Massachusetts.
+
+[54] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 121.
+
+[55] Diary, April 28, 1854.
+
+[56] Leonard C. Ehrlich, _God's Angry Man_ (New York, 1941), p. 57.
+
+[57] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 122.
+
+[58] Caroline Cowles Richards, _Village Life in America_ (New York,
+1913), p. 49.
+
+[59] 1858, Blackwell Papers, Edna M. Stantial Collection.
+
+[60] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 133.
+
+[61] _Ibid._
+
+[62] Eliza J. Eddy's husband, James Eddy, took their two young
+daughters away from their mother and to Europe, causing her great
+anguish. This led her father, Francis Jackson, to give liberally to
+the woman's rights cause. Mrs. Eddy, herself, left a bequest of
+$56,000 to be divided between Susan B. Anthony and Lucy Stone.
+
+[63] Harper, _Anthony_, I, pp. 131-133.
+
+[64] _Ibid._, p. 138.
+
+[65] _Ibid._, p. 139.
+
+[66] Jan. 18, 1856, Garrison Papers, Sophia Smith Collection, Smith
+College.
+
+[67] Harper, _Anthony_, I, pp. 140-141.
+
+[68] May 25, 1856, Blackwell Papers, Edna M. Stantial Collection.
+
+
+
+
+NO UNION WITH SLAVEHOLDERS
+
+
+Susan's thoughts during the summer of 1856 often strayed from woman's
+rights meetings toward Kansas, where her brother Merritt had settled
+on a claim near Osawatomie. Well aware of his eagerness to help John
+Brown, she knew that he must be in the thick of the bloody antislavery
+struggle. In fact the whole Anthony family had been anxiously waiting
+for news from Merritt ever since the wires had flashed word in May
+1856 of the burning of Lawrence by proslavery "border ruffians" from
+Missouri and of John Brown's raid in retaliation at Pottawatomie
+Creek.
+
+Merritt had built a log cabin at Osawatomie. While Susan was at home
+in September, the newspapers reported an attack by proslavery men on
+Osawatomie in which thirty out of fifty settlers were killed. Was
+Merritt among them? Finally letters came through from him. Susan read
+and reread them, assuring herself of his safety. Although ill at the
+time, he had been in the thick of the fight, but was unharmed. Weak
+from the exertion he had crawled back to his cabin on his hands and
+knees and had lain there ill and alone for several weeks.
+
+Parts of Merritt's letters were published in the Rochester _Democrat_,
+and the city took sides in the conflict, some papers claiming that his
+letters were fiction. Susan wrote Merritt, "How much rather would I
+have you at my side tonight than to think of your daring and enduring
+greater hardships even than our Revolutionary heroes. Words cannot
+tell how often we think of you or how sadly we feel that the terrible
+crime of this nation against humanity is being avenged on the heads of
+our sons and brothers.... Father brings the _Democrat_ giving a list
+of killed, wounded, and missing and the name of our Merritt is not
+therein, but oh! the slain are sons, brothers, and husbands of others
+as dearly loved and sadly mourned."[69]
+
+With difficulty, she prepared for the annual woman's rights
+convention, for the country was in a state of unrest not only over
+Kansas and the whole antislavery question, but also over the
+presidential campaign with three candidates in the field. Even her
+faithful friends Horace Greeley and Gerrit Smith now failed her,
+Horace Greeley writing that he could no longer publish her notices
+free in the news columns of his _Tribune_, because they cast upon him
+the stigma of ultraradicalism, and Gerrit Smith withholding his
+hitherto generous financial support because woman's rights conventions
+would not press for dress reform--comfortable clothing for women
+suitable for an active life, which he believed to be the foundation
+stone of women's emancipation.
+
+[Illustration: Merritt Anthony]
+
+She watched the lively bitter presidential campaign with interest and
+concern. The new Republican party was in the contest, offering its
+first presidential candidate, the colorful hero and explorer of the
+far West, John C. Fremont. She had leanings toward this virile young
+party which stood firmly against the extension of slavery in the
+territories, and discussed its platform with Elizabeth and Henry B.
+Stanton, both enthusiastically for "Fremont and Freedom." Yet she was
+distrustful of political parties, for they eventually yielded to
+expediency, no matter how high their purpose at the start. Her ideal
+was the Garrisonian doctrine, "No Union with Slaveholders" and
+"Immediate Unconditional Emancipation," which courageously faced the
+"whole question" of slavery. There was no compromise among
+Garrisonians.
+
+With the burning issue of slavery now uppermost in her mind, she began
+seriously to reconsider the offer she had received from the American
+Antislavery Society, shortly after her visit to Boston in 1855, to act
+as their agent in central and western New York. Unable to accept at
+that time because she was committed to her woman's rights program, she
+had nevertheless felt highly honored that she had been chosen. Still
+hesitating a little, she wrote Lucy Stone, wanting reassurance that no
+woman's rights work demanded immediate attention. "They talk of
+sending two companies of Lecturers into this state," she wrote Lucy,
+"wish me to lay out the route of each one and accompany one. They seem
+to think me possessed of a vast amount of executive ability. I shrink
+from going into Conventions where speaking is expected of me.... I
+know they want me to help about finance and that part I like and am
+good for nothing else."[70]
+
+She also had the farm home on her mind. With her father in the
+insurance business, her brothers now both in Kansas, her sister Mary
+teaching in the Rochester schools and "looking matrimonially-wise,"
+and her mother at home all alone, Susan often wondered if it might not
+be as much her duty to stay there to take care of her mother and
+father as it would be to make a home comfortable for a husband.
+Sometimes the quietness of such a life beckoned enticingly. But after
+the disappointing November elections which put into the presidency the
+conservative James Buchanan, from whom only a vacillating policy on
+the slavery issue could be expected, she wrote Samuel May, Jr., the
+secretary of the American Antislavery Society, "I shall be very glad
+if I am able to render even the most humble service to this cause.
+Heaven knows there is need of earnest, effective radical workers. The
+heart sickens over the delusions of the recent campaign and turns
+achingly to the unconsidered _whole question_."[71]
+
+His reply came promptly, "We put all New York into your control and
+want your name to all letters and your hand in all arrangements."
+
+For $10 a week and expenses, Susan now arranged antislavery meetings,
+displayed posters bearing the provocative words, "No Union with
+Slaveholders," planned tours for a corps of speakers, among them
+Stephen and Abby Kelley Foster, Parker Pillsbury, and two free
+Negroes, Charles Remond and his sister, Sarah.
+
+In debt from her last woman's rights campaign, she could not afford a
+new dress for these tours, but she dyed a dark green the merino which
+she had worn so proudly in Canajoharie ten years before, bought cloth
+to match for a basque, and made a "handsome suit." "With my Siberian
+squirrel cape, I shall be very comfortable," she noted in her
+diary.[72]
+
+She had met indifference and ridicule in her campaigns for woman's
+rights. Now she faced outright hostility, for northern businessmen had
+no use for abolition-mad fanatics, as they called anyone who spoke
+against slavery. Abolitionists, they believed, ruined business by
+stirring up trouble between the North and the South.
+
+Usually antislavery meetings turned into debates between speakers and
+audience, often lasting until midnight, and were charged with
+animosity which might flame into violence. All of the speakers lived
+under a strain, and under emotional pressure. Consequently they were
+not always easy to handle. Some of them were temperamental, a bit
+jealous of each other, and not always satisfied with the tours Susan
+mapped out for them. She expected of her colleagues what she herself
+could endure, but they often complained and sometimes refused to
+fulfill their engagements.
+
+When no one else was at hand, she took her turn at speaking, but she
+was seldom satisfied with her efforts. "I spoke for an hour," she
+confided to her diary, "but my heart fails me. Can it be that my
+stammering tongue ever will be loosed?"
+
+Lucy Stone, who spoke with such ease, gave her advice and
+encouragement. "You ought to cultivate your power of expression," she
+wrote. "The subject is clear to you and you ought to be able to make
+it so to others. It is only a few years ago that Mr. Higginson told me
+he could not speak, he was so much accustomed to writing, and now he
+is second only to Phillips. 'Go thou and do likewise.'"[73]
+
+In March 1857, the Supreme Court startled the country with the Dred
+Scott decision, which not only substantiated the claim of
+Garrisonians that the Constitution sanctioned slavery and protected
+the slaveholder, but practically swept away the Republican platform of
+no extention of slavery in the territories. The decision declared that
+the Constitution did not apply to Negroes, since they were citizens of
+no state when it was adopted and therefore had not the right of
+citizens to sue for freedom or to claim freedom in the territories;
+that the Missouri Compromise had always been void, since Congress did
+not have the right to enact a law which arbitrarily deprived citizens
+of their property.
+
+Reading the decision word for word with dismay and pondering
+indignantly over the cold letter of the law, Susan found herself so
+aroused and so full of the subject that she occasionally made a
+spontaneous speech, and thus gradually began to free herself from
+reliance on written speeches. She spoke from these notes: "Consider
+the fact of 4,000,000 slaves in a Christian and republican
+government.... Antislavery prayers, resolutions, and speeches avail
+nothing without action.... Our mission is to deepen sympathy and
+convert into right action: to show that the men and women of the North
+are slaveholders, those of the South slave-owners. The guilt rests on
+the North equally with the South. Therefore our work is to rouse the
+sleeping consciousness of the North....[74]
+
+"We ask you to feel as if you, yourselves, were the slaves. The
+politician talks of slavery as he does of United States banks, tariff,
+or any other commercial question. We demand the abolition of slavery
+because the slave is a human being and because man should not hold
+property in his fellowman.... We say disobey every unjust law; the
+politician says obey them and meanwhile labor constitutionally for
+repeal.... We preach revolution, the politicians, reform."
+
+Instinctively she reaffirmed her allegiance to the doctrine, "No Union
+with Slaveholders," and she gloried in the courage of Garrison,
+Phillips, and Higginson, who had called a disunion convention,
+demanding that the free states secede. It was good to be one of this
+devoted band, for she sincerely believed that in the ages to come "the
+prophecies of these noble men and women will be read with the same
+wonder and veneration as those of Isaiah and Jeremiah inspire
+today."[75]
+
+She gave herself to the work with religious fervor. Even so, she could
+not make her antislavery meetings self-supporting, and at the end of
+the first season, after paying her speakers, she faced a deficit of
+$1,000. This troubled her greatly but the Antislavery Society,
+recognizing her value, wrote her, "We cheerfully pay your expenses and
+want to keep you at the head of the work." They took note of her
+"business enterprise, practical sagacity, and platform ability," and
+looked upon the expenditure of $1,000 for the education and
+development of such an exceptional worker as a good investment.
+
+This new experience was a good investment for Susan as well. She made
+many new friends. She won the further respect, confidence, and good
+will of men like William Lloyd Garrison, Wendell Phillips, and Francis
+Jackson. Her friendship with Parker Pillsbury deepened. "I can truly
+say," she wrote Abby Kelley Foster, "my spirit has grown in grace and
+that the experience of the past winter is worth more to me than all my
+Temperance and Woman's Rights labors--though the latter were the
+school necessary to bring me into the Antislavery work."[76]
+
+Only the crusading spirit of the "antislavery apostles"[77] and what
+to them seemed the desperate state of the nation made the hard
+campaigning bearable. The animosity they faced, the cold, the poor
+transportation, the long hours, and wretched food taxed the physical
+endurance of all of them. "O the crimes that are committed in the
+kitchens of this land!"[78] wrote Susan in her diary, as she ate heavy
+bread and the cake ruined with soda and drank what passed for coffee.
+A good cook herself, she had little patience with those who through
+ignorance or carelessness neglected that art. Equally bad were the
+food fads they had to endure when they were entertained in homes of
+otherwise hospitable friends of the cause. Raw-food diets found many
+devotees in those days, and often after long cold rides in the
+stagecoach, these tired hungry antislavery workers were obliged to sit
+down to a supper of apples, nuts, and a baked mixture of coarse bran
+and water. Nor did breakfast or dinner offer anything more. Facing
+these diets seemed harder for the men than for Susan. Repeatedly in
+such situations, they hurried away, leaving her to complete two-or
+three-day engagements among the food cranks. How she welcomed a good
+beefsteak and a pot of hot coffee at home after these long days of
+fasting!
+
+A night at home now was sheer bliss, and she wrote Lucy Stone, "Here
+I am once more in my own Farm Home, where my weary head rests upon my
+own home pillows.... I had been gone _Four Months_, scarcely sleeping
+the second night under the same roof."[79]
+
+It was good to be with her mother again, to talk with her father when
+he came home from work and with Mary who had not married after all but
+continued teaching in the Rochester schools. Guelma and her husband,
+Aaron McLean, who had moved to Rochester, often came out to the farm
+with their children.
+
+Turning for relaxation to work in the garden in the warm sun, Susan
+thought over the year's experience and planned for the future. "I can
+but acknowledge to myself that Antislavery has made me richer and
+braver in spirit," she wrote Samuel May, Jr., "and that it is the
+school of schools for the true and full development of the nobler
+elements of life. I find my raspberry field looking finely--also my
+strawberry bed. The prospect for peaches, cherries, plums, apples, and
+pears is very promising--Indeed all nature is clothed in her most
+hopeful dress. It really seems to me that the trees and the grass and
+the large fields of waving grain did never look so beautifully as now.
+It is more probable, however, that my soul has grown to appreciate
+Nature more fully...."[80]
+
+Susan needed that growth of soul to face the events of the next few
+years and do the work which lay ahead. The whole country was tense
+over the slavery issue, which could no longer be pushed into the
+background. On public platforms and at every fireside, men and women
+were discussing the subject. Antislavery workers sensed the gravity of
+the situation and felt the onrush of the impending conflict between
+what they regarded as the forces of good and evil--freedom and
+slavery. When the Republican leader, William H. Seward, spoke in
+Rochester, of "an irrepressible conflict between opposing and enduring
+forces,"[81] he was expressing only what Garrisonian abolitionists,
+like Susan, always had recognized. In the West, a tall awkward country
+lawyer, Abraham Lincoln, debating with the suave Stephen A. Douglas,
+declared with prophetic wisdom, "'A house divided against itself
+cannot stand.' I believe this government cannot endure permanently
+half slave and half free.... It will become all one thing or all the
+other.'"[82]
+
+So Susan believed, and she was doing her best to make it all free.
+Not only was she holding antislavery meetings, making speeches, and
+distributing leaflets whenever and wherever possible, but she was also
+lobbying in Albany for a personal liberty bill to protect the slaves
+who were escaping from the South. "Treason in the Capitol," the
+Democratic press labeled efforts for a personal liberty bill, and as
+Susan reported to William Lloyd Garrison,[83] even Republicans shied
+away from it, many of them regarding Seward's "irrepressible conflict"
+speech a sorry mistake. Such timidity and shilly-shallying were
+repugnant to her. She could better understand the fervor of John Brown
+although he fought with bullets.
+
+Yet John Brown's fervor soon ended in tragedy, sowing seeds of fear,
+distrust, and bitter partisanship in all parts of the country. When,
+in October 1859, the startling news reached Susan of the raid on
+Harper's Ferry and the capture of John Brown, she sadly tried to piece
+together the story of his failure. She admired and respected John
+Brown, believing he had saved Kansas for freedom. That he had further
+ambitious plans was common knowledge among antislavery workers, for he
+had talked them over with Gerrit Smith, Frederick Douglass, and the
+three young militants, Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Frank Sanborn, and
+Samuel Gridley Howe. Somehow these plans had failed, but she was sure
+that his motives were good. He was imprisoned, accused of treason and
+murder, and in his carpetbag were papers which, it was said,
+implicated prominent antislavery workers. Now his friends were fleeing
+the country, Sanborn, Douglass, and Howe. Gerrit Smith broke down so
+completely that for a time his mind was affected. Thomas Wentworth
+Higginson, defiant and unafraid, stuck by John Brown to the end,
+befriending his family, hoping to rescue him as he had rescued
+fugitive slaves.
+
+Scanning the _Liberator_ for its comment on John Brown, Susan found it
+colored, as she had expected, by Garrison's instinctive opposition to
+all war and bloodshed. He called the raid "a misguided, wild,
+apparently insane though disinterested and well-intentioned effort by
+insurrection to emancipate the slaves of Virginia," but even he added,
+"Let no one who glories in the Revolutionary struggle of 1776 deny the
+right of the slaves to imitate the example of our fathers."[84]
+
+Behind closed doors and in public meetings, abolitionists pledged
+their allegiance to John Brown's noble purpose. He had wanted no
+bloodshed, they said, had no thought of stirring up slaves to brutal
+revenge. The raid was to be merely a signal for slaves to arise, to
+cast off slavery forever, to follow him to a mountain refuge, which
+other slave insurrections would reinforce until all slaves were free.
+To him the plan seemed logical and he was convinced it was
+God-inspired. To some of his friends it seemed possible--just a step
+beyond the Underground Railroad and hiding fugitive slaves. To Susan
+he was a hero and a martyr.
+
+Southerners, increasingly fearful of slave insurrections, called John
+Brown a cold-blooded murderer and accused Republicans--"black
+Republicans," they classed them--of taking orders from abolitionists
+and planning evil against them. To law-abiding northerners, John Brown
+was a menace, stirring up lawlessness. Seward and Lincoln, speaking
+for the Republicans, declared that violence, bloodshed, and treason
+could not be excused even if slavery was wrong and Brown thought he
+was right. All saw before them the horrible threat of civil war.
+
+During John Brown's trial, his friends did their utmost to save him.
+The noble old giant with flowing white beard, who had always been more
+or less of a legend, now to them assumed heroic proportions. His
+calmness, his steadfastness in what he believed to be right captured
+the imagination.
+
+The jury declared him guilty--guilty of treason, of conspiring with
+slaves to rebel, guilty of murder in the first degree. The papers
+carried the story, and it spread by word of mouth--the story of those
+last tense moments in the courtroom when John Brown declared, "It is
+unjust that I should suffer such a penalty. Had I interferred ... in
+behalf of the rich, the powerful, the intelligent, the so-called
+great, or in behalf of any of their friends ... it would have been all
+right.... I say I am yet too young to understand that God is any
+respecter of persons. I believe that to have interferred as I have
+done, in behalf of His despised poor, I did no wrong but right. Now if
+it is deemed necessary that I should forfeit my life for the
+furtherance of the ends of justice and mingle my blood further with
+the blood of my children and with the blood of millions in this slave
+country whose rights are disregarded by wicked, cruel, and unjust
+enactments, I say, let it be done...."[85]
+
+He was sentenced to die.
+
+Susan, sick at heart, talked all this over with her abolitionist
+friends and began planning a meeting of protest and mourning in
+Rochester if John Brown were hanged. She engaged the city's most
+popular hall for this meeting, never thinking of the animosity she
+might arouse, and as she went from door to door selling tickets, she
+asked for contributions for John Brown's destitute family. She tried
+to get speakers from among respected Republicans to widen the popular
+appeal of the meeting, but her diary records, "Not one man of
+prominence in religion or politics will identify himself with the John
+Brown meeting."[86] Only a Free Church minister, the Rev. Abram Pryn,
+and the ever-faithful Parker Pillsbury were willing to speak.
+
+There was still hope that John Brown might be saved and excitement ran
+high. Some like Higginson, unwilling to let him die, wanted to rescue
+him, but Brown forbade it. Others wanted to kidnap Governor Wise of
+Virginia and hold him on the high seas, a hostage for John Brown.
+Wendell Phillips was one of these. Parker Pillsbury, sending Susan the
+latest news from "the seat of war" and signing his letter, "Faithfully
+and fervently yours," wrote, "My voice is against any attempt at
+rescue. It would inevitably, I fear, lead to bloodshed which could not
+compensate nor be compensated. If the people dare murder their victim,
+as they are determined to do, and in the name of the law ... the moral
+effect of the execution will be without a parallel since the scenes on
+Calvary eighteen hundred years ago, and the halter that day sanctified
+shall be the cord to draw millions to salvation."[87]
+
+On Friday, December 2, 1859, John Brown was hanged. Through the North,
+church bells tolled and prayers were said for him. Everywhere people
+gathered together to mourn and honor or to condemn. In New York City,
+at a big meeting which overflowed to the streets, it was resolved
+"that we regard the recent outrage at Harper's Ferry as a crime, not
+only against the State of Virginia, but against the Union itself...."
+In Boston, however, Ralph Waldo Emerson spoke to a tremendous audience
+of "the new saint, than whom none purer or more brave was ever led by
+love of man into conflict and death ... who will make the gallows
+glorious," and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow recorded in his diary, "This
+will be a great day in our history; the date of a new revolution." Far
+away in France, Victor Hugo declared, "The eyes of Europe are fixed on
+America. The hanging of John Brown will open a latent fissure that
+will finally split the union asunder.... You preserve your shame, but
+you kill your glory."[88]
+
+In Rochester, three hundred people assembled. All were friends of the
+cause and there was no unfriendly disturbance to mar the proceedings.
+Susan presided and Parker Pillsbury, in her opinion, made "the
+grandest speech of his life," for it was the only occasion he ever
+found fully wicked enough to warrant "his terrific invective."[89]
+
+Thus these two militant abolitionists, Susan B. Anthony and Parker
+Pillsbury, joined hundreds of others throughout the nation in honoring
+John Brown, sensing the portent of his martyrdom and prophesying that
+his soul would go marching on.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[69] Harper, _Anthony_, I, pp. 144-145. As John Brown visited
+Frederick Douglass in Rochester, it is possible that Susan B. Anthony
+had met him.
+
+[70] Oct. 19, 1856, Blackwell Papers, Edna M. Stantial Collection.
+
+[71] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 148.
+
+[72] _Ibid._, p. 151; also quotation following.
+
+[73] Alice Stone Blackwell, _Lucy Stone_ (Boston, 1930), pp. 197-198.
+
+[74] Ms., Susan B. Anthony Papers, Library of Congress.
+
+[75] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 152.
+
+[76] April 20, 1857, Abby Kelley Foster Papers, American Antiquarian
+Society, Worcester, Massachusetts.
+
+[77] Parker Pillsbury, _The Acts of the Antislavery Apostles_
+(Concord, N.H., 1883).
+
+[78] Harper, _Anthony_, I. p. 160.
+
+[79] March 22, 1858, Blackwell Papers, Edna M. Stantial Collection.
+
+[80] N.d., Alma Lutz Collection.
+
+[81] Charles A. and Mary B. Beard, _The Rise of American Civilization_
+(New York, 1930), II, p. 9.
+
+[82] A. M. Schlesinger and H. C. Hockett, _Land of the Free_ (New
+York, 1944), p. 297.
+
+[83] March 19, 1859, Antislavery Papers, Boston Public Library.
+
+[84] Francis Jackson, William Lloyd II, and Wendell Phillips Garrison,
+_William Lloyd Garrison_, 1805-1879 (New York, 1889), III, p. 486.
+
+[85] _Ibid._, p. 490.
+
+[86] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 181.
+
+[87] _Ibid._, p. 180.
+
+[88] Henrietta Buckmaster, _Let My People Go_ (New York, 1941), p.
+269; Ehrlich, _God's Angry Man_, pp. 344-345, 350.
+
+[89] Susan B. Anthony Scrapbook, Library of Congress. In 1890, after
+visiting the John Brown Memorial at North Elbe, New York, Susan B.
+Anthony wrote: "John Brown was crucified for doing what he believed
+God commanded him to do, 'to break the yoke and let the oppressed go
+free,' precisely as were the saints of old for following what they
+believed to be God's commands. The barbarism of our government was by
+so much the greater as our light and knowledge are greater than those
+of two thousand years ago." Harper, _Anthony_, II, p. 708.
+
+
+
+
+THE TRUE WOMAN
+
+
+Susan's preoccupation with antislavery work did not lessen her
+interest in women's advancement. Her own expanding courage and ability
+showed her the possibilities for all women in widened horizons and
+activities. These possibilities were the chief topic of conversation
+when she and Elizabeth Stanton were together. With Mrs. Stanton's
+young daughters, Margaret and Harriot, in mind, they were continually
+planning ways and means of developing the new woman, or the "true
+woman" as they liked to call her; and one of these ways was physical
+exercise in the fresh air, which was almost unheard of for women
+except on the frontier.
+
+Taking off her hoops and working in the garden in the freedom of her
+long calico dress, Susan was refreshed and exhilarated. "Uncovered the
+strawberry and raspberry beds ..." her diary records. "Worked with
+Simon building frames for the grapevines in the peach orchards.... Set
+out 18 English black currants, 22 English gooseberries and Muscatine
+grape vines.... Finished setting out the apple trees & 600 blackberry
+bushes...."[90]
+
+She knew how little this strengthening work and healing influence
+touched the lives of most women. Hemmed in by the walls of their
+homes, weighed down by bulky confining clothing, fed on the tradition
+of weakness, women could never gain the breadth of view, courage, and
+stamina needed to demand and appreciate emancipation. She thought a
+great deal about this and how it could be remedied, and wrote her
+friend, Thomas Wentworth Higginson "The salvation of the race depends,
+in a great measure, upon rescuing women from their hot-house
+existence. Whether in kitchen, nursery or parlor, all alike are shut
+away from God's sunshine. Why did not your Caroline Plummer of Salem,
+why do not all of our wealthy women leave money for industrial and
+agricultural schools for girls, instead of ever and always providing
+for boys alone?"[91]
+
+An exceptional opportunity was now offered Susan--to speak on the
+controversial subject of coeducation before the State Teachers'
+Association, which only a few years before had been shocked by the
+sound of a woman's voice. Deeply concerned over her ability to write
+the speech, she at once appealed to Elizabeth Stanton, "Do you please
+mark out a plan and give me as soon as you can...."[92]
+
+[Illustration: Susan B. Anthony, 1856]
+
+Busy with preparations for woman's rights meetings in popular New York
+summer resorts, Saratoga Springs, Lake George, Clifton Springs, and
+Avon, she grew panicky at the prospect of her impending speech and
+dashed off another urgent letter to Mrs. Stanton, underlining it
+vigorously for emphasis: "Not a _word written_ ... and mercy only
+knows when I can get a moment, and what is _worse_, as the _Lord knows
+full well_, is, that if _I get all the time the world has--I can't get
+up a decent document_.... It is of but small moment who writes the
+Address, but of _vast moment_ that it be _well done_.... No woman but
+you can write from _my standpoint_ for all would base their strongest
+_argument_ on the _un_likeness of the _sexes_....
+
+"Those of you who have the _talent_ to do honor to poor, oh how poor
+womanhood have all given yourselves over to _baby_-making and left
+poor brainless _me_ to battle alone. It is a shame. Such a lady as _I
+might_ be _spared_ to _rock cradles_, but it is a crime for _you_ and
+_Lucy_ and _Nette_."[93]
+
+On a separate page she outlined for Mrs. Stanton the points she wanted
+to make. Her title was affirmative, "Why the Sexes Should be Educated
+Together." "Because," she reasoned, "by such education they get true
+ideas of each other.... Because the endowment of both public and
+private funds is ever for those of the male sex, while all the
+Seminaries and Boarding Schools for Females are left to
+maintain themselves as best they may by means of their tuition
+fees--consequently cannot afford a faculty of first-class
+professors.... Not a school in the country gives to the girl equal
+privileges with the boy.... No school _requires_ and but very few
+allow the _girls_ to declaim and discuss side by side with the boys.
+Thus they are robbed of half of education. The grand thing that is
+needed is to give the sexes _like motives_ for acquirement. Very
+rarely a person studies closely, without hope of making that knowledge
+useful, as a means of support...."[94]
+
+Mrs. Stanton wrote her at once, "Come here and I will do what I can to
+help you with your address, if you will hold the baby and make the
+puddings."[95] Gratefully Susan hurried to Seneca Falls and together
+they "loaded her gun," not only for the teachers' convention but for
+all the summer meetings.
+
+Addressing the large teachers' meeting in Troy, Susan declared that
+mental sex-differences did not exist. She called attention to the
+ever-increasing variety of occupations which women were carrying on
+with efficiency. There were women typesetters, editors, publishers,
+authors, clerks, engravers, watchmakers, bookkeepers, sculptors,
+painters, farmers, and machinists. Two hundred and fifty women were
+serving as postmasters. Girls, she insisted, must be educated to earn
+a living and more vocations must be opened to them as an incentive to
+study. "A woman," she added, "needs no particular kind of education to
+be a wife and mother anymore than a man does to be a husband and
+father. A man cannot make a living out of these relations. He must
+fill them with something more and so must women."[96]
+
+Her advanced ideas did not cause as much consternation as she had
+expected and she was asked to repeat her speech at the Massachusetts
+teachers' convention; but the thoughts of many in that audience were
+echoed by the president when he said to her after the meeting, "Madam,
+that was a splendid production and well delivered. I could not have
+asked for a single thing different either in matter or manner; but I
+would rather have followed my wife or daughter to Greenwood cemetery
+than to have had her stand here before this promiscuous audience and
+deliver that address."[97]
+
+It was one thing to talk about coeducation but quite another to offer
+a resolution putting the New York State Teachers' Association on
+record as asking all schools, colleges, and universities to open their
+doors to women. This Susan did at their next convention, and while
+there were enough women present to carry the resolution, most of them
+voted against it, listening instead to the emotional arguments of a
+group of conservative men who prophesied that coeducation would
+coarsen women and undermine marriage. Nor did she forget the Negro at
+these conventions, but brought much criticism upon herself by offering
+resolutions protesting the exclusion of Negroes from public schools,
+academies, colleges, and universities.
+
+Such controversial activities were of course eagerly reported in the
+press, and Henry Stanton, reading his newspaper, pointed them out to
+his wife, remarking drily, "Well, my dear, another notice of Susan.
+You stir up Susan and she stirs up the world."[98]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The best method of arousing women and spreading new ideas, Susan
+decided, was holding woman's rights conventions, for the discussions
+at these conventions covered a wide field and were not limited merely
+to women's legal disabilities. The feminists of that day extolled
+freedom of speech, and their platform, like that of antislavery
+conventions, was open to anyone who wished to express an opinion.
+Always the limited educational opportunities offered to women were
+pointed out, and Oberlin College and Antioch, both coeducational, were
+held up as patterns for the future. Resolutions were passed, demanding
+that Harvard and Yale admit women. Women's low wages and the very few
+occupations open to them were considered, and whether it was fitting
+for women to be doctors and ministers. At one convention Lucy Stone
+made the suggestion that a prize be offered for a novel on women,
+like _Uncle Tom's Cabin_, to arouse the whole nation to the unjust
+situation of women whose slavery, she felt, was comparable to that of
+the Negro. At another, William Lloyd Garrison maintained that women
+had the right to sit in the Congress and in state legislatures and
+that there should be an equal number of men and women in all national
+councils. Inevitably Scriptural edicts regarding woman's sphere were
+thrashed out with Antoinette Brown, in her clerical capacity, setting
+at rest the minds of questioning women and quashing the protests of
+clergymen who thought they were speaking for God. Usually Ernestine
+Rose was on hand, ready to speak when needed, injecting into the
+discussions her liberal clear-cut feminist views. Nor was the
+international aspect of the woman's rights movement forgotten. The
+interest in Great Britain in the franchise for women of such men as
+Lord Brougham and John Stuart Mill was reported as were the efforts
+there among women to gain admission to the medical profession.
+Distributed widely as a tract was the "admirable" article in the
+_Westminster Review_, "The Enfranchisement of Women," by Harriet
+Taylor, now Mrs. John Stuart Mill.
+
+In New York, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana, where
+state conventions were held annually, women carried back to their
+homes and their friends new and stimulating ideas. National
+conventions, which actually represented merely the northeastern states
+and Ohio and occasionally attracted men and women from Indiana,
+Missouri, and Kansas, were scheduled by Susan to meet every year in
+New York, simultaneously with antislavery conventions. Thus she was
+assured of a brilliant array of speakers, for the Garrisonian
+abolitionists were sincere advocates of woman's rights.
+
+Both Elizabeth Stanton and Lucy Stone were a great help to Susan in
+preparing for these national gatherings for which she raised the
+money. Elizabeth wrote the calls and resolutions, while Lucy could not
+only be counted upon for an eloquent speech, but through her wide
+contacts brought new speakers and new converts to the meetings.
+However, national woman's rights conventions would probably have
+lapsed completely during the troubled years prior to the Civil War,
+had it not been for Susan's persistence. She was obliged to omit the
+1857 convention because all of her best speakers were either having
+babies or were kept at home by family duties. Lucy's baby, Alice Stone
+Blackwell, was born in September 1857, then Antoinette Brown's first
+child, and Mrs. Stanton's seventh.
+
+[Illustration: Lucy Stone and her daughter, Alice Stone Blackwell]
+
+Impatient to get on with the work, Susan chafed at the delay and when
+Lucy wrote her, "I shall not assume the responsibility for another
+convention until I have had my ten daughters,"[99] Susan was beside
+herself with apprehension. When Lucy told her that it was harder to
+take care of a baby day and night than to campaign for woman's rights,
+she felt that Lucy regarded as unimportant her "common work" of hiring
+halls, engaging speakers, and raising money. This rankled, for
+although Susan realized it was work without glory, she did expect Lucy
+to understand its significance.
+
+Mrs. Stanton sensed the makings of a rift between Susan and these
+young mothers, Lucy and Antoinette, and knowing from her own
+experience how torn a woman could be between rearing a family and work
+for the cause, she pleaded with Susan to be patient with them. "Let
+them rest a while in peace and quietness, and think great thoughts for
+the future," she wrote Susan. "It is not well to be in the excitement
+of public life all the time. Do not keep stirring them up or mourning
+over their repose. You need rest too. Let the world alone a while. We
+cannot bring about a moral revolution in a day or a year."[100]
+
+But Susan could not let the world alone. There was too much to be
+done. In addition to her woman's rights and antislavery work, she gave
+a helping hand to any good cause in Rochester, such as a protest
+meeting against capital punishment, a series of Sunday evening
+lectures, or establishing a Free Church like that headed by Theodore
+Parker in Boston where no one doctrine would be preached and all would
+be welcome. There were days when weariness and discouragement hung
+heavily upon her. Then impatient that she alone seemed to be carrying
+the burden of the whole woman's rights movement, she complained to
+Lydia Mott, "There is not one woman left who may be relied on. All
+have first to please their husbands after which there is little time
+or energy left to spend in any other direction.... How soon the last
+standing monuments (yourself and myself, Lydia) will lay down the
+individual 'shovel and de hoe' and with proper zeal and spirit grasp
+those of some masculine hand, the mercies and the spirits only know. I
+declare to you that I distrust the powers of any woman, even of myself
+to withstand the mighty matrimonial maelstrom!"[101]
+
+To Elizabeth Stanton she confessed, "I have very weak moments and long
+to lay my weary head somewhere and nestle my full soul to that of
+another in full sympathy. I sometimes fear that _I too_ shall faint by
+the wayside and drop out of the ranks of the faithful few."[102]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Susan thought a great deal about marriage at this time, about how it
+interfered with the development of women's talents and their careers,
+how it usually dwarfed their individuality. Nor were these thoughts
+wholly impersonal, for she had attentive suitors during these years.
+Her diary mentions moonlight rides and adds, "Mr.--walked home with
+me; marvelously attentive. What a pity such powers of intellect should
+lack the moral spine."[103] Her standards of matrimony were high, and
+she carefully recorded in her diary Lucretia Mott's wise words, "In
+the true marriage relation, the independence of the husband and wife
+is equal, their dependence mutual, and their obligations
+reciprocal."[104]
+
+Marriage and the differences of the sexes were often discussed at the
+many meetings she attended, and when remarks were made which to her
+seemed to limit in any way the free and full development of woman, she
+always registered her protest. She had no patience with any
+unrealistic glossing over of sex attraction and spurned the theory
+that woman expressed love and man wisdom, that these two qualities
+reached out for each other and blended in marriage. Because she spoke
+frankly for those days and did not soften the impact of her words with
+sentimental flowery phrases, her remarks were sometimes called
+"coarse" and "animal," but she justified them in a letter to Mrs.
+Stanton, who thought as she did, "To me it [sex] is not coarse or
+gross. If it is a fact, there it is."[105]
+
+She was reading at this time Elizabeth Barrett Browning's _Aurora
+Leigh_, called by Ruskin the greatest poem in the English language,
+but criticized by others as an indecent romance revolting to the
+purity of many women. Susan had bought a copy of the first American
+edition and she carried it with her wherever she went. After a hard
+active day, she found inspiration and refreshment in its pages. No
+matter how dreary the hotel room or how unfriendly the town, she no
+longer felt lonely or discouraged, for Aurora Leigh was a companion
+ever at hand, giving her confidence in herself, strengthening her
+ambition, and helping her build a satisfying, constructive philosophy
+of life. On the flyleaf of her worn copy, which in later years she
+presented to the Library of Congress, she wrote, "This book was
+carried in my satchel for years and read and reread. The noble words
+of Elizabeth Barrett, as Wendell Phillips always called her, sunk deep
+into my heart. I have always cherished it above all other books. I now
+present it to the Congressional Library with the hope that women may
+more and more be like Aurora Leigh."
+
+The beauty of its poetry enchanted her, and Elizabeth Barrett
+Browning's feminism found an echo in her own. She pencil-marked the
+passages she wanted to reread. When her "common work" of hiring halls
+and engaging speakers seemed unimportant and even futile, she found
+comfort in these lines:
+
+    "Be sure no earnest work
+    Of any honest creature, howbeit weak
+    Imperfect, ill-adapted, fails so much,
+    It is not gathered as a grain of sand
+    To enlarge the sum of human action used
+    For carrying out God's end....
+    ... let us be content in work,
+    To do the thing we can, and not presume
+    To fret because it's little."[106]
+
+Glorying in work, she read with satisfaction:
+
+    "The honest earnest man must stand and work:
+    The woman also, otherwise she drops
+    At once below the dignity of man,
+    Accepting serfdom. Free men freely work;
+    Who ever fears God, fears to sit at ease."
+
+Could she have written poetry, these words, spoken by Aurora, might
+well have been her own:
+
+    "You misconceive the question like a man,
+    Who sees a woman as the complement
+    Of his sex merely. You forget too much
+    That every creature, female as the male,
+    Stands single in responsible act and thought,
+    As also in birth and death. Whoever says
+    To a loyal woman, 'Love and work with me,'
+    Will get fair answers, if the work and love
+    Being good of themselves, are good for her--the best
+    She was born for."
+
+Inspired by _Aurora Leigh_, Susan planned a new lecture, "The True
+Woman," and as she wrote it out word for word, her thoughts and
+theories about women, which had been developing through the years,
+crystallized. In her opinion, the "true woman" could no more than
+Aurora Leigh follow the traditional course and sacrifice all for the
+love of one man, adjusting her life to his whims. She must, instead,
+develop her own personality and talents, advancing in learning, in the
+arts, in science, and in business, cherishing at the same time her
+noble womanly qualities. Susan hoped that some day the full
+development of woman's individuality would be compatible with
+marriage, and she held up as an ideal the words which Elizabeth
+Barrett Browning put into the mouth of Aurora Leigh:
+
+        "The world waits
+    For help. Beloved, let us work so well,
+    Our work shall still be better for our love
+    And still our love be sweeter for our work
+    And both, commended, for the sake of each,
+    By all true workers and true lovers born."
+
+She expressed this hope in her own practical words to Lydia Mott:
+"Institutions, among them marriage, are justly chargeable with many
+social and individual ills, but after all, the whole man or woman will
+rise above them. I am sure my 'true woman' will never be crushed or
+dwarfed by them. Woman must take to her soul a purpose and then make
+circumstances conform to this purpose, instead of forever singing the
+refrain, 'if and if and if.'"[107]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Late in 1858, Susan received a letter from Wendell Phillips which put
+new life into all her efforts for women. He wrote her that an
+anonymous donor had given him $5,000 for the woman's rights cause and
+that he, Lucy Stone, and Susan had been named trustees to spend it
+wisely and effectively.
+
+The man who felt that the woman's rights cause was important enough to
+rate a gift of that size proved to be wealthy Francis Jackson of
+Boston, in whose home Susan had visited a few years before with Lucy
+and Antoinette. Jubilant over the prospects, she at once began to make
+plans. She wanted to use all of the fund for lectures, conventions,
+tracts, and newspaper articles; Lucy thought part of the money should
+be spent to prove unconstitutional the law which taxed women without
+representation and Antoinette was eager for a share to establish a
+church in which she could preach woman's rights with the Gospel.
+
+Both Wendell Phillips and Lucy Stone agreed that Susan should have
+$1,500 for the intensive campaign she had planned for New York, and
+for once in her life she started off without a financial worry, with
+money in hand to pay her speakers. She held meetings in all of the
+principal towns of the state, making them at least partially pay for
+themselves. Her lecturers each received $12 a week and she kept a
+like amount for herself, for planning the tour, organizing the
+meetings, and delivering her new lecture, "The True Woman."
+
+"I am having fine audiences of thinking men and women," she wrote Mary
+Hallowell. "Oh, if we could but make our meetings ring like those of
+the antislavery people, wouldn't the world hear us? But to do that we
+must have souls baptized into the work and consecrated to it."[108]
+
+Some souls were deeply stirred by the woman's rights gospel. One of
+these was the wealthy Boston merchant, Charles F. Hovey, who in his
+will left $50,000 in trust to Wendell Phillips, William Lloyd
+Garrison, Parker Pillsbury, Abby Kelley Foster, and others, to be
+spent for the "promotion of the antislavery cause and other reforms,"
+among them woman's rights, and not less than $8,000 a year to be spent
+to promote these reforms. With all this financial help available,
+Susan expected great things to happen.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+During the winter of 1860 while the legislature was in session, Susan
+spent six weeks in Albany with Lydia Mott, and day after day she
+climbed the long hill to the capitol to interview legislators on
+amendments to the married women's property laws. When these amendments
+were passed by the Senate, Assemblyman Anson Bingham urged her to
+bring their mutual friend, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, to Albany to speak
+before his committee to assure passage by the Assembly.
+
+Once again Susan hurried to Seneca Falls, and unpacking her little
+portmanteau stuffed with papers and statistics, discussed the subject
+with Mrs. Stanton in front of the open fire late into the night. Then
+the next morning while Mrs. Stanton shut herself up in the quietest
+room in the house to write her speech, Susan gave the children their
+breakfast, sent the older ones off to school, watched over the babies,
+prepared the desserts, and made herself generally useful. By this time
+the children regarded her affectionately as "Aunt Thusan," and they
+knew they must obey her, for she was a stern disciplinarian whom even
+the mischievous Stanton boys dared not defy.
+
+These visits of Susan's were happy, satisfying times for both these
+young women. A few days' respite from travel in a well-run home with
+a friend she admired did wonders for Susan, giving her perspective on
+the work she had already done and courage to tackle new problems,
+while for Mrs. Stanton this short period of stimulating companionship
+and freedom from household cares was a godsend. "Miss Anthony" had
+long ago become Susan to Elizabeth, but Susan all through her life
+called her very best friend "Mrs. Stanton," playfully to be sure, but
+with a remnant of that formality which it was hard for her to cast
+off.
+
+The speech was soon finished. Mrs. Stanton's imagination, fired by her
+sympathetic understanding of women's problems, had turned Susan's cold
+hard facts into moving prose, while Susan, the best of critics,
+detected every weak argument or faltering phrase. They both felt they
+had achieved a masterpiece.
+
+Mrs. Stanton delivered this address before a joint session of the New
+York legislature in March 1860. Susan beamed with pride as she watched
+the large audience crowd even the galleries and heard the long loud
+applause for the speech which she was convinced could not have been
+surpassed by any man in the United States.
+
+The next day the Assembly passed the Married Women's Property Bill,
+and when shortly it was signed by the governor, Susan and Mrs. Stanton
+scored their first big victory, winning a legal revolution for the
+women of New York State. This new law was a challenge to women
+everywhere. Under it a married woman had the right to hold property,
+real and personal, without the interference of her husband, the right
+to carry on any trade or perform any service on her own account and to
+collect and use her own earnings; a married woman might now buy, sell,
+and make contracts, and if her husband had abandoned her or was
+insane, a convict, or a habitual drunkard, his consent was
+unnecessary; a married woman might sue and be sued, she was the joint
+guardian with her husband of her children, and on the decease of her
+husband the wife had the same rights that her husband would have at
+her death.
+
+Susan did not then realize the full significance of what she had
+accomplished--that she had unleashed a new movement for freedom which
+would be the means of strengthening the democratic government of her
+country.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[90] Harper, _Anthony_, I, pp. 173-174, 198.
+
+[91] _Ibid._, p. 160.
+
+[92] May 26, 1856, Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers, Vassar College
+Library.
+
+[93] _Ibid._, June 5, 1856. Antoinette Brown Blackwell was often
+called Nette.
+
+[94] Ms., Susan B. Anthony Papers, Library of Congress.
+
+[95] 1856, Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers, Library of Congress.
+
+[96] Ms., Susan B. Anthony Papers, Library of Congress. A notation on
+this ms. reads, "Written by Elizabeth Cady Stanton--Delivered by Susan
+B. Anthony."
+
+[97] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 143.
+
+[98] Stanton and Blatch, _Stanton_, II, p. 71.
+
+[99] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 162.
+
+[100] June 10, 1856, Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers, Library of
+Congress.
+
+[101] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 171.
+
+[102] Sept. 27, 1857, Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers, Library of
+Congress.
+
+[103] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 175.
+
+[104] Ms., Diary, 1855.
+
+[105] Sept. 27, 1857, Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers, Library of
+Congress.
+
+[106] Elizabeth Barrett Browning, _Aurora Leigh_ (New York, 1857), p.
+316; quotations following, pp. 53-54, pp. 364-365.
+
+[107] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 170.
+
+[108] _Ibid._, p. 177. Mary Hallowell, a liberal Rochester Quaker,
+always interested in Susan B. Anthony and her work.
+
+
+
+
+THE ZEALOT
+
+
+With a spirit of confidence inspired by her victory in New York State,
+Susan looked forward to the tenth national woman's rights convention
+in New York City in May 1860. At this convention she reported progress
+everywhere. Four thousand dollars from the Jackson and Hovey funds had
+been spent in the successful New York campaign, and similar work was
+scheduled for Ohio. In Kansas, women had won from the constitutional
+convention equal rights and privileges in state-controlled schools and
+in the management of the public schools, including the right to vote
+for members of school boards; mothers had been granted equal rights
+with fathers in the control and custody of their children, and married
+women had been given property rights. In Indiana, Maine, Missouri, and
+Ohio, married women could now control their own earnings.
+
+"Each year we hail with pleasure," she continued, "new accessions to
+our faith. Brave men and true from the higher walks of literature and
+art, from the bar, the bench, the pulpit, and legislative halls are
+now ready to help woman wherever she claims to stand." She was
+thinking of the aid given her by Andrew J. Colvin and Anson Bingham of
+the New York legislature, of the young journalist, George William
+Curtis, just recently speaking for women, of Samuel Longfellow at his
+first woman's rights convention, and of the popular Henry Ward Beecher
+who, just a few months before, had delivered his great woman's rights
+speech, thereby identifying himself irrevocably with the cause. She
+announced with great satisfaction the news, which the papers had
+carried a few days before, that Matthew Vassar of Poughkeepsie had set
+aside $400,000 to found a college for women equal in all respects to
+Harvard and Yale.[109]
+
+Progress and good feeling were in the air, and the speakers were not
+heckled as in past years by the rowdies who had made it a practice to
+follow abolitionists into woman's rights meetings to bait them. Into
+this atmosphere of good will and rejoicing, Susan and Elizabeth
+Stanton now injected a more serious note, bringing before the
+convention the controversial question of marriage and divorce which
+heretofore had been handled with kid gloves at all woman's rights
+meetings, but which they sincerely believed demanded solution.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Divorce had been much in the news because several leading families in
+America and in England were involved in lawsuits complicated by
+stringent divorce laws. Invariably the wife bore the burden of censure
+and hardship, for no matter how unprincipled her husband might be, he
+was entitled to her children and her earnings under the property laws
+of most states.
+
+In New York efforts were now being made to gain support for a liberal
+divorce bill, patterned after the Indiana law, and a variety of
+proposals were before the legislature, making drunkenness, insanity,
+desertion, and cruel and abusive treatment grounds for divorce. Horace
+Greeley in his _Tribune_ had been vigorously opposing a more liberal
+law for New York, while Robert Dale Owen of Indiana wrote in its
+defense. Everywhere people were reading the Greeley-Owen debates in
+the _Tribune_. Through his widely circulated paper, Horace Greeley had
+in a sense become an oracle for the people who felt he was safe and
+good; while Robert Dale Owen, because of his youthful association with
+the New Harmony community and Frances Wright, was branded with
+radicalism which even his valuable service in the Indiana legislature
+and his two terms in Congress could not blot out.
+
+Susan and Mrs. Stanton had no patience with Horace Greeley's smug
+old-fashioned opinions on marriage and divorce. In fact these
+Greeley-Owen debates in the _Tribune_ were the direct cause of their
+decision to bring this subject before the convention, where they hoped
+for support from their liberal friends. They counted especially on
+Lucy Stone, who seemed to give her approval when she wrote, "I am glad
+you will speak on the divorce question, provided you yourself are
+clear on the subject. It is a great grave topic that one shudders to
+grapple, but its hour is coming.... God touch your lips if you speak
+on it."[110]
+
+Neither Susan nor Mrs. Stanton shuddered to grapple with any subject
+which they believed needed attention. In fact, the discussion of
+marriage and divorce in woman's rights conventions had been on their
+minds for some time. Three years before Susan had written Lucy, "I
+have thought with you until of late that the Social Question must be
+kept separate from Woman's Rights, but we have always claimed that our
+movement was _Human Rights_, not Woman's specially.... It seems to me
+we have played on the surface of things quite long enough. Getting the
+right to hold property, to vote, to wear what dress we please, etc.,
+are all to the good, but _Social Freedom_, after all, lies at the
+bottom of all, and unless woman gets that she must continue the slave
+of man in all other things."[111]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Consternation spread through the genial ranks of the convention as
+Mrs. Stanton now offered resolutions calling for more liberal divorce
+laws. Quick to sense the temper of an audience, Susan felt its
+resistance to being jolted out of the pleasant contemplation of past
+successes to the unpleasant recognition that there were still
+difficult ugly problems ahead. She was conscious at once of a stir of
+astonishment and disapproval when Mrs. Stanton in her clear compelling
+voice read, "Resolved, That an unfortunate or ill-assorted marriage is
+ever a calamity, but not ever, perhaps never a crime--and when society
+or government, by its laws or customs, compels its continuance, always
+to the grief of one of the parties, and the actual loss and damage of
+both, it usurps an authority never delegated to man, nor exercised by
+God, Himself...."[112]
+
+Listening to Mrs. Stanton's speech in defense of her ten bold
+resolutions on marriage and divorce, Susan felt that her brave
+colleague was speaking for women everywhere, for wives of the present
+and the future. As the hearty applause rang out, she concluded that
+even the disapproving admired her courage; but before the applause
+ceased, she saw Antoinette Blackwell on her feet, waiting to be heard.
+She knew that Antoinette, like Horace Greeley, preferred to think of
+all marriages as made in heaven, and true to form Antoinette contended
+that the marriage relation "must be lifelong" and "as permanent and
+indissoluble as the relation of parent and child."[113] At once
+Ernestine Rose came to the rescue in support of Mrs. Stanton.
+
+Then Wendell Phillips showed his displeasure by moving that Mrs.
+Stanton's resolutions be laid on the table and expunged from the
+record because they had no more to do with this convention than
+slavery in Kansas or temperance. "This convention," he asserted, "as I
+understand it, assembles to discuss the laws that rest unequally upon
+men and women, not those that rest equally on men and women."[114]
+
+Aghast at this statement, Susan was totally unprepared to have his
+views supported by that other champion of liberty, William Lloyd
+Garrison, who, however, did not favor expunging the resolutions from
+the record.
+
+It was incomprehensible to Susan that neither Garrison nor Phillips
+recognized woman's subservient status in marriage under prevailing
+laws and traditions, and she now stated her own views with firmness:
+"As to the point that this question does not belong to this
+platform--from that I totally dissent. Marriage has ever been a
+one-sided matter, resting most unequally upon the sexes. By it, man
+gains all--woman loses all; tyrant law and lust reign supreme with
+him--meek submission and ready obedience alone befit her."[115]
+
+Warming to the subject, she continued, "By law, public sentiment, and
+religion from the time of Moses down to the present day, woman has
+never been thought of other than as a piece of property, to be
+disposed of at the will and pleasure of man. And this very hour, by
+our statute books, by our so-called enlightened Christian
+civilization, she has no voice in saying what shall be the basis of
+the relation. She must accept marriage as man proffers it or not at
+all...."
+
+When finally the vote was taken, Mrs. Stanton's resolutions were laid
+on the table, but not expunged from the record, and the convention
+adjourned with much to talk about and think about for some time to
+come.
+
+The newspapers, of course, could not overlook such a piece of news as
+this heated argument on divorce in a woman's rights convention, and
+fanned the flames pro and con, most of them holding up Miss Anthony
+and Mrs. Stanton as dangerous examples of freedom for women. The Rev.
+A. D. Mayo, Unitarian clergyman of Albany, heretofore Susan's loyal
+champion, now made a point of reproving her. "You are not married," he
+declared with withering scorn. "You have no business to be discussing
+marriage." To this she retorted, "Well, Mr. Mayo, you are not a
+slave. Suppose you quit lecturing on slavery."[116]
+
+Both Susan and Mrs. Stanton, amazed at the opposition and the
+disapproval they had aroused, were grateful for Samuel Longfellow's
+comforting words of commendation[117] and for the letters of approval
+which came from women from all parts of the state. Most satisfying of
+all was this reassurance from Lucretia Mott, whose judgment they so
+highly valued: "I was rejoiced to have such a defense of the
+resolutions as yours. I have the fullest confidence in the united
+judgment of Elizabeth Stanton and Susan Anthony and I am glad they are
+so vigorous in the work."[118]
+
+Hardest to bear was the disapproval of Wendell Phillips whom they both
+admired so much. Difficult to understand and most disappointing was
+Lucy Stone's failure to attend the convention or come to their
+defense. Thinking over this first unfortunate difference of opinion
+among the faithful crusaders for freedom to whom she had always felt
+so close in spirit, Susan was sadly disillusioned, but she had no
+regrets that the matter had been brought up, and she defied her
+critics by speaking before a committee of the New York legislature in
+support of a liberal divorce bill. Nor was she surprised when a group
+of Boston women, headed by Caroline H. Dall, called a convention which
+they hoped would counteract this radical outbreak in the woman's
+rights movement by keeping to the safe subjects of education,
+vocation, and civil position.
+
+Having learned by this time through the hard school of experience that
+the bona-fide reformer could not play safe and go forward, Susan
+thoughtfully commented, "Cautious, careful people, always casting
+about to preserve their reputation and social standing, never can
+bring about a reform. Those who are really in earnest must be willing
+to be anything or nothing in the world's estimation, and publicly and
+privately, in season and out, avow their sympathy with despised and
+persecuted ideas and their advocates, and bear the consequences."[119]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The repercussions of the divorce debates were soon drowned out by the
+noise and excitement of the presidential campaign of 1860. With four
+candidates in the field, Breckenridge, Bell, Douglas, and Lincoln,
+each offering his party's solution for the nation's critical problems,
+there was much to think about and discuss, and Susan found woman's
+rights pushed into the background. At the same time antagonism toward
+abolitionists was steadily mounting for they were being blamed for the
+tensions between the North and the South.
+
+Dedicated to the immediate and unconditional emancipation of slavery,
+Susan saw no hope in the promises of any political party. Even the
+Republicans' opposition to the extension of slavery in the
+territories, which had won over many abolitionists, including Henry
+and Elizabeth Stanton, seemed to her a mild and ineffectual answer to
+the burning questions of the hour. For her to further the election of
+Abraham Lincoln was unthinkable, since he favored the enforcement of
+the Fugitive Slave Law and had stated he was not in favor of Negro
+citizenship.
+
+At heart she was a nonvoting Garrisonian abolitionist and would not
+support a political party which in any way sanctioned slavery. Had she
+been eligible as a voter she undoubtedly would have refused to cast
+her ballot until a righteous antislavery government had been
+established. As she expressed it in a letter to Mrs. Stanton, she
+could not, if she were a man, vote for "the least of two evils, one of
+which the Nation must surely have in the presidential chair."[120]
+
+She saw no possibility at this time of wiping out slavery by means of
+political abolition, because in spite of the fact that slavery had for
+years been one of the most pressing issues before the American people,
+no great political party had yet endorsed abolition, nor had a single
+prominent practical statesman[121] advocated immediate unconditional
+emancipation. As the Liberty party experiment had proved, an
+abolitionist running for office on an antislavery platform was doomed
+to defeat. Therefore the gesture made in this critical campaign by a
+small group of abolitionists in nominating Gerrit Smith for president
+appeared utterly futile to Susan. Abolitionists, she believed,
+followed the only course consistent with their principles when they
+eschewed politics, abstained from voting, and devoted their energies
+with the fervor of evangelists to a militant educational campaign.
+
+So, whenever she could, she continued to hold antislavery meetings.
+"Crowded house at Port Byron," her diary records. "I tried to say a
+few words at opening, but soon curled up like a sensitive plant. It is
+a terrible martyrdom for me to speak."[122] Yet so great was the need
+to enlighten people on the evils of slavery that she endured this
+martyrdom, stepping into the breach when no other speaker was
+available. Taking as her subject, "What Is American Slavery?" she
+declared, "It is the legalized, systematic robbery of the bodies and
+souls of nearly four millions of men, women, and children. It is the
+legalized traffic in God's image."[123]
+
+She asked for personal liberty laws to protect the human rights of
+fugitive slaves, adding that the Dred Scott decision had been possible
+only because it reflected the spirit and purpose of the American
+people in the North as well as the South. She heaped blame on the
+North for restricting the Negro's educational and economic
+opportunities, for barring him from libraries, lectures, and theaters,
+and from hotels and seats on trains and buses.
+
+"Let the North," she urged, "prove to the South by her acts that she
+fully recognizes the humanity of the black man, that she respects his
+rights in all her educational, industrial, social, and political
+associations...."
+
+This was asking far more than the North was ready to give, but to
+Susan it was justice which she must demand. No wonder free Negroes in
+the North honored and loved her and expressed their gratitude whenever
+they could. "A fine-looking colored man on the train presented me with
+a bouquet," she wrote in her diary. "Can't tell whether he knew me or
+only felt my sympathy."[124]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The threats of secession from the southern states, which followed
+Lincoln's election, brought little anxiety to Susan or her
+fellow-abolitionists, for they had long preached, "No Union with
+Slaveholders," believing that dissolution of the Union would prevent
+further expansion of slavery in the new western territories, and not
+only lessen the damaging influence of slavery on northern
+institutions, but relieve the North of complicity in maintaining
+slavery. Garrison in his _Liberator_ had already asked, "Will the
+South be so obliging as to secede from the Union?" When, in December
+1860, South Carolina seceded, Horace Greeley, who only a few months
+before had called the disunion abolitionists "a little coterie of
+common scolds," now wrote in the _Tribune_, "If the cotton states
+shall decide that they can do better out of the Union than in it, we
+insist in letting them go in peace. The right to secede may be a
+revolutionary one, but it exists nevertheless."[125]
+
+[Illustration: William Lloyd Garrison]
+
+What abolitionists feared far more than secession was that to save the
+Union some compromise would be made which would fasten slavery on the
+nation. Susan agreed with Garrison when he declared in the
+_Liberator_, "All Union-saving efforts are simply idiotic. At last
+'the covenant with death' is annulled, 'the agreement with Hell'
+broken--at least by the action of South Carolina and ere long by all
+the slave-holding states, for their doom is one."[126]
+
+Compromise, however, was in the air. The people were appalled and
+confused by the breaking up of the Union and the possibility of civil
+war, and the government fumbled. Powerful Republicans, among them
+Thurlow Weed, speaking for eastern financial interests, favored the
+Crittenden Compromise which would re-establish the Mason-Dixon line,
+protect slavery in the states where it was now legal, sanction the
+domestic slave trade, guarantee payment by the United States for
+escaped slaves, and forbid Congress to abolish slavery in the
+District of Columbia without the consent of Virginia and Maryland.
+Even Seward suggested a constitutional amendment guaranteeing
+noninterference with slavery in the slave states for all time. In such
+an atmosphere as this, Susan gloried in Wendell Phillips's impetuous
+declarations against compromise.
+
+While the whole country marked time, waiting for the inauguration of
+President Lincoln, abolitionists sent out their speakers, Susan
+heading a group in western New York which included Samuel J. May,
+Stephen S. Foster, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. "All are united," she
+wrote William Lloyd Garrison, "that good faith and honor demand us to
+go forward and leave the responsibility of free speech or its
+suppression with the people of the places we visit." Then showing that
+she well understood the temper of the times, she added, "I trust ...
+no personal harm may come to you or Phillips or any of the little band
+of the true and faithful who shall defend the right...."[127]
+
+Feeling was running high in Buffalo when Susan arrived with her
+antislavery contingent in January 1861, expecting disturbances but
+unprepared for the animosity of audiences which hissed, yelled, and
+stamped so that not a speaker could be heard. The police made no
+effort to keep order and finally the mob surged over the platform and
+the lights went out. Nevertheless, Susan who was presiding held her
+ground until lights were brought in and she could dimly see the
+milling crowd.
+
+In small towns they were listened to with only occasional catcalls and
+boos of disapproval, but in every city from Buffalo to Albany the mobs
+broke up their meetings. Even in Rochester, which had never before
+shown open hostility to abolitionists, Susan's banner, "No Union with
+Slaveholders" was torn down and a restless audience hissed her as she
+opened her meeting and drowned out the speakers with their shouting
+and stamping until at last the police took over and escorted the
+speakers home through the jeering crowds.
+
+All but Susan now began to question the wisdom of holding more
+meetings, but her determination to continue, and to assert the right
+of free speech, shamed her colleagues into acquiescence. Cayenne
+pepper, thrown on the stove, broke up their meeting at Port Byron. In
+Rome, rowdies bore down upon Susan, who was taking the admission fee
+of ten cents, brushed her aside, "big cloak, furs, and all,"[128] and
+rushed to the platform where they sang, hooted, and played cards until
+the speakers gave up in despair. Syracuse, well known for its
+tolerance and pride in free speech, now greeted them with a howling
+drunken mob armed with knives and pistols and rotten eggs. Susan on
+the platform courageously faced their gibes until she and her
+companions were forced out into the street. They then took refuge in
+the home of fellow-abolitionists while the mob dragged effigies of
+Susan and Samuel J. May through the streets and burned them in the
+square.
+
+Not even this kept Susan from her last advertised meeting in Albany
+where Lucretia Mott, Martha C. Wright, Gerrit Smith, and Frederick
+Douglass joined her. Here the Democratic mayor, George H. Thatcher,
+was determined to uphold free speech in spite of almost overwhelming
+opposition, and calling at the Delavan House for the abolitionists,
+safely escorted them to their hall. Then, with a revolver across his
+knees, he sat on the platform with them while his policemen, scattered
+through the hall, put down every disturbance; but at the end of the
+day, he warned Susan that he could no longer hold the mob in check and
+begged her as a personal favor to him to call off the rest of the
+meetings. She consented, and under his protection the intrepid little
+group of abolitionists walked back to their hotel with the mob
+trailing behind them.
+
+Looking back upon the tense days and nights of this "winter of
+mobs,"[129] Susan was proud of her group of abolitionists who so
+bravely had carried out their mission. In comparison, the Republicans
+had shown up badly, not a Republican mayor having the courage or
+interest to give them protection. In fact, she found little in the
+attitude of the Republicans to offer even a glimmer of hope that they
+were capable of governing in this crisis. Lincoln's inaugural address
+prejudiced her at once, for he said, "I have no purpose directly or
+indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the states
+where it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so and I have
+no inclination to do so."[130] To her the future looked dark when
+statesmen would save the Union at such a price.
+
+"No Compromise" was Susan's watchword these days, as a feminist as
+well as an abolitionist, even though this again set her at odds with
+Garrison and Phillips, the two men she respected above all others.
+They were now writing her stern letters urging her to reveal the
+hiding place of a fugitive wife and her daughter. Just before she had
+started on her antislavery crusade and while she was in Albany with
+Lydia Mott, a heavily veiled woman with a tragic story had come to
+them for help. She was the wife of Dr. Charles Abner Phelps, a highly
+respected member of the Massachusetts Senate, and the mother of three
+children. She had discovered, she told them, that her husband was
+unfaithful to her, and when she confronted him with the proof, he had
+insisted that she suffered from delusions and had her committed to an
+insane asylum. For a year and a half she had not been allowed to
+communicate with her children, but finally her brother, a prominent
+Albany attorney, obtained her release through a writ of habeas corpus,
+took her to his home, and persuaded Dr. Phelps to allow the children
+to visit her for a few weeks. Now she was desperate as she again faced
+the prospect of being separated from her children by Massachusetts law
+which gave even an unfaithful husband control of his wife's person and
+their children.
+
+Well aware of how often her friends of the Underground Railroad had
+defied the Fugitive Slave Law and hidden and transported fugitive
+slaves, Susan decided she would do the same for this cultured
+intelligent woman, a slave to her husband under the law. Without a
+thought of the consequences, she took the train on Christmas Day for
+New York with Mrs. Phelps and her thirteen-year-old daughter, both in
+disguise, hoping that in the crowded city they could hide from Dr.
+Phelps and the law. Arriving late at night, they walked through the
+snow and slush to a hotel, only to be refused a room because they were
+not accompanied by a gentleman. They tried another hotel, with the
+same result, and then Susan, remembering a boarding house run by a
+divorced woman she knew, hopefully rang her doorbell. She too refused
+them, claiming all her boarders would leave if she harbored a runaway
+wife. By this time it was midnight. Cold and exhausted, they braved a
+Broadway hotel, where they were told there was no vacant room; but
+Susan, convinced this was only an excuse, said as much to the clerk,
+adding, "You can give us a place to sleep or we will sit in this
+office all night." When he threatened to call the police, she
+retorted, "Very well, we will sit here till they come to take us to
+the station."[131] Finally he relented and gave them a room without
+heat. Early the next morning, Susan began making the rounds of her
+friends in search of shelter for Mrs. Phelps and her daughter, and
+finally at the end of a discouraging day, Abby Hopper Gibbons, the
+Quaker who had so often hidden fugitive slaves, took this fugitive
+wife into her home.
+
+Returning to Albany, Susan found herself under suspicion and
+threatened with arrest by Dr. Phelps and Mrs. Phelps's brothers,
+because she had broken the law by depriving a father of his child.
+Letters and telegrams, demanding that she reveal Mrs. Phelps's hiding
+place, followed her to Rochester and on her antislavery tour through
+western New York. Refusing to be intimidated, she ignored them all.
+
+When Garrison wrote her long letters in his small neat hand, begging
+her not to involve the woman's rights and antislavery movements in any
+"hasty and ill-judged, no matter how well-meant" action, it was hard
+for her to reconcile this advice with his impetuous, undiplomatic, and
+dangerous actions on behalf of Negro slaves. "I feel the strongest
+assurance," she told him, "that what I have done is wholly right. Had
+I turned my back upon her I should have scorned myself.... That I
+should stop to ask if my act would injure the reputation of any
+movement never crossed my mind, nor will I allow such a fear to stifle
+my sympathies or tempt me to expose her to the cruel inhuman treatment
+of her own household. Trust me that as I ignore all law to help the
+slave, so will I ignore it all to protect an enslaved woman."[132]
+
+When later they met at an antislavery convention, Garrison, renewing
+his efforts on behalf of Dr. Phelps, put this question to Susan,
+"Don't you know that the law of Massachusetts gives the father the
+entire guardianship and control of the children?"
+
+"Yes, I know it," she answered. "Does not the law of the United States
+give the slaveholder the ownership of the slave? And don't you break
+it every time you help a slave to Canada? Well, the law which gives
+the father the sole ownership of the children is just as wicked and
+I'll break it just as quickly. You would die before you would deliver
+a slave to his master, and I will die before I will give up that child
+to its father."
+
+Susan escaped arrest as she thought she would, for Dr. Phelps could
+not afford the unfavorable publicity involved. He managed to kidnap
+his child on her way to Sunday School, but his wife eventually won a
+divorce through the help of her friends.
+
+The most trying part of this experience for Susan was the attitude of
+Garrison and Phillips, who, had now for the second time failed to
+recognize that the freedom they claimed for the Negro was also
+essential for women. They believed in woman's rights, to be sure, but
+when these rights touched the institution of marriage, their vision
+was clouded. Just a year before, they had fought Mrs. Stanton's
+divorce resolutions because they were unable to see that the existing
+laws of marriage did not apply equally to men and women. Now they
+sustained the father's absolute right over his child. What was it,
+Susan wondered, that kept them from understanding? Was it loyalty to
+sex, was it an unconscious clinging to dominance and superiority, or
+was it sheer inability to recognize women as human beings like
+themselves? "Very many abolitionists," she wrote in her diary, "have
+yet to learn the ABC of woman's rights."[133]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[109] _History of Woman Suffrage_, I. p. 689. Henry Ward Beecher's
+speech, _The Public Function of Women_, delivered at Cooper Union,
+Feb. 2, 1860, was widely distributed as a tract.
+
+[110] April 16, 1860, Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers, Library of
+Congress.
+
+[111] June 16, 1857, Blackwell Papers, Edna M. Stantial Collection.
+
+[112] _History of Woman Suffrage_, I, p. 717.
+
+[113] _Ibid._, p. 725.
+
+[114] _Ibid._, p. 732.
+
+[115] _Ibid._, p. 735.
+
+[116] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 196.
+
+[117] Elizabeth Cady Stanton, _Eighty Years and More_ (New York,
+1898), p. 219. Samuel Longfellow whispered to Mrs. Stanton in the
+midst of the debate, "Nevertheless you are right and the convention
+will sustain you."
+
+[118] Harper, _Anthony_, I. p. 195.
+
+[119] _Ibid._, p. 197.
+
+[120] Aug. 25, 1860, Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers, Vassar College
+Library.
+
+[121] Charles Sumner was the First prominent statesman to speak for
+emancipation, Oct., 1861, at the Massachusetts Republican Convention.
+
+[122] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 198.
+
+[123] Ms., Susan B. Anthony Papers, Library of Congress.
+
+[124] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 198.
+
+[125] Garrisons, _Garrison_, III, p. 504; Beards, _The Rise of
+American Civilization_, II, p. 63.
+
+[126] Garrisons, _Garrison_, III, p. 508.
+
+[127] Jan. 18, 1861, Antislavery Papers, Boston Public Library.
+
+[128] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 210.
+
+[129] Susan B. Anthony Scrapbook, 1861, Library of Congress.
+
+[130] Carl Sandburg, _Abraham Lincoln, The War Years_ (New York,
+1939), I, p. 125.
+
+[131] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 202. Mrs. Phelps later found a more
+permanent home with the author, Elizabeth Ellet.
+
+[132] _Ibid._, pp. 203-204.
+
+[133] _Ibid._, p. 198.
+
+
+
+
+A WAR FOR FREEDOM
+
+
+Six more southern states, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi,
+Louisiana, and Texas, following the lead of South Carolina, seceded
+early in 1861 and formed the Confederate States of America. This
+breaking up of the Union disturbed Susan primarily because it took the
+minds of most of her colleagues off everything but saving the Union.
+Convinced that even in a time of national crisis, work for women must
+go on, she tried to prepare for the annual woman's rights convention
+in New York, but none of her hitherto dependable friends would help
+her. Nevertheless, she persisted, even after the fall of Fort Sumter
+and the President's call for troops. Only when the abolitionists
+called off their annual New York meetings did she reluctantly realize
+that woman's rights too must yield to the exigencies of the hour.
+
+Influenced by her Quaker background, she could not see war as the
+solution of this or any other crisis. In fact, the majority of
+abolitionists were amazed and bewildered when war came because it was
+not being waged to free the slaves. Looking to their leaders for
+guidance, they heard Wendell Phillips declare for war before an
+audience of over four thousand in Boston. Garrison, known to all as a
+nonresistant, made it clear that his sympathies were with the
+government. He saw in "this grand uprising of the manhood of the
+North"[134] a growing appreciation of liberty and free institutions
+and a willingness to defend them. Calling upon abolitionists to stand
+by their principles, he at the same time warned them not to criticize
+Lincoln or the Republicans unnecessarily, not to divide the North, but
+to watch events and bide their time, and he opposed those
+abolitionists who wanted to withhold support of the government until
+it stood openly and unequivocally for the Negro's freedom. From the
+front page of the _Liberator_, he now removed his slogan, "No Union
+with Slaveholders." Kindly placid Samuel J. May, usually against all
+violence, now compared the sacrifices of the war to the crucifixion,
+and to Susan this was blasphemy. Even Parker Pillsbury wrote her, "I
+am rejoicing over Old Abe, but my voice is still for war."[135]
+
+She was troubled, confused, and disillusioned by the attitude of these
+men and by that of most of her antislavery friends. Only very few,
+among them Lydia Mott, were uncompromising non-resistants. To one of
+them she wrote, "I have tried hard to persuade myself that I alone
+remained mad, while all the rest had become sane, because I have
+insisted that it is our duty to bear not only our usual testimony but
+one even louder and more earnest than ever before.... The
+Abolitionists, for once, seem to have come to an agreement with all
+the world that they are out of tune and place, hence should hold their
+peace and spare their rebukes and anathemas. Our position to me seems
+most humiliating, simply that of the politicians, one of expediency,
+not principle. I have not yet seen one good reason for the abandonment
+of all our meetings, and am more and more ashamed and sad that even
+the little Apostolic number have yielded to the world's motto--'the
+end justifies the means.'"[136]
+
+Now the farm home was a refuge. Her father, leaving her in charge,
+traveled West for his long-dreamed-of visit with his sons in Kansas,
+with Daniel R., now postmaster at Leavenworth, and with Merritt and
+his young wife, Mary Luther, in their log cabin at Osawatomie. As a
+release from her pent-up energy, Susan turned to hard physical work.
+"Superintended the plowing of the orchard," she recorded in her diary.
+"The last load of hay is in the barn; and all in capital order....
+Washed every window in the house today. Put a quilted petticoat in the
+frame.... Quilted all day, but sewing seems no longer to be my
+calling.... Fitted out a fugitive slave for Canada with the help of
+Harriet Tubman."[137]
+
+Although she filled her days, life on the farm in these stirring times
+seemed futile to her. She missed the stimulating exchange of ideas
+with fellow-abolitionists and confessed to her diary, "The all-alone
+feeling will creep over me. It is such a fast after the feast of great
+presences to which I have been so long accustomed."
+
+The war was much on her mind. Eagerly she read Greeley's _Tribune_ and
+the Rochester _Democrat_. The news was discouraging--the tragedy of
+Bull Run, the call for more troops, defeat after defeat for the Union
+armies. General Fremont in Missouri freeing the slaves of rebels only
+to have Lincoln cancel the order to avert antagonizing the border
+states.
+
+"How not to do it seems the whole study of Washington," she wrote in
+her diary. "I wish the government would move quickly, proclaim freedom
+to every slave and call on every able-bodied Negro to enlist in the
+Union Army.... To forever blot out slavery is the only possible
+compensation for this merciless war."[138]
+
+To satisfy her longing for a better understanding of people and
+events, she turned to books, first to Elizabeth Barrett Browning's
+_Casa Guidi Windows_, which she called "a grand poem, so fitting to
+our terrible struggle," then to her _Sonnets from the Portuguese_, and
+George Eliot's popular _Adam Bede_, recently published. More serious
+reading also absorbed her, for she wanted to keep abreast of the most
+advanced thought of the day. "Am reading Buckle's _History of
+Civilization_ and Darwin's _Descent of Man_," she wrote in her diary.
+"Have finished _Origin of the Species_. Pillsbury has just given me
+Emerson's poems."[139]
+
+Eager to thrash out all her new ideas with Elizabeth Stanton, she went
+to Seneca Falls for a few days of good talk, hoping to get Mrs.
+Stanton's help in organizing a woman's rights convention in 1862; but
+not even Mrs. Stanton could see the importance of such work at this
+time, believing that if women put all their efforts into winning the
+war, they would, without question, be rewarded with full citizenship.
+Susan was skeptical about this and disappointed that even the best
+women were so willing to be swept aside by the onrush of events.
+
+Although opposed to war, Susan was far from advocating peace at any
+price, and was greatly concerned over the confusion in Washington
+which was vividly described in the discouraging letters Mrs. Stanton
+received from her husband, now Washington correspondent for the New
+York _Tribune_. Both she and Mrs. Stanton chafed at inaction. They had
+loyalty, intelligence, an understanding of national affairs, and
+executive ability to offer their country, but such qualities were not
+sought after among women.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the spring of 1862, Susan helped Mrs. Stanton move her family to a
+new home in Brooklyn, and spent a few weeks with her there, getting
+the feel of the city in wartime. She then had the satisfaction of
+discovering that at least one woman was of use to her country, young
+eloquent Anna E. Dickinson.[140] Susan listened with pride and joy
+while Anna spoke to an enthusiastic audience at Cooper Union on the
+issues of the war. She took Anna to her heart at once. Anna's youth,
+her fervor, and her remarkable ability drew out all of Susan's
+motherly instincts of affection and protectiveness. They became
+devoted friends, and for the next few years carried on a voluminous
+correspondence.
+
+Harriet Hosmer and Rosa Bonheur also helped restore Susan's confidence
+in women during these difficult days when, forced to mark time, she
+herself seemed at loose ends. Visiting the Academy of Design, she
+studied "in silent reverential awe," the marble face of Harriet
+Hosmer's Beatrice Cenci, and declared, "Making that cold marble
+breathe and pulsate, Harriet Hosmer has done more to ennoble and
+elevate woman than she could possibly have done by mere words...." Of
+Rosa Bonheur, the first woman to venture into the field of animal
+painting, she said, "Her work not only surpasses anything ever done by
+a woman, but is a bold and successful step beyond all other
+artists."[141]
+
+This confidence was soon dispelled, however, when a letter came from
+Lydia Mott containing the crushing news that the New York legislature
+had amended the newly won Married Woman's Property Law of 1860, while
+women's attention was focused on the war, and had taken away from
+mothers the right to equal guardianship of their children and from
+widows the control of the property left at the death of their
+husbands.
+
+"We deserve to suffer for our confidence in 'man's sense of justice,'"
+she confessed to Lydia. " ... All of our reformers seem suddenly to
+have grown politic. All alike say, 'Have no conventions at this
+crisis!' Garrison, Phillips, Mrs. Mott, Mrs. Wright, Mrs. Stanton,
+etc. say, 'Wait until the war excitement abates....' I am sick at
+heart, but cannot carry the world against the wish and will of our
+best friends...."[142]
+
+Unable to arouse even a glimmer of interest in woman's rights at this
+time, Susan started off on a lecture tour of her own, determined to
+make people understand that this war, so abhorrent to her, must be
+fought for the Negroes' freedom. "I cannot feel easy in my conscience
+to be dumb in an hour like this," she explained to Lydia, adding, "It
+is so easy to feel your power for public work slipping away if you
+allow yourself to remain too long snuggled in the Abrahamic bosom of
+home. It requires great will power to resurrect one's soul.[143]
+
+"I am speaking now extempore," she continued, "and more to my
+satisfaction than ever before. I am amazed at myself, but I could not
+do it if any of our other speakers were listening to me. I am entirely
+off old antislavery grounds and on the new ones thrown up by the war."
+
+Feeling particularly close to Lydia at this time, she gratefully
+added, "What a stay, counsel, and comfort you have been to me, dear
+Lydia, ever since that eventful little temperance meeting in that
+cold, smoky chapel in 1852. How you have compelled me to feel myself
+competent to go forward when trembling with doubt and distrust. I can
+never express the magnitude of my indebtedness to you."
+
+In the small towns of western New York, people were willing to listen
+to Susan, for they were troubled by the defeats northern armies had
+suffered and by the appalling lack of unity and patriotism in the
+North. They were beginning to see that the problem of slavery had to
+be faced and were discussing among themselves whether Negroes were
+contraband, whether army officers should return fugitive slaves to
+their masters, whether slaves of the rebels should be freed, whether
+Negroes should be enlisted in the army.
+
+Susan had an answer for them. "It is impossible longer to hold the
+African race in bondage," she declared, "or to reconstruct this
+Republic on the old slaveholding basis. We can neither go back nor
+stand still. With the nation as with the individual, every new
+experience forces us into a new and higher life and the old self is
+lost forever. Hundreds of men who never thought of emancipation a year
+ago, talk it freely and are ready to vote for it and fight for it
+now.[144]
+
+"Can the thousands of Northern soldiers," she asked, "who in their
+march through Rebel States have found faithful friends and generous
+allies in the slaves ever consent to hurl them back into the hell of
+slavery, either by word, or vote, or sword? Slaves have sought shelter
+in the Northern Army and have tasted the forbidden fruit of the Tree
+of Liberty. Will they return quietly to the plantation and patiently
+endure the old life of bondage with all its degradation, its
+cruelties, and wrong? No, No, there can be no reconstruction on the
+old basis...." Far less degrading and ruinous, she earnestly added,
+would be the recognition of the independence of the southern
+Confederacy.
+
+[Illustration: Susan B. Anthony]
+
+To the question of what to do with the emancipated slaves, her quick
+answer was, "Treat the Negroes just as you do the Irish, the Scotch,
+and the Germans. Educate them to all the blessings of our free
+institutions, to our schools and churches, to every department of
+industry, trade, and art.
+
+"What arrogance in _us_," she continued, "to put the question, What
+shall _we_ do with a race of men and women who have fed, clothed, and
+supported both themselves and their oppressors for centuries...."
+
+Often she spoke against Lincoln's policy of gradual, compensated
+emancipation, which to an eager advocate of "immediate, unconditional
+emancipation" seemed like weakness and appeasement. She had to admit,
+however, that there had been some progress in the right direction, for
+Congress had recently forbidden the return of fugitive slaves to their
+masters, had decreed immediate emancipation in the District of
+Columbia, and prohibited slavery in the territories.
+
+President Lincoln's promise of freedom on January 1, 1863, to slaves
+in all states in armed rebellion against the government, seemed wholly
+inadequate to her and to her fellow-abolitionists, because it left
+slavery untouched in the border states, but it did encourage them to
+hope that eventually Lincoln might see the light. Horace Greeley wrote
+Susan, "I still keep at work with the President in various ways and
+believe you will yet hear him proclaim universal freedom. Keep this
+letter and judge me by the event."[145]
+
+It troubled her that public opinion in the North was still far from
+sympathetic to emancipation. Northern Democrats, charging Lincoln with
+incompetence and autocratic control, called for "The Constitution as
+it is, the Union as it was." They had the support of many northern
+businessmen who faced the loss of millions of credit given to
+southerners and the support of northern workmen who feared the
+competition of free Negroes. They had elected Horatio Seymour governor
+of New York, and had gained ground in many parts of the country. A
+militant group in Ohio, headed by Congressman Vallandigham, continued
+to oppose the war, asking for peace at once with no terms unfavorable
+to the South.
+
+All these developments Susan discussed with her father, for she
+frequently came home between lectures. He was a tower of strength to
+her. When she was disillusioned or when criticism and opposition were
+hard to bear, his sympathy and wise counsel never failed her. There
+was a strong bond of understanding and affection between them.
+
+His sudden illness and death, late in November 1862, were a shock from
+which she had to struggle desperately to recover. Her life was
+suddenly empty. The farm home was desolate. She could not think of
+leaving her mother and her sister Mary there all alone. Nor could she
+count on help from Daniel or Merritt, both of whom were serving in the
+army in the West, Daniel, as a lieutenant colonel, and Merritt as a
+captain in the 7th Kansas Cavalry. For many weeks she had no heart for
+anything but grief. "It seemed as if everything in the world must
+stop."[146]
+
+Not even President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, issued January
+1, 1863, roused her. It took a letter from Henry Stanton from
+Washington to make her see that there was war work for her to do. He
+wrote her, "The country is rapidly going to destruction. The Army is
+almost in a state of mutiny for want of its pay and lack of a leader.
+Nothing can carry through but the southern Negroes, and nobody can
+marshal them into the struggle except the abolitionists.... Such men
+as Lovejoy, Hale, and the like have pretty much given up the struggle
+in despair. You have no idea how dark the cloud is which hangs over
+us.... We must not lay the flattering unction to our souls that the
+proclamation will be of any use if we are beaten and have a
+dissolution of the Union. Here then is work for you, Susan, put on
+your armor and go forth."[147]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A month later, Susan went to New York for a visit with Elizabeth
+Stanton, confident that if they counseled together, they could find a
+way to serve their country in its hour of need.
+
+She was well aware that all through the country women were responding
+magnificently in this crisis, giving not only their husbands and sons
+to the war, but carrying on for them in the home, on the farm, and in
+business. Many were sewing and knitting for soldiers, scraping lint
+for hospitals, and organizing Ladies' Aid Societies, which, operating
+through the United States Sanitary Commission, the forerunner of the
+Red Cross, sent clothing and nourishing food to the inadequately
+equipped and poorly fed soldiers in the field. In the large cities
+women were holding highly successful "Sanitary Fairs" to raise funds
+for the Sanitary Commission. In fact, through the women, civilian
+relief was organized as never before in history. Individual women too,
+Susan knew, were making outstanding contributions to the war. Lucy
+Stone's sister-in-law, Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell,[148] a friend and
+admirer of Florence Nightingale, was training much-needed nurses,
+while Dr. Mary Walker, putting on coat and trousers, ministered
+tirelessly to the wounded on the battlefield. Dorothea Dix, the
+one-time schoolteacher who had awakened the people to their barbarous
+treatment of the insane, had offered her services to the
+Surgeon-General and was eventually appointed Superintendent of Army
+Nurses, with authority to recruit nurses and oversee hospital
+housekeeping. Clara Barton, a government employee, and other women
+volunteers were finding their way to the front to nurse the wounded
+who so desperately needed their help; and Mother Bickerdyke, living
+with the armies in the field, nursed her boys and cooked for them,
+lifting their morale by her motherly, strengthening presence. Through
+the influence of Anna Ella Carroll, Maryland had been saved for the
+Union and she, it was said, was ably advising President Lincoln.
+
+Susan herself had felt no call to nurse the wounded, although she had
+often skillfully nursed her own family; nor had she felt that her
+qualifications as an expert housekeeper and good executive demanded
+her services at the front to supervise army housekeeping. Instead she
+looked for some important task to which other women would not turn in
+these days when relief work absorbed all their attention. It was not
+enough, she felt, for women to be angels of mercy, valuable and
+well-organized as this phase of their work had become. A spirit of
+awareness was lacking among them, also a patriotic fervor, and this
+led her to believe that northern women needed someone to stimulate
+their thinking, to force them to come to grips with the basic issues
+of the war and in so doing claim their own freedom. Women, she
+reasoned, must be aroused to think not only in terms of socks, shirts,
+and food for soldiers or of bandages and nursing, but in terms of the
+traditions of freedom upon which this republic was founded. Women must
+have a part in molding public opinion and must help direct policy as
+Anna Ella Carroll was proving women could do. Here was the best
+possible training for prospective women voters. To all this Mrs.
+Stanton heartily agreed.
+
+As they sat at the dining-room table with Mrs. Stanton's two
+daughters, Maggie and Hattie, all busily cutting linen into small
+squares and raveling them into lint for the wounded, they discussed
+the state of the nation. They were troubled by the low morale of the
+North and by the insidious propaganda of the Copperheads, an antiwar,
+pro-Southern group, which spread discontent and disrespect for the
+government. Profiteering was flagrant, and through speculation and war
+contracts, large fortunes were being built up among the few, while the
+majority of the people not only found their lives badly disrupted by
+the war but suffered from high prices and low wages. So far no
+decisive victory had encouraged confidence in ultimate triumph over
+the South. In newspapers and magazines, women of the North were being
+unfavorably compared with southern women and criticized because of
+their lack of interest in the war. Writing in the _Atlantic Monthly_,
+March, 1863, Gail Hamilton, a rising young journalist, accused
+northern women of failing to come up to the level of the day. "If you
+could have finished the war with your needles," she chided them, "it
+would have been finished long ago, but stitching does not crush
+rebellion, does not annihilate treason...."
+
+Thinking along these same lines, Susan and Mrs. Stanton now decided to
+go a step further. They would act to bring women abreast of the issues
+of the day, Susan with her flare for organizing women, Mrs. Stanton
+with her pen and her eloquence. They would show women that they had an
+ideal to fight for. They would show them the uselessness of this
+bloody conflict unless it won freedom for all of the slaves. Freedom
+for all, as a basic demand of the republic, would be their watchword.
+Men were forming Union Leagues and Loyal Leagues to combat the
+influence of secret antiwar societies, such as the Knights of the
+Golden Circle. "Why not organize a Women's National Loyal League?"
+Susan and Mrs. Stanton asked each other.
+
+They talked their ideas over first with the New York abolitionists,
+then with Horace Greeley, Henry Ward Beecher, and his dashing young
+friend, Theodore Tilton, and with Robert Dale Owen, now in the city as
+the recently appointed head of the Freedman's Inquiry Commission.
+These men were in touch with Charles Sumner and other antislavery
+members of Congress. All agreed that the Emancipation Proclamation
+must be implemented by an act of Congress, by an amendment to the
+Constitution, and that public opinion must be aroused to demand a
+Thirteenth Amendment. If women would help, so much the better.
+
+Susan at once thought of petitions. If petitions had won the Woman's
+Property Law in New York, they could win the Thirteenth Amendment. The
+largest petition ever presented to Congress was her goal.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Carefully Susan and Mrs. Stanton worked over an _Appeal to the Women
+of the Republic_, sending it out in March 1863 with a notice of a
+meeting to be held in New York. It left no doubt in the minds of those
+who received it that women had a responsibility to their country
+beyond services of mercy to the wounded and disabled.
+
+From all parts of the country, women responded to their call. The
+veteran antislavery and woman's rights worker, Angelina Grimke Weld,
+came out of her retirement for the meeting. Ernestine Rose, the ever
+faithful, was on hand. Lucy Stone and Antoinette Brown Blackwell were
+there, and the popular Hutchinson family, famous for their stirring
+abolition songs. They helped Susan and Mrs. Stanton steer the course
+of the meeting into the right channels, to show the women assembled
+that the war was being fought not merely to preserve the Union, but
+also to preserve the American way of life, based on the principle of
+equal rights and freedom for all, to save it from the encroachments of
+slavery and a slaveholding aristocracy. Susan proposed a resolution
+declaring that there can never be a true peace until the civil and
+political rights of all citizens are established, including those of
+Negroes and women. The introduction of the woman's rights issue into a
+war meeting with an antislavery program was vigorously opposed by
+women from Wisconsin, but the faithful feminists came to the rescue
+and the controversial resolution was adopted.
+
+Although she always instinctively related all national issues to
+woman's rights and vice versa, Susan did not allow this subject to
+overshadow the main purpose of the meeting. Instead she analyzed the
+issue of the war and reproached Lincoln for suppressing the fact that
+slavery was the real cause of the war and for waiting two long years
+before calling the four million slaves to the side of the North.
+"Every hour's delay, every life sacrificed up to the proclamation that
+called the slave to freedom and to arms," she declared, "was nothing
+less than downright murder by the government.... I therefore hail the
+day when the government shall recognize that it is a war for
+freedom."[149]
+
+A Women's National Loyal League was organized, electing Susan
+secretary and Mrs. Stanton president. They sent a long letter to
+President Lincoln thanking him for the Emancipation Proclamation,
+especially for the freedom it gave Negro women, and assuring him of
+their loyalty and support in this war for freedom. Their own immediate
+task, they decided, was to circulate petitions asking for an act of
+Congress to emancipate "all persons of African descent held in
+involuntary servitude." As Susan so tersely expressed it, they would
+"canvass the nation for freedom."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+All the oratory over, Susan now undertook the hard work of making the
+Women's National Loyal League a success, assuming the initial
+financial burden of printing petitions and renting an office, Room 20,
+at Cooper Institute, where she was busy all day and where New York
+members met to help her. To each of the petitions sent out, she
+attached her battle cry, "There must be a law abolishing slavery....
+Women, you cannot vote or fight for your country. Your only way to be
+a power in the government is through the exercise of this one, sacred,
+constitutional 'right of petition,' and we ask you to use it now to
+the utmost...." She also asked those signing the petitions to
+contribute a penny to help with expenses and in this way she slowly
+raised $3,000.[150]
+
+At first the response was slow, although both Republican and
+antislavery papers were generous in their praise of this undertaking,
+but when the signed petitions began to come in, she felt repaid for
+all her efforts, and when the Hovey Fund trustees appropriated twelve
+dollars a week for her salary, the financial burden lifted a little.
+Yet it was ever present. For herself she needed little. She wrote her
+mother and Mary, "I go to a little restaurant nearby for lunch every
+noon. I always take strawberries with two tea rusks. Today I said,
+'all this lacks is a glass of milk from my mother's cellar,' and the
+girl replied, 'We have very nice Westchester milk.' So tomorrow I
+shall add that to my bill of fare. My lunch costs, berries five cents,
+rusks five, and tomorrow the milk will be three."[151]
+
+The cost of postage mounted as the petitions continued to go out to
+all parts of the country. In dire need of funds, Susan decided to
+appeal to Henry Ward Beecher; and wearily climbing Columbia Heights to
+his home, she suddenly felt a strong hand on her shoulder and a
+familiar voice asking, "Well, old girl, what do you want now?" He took
+up a collection for her in Plymouth Church, raising $200. Gerrit Smith
+sent her $100, when she had hoped for $1,000, and Jessie Benton
+Fremont, $50. Before long, her "war of ideas" won the support of
+Wendell Phillips, Frederick Douglass, Horace Greeley, George William
+Curtis, and other popular lecturers who spoke for her at Cooper Union
+to large audiences whose admission fees swelled her funds; and
+eventually Senator Sumner, realizing how important the petitions could
+be in arousing public opinion for the Thirteenth Amendment, saved her
+the postage by sending them out under his frank.[152]
+
+She made her home with the Stantons, who had moved from Brooklyn to 75
+West 45th Street, New York, and the comfortable evenings of good
+conversation and her busy days at the office helped mightily to heal
+her grief for her father. In the bustling life of the city she felt
+she was living more intensely, more usefully, as these critical days
+of war demanded. Henry Stanton, now an editorial writer for Greeley's
+_Tribune_, brought home to them the inside story of the news and of
+politics. All of them were highly critical of Lincoln, impatient with
+his slowness and skeptical of his plans for slaveholders and slaves in
+the border states. They questioned Garrison's wisdom in trusting
+Lincoln. Susan could not feel that Lincoln was honest when he
+protested that he did not have the power to do all that the
+abolitionists asked. "The pity is," she wrote Anna E. Dickinson, "that
+the vast mass of people really believe the man _honest_--that he
+believes he has not the power--I wish I could...."[153]
+
+New York seethed with unrest as time for the enforcement of the draft
+drew near. Indignant that rich men could avoid the draft by buying a
+substitute, workingmen were easily incited to riot, and the city was
+soon overrun by mobs bent on destruction. The lives of all Negroes and
+abolitionists were in danger. The Stanton home was in the thick of the
+rioting, and when Susan and Henry Stanton came home during a lull,
+they all decided to take refuge for the night at the home of Mrs.
+Stanton's brother-in-law, Dr. Bayard. Here they also found Horace
+Greeley hiding from the mob, for hoodlums were marching through the
+streets shouting, "We'll hang old Horace Greeley to a sour apple
+tree."
+
+The next morning Susan started for the office as usual, thinking the
+worst was over, but as not a single horsecar or stage was running, she
+took the ferry to Flushing to visit her cousins. Here too there was
+rioting, but she stayed on until order was restored by the army. She
+returned to the city to find casualties mounting to over a thousand
+and a million dollars' worth of property destroyed. Negroes had been
+shot and hung on lamp posts, Horace Greeley's _Tribune_ office had
+been wrecked and the homes of abolitionist friends burned. "These are
+terrible times," she wrote her family, and then went back to work,
+staying devotedly at it through all the hot summer months.[154]
+
+By the end of the year, she had enrolled the signatures of 100,000 men
+and women on her petitions, and assured by Senator Sumner that these
+petitions were invaluable in creating sentiment for the Thirteenth
+Amendment, she raised the number of signatures in the next few months
+to 400,000.
+
+In April 1864, the Thirteenth Amendment passed the Senate and the
+prospects for it in the House were good. This phase of her work
+finished, Susan disbanded the Women's National Loyal League and
+returned to her family in Rochester.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In despair over the possible re-election of Abraham Lincoln, Susan had
+joined Henry and Elizabeth Stanton in stirring up sentiment for John
+C. Fremont. Abolitionists were sharply divided in this presidential
+campaign. Garrison and Phillips disagreed on the course of action,
+Garrison coming out definitely for Lincoln in the _Liberator_, while
+Phillips declared himself emphatically against four more years of
+Lincoln. Susan, the Stantons, and Parker Pillsbury were among those
+siding with Phillips because they feared premature reconstruction
+under Lincoln. They cited Lincoln's Amnesty Proclamation as an example
+of his leniency toward the rebels. They saw danger in leaving free
+Negroes under the control of southerners embittered by war, and called
+for Negro suffrage as the only protection against oppressive laws.
+They opposed the readmission of Louisiana without the enfranchisement
+of Negroes. Lincoln, they knew, favored the extension of suffrage only
+to literate Negroes and to those who had served in the military
+forces. In fact, Lincoln held back while they wanted to go ahead under
+full steam and they looked to Fremont to lead them.
+
+Following the presidential campaign anxiously from Rochester, Susan
+wrote Mrs. Stanton, "I am starving for a full talk with somebody
+posted, not merely pitted for Lincoln...." The persistent cry of the
+_Liberator_ and the _Antislavery Standard_ to re-elect Lincoln and not
+to swap horses in midstream did not ring true to her. "We read no more
+of the good old doctrine 'of two evils choose neither,'" she wrote
+Anna E. Dickinson. She confessed to Anna, "It is only safe to seek and
+act the truth and to profess confidence in Lincoln would be a lie in
+me."[155]
+
+As the war dragged on through the summer without decisive victories
+for the North, Lincoln's prospects looked bleak, and to her dismay,
+Susan saw the chances improving for McClellan, the candidate of the
+northern Democrats who wanted to end the war, leave slavery alone, and
+conciliate the South. The whole picture changed, however, with the
+capture of Atlanta by General Sherman in September. The people's
+confidence in Lincoln revived and Fremont withdrew from the contest.
+One by one the anti-Lincoln abolitionists were converted; and Susan,
+anxiously waiting for word from Mrs. Stanton, was relieved to learn
+that she was not one of them, nor was Wendell Phillips whose judgment
+and vision both of them valued above that of any other man. With
+approval she read these lines which Phillips had just written Mrs.
+Stanton, "I would cut off both hands before doing anything to aid
+Mac's [McClellan's] election. I would cut oft my right hand before
+doing anything to aid Abraham Lincoln's election. I wholly distrust
+his fitness to settle this thing and indeed his purpose."[156]
+
+There is nothing to indicate any change of opinion on Susan's part
+regarding Lincoln's unfitness for a second term. That he was the
+lesser of two evils, she of course acknowledged. For her these
+pre-election days were discouraging and frustrating. She had very
+definite ideas on reconstruction which she felt in justice to the
+Negro must be carried out, and Lincoln did not meet her requirements.
+
+After Lincoln's re-election, she again looked to Wendell Phillips for
+an adequate policy at this juncture, and she was not disappointed.
+"Phillips has just returned from Washington," Mrs. Stanton wrote her.
+"He says the radical men feel they are powerless and checkmated....
+They turn to such men as Phillips to say what politicians dare not
+say.... We say now, as ever, 'Give us immediately unconditional
+emancipation, and let there be no reconstruction except on the
+broadest basis of justice and equality!...' Phillips and a few others
+must hold up the pillars of the temple.... I cannot tell you how happy
+I am to find Douglass on the same platform with us. Keep him on the
+right track. Tell him in this revolution, he, Phillips, and you and I
+must hold the highest ground and truly represent the best type of the
+white man, the black man, and the woman."[157]
+
+Susan, holding "the highest ground," found it difficult to mark time
+until she could find her place in the reconstruction. "The work of the
+hour," she wrote Anna E. Dickinson, "is not alone to put down the
+Rebels in arms, but to educate Thirty Millions of People into the idea
+of a True Republic. Hence every influence and power that both men and
+women can bring to bear will be needed in the reconstruction of the
+Nation on the broad basis of justice and equality."[158]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[134] Garrisons, _Garrison_, IV, pp. 30-31.
+
+[135] Lydia Mott to W. L. Garrison, May 8, 1861, Boston Public
+Library; Stanton and Blatch, _Stanton_, II, p. 89.
+
+[136] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 215.
+
+[137] _Ibid._, p. 216. Harriet Tubman, a fugitive slave, was often
+called the Moses of her people because she led so many of them into
+the promised land of freedom.
+
+[138] _Ibid._
+
+[139] _Ibid._, p. 198.
+
+[140] Anna E. Dickinson was born in Philadelphia in 1842. The death of
+her father, two years later, left the family in straightened
+circumstances, and Anna, after attending a Friends school, began very
+early to support herself by copying in lawyers' offices and by working
+at the U.S. Mint. Speaking extemporaneously at Friends and antislavery
+meetings, she discovered she had a gift for oratory and was soon in
+demand as a speaker.
+
+[141] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 219.
+
+[142] April, 1862. _History of Woman Suffrage_, I, p. 748.
+
+[143] Harper, _Anthony_, I, pp. 218, 222.
+
+[144] _Emancipation, the Duty of Government_, Ms., Lucy E. Anthony
+Collection. Reading that General Grant had returned 13 slaves to their
+masters, an indignant Susan B. Anthony wrote Mrs. Stanton, "Such
+gratuitous outrage should be met with instant death--without judge or
+jury--if any offense may." Feb. 27, 1862, Elizabeth Cady Stanton
+Papers, Library of Congress.
+
+[145] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 221.
+
+[146] Jan. 24, 1904, Anna Dann Mason Collection.
+
+[147] Harper, _Anthony_, p. 226.
+
+[148] The first woman in the United States to obtain a medical degree,
+1849.
+
+[149] _History of Woman Suffrage_, II, pp. 57-58.
+
+[150] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 230. Members of the Women's National
+Loyal League wore a silver pin showing a slave breaking his last
+chains and bearing the inscription, "In emancipation is national
+unity." Susan B. Anthony to Mrs. Drake, Sept. 18, 1863, Alma Lutz
+Collection.
+
+[151] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 234.
+
+[152] _Ibid._, To Samuel May, Jr., Sept. 21, 1863, Alma Lutz
+Collection.
+
+[153] April 14, 1864, Anna E. Dickinson Papers, Library of Congress.
+
+[154] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 230.
+
+[155] June 12, 1864, Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers, July 1, 1864, Anna
+E. Dickinson Papers, Library of Congress. About this time, a friend of
+Susan B. Anthony's youth, now a widower living in Ohio in comfortable
+circumstances, unsuccessfully urged her to marry him.
+
+[156] Sept. 23, 1864, Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers, Library of
+Congress.
+
+[157] Stanton and Blatch, _Stanton_, II, pp. 103-104.
+
+[158] March 14, 1864, Anna E. Dickinson Papers, Library of Congress.
+
+
+
+
+THE NEGRO'S HOUR
+
+
+Susan's thoughts now turned to Kansas, as they had many times since
+her brothers had settled there. Daniel and Annie, his young wife from
+the East, urged her to visit them.[159] Daniel was well established in
+Kansas, the publisher of his own newspaper and the mayor of
+Leavenworth. He had served a little over a year in the Union army in
+the First Kansas Cavalry. She longed to see him and the West that he
+loved.
+
+Now for the first time she felt free to make the long journey, for her
+mother and Mary had sold the farm on the outskirts of Rochester and
+had moved into the city, buying a large red brick house shaded by
+maples and a beautiful horse chestnut. It had been a wrench for Susan
+to give up the farm with its memories of her father, but there were
+compensations in the new home on Madison Street, for Guelma, her
+husband, Aaron McLean, and their family lived with them there. Hannah
+and her family had also settled in Rochester, and when they bought the
+house next door, Susan had the satisfaction of living again in the
+midst of her family.[160]
+
+She was particularly devoted to Guelma's twenty-three-year-old
+daughter, Ann Eliza, whose "merry laugh" and "bright, joyous presence"
+brought new life into the household. Ann Eliza was a stimulating
+intelligent companion, and Susan looked forward to seeing many of her
+own dreams fulfilled in her niece. Then suddenly in the fall of 1864,
+Ann Eliza was taken ill, and her death within a few days left a great
+void.[161]
+
+In the midst of this sorrow, Daniel sent Susan a ticket and a check
+for a trip to Kansas. Hesitating no longer, she waited only until her
+"tip-top Rochester dressmaker" made up "the new, five-dollar silk"
+which she had bought in New York.[162]
+
+Before leaving for Kansas, in January, 1865, she pasted on the first
+page of her diary a clipping of a poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow,
+"Something Left Undone," which seemed so perfectly to interpret her
+own feelings:
+
+    Labor with what zeal we will
+      Something still remains undone
+    Something uncompleted still
+      Waits the rising of the sun....
+
+    Till at length it is or seems
+      Greater than our strength can bear
+    As the burden of our dreams
+      Pressing on us everywhere....[163]
+
+With "the burden of her dreams" pressing on her, Susan traveled
+westward. The future of the Negro was much on her mind, for the
+Thirteenth Amendment abolishing slavery had just been sent to the
+states for ratification. That it would be ratified she had no doubt,
+but she recognized the responsibility facing the North to provide for
+the education and rehabilitation of thousands of homeless bewildered
+Negroes trying to make their way in a still unfriendly world, and she
+looked forward to taking part in this work.
+
+Beyond Chicago, where she stopped over to visit her uncle Albert
+Dickinson and his family, her journey was rugged, and when she reached
+Leavenworth she reveled in the comfort of Daniel's "neat, little,
+snow-white cottage with green blinds." She liked Daniel's wife, Annie,
+at once, admired her gaiety and the way she fearlessly drove her
+beautiful black horse across the prairie. "They have a real 'Aunt
+Chloe' in the kitchen," she wrote Mrs. Stanton, "and a little Darkie
+boy for errands and table waiter. I never saw a girl to match. The
+more I see of the race, the more wonderful they are to me."[164]
+
+There was always good companionship in Daniel's home, for friends from
+both the East and the West found it a convenient stopping place, and
+there was much discussion of politics, the Negro question, and the
+future of the West. Business was booming in Leavenworth, then the most
+thriving town between St. Louis and San Francisco. Eight years before,
+when Daniel had first settled there, it boasted a population of 4,000.
+Now it had grown to 22,000, was lighted with gas, and was building its
+business blocks of brick. As Susan drove through the busy streets with
+Annie, she saw emigrants coming in by steamer and train to settle in
+Kansas and watched for the covered wagons that almost every day
+stopped in Leavenworth for supplies before moving on to the far West.
+Driving over the wide prairie, sometimes a warm brown, then again
+white with snow under a wider expanse of deep blue sky than she had
+ever seen before, she relaxed as she had not in many a year and began
+to feel the call of the West. She even thought she might like to
+settle in Kansas until she was caught up by the sharp realization of
+how she would miss the stimulating companionship of her friends in the
+East.
+
+[Illustration: Daniel Anthony, brother of Susan B. Anthony]
+
+When Daniel was busy with his campaign for his second term as mayor,
+she helped him edit the _Bulletin_. He warned her not to fill his
+paper up with woman's rights, and in spite of his sympathy for the
+Negro, forbade her to advocate Negro suffrage in his paper.
+
+"I wish I could talk through it the things I'd like to say to the
+young martyr state ..." she wrote Mrs. Stanton. "The Legislature gave
+but six votes for Negro suffrage the other day.... The idea of Kansas
+refusing her loyal Negroes."
+
+Again and again she was shocked at the prejudice against Negroes in
+Kansas, as when Daniel employed a Negro typesetter and the printers,
+refusing to admit him to their union, went out on strike until he was
+discharged.
+
+"In this city," she reported to Mrs. Stanton, "there are four thousand
+ex-Missouri slaves who have sought refuge here within the three past
+years." Making it her business to learn what was being done to help
+them and educate them, she visited their schools, their Sunday
+schools, and the Colored Home, and gave much of her time to them. To
+encourage them to demand their rights, she organized an Equal Rights
+League among them. This was one thing she could do, even if she could
+not plead for Negro suffrage in Daniel's newspaper.[165]
+
+Then one breath-taking piece of news followed another--Lee's
+surrender, April 9, 1865, and in less than a week, Lincoln's
+assassination, his death, and Andrew Johnson's succession to the
+Presidency.
+
+Susan looked upon Lincoln's assassination and death as an act of God.
+She wrote to Mrs. Stanton, "Was there ever a more terrific command to
+a Nation to 'stand still and know that I am God' since the world
+began? The Old Book's terrible exhibitions of God's wrath sink into
+nothingness. And this fell blow just at the very hour he was declaring
+his willingness to consign those five million faithful, brave, and
+loving loyal people of the South to the tender mercies of the ex-slave
+lords of the lash."[166]
+
+She longed "to go out and do battle for the Lord once more," but when
+she could have expressed her opinions at the big mass meeting held in
+memory of Lincoln, she remained silent. "My soul was full," she
+confessed to Mrs. Stanton, "but the flesh not equal to stemming the
+awful current, to do what the people have called make an exhibition of
+myself. So quenched the spirit and came home ashamed of myself."
+
+Then she added, "Dear-a-me--how overfull I am, and how I should like
+to be nestled into some corner away from every chick and child with
+you once more."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Disturbing news came from the East of dissension in the antislavery
+ranks, of Garrison's desire to dissolve the American Antislavery
+Society after the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment, and of
+Phillips' insistence that it continue until freedom for the Negro was
+firmly established. While Garrison maintained that northern states,
+denying the ballot to the Negro, could not consistently make Negro
+suffrage a requirement for readmitting rebel states to the Union,
+Phillips demanded Negro suffrage as a condition of readmission.
+Immediately abolitionists took sides. Parker Pillsbury, Lydia and
+Lucretia Mott, Frederick Douglass, Anna E. Dickinson, the Stantons,
+and others lined up with Phillips, whose vehement and scathing
+criticism of reconstruction policies seemed to them the need of the
+hour. Susan also took sides, praising "dear ever glorious Phillips"
+and writing in her diary, "The disbanding of the American Antislavery
+Society is fully as untimely as General Grant's and Sherman's granting
+parole and pardon to the whole Rebel armies."[167]
+
+To her friends in the East, she wrote, "How can anyone hold that
+Congress has no right to demand Negro suffrage in the returning Rebel
+states because it is not already established in all the loyal ones?
+What would have been said of Abolitionists ten or twenty years ago,
+had they preached to the people that Congress had no right to vote
+against admitting a new state with slavery, because it was not already
+abolished in all the old States? It is perfectly astounding, this
+seeming eagerness of so many of our old friends to cover up and
+apologize for the glaring hate toward the equal recognition of the
+manhood of the black race."[168]
+
+She rejoiced when word came that the American Antislavery Society
+would continue under the presidency of Phillips, with Parker Pillsbury
+as editor of the _Antislavery Standard_; but she was saddened by the
+withdrawal of Garrison, whom she had idolized for so many years and
+whose editorials in the _Liberator_ had always been her
+inspiration.[169]
+
+As she read the weekly New York _Tribune_, which came regularly to
+Daniel, she grew more and more concerned over President Johnson's
+reconstruction policy and more and more convinced of the need of a
+crusade for political and civil rights for the Negro. Asked to deliver
+the Fourth of July oration at Ottumwa, Kansas, she decided to put into
+it all her views on the controversial subject of reconstruction.
+
+Traveling by stage the 125 miles to Ottumwa, she found good company
+en route and "great talk on politics, Negro equality, and temperance,"
+and thought the "grand old prairies ... perfectly splendid and the
+timber-skirted creeks ... delightful."[170]
+
+Before a large gathering of Kansas pioneers, many of whom had driven
+forty or fifty miles to hear her, she stood tall, straight, and
+earnest, as she reminded them of the noble heritage of Kansas, of the
+bloody years before the war when in the free-state fight, Kansas men
+and women "taught the nation anew" the principles of the Declaration
+of Independence. Lashing out with the vehemence of Phillips against
+President Johnson's reconstruction policy, she warned, "There has been
+no hour fraught with so much danger as the present.... To be foiled
+now in gathering up the fruits of our blood-bought victories and to
+re-enthrone slavery under the new guise of Negro disfranchisement ...
+would be a disaster, a cruelty and crime, which would surely bequeath
+to coming generations a legacy of wars and rumors of wars...."[171]
+
+She then cited the results of the elections in Virginia, South
+Carolina, and Tennessee to prove her point that unless Negroes were
+given the vote, rebels would be put in office and a new code of laws
+apprenticing Negroes passed, establishing a new form of slavery.
+
+She urged her audience to be awake to the politicians who were using
+the peoples' reverence and near idolatry of Lincoln to push through
+anti-Negro legislation under the guise of carrying out his policies.
+Then putting behind her the prejudice and impatience with Lincoln
+which she had felt during his lifetime, she added, "If the
+administration of Abraham Lincoln taught the American people one
+lesson above another, it was that they must think and speak and
+proclaim, and that he as their President was bound to execute their
+will, not his own. And if Lincoln were alive today, he would say as he
+did four years ago, 'I wait the voice of the people.'"
+
+In her special pleading for the Negro, she did not forget women.
+Calling attention to the fact that our nation had never been a true
+republic because the ballot was exclusively in the hands of the "free
+white male," she asked for a government "of the people," men and
+women, white and black, with Negro suffrage and woman suffrage as
+basic requirements.
+
+[Illustration: Wendell Phillips]
+
+So enthusiastic were the Republicans over her speech that they urged
+her to prepare it for publication, suggesting, however, that she
+delete the passage on woman suffrage. This was her first intimation
+that Republicans might balk at enfranchising women. So great had been
+women's contribution to the winning of the war and so indebted were
+the Republicans to women for creating sentiment for the Thirteenth
+Amendment, that she had come to expect, along with Mrs. Stanton, that
+the ballot would without question be given them as a reward.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It was soon obvious to Susan that politicians in the East as well as
+in Kansas were shying away from woman suffrage. Mrs. Stanton reported
+that even Wendell Phillips was backsliding, not wishing to campaign
+for Negro suffrage and woman suffrage at the same time. "While I could
+continue as heretofore, arguing for woman's rights, just as I do for
+temperance every day," he had written, "still I would not mix the
+movements.... I think such mixture would lose for the Negro far more
+than we should gain for the woman. I am now engaged in abolishing
+slavery in a land where the abolition of slavery means conferring or
+recognizing citizenship, and where citizenship supposes the ballot for
+all men."[172]
+
+Such reasoning filled Susan with despair, for she firmly believed that
+women who had been asking for full citizenship for seventeen years
+deserved precedence over the Negro. Mrs. Stanton agreed. To them,
+Negro suffrage without woman suffrage was unthinkable, an unbearable
+humiliation. Half of the Negroes were women, and manhood suffrage
+would fasten upon them a new form of slavery. How could Wendell
+Phillips, they asked each other, fail to recognize not only the
+timeliness of woman suffrage, but the fact that women were better
+qualified for the ballot than the majority of Negroes, who, because of
+their years in slavery, were illiterate and the easy prey of
+unscrupulous politicians? By all means enfranchise Negroes, they
+argued with him, but enfranchise women as well, and if there must be a
+limitation on suffrage, let it be on the basis of literacy, not on the
+basis of sex.
+
+Among Republican members of Congress and abolitionists, there was
+serious discussion of a Fourteenth Amendment to extend to the Negro
+civil rights and the ballot. Susan, reading about this in Kansas, and
+Mrs. Stanton, discussing it in New York with her husband, Wendell
+Phillips, and Robert Dale Owen, saw in such a revision of the
+Constitution a just and logical opportunity to extend woman's rights
+at the same time. Previously committed to state action on woman
+suffrage but only because it had then seemed the necessary first step,
+both women welcomed the more direct road offered by an amendment to
+the Constitution. Only they of all the old woman's rights workers were
+awake to this opportunity.
+
+Throughout the United States, people were thinking about the
+Constitution as Americans had not done since the Bill of Rights was
+ratified in 1791. Not only were amendments to the federal Constitution
+in the air, not only were rebel states being readmitted to the Union
+with new constitutions, but state constitutions in the North were
+being revised, and western territories sought statehood. In Susan's
+opinion the time was ripe to proclaim equal rights for all. This
+clearly was woman's hour.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"Come back and help," pleaded Elizabeth Stanton, who grew more and
+more alarmed as she saw all interest in woman suffrage crowded out of
+the minds of reformers by their zeal for the Negro. "I have argued
+constantly with Phillips and the whole fraternity, but I fear one and
+all will favor enfranchising the Negro without us. Woman's cause is in
+deep water.... There is pressing need of our woman's rights
+convention...."[173]
+
+Susan's spirits revived at the prospect of holding a woman's rights
+convention, and plans for the future began to take shape as she read
+the closing lines of Mrs. Stanton's letter: "I hope in a short time to
+be comfortably located in a new house where we will have a room ready
+for you.... I long to put my arms about you once more and hear you
+scold me for all my sins and shortcomings.... Oh, Susan, you are very
+dear to me. I should miss you more than any other living being on this
+earth. You are entwined with much of my happy and eventful past, and
+all my future plans are based on you as coadjutor. Yes, our work is
+one, we are one in aim and sympathy and should be together. Come
+home."
+
+Parker Pillsbury also added his plea, "Why have you deserted the field
+of action at a time like this, at an hour unparalleled in almost
+twenty centuries?... It is not for me to decide your field of labor.
+Kansas needed John Brown and may need you ... but New York is to
+revise her constitution next year and, if you are absent, who is to
+make the plea for woman?"
+
+Reading her newspaper a few days later, she found that the politicians
+had made their first move, introducing in the House of Representatives
+a resolution writing the word "male" into the qualifications of voters
+in the second section of the proposed Fourteenth Amendment. She
+started at once for the East.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+On the long journey back, in the heat of August, traveling by stage
+and railroad with many stops to make the necessary connections, Susan
+not only visited her many relatives who had moved to the West, but
+also called on antislavery and woman suffrage workers, and held
+meetings to plead for free schools for Negroes and for the ballot for
+Negroes and women. She found people relieved to have the war over and
+busy with their own affairs, but with prejudices smoldering. Public
+speaking was still an ordeal for her and she confessed to her diary,
+"Made a labored talk.... Had a struggle to get through with speech,"
+and again, "Had a hard time. Thoughts nor words would come--Staggered
+through."[174] However, she was a determined woman. The message must
+be carried to the people and she would do it whether she suffered in
+the process or not.
+
+Late in September, she reached her own comfortable home in Rochester,
+but she had too much on her mind to stay there long, and within a few
+weeks was in New York with Elizabeth Stanton, deep in a serious
+discussion of how to create an overwhelming demand for woman suffrage
+at this crucial time. Again they decided to petition Congress, this
+time for the vote for both women and Negroes. Five years had now
+passed since the last national woman's rights convention, and the
+workers were scattered; some had lost interest and others thought only
+of the need of the Negro. Lucretia Mott, Lydia Mott, and Parker
+Pillsbury responded at once. Susan sought out Lucy Stone in spite of
+the differences that had grown up between them, and after talking with
+Lucy, confessed to herself that she had been unjustly impatient with
+her.[175]
+
+Hoping for aid from the Jackson or Hovey Fund, she went to New England
+to revive interest there and in Concord talked with the Emersons,
+Bronson Alcott, and Frank Sanborn. When she asked Emerson whether he
+thought it wise to demand woman suffrage at this time, he replied,
+"Ask my wife. I can philosophize, but I always look to her to decide
+for me in practical matters." Unhesitatingly Mrs. Emerson agreed with
+Susan that Congress must be petitioned immediately to enfranchise
+women either before Negroes were granted the vote or at the same
+time.[176]
+
+Even Wendell Phillips, who did not want to mix Negro and woman
+suffrage, gave Susan $500 from the Hovey Fund to finance the
+petitions, but many of the friends upon whom she had counted needed a
+verbal lashing to rouse them out of their apathy. Very soon she had to
+face the unpleasant fact that by pressing for woman suffrage now, she
+was estranging many abolitionists. Nevertheless she and Mrs. Stanton
+went ahead undaunted, determined that a petition for woman suffrage
+would go to Congress even if it carried only their own two signatures.
+
+However, petitions with many signatures were reaching Congress in
+January 1866--the very first demand ever made for Congressional action
+on woman suffrage. Senator Sumner, for whom women had rolled up
+400,000 signatures for the Thirteenth Amendment, now presented under
+protest "as most inopportune" a petition headed by Lydia Maria Child,
+who for years had been his valiant aid in antislavery work; and
+Thaddeus Stevens, heretofore friendly to woman suffrage and ever
+zealous for the Negro, ignored a petition from New York headed by
+Elizabeth Cady Stanton.[177]
+
+By this time it was clear to Susan that since the two powerful
+Republicans, Senator Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens, both basically
+friendly to woman suffrage, were determined to devote themselves
+wholly to Negro suffrage and to the extension of their party's
+influence, she could expect no help from lesser party members. Her
+only alternative was to appeal to the Democrats or to an occasional
+recalcitrant Republican, and she allowed nothing to stand in her way,
+not even the frenzied pleas of her abolitionist friends. She found
+James Brooks of New York, Democratic leader of the House, willing to
+present her petitions, and she made use of him, although he was
+regarded by abolitionists as a Copperhead and although he was now
+advocating conciliatory reconstruction for the South of which she
+herself disapproved. Other Democrats came to the rescue in the Senate
+as well as in the House--a few because they saw justice in the demands
+of the women, others because they believed white women should have
+political precedence over Negroes, and still others because they saw
+in their support of woman suffrage an opportunity to harass the
+Republicans. During 1866, petitions for woman suffrage with 10,000
+signatures were presented by Democrats and irregular Republicans.
+
+In the meantime, conferences in New York with Henry Ward Beecher and
+Theodore Tilton were encouraging, and for a time Susan thought she had
+found an enthusiastic ally in Tilton, the talented popular young
+editor of the _Independent_. Theodore Tilton, with his long hair and
+the soulful face of a poet, with his eloquence as a lecturer and his
+flare for journalism, was at the height of his popularity. He had
+winning ways and was full of ideas. After the ratification of the
+Thirteenth Amendment abolishing slavery, in December 1865, he had
+proposed that the American Antislavery Society and the woman's rights
+group merge to form an American Equal Rights Association which would
+fight for equal rights for all, for Negro and woman suffrage. Wendell
+Phillips he suggested for president, and the _Antislavery Standard_
+as the paper of the new organization.
+
+This sounded reasonable and hopeful to Susan, and she hurried to
+Boston with a group from New York, including Lucy Stone, to consult
+Wendell Phillips and his New England colleagues. Wendell Phillips,
+however, was cool to the proposition, pointing out the necessity of
+amending the constitution of the American Antislavery Society before
+any such action could be taken. Never dreaming that he would actually
+oppose their plan, Susan expected this would be taken care of; but
+when she convened her woman's rights convention in New York in May
+1866, simultaneously with that of the American Antislavery Society,
+she found to her dismay that no formal notice of the proposed union
+had been given to the members of the antislavery group and therefore
+there was no way for them to vote their organization into an Equal
+Rights Association. Not to be sidetracked, she then asked the woman's
+rights convention to broaden its platform to include rights for the
+Negro. To her this seemed a natural development as she had always
+thought of woman's rights as part of the larger struggle for human
+rights.
+
+"For twenty years," she declared, "we have pressed the claims of women
+to the right of representation in the government.... Up to this hour
+we have looked only to State action for the recognition of our rights;
+but now by the results of the war, the whole question of suffrage
+reverts back to the United States Constitution. The duty of Congress
+at this moment is to declare what shall be the basis of representation
+in a republican form of government.
+
+"There is, there can be, but one true basis," she continued. "Taxation
+and representation must be inseparable; hence our demand must now go
+beyond woman.... We therefore wish to broaden our woman's rights
+platform and make it in name what it has ever been in spirit, a human
+rights platform."[178]
+
+The women, so often accused in later years of fighting only for their
+own rights, had the courage at this time to attempt a practical
+experiment in generosity. Susan and Mrs. Stanton with all their hearts
+wanted this experiment to succeed, and yet as they resolved their
+woman's rights organization into the American Equal Rights
+Association, they were apprehensive.
+
+They did not have to wait long for disillusionment. Meeting Wendell
+Phillips and Theodore Tilton in the office of the _Antislavery
+Standard_ to plan a campaign for the Equal Rights Association, they
+discussed with them what should be done in New York, preparatory to
+the revision of the state constitution. Emphatically Wendell Phillips
+declared that the time was ripe for striking the word "white" out of
+the constitution, but not the word "male." That could come, he added,
+when the constitution was next revised, some twenty or thirty years
+later. To their astonishment, Theodore Tilton heartily agreed. Then he
+added, "The question of striking out the word 'male,' we as an equal
+rights association shall of course present as an intellectual theory,
+but not as a practical thing to be accomplished at this convention."
+Completely unprepared for such an attitude on Tilton's part, Susan
+retorted with indignation, "I would sooner cut off my right hand than
+ask for the ballot for the black man and not for woman." Then telling
+the two men just what she thought of them for their betrayal of women,
+she swept out of the office to keep another appointment.[179]
+
+Equally exasperated with these men, Mrs. Stanton stayed on, hoping to
+heal the breach, but when Susan returned to the Stanton home that
+evening, she found her highly indignant, declaring she was through
+boosting the Negro over her own head. Then and there they vowed that
+they would devote themselves with all their might and main to woman
+suffrage and to that alone.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+By this time, Congress had passed a civil rights bill over President
+Johnson's veto, conferring the rights of citizenship upon freedmen,
+and a Fourteenth Amendment to make these rights permanent was now
+before Congress. The latest developments regarding the various drafts
+of the Fourteenth Amendment were passed along to Susan and Mrs.
+Stanton by Robert Dale Owen. Senator Sumner, he reported, had yielded
+to party pressure and now supported the Fourteenth Amendment, although
+in the past he had always maintained such an amendment wholly
+unnecessary since there was already enough justice, liberty, and
+equality in the Constitution to protect the humblest citizen. Senator
+Sumner opposed and defeated a clause in the amendment referring to
+"race" and "color," words which had never previously been mentioned
+in the Constitution, but he raised no serious objection to the
+introduction of the word "male" as a qualification for suffrage, which
+was also unprecedented. That he tried time and time again to avoid the
+word "male" when he was redrafting the amendment or that Thaddeus
+Stevens tried to substitute "legal voters" for "male citizens" was no
+comfort to Susan and Mrs. Stanton, as they saw the Fourteenth
+Amendment writing discrimination against women into the federal
+Constitution for the first time.[180]
+
+As they carefully read over the first section of the Fourteenth
+Amendment, which conferred citizenship on every person born or
+naturalized in the United States, women's rights seemed assured:
+
+     "All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and
+     subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the
+     United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State
+     shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the
+     privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States;
+     nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or
+     property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person
+     within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws."
+
+Then in the controversial second section which provided the penalty of
+reduction of representation in Congress for states depriving Negroes
+of the ballot, they saw themselves written out of the Constitution by
+the words, "male inhabitants" and "male citizens," used to define
+legal voters. It was baffling to be kept from their goal by a single
+word in a provision which at best was the unsatisfactory compromise
+arrived at by radical and conservative Republicans and which sincere
+abolitionists felt was unfair to the Negro. That it was unfair to
+women, there was no doubt.
+
+With determination, Susan and Mrs. Stanton fought this injustice. Were
+they not "persons born ... in the United States," they asked. Were
+they forever to be regarded as children or as lower than persons,
+along with criminals, idiots, and the insane? Were women not counted
+in the basis of representation and should they not have a voice in the
+election of those representatives whose office their numbers helped to
+establish?
+
+As Susan studied the Constitution, she saw that the question of
+suffrage had up to this time been left to the states and that there
+were no provisions defining suffrage or citizenship or limiting the
+right of suffrage. Only now was the precedent being broken by the
+Fourteenth Amendment which conferred citizenship on Negroes and
+limited suffrage to males. How could this be constitutional, she
+reasoned, when the first lines of the Constitution read, "We, the
+people of the United States, in order to ... establish justice ... and
+secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do
+ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of
+America." Of course "the people" must include women, if the English
+language meant what it said.
+
+The Fourteenth Amendment with the limiting word "male" was passed by
+Congress and referred to the states for ratification in June 1866. As
+never before, Susan felt the curse of the tradition of the
+unimportance of women. Once more politicians and reformers had ignored
+women's inherent rights as human beings. In spite of women's
+intelligence and their wartime service to their country, no statesman
+of power or vision felt it at all necessary to include women under the
+Fourteenth Amendment's broad term of "persons." Yet according to
+statements made in later years by John A. Bingham and Roscoe Conkling,
+both sponsors of the amendment and concerned with its drafting, the
+possibility was considered of protecting corporations and the property
+of individuals from the interference of state and municipal
+legislation, through the federal control extended by this amendment.
+At any rate, they wrought well for the corporations which have
+received abundant protection under the Fourteenth Amendment, along
+with all male citizens, while women were left outside the pale.[181]
+
+Tactfully the Republicans explained to women that even Negro suffrage
+could not be definitely spelled out in the Fourteenth Amendment, if it
+were to be accepted by the people; and added that Negro suffrage was
+all the strain that the Republican party could bear at this time; but
+neither Susan nor Mrs. Stanton were fooled by this sophistry. They
+knew that Republican politicians saw in the Negro vote in the South
+the means of keeping their party in power for a long time to come, and
+could entirely overlook justice to Negro women since they were assured
+of enough votes without them. The women of the North need not be
+considered, since they had nothing to offer politically. They would
+vote, it was thought, just as their husbands voted.
+
+Completely deserted by all their former friends in the Republican
+party, Susan and Mrs. Stanton now made use of an irregular Republican,
+Senator Cowan of Pennsylvania, whom the abolitionists had labeled "the
+watchdog of slavery." When Benjamin Wade's bill "to enfranchise each
+and every male person" in the District of Columbia "without any
+distinction on account of color or race," was discussed on the Senate
+floor in December 1866, Senator Cowan offered an amendment striking
+out the word "male" and thus leaving the door open for women. He
+stated the case for woman suffrage well and with eloquence, and
+although he was accused of being insincere and wishing merely to cloud
+the issue, he forced the Republicans to show their hands. In the
+three-day debate which followed, Senator Wilson of Massachusetts
+declared emphatically that he was opposed to connecting the two
+issues, woman and Negro suffrage, but would at any time support a
+separate bill for woman's enfranchisement. Senator Pomeroy of Kansas
+objected to jeopardizing the chances of Negro suffrage by linking it
+with woman suffrage, but Senator Wade of Ohio boldly expressed his
+approval of woman suffrage, even casting a vote for Senator Cowan's
+amendment, as did B. Gratz Brown of Missouri. In the final vote, nine
+votes were counted for woman suffrage and thirty-seven against.[182]
+
+Susan recorded even this defeat as progress, for woman suffrage had
+for the first time been debated in Congress and prominent Senators had
+treated it with respect. The Republican press, however, was showing
+definite signs of disapproval, even Horace Greeley's New York
+_Tribune_. Almost unbelieving, she read Greeley's editorial, "A Cry
+from the Females," in which he said, "Talk of a true woman needing the
+ballot as an accessory of power when she rules the world with the
+glance of an eye." With the Democratic press as always solidly against
+woman suffrage and the _Antislavery Standard_ avoiding the subject as
+if it did not exist, no words favorable to votes for women now reached
+the public.[183]
+
+It was hard for Susan to forgive the _Antislavery Standard_ for what
+she regarded as a breach of trust. Financed by the Hovey Fund, it owed
+allegiance, she believed, to women as well as the Negro. In protest
+Parker Pillsbury resigned his post as editor, but among the leading
+men in the antislavery ranks, only he, Samuel J. May, James Mott, and
+Robert Purvis, the cultured, wealthy Philadelphia Negro, were willing
+to support Susan and Mrs. Stanton in their campaign for woman suffrage
+at this time. The rest aligned themselves unquestioningly with the
+Republicans, although in the past they had always been distrustful of
+political parties.
+
+Discouraging as this was for Susan, their influence upon the
+antislavery women was far more alarming. These women one by one
+temporarily deserted the woman's rights cause, persuaded that this was
+the Negro's hour and that they must be generous, renounce their own
+claims, and work only for the Negroes' civil and political rights.
+Less than a dozen remained steadfast, among them Lucretia Mott, Martha
+C. Wright, Ernestine Rose, and for a time Lucy Stone, who wrote John
+Greenleaf Whittier in January 1867, "You know Mr. Phillips takes the
+ground that this is 'the Negro's hour,' and that the women, if not
+criminal, are at least, not wise to urge their own claim. Now, so sure
+am I that he is mistaken and that the only name given, by which the
+country can be saved, is that of WOMAN, that I want to ask you ... to
+use your influence to induce him to reconsider the position he has
+taken. He is the only man in the nation to whom has been given the
+charm which compels all men, willing or unwilling, to listen when he
+speaks ... Mr. Phillips used to say, 'take your part with the perfect
+and abstract right, and trust God to see that it shall prove
+expedient.' Now he needs someone to help him see that point
+again."[184]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[159] Daniel R. Anthony married Anna Osborne of Edgartown, Martha's
+Vineyard, in 1864.
+
+[160] Before buying the house on Madison Street, then numbered 7, Mrs.
+Anthony and Mary lived for a time at 69 North Street, Rochester.
+Hannah and Eugene Mosher bought the adjoining house on Madison Street
+in 1866. Aaron McLean took over his father-in-law's profitable
+insurance business.
+
+[161] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 241.
+
+[162] Feb. 14, 1865, Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers, Library of
+Congress.
+
+[163] Ms., Diary, April 27, 1862.
+
+[164] Feb. 14, 1862, Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers, Library of
+Congress.
+
+[165] _Ibid._
+
+[166] _Ibid._, April 19, 1862.
+
+[167] Ms., Diary, April 26, 27, 1865.
+
+[168] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 245.
+
+[169] The _Liberator_ ceased publication, Dec. 29, 1865.
+
+[170] Ms., Diary, June 30, July 3, 1865.
+
+[171] Harper, _Anthony_, II, pp. 960-967.
+
+[172] Stanton and Blatch, _Stanton_, II, p. 105.
+
+[173] _Ibid._; Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 244.
+
+[174] Ms., Diary, Aug. 7, Sept. 5, 20, 1865.
+
+[175] _Ibid._, Nov. 26-27, 1865.
+
+[176] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 251.
+
+[177] _History of Woman Suffrage_, II, pp. 96-97.
+
+[178] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 260.
+
+[179] _Ibid._, pp. 261, 323.
+
+[180] _History of Woman Suffrage_, II, pp. 322-324. One of Thaddeus
+Stevens' drafts read: "If any State shall disfranchise any of its
+citizens on account of color, all that class shall be counted out of
+the basis of representation." Then the question arose whether or not
+disfranchising Negro women would carry this penalty and the result was
+a rewording which struck out "color" and added "male."
+
+[181] Beards, _The Rise of American Civilization_, II, pp. 111-112;
+Joseph B. James, _The Framing of the Fourteenth Amendment_ (Urbana,
+Ill., 1956), pp. 59, 166, 196-200.
+
+[182] _History of Woman Suffrage_, II, p. 103. Senator Henry B.
+Anthony of Rhode Island, Susan B. Anthony's cousin, spoke and voted
+for woman suffrage.
+
+[183] _Ibid._, p. 101. The New York _Post_, which had been friendly to
+woman suffrage under the editorship of William Cullen Bryant, now came
+out against it.
+
+[184] John Albree, Editor, _Whittier Correspondence from Oakknoll_
+(Salem, Mass., 1911), p. 158. Frances D. Gage of Ohio, Caroline H.
+Dall of Massachusetts, and Clarina Nichols of Kansas also supported
+woman suffrage at this time.
+
+
+
+
+TIMES THAT TRIED WOMEN'S SOULS
+
+
+Bitterly disillusioned, Susan as usual found comfort in action. She
+carried to the New York legislature early in 1867 her objections to
+the Fourteenth Amendment in a petition from the American Equal Rights
+Association, signed by Lucy Stone, Henry Blackwell, Elizabeth Cady
+Stanton, and herself. People generally were critical of the amendment,
+many fearing it would too readily reinstate rebels as voters, and she
+hoped to block ratification by capitalizing on this dissatisfaction.
+She saw no disloyalty to Negroes in this, for she regarded the
+amendment as "utterly inadequate."[185]
+
+This protest made, she turned her attention to New York's
+constitutional convention, which provided an unusual opportunity for
+writing woman suffrage into the new constitution. First she sought an
+interview with Horace Greeley, hoping to regain his support which was
+more important than ever since he had been chosen a delegate to this
+convention. When she and Mrs. Stanton asked him for space in the
+_Tribune_ to advocate woman suffrage as well as Negro suffrage, he
+emphatically replied, "No! You must not get up any agitation for that
+measure.... Help us get the word 'white' out of the constitution. This
+is the Negro's hour.... Your turn will come next."[186]
+
+Convinced that this was also woman's hour, Susan disregarded his
+opinions and his threats and circulated woman suffrage petitions in
+all parts of the state. She won the support of the handsome, highly
+respected George William Curtis, now editor of _Harper's Magazine_ and
+also a convention delegate, and of the popular Henry Ward Beecher and
+Gerrit Smith. The sponsorship of the cause by these men helped
+mightily. New York women sent in petitions with hundreds of
+signatures, but the Republican party was at work, cracking its whip,
+and Horace Greeley was appointed chairman of the committee on the
+right of suffrage.
+
+Both Susan and Mrs. Stanton spoke at the constitutional convention's
+hearing on woman suffrage, Susan with her usual forthrightness
+answering the many questions asked by the delegates, spreading
+consternation among them by declaring that women would eventually
+serve as jurors and be drafted in time of war. Assuming women unable
+to bear arms for their country, the delegates smugly linked the ballot
+and the bullet together, and Horace Greeley gleefully asked the two
+women, "If you vote, are you ready to fight?" Instantly, Susan
+replied, "Yes, Mr. Greeley, just as you fought in the late war--at the
+point of a goose quill." Then turning to the other delegates, she
+reminded them that several hundred women, disguised as men, had fought
+in the Civil War, and instead of being honored for their services and
+paid, they had been discharged in disgrace.[187]
+
+Confident that Horace Greeley would sooner or later fall back on his
+oft-repeated, trite remark, "The best women I know do not want to
+vote," Susan had asked Mrs. Greeley to roll up a big petition in
+Westchester County, and believing heartily in woman suffrage she had
+complied. This gave Susan and Mrs. Stanton a trump card to play,
+should Horace Greeley present an adverse report as they were informed
+he would do.[188]
+
+In Albany to hear the report, these two conspirators gloated over
+their plan as they surveyed the packed galleries and noted the many
+reporters who would jump at a bit of spicy news to send their papers.
+Just before Horace Greeley was to give his report, George William
+Curtis announced with dignity and assurance, "Mr. President, I hold in
+my hand a petition from Mrs. Horace Greeley and 300 other women,
+citizens of Westchester, asking that the word 'male' be stricken from
+the Constitution."[189]
+
+Ripples of amusement ran through the audience, and reporters hastily
+took notes, as Horace Greeley, the top of his head red as a beet,
+looked up with anger at the galleries, and then in a thin squeaky
+voice and with as much authority as he could muster declared, "Your
+committee does not recommend an extension of the elective franchise to
+women...." As a result, New York's new constitution enfranchised only
+male citizens.[190]
+
+Horace Greeley justified his opposition to woman suffrage in a letter
+to Moncure D. Conway: "The keynote of my political creed is the axiom
+that 'Governments derive their just powers from the consent of the
+governed....' I sought information from different quarters ... and
+practically all agreed in the conclusion that _the women of our state
+do not choose to vote_. Individuals do, at least three fourths of the
+sex do not. I accepted their choice as decisive; just as I reported in
+favor of enfranchising the Blacks because they do wish to vote. The
+few may not; but the many do; and I think they should control the
+situation.... It seems but fair to add that female suffrage seems to
+me to involve the balance of the family relation as it has hitherto
+existed...."[191]
+
+Horace Greeley never forgave Susan and Mrs. Stanton for humiliating
+him in the constitutional convention or for the headlines in the
+evening papers which coupled his adverse report with his wife's
+petition. When they met again in New York a few weeks later at one of
+Alice Cary's popular evening receptions, he ignored their friendly
+greeting and brusquely remarked, "You two ladies are the most
+maneuvering politicians in the State of New York."[192]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+While Susan's work in New York State was at its height, appeals for
+help had reached her from Republicans in Kansas, where in November
+1867 two amendments would be voted upon, enfranchising women and
+Negroes. Unable to go to Kansas herself at that time or to spare
+Elizabeth Stanton, she rejoiced when Lucy Stone consented to speak
+throughout Kansas and when she and Lucy, as trustees of the Jackson
+Fund, outvoting Wendell Phillips, were able to appropriate $1,500 for
+this campaign.
+
+Lucy was soon sending enthusiastic reports to Susan from Kansas, where
+she and her husband, Henry Blackwell, were winning many friends for
+the cause. "I fully expect we shall carry the State," Lucy confidently
+wrote Susan. "The women here are grand, and it will be a shame past
+all expression if they don't get the right to vote.... But the Negroes
+are all against us.... These men _ought not to be allowed to vote
+before we do_, because they will be just so much dead weight to
+lift."[193]
+
+One cloud now appeared on the horizon. Republicans in Kansas began to
+withdraw their support from the woman suffrage amendment they had
+sponsored. It troubled Lucy and Susan that the New York _Tribune_ and
+the _Independent_, both widely read in Kansas, published not one word
+favorable to woman suffrage, for these two papers with their influence
+and prestige could readily, they believed, win the ballot for women
+not only in Kansas but throughout the nation. Soon the temper of the
+Republican press changed from indifference to outright animosity,
+striking at Lucy and Henry Blackwell by calling them "free lovers,"
+because Lucy was traveling with her husband as Lucy Stone and not as
+Mrs. Henry B. Blackwell. Still Lucy was hopeful, believing the
+Democrats were ready to take them up, but she reminded Susan, "It will
+be necessary to have a good force here in the fall, and you will have
+to come."
+
+Never for a moment did the importance of this election in Kansas
+escape Susan, and her estimate of it was also that of John Stuart
+Mill, who wrote from England to the sponsor of the Kansas woman
+suffrage amendment, Samuel N. Wood, "If your citizens next November
+give effect to the enlightened views of your Legislature, history will
+remember one of the youngest states in the civilized world has been
+the first to adopt a measure of liberation destined to extend all over
+the earth and to be looked back to ... as one of the most fertile in
+beneficial consequences of all improvements yet effected in human
+affairs."[194]
+
+Susan fully expected Kansas to pioneer for woman suffrage just as it
+had taken its stand against slavery when the rest of the country held
+back. Her first problem, however, was to raise the money to get
+herself and Elizabeth Stanton there. The grant from the Jackson Fund
+had been spent by the Blackwells and Olympia Brown of Michigan, who
+most providentially volunteered to continue their work when they
+returned to the East. Olympia Brown, recently graduated from Antioch
+College and ordained as a minister in the Universalist church, was a
+new recruit to the cause. Young and indefatigable, she reached every
+part of Kansas during the summer, driving over the prairies with the
+Singing Hutchinsons.[195]
+
+Olympia Brown's valiant help made waiting in New York easier for Susan
+as she tried in every way to raise money. Further grants from the
+Jackson Fund were cut off by an unfavorable court decision; and the
+trustees of the Hovey Fund, established to further the rights of both
+Negroes and women, refused to finance a woman suffrage campaign in
+Kansas.
+
+"We are left without a dollar," she wrote State Senator Samuel N.
+Wood. "Every speaker who goes to Kansas must _now pay her own_
+expenses out of her own private purse, unless money should come from
+some unexpected source. I shall run the risk--as I told you--and draw
+upon almost my last hundred to go. I tell you this that you may not
+contract _debts_ under the impression that _our_ Association can pay
+for them--_for it cannot_."[196]
+
+She did find a way to finance the printing of leaflets so urgently
+needed for distribution in Kansas. Soliciting advertisements up and
+down Broadway during the heat of July and August, she collected enough
+to pay the printer for 60,000 tracts, with the result that along with
+the dignified, eloquent speeches of Henry Ward Beecher, Theodore
+Parker, George William Curtis, and John Stuart Mill went
+advertisements of Howe sewing machines, Mme. Demorest's millinery and
+patterns, Browning's washing machines, and Decker pianofortes to
+attract the people of Kansas.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+With both New York and Kansas on her mind, Susan had had little time
+to be with her family, although she had often longed to slip out to
+Rochester for a visit with her mother and Guelma who had been ill for
+several months. Finally she spent a few days with them on her way to
+Kansas.
+
+On the long train journey from Rochester to Kansas with such a
+congenial companion as Elizabeth Stanton, she enjoyed every new
+experience, particularly the new Palace cars advertised as the finest,
+most luxurious in the world, costing $40,000 each. The comfortable
+daytime seats transformed into beds at night and the meals served by
+solicitous Negro waiters were of the greatest interest to these two
+good housekeepers and the last bit of comfort they were to enjoy for
+many a day.
+
+As soon as they reached Kansas, they set out immediately on a two-week
+speaking tour of the principal towns, and as usual Susan starred Mrs.
+Stanton while she herself acted as general manager, advertising the
+meetings, finding a suitable hall, sweeping it out if necessary,
+distributing and selling tracts, and perhaps making a short speech
+herself. The meetings were highly successful, but traveling by stage
+and wagon was rugged; most of the food served them was green with soda
+or floating in grease and the hotels were infested with bedbugs. Susan
+wrote her family of sleepless nights and of picking the "tormentors"
+out of their bonnets and the ruffles of their dresses.[197]
+
+Occasionally there was an oasis of cleanliness and good food, as when
+they stopped at the railroad hotel in Salina and found it run by
+Mother Bickerdyke, who, marching through Georgia with General Sherman,
+had nursed and fed his soldiers. At such times Kansas would take on a
+rosy glow and Susan could report, "We are getting along splendidly.
+Just the frame of a Methodist Church with sidings and roof, and rough
+cottonwood boards for seats, was our meeting place last night ...; and
+a perfect jam it was, with men crowded outside at all the windows....
+Our tracts do more than half the battle; reading matter is so very
+scarce that everybody clutches at a book of any kind.... All that
+great trunk full were sold and given away at our first 14 meetings,
+and we in return received $110 which a little more than paid our
+railroad fare--eight cents per mile--and hotel bills. Our collections
+thus far fully equal those at the East. I have been delightfully
+disappointed for everybody said I couldn't raise money in Kansas
+meetings."[198]
+
+The reputation of both women preceded them to Kansas. Susan had to win
+her way against prejudice built up by newspaper gibes of past years
+which had caricatured her as a meddlesome reformer and a sour old
+maid, but gradually her friendliness, hominess, and sincerity broke
+down these preconceptions. Kansas soon respected this tall slender
+energetic woman who, as she overrode obstacles, showed a spirit akin
+to that of the frontiersman.
+
+Mrs. Stanton, on the other hand, was welcomed at once with enthusiasm.
+The fact that she was the mother of seven children as well as a
+brilliant orator opened the way for her. She was good to look at, a
+queenly woman at fifty-two, with a fresh rosy complexion and carefully
+curled soft white hair. Her motherliness and refreshing sense of humor
+built up a bond of understanding with her audiences. People were eager
+to see her, hear her, talk with her, and entertain her.
+
+This preference was obvious to Susan, but it aroused no jealousy. She
+sent Mrs. Stanton out through the state by mule team to all the small
+towns and settlements far from the railroad, along with their popular
+and faithful Republican ally, Charles Robinson, first Free State
+Governor of Kansas, counting on these two to build up good will. In
+the meantime, making her headquarters in Lawrence, she reorganized the
+campaign to meet the increasing opposition of the Republican machine,
+against which the continued support of a few prominent Kansas
+Republicans availed little. As the state was predominantly Republican,
+the prospects were gloomy, for the Democrats had not yet taken them up
+as Lucy Stone had predicted, but still opposed both the Negro and
+woman suffrage amendments. A new liquor law, which it was thought
+women would support, further complicated the situation, aligning the
+liquor interests and the German and Irish settlers solidly against
+votes for women.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+While Susan was searching desperately for some way of appealing to the
+Democrats, help came from an unexpected source. The St. Louis Suffrage
+Association urged George Francis Train to come to the aid of women in
+Kansas, and always ready to champion a new and unpopular cause, he
+telegraphed his willingness to win the Democratic vote and pay his own
+expenses. Knowing little about him except that he was wealthy,
+eccentric, and interested in developing the Union Pacific Railroad,
+Susan turned tactfully to her Kansas friends for advice, although she
+herself welcomed his help. They wired him, "The people want you, the
+women want you";[199] and he came into the state in a burst of glory,
+speaking first in Leavenworth and Lawrence to large curious audiences.
+A tall handsome man with curly brown hair and keen gray eyes, flashily
+dressed in a blue coat with brass buttons, white vest, black trousers,
+patent-leather boots, and lavender kid gloves, he was a sight worth
+driving miles to see, and he gave his audiences the best entertainment
+they had had in many a day, shouting jingles at them in the midst of
+his speeches and mercilessly ridiculing the Republicans. Here was none
+of the boredom of most political speeches, none of the long sonorous
+sentences with classical allusions which the big-name orators of the
+day poured out. His bold statements, his clipped rapid-fire sentences
+held the people's attention whether they agreed with him or not. When
+he spoke in Leavenworth, the hall was packed with Irishmen who were
+building the railroad to the West. They hissed when he mentioned woman
+suffrage, but before long he had won them over and they cheered when
+he shook his finger at them and shouted, "Every man in Kansas who
+throws a vote for the Negro and not for women has insulted his mother,
+his daughter, his sister, and his wife."[200]
+
+[Illustration: George Francis Train]
+
+At once the Republican press began a campaign of vilification, calling
+Train a Copperhead and ridiculing his eccentricities and conceits; and
+eastern Republicans, fearing they had harmed the Negro amendment in
+Kansas by their opposition to woman suffrage, tried to make
+last-minute amends by sending an appeal to Kansas voters to support
+both amendments. Even Horace Greeley lamely supported them in a
+_Tribune_ editorial which Susan read with disgust: "It is plain that
+the experiment of Female Suffrage is to be tried; and, while we regard
+it with distrust, we are quite willing to see it pioneered by Kansas.
+She is a young State, and has a memorable history, wherein her women
+have borne an honorable part.... If, then, a majority of them really
+desire to vote, we, if we lived in Kansas, should vote to give them
+the opportunity. Upon a full and fair trial, we believe they would
+conclude that the right of suffrage for women was, on the whole,
+rather a plague than a profit, and vote to resign it into the hands of
+their husbands and fathers...."[201]
+
+These halfhearted appeals were too late, for the political machine in
+Kansas had already done its work; and Susan, turning her back on such
+fair-weather friends, cultivated the Democrats even more sedulously.
+When the Democrat who had promised to accompany George Francis Train
+on a speaking tour failed him, she took his place. When Train demurred
+at the strenuous task ahead, she announced she would undertake it
+alone. Always the gallant gentleman, he accompanied her, and continued
+with her through the long hard weeks of travel in mail and lumber
+wagons over rough roads, through mud and rain, to the remotest
+settlements, far from the railroads. Because it was a necessity,
+traveling alone with a gentleman whom she hardly knew troubled her not
+at all, unconventional though it was.
+
+She took charge of the meetings, opening them herself with a short
+sincere plea for both the woman and Negro suffrage amendments, and
+then she introduced George Francis Train, who, no matter how late they
+arrived or how tiring the day, had changed his wrinkled gray traveling
+suit for his resplendent platform costume. The expectant crowd never
+failed to respond with a gasp of surprise, and immediately the fun
+began as Train with his wit and his mimicry entertained them, calling
+for their support of woman suffrage and advocating as well some of his
+own pet ideas, such as freeing Ireland from British oppression, paying
+our national debt in greenbacks, establishing an eight-hour day in
+industry, and even nominating himself for President.
+
+Amused by his dramatics and often amazed at his conceit, Susan found
+neither as objectionable as the outright falsehood circulated by
+opponents of woman suffrage. As the days went by with their continued
+hardships and increasing fatigue, she marveled at his unfailing
+courteousness, his pluck, and good cheer, while he in turn admired her
+courage, her endurance, and her zeal for her cause, and between them a
+bond of respect and loyalty was built up which could not be destroyed
+by the pressures of later years.
+
+During the long hours on the road, he entertained her with the story
+of his life and his travels, an adventure story of a poor boy who had
+made good. Building clipper ships, introducing American goods in
+Australia, traveling in India, China, and Russia, promoting street
+railways in England, and now building the Union Pacific, he had a
+wealth of information to impart.
+
+Their views on the Negro differed sharply. Rating the whole race as
+inferior and incapable of improvement, he naturally opposed
+enfranchising Negroes before women. She, on the other hand, had always
+regarded Negroes as her equals, and in campaigning with Train, she had
+to make her choice between Negroes and women. She chose women, just as
+her abolitionist friends in the East had chosen the Negro; and their
+indifference and opposition to woman suffrage at this crucial time was
+as unforgivable to her as was his valuation of the Negro to them. They
+called him a Copperhead, remembering his southern wife and his hatred
+of abolitionists, his vocal resistance to the draft, and his demands
+for immediate unconditional peace. They ignored entirely his defense
+of the Union in England during the Civil War when he publicly debated
+with Englishmen who supported the Confederacy. They abused him in
+their newspapers and he, not to be outdone, ridiculed them in his
+speeches, shouting, "Where is Wendell Phillips, today? Lost caste
+everywhere. Inconsistent in all things, cowardly in this. Where is
+Horace Greeley in this Kansas war for liberty? Pitching the woman
+suffrage idea out of the Convention and bailing out Jeff Davis. Where
+is William Lloyd Garrison? Being patted on the shoulders by his
+employers, our enemies abroad, for his faithful work in trying to
+destroy our nation. Where is Henry Ward Beecher? Writing a story for
+Bonner's Ledger...."[202]
+
+They never forgave him this estimate of them, nor did they forgive
+Susan for associating herself with him.
+
+On one of the last days of the Kansas campaign, while she was driving
+over the prairie with him, he suddenly asked her why the woman
+suffrage people did not have a paper of their own. "Not lack of
+brains, but lack of money," she tersely replied.[203]
+
+They talked for a while about the good such a paper would do, about
+the people who should edit and write for it, what name it should have.
+Then he said simply, "I will give you the money."
+
+Because a woman suffrage paper had been her cherished dream for so
+many years, she did not dare regard this as more than a gallant
+gesture soon to be forgotten; but to her amazement that very evening
+she heard Train announce to his audience, "When Miss Anthony gets back
+to New York, she is going to start a woman suffrage paper. Its name is
+to be _The Revolution_: its motto, 'Men their rights, and nothing
+more; women, their rights and nothing less.' This paper is to be a
+weekly, price $2. per year; its editors, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and
+Parker Pillsbury; its proprietor, Susan B. Anthony. Let everybody
+subscribe for it!"
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Election day brought both Susan and Mrs. Stanton back to Leavenworth,
+to Daniel's home, to learn the verdict of the people of Kansas. As the
+returns came in, their hope of seeing Kansas become the first woman
+suffrage state quickly faded. Neither their amendment nor the Negroes'
+polled enough votes for adoption. Their woman suffrage amendment,
+however, received only 1,773 votes less than the Republican-sponsored
+Negro amendment, and to have accomplished this in a hard-fought bitter
+campaign against powerful opponents gave them confidence in themselves
+and in their judgment of men and events. No longer need they depend
+upon Wendell Phillips or other abolitionist leaders for guidance. From
+now on they would chart their own course. This led, they believed, to
+Washington, where they must gain support among members of Congress for
+a federal woman suffrage amendment. Few, if any, Republicans would
+help them, but already one Democrat had come forward. George Francis
+Train had offered to pay their expenses if they would join him on a
+lecture tour on their way East. To Susan, who had to raise every penny
+spent in her work, this seemed like an answer to prayer, as did his
+proposal to finance a woman suffrage paper for them.
+
+By this time their abolitionist friends in the East were writing them
+indignant letters blaming the defeat of the Negro amendment on George
+Francis Train and warning them not to link woman suffrage with an
+unbalanced charlatan. Even their devoted friends in Kansas, including
+Governor Robinson, advised them against further association with
+Train.
+
+They did not make their decision lightly, nor was it easy to go
+against the judgment of respected friends, but of this they were
+confident--that with or without Train, they would estrange most of
+their old friends if they campaigned for woman suffrage now. Without
+him, their work, limited by lack of funds, would be ineffectual. With
+his financial backing, they not only had the opportunity of spreading
+their message in all the principal cities on their way back to New
+York, but had the promise of a paper, now so desperately needed when
+other news channels were closed to them. That Train was eccentric they
+agreed, and they also admitted that possibly some of his financial
+theories were unsound. They believed he was ahead of his time when he
+advocated the eight-hour day and the abolition of standing armies; but
+at least he looked forward, not backward. Susan had found him to be a
+man of high principles. She had heard him "make speeches on woman's
+suffrage that could be equalled only by John B. Gough,"[204] the
+well-known temperance crusader. Train's radical ideas did not disturb
+her. Her association with antislavery extremists prior to the Civil
+War had made her impervious to the criticism and accusations of
+conservatives. She was aware that on this proposed lecture tour Train
+probably wanted to make use of her executive ability and of Mrs.
+Stanton's popularity as a speaker; but on the other hand, his
+generosity to them was beyond anything they had ever experienced.
+
+For Susan there was only one choice--to work for woman suffrage with
+the financial backing of Train. Mrs. Stanton agreed, and as she
+expressed it, "I have always found that when we see eye to eye, we are
+sure to be right, and when we pull together we are strong.... I take
+my beloved Susan's judgment against the world."[205]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Traveling homeward with George Francis Train, Susan and Mrs. Stanton
+spoke in Chicago, St. Louis, Louisville, Cincinnati, Cleveland,
+Buffalo, Rochester, Boston, Hartford, and other important cities where
+they drew large crowds, which had never before listened to a
+discussion of woman suffrage. Most of their old friends among the
+suffragists and abolitionists shunned them, for they had been warned
+against this folly by their colleagues in the East. The lively
+meetings rated plenty of publicity, complimentary in the Democratic
+papers but sarcastic and hostile in the Republican press. Usually
+"Woman Suffrage" got the headlines, but sometimes it was "Woman
+Suffrage and Greenbacks" or "Train for President." Handbills, the
+printing of which Susan supervised, scattered Train's rhymes and
+epigrams far and wide and carried a notice that the proceeds of all
+meetings would be turned over to the woman's rights cause. Susan also
+arranged for the printing of Train's widely distributed pamphlet, _The
+Great Epigram Campaign of Kansas_, with this jingle, so
+uncomplimentary to the eastern abolitionists, on its cover:
+
+    The Garrisons, Phillipses, Greeleys, and Beechers,
+    False prophets, false guides, false teachers and preachers,
+    Left Mrs. Stanton, Miss Anthony, Brown, and Stone,
+    To fight the Kansas battle alone;
+    While your Rosses, Pomeroys, and your Clarkes
+    Stood on the fence, or basely fled,
+    While woman was saved by a Copperhead.
+
+Even more unforgivable than this to the abolitionist suffragists were
+the back-page advertisements of a new woman-suffrage paper, _The
+Revolution_, and of woman's rights tracts which could be purchased
+from Susan B. Anthony, Secretary of the American Equal Rights
+Association. That Susan would presume to line up this organization in
+any way with George Francis Train aroused the indignation of Lucy
+Stone, who felt the cause was being trailed in the dust. While Susan
+and Mrs. Stanton traveled homeward, enjoying the comfort of the best
+hotels and the applause of enthusiastic audiences, a coalition against
+them was being formed in the East.
+
+"All the old friends with scarce an exception are sure we are wrong,"
+Susan wrote in her diary, January 1, 1868. "Only time can tell, but I
+believe we are right and hence bound to succeed."[206]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[185] Ms., Petition, Jan. 9, 1867, Alma Lutz Collection
+
+[186] Ms., note, 1893, Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers, Library of
+Congress.
+
+[187] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 278; _History of Woman Suffrage_, II,
+p. 284.
+
+[188] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 279.
+
+[189] _History of Woman Suffrage_, II, p. 287. Petitions with 20,000
+signatures were presented.
+
+[190] _Ibid._, p. 285.
+
+[191] Aug. 25, 1867, Alma Lutz Collection.
+
+[192] _History of Woman Suffrage_, II, p. 287.
+
+[193] _Ibid._, pp. 234-235, 239.
+
+[194] _Ibid._, p. 252.
+
+[195] A famous family of singers who enlivened woman's rights,
+antislavery, and temperance meetings with their songs.
+
+[196] July 9, 1867, Anthony Papers, Kansas State Historical Society,
+Topeka, Kansas.
+
+[197] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 284.
+
+[198] _History of Woman Suffrage_, II, p. 242.
+
+[199] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 287. George Francis Train on his own
+initiative spoke for woman suffrage before the New York Constitutional
+Convention.
+
+[200] George Francis Train, _The Great Epigram Campaign of Kansas_
+(Leavenworth, Kansas, 1867), p. 68.
+
+[201] _History of Woman Suffrage_, II, pp. 248-249.
+
+[202] Train, _The Great Epigram Campaign of Kansas_, p. 40.
+
+[203] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 290.
+
+[204] Inscription by Susan B. Anthony on copy of Train's _The Great
+Epigram Campaign of Kansas_, Library of Congress.
+
+[205] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 293.
+
+[206] _Ibid._, p. 295.
+
+
+
+
+THE ONE WORD OF THE HOUR
+
+
+"If we women fail to speak the _one word_ of the hour," Susan wrote
+Anna E. Dickinson, "who shall do it? No man is able, for no man sees
+or feels as we do. To whom God gives the word, to him or her he says,
+'Go preach it.'"[207]
+
+This is just what Susan aimed to do in her new paper, _The
+Revolution_. It's name, she believed, expressed exactly the stirring
+up of thought necessary to establish justice for all--for women,
+Negroes, workingmen and-women, and all who were oppressed. Her two
+editors, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Parker Pillsbury, reliable friends
+as well as vivid forceful writers, were completely in sympathy with
+her own liberal ideas and could be counted on to crusade fearlessly
+for every righteous cause. What did it matter if George Francis Train
+wanted space in the paper to publish his views and for a financial
+column, edited by David M. Melliss of the New York _World_? Brought up
+on the antislavery platform where free speech was the watchword and
+where all, even long-winded cranks, were allowed to express their
+opinions, Susan willingly opened the pages of _The Revolution_ to
+Train and to Melliss in return for financial backing.
+
+When on January 8, 1868, the first issue of her paper came off the
+press, her heart swelled with pride and satisfaction as she turned
+over its pages, read its good editorials, and under the frank of
+Democratic Congressman James Brooks of New York, sent out ten thousand
+copies to all parts of the country.
+
+_The Revolution_ promised to discuss not only subjects which were of
+particular concern to her and to Elizabeth Stanton, such as "educated
+suffrage, irrespective of sex or color," equal pay for women for equal
+work, and practical education for girls as well as boys, but also the
+eight-hour day, labor problems, and a new financial policy for
+America. This new financial policy, the dream of George Francis Train,
+advocated the purchase of American goods only; the encouragement of
+immigration to rebuild the South and to settle the country from ocean
+to ocean; the establishment of the French financing systems, the
+Credit Foncier and Credit Mobilier, to develop our mines and
+railroads; the issuing of greenbacks; and penny ocean postage "to
+strengthen the brotherhood of Labor."
+
+All in all it was not a program with wide appeal. Dazzled by the
+opportunities for making money in this new undeveloped country, people
+were in no mood to analyze the social order, or to consider the needs
+of women or labor or the living standards of the masses. Unfamiliar
+with the New York Stock Exchange, they found little to interest them
+in the paper's financial department, while speculators and promoters,
+such as Jay Gould and Jim Fiske, wanted no advice from the lone eagle,
+George Francis Train, and resented Melliss's columns of Wall Street
+gossip which often portrayed them in an unfavorable light. Nor did a
+public-affairs paper edited and published by women carry much weight.
+None of this, however, mattered much to Susan, who did not aim for a
+popular paper but "to make public sentiment." It was her hope that
+just as the _Liberator_ under William Lloyd Garrison had been "the
+pillar of light and of fire to the slave's emancipation," so _The
+Revolution_ would become "the guiding star to the enfranchisement of
+women."[208]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Upon Susan fell the task of building up subscriptions, soliciting
+advertisements, and getting copy to the printer. As her office in the
+New York _World_ building, 37 Park Row, was on the fourth floor and
+the printer was several blocks away on the fifth floor of a building
+without an elevator, her job proved to be a test of physical
+endurance. To this was added an ever-increasing financial burden, for
+Train had sailed for England when the first number was issued, had
+been arrested because of his Irish sympathies, and had spent months in
+a Dublin jail, from which he sent them his thoughts on every
+conceivable subject but no money for the paper. He had left $600 with
+Susan and had instructed Melliss to make payments as needed, but this
+soon became impossible, and she had to face the alarming fact that, if
+the paper were to continue, she must raise the necessary money
+herself. Because the circulation was small, it was hard to get
+advertisers, particularly as she was firm in her determination to
+accept only advertisements of products she could recommend. Patent
+medicines and any questionable products were ruled out. Subscriptions
+came in encouragingly but in no sense met the deficit which piled up
+unrelentingly. Her goal was 100,000 subscribers.
+
+She had gone to Washington at once to solicit subscriptions personally
+from the President and members of Congress. Ben Wade of Ohio headed
+the list of Senators who subscribed, and loyal as always to woman
+suffrage, encouraged her to go ahead and push her cause. "It has got
+to come," he added, "but Congress is too busy now to take it up."
+Senator Henry Wilson of Massachusetts greeted her gruffly, telling her
+that she and Mrs. Stanton had done more to block reconstruction in the
+last two years than all others in the land, but he subscribed because
+he wanted to know what they were up to. Although Senator Pomeroy was
+"sore about Kansas" and her alliance with the Democrats, he
+nevertheless subscribed, but Senator Sumner was not to be seen. The
+first member of the House to put his name on her list was her
+dependable understanding friend, George Julian of Indiana, and many
+others followed his lead. For two hours she waited to see President
+Johnson, in an anteroom "among the huge half-bushel-measure spittoons
+and terrible filth ... where the smell of tobacco and whiskey was
+powerful." When she finally reached him, he immediately refused her
+request, explaining that he had a thousand such solicitations every
+day. Not easily put off, she countered at once by remarking that he
+had never before had such a request in his life. "You recognize, Mr.
+Johnson," she continued, "that Mrs. Stanton and myself for two years
+have boldly told the Republican party that they must give ballots to
+women as well as to Negroes, and by means of _The Revolution_ we are
+bound to drive the party to this logical conclusion or break it into a
+thousand pieces as was the old Whig party, unless we get our rights."
+This "brought him to his pocketbook," she triumphantly reported, and
+in a bold hand he signed his name, Andrew Johnson, as much as to say,
+"Anything to get rid of this woman and break the radical party."[209]
+
+She was proud of her paper, proud of its typography which was far more
+readable than the average news sheets of the day with their miserably
+small print. The larger type and less crowded pages were inviting, the
+articles stimulating.
+
+Parker Pillsbury, covering Congressional and political developments
+and the impeachment trial of President Johnson with which he was not
+in sympathy, was fearless in his denunciations of politicians, their
+ruthless intrigue and disregard of the public. During the turbulent
+days when the impeachment trial was front-page news everywhere, _The
+Revolution_ proclaimed it as a political maneuver of the Republicans
+to confuse the people and divert their attention from more important
+issues, such as corruption in government, high prices, taxation, and
+the fabulous wealth being amassed by the few. This of course roused
+the intense disapproval of Wendell Phillips, Theodore Tilton, and
+Horace Greeley, all of whom regarded Johnson as a traitor and shouted
+for impeachment. It ran counter to the views of Susan's brother
+Daniel, who telegraphed Senator Ross of Kansas demanding his vote for
+impeachment. Although no supporter of President Johnson, Susan was now
+completely awake to the political manipulations of the radical
+Republicans and what seemed to her their readiness to sacrifice the
+good of the nation for the success of their party. She repudiated them
+all--all but the rugged Ben Wade, always true to woman suffrage, and
+the tall handsome Chief Justice, Salmon P. Chase, who, she believed,
+stood for justice and equality.
+
+Both of these men Susan regarded as far better qualified for the
+Presidency than General Grant, who now was the obvious choice of the
+Republicans for 1868. "Why go pell-mell for Grant," asked _The
+Revolution_, "when all admit that he is unfit for the position? It is
+not too late, if true men and women will do their duty, to make an
+honest man like Ben Wade, President. Let us save the Nation. As to the
+Republican party the sooner it is scattered to the four winds of
+Heaven the better."[210] Later when Chase was out of the running among
+Republicans and not averse to overtures from the Democrats, _The
+Revolution_ urged him as the Democratic candidate with universal
+suffrage as his slogan.
+
+Susan demanded civil rights, suffrage, education, and farms for the
+Negroes as did the Republicans, but she could not overlook the
+political corruption which was flourishing under the military control
+of the South, and she recognized that the Republicans' insistence on
+Negro suffrage in the South did not stem solely from devotion to a
+noble principle, but also from an overwhelming desire to insure
+victory for their party in the coming election. These views were
+reflected editorially in _The Revolution_, which, calling attention
+to the fact that Connecticut, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and
+Pennsylvania had refused to enfranchise their Negroes, asked why Negro
+suffrage should be forced on the South before it was accepted in the
+North.
+
+The Fourteenth Amendment was having hard sledding and _The Revolution_
+repudiated it, calling instead for an amendment granting universal
+suffrage, or in other words, suffrage for women and Negroes. _The
+Revolution_ also discussed in editorials by Mrs. Stanton other
+subjects of interest to women, such as marriage, divorce,
+prostitution, and infanticide, all of which Susan agreed needed frank
+thoughtful consideration, but which other papers handled with kid
+gloves.
+
+In still another unpopular field, that of labor and capital, _The
+Revolution_ also pioneered fearlessly, asking for shorter hours and
+lower wages for workers, as it pointed out labor's valuable
+contribution to the development of the country. It also called
+attention to the vicious contrasts in large cities, where many lived
+in tumbledown tenements in abject poverty while the few, with more
+wealth than they knew what to do with, spent lavishly and built
+themselves palaces.
+
+Sentiments such as these increased the indignation of Susan's critics,
+but she gloried in the output of her two courageous editors just as
+she had gloried in the evangelistic zeal of the antislavery crusaders.
+Wisely, however, she added to her list of contributors some of the
+popular women writers of the day, among them Alice and Phoebe Cary.
+She ran a series of articles on women as farmers, machinists,
+inventors, and dentists, secured news from foreign correspondents,
+mostly from England, and published a Washington letter and woman's
+rights news from the states. Believing that women should become
+acquainted with the great women of the past, especially those who
+fought for their freedom and advancement, she printed an article on
+Frances Wright and serialized Mary Wollstonecraft's _A Vindication of
+the Rights of Women_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Eagerly Susan looked for favorable notices of her new paper in the
+press. Much to her sorrow, Horace Greeley's New York _Tribune_
+completely ignored its existence, as did her old standby, the
+_Antislavery Standard_. The New York _Times_ ridiculed as usual
+anything connected with woman's rights or woman suffrage. The New York
+_Home Journal_ called it "plucky, keen, and wide awake, although some
+of its ways are not at all to our taste." Theodore Tilton in the
+Congregationalist paper, _The Independent_, commented in his usual
+facetious style, which pinned him down neither to praise nor
+unfriendliness, but Susan was grateful to read, "_The Revolution_ from
+the start will arouse, thrill, edify, amuse, vex, and non-plus its
+friends. But it will command attention: it will conquer a hearing."
+Newspapers were generally friendly. "Miss Anthony's woman's rights
+paper," declared the Troy (New York) _Times_, "is a realistic,
+well-edited, instructive journal ... and its beautiful mechanical
+execution renders its appearance very attractive." The Chicago
+_Workingman's Advocate_ observed, "We have no doubt it will prove an
+able ally of the labor reform movement." Nellie Hutchinson of the
+Cincinnati _Commercial_, one of the few women journalists, described
+sympathetically for her readers the neat comfortable _Revolution_
+office and Susan with her "rare" but "genial smile," Susan, "the
+determined--the invincible ... destined to be Vice-President or
+Secretary of State...," adding, "The world is better for thee,
+Susan."[211]
+
+While new friends praised, old friends pleaded unsuccessfully with
+Mrs. Stanton and Parker Pillsbury to free themselves from Susan's
+harmful influence. William Lloyd Garrison wrote Susan of his regret
+and astonishment that she and Mrs. Stanton had so taken leave of their
+senses as to be infatuated with the Democratic party and to be
+associated with that "crack-brained harlequin and semi-lunatic,"
+George Francis Train. She published his letter in _The Revolution_
+with an answer by Mrs. Stanton which not only pointed out how often
+the Republicans had failed women but reminded Garrison how he had
+welcomed into his antislavery ranks anyone and everyone who believed
+in his ideas, "a motley crew it was." She recalled the label of
+fanatic which had been attached to him, how he had been threatened and
+pelted with rotten eggs for expressing his unpopular ideas and for
+burning the Constitution which he declared sanctioned slavery. With
+such a background, she told him, he should be able to recognize her
+right and Susan's to judge all parties and all men on what they did
+for woman suffrage.[212]
+
+None of these arguments made any impression upon Garrison, or upon
+Lucy Stone, whose bitter criticism and distrust of Susan's motives
+wounded Susan deeply. Only a few of her old friends seemed able to
+understand what she was trying to do, among them Martha C. Wright,
+who, at first critical of her association with Train, now wrote of
+_The Revolution_, "Its vigorous pages are what we need. Count on me
+now and ever as your true and unswerving friend."[213]
+
+[Illustration: Anna E. Dickinson]
+
+Another bright spot was Susan's friendship with Anna E. Dickinson,
+with whom she carried on a lively correspondence, scratching oft
+hurried notes to her on the backs of old envelopes or any odd scraps
+of paper that came to hand. Whenever Anna was in New York, she usually
+burst into the _Revolution_ office, showered Susan with kisses, and
+carried on such an animated conversation about her experiences that
+the whole office force was spellbound, admiring at the same time her
+stylish costume and jaunty velvet cap with its white feather, very
+becoming on her short black curls.
+
+Repeatedly Susan urged Anna to stay with her in her "plain quarters"
+at 44 Bond Street or in her "nice hall bedroom" at 116 East
+Twenty-third Street. That Anna could have risen out of the hardships
+of her girlhood to such popularity as a lecturer and to such
+financial success was to Susan like a fairy tale come true. Scarcely
+past twenty, Anna not only had moved vast audiences to tears, but was
+sought after by the Republicans as one of their most popular campaign
+speakers and had addressed Congress with President Lincoln in
+attendance. Susan had been sadly disappointed that Anna had not seen
+her way clear to speak a strong word for women in the Kansas campaign,
+but she hoped that this vivid talented young woman would prove to be
+"the evangel" who would lead women "into the kingdom of political and
+civil rights." It never occurred to her that she herself might even
+now be that "evangel."[214]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+By this time Susan had been called on the carpet by some of the
+officers of the American Equal Rights Association because she had used
+the Association's office as a base for business connected with the
+Train lecture tour and the establishment of _The Revolution_. She was
+also accused of spending the funds of the Association for her own
+projects and to advertise Train. Lucy Stone, Henry Blackwell, and
+Stephen Foster were particularly suspicious of her. Her accounts were
+checked and rechecked by them and found in good order. However, at the
+annual meeting of the Association in May 1868, Henry Blackwell again
+brought the matter up. Deeply hurt by his public accusation, she once
+more carefully explained that because there had been no funds except
+those which came out of her own pocket or had been raised by her, she
+had felt free to spend them as she thought best. This obviously
+satisfied the majority, many of whom expressed appreciation of her
+year of hard work for the cause. She later wrote Thomas Wentworth
+Higginson, "Even if not one old friend had seemed to have remembered
+the past and it had been swallowed up, overshadowed by the Train
+cloud, I should still have rejoiced that I have done the work--for no
+_human_ prejudice or power can rob me of the joy, the compensation, I
+have stored up therefrom. That it is wholly spiritual, I need but tell
+you that this day, I have not two hundred dollars more than I had the
+day I entered upon the public work of woman's rights and
+antislavery."[215]
+
+What troubled her most at these meetings was not the animosity
+directed against her by Henry Blackwell and Lucy Stone, but the
+assertion, made by Frederick Douglass and agreed to by all the men
+present, that Negro suffrage was more urgent than woman suffrage. When
+Lucy Stone came to the defense of woman suffrage in a speech whose
+content and eloquence Susan thought surpassed that of "any other
+mortal woman speaker," she was willing to forgive Lucy anything, and
+wrote Thomas Wentworth Higginson, "I want you to _know_ that it is
+impossible for me to lay a straw in the way of anyone who _personally
+wrongs me_, if only that one will work nobly in the _cause_ in their
+own way and time. They may try to hinder my success but I _never_
+theirs."
+
+Realizing that it would be futile for her to spend any more time
+trying to persuade the American Equal Rights Association to help her
+with her woman suffrage campaign, she now formed a small committee of
+her own, headed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton. It included Elizabeth Smith
+Miller, the liberal wealthy daughter of Gerrit Smith, Abby Hopper
+Gibbons, the Quaker philanthropist and social worker; and Mary Cheney
+Greeley, the wife of Horace Greeley, who, in spite of the fact that
+her husband now opposed woman suffrage, continued to take her stand
+for it. This committee, with _The Revolution_ as its mouthpiece, was
+soon acting as a clearing house for woman suffrage organizations
+throughout the country and called itself the Woman's Suffrage
+Association of America.
+
+To the national Republican convention in Chicago which nominated
+General Grant for President, these women sent a carefully worded
+memorial asking that the rights of women be recognized in the
+reconstruction. It was ignored. Thereupon Susan turned to the
+Democrats, attending with Mrs. Stanton a preconvention rally in New
+York, addressed by Governor Horatio Seymour. Given seats of honor on
+the platform, they attracted considerable attention and the New York
+_Sun_ commented editorially that this honor conferred upon them by the
+Democrats not only committed Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton to Governor
+Seymour's views but also committed the Democrats to incorporate a
+woman suffrage plank in their platform.
+
+This was too much for some of the officers of the American Equal
+Rights Association, whose executive committee now adopted a sarcastic
+resolution proposing that Susan attend the national Democratic
+convention and prove her confidence in the Democrats by securing a
+plank in their platform.
+
+Ignoring the unfriendly implications of this resolution and the
+ridicule heaped upon her by the New York City papers, Susan made plans
+to attend the Democratic convention, which for the first time since
+the war was bringing northern and southern Democrats together for the
+dedication of their new, imposing headquarters, Tammany Hall, and
+which was also attracting many liberals who, disgusted by the
+corruption of the Republicans, were looking for a "new departure" from
+the Democrats. To the amazement of the delegates, Susan with Mrs.
+Stanton and several other women walked into the convention when it was
+well under way and sent a memorial up to Governor Seymour who was
+presiding. He received it graciously, announcing that he held in his
+hand a memorial of the women of the United States signed by Susan B.
+Anthony, and then turned it over to the secretary to be read while the
+audience shouted and cheered. The sonorous passages demanding the
+enfranchisement of women rang out through and above the bedlam: "We
+appeal to you because ... you have been the party heretofore to extend
+the suffrage. It was the Democratic party that fought most valiantly
+for the removal of the 'property qualification' from all white men and
+thereby placed the poorest ditch digger on a political level with the
+proudest millionaire.... And now you have an opportunity to confer a
+similar boon on the women of the country and thus ... perpetuate your
+political power for decades to come...."[216]
+
+To hear these words read in a national political convention was to
+Susan worth any ridicule she might be forced to endure. She was not
+allowed to speak to the convention as she had requested, and shouts
+and jeers continued as her memorial was hurriedly referred to the
+Resolutions committee where it could be conveniently overlooked.
+
+The Republican press reported the incident with sarcasm and animosity,
+the _Tribune_ deeply wounding her: "Miss Susan B. Anthony has our
+sincere pity. She has been an ardent suitor of democracy, and they
+rejected her overtures yesterday with screams of laughter."[217]
+
+The Democrats' nomination of Horatio Seymour and Frank Blair was as
+reactionary and unpromising of a "new departure" as was the choice of
+General Grant and Schuyler Colfax by the Republicans. Thereupon _The
+Revolution_ called for a new party, a people's party which would be
+sincerely devoted to the welfare of all the people. So strongly did
+Susan feel about this that in one of her few signed editorials she
+declared, "Both the great political parties pretending to save the
+country are only endeavoring to save themselves.... In their hands
+humanity has no hope.... The sooner their power is broken as parties
+the better.... _The Revolution_ calls for construction, not
+reconstruction.... Who will aid us in our grand enterprise of a
+nation's salvation?"[218]
+
+To "darling Anna" she wrote more specifically, "Both parties are owned
+body and soul by the _Gold Gamblers_ of the Nation--and so far as the
+honest working men and women of the country are concerned, it matters
+very little which succeeds. Oh that the Gods would inspire men of
+influence and money to move for a third party--universal suffrage and
+anti-monopolist of land and gold."[219]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[207] July 6, 1866, Anna E. Dickinson Papers, Library of Congress.
+
+[208] _The Revolution_, I, Jan. 8, 1868, pp. 1-12.
+
+[209] _Ibid._
+
+[210] _Ibid._, April 23, June 25, 1868, pp. 49, 392.
+
+[211] Harper, _Anthony_, I, pp. 296-297, 302-303; _The Revolution_, I,
+Jan. 22, 1868, p. 34.
+
+[212] _The Revolution_, I, Jan. 29, 1868, p. 243.
+
+[213] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 301.
+
+[214] March 18, May 4, 1868, Anna E. Dickinson Papers, Library of
+Congress. Susan had a room at the Stantons until they prepared to move
+to their new home in Tenafly, New Jersey.
+
+[215] Aug. 20, 1868, Higginson Papers, Boston Public Library.
+
+[216] _The Revolution_, II, July 9, 1868, p. 1.
+
+[217] _Ibid._, July 16, 1868, p. 17.
+
+[218] _Ibid._, Aug. 6, 1868, p. 72.
+
+[219] July 10, 1868, Anna E. Dickinson Papers, Library of Congress.
+
+
+
+
+WORK, WAGES, AND THE BALLOT
+
+
+In her zeal to promote the welfare of all the people, Susan now turned
+her attention to the workingwomen of New York, whose low wages, long
+hours, and unhealthy working and living conditions had troubled her
+for a long time. Women were being forced out of the home into the
+factory by a changing and expanding economy, and at last were being
+paid for their work. However, the women she met on the streets of New
+York, hurrying to work at dawn and returning late at night, weary,
+pale, and shabbily dressed, had none of the confidence of the
+economically independent. They had merely exchanged one form of
+slavery for another. She saw the ballot as their most powerful ally,
+and as she told the factory girls of Cohoes, New York, they could
+compel their employers to grant them a ten-hour day, equal opportunity
+for advancement, and equal pay, the moment they held the ballot in
+their hands.[220]
+
+As yet labor unions were few and short-lived. The women tailors of New
+York had formed a union as early as 1825, but it had not survived, and
+later attempts to form women's unions had rarely been successful. A
+few men's unions had weathered the years, but they had not enrolled
+women, fearing their competition. Women were welcomed only by the
+National Labor Union, established in Baltimore in 1866 for the purpose
+of federating all unions.
+
+When the National Labor Union Congress met in New York in September
+1868, Susan saw an opportunity for women to take part, and in
+preparation she called a group of workingwomen together in _The
+Revolution_ office to form a Workingwomen's Association which she
+hoped would eventually represent all of the trades. At this meeting,
+the majority were from the printing trade, typesetters operating the
+newly invented typesetting machines, press feeders, bookbinders, and
+clerks, in whom she had become interested through her venture in
+publishing. She wanted them to call their organization the
+Workingwomen's Suffrage Association, but they refused, because they
+feared the public's disapproval of woman suffrage and were convinced
+they should not seek political rights until they had improved their
+working conditions. She could not make them see that they were
+putting the cart before the horse. They did, however, form
+Workingwomen's Association No. 1, electing her their delegate to the
+National Labor Congress.
+
+Next she called a meeting of the women in the sewing trades, and with
+the help of men from the National Labor Union, persuaded a hundred of
+them to form Workingwomen's Association No. 2. Most of these women
+were seamstresses making men's shirts, women's coats, vests, lace
+collars, hoop skirts, corsets, fur garments, and straw hats, but also
+represented were women from the umbrella, parasol, and paper collar
+industry, metal burnishers, and saleswomen. Most of them were young
+girls who worked from ten to fourteen hours a day, from six in the
+morning until eight at night, and earned from $4 to $8 a week.
+
+"You must not work for these starving prices any longer ...," Susan
+told them. "Have a spirit of independence among you, 'a wholesome
+discontent,' as Ralph Waldo Emerson has said, and you will get better
+wages for yourselves. Get together and discuss, and meet again and
+again.... I will come and talk to you...."[221] They elected Mrs. Mary
+Kellogg Putnam to represent them at the National Labor Congress.
+
+With Mrs. Putnam and Kate Mullaney, the able president of the Collar
+Laundry Union of Troy, New York, with Mary A. MacDonald of the Women's
+Protective Labor Union of Mt. Vernon, New York, and Mrs. Stanton,
+representing the Woman's Suffrage Association of America, Susan
+knocked at the door of the National Labor Congress. All were welcomed
+but Mrs. Stanton, who represented a woman suffrage organization and
+whose acceptance the rank and file feared might indicate to the public
+that the Labor Congress endorsed votes for women.
+
+The women had a friend in William H. Sylvis of the Iron Molders'
+Union, who was the driving force behind the National Labor Congress,
+and he made it clear at once that he welcomed Mrs. Stanton and
+everyone else who believed in his cause. So strong, however, was the
+opposition to woman suffrage among union men that eighteen threatened
+to resign if Mrs. Stanton were admitted as a delegate. The debate
+continued, giving Susan an opportunity to explain why the ballot was
+important to workingwomen. "It is the power of the ballot," she
+declared, "that makes men successful in their strikes."[222] She
+recommended that both men and women be enrolled in unions, pointing
+out that had this been done, women typesetters would not have replaced
+men at lower wages in the recent strike of printers on the New York
+_World_. Finally a resolution was adopted, making it clear that Mrs.
+Stanton's acceptance in no way committed the National Labor Congress
+to her "peculiar ideas" or to "Female Suffrage."
+
+A committee on female labor was then appointed with Susan as one of
+its members. At once she tried to show the committee how the vote
+would help women in their struggle for higher wages. She had at hand a
+perfect example in the unsuccessful strike of Kate Mullaney's strong,
+well-organized union of 500 collar laundry workers in Troy, New York.
+Aware that Kate blamed their defeat on the ruthless newspaper
+campaign, inspired and paid for by employers, Susan asked her, "If you
+had been 500 carpenters or 500 masons, do you not think you would have
+succeeded?"[223]
+
+"Certainly," Kate Mullaney replied, adding that the striking
+bricklayers had won everything they demanded. Susan then reminded her
+that because the bricklayers were voters, newspapers respected them
+and would hesitate to arouse their displeasure, realizing that in the
+next election they would need the votes of all union men for their
+candidates. "If you collar women had been voters," she told them, "you
+too would have held the balance of political power in that little city
+of Troy."
+
+Susan convinced the committee on female labor, and in their strong
+report to the convention they urged women "to secure the ballot" as
+well as "to learn the trades, engage in business, join labor unions or
+form protective unions of their own, ... and use every other honorable
+means to persuade or force employers to do justice to women by paying
+them equal wages for equal work." These women also called upon the
+National Labor Congress to aid the organization of women's unions, to
+demand the eight-hour day for women as well as men, and to ask
+Congress and state legislatures to pass laws providing equal pay for
+women in government employ. The phrase, "to secure the ballot," was
+quickly challenged by some of the men and had to be deleted before the
+report was accepted; but this setback was as nothing to Susan in
+comparison with the friends she had made for woman suffrage among
+prominent labor leaders and with the fact that a woman, Kate Mullaney
+of Troy, had been chosen assistant secretary of the National Labor
+Union and its national organizer of women.[224]
+
+The National Labor Union Congress won high praise in _The Revolution_
+as laying the foundation of the new political party of America which
+would be triumphant in 1872. "The producers, the working-men, the
+women, the Negroes," _The Revolution_ declared, "are destined to form
+a triple power that shall speedily wrest the sceptre of government
+from the non-producers, the land monopolists, the bondholders, and the
+politicians."[225]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+One of the most encouraging signs at this time was the friendliness of
+the New York _World_, whose reporters covered the meetings of the
+Workingwomen's Association with sympathy, arousing much local
+interest. Reprinting these reports and supplementing them, _The
+Revolution_ carried their import farther afield, bringing to the
+attention of many the wisdom and justice of equal pay for equal work,
+and the need to organize workingwomen and to provide training and
+trade schools for them. _The Revolution_ continually spurred women on
+to improve themselves, to learn new skills, and actually to do equal
+work if they expected equal pay.
+
+When reports reached Susan that women in the printing trade were
+afraid of manual labor, of getting their hands and fingers dirty, and
+of lifting heavy galleys, she quickly let them know that she had no
+patience with this. "Those who stay at home," she told them, "have to
+wash kettles and lift wash tubs and black stoves until their hands are
+blackened and hardened. In this spirit, you must go to work on your
+cases of type. Are these cases heavier than a wash tub filled with
+water and clothes, or the old cheese tubs?... The trouble is either
+that girls are not educated to have physical strength or else they do
+not like to use it. If a union of women is to succeed, it must be
+composed of strength, nerve, courage, and persistence, with no fear of
+dirtying their white fingers, but with a determination that when they
+go into an office they would go through all that was required of them
+and demand just as high wages as the men....
+
+"Make up your mind," she continued, "to take the 'lean' with the
+'fat,' and be early and late at the case precisely as the men are. I
+do not demand equal pay for any women save those who do equal work in
+value. Scorn to be coddled by your employers; make them understand
+that you are in their service as workers, not as women."[226]
+
+Workingwomen's associations now existed in Boston, St. Louis, Chicago,
+San Francisco and other cities, encouraged and aroused by the efforts
+at organization in New York. These associations occasionally exchanged
+ideas, and news of all of them was published in _The Revolution_. The
+groups in Boston and in the outlying textile mills were particularly
+active, and Susan brought to her next suffrage convention in
+Washington in 1870 Jennie Collins of Lowell who was ably leading a
+strike against a cut in wages. The newspapers, too, began to notice
+workingwomen, publishing articles about their working and living
+conditions.
+
+Trying to amalgamate the various groups in New York, Susan now formed
+a Workingwomen's Central Association, of which she was elected
+president. To its meetings she brought interesting speakers and
+practical reports on wages, hours, and working conditions. She herself
+picked up a great deal of useful information in her daily round as she
+talked with this one and that one. On her walks to and from work, in
+all kinds of weather, she met poorly clad women carrying sacks and
+baskets in which they collected rags, scraps of paper, bones, old
+shoes, and anything worth rescuing from "garbage boxes." With
+friendliness and good cheer, she greeted these ragpickers, sometimes
+stopping to talk with them about their work, and through her interest
+brought several into the Workingwomen's Association. Looking forward
+to surveys on all women's occupations, she started out by appointing a
+committee to investigate the ragpickers, many of whom lived in
+tumbledown slab shanties on the rocky land which is now a part of
+Central Park.
+
+This investigation revealed that more than half of the 1200 ragpickers
+were women and that it was the one occupation in which women had equal
+opportunity with men and received equal compensation for their day's
+work. Average earnings ranged from forty cents a day to ten dollars a
+week. The report, highly sentimental in the light of today's
+scientific approach, was a promising beginning, a survey made by women
+themselves in their own interest--the forerunner of the reports of the
+Labor Department's Women's Bureau.
+
+Cooperatives appealed to Susan as they did to many labor leaders as
+the best means of freeing labor. When the Sewing Machine Operators
+Union tried to establish a shop where their members could share the
+profits of their labor, she did her best to help them, hoping to see
+them gain economic independence in a light airy clean shop where
+wealthy women, eager to help their sisters, would patronize them.
+However, the wealthy women to whom she appealed to finance this
+project did not respond, looking upon a cooperative as a first step
+toward socialism and a threat to their own profits. She was able,
+however, to arouse a glimmer of interest among the members of the
+newly formed literary club, Sorosis, in the problems of working women.
+
+She had the satisfaction of seeing women typesetters form their own
+union in 1869, and this was, according to the Albany _Daily
+Knickerbocker_, "the first move of the kind ever made in the country
+by any class of labor, to place woman on a par with man as regards
+standing, intelligence, and manual ability."[227] _The Revolution_
+encouraged this union by printing notices of its meetings and urging
+all women compositors to join. In signed articles, Susan pointed out
+how wages had improved since the union was organized. "A little more
+Union, girls," she said, "and soon all employers will come up to 45
+cents, the price paid men.... So join the Union, girls, and together
+say _Equal Pay for Equal Work_."[228]
+
+Eager to bring more women into the printing trade where wages were
+higher, she tried in every possible way to establish trade schools for
+them. She looked forward to a printing business run entirely by women,
+giving employment to hundreds. So obsessed was she by the idea of a
+trade school for women compositors that when printers in New York went
+on a strike, she saw an opportunity for women to take their places and
+appealed by letter and in person to a group of employers "to
+contribute liberally for the purpose of enabling us to establish a
+training school for girls in the art of typesetting." Explaining that
+hundreds of young women, now stitching at starvation wages, were ready
+and eager to learn the trade, she added, "Give us the means and we
+will soon give you competent women compositors."[229] Having learned
+by experience that men always kept women out of their field of labor
+unless forced by circumstances to admit them, she also urged young
+women to take the places of striking typesetters at whatever wage
+they could get.
+
+It never occurred to her in her eagerness to bring women into a new
+occupation that she might be breaking the strike. She saw only women's
+opportunity to prove to employers that they were able to do the work
+and to show the Typographical Union that they should admit women as
+members. Labor men, however, soon let her know how much they
+disapproved of her strategy. She tried to explain her motives to them,
+that she was trying to fit these women to earn equal wages with men.
+She reminded these men of how hard it was for women to get into the
+printing trade and how they had refused to admit women to their union;
+and she called their attention to her whole-hearted support of the
+lately formed Women's Typographical Union.
+
+Some of the men were never convinced and never forgot this misstep,
+bringing it up at the National Labor Union Congress in Philadelphia in
+1869, which Susan attended as a delegate of the New York
+Workingwomen's Association. Here she found herself facing an
+unfriendly group without the support of William H. Sylvis, who had
+recently died. For three days they debated her eligibility as a
+delegate, first expressing fear that her admission would commit the
+Labor Congress to woman suffrage. When she won 55 votes against 52 in
+opposition, Typographical Union No. 6 of New York brought accusations
+against her which aroused suspicion in the minds of many union
+members. They pointed out that she belonged to no union, and they
+called her an enemy of labor because she had encouraged women to take
+men's jobs during the printers' strike. They could not or would not
+understand that in urging women to take men's jobs, she had been
+fighting for women just as they fought for their union, and they
+completely overlooked how continuously and effectively she had
+supported the Women's Typographical Union. Her _Revolution_, they
+claimed, was printed at less than union rates in a "rat office" and
+her explanation was not satisfactory. That it was printed on contract
+outside her office was no answer to satisfy union men who could not
+realize on what a scant margin her paper operated or how gladly she
+would have set up a union shop had the funds been available.
+
+Not only were these accusations repeated again and again, they were
+also carried far and wide by the press, with the result that Susan was
+not only kept out of the Labor Congress but was even sharply
+criticized by some members of her Workingwomen's Association.
+
+"As to the charges which were made by Typographical Union No. 6," she
+reported to this Association, "no one believes them; and I don't think
+they are worth answering. I admit that this Workingwomen's Association
+is not a _trade_ organization; and while I join heart and hand with
+the working people in their trades unions, and in everything else by
+which they can protect themselves against the oppression of
+capitalists and employers, I say that this organization of ours is
+more upon the broad platform of philosophizing on the general
+questions of labor, and to discuss what can be done to ameliorate the
+condition of working people generally."[230]
+
+She was not without friends in the ranks of labor, however, the New
+England delegates giving her their support. The New York _World_, very
+fair in its coverage of the heated debates, declared, "Of her devotion
+to the cause of workingwomen, there can be no question."[231]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The activities of the Workingwomen's Association had by this time
+begun to irk employers, and some of them threatened instant dismissal
+of any employee who reported her wages or hours to these meddling
+women. Fear of losing their jobs now hung over many while others were
+forbidden by their fathers, husbands, and brothers to have anything to
+do with strong-minded Susan B. Anthony.
+
+To counteract this disintegrating influence and to bring all classes
+of women together in their fight for equal rights, Susan persuaded the
+popular lecturer, Anna E. Dickinson, to speak for the Workingwomen's
+Association at Cooper Union. This, however, only added fuel to the
+flames, for Anna, in an emotional speech, "A Struggle for Life," told
+the tragic story of Hester Vaughn, a workingwoman who had been accused
+of murdering her illegitimate child. Found in a critical condition
+with her dead baby beside her, Hester Vaughn had been charged with
+infanticide, tried without proper defense, and convicted by a
+prejudiced court, although there was no proof that she had
+deliberately killed her child. At Susan's instigation, the
+Workingwomen's Association sent a woman physician, Dr. Clemence
+Lozier, and the well-known author, Eleanor Kirk, to Philadelphia to
+investigate the case. Both were convinced of Hester Vaughn's
+innocence.
+
+With the aid of Elizabeth Cady Stanton's courageous editorials in _The
+Revolution_, Susan made such an issue of the conviction of Hester
+Vaughn that many newspapers accused her of obstructing justice and
+advocating free love, and this provided a moral weapon for her critics
+to use in their fight against the growing independence of women.
+Eventually her efforts and those of her colleagues won a pardon for
+Hester Vaughn. At the same time the publicity given this case served
+to educate women on a subject heretofore taboo, showing them that
+poverty and a double standard of morals made victims of young women
+like Hester Vaughn. Susan also made use of this case to point out the
+need for women jurors to insure an unprejudiced trial. She even
+suggested that Columbia University Law School open its doors to women
+so that a few of them might be able to understand their rights under
+the law and bring aid to their less fortunate sisters.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Under Susan's guidance, the Workingwomen's Association continued to
+hold meetings as long as she remained in New York. In its limited way,
+it carried on much-needed educational work, building up self-respect
+and confidence among workingwomen, stirring up "a wholesome
+discontent," and preparing the way for women's unions. The public
+responded. At Cooper Union, telegraphy courses were opened to women;
+the New York Business School, at Susan's instigation, offered young
+women scholarships in bookkeeping; and there were repeated requests
+for the enrollment of women in the College of New York.
+
+Living in the heart of this rapidly growing, sprawling city, Susan saw
+much to distress her and pondered over the disturbing social
+conditions, looking for a way to relieve poverty and wipe out crime
+and corruption. She saw luxury, extravagance, and success for the few,
+while half of the population lived in the slums in dilapidated houses
+and in damp cellars, often four or five to a room. Immigrants,
+continually pouring in from Europe, overtaxed the already inadequate
+housing, and unfamiliar with our language and customs, were the easy
+prey of corrupt politicians. Many were homeless, sleeping in the
+streets and parks until the rain or cold drove them into police
+stations for warmth and shelter. Susan longed to bring order and
+cleanliness, good homes and good government to this overcrowded city,
+and again and again she came to the conclusion that votes for women,
+which meant a voice in the government, would be the most potent factor
+for reform.
+
+Yet she did not close her mind to other avenues of reform. Seeing
+reflected in the life of the city the excesses, the injustice, and the
+unsoundness of laissez-faire capitalism, she spoke out fearlessly in
+_The Revolution_ against its abuses, such as the fortunes made out of
+the low wages and long hours of labor, or the Wall Street speculation
+to corner the gold market, or the efforts to take over the public
+lands of the West through grants to the transcontinental railroads.
+Her active mind also sought a solution of the complicated currency
+problem. In fact there was no public question which she hesitated to
+approach, to think out or attempt to solve. She did not keep her
+struggle for woman suffrage aloof from the pressing problems of the
+day. Instead she kept it abreast of the times, keenly alive to social,
+political, and economic issues, and involved in current public
+affairs.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[220] Feb. 18, 1868, Anna E. Dickinson Papers, Library of Congress.
+
+[221] _The Revolution_, II, Sept. 24, 1868, p. 198. L. A. Hines of
+Cincinnati, publisher of Hine's Quarterly, assisted Miss Anthony in
+organizing women in the sewing trades.
+
+[222] _Ibid._, p. 204.
+
+[223] Harper, _Anthony_, II, pp. 999-1000.
+
+[224] _The Revolution_, II, Oct. 1, 1868, p. 204.
+
+[225] _Ibid._, p. 200.
+
+[226] _Ibid._, Oct. 8, 1868, p. 214. A Woman's Exchange was also
+initiated by the Workingwomen's Association.
+
+[227] _Ibid._, June 24, 1869, p. 394.
+
+[228] _Ibid._, March 18, 1869, p. 173.
+
+[229] _Ibid._, Feb. 4, 1869, p. 73.
+
+[230] _Ibid._, Sept. 9, 1869, p. 154.
+
+[231] _Ibid._, Aug. 26, 1869, p. 120.
+
+
+
+
+THE INADEQUATE FIFTEENTH AMENDMENT
+
+
+The Fourteenth Amendment had been ratified in July 1868, but
+Republicans found it inadequate because it did not specifically
+enfranchise Negroes. More than ever convinced that they needed the
+Negro vote in order to continue in power, they prepared to supplement
+it by a Fifteenth Amendment, which Susan hoped would be drafted to
+enfranchise women as well as Negroes. Immediately through her Woman's
+Suffrage Association of America, she petitioned Congress to make no
+distinction between men and women in any amendment extending or
+regulating suffrage.
+
+She and Elizabeth Stanton also persuaded their good friends, Senator
+Pomeroy of Kansas and Congressman Julian of Indiana, to introduce in
+December 1868 resolutions providing that suffrage be based on
+citizenship, be regulated by Congress, and that all citizens, native
+or naturalized, enjoy this right without distinction of race, color,
+or sex. Before the end of the month, Senator Wilson of Massachusetts
+and Congressman Julian had introduced other resolutions to enfranchise
+women in the District of Columbia and in the territories. Even the New
+York _Herald_ could see no reason why "the experiment" of woman
+suffrage should not be tried in the District of Columbia.[232]
+
+To focus attention on woman suffrage at this crucial time, Susan, in
+January 1869, called together the first woman suffrage convention ever
+held in Washington. No only did it attract women from as far west as
+Illinois, Missouri, and Kansas, but Senator Pomeroy lent it importance
+by his opening speech, and through the detailed and respectful
+reporting of the New York _World_ and of Grace Greenwood of the
+Philadelphia _Press_ it received nationwide notice.
+
+Congress, however, gave little heed to women's demands. "The
+experiment" of woman suffrage in the District of Columbia was not
+tried and nothing came of the resolutions for universal suffrage
+introduced by Pomeroy, Julian, and Wilson. In spite of all Susan's
+efforts to have the word "sex" added to the Fifteenth Amendment, she
+soon faced the bitter disappointment of seeing a version ignoring
+women submitted to the states for ratification: "The right of citizens
+of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the
+United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous
+condition of servitude."
+
+The blatant omission of the word "sex" forced Susan and Mrs. Stanton
+to initiate an amendment of their own, a Sixteenth Amendment, and
+again Congressman Julian came to their aid, although he too regarded
+Negro suffrage as more "immediately important and absorbing"[233] than
+suffrage for women. On March 15, 1869, at one of the first sessions of
+the newly elected Congress, he introduced an amendment to the
+Constitution, providing that the right of suffrage be based on
+citizenship without any distinction or discrimination because of sex.
+This was the first federal woman suffrage amendment ever proposed in
+Congress.
+
+Opportunity to campaign for this amendment was now offered Susan and
+Elizabeth Stanton as they addressed a series of conventions in Ohio,
+Illinois, Wisconsin, and Missouri. Press notices were good, a
+Milwaukee paper describing Susan as "an earnest enthusiastic, fiery
+woman--ready, apt, witty and what a politician would call sharp ...
+radical in the strongest sense," making "radical everything she
+touches."[234] She found woman suffrage sentiment growing by leaps and
+bounds in the West and western men ready to support a federal woman
+suffrage amendment.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+With a lighter heart than she had had in many a day and with new
+subscriptions to _The Revolution_, Susan returned to New York. She
+moved the _Revolution_ office to the first floor of the Women's
+Bureau, a large four-story brownstone house at 49 East Twenty-third
+Street, near Fifth Avenue, which had been purchased by a wealthy New
+Yorker, Mrs. Elizabeth Phelps, who looked forward to establishing a
+center where women's organizations could meet and where any woman
+interested in the advancement of her sex would find encouragement and
+inspiration. Susan's hopes were high for the Women's Bureau, and in
+this most respectable, fashionable, and even elegant setting, she
+expected her _Revolution_, in spite of its inflammable name, to live
+down its turbulent past and win new friends and subscribers.[235]
+
+She made one last effort to resuscitate the American Equal Rights
+Association, writing personal letters to old friends, urging that past
+differences be forgotten and that all rededicate themselves to
+establishing universal suffrage by means of the Sixteenth Amendment.
+She was optimistic as she prepared for a convention in New York,
+particularly as one obstacle to unity had been removed. George Francis
+Train had voluntarily severed all connections with _The Revolution_ to
+devote himself to freeing Ireland. She soon found, however, that the
+misunderstandings between her and her old antislavery friends were far
+deeper than George Francis Train, although he would for a long time be
+blamed for them. The Fifteenth Amendment was still a bone of
+contention and _The Revolution's_ continued editorials against it
+widened the breach.
+
+The fireworks were set off in the convention of the American Equal
+Rights Association by Stephen S. Foster, who objected to the
+nomination of Susan and Mrs. Stanton as officers of the Association
+because they had in his opinion repudiated its principles. When asked
+to explain further, he replied that not only had they published a
+paper advocating educated suffrage while the Association stood for
+universal suffrage but they had shown themselves unfit by
+collaboration with George Francis Train who ridiculed Negroes and
+opposed their enfranchisement.
+
+Trying to pour oil on the troubled waters, Mary Livermore, the popular
+new delegate from Chicago, asked whether it was quite fair to bring up
+George Francis Train when he had retired from _The Revolution_.
+
+To this Stephen Foster sternly replied, "If _The Revolution_ which has
+so often endorsed George Francis Train will repudiate him because of
+his course in respect to the Negro's rights, I have nothing further to
+say. But they do not repudiate him. He goes out; but they do not cast
+him out."[236]
+
+"Of course we do not," Susan instantly protested.
+
+Mr. Foster then objected to the way Susan had spent the funds of the
+Association, accusing her of failing to keep adequate accounts.
+
+This she emphatically denied, explaining that she had presented a full
+accounting to the trust fund committee, that it had been audited, and
+she had been voted $1,000 to repay her for the amount she had
+personally advanced for the work.
+
+Unwilling to accept her explanation and calling it unreliable, he
+continued his complaints until interrupted by Henry Blackwell who
+corroborated Susan's statement, adding that she had refused the $1,000
+due her because of the dissatisfaction expressed over her management.
+Declaring himself completely satisfied with the settlement and
+confident of the purity of Susan's motives even if some of her
+expenditures were unwise, Henry Blackwell continued, "I will agree
+that many unwise things have been written in _The Revolution_ by a
+gentleman who furnished part of the means by which the paper has been
+carried on. But that gentleman has withdrawn, and you, who know the
+real opinions of Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton on the question of
+Negro suffrage, do not believe that they mean to create antagonism
+between the Negro and woman question...."
+
+To Susan's great relief Henry Blackwell's explanation satisfied the
+delegates, who gave her and Mrs. Stanton a vote of confidence. Not so
+easily healed, however, were the wounds left by the accusations of
+mismanagement and dishonesty.
+
+The atmosphere was still tense, for differences of opinion on policy
+remained. Most of the old reliable workers stood unequivocally for the
+Fifteenth Amendment, which they regarded as the crowning achievement
+of the antislavery movement, and they heartily disapproved of forcing
+the issue of woman suffrage on Congress and the people at this time.
+Although they had been deeply moved by the suffering of Negro women
+under slavery and had used this as a telling argument for
+emancipation, they now gave no thought to Negro women, who, even more
+than Negro men, needed the vote to safeguard their rights. Believing
+with the Republicans that one reform at a time was all they could
+expect, they did not want to hear one word about woman suffrage or a
+Sixteenth Amendment until male Negroes were safely enfranchised by the
+Fifteenth Amendment.
+
+Offering a resolution endorsing the Fifteenth Amendment, Frederick
+Douglass quoted Julia Ward Howe as saying, "I am willing that the
+Negro shall get the ballot before me," and he added, "I cannot see how
+anyone can pretend that there is the same urgency in giving the ballot
+to women as to the Negro."
+
+Quick as a flash, Susan was on her feet, challenging his statements,
+and as the dauntless champion of women debated the question with the
+dark-skinned fiery Negro, the friendship and warm affection built up
+between them over the years occasionally shone through the sharp words
+they spoke to each other.
+
+"The old antislavery school says that women must stand back," declared
+Susan, "that they must wait until male Negroes are voters. But we say,
+if you will not give the whole loaf of justice to an entire people,
+give it to the most intelligent first."
+
+Here she was greeted with applause and continued, "If intelligence,
+justice, and morality are to be placed in the government, then let the
+question of woman be brought up first and that of the Negro last....
+Mr. Douglass talks about the wrongs of the Negro, how he is hunted
+down ..., but with all the wrongs and outrages that he today suffers,
+he would not exchange his sex and take the place of Elizabeth Cady
+Stanton."
+
+"I want to know," shouted Frederick Douglass, "if granting you the
+right of suffrage will change the nature of our sexes?"
+
+"It will change the pecuniary position of woman," Susan retorted
+before the shouts of laughter had died down. "She will not be
+compelled to take hold of only such employments as man chooses for
+her."
+
+Lucy Stone, who so often in her youth had pleaded with Susan and
+Frederick Douglass for both the Negro and women, now entered the
+argument. She had matured, but her voice had lost none of its
+conviction or its power to sway an audience. Disagreeing with
+Douglass's assertion that Negro suffrage was more urgent than woman
+suffrage, she pointed out that white women of the North were robbed of
+their children by the law just as Negro women had been by slavery.
+
+This was balm to Susan's soul, but with Lucy's next words she lost all
+hope that her old friend would cast her lot wholeheartedly with women
+at this time. "Woman has an ocean of wrongs too deep for any plummet,"
+Lucy continued, "and the Negro too has an ocean of wrongs that cannot
+be fathomed. But I thank God for the Fifteenth Amendment, and hope
+that it will be adopted in every state. I will be thankful in my soul
+if anybody can get out of the terrible pit....
+
+"I believe," she admitted, "that the national safety of the government
+would be more promoted by the admission of women as an element of
+restoration and harmony than the other. I believe that the influence
+of woman will save the country before every other influence. I see the
+signs of the times pointing to this consummation. I believe that in
+some parts of the country women will vote for the President of these
+United States in 1872."
+
+Susan grew impatient as Lucy shifted from one side to the other,
+straddling the issue. Her own clear-cut approach, earning for her the
+reputation of always hitting the nail on the head, made Lucy's seem
+like temporizing.
+
+The men now took control, criticizing the amount of time given to the
+discussion of woman's rights, and voted endorsement of the Fifteenth
+Amendment. Nevertheless, a small group of determined women continued
+their fight, Susan declaring with spirit that she protested against
+the Fifteenth Amendment because it was not Equal Rights and would put
+2,000,000 more men in the position of tyrants over 2,000,000 women who
+until now had been the equals of the Negro men at their side.[237]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It was now clear to Susan and to the few women who worked closely with
+her that they needed a strong organization of their own and that it
+was folly to waste more time on the Equal Rights Association. Western
+delegates, disappointed in the convention's lack of interest in woman
+suffrage, expressed themselves freely. They had been sorely tried by
+the many speeches on extraneous subjects which cluttered the meetings,
+the heritage of a free-speech policy handed down by antislavery
+societies.
+
+"That Equal Rights Association is an awful humbug," exploded Mary
+Livermore to Susan. "I would not have come on to the anniversary, nor
+would any of us, if we had known what it was. We supposed we were
+coming to a woman suffrage convention."[238]
+
+At a reception for all the delegates held at the Women's Bureau at the
+close of the convention, this dissatisfaction culminated in a
+spontaneous demand for a new organization which would concentrate on
+woman suffrage and the Sixteenth Amendment. Alert to the
+possibilities, Susan directed this demand into concrete action by
+turning the reception temporarily into a business meeting. The result
+was the formation of the National Woman Suffrage Association by women
+from nineteen states, with Mrs. Stanton as president and Susan as a
+member of the executive committee. The younger women of the West,
+trusting the judgment of Susan and Mrs. Stanton, looked to them for
+leadership, as did a few of the old workers in the East--Ernestine
+Rose, always in the vanguard, Paulina Wright Davis, Elizabeth Smith
+Miller, Lucretia Mott, who although holding no office in the new
+organization gave it her support, Martha C. Wright, and Matilda Joslyn
+Gage who never wavered in her allegiance. Lucy Stone, who would have
+found it hard even to step into the _Revolution_ office, did not
+attend the reception at the Women's Bureau or take part in the
+formation of the new woman suffrage organization.
+
+[Illustration: Paulina Wright Davis]
+
+Aided and abetted by her new National Woman Suffrage Association,
+Susan continued her opposition in _The Revolution_ to the Fifteenth
+Amendment until it was ratified in 1870.
+
+So incensed was the Boston group by _The Revolution's_ opposition to
+the Fifteenth Amendment, so displeased was Lucy Stone by the formation
+of the National Woman Suffrage Association without consultation with
+her, one of the oldest workers in the field, that they began to talk
+of forming a national woman suffrage organization of their own. They
+charged Susan with lust for power and autocratic control. Mrs. Stanton
+they found equally objectionable because of her radical views on sex,
+marriage, and divorce, expressed in _The Revolution_ in connection
+with the Hester Vaughn case. They sincerely felt that the course of
+woman suffrage would run more smoothly, arouse less antagonism, and
+make more progress without these two militants who were forever
+stirring things up and introducing extraneous subjects.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+During these trying days of accusations, animosity, and rival
+factions, Mrs. Stanton's unwavering support was a great comfort to
+Susan as was the joy of having a paper to carry her message.
+
+In addition to all the responsibilities connected with publishing her
+weekly paper, advertising, subscriptions, editorial policy, and
+raising the money to pay the bills, Susan was also holding successful
+conventions in Saratoga and Newport where men and women of wealth and
+influence gathered for the summer; she was traveling out to St. Louis,
+Chicago, and other western cities to speak on woman suffrage, making
+trips to Washington to confer with Congressmen, getting petitions for
+the Sixteenth Amendment circulated, and through all this, building up
+the National Woman Suffrage Association.
+
+The _Revolution_ office became the rallying point for a
+forward-looking group of women, many of whom contributed to the
+hard-hitting liberal sheet. Elizabeth Tilton, the lovely dark-haired
+young wife of the popular lecturer and editor of the _Independent_,
+selected the poetry. Alice and Phoebe Cary gladly offered poems and a
+novel; and when Susan was away, Phoebe Cary often helped Mrs. Stanton
+get out the paper. Elizabeth Smith Miller gave money, encouragement,
+and invaluable aid with her translations of interesting letters which
+_The Revolution_ received from France and Germany. Laura Curtis
+Bullard, the heir to the Dr. Winslow-Soothing-Syrup fortune, who
+traveled widely in Europe, sent letters from abroad and took a lively
+interest in the paper. Another new recruit was Lillie Devereux Blake,
+who was gaining a reputation as a writer and who soon proved to be a
+brilliant orator and an invaluable worker in the New York City
+suffrage group. Dr. Clemence S. Lozier, unfailingly gave her support,
+and her calm assurance strengthened Susan. The wealthy Paulina Wright
+Davis of Providence, Rhode Island, who followed Parker Pillsbury as
+editor, when he felt obliged to resign for financial reasons, gave the
+paper generous financial backing.
+
+[Illustration: Isabella Beecher Hooker]
+
+It was Mrs. Davis who brought into the fold the half sister of Henry
+Ward Beecher, Isabella Beecher Hooker, a queenly woman, one of the
+elect of Hartford, Connecticut. Hoping to break down Mrs. Hooker's
+prejudice against Susan and Mrs. Stanton, which had been built up by
+New England suffragists, Mrs. Davis invited the three women to spend a
+few days with her. After this visit, Mrs. Hooker wrote to a friend in
+Boston, "I have studied Miss Anthony day and night for nearly a
+week.... She is a woman of incorruptible integrity and the thought of
+guile has no place in her heart. In unselfishness and benevolence she
+has scarcely an equal, and her energy and executive ability are
+bounded only by her physical power, which is something immense.
+Sometimes she fails in judgment, according to the standards of
+others, but in right intentions never, nor in faithfulness to her
+friends.... After attending a two days' convention in Newport,
+engineered by her in her own fashion, I am obliged to accept the most
+favorable interpretation of her which prevails generally, rather than
+that of Boston. Mrs. Stanton too is a magnificent woman.... I hand in
+my allegiance to both as leaders and representatives of the great
+movement."[239]
+
+From then on, Mrs. Hooker did her best to reconcile the Boston and New
+York factions, hoping to avert the formation of a second national
+woman suffrage organization.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[232] _The Revolution_, II, Dec. 24, 1868, p. 385.
+
+[233] George W. Julian, _Political Recollections_, 1840-1872 (Chicago,
+1884), pp. 324-325.
+
+[234] _The Revolution_, III, March 11, 1869, p. 148.
+
+[235] The very proper Sorosis would not meet at the Women's Bureau
+while it housed the radical _Revolution_, and as women showed so
+little interest in her project, Mrs. Phelps gave it up after a year's
+trial.
+
+[236] _The Revolution_, III, May 20, 1869, pp. 305-307.
+
+[237] _History of Woman Suffrage_, II, p. 392.
+
+[238] Harper, _Anthony_, I, pp. 327-328.
+
+[239] _Ibid._, p. 332.
+
+
+
+
+A HOUSE DIVIDED
+
+
+"I think we need two national associations for woman suffrage so that
+those who do not oppose the Fifteenth Amendment, nor take the tone of
+_The Revolution_ may yet have an organization with which they can work
+in harmony."[240] So wrote Lucy Stone to many of her friends during
+the summer of 1869, and some of these letters fell into Susan's hands.
+
+"The radical abolitionists and the Republicans could never have worked
+together but in separate organizations both did good service," Lucy
+further explained. "There are just as distinctly two parties to the
+woman movement.... Each organization will attract those who naturally
+belong to it--and there will be harmonious work."
+
+When the ground had been prepared by these letters, Lucy asked old
+friends and new to sign a call to a woman suffrage convention, to be
+held in Cleveland, Ohio, in November 1869, "to unite those who cannot
+use the methods which Mrs. Stanton and Susan use...."[241]
+
+Those feeling as she did eagerly signed the call, while others who
+knew little about the controversy in the East added their names
+because they were glad to take part in a convention sponsored by such
+prominent men and women as Julia Ward Howe, George William Curtis,
+Henry Ward Beecher, Thomas Wentworth Higginson, and William Lloyd
+Garrison. Still others who did not understand the insurmountable
+differences in temperament and policy between the two groups hoped
+that a new truly national organization would unite the two factions.
+Even Mary Livermore, who had been active in the formation of the
+National Woman Suffrage Association, was by this time responding to
+overtures from the Boston group, writing William Lloyd Garrison, "I
+have been repelled by some of the idiosyncrasies of our New York
+friends, as have others. Their opposition to the Fifteenth Amendment,
+the buffoonery of George F. Train, the loose utterances of the
+_Revolution_ on the marriage and dress questions--and what is equally
+potent hindrance to the cause, the fearful squandering of money at
+the New York headquarters--all this has tended to keep me on my own
+feet, apart from those to whom I was at first attracted.... I am glad
+at the prospect of an association that will be truly national and
+which promises so much of success and character."[242]
+
+Neither Susan nor Mrs. Stanton received a notice of the Cleveland
+convention, but Susan, scanning a copy of the call sent her by a
+solicitous friend, was deeply disturbed when she saw the signatures of
+Lydia Mott, Amelia Bloomer, Myra Bradwell, Gerrit Smith, and other
+good friends.
+
+The New York _World_, at once suspecting a feud, asked, "Where are
+those well-known American names, Susan B. Anthony, Parker Pillsbury,
+and Elizabeth Cady Stanton? It is clear that there is a division in
+the ranks of the strong-minded and that an effort is being made to
+ostracize _The Revolution_ which has so long upheld the cause of
+Suffrage, through evil report and good...."[243]
+
+The Rochester _Democrat_, loyal to Susan, put this question, "Can it
+be possible that a National Woman's Suffrage Convention is called
+without Susan's knowledge or consent?... A National Woman's Suffrage
+Association without speeches from Susan B. Anthony and Mrs. Stanton
+will be a new order of things. The idea seems absurd."[244]
+
+To Susan it also seemed both absurd and unrealistic, for she
+remembered how almost single-handed she had held together and built up
+the woman suffrage movement during the years when her colleagues had
+been busy with family duties. She was appalled at the prospect of a
+division in the ranks at this time when she believed victory possible
+through the action of a strong united front.
+
+Confident that many who signed the call were ignorant of or blind to
+the animus behind it, she did her best to bring the facts before them.
+She put the blame for the rift entirely upon Lucy Stone, believing
+that without Lucy's continual stirring up, past differences in policy
+would soon have been forgotten. The antagonism between the two burned
+fiercely at this time. Susan was determined to fight to the last ditch
+for control of the movement, convinced that her policies and Mrs.
+Stanton's were forward-looking, unafraid, and always put women first.
+
+Susan now also had to face the humiliating possibility that she might
+be forced to give up _The Revolution_. Not only was the operating
+deficit piling up alarmingly, but there were persistent rumors of a
+competitor, another woman suffrage paper to be edited by Lucy Stone
+and Julia Ward Howe.
+
+Susan had assumed full financial responsibility for _The Revolution_
+because Mrs. Stanton and Parker Pillsbury, both with families to
+consider, felt unable to share this burden. Mrs. Stanton had always
+contributed her services and Parker Pillsbury had been sadly
+underpaid, while Susan had drawn out for her salary only the most
+meager sums for bare living expenses.
+
+With a maximum of 3,000 subscribers, the paper could not hope to pay
+its way even though she had secured a remarkably loyal group of
+advertisers.[245] Reluctantly she raised the subscription price from
+$2 to $3 a year. Her friends and family were generous with gifts and
+loans, but these only met the pressing needs of the moment and in no
+way solved the overall financial problem of the paper.
+
+Appealing once again to her wealthy and generous Quaker cousin, Anson
+Lapham, she wrote him in desperation, "My paper must not, shall not go
+down. I am sure you believe in me, in my honesty of purpose, and also
+in the grand work which _The Revolution_ seeks to do, and therefore
+you will not allow me to ask you in vain to come to the rescue.
+Yesterday's mail brought 43 subscribers from Illinois and 20 from
+California. We only need time to win financial success. I know you
+will save me from giving the world a chance to say, 'There is a
+woman's rights failure; even the best of women can't manage business!'
+If only I could die, and thereby fail honorably, I would say, 'Amen,'
+but to live and fail--it would be too terrible to bear."[246] He came
+to her aid as he always had in the past.
+
+Susan's sister Mary not only lent her all her savings, but spent her
+summer vacation in New York in 1869, working in _The Revolution_
+office while Susan, busy with woman suffrage conventions in Newport,
+Saratoga, Chicago, and Ohio, was building up good will and
+subscriptions for her paper. Concerned for her welfare, Mary
+repeatedly but unsuccessfully urged her to give up. Daniel added his
+entreaties to Mary's, begging Susan not to go further into debt, but
+to form a stock company if she were determined to continue her paper.
+She considered his advice very seriously for he was a practical
+businessman and yet appreciated what she was trying to do. For a time
+the formation of a stock company seemed possible, for the project
+appealed to three women of means, Paulina Wright Davis, Isabella
+Beecher Hooker, and Laura Curtis Bullard, but it never materialized.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+With the financial problem of _The Revolution_ still unsolved, Susan
+decided to make her appearance at Lucy Stone's convention in
+Cleveland, Ohio, on November 24, 1869. Not only did she want to see
+with her own eyes and hear with her own ears all that went on, but she
+was determined to walk the second mile with Lucy and her supporters,
+or even to turn the other cheek, if need be, for the sake of her
+beloved cause.
+
+Seeing her in the audience, Judge Bradwell of Chicago moved that she
+be invited to sit on the platform, but Thomas Wentworth Higginson, who
+was presiding, replied that he thought this unnecessary as a special
+invitation had already been extended to all desiring to identify
+themselves with the movement. Judge Bradwell would not be put off, his
+motion was carried, and as Susan walked up to the platform to join the
+other notables, she was greeted with hearty applause. Sitting there
+among her critics, she wondered what she could possibly say to
+persuade them to forget their differences for the sake of the cause.
+After listening to Lucy Stone plead for renewed work for woman
+suffrage and for petitions for a Sixteenth Amendment, she
+spontaneously rose to her feet and asked permission to speak. "I
+hope," she began, "that the work of this association, if it be
+organized, will be to go in strong array up to the Capitol at
+Washington to demand a Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution. The
+question of the admission of women to the ballot would not then be
+left to the mass of voters in every State, but would be submitted by
+Congress to the several legislatures of the States for ratification,
+and ... be decided by the most intelligent portion of the people. If
+the question is left to the vote of the rank and file, it will be put
+off for years.[247]
+
+"So help me, Heaven!" she continued with emotion. "I care not what may
+come out of this Convention, so that this great cause shall go
+forward to its consummation! And though this Convention by its action
+shall nullify the National Association of which I am a member, and
+though it shall tread its heel upon _The Revolution_, to carry on
+which I have struggled as never mortal woman or mortal man struggled
+for any cause ... still, if you will do the work in Washington so that
+this Amendment will be proposed, and will go with me to the several
+Legislatures and _compel_ them to adopt it, I will thank God for this
+Convention as long as I have the breath of life."
+
+Loud and continuous applause greeted these earnest words. However,
+instead of pledging themselves to work for a Sixteenth Amendment, the
+newly formed American Woman Suffrage Association, blind to the
+exceptional opportunity at this time for Congressional action on woman
+suffrage, decided to concentrate on work in the states where suffrage
+bills were pending. Instead of electing an outstanding woman as
+president, they chose Henry Ward Beecher, boasting that this was proof
+of their genuine belief in equal rights. Lucy Stone headed the
+executive committee.
+
+Divisions soon began developing among the suffragists in the field.
+Many whose one thought previously had been the cause now spent time
+weighing the differences between the two organizations and between
+personalities, and antagonisms increased.
+
+Hardest of all for Susan to bear was the definite announcement of a
+rival paper, the _Woman's Journal_, to be issued in Boston in January
+1870 under the editorship of Lucy Stone, Mary A. Livermore, and Julia
+Ward Howe, with Henry Blackwell as business manager. Mary Livermore,
+who previously had planned to merge her paper, the _Agitator_, with
+_The Revolution_ now merged it with the _Woman's Journal_. Financed by
+wealthy stockholders, all influential Republicans, the _Journal_,
+Susan knew, would be spared the financial struggles of _The
+Revolution_, but would be obliged to conform to Republican policy in
+its support of woman's rights. Had not the _Woman's Journal_ been such
+an obvious affront to the heroic efforts of _The Revolution_ and a
+threat to its very existence, she could have rejoiced with Lucy over
+one more paper carrying the message of woman suffrage.
+
+More determined than ever to continue _The Revolution_, Susan
+redoubled her efforts, announcing an imposing list of contributors
+for 1870, including the British feminist, Lydia Becker, and as a
+special attraction, a serial by Alice Cary. Through the efforts of
+Mrs. Hooker, Harriet Beecher Stowe was persuaded to consider serving
+as contributing editor provided the paper's name was changed to _The
+True Republic_ or to some other name satisfactory to her.[248]
+
+Having struggled against the odds for so long, Susan had no intention
+of being stifled now by Mrs. Stowe's more conservative views, nor
+would she give her crusading sheet an innocuous name. However, the
+decision was taken out of her hands by _The Revolution's_ coverage of
+the sensational McFarland-Richardson murder case, which so shocked
+both Mrs. Hooker and Mrs. Stowe that they gave up all thought of being
+associated in a publishing venture with Susan or Mrs. Stanton.
+
+The whole country was stirred in December 1869 by the fatal shooting
+in the _Tribune_ office of the well-known journalist, Albert D.
+Richardson, by Daniel McFarland, to whose divorced wife Richardson had
+been attentive. When just before his death, Richardson was married to
+the divorced Mrs. McFarland by Henry Ward Beecher with Horace Greeley
+as a witness, the press was agog. So strong was the feeling against a
+divorced woman that Henry Ward Beecher was severely condemned for
+officiating at the marriage, and Mrs. Richardson was played up in the
+press and in court as the villain, although her divorce had been
+granted because of the brutality and instability of McFarland.
+
+Indignant at the sophistry of the press and the general acceptance of
+a double standard of morals, _The Revolution_ not only spoke out
+fearlessly in defense of Mrs. Richardson but in an editorial by Mrs.
+Stanton frankly analyzed the tragic human relations so obvious in the
+case. With Susan's full approval, Mrs. Stanton wrote, "I rejoice over
+every slave that escapes from a discordant marriage. With the
+education and elevation of women we shall have a mighty sundering of
+the unholy ties that hold men and women together who loathe and
+despise each other...."[249] When the court acquitted McFarland,
+giving him the custody of his twelve-year-old son, Susan called a
+protest meeting which attracted an audience of two thousand.
+
+Such words and such activities disturbed many who sympathized with
+Mrs. Richardson but saw no reason for flaunting exultant approval of
+divorce in a woman suffrage paper, and they turned to the _Woman's
+Journal_ as more to their taste.
+
+Susan, however, reading the first number of the _Woman's Journal_,
+found its editorials lacking fire. She rebelled at Julia Ward Howe's
+counsel, "to lay down all partisan warfare and organize a peaceful
+Grand Army of the Republic of Women ... not ... as against men, but as
+against all that is pernicious to men and women."[250] Susan's fight
+had never been against men but against man-made laws that held women
+in bondage. There had always been men willing to help her. Experience
+had taught her that the struggle for woman's rights was no peaceful
+academic debate, but real warfare which demanded political strategy,
+self-sacrifice, and unremitting labor. She was prouder than ever of
+her _Revolution_ and its liberal hard-hitting policy.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Convinced that the National Woman Suffrage Association must publicize
+its existence and its value, Susan began the year 1870 with a
+convention in Washington which even Senator Sumner praised as
+exceeding in interest anything he had ever witnessed there. Its
+striking demonstration of the vitality and intelligence of the
+National Association was the best answer she could possibly have given
+to the accusations and criticism aimed at her and her organization.
+
+Jessie Benton Fremont, watching the delegates enter the dining room of
+the Arlington Hotel, called Susan over to her table and said with a
+twinkle in her eyes, "Now, tell me, Miss Anthony, have you hunted the
+country over and picked out and brought to Washington a score of the
+most beautiful women you could find?"[251]
+
+They were a fine-looking and intelligent lot--Paulina Wright Davis,
+Isabella Beecher Hooker, Josephine Griffin of the Freedman's Bureau,
+Charlotte Wilbour, Matilda Joslyn Gage, Martha C. Wright, and Olympia
+Brown; Phoebe Couzins and Virginia Minor from Missouri, Madam Anneke
+from Wisconsin, and best of all to Susan, Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
+Their presence, their friendship and allegiance were a source of great
+pride and joy. Elizabeth Stanton had come from St. Louis, interrupting
+her successful lecture tour, when she much preferred to stay away from
+all conventions. She had written Susan, "Of course, I stand by you to
+the end. I would not see you crushed by rivals even if to prevent it
+required my being cut into inch bits.... No power in heaven, hell or
+earth can separate us, for our hearts are eternally wedded
+together."[252]
+
+Also at this convention to show his support of Susan and her program,
+was her faithful friend of many years, the Rev. Samuel J. May of
+Syracuse. Clara Barton, ill and unable to attend, sent a letter to be
+read, an appeal to her soldier friends for woman suffrage.
+
+Not only did the large and enthusiastic audiences show a growing
+interest in votes for women, but two great victories for women in
+1869, one in Great Britain and the other in the United States, brought
+to the convention a feeling of confidence. Women taxpayers had been
+granted the right to vote in municipal elections in England, Scotland,
+and Wales, through the efforts of Jacob Bright. In the Territory of
+Wyoming, during the first session of its legislature, women had been
+granted the right to vote, to hold office, and serve on juries, and
+married women had been given the right to their separate property and
+their earnings. This progressive action by men of the West turned
+Susan's thoughts hopefully to the western territories, and early in
+1870 when the Territory of Utah enfranchised its women, she had
+further cause for rejoicing.
+
+To celebrate these victories for which her twenty years' work for
+women had blazed the trail, some of her friends held a reception for
+her in New York at the Women's Bureau on her fiftieth birthday. She
+was amazed at the friendly attention her birthday received in the
+press. "Susan's Half Century," read a headline in the _Herald_. The
+_World_ called her the Moses of her sex. "A Brave Old Maid," commented
+the _Sun_. But it was to the _Tribune_ that she turned with special
+interest, always hoping for a word of approval from Horace Greeley and
+finding at last this faint ray of praise: "Careful readers of the
+_Tribune_ have probably succeeded in discovering that we have not
+always been able to applaud the course of Miss Susan B. Anthony.
+Indeed, we have often felt, and sometimes said that her methods were
+as unwise as we thought her aims undesirable. But through these years
+of disputation and struggling. Miss Anthony has thoroughly impressed
+friends and enemies alike with the sincerity and earnestness of her
+purpose...."[253]
+
+To Anna E. Dickinson, far away lecturing, Susan confided, "Oh, Anna, I
+am so glad of it all because it will teach the young girls that to be
+true to principle--to live an idea, though an unpopular one--that to
+live single--without any man's name--may be honorable."[254]
+
+A few of Susan's younger colleagues still insisted that a merger of
+the National and American Woman Suffrage Associations might be
+possible. Again Theodore Tilton undertook the task of mediation and
+Lucretia Mott, who had retired from active participation in the
+woman's rights movement, tried to help work out a reconciliation.
+Susan was skeptical but gave them her blessing. Representatives of the
+American Association, however, again made it plain that they were
+unwilling to work with Susan and Mrs. Stanton.[255]
+
+By this time _The Revolution_ had become an overwhelming financial
+burden. For some months Mrs. Stanton had been urging Susan to give it
+up and turn to the lecture field, as she had done, to spread the
+message of woman's rights. Susan hesitated, unwilling to give up _The
+Revolution_ and not yet confident that she could hold the attention of
+an audience for a whole evening. However, she found herself a great
+success when pushed into several Lyceum lecture engagements in
+Pennsylvania by Mrs. Stanton's sudden illness. "Miss Anthony evidently
+lectures not for the purpose of receiving applause," commented the
+Pittsburgh _Commercial_, "but for the purpose of making people
+understand and be convinced. She takes her place on the stage in a
+plain and unassuming manner and speaks extemporaneously and fluently,
+too, reminding one of an old campaign speaker, who is accustomed to
+talk simply for the purpose of converting his audience to his
+political theories. She used plain English and plenty of it.... She
+clearly evinced a quality that many politicians lack--sincerity."[256]
+
+For each of these lectures on "Work, Wages, and the Ballot," she
+received a fee of $75 and was able as well to get new subscribers for
+_The Revolution_. She now saw the possibilities for herself and the
+cause in a Lyceum tour, and when the Lyceum Bureau, pleased with her
+reception in Pennsylvania wanted to book her for lectures in the West,
+she accepted, calling Parker Pillsbury back to _The_ _Revolution_ to
+take charge. All through Illinois she drew large audiences and her
+fees increased to $95, $125, and $150. In two months she was able to
+pay $1,300 of _The Revolution's_ debt.
+
+When she returned to New York, she realized that she could not
+continue to carry _The Revolution_ alone, in spite of increased
+subscriptions. Its $10,000 debt weighed heavily upon her. Parker
+Pillsbury's help could only be temporary; Mrs. Stanton's strenuous
+lecture tour left her little time to give to the paper; and Susan's
+own friends and family were unable to finance it further.
+
+Fortunately the idea of editing a paper appealed strongly to the
+wealthy Laura Curtis Bullard, who had the promise of editorial help
+from Theodore Tilton. Susan now turned the paper over to them
+completely, receiving nothing in return but shares of stock, while she
+assumed the entire indebtedness.
+
+Giving up the control of her beloved paper was one of the most
+humiliating experiences and one of the deepest sorrows she ever faced.
+_The Revolution_ had become to her the symbol of her crusade for
+women. Overwhelmed by a sense of failure, she confided to her diary on
+the date of the transfer, "It was like signing my own death warrant,"
+and to a friend she wrote, "I feel a great, calm sadness like that of
+a mother binding out a dear child that she could not support."[257]
+
+She made a valiant announcement of the transfer in _The Revolution_ of
+May 26, 1870, expressing her delight that the paper had at last found
+financial backing and a new, enthusiastic editor. "In view of the
+active demand for conventions, lectures, and discussions on Woman
+Suffrage," she added, "I have concluded that so far as my own personal
+efforts are concerned, I can be more useful on the platform than in a
+newspaper. So, on the 1st of June next, I shall cease to be the _sole_
+proprietor of _The Revolution_, and shall be free to attend public
+meetings where ever so plain and matter of fact an old worker as I am
+can secure a hearing."[258]
+
+Financial backing, however, did not put _The Revolution_ on its feet,
+although its forthright editorials and articles were replaced by spicy
+and brilliant observations on pleasant topics which offended no one.
+Before the year was up, Mrs. Bullard was making overtures to Susan to
+take the paper back. Susan wanted desperately "to keep the Old Ship
+Revolution's colors flying"[259] and to bring back Mrs. Stanton's
+stinging editorials. She also feared that Mrs. Bullard on Theodore
+Tilton's advice might turn the paper over to the Boston group to be
+consolidated with the _Woman's Journal_. As no funds were available,
+she had to turn her back on her beloved paper and hope for the best.
+"I suppose there is a wise Providence in my being stripped of power to
+go forward," she wrote at this time. "At any rate, I mean to try and
+make good come out of it."[260]
+
+For one more year, _The Revolution_ struggled on under the editorship
+of Mrs. Bullard and Theodore Tilton and then was taken over by the
+_Christian Enquirer_. The $10,000 debt, incurred under Susan's
+management, she regarded as her responsibility, although her brother
+Daniel and many of her friends urged bankruptcy proceedings. "My pride
+for women, to say nothing of my conscience," she insisted, "says
+no."[261]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[240] Lucy Stone to Frank Sanborn, Aug. 18, 1869, Alma Lutz
+Collection.
+
+[241] Lucy Stone to Esther Pugh, Aug. 30, 1869, Ida Husted Harper
+Collection, Henry E. Huntington Library, San Marino, California.
+
+[242] Mary Livermore to W. L. Garrison, Oct. 4, 1869, Boston Public
+Library. Wendell Phillips did not sign the call or attend the
+convention for "reasons that are good to him," wrote Lucy Stone to
+Garrison, Sept. 27, 1869, Boston Public Library.
+
+[243] _The Revolution_, IV, Oct. 21, 1869, p. 265.
+
+[244] _Ibid._, p. 266.
+
+[245] The Empire Sewing Machine Co., Benedict's Watches, Madame
+Demorest's dress patterns, Sapolio, insurance companies, savings
+banks, the Union Pacific, offering first mortgage bonds.
+
+[246] Harper, _Anthony_, I, pp. 354-355. In 1873, Anson Lapham
+cancelled notes, amounting to $4000, and praised Susan for her
+continued courageous work for women.
+
+[247] _The Revolution_, IV, Dec. 2, 1869, p. 343.
+
+[248] Harriet Beecher Stowe to Susan B. Anthony, Dec., 1869, Alma Lutz
+Collection.
+
+[249] _The Revolution_, IV, Dec. 23, 1869, p. 385.
+
+[250] _Woman's Journal_, Jan. 8, 1870.
+
+[251] Ms., Diary, Jan. 18, 1870.
+
+[252] Stanton and Blatch, _Stanton_, II, pp. 124-125.
+
+[253] _The Revolution_, V, Feb. 24, 1870, pp. 117-118. Susan
+attributed the _Tribune_ editorial to Whitelaw Reid. Susan B. Anthony
+Scrapbook, Library of Congress.
+
+[254] Feb. 21, 1870, Anna E. Dickinson Papers, Library of Congress.
+Anna E. Dickinson sent Miss Anthony generous checks to help finance
+_The Revolution_. Although she lectured at Cooper Union for the
+National Woman Suffrage Association shortly after it was organized,
+she never became a member of the organization or attended its
+conventions. This was a great disappointment to Miss Anthony.
+
+[255] Finally, Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton against their best
+judgment were persuaded by younger members of the National Woman
+Suffrage Association to drop the name National and replace it with
+Union and then to try to negotiate further with the American
+Association. Theodore Tilton was elected president of the Union Woman
+Suffrage Society. This proved to be an organization in name only, and
+in a short time these same younger members clamored for the return to
+office of Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton and reestablished the National
+Woman Suffrage Association.
+
+[256] _The Revolution_, V, March 10, 1870, p. 153. Mrs. Stanton's
+Lyceum lectures were undertaken to finance the education of her 7
+children.
+
+[257] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 362.
+
+[258] _The Revolution_, V, May 26, 1870, p. 328.
+
+[259] Sept. 19, 1870, Anna E. Dickinson Papers, Library of Congress.
+
+[260] To E. A. Studwell, Sept. 15, 1870, Radcliffe Women's Archives,
+Cambridge, Massachusetts.
+
+[261] To Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Oct. 15, 1871, Lucy E. Anthony
+Collection
+
+
+
+
+A NEW SLANT ON THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT
+
+
+While Susan was lecturing in the West, hoping to earn enough to pay
+off _The Revolution's_ debt, she was pondering a new approach to the
+enfranchisement of women which had been proposed by Francis Minor, a
+St. Louis attorney and the husband of her friend, Virginia Minor.
+
+Francis Minor contended that while the Constitution gave the states
+the right to regulate suffrage, it nowhere gave them the power to
+prohibit it, and he believed that this conclusion was strengthened by
+the Fourteenth Amendment which provided that "no State shall make or
+enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of
+citizens of the United States."
+
+To claim the right to vote under the Fourteenth Amendment made a great
+appeal to both Susan and Elizabeth Stanton. Susan published Francis
+Minor's arguments in _The Revolution_ and also his suggestion that
+some woman test this interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment by
+attempting to vote at the next election; while Mrs. Stanton used this
+new approach as the basis of her speech before a Congressional
+committee in 1870.
+
+With such a fresh and thrilling project to develop, Susan looked
+forward to the annual woman suffrage convention to be held in
+Washington in January 1871. So heavy was her lecture schedule that she
+reluctantly left preparations for the convention in the willing hands
+of Isabella Beecher Hooker, who was confident she could improve on
+Susan's meetings and guide the woman's rights movement into more
+ladylike and aristocratic channels, winning over scores of men and
+women who hitherto had remained aloof. At the last moment, however,
+she appealed in desperation to Susan for help, and Susan, canceling
+important lecture engagements, hurried to Washington. Here she found
+the newspapers full of Victoria C. Woodhull and her Memorial to
+Congress on woman suffrage, which had been presented by Senator Harris
+of Louisiana and Congressman Julian of Indiana. Capitalizing on the
+new approach to woman suffrage, Mrs. Woodhull based her arguments on
+the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, praying Congress to enact
+legislation to enable women to exercise the right to vote vested in
+them by these amendments. A hearing was scheduled before the House
+judiciary committee the very morning the convention opened.
+
+[Illustration: Victoria C. Woodhull]
+
+Convinced that she and her colleagues must attend that hearing, Susan
+consulted with her friends in Congress and overrode Mrs. Hooker's
+hesitancy about associating their organization with so questionable a
+woman as Victoria Woodhull. She engaged a constitutional lawyer,
+Albert G. Riddle,[262] to represent the 30,000 women who had
+petitioned Congress for the franchise. Then she and Mrs. Hooker
+attended the hearing and asked for prompt action on woman suffrage.
+This was the first Congressional hearing on federal enfranchisement.
+Previous hearings had considered trying the experiment only in the
+District of Columbia.
+
+Susan had never before seen Victoria Woodhull. Early in 1870, however,
+she had called at the brokerage office which Victoria and her sister,
+Tennessee Claflin, had opened in New York on Broad Street. The press
+had been full of amused comments regarding the lady bankers, and
+Susan had wanted to see for herself what kind of women they were. Here
+she met and talked with Tennessee Claflin, publishing their interview
+in _The Revolution_, and also an advertisement of Woodhull, Claflin &
+Co., Bankers and Brokers.[263]
+
+About six weeks later, these prosperous "lady brokers" had established
+their own paper, _Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly_, an "Organ of Social
+Regeneration and Constructive Reform," but Susan had barely noticed
+its existence, so burdened had she been by the impending loss of her
+own paper and by pressing lecture engagements. She was therefore
+unaware that this new weekly explored a field wider than finance,
+advocating as well woman suffrage and women's advancement,
+spiritualism, radical views on marriage, love, and sex, and the
+nomination of Victoria C. Woodhull for President of the United States.
+
+Now in a committee room of the House of Representatives, Susan
+listened carefully as the dynamic beautiful Victoria Woodhull read her
+Memorial and her arguments to support it, in a clear well-modulated
+voice. Simply dressed in a dark blue gown, with a jaunty Alpine hat
+perched on her curls, she gave the impression of innocent earnest
+youth, and she captivated not only the members of the judiciary
+committee, but the more critical suffragists as well. For the moment
+at least she seemed an appropriate colleague of the forthright
+crusader, Susan B. Anthony, and her fashionable friends, Isabella
+Beecher Hooker and Paulina Wright Davis. They invited Victoria and her
+sister, Tennessee Claflin, to their convention, and asked her to
+repeat her speech for them.
+
+At this convention Susan, encouraged by the favorable reception among
+politicians of the Woodhull Memorial, mapped out a new and militant
+campaign, based on her growing conviction that under the Fourteenth
+Amendment women's rights as citizens were guaranteed. She urged women
+to claim their rights as citizens and persons under the Fourteenth
+Amendment, to register and prepare to vote at the next election, and
+to bring suit in the courts if they were refused.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+So enthusiastic had been the reception of this new approach to woman
+suffrage, so favorable had been the news from those close to leading
+Republicans, that Susan was unprepared for the adverse report of the
+judiciary committee on the Woodhull Memorial. She now studied the
+favorable minority report issued by Benjamin Butler of Massachusetts
+and William Loughridge of Iowa. Their arguments seemed to her
+unanswerable; and hurriedly and impulsively in the midst of her
+western lecture tour, she dashed off a few lines to Victoria Woodhull,
+to whom she willingly gave credit for bringing out this report.
+"Glorious old Ben!" she wrote. "He surely is going to pronounce the
+word that will settle the woman question, just as he did the word
+'contraband' that so summarily settled the Negro question....
+Everybody here chimes in with the new conclusion that we are already
+free."[264]
+
+Far from New York where Victoria's activities were being aired by the
+press, Susan thought of her at this time only in connection with the
+Memorial and its impact on the judiciary committee. To be sure, she
+heard stories crediting Benjamin Butler with the authorship of the
+Woodhull Memorial, and rumors reached her of Victoria's unorthodox
+views on love and marriage and of her girlhood as a fortune teller,
+traveling about like a gypsy and living by her wits. Even so, Susan
+was ready to give Victoria the benefit of the doubt until she herself
+found her harmful to the cause, for long ago she had learned to
+discount attacks on the reputations of progressive women. In fact,
+Victoria Woodhull provided Susan and her associates with a spectacular
+opportunity to prove the sincerity of their contention that there
+should not be a double standard of morals--one for men and another for
+women.
+
+Returning to New York in May 1871, to a convention of the National
+Woman Suffrage Association, Susan found that Mrs. Hooker, Mrs.
+Stanton, and Mrs. Davis had invited Victoria Woodhull to address that
+convention and to sit on the platform between Lucretia Mott and Mrs.
+Stanton.
+
+Through them and others more critical, Susan was brought up to date on
+the sensational story of Victoria Woodhull, who had been drawing
+record crowds to her lectures and whose unconventional life
+continuously provided reporters with interesting copy. Victoria's home
+at 15 East Thirty-eighth Street, resplendent and ornate with gilded
+furniture and bric-a-brac, housed not only her husband, Colonel Blood,
+and herself but her divorced husband and their children as well, and
+also all of her quarrelsome relatives. Here many radicals, social
+reformers, and spiritualists gathered, among them Stephen Pearl
+Andrews, who soon made use of Victoria and her _Weekly_ to publicize
+his dream of a new world order, the Pantarchy, as he called it.
+Victoria, herself, was an ardent spiritualist, controlled by
+Demosthenes of the spirit world to whom she believed she owed her most
+brilliant utterances and by whom she was guided to announce herself as
+a presidential candidate in 1872. Needless to say, with such a
+background, Victoria Woodhull became a very controversial figure among
+the suffragists.
+
+In New York only a few days, it was hard for Susan to separate fact
+from fiction, truth from rumor and animosity. Even Demosthenes did not
+seem too ridiculous to her, for many of her most respected friends
+were spiritualists. Nor did Victoria's presidential aspirations
+trouble her greatly. Presidential candidates had been nothing to brag
+of, and willingly would she support the right woman for President. If
+Victoria lived up to the high standard of the Woodhull Memorial, then
+even she might be that woman. After all, it was an era of radical
+theories and Utopian dreams, of extravagances of every sort. Almost
+anything could happen.
+
+Whatever doubts the suffragists may have had when they saw Victoria
+Woodhull on the platform at the New York meeting of the National
+Association, she swept them all along with her when, as one inspired,
+she made her "Great Secession" speech. "If the very next Congress
+refuses women all the legitimate results of citizenship," she
+declared, "we shall proceed to call another convention expressly to
+frame a new constitution and to erect a new government.... We mean
+treason; we mean secession, and on a thousand times grander scale than
+was that of the South. We are plotting revolution; we will overthrow
+this bogus Republic and plant a government of righteousness in its
+stead...."[265]
+
+Susan, who felt deeply her right to full citizenship, who herself had
+talked revolution, and who had so often listened to the extravagant
+antislavery declarations of William Lloyd Garrison, Wendell Phillips,
+and Parker Pillsbury, was not offended by these statements. She was,
+however, troubled by the attitude of the press, particularly of the
+_Tribune_ which labeled this gathering the "Woodhull Convention" and
+accused the suffragists of adopting Mrs. Woodhull's free-love
+theories.
+
+Having experienced so recently the animosity stirred up by her
+alliance with George Francis Train, Susan resolved to be cautious
+regarding Victoria Woodhull and was beginning to wonder if Victoria
+was not using the suffragists to further her own ambitions. Yet many
+trusted friends, who had talked with Mrs. Woodhull far more than she
+had the opportunity to do, were convinced that she was a genius and a
+prophet who had risen above the sordid environment of her youth to do
+a great work for women and who had the courage to handle subjects
+which others feared to touch.
+
+Free love, for example, Susan well knew was an epithet hurled
+indiscriminately at anyone indiscreet enough to argue for less
+stringent divorce laws or for an intelligent frank appraisal of
+marriage and sex. Was it for this reason, Susan asked herself, that
+Mrs. Woodhull was called a "free-lover," or did she actually advocate
+promiscuity?
+
+With these questions puzzling her, she left for Rochester and the
+West. Almost immediately the papers were full of Victoria Woodhull and
+her family quarrels which brought her into court. This was a
+disillusioning experience for the National Woman Suffrage Association
+which had so recently featured Victoria Woodhull as a speaker, and
+Susan began seriously to question the wisdom of further association
+with this strange controversial character. Nevertheless, Victoria
+still had her ardent defenders among the suffragists, particularly
+Isabella Beecher Hooker and Paulina Wright Davis. Even the thoughtful
+judicious Martha C. Wright wrote Mrs. Hooker at this time, "It is not
+always 'the wise and prudent' to whom the truth is revealed; tho' far
+be it from me to imply aught derogatory to Mrs. Woodhull. No one can
+be with her, see her gentle and modest bearing and her spiritual face,
+without feeling sure that she is a true woman, whatever unhappy
+surroundings may have compromised her. I have never met a stranger
+toward whom I felt more tenderly drawn, in sympathy and love."[266]
+
+Elizabeth Cady Stanton spoke her mind in Theodore Tilton's new paper,
+_The Golden Age_: "Victoria C. Woodhull stands before us today a
+grand, brave woman, radical alike in political, religious and social
+principles. Her face and form indicate the complete triumph in her
+nature of the spiritual over the sensuous. The processes of her
+education are little to us; the grand result everything."[267]
+
+Victoria was in dire need of defenders, for the press was venomous,
+goading her on to revenge. Susan, now traveling westward, lecturing in
+one state after another, thinking of ways to interest the people in
+woman suffrage, was too busy and too far away to follow Victoria
+Woodhull's court battles.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Mrs. Stanton met Susan in Chicago late in May 1871, to join her on a
+lecture tour of the far West. Together they headed for Wyoming and
+Utah, eager to set foot in the states which had been the first to
+extend suffrage to women. The long leisurely days on the train gave
+these two old friends, Susan now fifty-one and Mrs. Stanton,
+fifty-six, ample time to talk and philosophize, to appraise their past
+efforts for women, and plan their speeches for the days ahead. While
+their main theme would always be votes for women, they decided that
+from now on they must also arouse women to rebel against their legal
+bondage under the "man marriage," as they called it, and to face
+frankly the facts about sex, prostitution, and the double standard of
+morals. In Utah, in the midst of polygamy fostered by the Mormon
+Church, they would encounter still another sex problem.
+
+After an enthusiastic welcome in Denver, they moved on to Laramie,
+Wyoming, where one hundred women greeted them as the train pulled in.
+From this first woman suffrage state, Susan exultingly wrote, "We have
+been moving over the soil, that is really the land of the free and the
+home of the brave.... Women here can say, 'What a magnificent country
+is ours, where every class and caste, color and sex, may find
+freedom....'"[268]
+
+They reached Salt Lake City just after the Godbe secession by which a
+group of liberal Mormons abandoned polygamy. As guests of the Godbes
+for a week, they had every opportunity to become acquainted with the
+Mormons, to observe women under polygamy, and to speak in long all-day
+sessions to women alone.
+
+Susan tried to show her audiences in Utah that her point of attack
+under both monogamy and polygamy was the subjection of women, and that
+to remedy this the self-support of women was essential. In Utah she
+found little opportunity for women to earn a living for themselves and
+their children, as there was no manufacturing and there were no free
+schools in need of teachers. "Women here, as everywhere," she
+declared, "must be able to live honestly and honorably without the aid
+of men, before it can be possible to save the masses of them from
+entering into polygamy or prostitution, legal or illegal."[269]
+
+[Illustration: Susan B. Anthony, 1871]
+
+Some of Susan's' critics at home felt she was again besmirching the
+suffrage cause by setting foot in polygamous Utah, but this was of no
+moment to her, for she saw the crying need of the right kind of
+missionary work among Mormon women, "no Phariseeism, no shudders of
+Puritanic horror, ... but a simple, loving fraternal clasp of hands
+with these struggling women" to encourage them and point the way.
+
+Hearing that Susan and Mrs. Stanton were in the West en route to
+California, Leland Stanford, Governor of California and president of
+the recently completed Central Pacific Railway, sent them passes for
+their journey. They reached San Francisco with high hopes that they
+could win the support of western men for their demand for woman
+suffrage under the Fourteenth Amendment. Their welcome was warm and
+the press friendly. An audience of over 1,200 listened with real
+interest to Mrs. Stanton. Then the two crusaders made a misstep. Eager
+to learn the woman's side of the case in the recent widely publicized
+murder of the wealthy attorney, Alexander P. Crittenden, by Laura
+Fair, they visited Laura Fair in prison. Immediately the newspapers
+reported this move in a most critical vein, with the result that an
+uneasy audience crowded into the hall where Susan was to speak on "The
+Power of the Ballot." As she proceeded to prove that women needed the
+ballot to protect themselves and their work and could not count on the
+support and protection of men, she cited case after case of men's
+betrayal of women. Then bringing home her point, she declared with
+vigor, "If all men had protected all women as they would have their
+own wives and daughters protected, you would have no Laura Fair in
+your jail tonight."[270]
+
+Boos and hisses from every part of the hall greeted this statement;
+but Susan, trained on the antislavery platform to hold her ground
+whatever the tumult, waited patiently until this protest subsided,
+standing before the defiant audience, poised and unafraid. Then, in a
+clear steady voice, she repeated her challenging words. This time,
+above the hisses, she heard a few cheers, and for the third time she
+repeated, "If all men had protected all women as they would have their
+own wives and daughters protected, you would have no Laura Fair in
+your jail tonight."
+
+Now the audience, admiring her courage, roared its applause. "I
+declare to you," she concluded, "that woman must not depend upon the
+protection of man, but must be taught to protect herself, and here I
+take my stand."
+
+Reading the newspapers the next morning, she found herself accused not
+only of defending Laura Fair, but of condoning the murder of
+Crittenden. This story was republished throughout the state and
+eagerly picked up by New York newspapers.
+
+As it was now impossible for her or for Mrs. Stanton to draw a
+friendly audience anywhere in California, they took refuge in the
+Yosemite Valley for the next few weeks. Susan was inconsolable. These
+slanders on top of the loss of _The Revolution_ and the split in the
+suffrage ranks seemed more than she could bear. "Never in all my hard
+experience have I been under such fire," she confided to her diary.
+"The clouds are so heavy over me.... I never before was so cut
+down."[271]
+
+Not until she had spent several days riding horseback in the Yosemite
+Valley on "men's saddles" in "linen bloomers," over long perilous
+exhausting trails, did the clouds begin to lift. Gradually the beauty
+and grandeur of the mountains and the giant redwoods brought her peace
+and refreshment, putting to flight "all the old six-days story and the
+6,000 jeers."
+
+Bearing the brunt of the censure in California, Susan expected Mrs.
+Stanton to come to her defense in letters to the newspapers. When she
+did not do so, Susan was deeply hurt, for in the past she had so many
+times smoothed the way for her friend. Even now, on their return to
+San Francisco, where she herself did not yet dare lecture, she did her
+best to build up audiences for Mrs. Stanton and to get correct
+transcripts of her lectures to the papers. Disillusioned and
+heartsick, she was for the first time sadly disappointed in her
+dearest friend.
+
+Moving on to Oregon to lecture at the request of the pioneer
+suffragist, Abigail Scott Duniway, she wrote Mrs. Stanton, who had
+left for the East, "As I rolled on the ocean last week feeling that
+the very next strain might swamp the ship, and thinking over all my
+sins of omission and commission, there was nothing undone which
+haunted me like the failure to speak the word at San Francisco again
+and more fully. I would rather today have the satisfaction of having
+said the true and needful thing on Laura Fair and the social evil,
+with the hisses and hoots of San Francisco and the entire nation
+around me, than all that you or I could possibly experience from their
+united eulogies with that one word unsaid."[272]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+So far Susan's western trip had netted her only $350. This was
+disappointing in so far as she had counted upon it to reduce
+substantially her _Revolution_ debt. She now hoped to build her
+earnings up to $1,000 in Oregon and Washington. Everywhere in these
+two states people took her to their hearts and the press with a few
+exceptions was complimentary. The beauty of the rugged mountainous
+country compensated her somewhat for the long tiring stage rides over
+rough roads and for the cold uncomfortable lonely nights in poor
+hotels. Only occasionally did she enjoy the luxury of a good cup of
+coffee or a clean bed in a warm friendly home.
+
+At first in Oregon she was apprehensive about facing an audience
+because of her San Francisco experience, and she wrote Mrs. Stanton,
+"But to the rack I must go, though another San Francisco torture be in
+store for me."[273] She spoke on "The Power of the Ballot," on women's
+right to vote under the Fourteenth Amendment, on the need of women to
+be self-supporting, and clearly and logically she marshaled her facts
+and her arguments. Occasionally she obliged with a temperance speech,
+or gathered women together to talk to them about the social evil,
+relieved when they responded to this delicate subject with earnestness
+and gratitude. Practice soon made her an easy, extemporaneous speaker.
+Yet she was only now and then satisfied with her efforts, recording in
+her diary, "Was happy in a real Patrick Henry speech."[274]
+
+The proceeds from her lectures were disappointing, as money was scarce
+in the West that winter, and she had just decided to return to the
+East to spend Christmas with her mother and sisters when she was urged
+to accept lecture engagements in California. Putting her own personal
+longings behind her, she took the stage to California, sitting outside
+with the driver so that she could better enjoy the scenery and learn
+more about the people who had settled this new lonely overpowering
+country. "Horrible indeed are the roads," she wrote her mother, "miles
+and miles of corduroy and then twenty miles ... of black mud.... How
+my thought does turn homeward, mother."[275]
+
+This time she was warmly received in San Francisco. The prejudice, so
+vocal six months before, had disappeared. "Made my Fourteenth
+Amendment argument splendidly," she wrote in her diary. "All delighted
+with it and me--and it is such a comfort to have the friends feel that
+I help the good work on."[276]
+
+She was gaining confidence in herself and wrote her family, "I miss
+Mrs. Stanton. Still I can not but enjoy the feeling that the people
+call on me, and the fact that I have an opportunity to sharpen my wits
+a little by answering questions and doing the chatting, instead of
+merely sitting a lay figure and listening to the brilliant
+scintillations as they emanate from her never-exhausted magazine.
+There is no alternative--whoever goes into a parlor or before an
+audience with that woman does it at a cost of a fearful overshadowing,
+a price which I have paid for the last ten years, and that cheerfully,
+because I felt our cause was most profited by her being seen and
+heard, and my best work was making the way clear for her."[277]
+
+Starting homeward through Wyoming and Nevada where she also had
+lecture engagements, she wrote in her diary on January 1, 1872, "6
+months of constant travel, full 8000 miles, 108 lectures. The year's
+work full 13,000 miles travel--170 meetings." On the train she met the
+new California Senator, Aaron A. Sargent, his wife Ellen, and their
+children. A warm friendship developed on this long journey during
+which the train was stalled in deep snow drifts. "This is indeed a
+fearful ordeal, fastened here ... midway of the continent at the top
+of the Rocky mountains," she recorded. "The railroad has supplied the
+passengers with soda crackers and dried fish.... Mrs. Sargent and I
+have made tea and carried it throughout the train to the nursing
+mothers."[278] The Sargents had brought their own food for the journey
+and shared it with Susan. This and the good conversation lightened the
+ordeal for her, especially as both Senator and Mrs. Sargent believed
+heartily in woman's rights, and Senator Sargent in his campaign for
+the Senate had boldly announced his endorsement of woman suffrage.
+
+This friendly attitude among western men toward votes for women was
+the most encouraging development in Susan's long uphill fight. These
+men, looking upon women as partners who had shared with them the
+dangers and hardships of the frontier, recognized at once the justice
+of woman suffrage and its benefit to the country.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Susan traveled directly from Nevada to Washington instead of breaking
+her journey by a visit with her brothers in Kansas, as she had hoped
+to do. She even omitted Rochester so that she might be in time for the
+national woman suffrage convention in Washington in January 1872, for
+which Mrs. Hooker, Mrs. Davis, and Mrs. Stanton were preparing. She
+found Victoria Woodhull with them, her presence provoking criticism
+and dissension.
+
+Impulsively she came to Victoria's defense at the convention: "I have
+been asked by many, 'Why did you drag Victoria Woodhull to the front?'
+Now, bless your souls, she was not dragged to the front. She came to
+Washington with a powerful argument. She presented her Memorial to
+Congress and it was a power.... She had an interview with the
+judiciary committee. We could never secure that privilege. She was
+young, handsome, and rich. Now if it takes youth, beauty, and money to
+capture Congress, Victoria is the woman we are after."[279]
+
+"I was asked by an editor of a New York paper if I knew Mrs.
+Woodhull's antecedents," she continued. "I said I didn't and that I
+did not care any more for them than I do about those of the members of
+Congress.... I have been asked along the Pacific coast, 'What about
+Woodhull? You make her your leader?' Now we don't make leaders; they
+make themselves."
+
+Victoria, however, did not prove to be the leading light of this
+convention, although she made one of her stirring fiery speeches
+calling upon her audience to form an Equal Rights party and nominate
+her for President of the United States. By this time, Susan had
+concluded that Victoria Woodhull for President did not ring true and
+she would have nothing to do with her self-inspired candidacy. Quickly
+she steered the convention away from Victoria Woodhull for President
+toward the consideration of the more practical matter of woman's right
+to vote under the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments.
+
+This time it was Susan, not Victoria, who was granted a hearing before
+the Senate judiciary committee. "At the close of the war," Susan
+reminded the Senators, "Congress lifted the question of suffrage for
+men above State power, and by the amendments prohibited the
+deprivation of suffrage to any citizen by any State. When the
+Fourteenth Amendment was first proposed ... we rushed to you with
+petitions praying you not to insert the word 'male' in the second
+clause. Our best friends ... said to us: 'The insertion of that word
+puts no new barrier against women; therefore do not embarrass us but
+wait until we get the Negro question settled.' So the Fourteenth
+Amendment with the word 'male' was adopted.[280]
+
+"When the Fifteenth was presented without the word 'sex,'" she
+continued, "we again petitioned and protested, and again our friends
+declared that the absence of the word was no hindrance to us, and
+again begged us to wait until they had finished the work of the war,
+saying, 'After we have enfranchised the Negro, we will take up your
+case.'
+
+"Have they done as they promised?" she asked. "When we come asking
+protection under the new guarantees of the Constitution, the same men
+say to us ... to wait the action of Congress and State legislatures in
+the adoption of a Sixteenth Amendment which shall make null and void
+the word 'male' in the Fourteenth and supply the want of the word
+'sex' in the Fifteenth. Such tantalizing treatment imposed upon
+yourselves or any class of men would have caused rebellion and in the
+end a bloody revolution...."
+
+Unconvinced of the urgency or even the desirability of votes for
+women, the Senate judiciary committee promptly issued an adverse
+report, but Susan was assured that her cause had a few persistent
+supporters in Congress when Benjamin Butler presented petitions to the
+House for a declaratory act for the Fourteenth Amendment and
+Congressman Parker of Missouri introduced a bill granting women the
+right to vote and hold office in the territories.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Susan now turned to the more sympathetic West to take her plea for
+woman suffrage directly to the people. Speaking almost daily in
+Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, and Illinois, she had little time to think of
+the work in the East; the glamor of Victoria Woodhull faded, and she
+realized that her own hard monotonous spade work would in the long run
+do more for the cause than the meteoric rise of a vivid personality
+who gave only part of herself to the task.
+
+When letters came from Mrs. Stanton and Mrs. Hooker showing plainly
+that they were falling in with Victoria's plans to form a new
+political party, Susan at once dashed off these lines of warning: "We
+have no element out of which to make a political party, because there
+is not a man who would vote a woman suffrage ticket if thereby he
+endangered his Republican, Democratic, Workingmen's, or Temperance
+party, and all our time and words in that direction are simply thrown
+away. My name must not be used to call any such meeting."[281]
+
+Then she added, "Mrs. Woodhull has the advantage of us because she has
+the newspaper, and she persistently means to run our craft into her
+port and none other. If she were influenced by women spirits ... I
+might consent to be a mere sail-hoister for her; but as it is she is
+wholly owned and dominated by _men_ spirits and I spurn the whole lot
+of them...."
+
+A few weeks later, as she looked over the latest copy of _Woodhull &
+Claflin's Weekly_, she was horrified to find her name signed to a call
+to a political convention sponsored by the National Woman Suffrage
+Association. Immediately she telegraphed Mrs. Stanton to remove her
+name and wrote stern indignant letters begging her and Mrs. Hooker not
+to involve the National Association in Victoria Woodhull's
+presidential campaign. Although she herself had often called for a new
+political party while she was publishing _The Revolution_, she was
+practical enough to recognize that a party formed under Victoria
+Woodhull's banner was doomed to failure.
+
+Returning to New York, she found both Mrs. Stanton and Mrs. Hooker
+still completely absorbed in Victoria's plans. Bringing herself up to
+date once more on the latest developments in the colorful life of
+Victoria Woodhull, she found that she had been lecturing on "The
+Impending Revolution" to large enthusiastic audiences and that she had
+again been called into court by her family. Goaded to defiance by an
+increasingly virulent press, Victoria had also begun to blackmail
+suffragists who she thought were her enemies, among them Mrs. Bullard,
+Mrs. Blake, and Mrs. Phelps. This made Susan take steps at once to
+free the National Association of her influence.
+
+When Victoria Woodhull, followed by a crowd of supporters, sailed into
+the first business session of the National Woman Suffrage Association
+in New York, announcing that the People's convention would hold a
+joint meeting with the suffragists, Susan made it plain that they
+would do nothing of the kind, as Steinway Hall had been engaged for a
+woman suffrage convention. With relief, she watched Victoria and her
+flock leave for a meeting place of their own. Disgruntled at what she
+called Susan's intolerance, Mrs. Stanton then asked to be relieved of
+the presidency. Elected to take her place, Susan was now free to cope
+with Victoria, should this again become necessary.
+
+Not to be outmaneuvered by Susan, Victoria made a surprise appearance
+near the end of the evening session and moved that the convention
+adjourn to meet the next morning in Apollo Hall with the people's
+convention. Quickly one of her colleagues seconded the motion. Susan
+refused to put this motion, standing quietly before the excited
+audience, stern and somber in her steel-gray silk dress. Beside her on
+the platform, Victoria, intense and vivid, put the motion herself, and
+it was overwhelmingly carried by her friends scattered among the
+suffragists. Declaring this out of order because neither Victoria nor
+many of those voting were members of the National Association, Susan
+in her most commanding voice adjourned the convention to meet in the
+same place the next morning. Victoria, however, continued her demands
+until Susan ordered the janitor to turn out the lights. Then the
+audience dispersed in the darkness.
+
+With these drastic measures, Susan rescued the National Woman Suffrage
+Association from Victoria Woodhull, who had her own triumph later at
+Apollo Hall, where, surrounded by wildly cheering admirers, she was
+nominated for President of the United States by the newly formed Equal
+Rights party.
+
+Reading about Victoria's nomination in the morning papers, Susan
+breathed a prayer of gratitude for a narrow escape, recording in her
+diary, "There never was such a foolish muddle--all come of Mrs. S.
+[Stanton] consulting and conceding to Woodhull & calling a People's
+Con[vention].... All came near being lost.... I never was so hurt with
+the folly of Stanton.... Our movement as such is so demoralized by
+letting go the helm of ship to Woodhull--though we rescued it--it was
+as by a hair breadth escape." She was surprised to find no
+condemnation of her actions in _Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly_ but only
+the implication that the suffragists were too slow for Victoria's
+great work.[282]
+
+The attitude of some of the leading suffragists toward Victoria
+Woodhull remained a problem. Fortunately Mrs. Stanton came back into
+line, but both Mrs. Hooker and Mrs. Davis seemed bound to drift under
+Victoria's influence, and the promising young lawyer, Belva Lockwood,
+campaigned for the Equal Rights party and its candidate Victoria
+Woodhull.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+While Victoria Woodhull's fortunes were speedily dropping from the
+sublime heights of a presidential nomination to the humiliation of
+financial ruin, the loss of her home, and the suspended publication
+of her _Weekly_, Susan was knocking at the doors of the Republican and
+Democratic national conventions. She had previously appealed to the
+liberal Republicans, among whose delegates were her old friends George
+W. Julian, B. Gratz Brown, and Theodore Tilton, but they had ignored
+woman suffrage and had nominated for President, Horace Greeley, now a
+persistent opponent of votes for women. The Democrats did no better.
+Faced with Grant as the strong Republican nominee, they too nominated
+Horace Greeley with B. Gratz Brown as his running mate, hoping by this
+coalition to achieve victory. The Republicans, still unwilling to go
+the whole way for woman suffrage by giving it the recognition of a
+plank in their platform, did, however, offer women a splinter at which
+Susan grasped eagerly because it was the first time an important,
+powerful political party had ever mentioned women in their platform.
+
+"The Republican party," read the splinter, "is mindful of its
+obligations to the loyal women of America for their noble devotion to
+the cause of freedom; their admission to wider fields of usefulness is
+received with satisfaction; and the honest demands of any class of
+citizens for equal rights should be treated with respectful
+consideration."[283]
+
+Thankful to have escaped involvement with Victoria Woodhull and her
+Equal Rights party just at this time when the Republicans were ready
+to smile upon women, Susan basked in an aura of respectability thrown
+around her by her new political allies. She was even hopeful that the
+two woman-suffrage factions could now forget their differences and
+work together for "the living, vital issue of today--freedom to
+women."
+
+She at once began speaking for the Republican party, looking forward
+to carrying the discussion of woman suffrage into every school
+district and every ward meeting. In the beginning the Republicans were
+generous with funds, giving her $1,000 for women's meetings in New
+York, Philadelphia, Rochester, and other large cities. For speakers
+she sought both Lucy Stone and Anna E. Dickinson, but Lucy made it
+plain in letters to Mrs. Stanton that she would take no part in
+Republican rallies conducted by Susan, and Anna responded with a
+torrent of false accusations.[284] Only Mary Livermore of the American
+Association consented to speak at Susan's Republican rallies; but with
+Mrs. Stanton, Mrs. Gage, and Olympia Brown to call upon, Susan did
+not lack for effective orators.
+
+In an _Appeal to the Women of America_, financed by the Republicans
+and widely circulated, she urged the election of Grant and Wilson and
+the defeat of Horace Greeley, whom she described as women's most
+bitter opponent. "Both by tongue and pen," she declared, "he has
+heaped abuse, ridicule, and misrepresentation upon our leading women,
+while the whole power of the _Tribune_ had been used to crush our
+great reform...."[285]
+
+Beyond this she was unwilling to go in criticizing her one-time
+friend. In fact her sense of fairness recoiled at the ridicule and
+defamation heaped upon Horace Greeley in the campaign. "I shall not
+join with the Republicans," she wrote Mrs. Stanton, "in hounding
+Greeley and the Liberals with all the old war anathemas of the
+Democracy.... My sense of justice and truth is outraged by the
+Harper's cartoons of Greeley and the general falsifying tone of the
+Republican press. It is not fair for us to join in the cry that
+everybody who is opposed to the present administration is either a
+Democrat or an apostate."[286]
+
+Susan sensed a change in the Republicans' attitude toward women, as
+they grew increasingly confident of victory. Not only did they refuse
+further financial aid, but criticized Susan roundly because in her
+speeches she emphasized woman suffrage rather than the virtues of the
+Republican party. She ignored their complaints, and wrote Mrs.
+Stanton, "If you are willing to go forth ... saying that you endorse
+the party on any other point ... than that of its recognition of
+woman's claim to vote, _I_ am not...."[287]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[262] A former Congressman from Ohio, a personal friend of Senator
+Benjamin Wade who was a loyal friend of woman suffrage.
+
+[263] _The Revolution_, V, March 19, 1870, pp. 154-155, 159.
+
+[264] Clipping from _Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly_, Susan B. Anthony
+Scrapbook, Library of Congress.
+
+[265] Emanie, Sachs, _The Terrible Siren_ (New York, 1928), p. 87.
+After hearing Victoria Woodhull speak at a woman suffrage meeting in
+Philadelphia, Lucretia Mott wrote her daughters, March 21, 1871, "I
+wish you could have heard Mrs. Woodhull ... so earnest yet modest and
+dignified, and so full of faith that she is divinely inspired for her
+work. The 30 or 40 persons present were much impressed with her work
+and beautiful utterances." Garrison Papers, Sophia Smith Collection,
+Smith College.
+
+[266] May 20, 1871, Ida Husted Harper Collection, Henry E. Huntington
+Library.
+
+[267] _The Golden Age_, Dec., 1871.
+
+[268] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 388.
+
+[269] _Ibid._, pp. 389-390.
+
+[270] _Ibid._, pp. 391-394. Laura Fair, who reportedly had been the
+mistress of Alexander P. Crittenden for six years, was acquitted of
+his murder on the grounds that his death was not due to her pistol
+shot but to a disease from which he was suffering. Julia Cooley
+Altrocchi, _The Spectacular San Franciscans_ (New York, 1949).
+
+[271] Ms., Diary, July 13-23, 1871.
+
+[272] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 396.
+
+[273] _Ibid._
+
+[274] Ms., Diary, Oct. 13, 1871.
+
+[275] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 403.
+
+[276] Ms., Diary, Dec. 15, 1871.
+
+[277] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 396.
+
+[278] Ms., Diary, Jan. 2, 1872.
+
+[279] _Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly_, Jan. 23, 1873.
+
+[280] Harper, _Anthony_, I, pp. 410-411.
+
+[281] _Ibid._, p. 413.
+
+[282] Ms., Diary, May 8, 10, 12, 1872.
+
+[283] Harper, _Anthony_, I, pp. 416-417.
+
+[284] Ms., Diary, Sept. 21, 1872. Lucy Stone wrote in the _Woman's
+Journal_, July 27, 1872, "We are glad that the wing of the movement to
+which these ladies belong have decided to cast in their lot with the
+Republican party. If they had done so sooner, it would have been
+better for all concerned...."
+
+[285] _History of Woman Suffrage_, II, p. 519. The Republicans
+financed a paper, _Woman's Campaign_, edited by Helen Barnard, which
+published some of Susan's speeches and which Susan for a time hoped to
+convert into a woman suffrage paper.
+
+[286] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 422.
+
+[287] _Ibid._
+
+
+
+
+TESTING THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT
+
+
+Susan preached militancy to women throughout the presidential campaign
+of 1872, urging them to claim their rights under the Fourteenth and
+Fifteenth Amendments by registering and voting in every state in the
+Union.
+
+Even before Francis Minor had called her attention to the
+possibilities offered by these amendments, she had followed with great
+interest a similar effort by Englishwomen who, in 1867 and 1868, had
+attempted to prove that the "ancient legal rights of females" were
+still valid and entitled women property holders to vote for
+representatives in Parliament, and who claimed that the word "man" in
+Parliamentary statutes should be interpreted to include women. In the
+case of the 5,346 householders of Manchester, the court held that
+"every woman is personally incapable" in a legal sense.[288] This
+legal contest had been fully reported in _The Revolution_, and
+disappointing as the verdict was, Susan looked upon this attempt to
+establish justice as an indication of a great awakening and uprising
+among women.
+
+There had also been heartening signs in her own country, which she
+hoped were the preparation for more successful militancy to come. She
+had exulted in _The Revolution_ in 1868 over the attempt of women to
+vote in Vineland, New Jersey. Encouraged by the enfranchisement of
+women in Wyoming in 1869, Mary Olney Brown and Charlotte Olney French
+had cast their votes in Washington Territory. A young widow, Marilla
+Ricker, had registered and voted in New Hampshire in 1870, claiming
+this right as a property holder, but her vote was refused. In 1871,
+Nannette B. Gardner and Catherine Stebbins in Detroit, Catherine V.
+White in Illinois, Ellen R. Van Valkenburg in Santa Cruz, California,
+and Carrie S. Burnham in Philadelphia registered and attempted to
+vote. Only Mrs. Gardner's vote was accepted. That same year, Sarah
+Andrews Spencer, Sarah E. Webster, and seventy other women marched to
+the polls to register and vote in the District of Columbia. Their
+ballots refused, they brought suit against the Board of Election
+Inspectors, carrying the case unsuccessfully to the Supreme Court of
+the United States.[289] Another test case based on the Fourteenth
+Amendment had also been carried to the Supreme Court by Myra Bradwell,
+one of the first women lawyers, who had been denied admission to the
+Illinois bar because she was a woman.
+
+With the spotlight turned on the Fourteenth Amendment by these women,
+lawyers here and there throughout the country were discussing the
+legal points involved, many admitting that women had a good case. Even
+the press was friendly.
+
+Susan had looked forward to claiming her rights under the Fourteenth
+and Fifteenth Amendments and was ready to act. She had spent the
+thirty days required of voters in Rochester with her family and as she
+glanced through the morning paper of November 1, 1872, she read these
+challenging words, "Now Register!... If you were not permitted to vote
+you would fight for the right, undergo all privations for it, face
+death for it...."[290]
+
+This was all the reminder she needed. She would fight for this right.
+She put on her bonnet and coat, telling her three sisters what she
+intended to do, asked them to join her, and with them walked briskly
+to the barber shop where the voters of her ward were registering.
+Boldly entering this stronghold of men, she asked to be registered.
+The inspector in charge, Beverly W. Jones, tried to convince her that
+this was impossible under the laws of New York. She told him she
+claimed her right to vote not under the New York constitution but
+under the Fourteenth Amendment, and she read him its pertinent lines.
+Other election inspectors now joined in the argument, but she
+persisted until two of them, Beverly W. Jones and Edwin F. Marsh, both
+Republicans, finally consented to register the four women.
+
+This mission accomplished, Susan rounded up twelve more women willing
+to register. The evening papers spread the sensational news, and by
+the end of the registration period, fifty Rochester women had joined
+the ranks of the militants.
+
+On election day, November 5, 1872, Susan gleefully wrote Elizabeth
+Stanton, "Well, I have gone and done it!!--positively voted the
+Republican ticket--Strait--this A.M. at 7 o'clock--& swore my vote in
+at that.... All my three sisters voted--Rhoda deGarmo too--Amy Post
+was rejected & she will immediately bring action against the
+registrars.... Not a jeer not a word--not a look--disrespectful has
+met a single woman.... I hope the mornings telegrams will tell of many
+women all over the country trying to vote.... I hope you voted
+too."[291]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Election day did not bring the general uprising of women for which
+Susan had hoped. In Michigan, Missouri, Ohio, and Connecticut, as in
+Rochester, a few women tried to vote. In New York City, Lillie
+Devereux Blake and in Fayetteville, New York, Matilda Joslyn Gage had
+courageously gone to the polls only to be turned away. Elizabeth
+Stanton did not vote on November 5, 1872, and her lack of enthusiasm
+about a test case in the courts was very disappointing to Susan.
+
+However, the fact that Susan B. Anthony had voted won immediate
+response from the press in all parts of the country. Newspapers in
+general were friendly, the New York _Times_ boldly declaring, "The act
+of Susan B. Anthony should have a place in history," and the Chicago
+_Tribune_ venturing to suggest that she ought to hold public office.
+The cartoonists, however, reveling in a new and tempting subject,
+caricatured her unmercifully, the New York Graphic setting the tone.
+Some Democratic papers condemned her, following the line of the
+Rochester _Union and Advertiser_ which flaunted the headline, "Female
+Lawlessness," and declared that Miss Anthony's lawlessness had proved
+women unfit for the ballot.
+
+Before she voted, Susan had taken the precaution of consulting Judge
+Henry R. Selden, a former judge of the Court of Appeals. After
+listening with interest to her story and examining the arguments of
+Benjamin Butler, Francis Minor, and Albert G. Riddle in support of the
+claim that women had a right to vote under the Fourteenth and
+Fifteenth Amendments, he was convinced that women had a good case and
+consented to advise her and defend her if necessary. Judge Selden, now
+retired from the bench because of ill health, was practicing law in
+Rochester where he was highly respected. A Republican, he had served
+as lieutenant governor, member of the Assembly, and state senator.
+Susan had known him as one of the city's active abolitionists, a
+friend of Frederick Douglass who had warned him to flee the country
+after the raid on Harper's Ferry and the capture of John Brown. Such
+a man she felt she could trust.
+
+All was quiet for about two weeks after the election and it looked as
+if the episode might be forgotten in the jubilation over Grant's
+election. Then, on November 18, the United States deputy marshal rang
+the doorbell at 7 Madison Street and asked for Miss Susan B. Anthony.
+When she greeted him, he announced with embarrassment that he had come
+to arrest her.
+
+"Is this your usual manner of serving a warrant?" she asked in
+surprise.[292]
+
+He then handed her papers, charging that she had voted in violation of
+Section 19 of an Act of Congress, which stipulated that anyone voting
+knowingly without having the lawful right to vote was guilty of a
+crime, and on conviction would be punished by a fine not exceeding
+$500, or by imprisonment not exceeding three years.
+
+This was a serious development. It had never occurred to Susan that
+this law, passed in 1870 to halt the voting of southern rebels, could
+actually be applicable to her. In fact, she had expected to bring suit
+against election inspectors for refusing to accept the ballots of
+women. Now charged with crime and arrested, she suddenly began to
+sense the import of what was happening to her.
+
+When the marshal suggested that she report alone to the United States
+Commissioner, she emphatically refused to go of her own free will and
+they left the house together, she extending her wrists for the
+handcuffs and he ignoring her gesture. As they got on the streetcar
+and the conductor asked for her fare, she further embarrassed the
+marshal by loudly announcing, "I'm traveling at the expense of the
+government. This gentleman is escorting me to jail. Ask him for my
+fare." When they arrived at the commissioner's office, he was not
+there, but a hearing was set for November 29.
+
+On that day, in the office where a few years before fugitive slaves
+had been returned to their masters, Susan was questioned and
+cross-examined, and she felt akin to those slaves. Proudly she
+admitted that she had voted, that she had conferred with Judge Selden,
+that with or without his advice she would have attempted to vote to
+test women's right to the franchise.[293]
+
+"Did you have any doubt yourself of your right to vote?" asked the
+commissioner.
+
+"Not a particle," she replied.
+
+On December 23, 1872, in Rochester's common council chamber, before a
+large curious audience, Susan, the other women voters, and the
+election inspectors were arraigned. People expecting to see bold
+notoriety-seeking women were surprised by their seriousness and
+dignity. "The majority of these law-breakers," reported the press,
+"were elderly, matronly-looking women with thoughtful faces, just the
+sort one would like to see in charge of one's sick-room, considerate,
+patient, kindly."[294]
+
+The United States Commissioner fixed their bail at $500 each. All
+furnished bail but Susan, who through her counsel, Henry R. Selden,
+applied for a writ of habeas corpus, demanding immediate release and
+challenging the lawfulness of her arrest. When a writ of habeas corpus
+was denied and her bail increased to $1,000 by United States District
+Judge Nathan K. Hall, sitting in Albany, Susan was more than ever
+determined to resist the interference of the courts in her
+constitutional right as a citizen to vote. She refused to give bail,
+emphatically stating that she preferred prison.
+
+Seeing no heroism but only disgrace in a jail term for his client and
+unwilling to let her bring this ignominy upon herself. Henry Selden
+chivalrously assured her that this was a time when she must be guided
+by her lawyer's advice, and he paid her bail. Ignorant of the
+technicalities of the law, she did not realize the far-reaching
+implications of this well-intentioned act until they left the
+courtroom and in the hallway met tall vigorous John Van Voorhis of
+Rochester who was working on the case with Judge Selden. With the
+impatience of a younger man, eager to fight to the finish, he
+exclaimed, "You have lost your chance to get your case before the
+Supreme Court by writ of habeas corpus!"[295]
+
+Aghast, Susan rushed back to the courtroom, hoping to cancel the bond,
+but it was too late. Bitterly disappointed, she remonstrated with
+Henry Selden, but he quietly replied, "I could not see a lady I
+respected in jail." She never forgave him for this, in spite of her
+continued appreciation of his keen legal mind, his unfailing kindness,
+and his willingness to battle for women.
+
+Within a few days she appeared before the Federal Grand Jury in
+Albany and was indicted on the charge that she "did knowingly,
+wrongfully and unlawfully vote for a Representative in the Congress of
+the United States...."[296] Her trial was set for the term of the
+United States District Court, beginning May 13, 1873, in Rochester,
+New York.
+
+[Illustration: Judge Henry R. Selden]
+
+During these difficult days in Albany, Susan found comfort and
+courage, as in the past, in the friendliness of Lydia Mott's home.
+Here she planned the steps by which to win public approval and
+financial aid for her test case. She addressed the commission which
+was revising New York's constitution on woman's right to vote under
+the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, pointing out that the law
+limiting suffrage to males was nullified by this new interpretation.
+Eager to spread the truth about her own legal contest, she distributed
+printed copies of Judge Selden's argument. Then traveling to New York
+and Washington, she personally presented copies to newspaper editors
+and Congressmen. To one of these men she wrote, "It is not for
+myself--but for all womanhood--yes and all manhood too--that I most
+rejoice in the appeal to the legal mind of the Nation. It is no
+longer whether women wish to vote, or men are willing, but it is
+woman's Constitutional right."[297]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In spite of the fact that Susan was technically in the custody of the
+United States Marshal, who objected to her leaving Rochester, she
+managed to carry out a full schedule of lectures in Ohio, Indiana, and
+Illinois, and also the usual annual Washington and New York woman
+suffrage conventions at which she told the story of her voting, her
+arrest, and her pending trial, and where she received enthusiastic
+support.
+
+Because she wanted the people to understand the legal points on which
+she based her right to vote, Susan spoke on "The Equal Right of All
+Citizens to the Ballot" in every district in Monroe County. So
+thorough and convincing was she that the district attorney asked for a
+change of venue, fearing that any Monroe County jury, sitting in
+Rochester, would be prejudiced in her favor. When her case was
+transferred to the United States Circuit Court in Canandaigua, to be
+heard a month later, she immediately descended upon Ontario County
+with her speech, "Is It a Crime for a Citizen of the United States to
+Vote?" and Matilda Joslyn Gage joined her, speaking on "The United
+States on Trial, Not Susan B. Anthony."
+
+On the lecture platform Susan wore a gray silk dress with a soft,
+white lace collar. Her hair, now graying, was smoothed back and
+twisted neatly into a tight knot. Everything about her indicated
+refinement and sincerity, and most of her audiences felt this.
+
+"Our democratic-republican government is based on the idea of the
+natural right of every individual member thereof to a voice and vote
+in making and executing the laws," she declared as she looked into the
+faces of the men and women who had gathered to hear her, farmers,
+storekeepers, lawyers, and housewives, rich and poor, a cross section
+of America.
+
+Repeating to them salient passages from the Declaration of
+Independence and the Preamble to the Constitution, she added, "It was
+we, the people, not we, the white male citizens, nor yet we, the male
+citizens: but we the whole people, who formed this Union. And we
+formed it, not to give the blessings of liberty, but to secure them;
+not to the half of ourselves and the half of our posterity, but to the
+whole people--women as well as men."[298]
+
+She asked, "Is the right to vote one of the privileges or immunities
+of citizens? I think the disfranchised ex-rebels, and the ex-state
+prisoners will agree with me that it is not only one of them, but the
+one without which all the others are nothing."[299]
+
+Quoting for them the Fifteenth Amendment, she told them it had settled
+forever the question of the citizen's right to vote. The Fifteenth
+Amendment, she reasoned, applies to women, first because women are
+citizens and secondly because of their "previous condition of
+servitude." Defining a slave as a person robbed of the proceeds of his
+labor and subject to the will of another, she showed how state laws
+relating to married women had placed them in the position of slaves.
+
+As she analyzed the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments
+and cited authorities for her conclusions, she left little doubt in
+the minds of those who heard her that women were persons and citizens
+whose privileges and immunities could not be abridged.
+
+On this note she concluded: "We ask the juries to fail to return
+verdicts of 'guilty' against honest, law-abiding, tax-paying United
+States citizens for offering their votes at our elections ... We ask
+the judges to render true and unprejudiced opinions of the law, and
+wherever there is room for doubt to give its benefit on the side of
+liberty and equal rights to women, remembering that 'the true rule of
+interpretation under our national constitution, especially since its
+amendments, is that anything for human rights is constitutional,
+everything against human rights unconstitutional.' And it is on this
+line that we propose to fight our battle for the ballot--all
+peaceably, but nevertheless persistently through to complete triumph,
+when all United States citizens shall be recognized as equals before
+the law."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Speaking twenty-one nights in succession was arduous. "So few see or
+feel any special importance in the impending trial," she jotted down
+in her diary. In towns, such as Geneva, where she had old friends,
+like Elizabeth Smith Miller, she was assured of a friendly welcome and
+a good audience.[300]
+
+[Illustration: "The Woman Who Dared"]
+
+As the collections, taken up after her lectures, were too small to pay
+her expenses, her financial problems weighed heavily. The notes she
+had signed for _The Revolution_ were in the main still unpaid, and
+one of her creditors was growing impatient. She had recently paid her
+counsel, Judge Selden, $200 and John Van Voorhis, $75, leaving only
+$3.45 in her defense fund, but as usual a few of her loyal friends
+came to her aid, and both Judge Selden and John Van Voorhis, deeply
+interested in her courageous fight, gave most of their time without
+charge.[301]
+
+If this campaign was a problem financially, it was a success in the
+matter of nation-wide publicity. The New York _Herald_ exulted in
+hostile gibes at women suffrage and published fictitious interviews,
+ridiculing Susan as a homely aggressive old maid, but the New York
+_Evening Post_ prophesied that the court decision would likely be in
+her favor. The Rochester _Express_ championed her warmly: "All
+Rochester will assert--at least all of it worth heeding--that Miss
+Anthony holds here the position of a refined and estimable woman,
+thoroughly respected and beloved by the large circle of staunch
+friends who swear by her common sense and loyalty, if not by her
+peculiar views." In fact the consensus of opinion in Rochester was
+much like that of the woman who remarked, "No, I am not converted to
+what these women advocate. I am too cowardly for that; but I am
+converted to Susan B. Anthony."[302]
+
+This, however, was far from the attitude of Lucy Stone's _Woman's
+Journal_, which had ignored Susan's voting in November 1872 because it
+was out of sympathy with this militant move and with her
+interpretation of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. Later, as
+her case progressed in the courts, the _Journal_ did give it brief
+notice as a news item, but in 1873 when it listed as a mark of honor
+the women who had worked wisely for the cause, Susan B. Anthony's name
+was not among them, and this did not pass unnoticed by Susan; nor did
+the fact that she was snubbed by the Congress of Women, meeting in New
+York and sponsored by Mary A. Livermore, Julia Ward Howe, and Maria
+Mitchell. This drawing away of women hurt her far more than newspaper
+gibes. In fact she was sadly disappointed in women's response to the
+herculean effort she was making for them.
+
+Even more disconcerting was the adverse decision of the Supreme Court
+on the Myra Bradwell case, which at once shattered the confidence of
+most of her legal advisors. The court held that Illinois had violated
+no provision of the federal Constitution in refusing to allow Myra
+Bradwell to practice law because she was a woman and declared that the
+right to practice law in state courts is not a privilege or an
+immunity of a citizen of the United States, nor is the power of a
+state to prescribe qualifications for admission to the bar affected by
+the Fourteenth Amendment. Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase, filing a
+dissenting opinion, lived up to Susan's faith in him, but Benjamin
+Butler wrote her, "I do not believe anybody in Congress doubts that
+the Constitution authorizes the right of women to vote, precisely as
+it authorizes trial by jury and many other like rights guaranteed to
+citizens. But the difficulty is, the courts long since decided that
+the constitutional provisions do not act upon the citizens, except as
+guarantees, ex proprio vigore, and in order to give force to them
+there must be legislation.... Therefore, the point is for the friends
+of woman suffrage to get congressional legislation."[303]
+
+Susan, however, never wavered in her conviction that she as a citizen
+had a constitutional right to vote and that it was her duty to test
+this right in the courts.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[288] Ray Strachey, _Struggle_ (New York, 1930), pp. 113-116.
+
+[289] The U.S. Supreme Court upheld the decision of a lower court that
+without specific legislation by Congress, the 14th Amendment could not
+overrule the law of the District of Columbia which limited suffrage to
+male citizens over 21. _History of Woman Suffrage_, II, pp. 587-601.
+
+[290] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 423.
+
+[291] Nov. 5, 1872, Ida Husted Harper Collection, Henry E. Huntington
+Library. Miss Anthony had assured the election inspectors that she
+would pay the cost of any suit which might be brought against them for
+accepting women's votes.
+
+[292] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 426. The Anthony home was then numbered
+7 Madison Street.
+
+[293] _An Account of the Proceedings of the Trial of Susan B. Anthony
+on the Charge of Illegal Voting_ (Rochester, New York, 1874), p. 16.
+
+[294] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 428.
+
+[295] _Ibid._, p. 433.
+
+[296] _Trial_, pp. 2-3.
+
+[297] N.d., Susan B. Anthony Papers, New York Public Library.
+
+[298] _Trial_, pp. 151, 153. Judge Story, _Commentaries on the
+Constitution of the United States_, Sec. 456: "The importance of
+examining the preamble for the purpose of expounding the language of a
+statute has long been felt and universally conceded in all juridical
+discussion." _History of Woman Suffrage_, II, p. 477.
+
+[299] Harper, _Anthony_, II, pp. 978, 986-987.
+
+[300] Ms., Diary, May 10, June 7, 1873.
+
+[301] Suffrage clubs in New York, Buffalo, Chicago, and Milwaukee sent
+$50 and $100 contributions. Susan's cousin, Anson Lapham, cancelled
+notes for $4000 which she had signed while struggling to finance _The
+Revolution_. The women of Rochester rallied behind her, forming a
+Taxpayers' Association to protest taxation without representation.
+
+[302] Harper, _Anthony_, II, pp. 994-995.
+
+[303] _Ibid._, I, p. 429.
+
+
+
+
+"IS IT A CRIME FOR A CITIZEN ... TO VOTE?"
+
+
+Charged with the crime of voting illegally, Susan was brought to trial
+on June 17, 1873, in the peaceful village of Canandaigua, New York.
+Simply dressed and wearing her new bonnet faced with blue silk and
+draped with a dotted veil,[304] she stoically climbed the court-house
+steps, feeling as if on her shoulders she carried the political
+destiny of American women. With her were her counsel, Henry R. Selden
+and John Van Voorhis, her sister, Hannah Mosher, most of the women who
+had voted with her in Rochester, and Matilda Joslyn Gage, whose
+interest in this case was akin to her own.
+
+In the courtroom on the second floor, seated behind the bar, Susan
+watched the curious crowd gather and fill every available seat. She
+wondered, as she calmly surveyed the all-male jury, whether they could
+possibly understand the humiliation of a woman who had been arrested
+for exercising the rights of a citizen. The judge, Ward Hunt, did not
+promise well, for he had only recently been appointed to the bench
+through the influence of his friend and townsman, Roscoe Conkling, the
+undisputed leader of the Republican party in New York and a bitter
+opponent of woman suffrage. She tried to fathom this small,
+white-haired, colorless judge upon whose fairness so much depended.
+Prim and stolid, he sat before her, faultlessly dressed in a suit of
+black broadcloth, his neck wound with an immaculate white neckcloth.
+He ruled against her at once, refusing to let her testify on her own
+behalf.
+
+She was completely satisfied, however, as she listened to Henry
+Selden's presentation of her case. Tall and commanding, he stood
+before the court with nobility and kindness in his face and eyes,
+bringing to mind a handsome cultured Lincoln. So logical, so just was
+his reasoning, so impressive were his citations of the law that it
+seemed to her they must convince the jury and even the expressionless
+judge on the bench.
+
+Pointing out that the only alleged ground of the illegality of Miss
+Anthony's vote was that she was a woman, Henry Selden declared, "If
+the same act had been done by her brother under the same
+circumstances, the act would have been not only innocent and laudable,
+but honorable; but having been done by a woman it is said to be a
+crime.... I believe this is the first instance in which a woman has
+been arraigned in a criminal court, merely on account of her
+sex."[305] He claimed that Miss Anthony had voted in good faith,
+believing that the United States Constitution gave her the right to
+vote, and he clearly outlined her interpretation of the Fourteenth and
+Fifteenth Amendments, declaring that she stood arraigned as a criminal
+simply because she took the only step possible to bring this great
+constitutional question before the courts.
+
+After he had finished, Susan followed closely for two long hours the
+arguments of the district attorney, Richard Crowley, who contended
+that whatever her intentions may have been, good or bad, she had by
+her voting violated a law of the United States and was therefore
+guilty of crime.
+
+At the close of the district attorney's argument, Judge Hunt without
+leaving the bench drew out a written document, and to her surprise,
+read from it as he addressed the jury. "The right of voting or the
+privilege of voting," he declared, "is a right or privilege arising
+under the constitution of the State, not of the United States.[306]
+
+"The Legislature of the State of New York," he continued, "has seen
+fit to say, that the franchise of voting shall be limited to the male
+sex.... If the Fifteenth Amendment had contained the word 'sex,' the
+argument of the defendant would have been potent.... The Fourteenth
+Amendment gives no right to a woman to vote, and the voting of Miss
+Anthony was in violation of the law....
+
+"There was no ignorance of any fact," he added, "but all the facts
+being known, she undertook to settle a principle in her own person....
+To constitute a crime, it is true, that there must be a criminal
+intent, but it is equally true that knowledge of the facts of the case
+is always held to supply this intent...."
+
+Then hesitating a moment, he concluded, "Upon this evidence I suppose
+there is no question for the jury and that the jury should be directed
+to find a verdict of guilty."
+
+Immediately Henry Selden was on his feet, addressing the judge,
+requesting that the jury determine whether or not the defendant was
+guilty of crime.
+
+Judge Hunt, however, refused and firmly announced, "The question,
+gentlemen of the jury, in the form it finally takes, is wholly a
+question or questions of law, and I have decided as a question of law,
+in the first place, that under the Fourteenth Amendment which Miss
+Anthony claims protects her, she was not protected in a right to vote.
+
+"And I have decided also," he continued, "that her belief and the
+advice which she took does not protect her in the act which she
+committed. If I am right in this, the result must be a verdict on your
+part of guilty, and therefore I direct that you find a verdict of
+guilty."
+
+Again Henry Selden was on his feet. "That is a direction," he
+declared, "that no court has power to make in a criminal case."
+
+The courtroom was tense. Susan, watching the jury and wondering if
+they would meekly submit to his will, heard the judge tersely order,
+"Take the verdict, Mr. Clerk."
+
+"Gentlemen of the jury," intoned the clerk, "hearken to your verdict
+as the Court has recorded it. You say you find the defendant guilty of
+the offense whereof she stands indicted, and so say you all."
+
+Claiming exception to the direction of the Court that the jury find a
+verdict of guilty in this a criminal case. Henry Selden asked that the
+jury be polled.
+
+To this, Judge Hunt abruptly replied, "No. Gentlemen of the jury, you
+are discharged."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+That night Susan recorded her estimate of Judge Hunt's verdict in her
+diary in one terse sentence, "The greatest outrage History ever
+witnessed."[307]
+
+The New York _Sun_, the Rochester _Democrat and Chronicle_, and the
+Canandaigua _Times_ were indignant over Judge Hunt's failure to poll
+the jury. "Judge Hunt," commented the _Sun_, "allowed the jury to be
+impanelled and sworn, and to hear the evidence; but when the case had
+reached the point of rendering the verdict, he directed a verdict of
+guilty. He thus denied a trial by jury to an accused party in his
+court; and either through malice, which we do not believe, or through
+ignorance, which in such a flagrant degree is equally culpable in a
+judge, he violated one of the most important provisions of the
+Constitution of the United States.... The privilege of polling the
+jury has been held to be an absolute right in this State and it is a
+substantial right ..."[308]
+
+Claiming that the defendant had been denied her right of trial by
+jury. Henry Selden the next day moved for a new trial. Judge Hunt
+denied the motion, and, ordering the defendant to stand up, asked her,
+"Has the prisoner anything to say why sentence shall not be
+pronounced."[309]
+
+"Yes, your honor," Susan replied, "I have many things to say; for in
+your ordered verdict of guilty, you have trampled underfoot every
+vital principle of our government. My natural rights, my civil rights,
+my political rights, my judicial rights, are all alike ignored...."
+
+Impatiently Judge Hunt protested that he could not listen to a
+rehearsal of arguments which her counsel had already presented.
+
+"May it please your honor," she persisted, "I am not arguing the
+question but simply stating the reasons why sentence cannot in justice
+be pronounced against me. Your denial of my citizen's right to vote is
+the denial of my right of consent as one of the governed, the denial
+of my right of representation as one of the taxed, the denial of my
+right to a trial by a jury of my peers ..."
+
+"The Court cannot allow the prisoner to go on," interrupted Judge
+Hunt; but Susan, ignoring his command to sit down, protested that her
+prosecutors and the members of the jury were all her political
+sovereigns.
+
+Again Judge Hunt tried to stop her, but she was not to be put off. She
+was pleading for all women and her voice rang out to every corner of
+the courtroom.
+
+"The Court must insist," declared Judge Hunt, "the prisoner has been
+tried according to established forms of law."
+
+"Yes, your honor," admitted Susan, "but by forms of law all made by
+men, interpreted by men, administered by men, in favor of men, and
+against women...."
+
+"The Court orders the prisoner to sit down," shouted Judge Hunt. "It
+will not allow another word."
+
+Unheeding, Susan continued, "When I was brought before your honor for
+trial, I hoped for a broad and liberal interpretation of the
+Constitution and its recent amendments, that should declare all United
+States citizens under its protecting aegis--that should declare
+equality of rights the national guarantee to all persons born or
+naturalized in the United States. But failing to get this
+justice--failing, even, to get a trial by a jury _not_ of my peers--I
+ask not leniency at your hands--but rather the full rigors of the
+law."
+
+Once more Judge Hunt tried to stop her, and acquiescing at last, she
+sat down, only to be ordered by him to stand up as he pronounced her
+sentence, a fine of $100 and the costs of prosecution.
+
+"May it please your honor," she protested, "I shall never pay a dollar
+of your unjust penalty. All the stock in trade I possess is a $10,000
+debt, incurred by publishing my paper--_The Revolution_ ... the sole
+object of which was to educate all women to do precisely as I have
+done, rebel against your man-made, unjust, unconstitutional forms of
+law, that tax, fine, imprison, and hang women, while they deny them
+the right of representation in the government.... I shall earnestly
+and persistently continue to urge all women to the practical
+recognition of the old revolutionary maxim that 'Resistance to tyranny
+is obedience to God.'"
+
+Pouring cold water on this blaze of oratory. Judge Hunt tersely
+remarked that the Court would not require her imprisonment pending the
+payment of her fine.
+
+This shrewd move, obviously planned in advance, made it impossible to
+carry the case to the United States Supreme Court by writ of habeas
+corpus.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+That same afternoon, Susan was on hand for the trial of the three
+election inspectors. This time Judge Hunt submitted the case to the
+jury but with explicit instructions that the defendants were guilty.
+The jury returned a verdict of guilty, and the inspectors, denied a
+new trial, were each fined $25 and costs. Two of them, Edwin F. Marsh
+and William B. Hall, refused to pay their fines and were sent to jail.
+Susan appealed on their behalf to Senator Sargent in Washington, who
+eventually secured a pardon for them from President Grant. He also
+presented a petition to the Senate, in January 1874, to remit Susan's
+fine, as did William Loughridge of Iowa to the House, but the
+judiciary committees reported adversely.
+
+Because neither of these cases had been decided on the basis of
+national citizenship and the right of a citizen to vote, Susan was
+heartsick. To have them relegated to the category of election fraud
+was as if her high purpose had been trailed in the dust. Wishing to
+spread reliable information about her trial and the legal questions
+involved, she had 3,000 copies of the court proceedings printed for
+distribution.[310]
+
+It was hard for her to concede that justice for women could not be
+secured in the courts, but there seemed to be no way in the face of
+the cold letter of the law to take her case to the Supreme Court of
+the United States. This would have been possible on writ of habeas
+corpus had Judge Hunt sentenced her to prison for failure to pay her
+fine, but this he carefully avoided.
+
+Even that intrepid fighter, John Van Voorhis, could find no loophole,
+and another of her loyal friends in the legal profession, Albert G.
+Riddle, wrote her, "There is not, I think, the slightest hope from the
+courts and just as little from the politicians. They will never take
+up this cause, never! Individuals will, parties never--till the thing
+is done.... The trouble is that man can govern alone, and that, though
+woman has the right, man wants to do it, and if she wait for him to
+ask her, she will never vote.... Either man must be made to see and
+feel ... the need of woman's help in the great field of human
+government, and so demand it; or woman must arise and come forward as
+she never has, and take her place."[311]
+
+The case of Virginia Minor of St. Louis still held out a glimmer of
+hope. She had brought suit against an election inspector for his
+refusal to register her as a voter in the presidential election of
+1872, and the case of Minor vs. Happersett reached the United States
+Supreme Court in 1874. An adverse decision, on March 29, 1875,
+delivered by Chief Justice Waite, a friend of woman suffrage, was a
+bitter blow to Susan and to all those who had pinned their faith on a
+more liberal interpretation of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth
+Amendments.
+
+Carefully studying the decision, Susan tried to fathom its reasoning,
+so foreign to her own ideas of justice. "Sex," she read, "has never
+been made of one of the elements of citizenship in the United
+States.... The XIV Amendment did not affect the citizenship of women
+any more than it did of men.... The direct question is, therefore,
+presented whether all citizens are necessarily voters."[312]
+
+She read on: "The Constitution does not define the privileges and
+immunities of citizens.... In this case we need not determine what
+they are, but only whether suffrage is necessarily one of them. It
+certainly is nowhere made so in express terms....
+
+"When the Constitution of the United States was adopted, all the
+several States, with the exception of Rhode Island, had Constitutions
+of their own.... We find in no State were all citizens permitted to
+vote.... Women were excluded from suffrage in nearly all the States by
+the express provision of their constitutions and laws ... No new State
+has ever been admitted to the Union which has conferred the right of
+suffrage upon women, and this has never been considered valid
+objection to her admission. On the contrary ... the right of suffrage
+was withdrawn from women as early as 1807 in the State of New Jersey,
+without any attempt to obtain the interference of the United States to
+prevent it. Since then the governments of the insurgent States have
+been reorganized under a requirement that, before their
+Representatives could be admitted to seats in Congress, they must have
+adopted new Constitutions, republican in form. In no one of these
+Constitutions was suffrage conferred upon women, and yet the States
+have all been restored to their original position as States in the
+Union ... Certainly if the courts can consider any question settled,
+this is one....
+
+"Our province," concluded Chief Justice Waite, "is to decide what the
+law is, not to declare what it should be.... Being unanimously of the
+opinion that the Constitution of the United States does not confer the
+right of suffrage upon any one, and that the Constitutions and laws of
+the several States which commit that important trust to men alone are
+not necessarily void, we affirm the judgment of the Court below."
+
+"A states-rights document," Susan called this decision and she scored
+it as inconsistent with the policies of a Republican administration
+which, through the Civil War amendments, had established federal
+control over the rights and privileges of citizens. If the
+Constitution does not confer the right of suffrage, she asked herself,
+why does it define the qualifications of those voting for members of
+the House of Representatives? How about the enfranchisement of Negroes
+by federal amendment or the enfranchisement of foreigners? Why did
+the federal government interfere in her case, instead of leaving it in
+the hands of the state of New York?
+
+Like most abolitionists, Susan had always regarded the principles of
+the Declaration of Independence as underlying the Constitution and as
+the essence of constitutional law. In her opinion, the interpretation
+of the Constitution in the Virginia Minor case was not only out of
+harmony with the spirit of the Declaration of Independence, but also
+contrary to the wise counsel of the great English jurist, Sir Edward
+Coke, who said, "Whenever the question of liberty runs doubtful, the
+decision must be given in favor of liberty."[313]
+
+In the face of such a ruling by the highest court in the land, she was
+helpless. Women were shut out of the Constitution and denied its
+protection. From here on there was only one course to follow, to press
+again for a Sixteenth Amendment to enfranchise women.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[304] Ms., Diary, April 26, 1873.
+
+[305] _Trial_, p. 17.
+
+[306] _Ibid._, pp. 62-68.
+
+[307] Ms., Diary, June 18, 1873.
+
+[308] Susan B. Anthony Scrapbook, 1873, Library of Congress.
+
+[309] _Trial_, pp. 81-85.
+
+[310] This booklet also included the speeches of Susan B. Anthony and
+Matilda Joslyn Gage, delivered prior to the trial, and a short
+appraisal of the trial, _Judge Hunt and the Right of Trial by Jury_,
+by John Hooker, the husband of Isabella Beecher Hooker. The Rochester
+_Democrat and Chronicle_ called the booklet "the most important
+contribution yet made to the discussion of woman suffrage from a legal
+standpoint." The _Woman's Suffrage Journal_, IV, Aug. 1, 1873, p. 121,
+published in England by Lydia Becker, said: "The American law which
+makes it a criminal offense for a person to vote who is not legally
+qualified appears harsh to our ideas."
+
+[311] Harper, _Anthony_, I, pp. 455-456.
+
+[312] _History of Woman Suffrage_, II, pp. 737-739, 741-742.
+
+[313] _Trial_, p. 191.
+
+
+
+
+SOCIAL PURITY
+
+
+Militancy among the suffragists continued to flare up here and there
+in resistance to taxation without representation. Abby Kelley Foster's
+home in Worcester was sold for taxes for a mere fraction of its worth,
+while in Glastonbury, Connecticut, Abby and Julia Smith's cows and
+personal property were seized for taxes. Both Dr. Harriot K. Hunt in
+Boston and Mary Anthony in Rochester continued their tax protests.
+Much as Susan admired this spirited rebellion, she recognized that
+these militant gestures were but flames in the wind unless they had
+behind them a well-organized, sustained campaign for a Sixteenth
+Amendment, and this she could not undertake until _The Revolution_
+debt was paid. Nor was there anyone to pinch-hit for her since
+Ernestine Rose had returned to England and Mrs. Stanton gave all her
+time to Lyceum lectures.
+
+At the moment the prospect looked bleak for woman suffrage. In
+Congress, there was not the slightest hope of the introduction of or
+action on a Sixteenth Amendment. In the states, interest was kept
+alive by woman suffrage bills before the legislatures, and year by
+year, with more people recognizing the inherent justice of the demand,
+the margin of defeat grew smaller. Whenever these state contests were
+critical, Susan managed to be on hand, giving up profitable lecture
+engagements to speak without fees; in Michigan in 1874 and in Iowa in
+1875, she made new friends for the cause but was unable to stem the
+tide of prejudice against granting women the vote. After the defeat in
+Michigan, she wrote in her diary, "Every whisky maker, vendor,
+drinker, gambler, every ignorant besotted man is against us, and then
+the other extreme, every narrow, selfish religious bigot."[314]
+
+A new militant movement swept the country in 1874, starting in small
+Ohio towns among women who were so aroused over the evil influence of
+liquor on husbands, sons, fathers, and brothers, that they gathered in
+front of saloons to sing and pray, hoping to persuade drunkards to
+reform and saloon keepers to close their doors. Out of this uprising,
+the Women's Christian Temperance Union developed, and within the next
+few years was organized into a powerful reform movement by a young
+schoolteacher from Illinois, Frances E. Willard.
+
+A lifelong advocate of temperance, Susan had long before reached the
+conclusion that this reform could not be achieved by a strictly
+temperance or religious movement, but only through the votes of women.
+Nevertheless, she lent a helping hand to the Rochester women who
+organized a branch of the W.C.T.U., but she told them just how she
+felt: "The best thing this organization will do for you will be to
+show you how utterly powerless you are to put down the liquor traffic.
+You can never talk down or sing down or pray down an institution which
+is voted into existence. You will never be able to lessen this evil
+until you have votes."[315]
+
+As she traveled through the West for the Lyceum Bureau, she did what
+she could to stimulate interest in a federal woman suffrage amendment,
+speaking out of a full heart and with sure knowledge on "Bread and the
+Ballot" and "The Power of the Ballot," earning on the average $100 a
+week, which she applied to the _Revolution_ debt.
+
+Lyceum lecturers were now at the height of their
+popularity,--particularly in the West, where in the little towns
+scattered across the prairies there were few libraries and theaters,
+and the distribution of books, magazines, and newspapers in no way met
+the people's thirst for information or entertainment. Men, women, and
+children rode miles on horseback or drove over rough roads in wagons
+to see and hear a prominent lecturer. Susan was always a drawing card,
+for a woman on the lecture platform still was a novelty and almost
+everyone was curious about Susan B. Anthony. Many, to their surprise,
+discovered she was not the caricature they had been led to believe.
+She looked very ladylike and proper as she stood before them in her
+dark silk platform dress, a little too stern and serious perhaps, but
+frequently her face lighted up with a friendly smile. She spoke to
+them as equals and they could follow her reasoning. Her simple
+conversational manner was refreshing after the sonorous pretentious
+oratory of other lecturers.
+
+Continuous travel in all kinds of weather was difficult. Branch lines
+were slow and connections poor. Often trains were delayed by
+blizzards, and then to keep her engagements she was obliged to travel
+by sleigh over the snowy prairies. There were long waits in dingy
+dirty railroad stations late at night. Even there she was always busy,
+reading her newspapers in the dim light or dashing off letters home on
+any scrap of paper she had at hand, thinking gratefully of her sister
+Mary who in addition to her work as superintendent of the neighborhood
+public school, supervised the household at 7 Madison Street. Hotel
+rooms were cold and drab, the food was uninviting, and only
+occasionally did she find to her delight "a Christian cup of
+coffee."[316] She often felt that the Lyceum Bureau drove her
+unnecessarily hard, routed her inefficiently, and profited too
+generously from her labors. Now and then she dispensed with their
+services, sent out her own circulars soliciting engagements, and
+arranged her own tours, proving to her satisfaction that a woman could
+be as businesslike as a man and sometimes more so.[317]
+
+Weighed down by worry over the illness of her sisters, Guelma and
+Hannah, she felt a lack of fire and enthusiasm in her work. Anxiously
+she waited for letters from home, and when none reached her she was in
+despair. At such times, hotel rooms seemed doubly lonely and she
+reproached herself for being away from home and for putting too heavy
+a burden on her sister Mary. Yet there was nothing else to be done
+until the _Revolution_ debt was paid, for some of her creditors were
+becoming impatient.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+As often as possible Susan returned to Rochester to be with her
+family, and was able to nurse Guelma through the last weeks of her
+illness. Heartbroken when she died, in November 1873, she resolved to
+take better care of Hannah, sending her out to Colorado and Kansas for
+her health. She then tried to spend the summer months at home so that
+Mary could visit Hannah in Colorado and Daniel and Merritt in Kansas.
+
+These months at home with her mother whom she dearly loved were a
+great comfort to them both. They enjoyed reading aloud, finding George
+Eliot's _Middlemarch_ and Hawthorne's _Scarlet Letter_ of particular
+interest as Susan was searching for the answers to many questions
+which had been brought into sharp focus by the Beecher-Tilton case,
+now filling the newspapers. Like everyone else, she read the latest
+developments in this tragic involvement of three of her good friends.
+She was especially concerned about Elizabeth and Theodore Tilton, in
+whose home she had so often visited and toward whom she felt a warm
+motherly affection. Her sympathy went out to Elizabeth Tilton, whose
+help and loyalty during the difficult days of _The Revolution_ she
+never forgot. Although she had often differed with Theodore, whose
+quick changes of policy and temperament she could not understand, he
+had won her gratitude many times by befriending the cause. The same
+was true of Henry Ward Beecher, who had found time in his busy life to
+say a good word for woman's rights.
+
+Susan was close to the facts, for in desperation a few years before,
+Elizabeth Tilton had confided in her. Unfortunately both Elizabeth and
+Theodore had made confidants of others less wise than Susan. Mrs.
+Stanton had passed the story along to Victoria Woodhull, who late in
+1872 had revived her _Weekly_ for a crusade on what she called "the
+social question" and had published her expose, "The Beecher-Tilton
+Scandal Case." As a result the lives of all involved were being ruined
+by merciless publicity.
+
+The Beecher-Tilton story as it unfolded revealed three admirable
+people caught in a tangled web of human relationships. Henry Ward
+Beecher, for years a close friend and benefactor of his young
+parishioners, Theodore and Elizabeth Tilton, had been accused by
+Theodore of immoral relations with Elizabeth. Accusations and denials
+continued while intrigue and negotiations deepened the confusion. The
+whole matter burst into flame in 1874 in the trial of Henry Ward
+Beecher before a committee of Plymouth Church, which exonerated him.
+Reading Beecher's statement in her newspaper, Susan impulsively wrote
+Isabella Beecher Hooker, "Wouldn't you think if God ever did strike
+anyone dead for telling a lie, he would have struck then?"[318]
+
+When early in 1875 the Beecher-Tilton case reached the courts in a
+suit brought by Theodore Tilton against Henry Ward Beecher for the
+alienation of his wife's affections, it became headline news
+throughout the country. The press, greedy for sensation, published
+anything and everything even remotely connected with the case.
+Reporters hounded Susan, who by this time was again lecturing in the
+West, and she seldom entered a train, bus, or hotel without finding
+them at her heels, as if by their very persistence they meant to force
+her to express her opinion regarding the guilt or innocence of Henry
+Ward Beecher. They never caught her off guard and she steadfastly
+refused to reveal to them, or to the lawyers of either side, who
+astutely approached her, the story which Elizabeth Tilton had told her
+in confidence. Yet in spite of her continued silence, she was twice
+quoted by the press, once through the impulsiveness of Mrs. Stanton,
+who expressed herself frankly at every opportunity, and again when the
+New York _Graphic_ without Susan's consent published her letter to
+Mrs. Hooker.
+
+The sympathy of the public was generally with Henry Ward Beecher,
+whose popularity and prestige were tremendous. A dynamic preacher,
+whose sermons drew thousands to his church and whose written word
+carried religion and comfort to every part of the country, he could
+not suddenly be ruined by the circulation of a scandal or even by a
+sensational trial. Behind him were all those who were convinced that
+the future of the Church and Morality demanded his vindication. On his
+side, also, as Susan well knew, was the powerful, behind-the-scenes
+influence of the financial interests who profited from Plymouth Church
+real estate, from the earnings of Beecher's paper, _Christian Union_,
+and from his book the _Life of Christ_, now in preparation and for
+which he had already been paid $20,000.
+
+Susan and Mrs. Stanton paid the penalty of being on the unpopular
+side. When Elizabeth Tilton was not allowed to testify in her own
+defense, they accused Beecher and Tilton of ruthlessly sacrificing her
+to save their own reputations. In fact, Susan and Mrs. Stanton knew
+far too much about the case for the comfort of either Beecher or
+Tilton, and to discredit them, a whispering campaign, and then a press
+campaign was initiated against them. They and their National Woman
+Suffrage Association were again accused of upholding free love. Their
+previous association with Victoria Woodhull was held against them, as
+were the frank discussions of marriage and divorce published in _The
+Revolution_ six years before.
+
+Actually Susan's views on marriage were idealistic. "I hate the whole
+doctrine of 'variety' or 'promiscuity,'" she wrote John Hooker, the
+husband of her friend Isabella. "I am not even a believer in second
+marriages after one of the parties is dead, so sacred and binding do I
+consider the marriage relation."[319]
+
+Although in public Susan uttered not one word relating to the guilt or
+innocence of Henry Ward Beecher, she did confide her real feelings to
+her diary. She believed that to save himself Beecher was withholding
+the explanation which the situation demanded. "It is almost an
+impossibility," she wrote in her diary, "for a man and a woman to have
+a close sympathetic friendship without the tendrils of one soul
+becoming fastened around the other, with the result of infinite pain
+and anguish." Then again she wrote, "There is nothing more
+demoralizing than lying. The act itself is scarcely so base as the lie
+which denies it."[320]
+
+Susan's silence probably brought her more notoriety than anything she
+could have said on this much discussed subject, and it heightened her
+reputation for honesty and integrity. "Miss Anthony," commented the
+New York _Sun_, "is a lady whose word will everywhere be believed by
+those who know anything of her character." The Rochester _Democrat and
+Chronicle_ had this to say: "Whether she will make any definite
+revelations remains to be seen, but whatever she does say will be
+received by the public with that credit which attaches to the evidence
+of a truthful witness. Her own character, known and honored by the
+country, will give importance to any utterances she may make."[321]
+
+She was not called as a witness by either side during the 112 days of
+trial which ended in July 1875 with the jury unable to agree on a
+verdict.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Realizing that many taboos were being broken down by the lurid
+nation-wide publicity on the Beecher-Tilton case and that as a result
+people were more willing to consider subjects which hitherto had not
+been discussed in polite society, Susan began to plan a lecture on
+"Social Purity."
+
+She was familiar with the public protest Englishwomen under the
+leadership of Josephine Butler were making against the state
+regulation of vice. Following with interest and admiration their
+courageous fight for the repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts, which
+placed women suspected of prostitution under police power, Susan found
+encouragement in the support these reformers had received from such
+men as John Stuart Mill and Jacob Bright. Such legislation, she
+resolved, must not gain a foothold in her country, because it not only
+disregarded women's right to personal liberty but showed a dangerous
+callousness toward men's share of responsibility for prostitution.
+
+She was awake to the problems prostitution presented in cities like
+New York and Washington, its prevalence, the police protection it
+received, the political corruption it fostered and the reluctance of
+the public to face the situation, the majority of men regarding it as
+a necessity, and most women closing their eyes to its existence.
+
+During the winter of 1875, while the Beecher-Tilton case was being
+tried in Brooklyn, she delivered her speech on "Social Purity" at the
+Chicago Grand Opera House, in the Sunday dime-lecture course, facing
+with trepidation the immense crowd which gathered to hear her. Even
+the daring Mrs. Stanton had warned her that she would never be asked
+to speak in Chicago again, and with this the manager of the Slayton
+Lecture Bureau agreed. But they were wrong. The people were hungry for
+the truth and for a constructive policy. In the past they had heard
+the "social evil" described and denounced in vivid thunderous words by
+eloquent men and by the dramatic Anna E. Dickinson. Now an earnest
+woman with graying hair, one of their own kind, talked to them without
+mincing matters, calmly and logically, and offered them a remedy.
+
+Calling their attention to the daily newspaper reports of divorce and
+breach-of-promise suits, of wife murders and "paramour" shootings, of
+abortions and infanticide, she told them that the prevalence of these
+evils showed clearly that men were incapable of coping with them
+successfully and needed the help of women. She cited statistics,
+revealing 20,000 prostitutes in the city of New York, where a
+foundling hospital during the first six months of its existence
+rescued 1,300 waifs laid in baskets on its doorstep. She courageously
+mentioned the prevalence of venereal disease and spoke out against
+England's Contagious Diseases Acts which were repeatedly suggested for
+New York and Washington and which she described as licensed
+prostitution, men's futile and disastrous attempt to deal with social
+corruption.
+
+Declaring that the poverty and economic dependence of women as well as
+the passions of men were the causes of prostitution, she quoted more
+statistics which showed a great increase in the poverty of women. Work
+formerly done in the household, she explained, was being gradually
+taken over by factories, with the result that women in order to earn a
+living had been forced to follow it out of the home and were
+supporting themselves wholly or in part at a wage inadequate to meet
+their needs. No wonder many were tempted by food, clothes, and
+comfortable shelter into an immoral life.
+
+Her solution was "to lift this vast army of poverty-stricken women who
+now crowd our cities, above the temptation, the necessity, to sell
+themselves in marriage or out, for bread and shelter." "Women," she
+told them, "must be educated out of their unthinking acceptance of
+financial dependence on man into mental and economic independence.
+Girls like boys must be educated to some lucrative employment. Women
+like men must have an equal chance to earn a living."[322]
+
+"Whoever controls work and wages," she continued, "controls morals.
+Therefore we must have women employers, superintendents, committees,
+legislators; wherever girls go to seek the means of subsistence, there
+must be some woman. Nay, more; we must have women preachers, lawyers,
+doctors--that wherever women go to seek counsel--spiritual, legal,
+physical--there, too, they will be sure to find the best and noblest
+of their own sex to minister to them."
+
+Then she added, "Marriage, to women as to men, must be a luxury, not a
+necessity; an incident of life, not all of it.... Marriage never will
+cease to be a wholly unequal partnership until the law recognizes the
+equal ownership in the joint earnings and possessions."
+
+She asked for the vote so that women would have the power to help make
+the laws relating to marriage, divorce, adultery, breach of promise,
+rape, bigamy, infanticide, and so on. These laws, she reminded them,
+have not only been framed by men, but are administered by men. Judges,
+jurors, lawyers, all are men, and no woman's voice is heard in our
+courts except as accused or witness, and in many cases the married
+woman is denied the right to testify as to her guilt or innocence.
+
+Never before had the audience heard the case for social purity
+presented in this way and they listened intently. When the applause
+was subsiding, Susan saw Parker Pillsbury and Bronson Alcott,
+fellow-lecturers on the Lyceum circuit, coming toward her, smiling
+approval. They were generous in their praise, Bronson Alcott
+declaring, "You have stated here this afternoon, in a fearless manner,
+truths that I have hardly dared to think, much less to utter."[323]
+
+She repeated this lecture in St. Louis, in Wisconsin, and in Kansas,
+and while most city newspapers, acknowledging the need of facing the
+issues, praised her courage, small-town papers were frankly disturbed
+by a spinster's public discussion of the "social evil," one paper
+observing, "The best lecture a woman can give the community ... on the
+sad 'evil' ... is the sincerity of her profound ignorance on the
+subject."[324]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Having bravely done her bit for social purity, Susan with relief
+turned again to her favorite lecture, "Bread and the Ballot." Her
+message fell on fertile ground. These western men and women saw
+justice in her reasoning. Having broken with tradition by leaving the
+East for the frontier, they could more easily drop old ways for new.
+Western men also recognized the influence for good that women had
+brought to lonely bleak western towns--better homes, cleanliness,
+comfort, then schools, churches, law and order--and many of them were
+willing to give women the vote. All they needed was prodding to
+translate that willingness into law.
+
+As she continued her lecturing, she kept her watchful eye on her
+family and the annual New York and Washington conventions, attending
+to many of the routine details herself. Finally, on May 1, 1876, she
+recorded in her diary, "The day of Jubilee for me has come. I have
+paid the last dollar of the _Revolution_ debt."[325]
+
+Even the press took notice, the Chicago _Daily News_ commenting, "By
+working six years and devoting to the purpose all the money she could
+earn, she has paid the debt and interest. And now, when the creditors
+of that paper and others who really know her, hear the name of Susan
+B. Anthony, they feel inclined to raise their hats in reverence."[326]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[314] Ms., Diary, Nov. 4, 1874.
+
+[315] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 457. Frances Willard took her stand for
+woman suffrage in the W.C.T.U. in 1876.
+
+[316] Ms., Diary, Sept., 1877.
+
+[317] To James Redpath, Dec. 23, 1870, Alma Lutz Collection.
+
+[318] New York _Graphic_, Sept. 12, 1874. Mrs. Hooker believed her
+half-brother guilty and repeatedly urged him to confess, assuring him
+she would join him in announcing "a new social freedom." Kenneth R.
+Andrews, Nook Farm (Cambridge, Mass., 1950), pp. 36-39. Rumors that
+Mrs. Hooker was insane were deliberately circulated.
+
+[319] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 463.
+
+[320] _Ibid._ Only a few entries relating to the Beecher-Tilton case
+remain in the Susan B. Anthony diaries, now in the Library of
+Congress, and the diary for 1875 is not there.
+
+[321] _Ibid._, p. 462.
+
+[322] _Ibid._, II, pp. 1007-1009.
+
+[323] _Ibid._, I, p. 468.
+
+[324] _Ibid._, p. 470. Miss Anthony interrupted her lecturing for nine
+weeks to nurse her brother Daniel after he had been shot by a rival
+editor in Leavenworth.
+
+[325] _Ibid._, p. 472.
+
+[326] _Ibid._, p. 473.
+
+
+
+
+A FEDERAL WOMAN SUFFRAGE AMENDMENT
+
+
+Like everyone else in the United States in 1876, Susan now turned her
+attention to the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, which was
+proclaiming to the world the progress this new country had made. Susan
+pointed out, however, that one hundred years after the signing of the
+Declaration of Independence, women were still deprived of basic
+citizenship rights.
+
+As an afterthought, a Woman's Pavilion had been erected on the
+exposition grounds and exhibited here she found only women's
+contribution to the arts but nothing which would in any way show the
+part women had played in building up the country or developing
+industry. She longed to explain so that all could hear how the skilled
+work of women had contributed to the prosperous textile and shoe
+industries, to the manufacture of cartridges and Waltham watches, and
+countless other products. Could she have had her way, she would have
+made the Woman's Pavilion an eloquent appeal for equal rights, but
+unable to do this, she established a center of rebellion for the
+National Woman Suffrage Association at 1431 Chestnut Street, in
+parlors on the first floor. Here she spent many happy hours directing
+the work, often sleeping on the sofa so that she could work late and
+save money for the cause.
+
+Philadelphia had always been a friendly city because of Lucretia Mott.
+Now Lucretia came almost daily to the women's headquarters, bringing a
+comforting sense of support, approval, and friendship. When Mrs.
+Stanton, free at last from her lecture engagements, joined them in
+June, Susan's happiness was complete and she confided to her diary,
+"Glad enough to see her and feel her strength come in."[327]
+
+Susan and Mrs. Stanton now sent the Republican and Democratic national
+conventions well-written memorials pointing out the appropriateness of
+enfranchising women in this centennial year. But no woman suffrage
+plank was adopted by either party. Susan put Mrs. Stanton and Mrs.
+Gage to work on a Women's Declaration of 1876, and so "magnificent" a
+document did they produce that she not only had many copies printed
+for distribution but had one beautifully engrossed on parchment for
+presentation to President Grant at the Fourth of July celebration in
+Independence Square.
+
+Unable to secure permission to present this declaration, she made
+plans of her own. For herself, she managed to get a press card as
+reporter for her brother's paper, the Leavenworth _Times_. Mrs.
+Stanton and Lucretia Mott refused to attend the celebration, so
+indignant were they over the snubs women had received from the
+Centennial Commission, and they held a women's meeting at the First
+Unitarian Church. When at the last minute four tickets were sent Susan
+by the Centennial Commission, she gave them to the most militant of
+her colleagues, Matilda Joslyn Gage, Lillie Devereux Blake, Sarah
+Andrews Spencer, and Phoebe Couzins. With Susan in the lead, they
+pushed through the jostling crowd to Independence Square on that
+bright hot Fourth of July and were seated among the elect on the
+platform.
+
+By this time they had learned that Thomas W. Ferry of Michigan, Acting
+Vice President, would substitute for President Grant at the ceremony.
+Because he was a good friend of woman suffrage, Phoebe Couzins made
+one more effort for orderly procedure, sending him a note asking for
+permission to present the Women's Declaration. This failed, and rather
+than take part in creating a disturbance, she withdrew, leaving her
+four friends on the platform.
+
+"We ... sat there waiting ..." reported Mrs. Blake. "The heat was
+frightful.... Amid such a throng it was difficult to hear anything ...
+We decided that our presentation should take place immediately after
+Mr. Richard Lee of Virginia, grandson of the Signer, had read the
+Declaration of Independence. He read it from the original document,
+and it was an impressive moment when that time-honored parchment was
+exposed to the view of the wildly cheering crowd.... Mr. Lee's voice
+was inaudible, but at last I caught the words, 'our sacred honors,'
+and cried, 'Now is the time.'
+
+"We all four rose, Miss Anthony first, next Mrs. Gage, bearing our
+engrossed Declaration, and Mrs. Spencer and myself following with
+hundreds of printed copies in our hands. There was a stir in the
+crowd just at the time, and General Hawley who had been keeping a wary
+eye on us, had relaxed his vigilance for a moment, as he signed to the
+band to resume playing. He did not see us advancing until we reached
+the Vice President's dais. There Miss Anthony, taking the parchment
+from Mrs. Gage, stepped forward and presented it to Mr. Ferry, saying,
+'I present to you a Declaration of Rights from the women citizens of
+the United States.'"[328]
+
+Nonplussed, Mr. Ferry bowed low and received the Declaration without a
+word. Then the four intrepid women filed out, distributing printed
+copies of their declaration while General Hawley boomed out, "Order!
+Order!"
+
+Leaving the square and mounting a platform erected for musicians in
+front of Independence Hall, they waited until a curious crowd had
+gathered around them. Then while Mrs. Gage held an umbrella over Susan
+to shield her from the hot sun, she read the Women's Declaration in a
+loud clear voice that carried far.
+
+"We do rejoice in the success, thus far, of our experiment of
+self-government," she began. "Our faith is firm and unwavering in the
+broad principles of human rights proclaimed in 1776, not only as
+abstract truths, but as the cornerstones of a republic. Yet we cannot
+forget, even in this glad hour, that while all men of every race, and
+clime, and condition, have been invested with the full rights of
+citizenship under our hospitable flag, all women still suffer the
+degradation of disfranchisement."[329]
+
+Then she enumerated women's grievances and the crowd applauded as she
+drove home point after point.
+
+"Woman," she continued, "has shown equal devotion with man to the
+cause of freedom and has stood firmly by his side in its defense.
+Together they have made this country what it is.... We ask our rulers,
+at this hour, no special favors, no special privileges.... We ask
+justice, we ask equality, we ask that all civil and political rights
+that belong to the citizens of the United States be guaranteed to us
+and our daughters forever."
+
+Stepping down from the platform into the applauding crowd which
+eagerly reached for printed copies of the declaration, she and her
+four companions hurried to the First Unitarian Church where an eager
+audience awaited their report and hailed their courage.
+
+[Illustration: Aaron A. Sargent]
+
+The New York _Tribune_, commenting on Susan's militancy, prophesied
+that it foreshadowed "the new forms of violence and disregard of order
+which may accompany the participation of women in active partisan
+politics."[330]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Nor was Congress impressed by Susan's centennial publicity demanding a
+federal woman suffrage amendment. She had gathered petitions from
+twenty-six states with 10,000 signatures which were presented to the
+Senate in 1877. The majority of the Senators found these petitions
+uproariously funny, and Susan in the visitors' gallery at the time of
+their presentation was infuriated by the mirth and disrespect of these
+men. "A few read the petitions as they would any other, with dignity
+and without comment," reported the popular journalist, Mary Clemmer,
+in her weekly Washington column, "but the majority seemed intensely
+conscious of holding something unutterably funny in their hands....
+The entire Senate presented the appearance of a laughing school
+practicing sidesplitting and ear-extended grins." After a few humorous
+and sarcastic remarks the petitions were referred to the Committee on
+Public Lands. Only one Senator, Aaron A. Sargent of California, was
+"man enough and gentleman enough to lift the petitions from this
+insulting proposition.... He ... demanded for the petition of more
+than 10,000 women at least the courtesy which would be given any
+other."[331]
+
+Although his words did not deter the Senators, Susan was proud of this
+tall vigorous white-haired Californian and grateful for his
+spontaneous support in this humiliating situation. He had been a
+trusted friend and counselor ever since she had shared with him and
+his family the long snowy journey from Nevada in 1872. She looked
+forward to the time when woman suffrage would have more such advocates
+in the Congress and when she would find there new faces and a more
+liberal spirit.
+
+Disappointment only drove Susan into more intensive activity. Between
+lectures she now nursed her sister Hannah who was critically ill in
+Daniel's home in Leavenworth. After Hannah's death in May 1877, Susan
+worked off her grief in Colorado, where the question of votes for
+women was being referred to the people of the state.
+
+The suffragists in Colorado were headed by Dr. Alida Avery, who had
+left her post as resident physician at the new woman's college,
+Vassar, to practice medicine in Denver. Making Dr. Avery's home her
+headquarters, Susan carried her plea for the ballot to settlements far
+from the railroads, traveling by stagecoach over rough lonely roads
+through magnificent scenery. Holding meetings wherever she could, she
+spoke in schoolhouses, in hotel dining rooms, and even in saloons,
+when no other place was available, and always she was treated with
+respect and listened to with interest. Occasionally only a mere
+handful gathered to hear her, but in Lake City she spoke to an
+audience of a thousand or more from a dry-goods box on the court-house
+steps. She was equal to anything, but the mining towns depressed her,
+for they were swarming with foreigners who had been welcomed as
+naturalized, enfranchised citizens and who almost to a man opposed
+extending the vote to women. This precedence of foreign-born men over
+American women was not only galling to her but menaced, she believed,
+the growth of American democracy.
+
+Woman suffrage was defeated in Colorado in 1877, two to one. With the
+Chinese coming into the state in great numbers to work in the mines,
+the specter that stalked through this campaign was the fear of putting
+the ballot into the hands of Chinese women.
+
+From Colorado, Susan moved on to Nebraska with a new lecture, "The
+Homes of Single Women." Although she much preferred to speak on "Woman
+and the Sixteenth Amendment" or "Bread and the Ballot," she realized
+that, in order to be assured of return engagements, she must
+occasionally vary her subjects, but she was unwilling to wander far
+afield while women's needs still were so great. By means of this new
+lecture she hoped to dispel the widespread, deeply ingrained fallacy
+that single women were unwanted helpless creatures wholly dependent
+upon some male relative for a home and support. Aware that this
+mistaken estimate was slowly yielding in the face of a changing
+economic order, she believed she could help lessen its hold by
+presenting concrete examples of independent self-supporting single
+women who had proved that marriage was not the only road to security
+and a home. She told of Alice and Phoebe Cary, whose home in New York
+City was a rendezvous for writers, artists, musicians, and reformers;
+of Dr. Clemence Lozier, the friend of women medical students; of Mary
+L. Booth, well established through her income as editor of _Harper's
+Bazaar_; and of her beloved Lydia Mott, whose home had been a refuge
+for fugitive slaves and reformers.[332]
+
+In Nebraska, she made a valuable new friend for the cause, Clara
+Bewick Colby, whose zeal and earnest, intelligent face at once
+attracted her. Within a few years, Mrs. Colby established in Beatrice,
+Nebraska, a magazine for women, the _Woman's Tribune_, which to
+Susan's joy spoke out for a federal woman suffrage amendment.
+
+Because Susan's contract with the Slayton Lecture Bureau allowed no
+break in her engagements, she was obliged to leave the Washington
+convention of the National Woman Suffrage Association in the hands of
+others in 1878. It was much on her mind as she traveled through
+Dakota, Minnesota, Missouri, and Kansas, and she sent a check for $100
+to help with the expenses of the convention. Particularly on her mind
+was a federal woman suffrage amendment, for since 1869 when a
+Sixteenth Amendment enfranchising women had been introduced in
+Congress and ignored, no further efforts along that line had been
+made. Now good news came from Mrs. Stanton, who had attended the
+convention. She had persuaded Senator Sargent to introduce in the
+Senate, on January 10, 1878, a new draft of a Sixteenth Amendment,
+following the wording of the Fifteenth. It read, "The right of
+citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged
+by the United States or by any State on account of sex."[333]
+
+[Illustration: Clara Bewick Colby]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+During the next few years the Sixteenth Amendment made little headway,
+although the complexion of Congress changed, the Democrats breaking
+the Republicans' hold and winning a substantial majority. Encouraging
+as was the more liberal spirit of the new Congress and the defeat of
+several implacable enemies, Susan found California's failure to return
+Senator Sargent an irreparable loss. In addition she now had to face a
+newly formed group of anti-suffragists under the leadership of Mrs.
+Dahlgren, Mrs. Sherman, and Almira Lincoln Phelps, who sang the
+refrain which Congressmen loved to hear, that women did not want the
+vote because it would wreck marriage and the home.
+
+Hoping to counteract this adverse influence by increased pressure for
+the Sixteenth Amendment, Susan once more appealed for help to the
+American Woman Suffrage Association through her old friends, William
+Lloyd Garrison and Wendell Phillips. Garrison replied that her efforts
+for a federal amendment were premature and "would bring the movement
+into needless contempt." This she found strange advice from the man
+who had fearlessly defied public opinion to crusade against slavery.
+Wendell Phillips did better, writing, "I think you are on the right
+track--the best method to agitate the question, and I am with you,
+though between you and me, I still think the individual States must
+lead off, and that this reform must advance piecemeal, State by State.
+But I mean always to help everywhere and everyone."[334]
+
+The American Association continued to follow the state-by-state
+method, and this holding back aroused Susan to the boiling point, for
+experience had taught her that in state elections woman suffrage faced
+the prejudiced opposition of an ever-increasing number of naturalized
+immigrants, who had little understanding of democratic government or
+sympathy with the rights of women. A federal amendment, on the other
+hand, depending for its adoption upon Congress and ratifying
+legislatures, was in the hands of a far more liberal, intelligent, and
+preponderantly American group. "We have puttered with State rights for
+thirty years," she sputtered, "without a foothold except in the
+territories."[335]
+
+Year by year she continued her Washington conventions, convinced that
+these gatherings in the national capital could not fail to impress
+Congressmen with the seriousness of their purpose. As women from many
+states lobbied for the Sixteenth Amendment, reporting a growing
+sentiment everywhere for woman suffrage, as they received in the press
+respectful friendly publicity, Congressmen began to take notice. At
+the large receptions held at the Riggs House, through the generosity
+of the proprietors, Jane Spofford and her husband, Congressmen became
+better acquainted with the suffragists, finding that they were not
+cranks, as they had supposed, but intelligent women and socially
+charming.
+
+Mrs. Stanton's poise as presiding officer and the warmth of her
+personality made her the natural choice for president of the National
+Woman Suffrage Association through the years. Her popularity, now well
+established throughout the country after her ten years of lecturing
+on the Lyceum circuit, lent prestige to the cause. To Susan, her
+presence brought strength and the assurance that "the brave and true
+word" would be spoken.[336] A new office had been created for Susan,
+that of vice-president at large, and in that capacity she guided,
+steadied, and prodded her flock.
+
+The subjects which the conventions discussed covered a wide field
+going far beyond their persistent demands for a federal woman suffrage
+amendment. Not only did they at this time urge an educational
+qualification for voters to combat the argument that woman suffrage
+would increase the ignorant vote, but they also protested the counting
+of women in the basis of representation so long as they were
+disfranchised. They criticized the church for barring women from the
+ministry and from a share in church government. They took up the case
+of Anna Ella Carroll,[337] who had been denied recognition and a
+pension for her services to her country during the Civil War, and they
+urged pensions for all women who had nursed soldiers during the war.
+They welcomed to their conventions Mormon women from Utah who came to
+Washington to protest efforts to disfranchise them as a means of
+discouraging polygamy.
+
+Susan injected international interest into these conventions by
+reading Alexander Dumas's arguments for woman suffrage, letters from
+Victor Hugo and English suffragists, and a report by Mrs. Stanton's
+son, Theodore, now a journalist, of the International Congress in
+Paris in 1878, which discussed the rights of women. Occasionally
+foreign-born women, now making new homes for themselves in this
+country, joined the ranks of the suffragists, and a few of them, like
+Madam Anneke and Clara Heyman from Germany contributed a great deal
+through their eloquence and wider perspective. These contacts with the
+thoughts and aspirations of men and women of other countries led Susan
+to dream of an international conference of women in the not too
+distant future.[338]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[327] Ms., Diary, June 18, 1876.
+
+[328] Katherine D. Blake and Margaret Wallace, _Champion of Women, The
+Life of Lillie Devereux Blake_ (New York, 1943), pp. 124-126.
+
+[329] _History of Woman Suffrage_, III, pp. 31, 34. The Woman's
+Journal surprised Susan with a friendly editorial, "Good Use of the
+Fourth of July," written by Lucy Stone, July 15, 1876.
+
+[330] _History of Woman Suffrage_, III, p. 43. The Philadelphia
+_Press_ praised the Declaration of Rights and the women in the
+suffrage movement. The report of the New York _Post_ was patronizingly
+favorable, pointing out the indifference of the public to the subject.
+
+[331] Harper, _Anthony_, I, pp. 485-486.
+
+[332] Ms., Susan B. Anthony Papers, Library of Congress.
+
+[333] This amendment was re-introduced in the same form in every
+succeeding Congress until it was finally passed in 1919 as the
+Nineteenth Amendment. It was ratified by the states in 1920, 14 years
+after Susan B. Anthony's death. When occasionally during her lifetime
+it was called the Susan B. Anthony Amendment by those who wished to
+honor her devotion to the cause, she protested, meticulously giving
+Elizabeth Cady Stanton credit for making the first public demand for
+woman suffrage in 1848. She also made it clear that although she
+worked for the amendment long and hard, she did not draft it. After
+her death, during the climax of the woman suffrage campaign, these
+facts were overlooked by the younger workers who made a point of
+featuring the Susan B. Anthony Amendment, both because they wished to
+immortalize her and because they realized the publicity value of her
+name.
+
+[334] Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 484.
+
+[335] _History of Woman Suffrage_, III, p. 66.
+
+[336] Harper, _Anthony_, II, p. 544.
+
+[337] _History of Woman Suffrage_, III, p. 153; II, pp. 3-12, 863-868;
+Sarah Ellen Blackwell, _A Military Genius, Life of Anna Ella Carroll
+of Maryland_ (Washington, D.C., 1891), I, pp. 153-154.
+
+[338] "Woman Suffrage as a Means of Moral Improvement and the
+Prevention of Crime" by Alexander Dumas, _History of Woman Suffrage_,
+III, p. 190. Theodore Stanton, foreign correspondent for the New York
+_Tribune_, now lived in Paris.
+
+
+
+
+RECORDING WOMEN'S HISTORY
+
+
+Recording women's history for future generations was a project that
+had been in the minds of both Susan and Mrs. Stanton for a long time.
+Both looked upon women's struggle for a share in government as a
+potent force in strengthening democracy and one to be emphasized in
+history. Men had always been the historians and had as a matter of
+course extolled men's exploits, passing over women's record as
+negligible. Susan intended to remedy this and she was convinced that
+if women close to the facts did not record them now, they would be
+forgotten or misinterpreted by future historians. Already many of the
+old workers had died, Martha C. Wright, Lydia Mott, whom Susan had
+nursed in her last illness, Lucretia Mott, and William Lloyd Garrison.
+There was no time to be lost.[339]
+
+In the spring of 1880, Susan's mother died, and it was no longer
+necessary for her to fit into her schedule frequent visits in
+Rochester. Her sister Mary, busy with her teaching, was sharing her
+home with her two widowed brothers-in-law and two nieces whose
+education she was supervising.[340] Mrs. Stanton had just given up the
+strenuous life of a Lyceum lecturer and welcomed work that would keep
+her at home. Susan, who had managed to save $4,500 out of her lecture
+fees, felt she could afford to devote at least a year to the history.
+
+She now shipped several boxes of letters, clippings, and documents to
+the Stanton home in Tenafly, New Jersey.[341] As they planned their
+book, it soon became obvious that the one volume which they had hoped
+to finish in a few months would extend to two or three volumes and
+take many years to write. They called in Matilda Joslyn Gage to help
+them, and the three of them signed a contract to share the work and
+the profits.
+
+The history presented a publishing problem as well as a writing
+ordeal, and Susan, interviewing New York publishers, found the subject
+had little appeal. Finally, however, she signed a contract with Fowler
+& Wells under which the authors agreed to pay the cost of composition,
+stereotyping, and engravings; and as usual she raised the necessary
+funds.[342]
+
+[Illustration: Matilda Joslyn Gage]
+
+Returning to Tenafly as to a second home, Susan usually found Mrs.
+Stanton beaming a welcome from the piazza and Margaret and Harriot
+running to the gate to meet her. The Stanton children were fond of
+Susan. It was a comfortable happy household, and Susan, thoroughly
+enjoying Mrs. Stanton's companionship, attacked the history with
+vigor. Sitting opposite each other at a big table in the sunny tower
+room, they spent long hours at work. Susan, thin and wiry, her graying
+hair neatly smoothed back over her ears, sat up very straight as she
+rapidly sorted old clippings and letters and outlined chapters, while
+Mrs. Stanton, stout and placid, her white curls beautifully arranged,
+wrote steadily and happily, transforming masses of notes into readable
+easy prose.[343]
+
+Having sent appeals for information to colleagues in all parts of the
+country, Susan, as the contributions began to come in, struggled to
+decipher the often almost illegible, handwritten manuscripts, many of
+them careless and inexact about dates and facts. To their request for
+data about her, Lucy Stone curtly replied, "I have never kept a diary
+or any record of my work, and so am unable to furnish you the required
+dates.... You say 'I' must be referred to in the history you are
+writing.... I cannot furnish a biographical sketch and trust you will
+not try to make one. Yours with ceaseless regret that any 'wing' of
+suffragists should attempt to write the history of the other."[344]
+
+The greater part of the writing fell upon Mrs. Stanton, but Matilda
+Joslyn Gage contributed the chapters, "Preceding Causes," "Women in
+Newspapers," and "Women, Church, and State." Susan carefully selected
+the material and checked the facts. She helped with the copying of the
+handwritten manuscript and with the proofreading. Believing that
+pictures of the early workers were almost as important for the
+_History_ as the subject matter itself, she tried to provide them, but
+they presented a financial problem with which it was hard to cope, for
+each engraving cost $100.[345]
+
+When the first volume of the _History of Woman Suffrage_ came off the
+press in May 1881, she proudly and lovingly scanned its 878 pages
+which told the story of women's progress in the United States up to
+the Civil War.
+
+She was well aware that the _History_ was not a literary achievement,
+but the facts were there, as accurate as humanly possible; all the
+eloquent, stirring speeches were there, a proof of the caliber and
+high intelligence of the pioneers; and out of the otherwise dull
+record of meetings, conventions, and petitions, a spirit of
+independence and zeal for freedom shone forth, highlighted
+occasionally by dramatic episodes. As Mrs. Stanton so aptly expressed
+it, "We have furnished the bricks and mortar for some future architect
+to rear a beautiful edifice."[346]
+
+The distribution of the book was very much on Susan's mind, for she
+realized that it would not be in great demand because of its cost,
+bulk, and subject matter. Nor could she at this time present it to
+libraries, as she wished, for she had already spent her savings on the
+illustrations. "It ought to be in every school library," she wrote
+Amelia Bloomer, "where every boy and girl of the nation could see and
+read and learn what women have done to secure equality of rights and
+chances for girls and women...."[347]
+
+So much material had been collected while Volume I was in preparation
+that both Susan and Mrs. Stanton felt they should immediately
+undertake Volume II. After a summer of lecturing to help finance its
+publication, Susan returned to Tenafly to the monotonous work of
+compilation. "I am just sick to death of it," she wrote her young
+friend Rachel Foster. "I had rather wash or whitewash or do any
+possible hard work than sit here and go there digging into the dusty
+records of the past--that is, rather _make_ history than write
+it."[348]
+
+Yet she never entirely gave up making history, for she was always
+planning for the future and Rachel Foster was now her able lieutenant,
+relieving her of details, doing the spade work for the annual
+Washington conventions, and arranging for an occasional lecture
+engagement. Susan would not leave Tenafly for a lecture fee of less
+than $50.
+
+She took this intelligent young girl to her heart as she had Anna E.
+Dickinson in the past. Rachel, however, had none of Anna's dramatic
+temperament or love of the limelight, but in her orderly businesslike
+way was eager to serve Susan, whom she had admired ever since as a
+child she had heard her speak for woman suffrage in her mother's
+drawing room.
+
+While Susan was pondering the ways and means of financing another
+volume of the _History_, the light broke through in a letter from
+Wendell Phillips, announcing the astonishing news that she and Lucy
+Stone had inherited approximately $25,000 each for "the woman's cause"
+under the will of Eliza Eddy, the daughter of their former benefactor,
+Francis Jackson. Although the legacy was not paid until 1885 because
+of litigation, its promise lightened considerably Susan's financial
+burden and she knew that Volumes II and III were assured. Her
+gratitude to Eliza Eddy was unbounded, and better still, she read
+between the lines the good will of Wendell Phillips who had been Eliza
+Eddy's legal advisor. That he, whom she admired above all men, should
+after their many differences still regard her as worthy of this trust,
+meant as much to her as the legacy itself.
+
+In May 1882 she had the satisfaction of seeing the second volume of
+the _History of Woman Suffrage_ in print, carrying women's record
+through 1875. Volume III was not completed until 1885.
+
+Women's response to their own history was a disappointment. Only a few
+realized its value for the future, among them Mary L. Booth, editor of
+_Harper's Bazaar_. The majority were indifferent and some even
+critical. When Mrs. Stanton offered the three volumes to the Vassar
+College library, they were refused.[349] Nevertheless, every time
+Susan looked at the three large volumes on her shelves, she was happy,
+for now she was assured that women's struggle for citizenship and
+freedom would live in print through the years. To libraries in the
+United States and Europe, she presented well over a thousand copies,
+grateful that the Eliza Eddy legacy now made this possible.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In 1883, Susan surprised everyone by taking a vacation in Europe. Soon
+after Volume II of the _History_ had been completed, Mrs. Stanton had
+left for Europe with her daughter Harriot.[350] Her letters to Susan
+reported not only Harriot's marriage to an Englishman, William Henry
+Blatch, but also encouraging talks with the forward-looking women of
+England and France whom she hoped to interest in an international
+organization. Repeatedly she urged Susan to join her, to meet these
+women, and to rest for a while from her strenuous labors. The
+possibility of forming an international organization of women was a
+greater attraction to Susan than Europe itself, and when Rachel Foster
+suggested that she make the journey with her, she readily consented.
+
+"She goes abroad a republican Queen," observed the Kansas City
+_Journal_, "uncrowned to be sure, but none the less of the blood
+royal, and we have faith that the noblest men and women of Europe will
+at once recognize and welcome her as their equal."[351]
+
+In London, Susan met Mrs. Stanton, "her face beaming and her white
+curls as lovely as ever." Then after talking with English suffragists
+and her two old friends, William Henry Channing and Ernestine Rose,
+now living in England, Susan traveled with Rachel through Italy,
+Switzerland, Germany, and France, where a whole new world opened
+before her. She thoroughly enjoyed its beauty; yet there was much that
+distressed her and she found herself far more interested in the
+people, their customs and living conditions than in the treasures of
+art. "It is good for our young civilization," she wrote Daniel, "to
+see and study that of the old world and observe the hopelessness of
+lifting the masses into freedom and freedom's industry, honesty and
+integrity. How any American, any lover of our free institutions, based
+on equality of rights for all, can settle down and live here is more
+than I can comprehend. It will only be by overturning the powers that
+education and equal chances ever can come to the rank and file. The
+hope of the world is indeed our republic...." To a friend she
+reported, "Amidst it all my head and heart turn to our battle for
+women at home. Here in the old world, with ... its utter blotting out
+of women as an equal, there is no hope, no possibility of changing her
+condition; so I look to our own land of equality for men, and partial
+equality for women, as the only one for hope or work."[352]
+
+Back in London again, she allowed herself a few luxuries, such as an
+expensive India shawl and more social life than she had had in many a
+year, and she longed to have Mary enjoy it all with her. She visited
+suffragists in Scotland and Ireland as well as in England and
+occasionally spoke at their meetings.[353] Here as in America
+suffragists differed over the best way to win the vote, and even the
+most radical among them were more conservative and cautious than
+American women, but she admired them all and tried to understand the
+very different problems they faced. Gradually she interested a few of
+them in an international conference of women, and before she sailed
+back to America with Mrs. Stanton in November 1883, she had their
+promise of cooperation.
+
+The newspapers welcomed her home. "Susan B. Anthony is back from
+Europe," announced the Cleveland _Leader_, "and is here for a winter's
+fight on behalf of woman suffrage. She seems remarkably well, and has
+gained fifteen pounds since she left last spring. She is sixty-three,
+but looks just the same as twenty years ago. There is perhaps an extra
+wrinkle in her face, a little more silver in her hair, but her blue
+eyes are just as bright, her mouth as serious and her step as active
+as when she was forty. She would attract attention in any crowd."[354]
+
+Susan came back to an indifferent Congress. "All would fall flat and
+dead if someone were not here to keep them in mind of their duty to
+us," she wrote a friend at this time, and to her diary she confided,
+"It is perfectly disheartening that no member feels any especial
+interest or earnest determination in pushing this question of woman
+suffrage, to all men only a side issue."[355]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[339] The only such history available was the _History of the National
+Woman's Rights Movement for Twenty Years_ (New York, 1871), written by
+Paulina Wright Davis to commemorate the first national woman's rights
+convention in Worcester, Massachusetts, in 1850. This brief record,
+ending with Victoria Woodhull's Memorial to Congress, was inadequate
+and placed too much emphasis on Victoria Woodhull who had flashed
+through the movement like a meteor, leaving behind her a trail of
+discord and little that was constructive.
+
+[340] Aaron McLean, Eugene Mosher, his daughter Louise, Merritt's
+daughter, Lucy E. Anthony from Fort Scott, Kansas, and later Lucy's
+sister "Anna O."
+
+[341] Mrs. Stanton moved to the new home she had built in Tenafly, New
+Jersey, in 1868.
+
+[342] Fowler & Wells furnished the paper, press work, and advertising
+and paid the authors 12-1/2% commission on sales. They did not look
+askance at such a controversial subject, having published the Fowler
+family's phrenological books. In addition the women of the family were
+suffragists.
+
+[343] In 1855, at the instigation of her father. Miss Anthony began to
+preserve her press clippings. She now found them a valuable record,
+and she hired a young girl to paste them in six large account books.
+Thirty-two of her scrapbooks are now in the Library of Congress.
+
+[344] Aug. 30, 1876, Ida Husted Harper Collection, Henry E. Huntington
+Library. The history of the American Woman Suffrage Association was
+compiled for Volume II from the _Woman's Journal_ and Mary Livermore's
+_The Agitator_ by Harriot Stanton.
+
+[345] Nov. 30, 1880, Amelia Bloomer Papers, Seneca Falls Historical
+Society, Seneca Falls, N. Y.
+
+[346] Harper, _Anthony_, II, p. 531. The _History_ received friendly
+and complimentary reviews, the New York _Tribune_ and _Sun_ giving it
+two columns.
+
+[347] June 28, 1881, Amelia Bloomer Papers, Seneca Falls Historical
+Society, Seneca Falls, N. Y. The cost of a cloth copy of the _History_
+was $3.
+
+[348] Dec. 19, 1880, Susan B. Anthony Papers, Library of Congress.
+Rachel Foster's mother was a life-long friend of Elizabeth Cady
+Stanton and sympathetic to her work for women. The widow of a wealthy
+Pittsburgh newspaperman, she was now active in Pennsylvania suffrage
+organizations. Her daughters, Rachel and Julia, early became
+interested in the cause.
+
+[349] E. C. Stanton to Laura Collier, Jan. 21, 1886, Elizabeth Cady
+Stanton Papers, Vassar College Library. Mary Livermore criticized the
+_History_ as poorly edited.
+
+[350] After her marriage in 1882, to William Henry Blatch of
+Basingstoke, Harriot made her home in England for the next 20 years.
+
+[351] Harper, _Anthony_, II, p. 549.
+
+[352] _Ibid._, pp. 553, 558, 562. Miss Anthony spent a week with her
+old friends, Ellen and Aaron Sargent in Berlin where Aaron was serving
+as American Minister to Germany. In Paris she visited Theodore Stanton
+and his French wife.
+
+[353] Lydia Becker, Mrs. Jacob Bright, Helen Taylor, Priscilla Bright
+McLaren, Margaret Bright Lucas, Alice Scatcherd, and Elizabeth Pease
+Nichol. A bill to enfranchise widows and spinsters was pending in
+Parliament. Only a few women were courageous enough to demand votes
+for married women as well.
+
+[354] Harper, _Anthony_, II, p. 582.
+
+[355] _Ibid._, pp. 591, 583.
+
+
+
+
+IMPETUS FROM THE WEST
+
+
+"My heart almost stands still. I hope against hope, but still I hope,"
+Susan wrote in her diary in 1885, as she waited for news from Oregon
+Territory regarding the vote of the people on a woman suffrage
+amendment.[356] Woman suffrage was defeated in Oregon; and in
+Washington Territory, where in 1883 it had carried, a contest was
+being waged in the courts to invalidate it. In Nebraska it had also
+been defeated in 1882. Since the victories in Wyoming and Utah in 1869
+and 1870, not another state or territory had written woman suffrage
+into law.
+
+In spite of these setbacks, Susan still saw great promise in the West
+and resumed her lecturing there. She knew the rapidly growing young
+western states and territories as few easterners did, and she
+understood their people. Here women were making themselves
+indispensable as teachers, and state universities, now open to them,
+graduated over two thousand women a year. The Farmers' Alliance, the
+Grange, and the Prohibition party, all distinctly western in origin,
+admitted women to membership and were friendly to woman suffrage.
+School suffrage had been won in twelve western states as against five
+in the East, and Kansas women were now voting in municipal elections.
+In a sense, woman suffrage was becoming respectable in the West, and a
+woman was no longer ostracized by her friends for working with Susan
+B. Anthony.
+
+Still critical of her own speaking, Susan was often discouraged over
+her lectures, but her vitality, her naturalness, and her flashes of
+wit seldom failed to win over her audiences. Her nephew, Daniel Jr., a
+student at the University of Michigan, hearing her speak, wrote his
+parents, "At the beginning of her lecture, Aunt Susan does not do so
+well; but when she is in the midst of her argument and all her
+energies brought into play, I think she is a very powerful
+speaker."[357]
+
+On these trips through the West, she kept in close touch with her
+brothers Daniel and Merritt in Kansas, frequently visiting in their
+homes and taking her numerous nieces to Rochester. She valued
+Daniel's judgment highly, and he, well-to-do and influential, was a
+great help to her in many ways, investing her savings and furnishing
+her with railroad passes which greatly reduced her ever-increasing
+traveling expenses.
+
+Everywhere she met active zealous members of the Women's Christian
+Temperance Union. Since the Civil War, temperance had become a
+vigorous movement in the Middle West, doing its utmost to counteract
+the influence of the many large new breweries and saloons. Through the
+Prohibition party, organized on a national basis in 1872, temperance
+was now a political issue in Kansas, Iowa, and the Territory of
+Dakota, and through the W.C.T.U. women waged an effective
+total-abstinence campaign. Brought into the suffrage movement by
+Frances Willard under the slogan, "For God and Home and Country,"
+these women quickly sensed the value of their votes to the temperance
+cause. Nor was Susan slow to recognize their importance to her and her
+work, for they represented an entirely new group, churchwomen, who
+heretofore had been suspicious of and hostile toward woman's rights.
+Through them, she anticipated a powerful impetus for her cause.
+
+With admiration she had watched Frances Willard's career.[358] This
+vivid consecrated young woman was a born leader, quick to understand
+woman's need of the vote and eager to lead women forward. It was a
+disappointment, however, when she joined the American rather than the
+National Woman Suffrage Association. The reasons for this, Susan
+readily understood, were Frances Willard's warm friendship with Mary
+Livermore and her own preference for the American's state-by-state
+method, similar to that she had so successfully followed in her
+W.C.T.U. Yet Frances Willard, whenever she could, cooperated with
+Susan whom she admired and loved; and through the years these two
+great leaders valued and respected each other, even though they
+frequently differed over policy and method.
+
+Susan, for example, was often troubled because women suffrage and
+temperance were more and more linked together in the public mind, thus
+confusing the issues and arousing the hostility of those who might
+have been friendly toward woman suffrage had they not feared that
+women's votes would bring in prohibition. She did her best to make it
+clear to her audiences that she did not ask for the ballot in order
+that women might vote against saloons and for prohibition. She
+demanded only that women have the same right as men to express their
+opinions at the polls. Such an attitude was hard for many temperance
+women to understand and to forgive.
+
+Over women's support of specific political parties, Susan and Frances
+Willard were never able to agree. Susan had never been willing to ally
+herself with a minority party. Therefore, to Frances Willard's
+disappointment, she withheld her support from the Prohibition party in
+1880, although their platform acknowledged woman's need of the ballot
+and directed them to use it to settle the liquor question, and in 1884
+when they recommended state suffrage for women. Finding women eager to
+support the Prohibitionists in gratitude for these inadequate planks,
+Susan even issued a statement urging them to support the Republicans,
+who held out the most hope to them even if woman suffrage had not been
+mentioned in their platform. Her experience in Washington had proved
+to her the friendliness and loyalty of individual Republicans, and she
+was unwilling to jeopardize their support.
+
+Her judgment was confirmed during the next few years when friendly
+Republicans spoke for woman suffrage in the Senate, and when in 1887
+the woman suffrage amendment was debated and voted on in the Senate.
+In the Senate gallery eagerly listening, Susan took notice that the
+sixteen votes cast for the amendment were those of Republicans.[359]
+
+Still hoping to win Susan's endorsement of the Prohibition party in
+1888, Frances Willard asked her to outline what kind of plank would
+satisfy her.
+
+"Do you mean so satisfy me," Susan replied, "that I would work, and
+recommend to all women to work ... for the success of the third party
+ticket?... Not until a third party gets into power ... which promises
+a larger per cent of representatives, on the floor of Congress, and in
+the several State legislatures, who will speak and vote for women's
+enfranchisement, than does the Republican, shall I work for it. You
+see, as yet there is not a single Prohibitionist in Congress while
+there are at least twenty Republicans on the floor of the United
+States Senate, besides fully one-half of the members of the House of
+Representatives who are in favor of woman suffrage.... I do not
+propose to work for the defeat of the party which thus far has
+furnished nearly every vote in that direction."[360]
+
+Nor was she lured away when, in 1888, the Prohibition party endorsed
+woman suffrage and granted Frances Willard the honor of addressing its
+convention and serving on the resolutions committee.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The temperance issue also cropped up in the annual Washington
+conventions of the National Woman Suffrage Association, preparations
+for which Susan now left to Rachel Foster, May Wright Sewall, a
+capable young recruit from Indiana, and Jane Spofford. However, she
+still supervised these conventions, prodding and interfering, in what
+she called her most Andrew Jackson-like manner. She always returned to
+Washington with excitement and pleasure, and with the hope of some
+outstanding victory, and the suite at the Riggs House, given her by
+generous Jane Spofford, was a delight after months of hard travel in
+the West. "I shall come both ragged and dirty," she wrote Mrs.
+Spofford in 1887. "Though the apparel will be tattered and torn, the
+mind, the essence of me, is sound to the core. Please tell the little
+milliner to have a bonnet picked out for me, and get a dressmaker who
+will patch me together so that I shall be presentable."[361]
+
+Open to all women irrespective of race or creed, the National Woman
+Suffrage Association attracted fearless independent devoted members.
+They welcomed Mormon women into the fold, and when the bill to
+disfranchise Mormon women as a punishment for polygamy was before
+Congress in 1887, they did their utmost to help Mormon women retain
+the vote, but were defeated.
+
+They welcomed as well many temperance advocates. A few delegates,
+however, among them Mrs. Stanton, Mrs. Gage, and Mrs. Colby, scorned
+what they called the "singing and praying" temperance group and
+protested that temperance and religion were getting too strong a hold
+on the organization. Abigail Duniway from Oregon contended that
+suffragists should not join forces with temperance groups and blamed
+the defeat of woman suffrage in Oregon, Idaho, and Washington, in
+1887, on men's fear that women would vote for prohibition.
+
+Often Susan was obliged to act as arbiter between the temperance and
+nontemperance groups. She did not underestimate the momentum which the
+well-organized W.C.T.U. had already given the suffrage cause,
+particularly in states where the National Association had only a few
+and scattered workers. She needed and wanted the help of these
+temperance women and of Frances Willard's forceful and winning
+personality. She also saw the importance of breaking down with Frances
+Willard's aid the slow-yielding opposition of the church.
+
+Occasionally enthusiastic workers undertook projects which to her
+seemed unwise. She told them frankly how she felt and left it at that,
+but most of them had to learn by experience. When Belva Lockwood, one
+of her most able colleagues in Washington, accepted the nomination for
+President of the United States, offered her by the women of California
+in 1884 and by the women of Iowa in 1888 through their Equal Rights
+party, she did not lend her support or that of the National
+Association, but followed her consistent policy of no alignment with a
+minority party. Nevertheless, she heartily believed in women's right
+and ability to hold the highest office in the land.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Ever since her trip to Europe in 1883, Susan had been planning for an
+international gathering of women. Interest in this project was kept
+alive among European women by Mrs. Stanton during her frequent visits
+with her daughter Harriot in England and her son Theodore in France.
+It was Susan, however, who put the machinery in motion through the
+National Woman Suffrage Association and issued a call for an
+international conference in Washington, in March 1888, to commemorate
+the fortieth anniversary of the first woman's rights convention. Ten
+thousand invitations were sent out to organizations of women in all
+parts of the world, to professional, business, and reform groups as
+well as to those advocating political and civil rights for women, and
+an ambitious program was prepared. Most of the work for the conference
+and the raising of $13,000 to finance it fell upon the shoulders of
+Susan, Rachel Foster, and May Wright Sewall, but they also had the
+enthusiastic cooperation of Frances Willard, who, with her nation-wide
+contacts, was of inestimable value in arousing interest among the many
+and varied women's organizations and the labor groups. Another happy
+development was Clara Colby's decision to publish her _Woman's
+Tribune_ in Washington during the conference. Mrs. Colby's _Tribune_,
+established in Beatrice, Nebraska, in 1883, had since then met in a
+measure Susan's need for a paper for the National Association and she
+welcomed its transfer to Washington.[362]
+
+Women from all parts of the world assembled in Albaugh's Opera House
+in Washington for the epoch-making international conference which
+opened on Sunday, March 25, 1888, with religious services conducted
+entirely by women, as if to prove to the world that women in the
+pulpit were appropriate and adequate. Fifty-three national
+organizations sent representatives, and delegates came from England,
+France, Norway, Denmark, Finland, India, and Canada.
+
+Presiding over all sixteen sessions, Susan rejoiced over a record
+attendance. Her thoughts went back to the winter of 1854 when she and
+Ernestine Rose had held their first woman's rights meetings in
+Washington, finding only a handful ready to listen. The intervening
+thirty-four years had worked wonders. Now women were willing to travel
+not only across the continent but from Europe and Asia to discuss and
+demand equal educational advantages, equal opportunities for training
+in the professions and in business, equal pay for equal work, equal
+suffrage, and the same standard of morals for all. Aware of their
+responsibility to their countries, they asked for the tools, education
+and the franchise, to help solve the world's problems. They were
+listened to with interest and respect, and were received at the White
+House by President and Mrs. Cleveland.
+
+Through it all, a dynamic, gray-haired woman in a black silk dress
+with a red shawl about her shoulders was without question the heroine
+of the occasion. "This lady," observed the Baltimore _Sun_, "daily
+grows upon all present; the woman suffragists love her for her good
+works, the audience for her brightness and wit, and the multitude of
+press representatives for her frank, plain, open, business-like way of
+doing everything connected with the council.... Her word is the
+parliamentary law of the meeting. Whatever she says is done without
+murmur or dissent."[363]
+
+A permanent International Council of Women to meet once every five
+years was organized with Millicent Garrett Fawcett of England as
+president, and a National Council to meet every three years was formed
+as an affiliate with Frances Willard as president and Susan as
+vice-president at large. Emphasizing education and social and moral
+reform, the International Council did not rank suffrage first as
+Susan had hoped. Nevertheless, she was happy that an international
+movement of enterprising women was well on its way. They would learn
+by experience.
+
+Of all the favorable results of the International Council of Women,
+two were of special importance to Susan, meeting Anna Howard Shaw and
+overtures from Lucy Stone for a union of the National and American
+Woman Suffrage Associations.
+
+Prejudiced against Anna Howard Shaw, who had aligned herself with Mary
+Livermore and Lucy Stone, and who she assumed, was a narrow Methodist
+minister, Susan was unprepared to find that the pleasing young woman
+in the pulpit on the first day of the conference, holding her audience
+spellbound with her oratory, was Anna Howard Shaw. Here was a warm
+personality, a crusader eager to right human wrongs, and above all a
+matchless public speaker. Anna too had heard much criticism of Susan
+and had formed a distorted opinion of her which was quickly dispelled
+as she watched her preside. They liked each other the moment they met.
+
+Anna Howard Shaw had grown up on the Michigan frontier, her
+indomitable spirit and her eagerness for learning conquering the
+hardships and the limitations of her surroundings. Encouraged by Mary
+Livermore, who by chance lectured in her little town, she worked her
+way through Albion College and Boston University Theological School,
+from which she graduated in 1878. She then served as the pastor of two
+Cape Cod churches, but was refused ordination by the Methodist
+Episcopal church because of her sex. Eventually she was ordained by
+the Methodist Protestant church. During her pastorate, she studied
+medicine at Boston University, and because of her ability as a speaker
+was in demand as a lecturer for temperance and woman suffrage groups.
+Through the Massachusetts Woman Suffrage Association, she met an
+inspiring group of reformers, and their influence and that of Frances
+Willard, in whose work she was intensely interested, led her to leave
+the ministry for active work in the temperance and woman suffrage
+movements. After several years as a lecturer and organizer for the
+Massachusetts Woman Suffrage Association, she was placed at the head
+of the franchise department of the W.C.T.U. This was her work when she
+met Susan B. Anthony.
+
+[Illustration: Anna Howard Shaw]
+
+The more Susan talked with Anna, the better she liked her, and the
+feeling was mutual. This wholesome woman of forty-one, with abundant
+vitality, unmarried and without pressing family ties to divert her,
+seemed particularly well fitted to assist Susan in the arduous
+campaigns which lay ahead. A natural orator, she could in a measure
+take the place of Mrs. Stanton, who could no longer undertake western
+tours. Before the International Council adjourned, Susan had Anna's
+promise that she would lecture for the National Association.
+
+One of Susan's nieces, Lucy E. Anthony, also felt drawn to Anna after
+meeting her at the International Council. A warm friendship quickly
+developed and continued throughout their lives. Within a few years
+they were living together, Lucy serving as Anna's secretary and
+planning her lecture tours and campaign trips. Educated in Rochester
+through the help of her aunts, Susan and Mary, living in their home
+and loving them both, Lucy readily made their interests her own and
+devoted her life to the suffrage movement. Neither a public speaker
+nor a campaigner, she put her executive ability to work, and her
+tasks, though less spectacular, were important and freed both Susan
+and Anna from many details.
+
+Just as the International Council of Women had broken down Anna Howard
+Shaw's prejudice regarding Susan B. Anthony and her National Woman
+Suffrage Association, just so it clarified the opinions of other young
+women, now aligning themselves with the cause. Admiring the leaders of
+both factions, these young women saw no reason why the two groups
+should not work together in one large strong organization, and this
+seemed increasingly important as they welcomed women from other
+countries to this first international conference. Unfamiliar with the
+personal antagonisms and the sincere differences in policy which had
+caused the separation after the Civil War, they did not understand the
+difficulties still in the way of union. So strongly, however, did they
+press for a united front that the leaders of both groups felt
+themselves swept along toward that goal. Susan herself had long looked
+forward to the time when all suffragists would again work together,
+but since the unsuccessful overtures of her group in 1870, she had
+made no further efforts in that direction. She was completely taken by
+surprise when in the fall of 1887 the American Association proposed
+that she and Lucy Stone confer regarding union.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The negotiations revived old arguments in the minds of zealous
+partisans, and in the _Woman's Journal_, the _Woman's Tribune_, and
+elsewhere, attempts were made to fasten the blame for the
+twenty-year-old rift upon this one and that one; but so strong ran the
+tide for union among the younger women that this excursion into the
+past aroused little interest.
+
+The election of the president of the merged organizations was the most
+difficult hurdle. Lucy Stone suggested that neither she, Mrs. Stanton,
+nor Susan allow their names to be proposed, since they had been blamed
+for the division, but this was easier said than done. The clamor for
+Susan and Mrs. Stanton was so strong and continuous among the younger
+members that it soon became apparent that unless one or the other were
+chosen, there would be no hope of union. The odds were in Susan's
+favor. Her popularity in the National Association was tremendous.
+Although Mrs. Stanton was revered as the mother of woman suffrage and
+admired for her brilliant mind and her poise as presiding officer, she
+now spent so much time in Europe with her daughter Harriot that many
+who might otherwise have voted for her felt that the office should go
+to Susan, who was always on the job.
+
+[Illustration: Harriot Stanton Blatch]
+
+Most of the American Association regarded Susan as safer and less
+radical than Mrs. Stanton, less likely to stray from the straight path
+of woman suffrage, and Henry Blackwell recommended her election.
+
+Susan did not want the presidency. She wanted it for Mrs. Stanton, who
+had headed the National Association so ably for so many years. She
+pleaded earnestly with the delegates of the National Association: "I
+will say to every woman who is a National and who has any love for the
+old Association, or for Susan B. Anthony, that I hope you will not
+vote for her for president.... Don't you vote for any human being but
+Mrs. Stanton.... When the division was made 22 years ago it was
+because our platform was too broad, because Mrs. Stanton was too
+radical.... And now ... if Mrs. Stanton shall be deposed ... you
+virtually degrade her.... I want our platform to be kept broad enough
+for the infidel, the atheist, the Mohammedan, or the Christian....
+These are the broad principles I want you to stand upon."[364]
+
+When the two organizations met in February 1890 to effect formal union
+as the National American Woman Suffrage Association, Elizabeth Cady
+Stanton was elected president by a majority of 41 votes, while Susan
+was the almost unanimous choice for vice-president at large. With Lucy
+Stone chosen chairman of the executive committee, Jane Spofford
+treasurer, and Rachel Foster and Alice Stone Blackwell
+secretaries,[365] the new organization was well equipped with able
+leaders for the work ahead. It was dedicated to work for both state
+and federal woman suffrage amendments and its official organ would be
+the _Woman's Journal_.
+
+Susan now faced the future with gratitude that a strong unified
+organization could be handed down to the younger women who would
+gradually take over the work she had started, and her confidence in
+these young women grew day by day. Working closely with Rachel Foster
+and May Wright Sewall, she knew their caliber. Anna Howard Shaw and
+Alice Stone Blackwell showed great promise, and Harriot Stanton Blatch
+was living up to her expectations. In England where Harriot had made
+her home since her marriage in 1882, she was active in the cause, and
+on her visits to her mother in New York, she kept in touch with the
+suffrage movement in the United States. She took part in the union
+meeting, and in her diary, Susan recorded these words of commendation,
+"Harriot said but a few words, yet showed herself worthy of her mother
+and her mother's lifelong friend and co-worker. It was a proud moment
+for me."[366]
+
+To such she could entrust her beloved cause.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[356] Harper, _Anthony_, II, p. 592.
+
+[357] _Ibid._, p. 658.
+
+[358] Miss Anthony first met Frances Willard in 1875 when she lectured
+in Rochester. Invited to sit on the platform, by her side, she
+thoughtfully refused, adding "You have a heavy enough load to carry
+without me." Harper, _Anthony_, I, p. 472. When Frances Willard took
+her stand for woman suffrage in the W.C.T.U. in 1876, Miss Anthony
+wrote her, "Now you are to go forward. I wish I could see you and make
+you feel my gladness." Mary Earhart, _Frances Willard_ (Chicago,
+1944), p. 153.
+
+[359] During the debate, Frances Willard rendered valuable aid with a
+petition for woman suffrage, signed by 200,000 women. This
+counteracted in a measure the protests against woman suffrage by
+President Eliot of Harvard and 200 New England clergymen.
+
+[360] Harper, _Anthony_, II, pp. 622-623.
+
+[361] _Ibid._, p. 612.
+
+[362] So successful was Mrs. Colby's Washington venture that she
+continued to publish her _Woman's Tribune_ there for the next 16 years
+
+[363] Harper, _Anthony_, II, p. 637.
+
+[364] _Woman's Tribune_, Feb. 22, 1890.
+
+[365] The credit for achieving union after two years of patient
+negotiation goes to Rachel Foster Avery, secretary of the National
+Association, and to Lucy Stone's daughter, Alice Stone Blackwell,
+secretary of the American Association.
+
+[366] Harper, _Anthony_, II, p. 675.
+
+
+
+
+VICTORIES IN THE WEST
+
+
+New western states were coming into the Union, North and South Dakota,
+Montana, Washington, Idaho, and Wyoming, and in Susan's opinion it was
+highly important that they be admitted as woman suffrage states, for
+she had not forgotten that disturbing line of the Supreme Court
+decision in the Virginia Minor case which read, "No new State has ever
+been admitted to the Union which has conferred the right of suffrage
+on women, and this has never been considered a valid objection to her
+admission."[367] Susan wanted to start a new trend.
+
+Opposition to Wyoming's woman suffrage provision was strong in
+Congress in spite of the fact that it had the unanimous approval of
+Wyoming's constitutional convention. To Susan in the gallery of the
+House of Representatives, listening anxiously to the debate on the
+admission of Wyoming, defeat was unthinkable after women had voted in
+the Territory of Wyoming for twenty years; but Democrats, wishing to
+block the admission of a preponderantly Republican state, used woman
+suffrage as an excuse. With a sinking heart, she heard an amendment
+offered, limiting suffrage in Wyoming to males. At the crucial moment,
+however, the tide was turned by a telegram from the Wyoming
+legislature, the words of which rejoiced Susan, "We will remain out of
+the Union a hundred years rather than come in without woman
+suffrage."[368] After this, the House voted to admit Wyoming, 139 to
+127, but the Senate delayed, renewing the attack on the woman suffrage
+provision. Not until July 1890, while she was speaking to a large
+audience in the opera house at Madison, South Dakota, did the good
+news of the admission of Wyoming reach her. Jubilant as she commented
+on this great victory, she spoke as one inspired, for she saw this as
+the turning point in her forty long years of uphill work.
+
+Neither North Dakota nor South Dakota had wanted to risk their
+chances of statehood by incorporating woman suffrage in their
+constitutions.[369] Yet public opinion in both states was friendly,
+South Dakota directing its first legislature to submit the question to
+the voters. It was this that brought Susan to South Dakota in 1890.
+Sentiment for woman suffrage in South Dakota had previously been
+created almost entirely by the W.C.T.U., and this had linked woman
+suffrage and prohibition together. Now, the liquor interests made
+prohibition an issue in this woman suffrage campaign, as they rallied
+their forces for the repeal of prohibition which had been adopted when
+South Dakota was admitted to statehood. Through the propaganda of the
+liquor interests the 30,000 foreign-born voters became formidable
+opponents, and newly naturalized Russians, Scandinavians, and Poles,
+given the vote before American women, wore badges carrying the slogan,
+"Against Woman Suffrage and Susan B. Anthony."[370] Both Republicans
+and Democrats cultivated these foreign-born voters, turning a cold
+shoulder to the woman suffrage amendment and refusing to endorse it in
+their state conventions. Even the Farmers' Alliance and the Knights of
+Labor, previously friendly to woman suffrage, now joined with the
+Prohibitionists to form a third political party which also failed to
+endorse the woman suffrage amendment. On top of all this,
+anti-suffragists from Massachusetts, calling themselves Remonstrants,
+flooded South Dakota with their leaflets.
+
+It now seemed to Susan as if every clever politician had lined up
+against women. During these trying days, Anna Howard Shaw joined her,
+and together they covered the state, hoping by the truth and sincerity
+of their statements to quash the propaganda against woman suffrage.
+Often they traveled in freight cars, as transportation was limited, or
+drove long distances in wagons over the sun-baked prairie. The heat
+was intense and the hot winds, blowing incessantly, seared everything
+they touched. After two years of drouth, the farmers were desperately
+poor, and Susan, concerned over their plight, wondered why Congress
+could not have appropriated the money for artesian wells to help these
+honest earnest people, instead of voting $40,000 for an investigating
+commission.[371]
+
+Occasionally Susan and Anna spent the night in isolated sod houses
+where ingenious pioneer women cooked their scant meals over burning
+chips of buffalo bones gathered on the prairie. Glorying in the
+valiant spirit of these women, who in loneliness and hardship played
+an important but unheralded role in the conquest of this new country,
+Susan was generous with her praise. To them her words of commendation
+were like a benediction, and few of them ever forgot a visit from
+Susan B. Anthony.
+
+By this time life on the frontier was an old story to her, for she had
+campaigned under similar conditions in Kansas and in the far West.
+Nonetheless, the hardships were trying. Yet this plucky woman of
+seventy wrote friends in the East, "Tell everybody that I am perfectly
+well in body and in mind, never better, and never doing more work....
+O, the lack of modern comforts and conveniences! But I can put up with
+it better than any of the young folks.... I shall push ahead and do my
+level best to carry this State, come weal or woe to me personally....
+I never felt so buoyed up with the love and sympathy and confidence of
+the good people everywhere...."[372]
+
+Young vigorous Anna Howard Shaw proved to be a campaigner after
+Susan's own heart, tireless, uncomplaining, and good-tempered, an
+exceptional speaker, witty and quick to say the right word at the
+right time. It was a joy to find in Anna the same devotion to the
+cause that she herself felt, the same crusading fervor and
+reliability. During the long drives over the prairie, she talked to
+Anna of the work that must be done, of what it would mean to the women
+of the future, and she fired Anna's soul "with the flame that burned
+in her own."[373]
+
+Another young western woman, Carrie Chapman Catt, also attracted
+Susan's attention at this time. She had volunteered for the South
+Dakota campaign, after attending her first national woman suffrage
+convention; and Susan, meeting her in Huron, South Dakota, to map out
+a speaking tour for her, found a tall handsome confident young woman
+ready to attack the work and see it through, in spite of the hardships
+which confronted her.
+
+Carrie Lane, a graduate of Iowa State College, had briefly studied law
+and taught school before her marriage to Lee Chapman. Now, four years
+after his death, she had married George W. Catt of Seattle, a
+promising young engineer and a former fellow-student at Iowa State
+College. What particularly impressed Susan was that Carrie, in spite
+of her marriage in June, had kept her pledge to come to South Dakota.
+She was pleased with the way Carrie not only heroically filled every
+difficult engagement, but sized up the campaign for herself and
+planned for the future. In Carrie's report of her work there was a
+ruthless practicality which was rare and which instantly won Susan's
+approval. Here was a young woman to watch and to keep in the work.
+
+[Illustration: The Anthony home, Rochester, New York]
+
+The visible result of six months of campaigning was defeat, with the
+vote 22,972 for woman suffrage and 45,632 opposed, and as Susan
+remembered the maneuvers of the politicians, the trading of votes for
+the location of the state capital, and the scheming of the liquor
+interests, she felt she was championing a lonely cause.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+From now on Susan hoped to turn over to the younger women much of the
+lecturing and organizing in the West, and she needed an anchorage, a
+home of her own from which she could direct the work. Her mother had
+willed 17 Madison Street to Mary, who had rented the first floor and
+was living on the second where there was a room for Susan. Now that
+Susan planned to spend more time at home and Mary had retired from
+teaching, they decided to take over the whole house, modernize and
+redecorate it, and enjoy it the rest of their lives. Mary as usual
+took charge, but Susan had definite ideas about what should be done.
+Mary, who had learned to be cautious and frugal, was more willing
+than Susan to make old furnishings do, but their friends came to the
+rescue, showering them with gifts.
+
+Freshly painted and papered, with new rugs on the floor, lace curtains
+at the windows, easy chairs and new furniture here and there, the
+house was all Susan had wished for, and everywhere were familiar
+touches, such as her mother's spinning wheel by the fireplace in the
+back parlor.
+
+She spent most of her time in her study on the second floor. Here she
+hung her pictures of the reformers she admired and loved; and right
+over her desk, looking down at her, was the comforting picture of her
+dearest friend, Mrs. Stanton. Hour after hour, she sat at this desk,
+writing letters, hurriedly dashing off one after another, writing just
+as the thoughts came, as if she were talking, bothering little with
+punctuation, using dashes instead, and vigorously underlining words
+and phrases for emphasis. Instructions to workers in all parts of the
+country, letters of friendship and sympathy, answers to the many
+questions which came in every mail, these were signed and sealed one
+after another, and slipped into the mail box when she took a brisk
+walk before going to bed.
+
+She started each day with the morning newspaper, stepping out on the
+front veranda to pick it up, taking a deep breath of fresh air, and
+enjoying the green grass and the tall graceful chestnut trees in front
+of the house. Then sitting down in the back parlor beside the big
+table covered with magazines and mail, she carefully read her paper
+before beginning the work at her desk, for she must keep up-to-date on
+the news.
+
+Rochester was important to her. It was her city, and she was on hand
+with her colleagues whenever there was an opportunity for women to
+express interest in its government, progress, or welfare. Not only did
+she encourage women to make use of their newly won right to vote in
+school elections, she also urged municipal suffrage for women.
+Appealing to the governor to appoint a woman to fill a vacancy on the
+board of trustees of Rochester's State Industrial School, she herself
+received the appointment which the _Democrat and Chronicle_ called "a
+fitting recognition of one of the ablest and best women in the
+commonwealth."[374]
+
+One of her first acts as trustee was a practical one for the girls.
+"Spent entire day at State Industrial School," she wrote in her diary,
+"getting the laundry girls--who had always washed for the entire
+institution by hand and ironed that old way--transferred to the boys'
+laundry room to use its machinery--am sure it will work well--girls 12
+of them delighted."[375] She also taught the boys to patch and darn,
+and later asked for coeducation.
+
+[Illustration: Susan B. Anthony at her desk]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Susan looked forward to welcoming Mrs. Stanton at 17 Madison Street
+when she returned to this country in 1891, particularly because she
+had sold her home in Tenafly after her husband's death, in 1887, and
+now had no home to go to. Susan hoped that as they again worked
+together she could persuade Mrs. Stanton to concentrate on more
+serious writing than the chatty reminiscences she had just published
+and which Susan felt were "not the greatest" of herself.[376] When she
+heard that Mrs. Stanton seriously contemplated living in New York with
+two of her children, she begged her to reconsider, writing, "This is
+the first time since 1850 that I have anchored myself to any
+particular spot, and in doing it my constant thought was that you
+would come here ... and stay for as long, at least, as we must be
+together to put your writings into systematic shape to go down to
+posterity. I have no writings to go down, so my ambition is not for
+myself, but is for the one by the side of whom I have wrought these
+forty years, and to get whose speeches before audiences ... has been
+the delight of my life."[377]
+
+Mrs. Stanton decided to make her home in New York, but first she
+visited Susan who found her as stimulating as ever and brimful of
+ideas. They plotted and planned as of old and managed to stir up
+public opinion on the question of admitting women to the University of
+Rochester. With women enrolled at the University of Michigan since
+1870, and at Cornell since 1872, and with Columbia University yielding
+at last to women's entreaties by establishing Barnard College in 1889,
+they felt it their duty to awaken Rochester, and although their
+agitation produced no immediate results, it did start other women
+thinking and made news for the press. The cartoons on the subject
+delighted them both.[378]
+
+Susan soon realized that the writing she had planned for Mrs. Stanton
+would never be done, for Mrs. Stanton had already made up her mind to
+write for magazines and newspapers on new and controversial subjects,
+feeling this was the best contribution she could make to the cause.
+Susan also found it increasingly difficult to hold her old friend to
+the straight path of woman suffrage, Mrs. Stanton insisting that too
+much concentration on this one subject was narrowing and left women
+unprepared for the intelligent use of the ballot. Women, Mrs. Stanton
+argued, needed to be stirred up to think, and this they would not do
+as long as their minds were dominated by the church, which, she
+believed, had for generations hampered their development by
+emphasizing their inferiority and subordination. She was determined to
+analyze and rebel, and Susan could in no way divert her. Completely
+absorbed in trying to prove that the Bible, accurately translated and
+interpreted, did not teach the inferiority or the subordination of
+women, she was writing a book which she called _The Woman's Bible_,
+chapters of which were already appearing in the _Woman's Tribune_.
+
+Susan was not unsympathetic to Mrs. Stanton's ideas, but she opposed
+this excursion into religious controversy because she was sure it
+would stir up futile wrangles among the suffragists and keep Mrs.
+Stanton from giving her best to the cause. Her lack of interest then
+and her frank disapproval as _The Woman's Bible_ progressed were a
+great disappointment to Mrs. Stanton, and these two old friends began
+to grow somewhat apart as they took different roads to reach their
+goal, the one intent on freeing women's minds, the other determined to
+establish their citizenship. Yet their friendship endured.
+
+[Illustration: Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton]
+
+In 1892 Susan reluctantly consented to Mrs. Stanton's retirement as
+president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Mrs.
+Stanton's request that she be followed by Susan won unanimous
+approval, and Anna Howard Shaw was moved up to second place,
+vice-president at large. For forty years, Susan had watched Mrs.
+Stanton preside with a poise, warmth, and skill which few could equal.
+She knew she would miss her dynamic reassuring presence at the
+conventions. Yet she was obliged to admit to herself that it was more
+than fitting that she should at last head the ever-growing
+organization which she had built up. This was the last convention
+which Mrs. Stanton attended, and it was the last for Lucy Stone who
+died the next year. Susan appreciated the eager young women who now
+took their places, but she did not yet feel completely at home with
+them. "Only think," she wrote an old-time colleague, "I shall not have
+a white-haired woman on the platform with me, and I shall be alone
+there of all the pioneer workers. Always with the 'old guard' I had
+perfect confidence that the wise and right thing would be said. What a
+platform ours then was of self-reliant strong women! I felt sure of
+you all.... I can not feel quite certain that our younger sisters will
+be equal to the emergency, yet they are each and all valiant, earnest,
+and talented, and will soon be left to manage the ship without even
+me."[379]
+
+In 1892, the year of the presidential election, Susan hopefully
+attended the national political conventions. Again the Republicans
+made their proverbial excuses, explaining that they not only faced a
+formidable opponent in Grover Cleveland but also the threat of a new
+People's party. The familiar ring of their alibis, which they had
+repeated since Reconstruction days, made Susan wonder when and if ever
+the Republicans would feel able to bear the strain of woman suffrage.
+Their platform remembered the poor, the foreign-born, and male
+Negroes, but it still ignored women. Yet hope for the future stirred
+in her heart as she saw at the convention two women serving as
+delegates from Wyoming. Here was the entering wedge.
+
+The Democrats as usual were silent on woman suffrage, but undismayed
+by them or by the Prohibitionists, who this year failed to endorse
+votes for women, Susan moved on to Omaha with Anna Howard Shaw for the
+first national convention of the new People's party. Here she met
+representatives of the Farmers' Alliance and the Knights of Labor,
+both friendly to woman suffrage, and men from other groups, critical
+of the two major political parties for their failure to solve the
+pressing economic problems confronting the nation. Susan was
+sympathetic with many of the aims of the People's party, having seen
+with her own eyes the plight of debt-burdened, hard-working farmers
+and having crusaded in her own paper, _The Revolution_, for the rights
+of labor and for the control of industrial monopoly. However, she
+still viewed minor, reform parties with a highly critical eye. The
+People's party gave her no woman suffrage plank and she found them
+"quite as oblivious to the underlying principle of justice to women as
+either of the old parties...."[380]
+
+With the election of Grover Cleveland, whose opposition to woman
+suffrage was well known, and with the Democrats in the saddle for
+another four years, Congressional action on the woman suffrage
+amendment was blocked. Nevertheless, the cause moved ahead in the
+states; Colorado was to vote on the question in 1893 and Kansas in
+1894, and New York was revising its constitution. In addition, the
+World's Fair in Chicago in 1893 offered endless opportunities to bring
+the subject before the people.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+As soon as plans for the World's Fair were under way, Susan began to
+work indirectly through prominent women in Washington and Chicago for
+the appointment of women to the board of management. "Lady Managers"
+were appointed, 115 strong, who proved to be very much alive under the
+leadership of Mrs. Bertha Honore Palmer. Susan found Mrs. Palmer
+almost as determined as she to secure equality of rights for women at
+the World's Fair, and nothing that she herself might have planned
+could have been more effective than the series of world congresses in
+which both men and women took part, or than the World's Congress of
+Representative Women.
+
+[Illustration: Elizabeth Smith Miller, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and
+Susan B. Anthony]
+
+Two of Susan's "girls," as she liked to call them, Rachel Foster
+Avery[381] and May Wright Sewall, were appointed by Mrs. Palmer to
+take charge of the World's Congress of Representative Women, and they
+arranged a meeting of the International Council of Women as a part of
+this Congress.
+
+Convening soon after the opening of the World's Fair, the Congress of
+Representative Women drew record crowds at its eighty-one sessions.
+Twenty-seven countries and 126 organizations were represented. Here
+Susan, to her joy, heard Negroes, American Indians, and Mormons tell
+of their progress and their problems, and saw them treated with as
+much respect as American millionaires, English nobility, or the most
+virtuous, conservative housewife. Watching these women assemble,
+talking with them, and listening to their well-delivered speeches, she
+felt richly rewarded for the lonely work she had undertaken forty
+years before, when scarcely a woman could be coaxed to a meeting or be
+persuaded to express her opinions in public. Although only one session
+of the congress was devoted to the civil and political rights of
+women, it was gratifying to her that women's need of the ballot was
+spontaneously brought up in meeting after meeting, showing that
+women, whatever their cause or whatever their organization, were
+recognizing that only by means of the vote could their reforms be
+achieved.
+
+Speaking on the subject to which she had dedicated her life, Susan
+gave credit to the pioneering suffragists for the change which had
+taken place in public opinion regarding the position of women. She
+urged women's organizations to give suffrage their wholehearted
+support and pointed out the great power of some of the newer
+organizations, such as the W.C.T.U. with its membership of half a
+million and the young General Federation of Women's Clubs of 40,000
+members. Confessing that her own National American Woman Suffrage
+Association in comparison was poor in numbers and limited in funds,
+she added, "I would philosophize on the reason why. It is because
+women have been taught always to work for something else than their
+own personal freedom; and the hardest thing in the world is to
+organize women for the one purpose of securing their political liberty
+and political equality."[382] Even so, the vital woman's rights
+organizations, she concluded, drew the whole world to them in spirit
+if not in person.
+
+Her very presence among them without her words, in fact her very
+presence on the fair grounds, advertised her cause, for in the mind of
+the public she personified woman suffrage. This tall dignified woman
+with smooth gray hair, abundant in energy and spontaneous
+friendliness, was the center of attraction at the World's Congress of
+Representative Women. In her new black dress of Chinese silk,
+brightened with blue, and her small black bonnet, trimmed with lace
+and blue forget-me-nots, she was the perfect picture of everyone's
+grandmother, and the people took her to their hearts.[383] She was the
+one woman all wanted to see. Curious crowds jammed the hall and
+corridors when she was scheduled to speak, and often a policeman had
+to clear the way for her. At whatever meeting she appeared, the
+audience at once burst into applause and started calling for her,
+interrupting the speakers, and were not satisfied until she had
+mounted the platform so that all could see her and she had said a few
+words. Then they cheered her. After years of ridicule and
+unpopularity, she hardly knew what to make of all this, but she
+accepted it with happiness as a tribute to her beloved cause. Many
+who had been critical and wary of her newfangled notions began to
+reverse their opinions after they saw her and heard her words of good
+common sense. Even those who still opposed woman suffrage left the
+World's Fair with a new respect for Susan B. Anthony.
+
+She stayed on in Chicago for much of the summer and fall, for she was
+in demand as a speaker at several of the world congresses and had five
+speeches to read for Mrs. Stanton, who felt unable to brave the heat
+and the crowds. She felt at home in this bustling, rapidly growing
+city which for so many years had been the halfway station on her
+lecture and campaign trips through the West. Here she had always found
+a warm welcome, first from her cousins, the Dickinsons, then from the
+ever-widening circle of friends she won for her cause. Now she was
+literally swamped with hospitality.[384] She rejoiced that such great
+numbers of everyday people were able to enjoy the beauty of the fair
+grounds and the many interesting exhibits, and when a group of
+clergymen urged Sunday closing, she took issue with them, declaring
+that Sunday was the only day on which many were free to attend. Asked
+by a disapproving clergyman if she would like to have a son of hers
+attend Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show on Sunday, she promptly and
+bluntly replied, "Of course I would, and I think he would learn far
+more there than from the sermons in some churches!"[385]
+
+Hearing of this, Buffalo Bill offered her a box at his popular Wild
+West Show, and she appeared the next day with twelve of her "girls."
+Dashing into the arena on his spirited horse while the band played and
+the spotlight flashed on him, Buffalo Bill rode directly up to Susan's
+box, reined his horse, and swept off his big western hat to salute
+her. Quick to respond, she rose and bowed, and beaming with pleasure,
+waved her handkerchief at him while the immense audience applauded and
+cheered.
+
+She returned home early in November 1893, with happy memories of the
+World's Fair and to good news from Colorado. "Telegram ... from
+Denver--said woman suffrage carried by 5000 majority," she recorded in
+her diary.[386] This laconic comment in no way expressed the joy in
+her heart.
+
+Her diaries, written hurriedly in small fine script, year after year,
+in black-covered notebooks about three inches by six, were a brief
+terse record of her work and her travels. Only occasionally a line of
+philosophizing shone out from the mass of routine detail, or an
+illuminating comment on a friend or a difficult situation, but she
+never failed to record a family anniversary, a birthday, or a death.
+
+The Colorado victory, referred to so casually in her diary, was
+actually of great importance to her and her cause, for it carried
+forward the trend initiated by the admission of Wyoming as a woman
+suffrage state in 1890. Colorado also proved to her that her "girls"
+could take over her work. So busy had she been winning good will for
+the cause at the World's Fair that she had left Colorado in the
+capable hands of the women of the state and of young efficient Carrie
+Chapman Catt, to whom she now turned over the supervision of all state
+campaigns.
+
+Encouragement also came from another part of the world, from New
+Zealand, where the vote was extended to women. This confirmed her
+growing conviction that equal citizenship was best understood on the
+frontier and that in her own country victory would come from the West.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[367] Minor vs. Happersett, _History of Woman Suffrage_, II, pp.
+741-742. North and South Dakota, Washington and Montana were admitted
+in 1889, Wyoming and Idaho in 1890.
+
+[368] _Ibid._, IV, pp. 999-1000.
+
+[369] North Dakota's constitution provided that the legislature might
+in the future enfranchise women.
+
+[370] _History of Woman Suffrage_, IV, p. 556.
+
+[371] Harper, _Anthony_, II, p. 690.
+
+[372] _Ibid._, p. 688.
+
+[373] Anna Howard Shaw, _The Story of a Pioneer_ (New York, 1915), p.
+202.
+
+[374] Harper, _Anthony_, II, p. 731.
+
+[375] Ms., Diary, Feb. 28, April 18, 1893.
+
+[376] Published first in the _Woman's Tribune_, then as a book in 1898
+under the title, _Eighty Years and More_.
+
+[377] Harper, _Anthony_, II, p. 712.
+
+[378] During this visit the young sculptor, Adelaide Johnson, modeled
+busts of Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton which later were chiseled in
+marble and were exhibited with the bust of Lucretia Mott at the
+World's Fair in Chicago in 1893. They are now in the Capitol in
+Washington.
+
+[379] To Clarina Nichols. Harper, _Anthony_, II, p. 544. Miss Anthony
+wrote in her diary, Oct. 18, 1893, "Lucy Stone died this evening at
+her home--Dorchester, Mass. aged 75--I can but wonder if the spirit
+now sees things as it did 25 years ago!" The wound inflicted by Lucy's
+misunderstanding of her motives had never healed.
+
+[380] _Ibid._, p. 727.
+
+[381] Rachel Foster was married in 1888 to Cyrus Miller Avery.
+
+[382] May Wright Sewall, Editor, _The World's Congress of
+Representative Women_ (Chicago, 1894), p. 464.
+
+[383] Statement by Lucy E. Anthony, Una R. Winter Collection.
+
+[384] Miss Anthony's diary, 1893, mentions visiting "dear Mrs.
+Coonley" (Lydia Avery Coonley) in her beautiful, friendly home. May
+Wright Sewall, and devoted Emily Gross. Her sister Mary, Daniel,
+Merritt, and their families joined her at the Fair for a few weeks.
+
+[385] Shaw, _The Story of a Pioneer_, pp. 205-207.
+
+[386] Ms., Diary, Nov. 8, 1893.
+
+
+
+
+LIQUOR INTERESTS ALERT FOREIGN-BORN VOTERS AGAINST WOMAN SUFFRAGE
+
+
+"I am in the midst of as severe a treadmill as I ever experienced,
+traveling from fifty to one hundred miles every day and speaking five
+or six nights a week,"[387] Susan wrote a friend in 1894, during the
+campaign to wrest woman suffrage from the New York constitutional
+convention. She was now seventy-four years old. Political machines and
+financial interests were deeply intrenched in New York, and although
+two governors had recommended that women be represented in the
+constitutional convention and a bill had been passed making women
+eligible as delegates, neither Republicans nor Democrats had the
+slightest intention of allowing women to slip into men's stronghold.
+It was obvious to Susan that without representation at the convention
+and without power to enforce their demands, women's only hope was an
+intensive educational campaign which she now directed with vigor.
+Whenever she could, she conferred with Mrs. Stanton, whose judgment
+she valued, and there was zest in working together as they had during
+the previous constitutional convention in 1867.
+
+The women of New York were aroused as never before. Young able
+speakers went through the state, piling up signatures on their
+petitions, but they had few influential friends among the delegates.
+Anti-suffragists were active, encouraged by Bishop Doane of the
+Protestant Episcopal church and Mrs. Lyman Abbott, whose name carried
+the prestige and influence of her husband's popular magazine, _The
+Outlook_.
+
+With the election of Joseph Choate of New York as president of the
+convention, Susan knew that woman suffrage was doomed, for Choate had
+political aspirations and was not likely to let his sympathies for an
+unpopular cause jeopardize his chances of becoming governor. While he
+gave women every opportunity to be heard, at the same time he arranged
+for the defeat of woman suffrage by appointing men to consider the
+subject who were definitely opposed, and they submitted an adverse
+report. Here was a situation similar to that in 1867, when her
+one-time friend, Horace Greeley, had deserted women for political
+expediency.
+
+"I am used to defeat every time and know how to pick up and push on
+for another attack," she wrote as she now turned her attention to
+Kansas.[388]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Republicans in Kansas had sponsored school and municipal suffrage
+for women and had passed a woman suffrage amendment to be referred to
+the people in 1894. Yet they proved to be as great a disappointment to
+Susan as they were in 1867, when as a last resort she had been obliged
+to campaign with the Democrats and George Francis Train.
+
+The population of Kansas had changed with the years, as immigrants
+from Europe had come into the state, and Susan was again confronted
+with the powerful opposition of foreign-born voters for whose support
+the political parties bargained. The liquor interests were also
+active, and the Republicans, who had brought prohibition to Kansas,
+now left the question discreetly alone, even making a deal with German
+Democrats for their votes by promising to ignore in their platform
+both prohibition and woman suffrage. Prohibition and woman suffrage
+were synonymous in the minds of voters, because women had generally
+voted for enforcement in municipal elections, and no matter how hard
+Susan tried, she found it impossible to have woman suffrage considered
+on its own merits.
+
+Watching the straws in the wind, she saw Republican supremacy
+seriously threatened by the new Populist party. Convinced that she
+could no longer count on help from Kansas Republicans, she turned to
+the Populist party, ignoring the pleas of Republican women who warned
+her she would hurt the cause by association with such a radical group.
+The Populists were generally regarded as the party of social unrest,
+of a regulated economy, and unsound money, and they were looked upon
+with suspicion. To many they represented a threat to the American
+free-enterprise system, and they were blamed for the labor troubles
+which had flared up in the bloody Homestead strike in the steel mills
+of Pennsylvania and in the Pullman strike, defying the powerful
+railroads. Susan was never afraid to side with the underdog, and she
+could well understand why western farmers, in the hope of relief, were
+eagerly flocking into the Populist party when their corn sold for ten
+cents a bushel and the products they bought were high-priced and their
+mortgage interest was never lower than 10 per cent.
+
+To the Populist convention, she declared, "I have labored for women's
+enfranchisement for forty years and I have always said that for the
+party that endorsed it, whether Republican, Democratic, or Populist, I
+would wave my handkerchief."[389]
+
+"We want more than the waving of your handkerchief, Miss Anthony,"
+interrupted a delegate, who then asked her, "If the People's party put
+a woman suffrage plank in its platform, will you go before the voters
+of this state and tell them that because the People's party has
+espoused the cause of woman suffrage, it deserves the vote of every
+one who is a supporter of that cause?"
+
+"I most certainly will," she replied, adding as the audience cheered
+her wildly, "for I would surely choose to ask votes for the party
+which stood for the principle of justice to women, though wrong on
+financial theories, rather than for the party which was sound on
+questions of money and tariff, and silent on the pending amendment to
+secure political equality to half of the people."
+
+"I most certainly will" was the phrase which was remembered and was
+flashed through the country, and as a result, the Republican press and
+Susan's Republican friends harshly criticized her for taking her stand
+with the radicals.
+
+Like all political parties, the Populists found it hard to comprehend
+justice for women, but after a four-hour debate, the convention
+endorsed the woman suffrage amendment, absolving, however, members who
+refused to support it. The rank and file rejoiced as if each and every
+one of them were heart and soul for the cause. They cheered, they
+waved their canes, they threw their hats high in the air, and then
+swarmed around Susan and Anna Shaw to shake their hands and welcome
+them into the Populist party.
+
+With woman suffrage at last a political issue in Kansas, Susan left
+the field to her "girls." Her homecoming brought reporters to 17
+Madison Street for the details about her alignment with the Populist
+party. "I didn't go over to the Populists," she told them. "I have
+been like a drowning man for a long time, waiting for someone to throw
+a plank in my direction. I didn't step on the whole platform, but just
+on the woman suffrage plank.... Here is a party in power which is
+likely to remain in power, and if it will give its endorsement to our
+movement, we want it."[390]
+
+This explanation, however, did not satisfy her critics, and as the
+Republican press circulated false stories about her enthusiasm for the
+Populist party, letters of protest poured in, among them one from
+Henry Blackwell. To him, she replied, "I shall not praise the
+Republicans of Kansas, or wish or work for their success, when I know
+by their own confessions to me that the rights of the women of their
+state have been traded by them in cold blood for the votes of the
+lager beer foreigners and whisky Democrats.... I never, in my whole
+forty years work, so utterly repudiated any set of politicians as I do
+those Republicans of Kansas.... I never was surer of my position that
+no self-respecting woman should wish or work for the success of a
+party that ignores her political rights."[391]
+
+The contest in Kansas was close and bitter. Kansas women carried on an
+able campaign with the help of Anna Howard Shaw and Carrie Chapman
+Catt. When Susan returned to the state in October, she not only found
+that the Democrats had entered the fight with an anti-suffrage plank
+but the Populists had noticeably lost ground since the Pullman strike
+riots, the court injunction against the strikers, and the arrest of
+Eugene V. Debs. Again this prairie state, from which she had hoped so
+much, refused to extend suffrage to women. Impulsively she recommended
+a little "Patrick Henryism" to the women of Kansas, suggesting that
+they fold their hands and refuse to help men run the churches, the
+charities, and the reform movements.[392]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+California was the next state to demand Susan's attention. A
+Republican legislature had submitted a woman suffrage amendment to be
+voted on by the people in 1896, and the women of California asked for
+her help. She toured the state in the spring of 1895 with Anna Howard
+Shaw, and everywhere she won friends. The continuous travel and
+speaking, however, taxed her far more than she realized, and soon
+after her return to the East, she collapsed. As this news flashed over
+the wires, letters poured in from her friends, begging her to spare
+herself. Two of these letters were especially precious. One in bold
+vigorous script was from her good comrade, Parker Pillsbury, now
+eighty-six, who had been an unfailing help during the most difficult
+years of her career and whom she probably trusted more completely than
+any other man. The other from her dearest friend, Elizabeth Stanton,
+read, "I never realized how desolate the world would be to me without
+you until I heard of your sudden illness. Let me urge you with all the
+strength I have, and all the love I bear you, to stay at home and rest
+and save your precious self."[393]
+
+She now realized that rest was imperative for a time, but it troubled
+her that people thought of her as old and ill, and she wrote Clara
+Colby never to mention anyone's illness in her _Woman's Tribune_,
+adding, "It is so dreadful to get public thought centered on one as
+ill--as I have had it the last two months."[394]
+
+She had no intention of retiring from the field. She knew her own
+strength and that her life must be one of action. "I am able to endure
+the strain of daily traveling and lecturing at over three-score and
+ten," she observed, "mainly because I have always worked and loved
+work.... As machinery in motion lasts longer than when lying idle, so
+a body and soul in active exercise escapes the corroding rust of
+physical and mental laziness, which prematurely cuts off the life of
+so many women."[395]
+
+Yet she did slow up a little, refusing an offer from the Slayton
+Lecture Bureau for a series of lectures at $100 a night, and she
+engaged a capable secretary, Emma B. Sweet, to help her with her
+tremendous correspondence. "Dear Rachel" had given her a typewriter,
+and now instead of dashing off letters at her desk late at night, she
+learned to dictate them to Mrs. Sweet at regular hours. As requests
+came in from newspapers and magazines for her comments on a wide
+variety of subjects, she answered those that made possible a word on
+the advancement of women.
+
+Bicycling had come into vogue and women as well as men were taking it
+up, some women even riding their bicycles in short skirts or bloomers.
+What did she think of this? "If women ride the bicycle or climb
+mountains," she replied, "they should don a costume which will permit
+them the use of their legs." Of bicycling she said, "I think it has
+done more to emancipate woman than any one thing in the world. I
+rejoice every time I see a woman ride by on a wheel. It gives her a
+feeling of self-reliance and independence the moment she takes her
+seat; and away she goes, the picture of untrammeled womanhood."[396]
+
+[Illustration: Ida Husted Harper]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Susan returned to California in February 1896. Through the generosity
+and interest of two young Rochester friends, her Unitarian minister,
+William C. Gannett, and his wife, Mary Gannett, she was able to take
+her secretary with her. Making her home in San Francisco with her
+devoted friend, Ellen Sargent, she at once began to plan speaking
+tours for herself and her "girls," many of whom, including her niece
+Lucy, had come West to help her. She appealed successfully to Frances
+Willard to transfer the national W.C.T.U. convention to another state,
+for she was determined to keep the issue of prohibition out of the
+California campaign.
+
+With the press more than friendly and several San Francisco dailies
+running woman suffrage departments, she realized the importance of
+keeping newspapers fed with readable factual material and enlisted the
+aid of a young journalist, Ida Husted Harper, whom she had met in 1878
+while lecturing in Terre Haute, Indiana, and who was in California
+that winter. When the San Francisco _Examiner_, William Randolph
+Hearst's powerful Democratic paper, offered Susan a column on the
+editorial page if she would write it and sign it, she dictated her
+thoughts to Mrs. Harper, who smoothed them out for the column, helping
+her as Mrs. Stanton had in the past, for writing was still a great
+hardship. Grateful to Mrs. Harper, she sang her praises: "The moment I
+give the idea--the point--she formulates it into a good
+sentence--while I should have to haggle over it half an hour."[397]
+
+California women had won suffrage planks from Republicans, Populists,
+and Prohibitionists, and the prospects looked bright. Rich women came
+to their aid, Mrs. Leland Stanford, with her railroad fortune,
+furnishing passes for all the speakers and organizers, and Mrs. Phoebe
+Hearst contributing $1,000 to their campaign. What warmed Susan's
+heart, however, was the spirit of the rank and file, the seamstresses
+and washerwomen, paying their two-dollar pledges in twenty-five-cent
+installments, the poorly clad women bringing in fifty cents or a
+dollar which they had saved by going without tea, and the women who
+had worked all day at their jobs, stopping at headquarters for a
+package of circulars to fold and address at night. The working women
+of California made it plain that they wanted to vote.
+
+Susan insisted upon carrying out what she called her "wild goose
+chase" over the state.[398] People crowded to hear her at farmers'
+picnics in the mountains, in schoolhouses in small towns, and in
+poolrooms where chalked up on the blackboard she often found "Welcome
+Susan B. Anthony." She was at home everywhere and ready for anything.
+The men liked her short matter-of-fact speeches and her flashes of
+wit. Her hopes were high that the friendly people she met would not
+fail to vote justice to women.
+
+She grew apprehensive, however, when the newspapers, pressured by
+their advertisers, one by one began to ignore woman suffrage. The
+Liquor Dealers' League had been sending letters to hotel owners,
+grocers, and druggists, as well as to saloons, warning that votes for
+women would mean prohibition and would threaten their livelihood. Word
+was spread that if women voted not one glass of beer would be sold in
+San Francisco. As in Kansas, liquor interests had persuaded
+naturalized Irish, Germans, and Swedes to oppose woman suffrage, so
+now in California, they appealed to the Chinese.
+
+On election day Susan was in San Francisco with Anna Howard Shaw and
+Ellen Sargent, watching and anxiously waiting for the returns. Telling
+the story of those last tense hours when women's fate hung in the
+balance, Anna Howard Shaw reported, "I shall always remember the
+picture of Miss Anthony and the wife of Senator Sargent wandering
+around the polls arm in arm at eleven o'clock at night, their tired
+faces taking on lines of deeper depression with every minute, for the
+count was against us.... When the final counts came in, we found that
+we had won the state from the north down to Oakland and from the south
+up to San Francisco; but there was not sufficient majority to overcome
+the adverse votes of San Francisco and Oakland. In San Francisco the
+saloon element and the most aristocratic section ... made an equal
+showing against us.... Every Chinese vote was against us."[399]
+
+In spite of defeat in California, Susan had the joy of marking up two
+more states for woman suffrage in 1896. Utah was granted statehood
+with a woman suffrage provision in its constitution and Idaho's
+favorable vote, though contested in the courts, was upheld by the
+State Supreme Court. Now women in Wyoming, Colorado, Idaho, and Utah
+were voters.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[387] Harper, _Anthony_, II, p. 763.
+
+[388] To Elizabeth Smith Miller, July 25, 1894, Elizabeth Smith Miller
+Papers, New York Public Library.
+
+[389] Harper, _Anthony_, II, p. 788.
+
+[390] _Ibid._, p. 791.
+
+[391] _Ibid._, p. 794.
+
+[392] To Clara Colby, July 22, 1895, Anthony Collection, Henry E.
+Huntington Library.
+
+[393] Harper, _Anthony_, II, p. 842.
+
+[394] N.d., Anthony Collection, Henry E. Huntington Library.
+
+[395] Harper, _Anthony_, II, p. 843.
+
+[396] _Ibid._, pp. 844, 859.
+
+[397] Ms., Diary, July 10, 1896.
+
+[398] Sept. 8, 1896, Anthony Collection, Henry E. Huntington Library.
+
+[399] Shaw, _The Story of a Pioneer_, pp. 274-275.
+
+
+
+
+AUNT SUSAN AND HER GIRLS
+
+
+The future of the National American Woman Suffrage Association was
+much on Susan's mind. This organization which she had conceived and
+nursed through its struggling infancy had grown in numbers and
+prestige, and she understood, as no one else could, the importance of
+leaving it in the right hands so that it could function successfully
+without her.
+
+The young women now in the work, many of them just out of college,
+were intelligent, efficient, and confident, and yet as she compared
+them with the vivid consecrated women active in the early days of the
+movement, she observed in her diary, "[Clarina] Nichols--Paulina
+Davis--Lucy Stone--Frances D. Gage--Lucretia Mott & E. C.
+Stanton--each without peer among any of our college graduates--young
+women of today."[400]
+
+Even so, she appreciated the "young women of today" whom she
+affectionately called her girls or her adopted nieces, but she still
+held the reins tightly, although they often champed at the bit.
+Recognizing, however, that she must choose between personal power and
+progress for her cause, she characteristically chose progress. Quick
+to appreciate ability and zeal when she saw it, she seldom failed to
+make use of it. When Carrie Chapman Catt presented a detailed plan for
+a thorough overhauling of the mechanics of the organization, she gave
+her approval, remarking drily, "There never yet was a young woman who
+did not feel that if she had had the management of the work from the
+beginning, the cause would have been carried long ago. I felt just
+that way when I was young."[401]
+
+On four of her adopted nieces, Rachel Foster Avery, Anna Howard Shaw,
+Harriet Taylor Upton, and Carrie Chapman Catt, Susan felt that the
+greater part of her work would fall and be "worthily done."[402] Yet
+she feared that in their enthusiasm for efficient organization they
+might lose the higher concepts of freedom and justice which had been
+the driving force behind her work. Not having learned the lessons of
+leadership when the cause was unpopular, they lacked the discipline of
+adversity, which bred in the consecrated reformer the wisdom,
+tolerance, and vision so necessary for the success of her task. What
+they did understand far better than the highly individualistic
+pioneers was the value of teamwork, which grew in importance as the
+National American Association expanded far beyond the ability of one
+person to cope with it.
+
+[Illustration: Rachel Foster Avery]
+
+Probably first in her affections was Rachel Foster Avery, who had been
+like a daughter to her since their trip to Europe together in 1883.
+The confidence she felt in their friendship was always a comfort.
+Rachel's intelligent approach to problems made her an asset at every
+meeting, and Susan relied much on her judgment.
+
+In Anna Howard Shaw, ten years older than Rachel, Susan had found the
+hardy campaigner and orator for whom she had longed. Anna expressed a
+warmth and understanding that most of the younger women lacked, and
+best of all she loved the cause as Susan herself loved it. Because of
+her close friendship with Susan's niece Lucy, she was regarded as one
+of the family, and whenever possible between lectures she stopped over
+in Rochester for a good talk with "Aunt Susan."
+
+Harriet Taylor Upton of Warren, Ohio, had enlisted in the ranks in
+the 1880s when her father was a member of Congress. Because of her
+influence in Washington and Ohio, Harriet was invaluable, and Susan
+speedily brought her into the official circle of the National American
+Association as treasurer, even thinking of her as a possible
+president.[403] Harriet's jovial irrepressible personality readily won
+friends, and Susan found her a refreshing and comfortable companion,
+able to see a bit of humor in almost every situation. When differences
+of opinion at meetings threatened to get out of hand, Harriet could
+always be relied on to break the tension with a few witty remarks.
+
+[Illustration: Harriet Taylor Upton]
+
+Carrie Chapman Catt gave every indication of developing into an
+outstanding executive. Not another one of Susan's "girls" could so
+quickly or so intelligently size up a situation as Carrie, nor could
+they so effectively put into action well-thought-out plans. Not as
+popular a speaker as the more emotional Anna Howard Shaw, she held her
+audiences by her appeal to their intelligence. Tall, handsome, and
+well dressed, she never failed to leave a favorable impression. Only
+her name irked Susan, and as Susan wrote Clara Colby, "If Catt it must
+be then I insist, she should keep her own father's name--Lane--and
+not her first husband's name--Chapman,"[404] but the three Cs
+intrigued Carrie and she continued to be known as Carrie Chapman Catt.
+Now living in the East because her husband's expanding business had
+brought him to New York, she was easily accessible, and from her
+beautiful new home at Bensonhurst, a suburb of Brooklyn, she carried
+on the rapidly growing work of the organization committee until a New
+York City office became imperative. In Carrie, Susan recognized
+qualities demanded of a leader at this stage of the campaign when
+suffragists must learn to be as keen as politicians and as well
+organized.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"Spring is not heralded in Washington by the arrival of the robin,"
+commented a Washington newspaper, "but by the appearance of Miss
+Anthony's red shawl." Susan was still the dominating figure at the
+annual woman suffrage conventions. Everyone looked eagerly for the
+tall lithe gray-haired woman with a red shawl on her arm or around her
+shoulders. Once when Susan appeared on the platform with a new white
+crepe shawl, the reporters immediately registered their displeasure by
+putting down their pencils. This did not escape her, and always on
+good terms with the newsmen and informal with her audiences, she
+called out, "Boys, what is the matter?"[405]
+
+"Where is the red shawl?" one of them asked. "No red shawl, no
+report."
+
+Enjoying this little by-play, she sent her niece Lucy back to the
+hotel for the red shawl, and when Lucy brought it up to the platform
+and put it about her shoulders, the audience burst into applause, for
+the red shawl, like Susan herself, had become the well-loved symbol of
+woman suffrage.
+
+Susan was convinced that the annual national convention should always
+be held in Washington, where Congress could see and feel the growing
+strength and influence of the movement. Her "girls," on the other
+hand, wanted to take their conventions to different parts of the
+country to widen their influence. Not as certain as Susan that work
+for a federal amendment must come first, many of them contended that a
+few more states won for woman suffrage would best help the cause at
+this time. The southern women, now active, were firm believers in
+states' rights and supported state work.[406] Susan's experience had
+taught her the impracticability of direct appeal to the voters in the
+states, now that foreign-born men in increasing numbers were arrayed
+against votes for women. In spite of her arguments and her pleas, the
+National American Association voted in 1894 to hold conventions in
+different parts of the country in alternate years. Disappointed, but
+trying her best graciously to follow the will of the majority, she
+traveled to Atlanta and to Des Moines for the conventions of 1895 and
+1897.
+
+Nor did the younger women welcome the messages which Mrs. Stanton, at
+Susan's insistence, sent to every convention. Susan herself often
+wished her good friend would stick more closely to woman suffrage
+instead of introducing extraneous subjects, such as "Educated
+Suffrage," "The Matriarchate," or "Women and the Church," but
+nevertheless she proudly read her papers to successive conventions.
+Insisting that the conventions were too academic, Mrs. Stanton urged
+Susan to inject more vitality into them by broadening their platform.
+Susan, however, had come to the conclusion that concentration on woman
+suffrage was imperative in order to unite all women under one banner
+and build up numbers which Congressmen were bound to respect. With
+this her "girls" agreed 100 per cent. While all of them were convinced
+suffragists, they were divided on other issues, and few of them were
+wholehearted feminists, as were Susan and Mrs. Stanton.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+With the publication of _The Woman's Bible_ in 1895, Mrs. Stanton
+almost upset the applecart, stirring up heated controversy in the
+National American Woman Suffrage Association. _The Woman's Bible_ was
+a keen and sometimes biting commentary on passages in the Bible
+relating to women. It questioned the traditional interpretation which
+for centuries has fastened the stigma of inferiority upon women, and
+pointed out that the female as well as the male was created in the
+image of God. To those who regarded every word of the Bible as
+inspired by God, _The Woman's Bible_ was heresy, and both the clergy
+and the press stirred up a storm of protest against it. Suffragists
+were condemned for compiling a new Bible and were obliged to explain
+again and again that _The Woman's Bible_ expressed Mrs. Stanton's
+personal views and not those of the movement.
+
+Susan regarded _The Woman's Bible_ as a futile, questionable
+digression from the straight path of woman suffrage. To Clara Colby,
+who praised it in her _Woman's Tribune_, she wrote, "Of all her great
+speeches, I am always proud--but of her Bible commentaries, I am not
+proud--either of their spirit or letter.... I could cry a heap--every
+time I read or think--if it would undo them--or do anybody or myself
+or the cause or Mrs. Stanton any good--they are so entirely unlike her
+former self--so flippant and superficial. But she thinks I have gone
+over to the enemy--so counts my judgment worth nothing more than that
+of any other narrow-souled body.... But I shall love and honor her to
+the end--whether her _Bible_ please me or not. So I hope she will do
+for me."[407]
+
+She was, however, wholly unprepared for the rebellion staged by her
+"girls" at the Washington convention of 1896, when, led by Rachel
+Foster Avery, they repudiated _The Woman's Bible_ and proposed a
+resolution declaring that their organization had no connection with
+it. This was clear proof to Susan that her "girls" lacked tolerance
+and wisdom. Listening to the debate, she was heartsick. Anna Howard
+Shaw and Mrs. Catt as well as Alice Stone Blackwell spoke for the
+resolution. Only a few raised their voices against it, among them her
+sister Mary, Clara Colby, Mrs. Blake, and a young woman new to the
+ranks, Charlotte Perkins Stetson.
+
+Susan was presiding, and leaving the chair to express her opinions,
+she firmly declared, "To pass such a resolution is to set back the
+hands on the dial of reform.... We have all sorts of people in the
+Association and ... a Christian has no more right on our platform than
+an atheist. When this platform is too narrow for all to stand on, I
+shall not be on it.... Who is to set up a line? Neither you nor I can
+tell but Mrs. Stanton will come out triumphant and that this will be
+the great thing done in woman's cause. Lucretia Mott at first thought
+Mrs. Stanton had injured the cause of woman's rights by insisting on
+the demand for woman suffrage, but she had sense enough not to pass a
+resolution about it....[408]
+
+"Are you going to cater to the whims and prejudices of people?" she
+asked them. "We draw out from other people our own thought. If, when
+you go out to organize, you go with a broad spirit, you will create
+and call out breadth and toleration. You had better organize one woman
+on a broad platform than 10,000 on a narrow platform of intolerance
+and bigotry."
+
+Her voice tense with emotion, she concluded, "This resolution adopted
+will be a vote of censure upon a woman who is without a peer in
+intellectual and statesmanlike ability; one who has stood for half a
+century the acknowledged leader of progressive thought and demand in
+regard to all matters pertaining to the absolute freedom of
+women."[409]
+
+When the resolution was adopted 53 to 40, she was so disappointed in
+her "girls" and so hurt by their defiance that she was tempted to
+resign. Hurrying to New York after the convention to talk with Mrs.
+Stanton, she found her highly indignant and insistent that they both
+resign from the ungrateful organization which had repudiated the women
+to whom it owed its existence. The longer Susan considered taking this
+step, the less she felt able to make the break. She severely
+reprimanded Mrs. Catt, Rachel, Harriet Upton, and Anna, telling them
+they were setting up an inquisition.
+
+Finally she wrote Mrs. Stanton, "No, my dear, instead of my resigning
+and leaving those half-fledged chickens without any mother, I think it
+my duty and the duty of yourself and all the liberals to be at the
+next convention and try to reverse this miserable narrow action."[410]
+
+To a reporter who wanted her views on _The Woman's Bible_, she made it
+plain that she had no part in writing the book, but added, "I think
+women have just as good a right to interpret and twist the Bible to
+their own advantage as men have always twisted it and turned it to
+theirs. It was written by men, and therefore its reference to women
+reflects the light in which they were regarded in those days. In the
+same way the history of our Revolutionary War was written, in which
+very little is said of the noble deeds of women, though we know how
+they stood by and helped the great work; it is so with history all
+through."[411]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+For some years, Susan's girls had been urging her to write her
+reminiscences, spurred on by the fact that Mrs. Stanton, Mary
+Livermore, and Julia Ward Howe were writing theirs. There were also
+other good reasons for putting her to work at this task. Writing would
+keep her safely at home and away from the strenuous work in the field
+which they feared was sapping her strength. It would keep her well
+occupied so that they could develop the work and the conventions in
+their own way.
+
+Susan put off this task from month to month and from year to year,
+torn between her desire to leave a true record of her work and her
+longing to be always in the thick of the suffrage fight. Finally she
+began looking about for a collaborator, convinced that she herself
+could never write an interesting line. Ida Husted Harper, with her
+newspaper experience and her interest in the cause, seemed the logical
+choice, and in the spring of 1897, she came to 17 Madison Street to
+work on the biography.[412]
+
+The attic had been remodeled for workrooms and here Susan now spent
+her days with Mrs. Harper, trying to reconstruct the past. She had
+definite ideas about how the book should be written, holding up as a
+model the biography of William Lloyd Garrison recently written by his
+children. Mrs. Harper also had high standards, and influenced by
+the formalities of the day, edited Susan's vivid brusque
+letters--hurriedly written and punctuated with dashes--so that they
+conformed with her own easy but more formal style. To this Susan
+readily consented, for she always depreciated her own writing ability.
+On one point, however, she was adamant, that her story be told without
+dwelling upon the disagreements among the old workers.
+
+The household was geared to the "bog," as they called the biography.
+Mary, supervising as usual, watched over their meals and the housework
+with the aid of a young rosy-cheeked Canadian girl, Anna Dann, who had
+recently come to work for them and whom they at once took to their
+hearts, making her one of the family. Soon another young girl,
+Genevieve Hawley from Fort Scott, Kansas, was employed to help with
+the endless copying, sorting of letters, and pasting of scrapbooks,
+and with the current correspondence which piled up and diverted Susan
+from the book.[413] Through 1897 and 1898, they worked at top speed.
+
+_The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony, A Story of the Evolution of
+the Status of Women_, in two volumes, by Ida Husted Harper, was
+published by the Bowen Merrill Company of Indianapolis just before
+Christmas 1898. Happy as a young girl out of school, Susan inscribed
+copies for her many friends and eagerly watched for reviews, pleased
+with the favorable comments in newspapers and magazines throughout
+this country and Europe.[414]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+By this time the Cuban rebellion was crowding all other news out of
+the papers, and Susan followed it closely, for this struggle for
+freedom instantly won her sympathy. She hoped that Spain under
+pressure from the United States might be persuaded to give Cuba her
+independence, but the blowing up of the battleship _Maine_ and the war
+cries of the press and of a faction in Congress led to armed
+intervention in April 1898. Always opposed to war as a means of
+settling disputes, she wrote Rachel, "To think of the mothers of this
+nation sitting back in silence without even the power of a legal
+protest--while their sons are taken without a by-your-leave! Well all
+through--it is barbarous ... and I hope you and all our young women
+will rouse to work as never before--and get the women of the Republic
+clothed with the power of control of conditions in peace--or when it
+shall come again--which Heaven forbid--in war."[415]
+
+Not only did she express these sentiments in letters to her friends,
+but in a public meeting, where only patriotic fervor and flag-waving
+were welcome, she dared criticize the unsanitary army camps and the
+greed and graft which deprived soldiers of wholesome food. "There
+isn't a mother in the land," she declared, "who wouldn't know that a
+shipload of typhoid stricken soldiers would need cots to lie on and
+fuel to cook with, and that a swamp was not a desirable place in which
+to pitch a camp.... What the government needs at such a time is not
+alone bacteriologists and army officers but also women who know how to
+take care of sick boys and have the common sense to surround them with
+sanitary conditions."[416] At this her audience, at first hostile,
+burst into applause.
+
+More and more disturbed by the inefficient care of the wounded and the
+feeding of enlisted men, she wrote Rachel, "Every day's reports and
+comments about the war only show the need of women at the front--not
+as employees permitted to be there because they begged to be--but
+there by right--as managers and dictators in all departments in which
+women have been trained--those of feeding and caring for in health and
+nursing the sick."[417]
+
+The war over, the problem of governing the Philippines, Puerto Rico,
+and Hawaii was of great interest to her, and she at once asked for the
+enfranchisement of the women of these newly won island possessions.
+She regarded it as an outrage for the most democratic nation in the
+world to foist upon them an exclusively masculine government, a "male
+oligarchy," as she called it. "I really believe I shall explode," she
+wrote Clara Colby, "if some of you young women don't wake up and raise
+your voice in protest.... I wonder if when I am under the sod--or
+cremated and floating in the air--I shall have to stir you and others
+up. How can you not be all on fire?"[418]
+
+The unwillingness of her "girls" to relate woman suffrage to
+contemporary public affairs such as this, repeatedly disappointed her.
+Yet she was well aware that the younger generation would never see the
+work through her eyes, or exactly follow her pattern.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Disappointed that her National American Woman Suffrage Association did
+not attract members as did the W.C.T.U. or the General Federation of
+Women's Clubs, she confessed to Clara Colby, "It is the disheartening
+part of my life that so very few women will work for the emancipation
+of their own half of the race."[419] Watching women flock into these
+other organizations and contributing to all sorts of charities, she
+was obliged to admit that "very few are capable of seeing that the
+cause of nine-tenths of all the misfortunes which come to women, and
+to men also, lies in the subjection of women, and therefore the
+important thing is to lay the ax at the root."[420]
+
+She also discovered that it was one thing to build up a large
+organization and another to keep women so busy with pressing work for
+the cause that they did not find time to expend their energies on the
+mechanics of organization. Not only did she chafe at the red tape most
+of them spun, but she often felt that they were too prone to linger in
+academic by-ways, listening to speeches and holding pleasant
+conventions. Since the California campaign of 1896, only one state,
+Washington, had been roused to vote on a woman suffrage amendment,
+which was defeated and only one more state Delaware had granted women
+the right to vote for members of school boards.
+
+Again and again she warned her "girls" that some kind of action on
+woman suffrage by Congress every year was important. A hearing, a
+committee report, a debate, or even an unfavorable vote would, she was
+convinced, do more to stir up the whole nation than all the speakers
+and organizers that could be sent through the country.
+
+Such thoughts as these, relative to the work which was always on her
+mind, she dashed off to one after another of her young colleagues.
+"Your letters sound like a trumpet blast," wrote Anna Howard Shaw,
+grateful for her counsel. "They read like St. Paul's Epistles to the
+Romans, so strong, so clear, so full of courage."[421]
+
+At seventy-eight, Susan realized that the time was approaching when
+she must make up her mind to turn over to a younger woman the
+presidency of the National American Association, and during the summer
+of 1898 she announced to her executive committee that she would retire
+on her eightieth birthday in 1900.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[400] Ms., Diary, Nov. 7, 1895
+
+[401] Mary Gray Peck, _Carrie Chapman Catt_ (New York, 1944), p. 84.
+
+[402] Ms., Diary, Nov. 27, 1895.
+
+[403] To Mrs. Upton, Sept. 5, 1890, University of Rochester Library,
+Rochester, New York.
+
+[404] Feb. 10, 1894, Anthony Collection, Henry E. Huntington Library.
+
+[405] Harper, _Anthony_, III, p. 1113.
+
+[406] Miss Anthony's first attempt to win Southern women to suffrage
+was at the time of the New Orleans Exposition in 1885. Because of her
+reputation as an abolitionist, she had much resistance to overcome in
+the South.
+
+[407] Dec. 18, 1895, Anthony Collection, Henry E. Huntington Library.
+
+[408] _Woman's Tribune_, Feb. 1, 1896.
+
+[409] _History of Woman Suffrage_, IV, p. 264.
+
+[410] Harper, _Anthony_, II, p. 855. The action of the National
+American Woman Suffrage Association on the Woman's Bible was never
+reversed.
+
+[411] _Ibid._, p. 856.
+
+[412] Susan thought seriously of Clara Colby as a collaborator but
+concluded she was too involved with the _Woman's Tribune_. Susan
+agreed to share royalties with Mrs. Harper on the biography and any
+other work on which they might collaborate. On her 75th birthday
+Susan's girls had presented her with an annuity of $800 a year. This
+made it possible for her to give up lecturing and concentrate on her
+book.
+
+[413] Genevieve Hawley left an interesting record of these years in
+letters to her aunt, many of which are preserved in the Susan B.
+Anthony Memorial Collection in Rochester, New York.
+
+[414] Both the New York _Herald_ and Chicago _Inter-Ocean_ gave the
+book full-page reviews. A third volume was published in 1908.
+
+[415] Aug. 10, 1898, Susan B. Anthony Papers, Library of Congress.
+
+[416] Harper, _Anthony_, III, p. 1121.
+
+[417] Aug. 10, 1898, Susan B. Anthony Papers, Library of Congress.
+
+[418] Dec. 17, 1898, Anthony Collection, Henry E. Huntington Library.
+Clara Colby, making her headquarters in Washington, kept Susan
+informed on developments and they carried on an animated, voluminous
+correspondence during these years.
+
+[419] March 12, 1894, Anthony Collection, Henry E. Huntington Library.
+
+[420] Harper, _Anthony_, II, p. 920.
+
+[421] Harper, _Anthony_, II, p. 924.
+
+
+
+
+PASSING ON THE TORCH
+
+
+The last year of Susan's presidency was particularly precious to her.
+In a sense it represented her farewell to the work she had carried on
+most of her life, and at the same time it was also the hopeful
+beginning of the period leading to victory. Yet she had no illusion of
+speedy or easy success for her "girls" and she did her best to prepare
+them for the obstacles they would inevitably meet. She warned them not
+to expect their cause to triumph merely because it was just.
+"Governments," she told them, "never do any great good things from
+mere principle, from mere love of justice.... You expect too much of
+human nature when you expect that."[422]
+
+The movement had reached an impasse. The temper of Congress, as shown
+by the admission of Hawaii as a territory without woman suffrage, was
+both indifferent and hostile. That this attitude did not express the
+will of the American people, she was firmly convinced. It was due, she
+believed, to the political influence of powerful groups opposed to
+woman suffrage--the liquor interests controlling the votes of
+increasing numbers of immigrants, machine politicians fearful of
+losing their power, and financial interests whose conservatism
+resisted any measure which might upset the status quo. How to
+undermine this opposition was now her main problem, and she saw no
+other way but persistent agitation through a more active, more
+effective, ever-growing woman suffrage organization, reaching a wider
+cross section of the people. She herself had established a press
+bureau which was feeding interesting factual articles on woman
+suffrage to newspapers throughout the country, for as she wrote Mrs.
+Colby, the suffrage cause "needs to picture its demands in the daily
+papers where the unconverted can see them rather than in special
+papers where only those already converted can see them."[423]
+
+Of greatest importance to her was winning the support of organized
+labor. Samuel Gompers, the president of the American Federation of
+Labor, had already shown his friendliness toward equal pay and votes
+for women and was putting women organizers in the field to speed the
+unionization of women. Even so she was surprised at the enthusiasm
+with which she was received at the American Federation of Labor
+convention in 1899, when the four hundred delegates by a rising vote
+adopted a strong resolution urging favorable action on a federal woman
+suffrage amendment.
+
+So far as possible she had always established friendly relations with
+labor organizations, first in 1869 with William H. Sylvis's National
+Labor Union and then with the Knights of Labor and their leader,
+Terrence V. Powderly.[424] When Eugene V. Debs, president of the
+American Railway Union, was arrested during the Pullman strike in 1894
+for defying a court injunction, she did not rate him, as so many did,
+a dangerous radical, but as an earnest reformer, crusading for an
+unpopular cause. They had met years before in Terre Haute, where at
+his request she had lectured on woman suffrage, and immediately they
+had won each other's sympathy and respect. She did not see indications
+of anarchy in the Pullman and Homestead strikes or in the Haymarket
+riot, but regarded them as an unfortunate phase of an industrial
+revolution which in time would improve the relations of labor and
+capital.
+
+That women would be effected by this industrial revolution was obvious
+to her, and she wanted them to understand it and play their part in
+it. For this reason she saw the importance of keeping the National
+American Woman Suffrage Association informed on all developments
+affecting wage-earning women and to her delight she found three young
+suffragists wide awake on this subject. One of them, Florence Kelley,
+had joined forces with that remarkable young woman, Jane Addams, in
+her valuable social experiment, Hull House, in the slums of Chicago,
+and was now devoting herself to improving the working conditions of
+women and children. She represented a new trend in thought and
+work--social service--which made a great appeal to college women and
+set in motion labor legislation designed to protect women and
+children. Another young woman of promise, Gail Laughlin, pioneering as
+a lawyer, approached the subject from the feminist viewpoint, seeking
+protection for women not through labor legislation based on sex, but
+through trade unions, the vote, equal pay, and a wider recognition of
+women's right to contract for their labor on the same terms as men.
+Her survey of women's working conditions, presented at a convention of
+the National American Association was so valuable and attracted so
+much attention that she was appointed to the United States Labor
+Commission. Harriot Stanton Blatch also understood the significance of
+the industrial revolution and woman's part in it, and she too opposed
+labor legislation based on sex. Coming from England occasionally to
+visit her mother in New York, she brought her liberal viewpoint into
+woman suffrage conventions with a flare of oratory matching that of
+her gifted parents. "The more I see of her," Susan remarked to a
+friend, "the more I feel the greatness of her character."[425]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Although it was Susan's intention to hew to the line of woman suffrage
+and not to comment publicly on controversial issues, she could not
+keep silent when confronted with injustice. Religious intolerance,
+bigotry, and racial discrimination always forced her to take a stand,
+regardless of the criticism she might bring on herself.
+
+The treatment of the Negro in both the North and the South was always
+of great concern to her, and during the 1890s, when a veritable
+epidemic of lynchings and race riots broke out, she expressed herself
+freely in Rochester newspapers. She noted the dangerous trend as
+indicated by new anti-Negro societies and the limitation of membership
+to white Americans in the Spanish-American War veterans' organization.
+Whenever the opportunity presented itself, she put into practice her
+own sincere belief in race equality. During every Washington
+convention, she arranged to have one of her good speakers occupy the
+pulpit of a Negro church, and in the South she made it a point to
+speak herself in Negro churches and schools and before their
+organizations, even though this might prejudice southerners. In her
+own home, she gladly welcomed the Negro lecturers and educators who
+came to Rochester. This seeking out of the Negro in friendliness was a
+religious duty to her and a pleasure. She demanded of everyone
+employed in her household, respectful treatment of Negro guests. She
+rejoiced when she saw Negroes in the audience at woman suffrage
+conventions in Washington, and it gave her great satisfaction to hear
+Mary Church Terrell, a beautiful intelligent Negro who had been
+educated at Oberlin and in Europe, making speeches which equaled and
+even surpassed those of the most eloquent white suffragists.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Susan did not fail to keep in touch with the international feminist
+movement, and in the summer of 1899, when she was seventy-nine years
+old, she headed the United States delegation to the International
+Council of Women, meeting in London. Visiting Harriot Stanton Blatch
+at her home in Basingstoke, she first conferred with the leading
+British feminists, bringing herself up to date on the progress of
+their cause. In England as in the United States, the burden of the
+suffrage campaign had shifted from the shoulders of the pioneers to
+their daughters, and they were carrying on with vigor, pressing for
+the passage of a franchise bill in the House of Commons.
+
+Moving on to London, she was acclaimed as she had been at the World's
+Fair in Chicago. "The papers here have been going wild over Miss
+Anthony, declaring her to be the most unaggressive woman suffragist
+ever seen," reported a journalist to his newspaper in the United
+States.
+
+From China, India, New Zealand, and Australia, from South Africa,
+Palestine, Persia, and the Argentine, as well as from Europe and the
+United States, women had come to London to discuss their progress and
+their problems, and Susan, pointing out to them the goal toward which
+they must head, declared with confidence, "The day will come when man
+will recognize woman as his peer, not only at the fireside but in the
+councils of the nation. Then, and not until then, will there be the
+perfect comradeship ... between the sexes that shall result in the
+highest development of the race."[426]
+
+She had hoped that Queen Victoria would receive the delegates at
+Windsor Castle, thus indicating her approval of the International
+Council. She longed to talk with this woman who had ruled so long and
+so well. That a queen sat on the throne of England, this in itself was
+important to her and she wanted to express her gratitude, although she
+was well aware that the Queen had never used her influence for the
+improvement of laws relating to women. She had hoped to convince her
+of the need of votes for women, but Queen Victoria never gave her the
+opportunity. All that influential Englishwomen were able to arrange
+was the admission of the delegates to the courtyard of Windsor Castle
+to watch the Queen start on her drive and to tea in the banquet room
+without the Queen.
+
+[Illustration: Carrie Chapman Catt]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Returning home late in August 1899, Susan began at once to make
+definite plans to turn over the presidency of the National American
+Woman Suffrage Association to a younger woman. Although she well knew
+that the choice of her successor was actually in the hands of the
+membership, it was her intention to do what she could within the
+bounds of democratic procedure to insure the best possible leadership.
+To fill the office, she turned instinctively to Anna Howard Shaw whom
+she loved more dearly as the years went by and whose selfless devotion
+to the cause she trusted implicitly. Yet Anna, in spite of her many
+qualifications, lacked a few which were exceptional in Carrie Chapman
+Catt--creative executive ability, diplomacy, a talent for working with
+people, directing them, and winning their devotion. With growing
+admiration, Susan had been watching Mrs. Catt's indefatigable work in
+the states where she had been building up active branches. Her flare
+for raising money was outstanding, and Susan realized, as few others
+did, the crying need of funds for the campaigns ahead. In addition
+Mrs. Catt had no personal financial worries, for her husband,
+successful in business, was sympathetic to her work. Anna, on the
+other hand, would have to support herself by lecturing and carry as
+well the burden of the presidency of a rapidly growing organization.
+
+Anna made the decision for Susan. She urged the candidacy of Mrs.
+Catt, although her highest ambition had always been to succeed her
+beloved Aunt Susan. As she later confessed to Susan, this was a
+personal sacrifice which cost her many a heartache, but she "honestly
+felt that Mrs. Catt was better fitted ... as well as freer to go into
+an unpaid field."[427] Susan therefore approached Mrs. Catt through
+Rachel and Harriet Upton, and was relieved when she consented to stand
+for election.
+
+Rumors of Susan's retirement aroused ambitions in Lillie Devereux
+Blake, who from the point of seniority and devoted work in New York
+was regarded as being next in line for the presidency by Mrs. Stanton
+and Mrs. Colby. Unable to visualize Mrs. Blake as the leader of this
+large organization with its diverse strong personalities, Susan
+nevertheless conceded her right to compete for the office. Although
+she appreciated Mrs. Blake's valuable work for the cause, there never
+had been understanding or sympathy between them. Temperamentally the
+blunt stern New Englander with untiring drive had little in common
+with the southern beauty turned reformer.
+
+A change in the presidency needed wise and patient handling as
+personal ambitions, prejudices, and misunderstandings reared their
+heads. When there were murmurings of secession among a small group if
+Mrs. Catt were elected, Susan wrote Mrs. Colby that such talk was
+"very immature, very despotic, very undemocratic," and she hoped she
+was not one of the malcontents.[428]
+
+Another problem was the future of the organization committee which
+under Mrs. Catt's chairmanship had carried on a large part of the
+work. Its influence was considerable and could readily develop so as
+to conflict with that of the officers, thus threatening the unity of
+the whole organization. To dissolve the committee seemed to Susan and
+her closest advisors the wisest procedure. Mary Garrett Hay, who had
+worked closely with Mrs. Catt on the organization committee, opposed
+this plan, but after earnest discussion the officers, including Mrs.
+Catt, agreed to dissolve the organization committee.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+As Susan appeared on the platform at the opening session of the
+Washington convention in February 1900, there was thunderous applause
+from an audience tense with emotion at the thought of losing the
+leader who had guided them for so many years. The tall gray-haired
+woman in black satin, with soft rich lace at her throat and the
+proverbial red shawl about her shoulders, had become the symbol of
+their cause. Now, as she looked down upon them with a friendly smile
+and motherly tenderness, tears came to their eyes, and they wanted to
+remember always just how she looked at that moment. Then she broke the
+tension with a call to duty, a summons to press for the federal
+amendment, and one more plea that they always hold their annual
+conventions in the national capital.
+
+Difficult and sad as this official leave-taking was, she had made up
+her mind to carry if through with good cheer. Tirelessly she presided
+at three sessions daily. With the pride of a mother, she listened to
+the many reports and with particular satisfaction to that of the
+treasurer which showed all debts paid and pledges amounting to $10,000
+to start the new year. Susan herself had made this possible, raising
+enough to pay past debts and securing pledges so that the new
+administration could start its work free from financial worries.
+
+"I have fully determined to retire from the active presidency of the
+Association," she announced when the reports and speeches were over.
+"I am not retiring now because I feel unable, mentally or physically,
+to do the necessary work, but because I wish to see the organization
+in the hands of those who are to have its management in the future. I
+want to see you all at work, while I am alive, so I can scold if you
+do not do it well. Give the matter of selecting your officers serious
+thought. Consider who will do the best work for the political
+enfranchisement of women, and let no personal feelings enter into the
+question."[429]
+
+Watching developments with the keen eye of a politician, she was
+confident that Mrs. Catt would be elected to succeed her, although
+Mrs. Blake's candidacy was still being assiduously pressed and
+circulars recommending her, signed by Mrs. Stanton, Mrs. Russell Sage
+and Dr. Mary Putnam Jacobi, were being widely distributed. Just before
+the balloting, however, Mrs. Blake withdrew her name in the interest
+of harmony. This left the field to Mrs. Catt, who received 254 votes
+of the 278 cast.
+
+A burst of applause greeted the announcement of Mrs. Catt's election.
+Then abruptly it stopped, as the realization swept over the delegates
+that Aunt Susan was no longer their president. Walking to the front of
+the platform, Susan took Mrs. Catt by the hand, and while the
+delegates applauded, the two women stood before them, the one showing
+in her kind face the experience and wisdom of years, the other young,
+intelligent, and beautiful, her life still before her. There were
+tears in Susan's eyes and her voice was unsteady as she said, "I am
+sure you have made a wise choice.... 'New conditions bring new
+duties.' These new duties, these changed conditions, demand stronger
+hands, younger heads, and fresher hearts. In Mrs. Catt, you have my
+ideal leader. I present to you my successor."[430]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Susan's joyous confidence in the new administration was rudely jolted
+as controversy over the future of the organization committee flared up
+during the last days of the convention. Under strong pressure from
+Mary Garrett Hay, Mrs. Catt had counseled with Henry Blackwell, and at
+one of the last sessions he had slipped in a motion authorizing the
+continuance of the organization committee.[431]
+
+Stunned by this development and looking upon it as a threat to the
+harmony of the new administration, Susan, supported by Harriet Upton
+and Rachel, prepared to take action, and the next morning, at the
+first post-convention executive committee meeting at which Mrs. Catt
+presided, Susan proposed that the national officers, headed by Mrs.
+Catt, take over the duties of the organization committee. This
+precipitated a heated debate, during which Henry Blackwell and his
+daughter, Alice, called such procedure unconstitutional, and Mary Hay
+resigned. As the discussion became too acrimonious, Mrs. Catt put an
+end to it by calling up unfinished business, and thus managed to
+steer the remainder of the session into less troubled waters. The next
+day, however, Susan brought the matter up again, and on her motion the
+organization committee was voted out of existence with praise for its
+admirable record of service.
+
+Here were all the makings of a factional feud which, if fanned into
+flame, could well have split the National American Association. Not
+only had the old organization interfered with the new, indirectly
+reprimanding Mrs. Catt, but Susan, by her own personal influence and
+determination, had reversed the action of the convention. As a result,
+Mrs. Catt was indignant, hurt, and sorely tempted to resign, but after
+sending a highly critical letter to every member of the business
+committee, she took up her work with vigor.
+
+Disappointed and heartsick over the turn of events, Susan searched for
+a way to re-establish harmony and her own faith in her successor.
+Realizing that a mother's cool counsel and guiding hand were needed to
+heal the misunderstandings, and convinced that unity and trust could
+be restored only by frank discussion of the problem by those involved,
+she asked for a meeting of the business committee at her home. "What
+can we do to get back into trust in each other?" she wrote Laura Clay.
+"That is the thing we must do--somehow--and it cannot be done by
+letter. We must hold a meeting--and we must have you--and every single
+one of our members at it."[432]
+
+Impatient at what to her seemed unnecessary delay, she kept prodding
+Mrs. Catt to call this meeting. Fortunately both Susan and Mrs. Catt
+were genuinely fond of each other and placed the welfare of the cause
+above personal differences. Both were tolerant and steady and
+understood the pressures put on the leader of a great organization.
+Anxious and troubled as she waited for this meeting, Susan appreciated
+Anna Shaw's visits as never before, marking them as red-letter days on
+her calender.
+
+Late in August 1900, all the officers finally gathered at 17 Madison
+Street, and Susan listened to their discussions with deep concern. She
+was confident she could rely completely on Harriet Upton, Rachel, and
+Anna and could count on Laura Clay's "level head and good common
+sense."[433] She never felt sure of Alice Stone Blackwell and knew
+there was great sympathy and often a working alliance between her, her
+father, and Mrs. Catt. Of the latest member of the official family,
+Catharine Waugh McCulloch, she had little first-hand knowledge. Mrs.
+Catt, whom she longed to fathom and trust, was still an enigma. During
+those hot humid August days, misunderstandings were healed, unity was
+restored, and Susan was reassured that not a single one of her "girls"
+desired "other than was good for the work."[434]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Susan had always been a champion of coeducation, speaking for it as
+early as the 1850s at state teachers' meetings and proposing it for
+Columbia University in her _Revolution_. In 1891, she and Mrs. Stanton
+had agitated for the admission of women to the University of
+Rochester. Seven years later the trustees consented to admit women
+provided $100,000 could be raised in a year, and Susan served on the
+fund-raising committee with her friend, Helen Barrett Montgomery.
+Because the alumni of the University of Rochester opposed coeducation
+and the city's wealthiest men were indifferent, progress was slow, but
+the trustees were persuaded to extend the time and to reduce by one
+half the amount to be raised.
+
+With so much else on her mind in 1900, including the sudden death of
+her brother Merritt, she had given the fund little thought until the
+committee appealed to her in desperation when only one day remained in
+which to raise the last $8,000. Immediately she went into action.
+Remembering that Mary had talked of willing the University $2,000 if
+it became coeducational, she persuaded her to pledge that amount now.
+Then setting out in a carriage on a very hot September morning, she
+slowly collected pledges for all but $2,000. As the trustees were in
+session and likely to adjourn any minute, she appealed to Samuel
+Wilder, one of Rochester's prominent elder citizens who had already
+contributed, to guarantee that amount until she could raise it. To
+this he gladly agreed. Reaching the trustees' meeting with Mrs.
+Montgomery just in time, with pledges assuring the payment of the full
+$50,000, she was amazed at their reception. Instead of rejoicing with
+them, the trustees began to quibble over Samuel Wilder's guarantee of
+the last $2,000 because of the state of his health. When she offered
+her life insurance as security, they still put her off, telling her
+to come back in a few days. Even then they continued to quibble, but
+finally admitted that the women had won. Disillusioned, she wrote in
+her diary, "Not a trustee has given anything although there are
+several millionaires among them."[435] Only her life insurance policy
+and her dogged persistence had saved the day.
+
+This effort to open Rochester University to women, on top of a very
+full and worrisome year, was so taxing and so disillusioning that she
+became seriously ill. When she recovered sufficiently for a drive, she
+asked to be taken to the university campus and afterward wrote in her
+diary, "As I drove over the campus, I felt 'these are not forbidden
+grounds to the girls of the city any longer.' It is good to feel that
+the old doors sway on their hinges--to women! Will the vows be kept to
+them--will the girls have equal chances with the boys? They promised
+well--the fulfilment will be seen--whether there shall not be some
+hitch from the proposed to a separate school."[436]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Still keeping her watchful eye on the National American Association,
+Susan traveled to Minneapolis in the spring of 1901 for the first
+annual convention under the new administration. There was talk of an
+"entire new deal," the retirement of all who had served under Miss
+Anthony, and the election of a "new cabinet of officers," and Susan
+was so concerned that there might also be a change in the presidency
+that she felt she must be on hand to guide and steady the
+proceedings.[437]
+
+Mrs. Catt was re-elected and Susan returned to Rochester well
+satisfied and ready to devote herself to completing the fourth volume
+of the _History of Woman Suffrage_ on which she and Mrs. Harper had
+been working intermittently for the past year. It was published late
+in 1902. While working on the History, Susan, although more than
+satisfied with Mrs. Harper's work, often thought nostalgically of her
+happy stimulating years of collaboration with Mrs. Stanton. She seldom
+saw Mrs. Stanton now, but they kept in touch with each other by
+letter.
+
+In the spring of 1902, she visited Mrs. Stanton twice in New York, and
+planned to return in November to celebrate Mrs. Stanton's
+eighty-seventh birthday. In anticipation, she wrote Mrs. Stanton, "It
+is fifty-one years since we first met and we have been busy through
+every one of them, stirring up the world to recognize the rights of
+women.... We little dreamed when we began this contest ... that half a
+century later we would be compelled to leave the finish of the battle
+to another generation of women. But our hearts are filled with joy to
+know that they enter upon this task equipped with a college education,
+with business experience, with the freely admitted right to speak in
+public--all of which were denied to women fifty years ago.... These
+strong, courageous, capable, young women will take our place and
+complete our work. There is an army of them where we were but a
+handful...."[438]
+
+Two weeks before Mrs. Stanton's birthday, Susan was stunned by a
+telegram announcing that her old comrade had passed away in her chair.
+Bewildered and desolate, she sat alone in her study for several hours,
+trying bravely to endure her grief. Then came the reporters for copy
+which only this heartbroken woman could give. "I cannot express myself
+at all as I feel," she haltingly told them. "I am too crushed to
+speak. If I had died first, she would have found beautiful phrases to
+describe our friendship, but I cannot put it into words."[439]
+
+From New York, where she had gone for the funeral, she wrote in
+anguish to Mrs. Harper, "Oh, the voice is stilled which I have loved
+to hear for fifty years. Always I have felt that I must have Mrs.
+Stanton's opinion of things before I knew where I stood myself. I am
+all at sea--but the Laws of Nature are still going on--with no shadow
+or turning--what a wonder it is--it goes right on and on--no matter
+who lives or who dies."[440]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+National woman suffrage conventions were still red-letter events to
+Susan and she attended them no matter how great the physical effort,
+traveling to New Orleans in 1903. Of particular concern was the 1904
+convention because of Mrs. Catt's decision at the very last moment not
+to stand for re-election on account of her health. Looking over the
+field, Susan saw no one capable of taking her place but Anna Howard
+Shaw. Not to be able to turn to Mrs. Stanton's capable daughter,
+Harriot Stanton Blatch, at this time was disappointing, but Harriot's
+long absence in England had made her more or less of a stranger to the
+membership of the National American Association, and for some reason
+she did not seem to fit in, lacking her mother's warmth and
+appeal.[441]
+
+[Illustration: Quotation in the handwriting of Susan B. Anthony]
+
+"I don't see anybody in the whole rank of our suffrage movement to
+take her [Mrs. Catt's] place but you," Susan now wrote Anna Howard
+Shaw. "If you will take it with a salary of say, $2,000, I will go
+ahead and try to see what I can do. We must not let the society down
+into _feeble_ hands.... Don't say _no_, for the _life_ of _you_, for
+if Mrs. Catt _persists_ in going out, we shall simply _have_ to
+_accept it_ and we must _tide over_ with the _best material_ that we
+have, and _you are the best_, and would you have taken office _four
+years ago_, you would have been elected over-whelmingly."[442]
+
+Anna could not refuse Aunt Susan, and when she was elected with Mrs.
+Catt as vice-president, Susan breathed freely again.
+
+It warmed Susan's heart to enter the convention on her eighty-fourth
+birthday to a thundering welcome, to banter with Mrs. Upton who called
+her to the platform, and to stop the applause with a smile and "There
+now, girls, that's enough."[443] Nothing could have been more
+appropriate for her birthday than the Colorado jubilee over which she
+presided and which gave irrefutable evidence of the success of woman
+suffrage in that state. There was rejoicing too over Australia, where
+women had been voting since 1902 and over the new hope in Europe, in
+Denmark, where women had chosen her birthday to stage a demonstration
+in favor of the pending franchise bill.
+
+For the last time, she spoke to a Senate committee on the woman
+suffrage amendment. Standing before these indifferent men, a tired
+warrior at the end of a long hard campaign, she reminded them that she
+alone remained of those who thirty-five years before, in 1869, had
+appealed to Congress for justice. "And I," she added, "shall not be
+able to come much longer.
+
+"We have waited," she told them. "We stood aside for the Negro; we
+waited for the millions of immigrants; now we must wait till the
+Hawaiians, the Filipinos, and the Puerto Ricans are enfranchised; then
+no doubt the Cubans will have their turn. For all these ignorant,
+alien peoples, educated women have been compelled to stand aside and
+wait!" Then with mounting impatience, she asked them, "How long will
+this injustice, this outrage continue?"[444]
+
+Their answer to her was silence. They sent no report to the Senate on
+the woman suffrage amendment. Yet she was able to say to a reporter of
+the New York _Sun_, "I have never lost my faith, not for a moment in
+fifty years."[445]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[422] Rachel Foster Avery, Ed., _National Council of Women_, 1891
+(Philadelphia, 1891), p. 229.
+
+[423] Dec. 1, 1898, Anthony Collection, Henry E. Huntington Library.
+Mrs. Elnora Babcock of New York was in charge of the press bureau.
+
+[424] Miss Anthony was enrolled as a member of the Knights of Labor
+and invited this organization to send delegates to the International
+Council of Women in 1888.
+
+[425] To Ellen Wright Garrison, 1900, Sophia Smith Collection, Smith
+College.
+
+[426] Harper, _Anthony_, III, p. 1137. A few years later, militant
+suffragists, led by Emmeline Pankhurst, were active in London. Mrs.
+Pankhurst heard Miss Anthony speak in Manchester in 1904.
+
+[427] Ida Husted Harper Ms., Catharine Waugh McCulloch Papers,
+Radcliffe Women's Archives.
+
+[428] Nov. 20, 1899, Anthony Collection, Henry E. Huntington Library.
+
+[429] _History of Woman Suffrage_, IV, p. 385. Miss Anthony was "moved
+up," as she expressed it, to Honorary President.
+
+[430] Peck, Catt, p. 107, Washington _Post_ quotation.
+
+[431] To Laura Clay, April 15, 1900, University of Kentucky Library,
+Lexington, Kentucky.
+
+[432] _Ibid._, March 15, 1900.
+
+[433] _Ibid._
+
+[434] _Ibid._, Sept. 7, 1900.
+
+[435] Ms., Diary, Nov. 10, 1900.
+
+[436] _Ibid._, Sept. 26, 1900. A separate woman's college was
+established at the University of Rochester and not until 1952 were the
+men's and women's colleges merged.
+
+[437] May 20, 1901, Note, Susan B. Anthony Memorial Collection,
+Rochester, New York.
+
+[438] _History of Woman Suffrage_, V, pp. 741-742.
+
+[439] Harper, _Anthony_, III, p. 1263.
+
+[440] Oct. 28, 1902, Anthony Collection, Henry E. Huntington Library.
+
+[441] Oct. 27, 1904, Elizabeth Smith Miller Collection, New York
+Public Library. A few years later, Mrs. Blatch made a vital
+contribution to the cause through the Women's Political Union which
+she organized and which brought more militant methods and new life
+into the woman suffrage campaign in New York State.
+
+[442] Jan. 27, 1904, Lucy E. Anthony Collection. Mrs. Blake who had
+been a candidate in 1900 had by this time formed her own organization,
+the National Legislative League.
+
+[443] _History of Woman Suffrage_, V, p. 99.
+
+[444] Harper, _Anthony_, III, p. 1308.
+
+[445] _Ibid._
+
+
+
+
+SUSAN B. ANTHONY OF THE WORLD
+
+
+Susan was on the ocean in May 1904 with her sister Mary and a group of
+good friends, headed for a meeting of the International Council of
+Women in Berlin. What drew her to Berlin was the plan initiated by
+Carrie Chapman Catt to form an International Woman Suffrage Alliance
+prior to the meetings of the International Council. This had been
+Susan's dream and Mrs. Stanton's in 1883, when they first conferred
+with women of other countries regarding an international woman
+suffrage organization and found only the women of England ready to
+unite on such a radical program. Now that women had worked together
+successfully in the International Council for sixteen years on other
+less controversial matters relating to women, she and Mrs. Catt were
+confident that a few of them at least were willing to unite to demand
+the vote.
+
+Chosen as a matter of course to preside over this gathering of
+suffragists in Berlin, Susan received an enthusiastic welcome. For her
+it was a momentous occasion, and eager to spread news of the meeting
+far and wide, she could not understand the objections of many of the
+delegates to the presence of reporters who they feared might send out
+sensational copy.
+
+"My friends, what are we here for?" she asked her more timid
+colleagues. "We have come from many countries, travelled thousands of
+miles to form an organization for a great international work, and do
+we want to keep it a secret from the public? No; welcome all reporters
+who want to come, the more, the better. Let all we say and do here be
+told far and wide. Let the people everywhere know that in Berlin women
+from all parts of the world have banded themselves together to demand
+political freedom. I rejoice in the presence of these reporters, and
+instead of excluding them from our meetings let us help them to all
+the information we can and ask them to give it the widest
+publicity."[446]
+
+This won the battle for the reporters, who gave her rousing applause,
+and the news flashed over the wires was sympathetic, dignified, and
+abundant. It told the world of the formation of the International
+Woman Suffrage Alliance by women from the United States, Great
+Britain, Germany, The Netherlands, Sweden, Australia, Norway, and
+Denmark, "to secure the enfranchisement of women of all nations." It
+praised the honorary president, Susan B. Anthony, and the American
+women who took over the leadership of this international venture,
+Carrie Chapman Catt, the president, and Rachel Foster Avery,
+corresponding secretary.
+
+To celebrate the occasion, German suffragists called a public mass
+meeting, and Susan, eager to rejoice with them, was surprised to find
+members of the International Council disgruntled and accusing the
+International Woman Suffrage Alliance of stealing their thunder and
+casting the dark shadow of woman suffrage over their conference. To
+placate them and restore harmony, she stayed away from this public
+meeting, but she could not control the demand for her presence.
+
+"Where is Susan B. Anthony?" were the first words spoken as the mass
+meeting opened. Then immediately the audience rose and burst into
+cheers which continued without a break for ten minutes. Anna Howard
+Shaw there on the platform and deeply moved by this tribute to Aunt
+Susan, later described how she felt: "Every second of that time I
+seemed to see Miss Anthony alone in her hotel room, longing with all
+her big heart to be with us, as we longed to have her.... Afterwards,
+when we burst in upon her and told her of the great demonstration, the
+mere mention of her name had caused, her lips quivered and her brave
+old eyes filled with tears."[447]
+
+The next morning her "girls" brought her the Berlin newspapers,
+translating for her the report of the meeting and these heart-warming
+lines, "The Americans call her 'Aunt Susan.' She is our 'Aunt Susan'
+too."
+
+This was but a foretaste of her reception throughout her stay in
+Berlin. To the International Council, she was "Susan B. Anthony of the
+World," the woman of the hour, whom all wanted to meet. Every time she
+entered the conference hall, the audience rose and remained standing
+until she was seated. Every mention of her name brought forth cheers.
+The many young women, acting as ushers, were devoted to her and eager
+to serve her. They greeted her by kissing her hand. Embarrassed at
+first by such homage, she soon responded by kissing them on the
+cheek.
+
+[Illustration: Susan B. Anthony at the age of eighty-five]
+
+The Empress Victoria Augusta, receiving the delegates in the Royal
+Palace, singled out Susan, and instead of following the custom of
+kissing the Empress's hand, Susan bowed as she would to any
+distinguished American, explaining that she was a Quaker and did not
+understand the etiquette of the court. The Empress praised Susan's
+great work, and unwilling to let such an opportunity slip by, Susan
+offered the suggestion that Emperor William who had done so much to
+build up his country might now wish to raise the status of German
+women. To this the Empress replied with a smile, "The gentlemen are
+very slow to comprehend this great movement."[448]
+
+When the talented Negro, Mary Church Terrell, addressing the
+International Council in both German and French, received an ovation,
+Susan's cup of joy was filled to the brim, for she glimpsed the bright
+promise of a world without barriers of sex or race.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The newspapers welcomed her home, and in her own comfortable sitting
+room she read Rochester's greeting in the _Democrat and Chronicle_,
+"There are woman suffragists and anti-suffragists, but all Rochester
+people, irrespective of opinion ... are Anthony men and women. We
+admire and esteem one so single-minded, earnest and unselfish, who,
+with eighty-four years to her credit, is still too busy and useful to
+think of growing old."[449]
+
+Her happiness over this welcome was clouded, however, by the serious
+illness of her brother Daniel, and she and Mary hurried to Kansas to
+see him. Two months later he passed away. Now only she and Mary were
+left of all the large Anthony family. Without Daniel, the world seemed
+empty. His strength of character, independence, and sympathy with her
+work had comforted and encouraged her all through her life. A fearless
+editor, a successful businessman, a politician with principles, he had
+played an important role in Kansas, and proud of him, she cherished
+the many tributes published throughout the country.
+
+Courageously she now picked up the threads of her life. Her precious
+National American Woman Suffrage Association was out of her hands, but
+she still had the _History of Woman Suffrage_ to distribute, and it
+gave her a great sense of accomplishment to hand on to future
+generations this record of women's struggle for freedom.[450]
+
+Missing the stimulous of work with her "girls," she took more and more
+pleasure in the company of William and Mary Gannett of the First
+Unitarian Church, whose liberal views appealed to her strongly. She
+liked to have young people about her and followed the lives of all her
+nieces and nephews with the greatest interest, spurring on their
+ambitions and helping finance their education. The frequent visits of
+"Niece Lucy" were a great joy during these years, as was the nearness
+of "Niece Anna O,"[451] who married and settled in Rochester. The
+young Canadian girl, Anna Dann, had become almost indispensable to her
+and to Mary, as companion, secretary, and nurse, and her marriage left
+a void in the household. Anna Dann was married at 17 Madison Street by
+Anna Howard Shaw with Susan beaming upon her like a proud grandmother.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Longing to see one more state won for suffrage, Susan carefully
+followed the news from the field, looking hopefully to California and
+urging her "girls" to keep hammering away there in spite of defeats.
+Her eyes were also on the Territory of Oklahoma, where a constitution
+was being drafted preparatory to statehood. "The present bill for the
+new state," she wrote Anna Howard Shaw, in December 1904, "is an
+insult to women of Oklahoma, such as has never been perpetrated
+before. We have always known that women were in reality ranked with
+idiots and criminals, but it has never been said in words that the
+state should ... restrict or abridge the suffrage ... on account of
+illiteracy, minority, _sex_, conviction of felony, mental condition,
+etc.... We must fight this bill to the utmost...."[452]
+
+The brightest spot in the West was Oregon, where suffrage had been
+defeated in 1900 by only 2,000 votes. In June 1905, when the National
+American Association held its first far western convention in Portland
+during the Lewis and Clark Exposition, Susan could not keep away,
+although she had never expected to go over the mountains again. As she
+traveled to Portland with Mary and a hundred or more delegates in
+special cars, she recalled her many long tiring trips through the West
+to carry the message of woman suffrage to the frontier. In
+comparison, this was a triumphal journey, showing her, as nothing else
+could, what her work had accomplished. Greeted at railroad stations
+along the way by enthusiastic crowds, showered with flowers and gifts,
+she stood on the back platform of the train with her "girls," shaking
+hands, waving her handkerchief, and making an occasional speech.
+
+Presiding over the opening session of the Portland convention,
+standing in a veritable garden of flowers which had been presented to
+her, she remarked with a droll smile, "This is rather different from
+the receptions I used to get fifty years ago.... I am thankful for
+this change of spirit which has come over the American people."[453]
+
+On Woman's Day, she was chosen to speak at the unveiling of the statue
+of Sacajawea, the Indian woman who had led Lewis and Clark through the
+dangerous mountain passes to the Pacific, winning their gratitude and
+their praise. In the story of Sacajawea who had been overlooked by the
+government when every man in the Lewis and Clark expedition had been
+rewarded with a large tract of land, Susan saw the perfect example of
+man's thoughtless oversight of the valuable services of women. Looking
+up at the bronze statue of the Indian woman, her papoose on her back
+and her arm outstretched to the Pacific, Susan said simply, "This is
+the first statue erected to a woman because of deeds of daring....
+This recognition of the assistance rendered by a woman in the
+discovery of this great section of the country is but the beginning of
+what is due." Then, with the sunlight playing on her hair and lighting
+up her face, she appealed to the men of Oregon for the vote. "Next
+year," she reminded them, "the men of this proud state, made possible
+by a woman, will decide whether women shall at last have the rights in
+it which have been denied them so many years. Let men remember the
+part women have played in its settlement and progress and vote to give
+them these rights which belong to every citizen."[454]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Reporters were at Susan's door, when she returned to Rochester, for
+comments on ex-President Cleveland's tirade against clubwomen and
+woman suffrage in the popular _Ladies' Home Journal_. "Pure
+fol-de-rol," she told them, adding testily, "I would think that Grover
+Cleveland was about the last person to talk about the sanctity of the
+home and woman's sphere." This was good copy for Republican newspapers
+and they made the most of it, as women throughout the country added
+their protests to Susan's. A popular jingle of the day ran, "Susan B.
+Anthony, she took quite a fall out of Grover C."[455]
+
+Susan, however, had something far more important on her mind than
+fencing with Grover Cleveland--an interview with President Theodore
+Roosevelt. Here was a man eager to right wrongs, to break monopolies,
+to see justice done to the Negro, a man who talked of a "square deal"
+for all, and yet woman suffrage aroused no response in him.
+
+In November 1905, she undertook a trip to Washington for the express
+purpose of talking with him. The year before, at a White House
+reception, he had singled her out to stand at his side in the
+receiving line. She looked for the same friendliness now. Memorandum
+in hand, she plied him with questions which he carefully evaded, but
+she would not give up.
+
+"Mr. Roosevelt," she earnestly pleaded, "this is my principle request.
+It is almost the last request I shall ever make of anybody. Before you
+leave the Presidential chair recommend to Congress to submit to the
+Legislatures a Constitutional Amendment which will enfranchise women,
+and thus take your place in history with Lincoln, the great
+emancipator. I beg of you not to close your term of office without
+doing this."[456]
+
+To this he made no response, and trying once more to wring from him
+some slight indication of sympathy for her cause, she added, "Mr.
+President, your influence is so great that just one word from you in
+favor of woman suffrage would give our cause a tremendous impetus."
+
+"The public knows my attitude," he tersely replied. "I recommended it
+when Governor of New York."
+
+"True," she acknowledged, "but that was a long time ago. Our enemies
+say that was the opinion of your younger years and that since you have
+been President you have never uttered one word that could be construed
+as an endorsement."
+
+"They have no cause to think I have changed my mind," he suavely
+replied as he bade her good-bye. In the months that followed he gave
+her no sign that her interview had made the slightest impression.
+
+One of the most satisfying honors bestowed on Susan during these last
+years was the invitation to be present at Bryn Mawr College in 1902
+for the unveiling of a bronze portrait medallion of herself. Bryn
+Mawr, under its brilliant young president, M. Carey Thomas, herself a
+pioneer in establishing the highest standards for women's education,
+showed no such timidity as Vassar where neither Susan nor Elizabeth
+Cady Stanton had been welcome as speakers. At Bryn Mawr, Susan talked
+freely and frankly with the students, and best of all, became better
+acquainted with M. Carey Thomas and her enterprising friend, Mary
+Garrett of Baltimore, who was using her great wealth for the
+advancement of women. She longed to channel their abilities to woman
+suffrage and a few years later arranged for a national convention in
+their home city, Baltimore, appealing to them to make it an
+outstanding success.[457]
+
+Arriving in Baltimore in January 1906 for this convention, Susan was
+the honored guest in Mary Garrett's luxurious home. Frail and ill, she
+was unable to attend all the sessions, as in the past, but she was
+present at the highlight of this very successful convention, the
+College Evening arranged by M. Carey Thomas. With women's colleges
+still resisting the discussion of woman suffrage and the Association
+of Collegiate Alumnae refusing to support it, the College Evening
+marked the first public endorsement of this controversial subject by
+college women. Up to this time the only encouraging sign had been the
+formation in 1900 of the College Equal Suffrage League by two young
+Radcliffe alumnae, Maud Wood Park and Inez Haynes Irwin. Now here, in
+conservative Baltimore, college presidents and college faculty gave
+woman suffrage their blessing, and Susan listened happily as
+distinguished women, one after another, allied themselves to the
+cause: Dr. Mary E. Woolley, who as president of Mt. Holyoke was
+developing Mary Lyons' pioneer seminary into a high ranking college;
+Lucy Salmon, Mary A. Jordan, and Mary W. Calkins of the faculties of
+Vassar, Smith, and Wellesley; Eva Perry Moore, a trustee of Vassar and
+president of the Association of Collegiate Alumnae, with whom she
+dared differ on this subject; Maud Wood Park, representing the younger
+generation in the College Equal Suffrage League; and last of all, the
+president of Bryn Mawr, M. Carey Thomas. After expressing her
+gratitude to the pioneers of this great movement, Miss Thomas turned
+to Susan and said, "To you, Miss Anthony, belongs by right, as to no
+other woman in the world's history, the love and gratitude of all
+women in every country of the civilized globe. We your daughters in
+spirit, rise up today and call you blessed.... Of such as you were the
+lines of the poet Yeats written:
+
+    'They shall be remembered forever,
+    They shall be alive forever,
+    They shall be speaking forever,
+    The people shall hear them forever.'"[458]
+
+During the thundering applause, Susan came forward to respond, her
+face alight, and the audience rose. "If any proof were needed of the
+progress of the cause for which I have worked, it is here tonight,"
+she said simply. "The presence on the stage of these college women,
+and in the audience of all those college girls who will someday be the
+nation's greatest strength, tell their story to the world. They give
+the highest joy and encouragement to me...."[459]
+
+During her visit at the home of Mary Garrett, Susan spoke freely with
+her and with M. Carey Thomas of the needs of the National American
+Association, particularly of the Standing Fund of $100,000 of which
+she had dreamed and which she had started to raise. Now, like an
+answer to prayer, Mary Garrett and President Thomas, fresh from their
+successful money-raising campaigns for Johns Hopkins and Bryn Mawr,
+offered to undertake a similar project for woman suffrage, proposing
+to raise $60,000--$12,000 a year for the next five years.
+
+"As we sat at her feet day after day between sessions of the
+convention, listening to what she wanted us to do to help women and
+asking her questions," recalled M. Carey Thomas in later years, "I
+realized that she was the greatest person I had ever met. She seemed
+to me everything that a human being could be--a leader to die for or
+to live for and follow wherever she led."[460]
+
+Immediately after the convention, Susan went to Washington with the
+women who were scheduled to speak at the Congressional hearing on
+woman suffrage. In her room at the Shoreham Hotel, a room with a view
+of the Washington Monument which the manager always saved for her, she
+stood at the window looking out over the city as if saying farewell.
+Then turning to Anna Shaw, she said with emotion, "I think it is the
+most beautiful monument in the whole world."[461]
+
+That evening she sat quietly through the many tributes offered to her
+on her eighty-sixth birthday, longing to tell all her friends the
+gratitude and hope that welled up in her heart. Finally she rose, and
+standing by Anna Howard Shaw who was presiding, she impulsively put
+her hand on her shoulder and praised her for her loyal support. Then
+turning to the other officers, she thanked them for all they had done.
+"There are others also," she added, "just as true and devoted to the
+cause--I wish I could name everyone--but with such women consecrating
+their lives--" She hesitated a moment, and then in her clear rich
+voice, added with emphasis, "Failure is impossible."[462]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In Rochester, in the home she so dearly loved, she spent her last
+weeks, thinking of the cause and the women who would carry it on.
+Longing to talk with Anna Shaw, she sent for her, but Anna, feeling
+she was needed, came even before a letter could reach her. With Anna
+at her bedside, Susan was content.
+
+"I want you to give me a promise," she pleaded, reaching for Anna's
+hand. "Promise me you will keep the presidency of the association as
+long as you are well enough to do the work."[463]
+
+Deeply moved, Anna replied, "But how can I promise that? I can keep it
+only as long as others wish me to keep it."
+
+"Promise to make them wish you to keep it," Susan urged. "Just as I
+wish you to keep it...."
+
+After a moment, she continued, "I do not know anything about what
+comes to us after this life ends, but ... if I have any conscious
+knowledge of this world and of what you are doing, I shall not be far
+away from you; and in times of need I will help you all I can. Who
+knows? Perhaps I may be able to do more for the Cause after I am gone
+than while I am here."
+
+A few days later, on March 13, 1906, she passed away, her hand in
+Anna's.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Asked, a few years before, if she believed that all women in the
+United States would ever be given the vote, she had replied with
+assurance, "It will come, but I shall not see it.... It is inevitable.
+We can no more deny forever the right of self-government to one-half
+our people than we could keep the Negro forever in bondage. It will
+not be wrought by the same disrupting forces that freed the slave, but
+come it will, and I believe within a generation."[464]
+
+[Illustration: Susan B. Anthony, 1905]
+
+She had so longed to see women voting throughout the United States, to
+see them elected to legislatures and Congress, but for her there had
+only been the promise of fulfillment in Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, and
+Idaho, and far away in New Zealand and Australia.
+
+"Failure is impossible" was the rallying cry she left with her "girls"
+to spur them on in the long discouraging struggle ahead, fourteen more
+years of campaigning until on August 26, 1920, women were enfranchised
+throughout the United States by the Nineteenth Amendment.
+
+Even then their work was not finished, for she had looked farther
+ahead to the time when men and women everywhere, regardless of race,
+religion, or sex, would enjoy equal rights. Her challenging words,
+"Failure is impossible," still echo and re-echo through the years, as
+the crusade for human rights goes forward and men and women together
+strive to build and preserve a free world.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[446] Harper, _Anthony_, III, p. 1325.
+
+[447] Shaw, _The Story of a Pioneer_, p. 210.
+
+[448] Harper, _Anthony_, III, p. 1319.
+
+[449] _Ibid._, p. 1336.
+
+[450] Miss Anthony also carefully prepared her scrapbooks, her books,
+and bound volumes of _The Revolution_, woman's rights and antislavery
+magazines for presentation to the Library of Congress, inscribing each
+with a note of explanation.
+
+[451] Ann Anthony Bacon.
+
+[452] _New York Suffrage Newsletter_, Jan., 1905.
+
+[453] _History of Woman Suffrage_, V, p. 122.
+
+[454] Harper, _Anthony_, III, p. 1365. The statue of Sacajawea,
+presented to the Exposition by the clubwomen of America, was the work
+of Alice Cooper of Denver. Woman suffrage was again defeated in Oregon
+in 1906.
+
+[455] Harper, _Anthony_, III, pp. 1357, 1359.
+
+[456] _Ibid._, pp. 1376-1377.
+
+[457] The medallion, the work of Leila Usher of Boston, was
+commissioned by Mary Garrett.
+
+[458] Harper, _Anthony_, III, p. 1395.
+
+[459] _Ibid._, pp. 1395-1396.
+
+[460] Sept., 1935, Statement, Una R. Winter Collection.
+
+[461] Harper, _Anthony_, III, p. 1409.
+
+[462] _Ibid._
+
+[463] Shaw, _The Story of a Pioneer_, pp. 230-232.
+
+[464] Harper, _Anthony_, III, p. 1259.
+
+
+
+
+NOTES
+
+[Transcriber's Note: All footnotes for the book were located here, on
+pages 311-326. They have been relocated to immediately follow the
+chapter where they are referenced.]
+
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY
+
+
+MANUSCRIPT COLLECTIONS
+
+American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Massachusetts:
+  Abby Kelley Foster Papers.
+
+Lucy E. Anthony and Ann Anthony Bacon Papers:
+  Susan B. Anthony Diaries, Letters, and Speeches.
+
+Boston Public Library, Manuscript Division:
+  Antislavery, Garrison, and Higginson Papers.
+
+Matilda Joslyn Gage Collection.
+
+Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery,
+San Marino, California, Manuscript Division:
+  Ida Husted Harper Collection.
+  Anthony Collection.
+
+Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka, Kansas:
+  Anthony Papers.
+
+Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., Manuscript Division:
+  Susan B. Anthony Papers, including Diaries.
+  Anna E. Dickinson Papers.
+  Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers.
+
+Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., Rare Book Room:
+  Susan B. Anthony Scrapbooks.
+
+Alma Lutz Collection.
+
+Anna Dann Mason Collection.
+
+Museum of Arts and Sciences, Rochester, New York:
+  Anthony Collection.
+
+New York Public Library, Manuscript Division:
+  Susan B. Anthony Papers.
+  Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers.
+  Elizabeth Smith Miller Papers.
+
+Ohio State Library, Columbus, Ohio:
+  Ohioana Library Collection.
+
+Seneca Falls Historical Society, Seneca Falls, New York:
+  Amelia Bloomer Papers.
+
+Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts:
+  Sophia Smith Collection.
+
+Edna M. Stantial Collection:
+  Blackwell Papers.
+
+Susan B. Anthony Memorial Collection, 17 Madison Street,
+Rochester, New York.
+
+Radcliffe Women's Archives, Radcliffe College,
+Cambridge, Massachusetts.
+
+University of California, Bancroft Library, Berkeley, California:
+  Susan B. Anthony Papers.
+  Keith Papers.
+
+University of Kentucky Library, Lexington, Kentucky:
+  Laura Clay Papers.
+
+University of Rochester Library, Rochester, New York:
+  Susan B. Anthony Papers.
+
+Vassar College Library, Poughkeepsie, New York:
+  Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers.
+  Margaret Stanton Lawrence Papers.
+
+Una R. Winter Collection.
+
+
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+_An Account of the Proceedings of the Trial of Susan B. Anthony on the
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+
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+
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+
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+
+----. "Why Some Marriages Are Failures," _McClure's Syndicate_, 1901.
+
+----. "The Wrongs of Man," _McClure's Syndicate_, 1901.
+
+----. "What I Would Have Done with a Bad Husband," _McClure's
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+
+Armes, Ethel. _Stratford Hall._ Richmond, Va., 1936.
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+Avery, Rachel Foster (ed.). _National Council of Women_, 1891.
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+----. _The Rise of American Civilization._ New York, 1930.
+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
+Buckmaster, Henrietta. _Let My People Go._ New York, 1941.
+
+Burnham, Carrie S. _Woman Suffrage, The Argument of Carrie S. Burnham
+before the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania._ Pamphlet. Philadelphia,
+1873.
+
+Calhoun, Lucia Gilbert. "Modern Women and What Is Said of Them."
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+
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+
+Channing, William Henry. _Review of the History of Woman Suffrage._
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+1881.
+
+Chester, Giraud. _Embattled Maiden, The Life of Anna Dickinson._ New
+York, 1951.
+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+of a Nation._ New York, 1928.
+
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+
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+
+Ginger, Ray. _The Bending Cross, A Biography of Eugene Victor Debs._
+New Brunswick, N.J., 1949.
+
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+Lexington, Ky., 1946.
+
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+
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+
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+
+----. _My Dear Lady, The Story of Anna Ella Carroll._ New York, 1940.
+
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+
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+
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+York, 1937.
+
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+
+Harper, Ida Husted. _The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony._
+Indianapolis, 1898, 1908.
+
+----. _History of Woman Suffrage_, Vols. V and VI. New York, 1922.
+
+Harper, Ida Husted, and Anthony, Susan B. _History of Woman Suffrage_,
+Vol. IV. Rochester, N.Y., 1902.
+
+Hayek, F. A. _John Stuart Mill and Harriet Taylor._ Chicago, 1951.
+
+Hebard, Grace Raymond. _How Woman Suffrage Came to Wyoming._ Pamphlet.
+New York, 1940.
+
+Henry, Alice. _The Trade Union Woman._ New York, 1923.
+
+Hibben, Paxton. _Henry Ward Beecher._ New York, 1927.
+
+Higginson, Mary Thatcher (ed.). _Letters and Journals of Thomas
+Wentworth Higginson._ Boston, 1921.
+
+Higginson, Thomas Wentworth. _Women and the Alphabet._ Boston, 1881.
+
+Hooker, Isabella Beecher. _The Constitutional Rights of Women of the
+United States._ Washington, 1888.
+
+Howe, Julia Ward. _Reminiscences, 1819-1899._ Boston, 1900.
+
+Hutchinson, John Wallace. _The Story of the Hutchinsons._ Boston,
+1896.
+
+_International Woman Suffrage Conference._ Washington, D.C., 1902.
+
+Isely, J. A. _Horace Greeley and the Republican Party, 1853-1861._
+Princeton, N.J., 1947.
+
+James, Joseph B. _The Framing of the Fourteenth Amendment._ Urbana,
+Ill., 1956.
+
+Johns, Helen. "This Is a Day Full of Meaning to Friends of Woman
+Suffrage," _Public Ledger_ (Philadelphia), Feb. 14, 1920.
+
+Johnson, Oliver. _William Lloyd Garrison and His Times._ Boston, 1879.
+
+Julian, George W. _Political Recollections_, 1840-1872. Chicago, 1884.
+
+Kerr, Laura. _Lady in the Pulpit._ New York, 1951.
+
+Korngold, Ralph. _Two Friends of Man._ Boston, 1950.
+
+Livermore, Mary A. _The Story of My Life._ Hartford, Conn., 1897.
+
+----. _My Story of the War._ Hartford, Conn., 1889.
+
+Lutz, Alma. _Created Equal, A Biography of Elizabeth Cady Stanton._
+New York, 1940.
+
+----. _Emma Willard, Daughter of Democracy._ Boston, 1929.
+
+Macy, Jesse. _The Antislavery Crusade._ New Haven, 1920.
+
+Malin, James C. _John Brown and the Legend of Fifty-Six._
+Philadelphia, 1942.
+
+Mason, Anna Dann. "The Most Unforgettable Character I've Met,"
+_Genessee Country Scrapbook_, Vol. IV (Rochester, N. Y., 1953).
+
+May, Samuel J. _Some Recollections of the Antislavery Conflict._
+Boston, 1869.
+
+Mill, Elizabeth Taylor. _Enfranchisement of Women_, reprinted from the
+_Westminster and Quarterly Review_, New York, 1868.
+
+Mill, John Stuart. _Autobiography._ London, 1873.
+
+----. _The Social and Political Dependence of Women._ Boston, 1868.
+
+----. _The Subjection of Women._ London, 1869.
+
+----. _Suffrage for Women_ (Speech in British Parliament, May 20,
+1867). Pamphlet. Boston, 1869.
+
+_Mormon Women's Protest, An Appeal for Freedom, Justice, and Equal
+Rights._ Pamphlet. Salt Lake City, Utah, 1886.
+
+McKelvey, Blake. _Rochester, the Flower City, 1855-1890._ Cambridge,
+Mass., 1949.
+
+----. "Susan B. Anthony," _Rochester History_, April, 1945, Rochester,
+N. Y.
+
+Nichols, Mrs. C. I. H. _The Responsibilities of Woman._ Pamphlet.
+1851.
+
+Nordholf, Charles. "A Tilt at the Woman Question," _Harper's_
+Magazine, February 1863.
+
+Norton, Frank H. _Frank Leslie's Historical Register of the U. S.
+Centennial Exposition, 1876._ New York, 1877.
+
+_Our Famous Women._ Hartford, Conn., 1883.
+
+Pankhurst, Emmeline. _My Own Story._ New York, 1914.
+
+Parker, P. J. M. _Rochester, A Story Historical._ Rochester, N.Y.,
+1884.
+
+Parker, Theodore. _A Sermon on the Public Function of Women._
+Pamphlet. Boston, 1853.
+
+Peck, Mary Gray. _Carrie Chapman Catt._ New York, 1944.
+
+Phillips, Wendell. _Freedom for Woman._ Pamphlet. New York, 1868.
+
+Pillsbury, Parker. _The Acts of the Antislavery Apostles._ Concord,
+N.H., 1883.
+
+----. _The Mortality of Nations._ Pamphlet. New York, 1867.
+
+_The Place of Women in the Society of Friends._ Pamphlet. Oxford,
+England, 1910.
+
+Powderly, Terrence V. _The Path I Trod._ New York, 1940.
+
+_Proceedings of the Woman's Rights Convention Held at Syracuse,
+September 8th, 9th, and 10th, 1852._ Pamphlet.
+
+Quarles, Benjamin. _Frederick Douglass._ Washington, D.C., 1948.
+
+_Report of the International Council of Women, 1888._ Washington,
+D.C., 1888.
+
+Richards, Caroline Cowles. _Village Life in America._ New York, 1913.
+
+Richardson, Albert D. _Beyond the Mississippi._ Hartford, Conn., 1867.
+
+Robinson, Sara T. D. _Kansas, Its Interior and Exterior._ Lawrence,
+Kansas, 1899.
+
+Rosenberger, Jesse Leonard. _Rochester, The Making of a University._
+Rochester, N.Y., 1927.
+
+Ross, Ishbel. _Angel of the Battlefield._ New York, 1956.
+
+----. _Ladies of the Press._ New York, 1936.
+
+Rourke, Constance. _Trumpets of Jubilee._ New York, 1927.
+
+Sachs, Emanie. _The Terrible Siren._ New York, 1928.
+
+Sanborn, F. B. _Life and Letters of John Brown._ Boston, 1891.
+
+Sandburg, Carl. _Abraham Lincoln, The War Years._ New York, 1939.
+
+Sanford, Harold W. _A Century of Unitarianism in Rochester._
+Rochester, N.Y., 1939.
+
+Schlesinger, Arthur M. _The American As Reformer._ Cambridge, Mass.,
+1950.
+
+----. _The Political and Social Growth of the United States,
+1852-1933._ New York, 1936.
+
+----. _The Rise of Modern America, 1865-1951._ New York, 1951.
+
+Schlesinger, Arthur M., and Hockett, H. C. _Land of the Free._ New
+York, 1944.
+
+Sears, Lorenzo. _Wendell Phillips._ New York, 1909.
+
+Selden, Clara Sayre. _Family Sketches._ Rochester, N.Y., 1939.
+
+Sewall, May Wright (ed.). _The World's Congress of Representative
+Women._ Chicago, 1894.
+
+Shaw, Anna Howard. _The Story of a Pioneer._ New York, 1915.
+
+Smith, Gerrit. _Letter to Elizabeth Cady Stanton on Woman's Rights and
+Dress Reform._ Pamphlet. Peterboro, N.H., 1855.
+
+Smith, Julia. _Abby Smith and Her Cows, With a Report of the Law Case
+Decided Contrary to Law._ Pamphlet. Hartford, Conn., 1877.
+
+Smith, Matthew Hale. _Sunshine and Shadow in New York._ Hartford,
+Conn., 1869.
+
+Sprague, William F. _Women and the West._ Boston, 1940.
+
+Stanton, Elizabeth Cady. _Address to the Legislature of New York,
+February, 1854._ Pamphlet. Albany, 1854.
+
+----. _Bible and Church Degrade Women._ Pamphlet. Chicago, 1884.
+
+----. _The Christian Church and Women._ Pamphlet reprinted from _The
+Index_ (Boston), n.d.
+
+----. "The Degradation of Disfranchisement," _National Bulletin_,
+March 1891. Pamphlet.
+
+----. _Eighty Years and More._ New York, 1898.
+
+----. _The Slave's Appeal._ Pamphlet. Albany, 1860.
+
+----. _Significance and History of the Ballot._ Pamphlet. Washington,
+D.C., 1898.
+
+----. _The Solitude of Self._ Pamphlet. Washington, D.C., 1892.
+
+----. _Suffrage, a Natural Right._ Pamphlet. Chicago, 1894.
+
+----. _The Woman's Bible._ New York, 1898.
+
+Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, Anthony, Susan B., and Gage, Matilda Joslyn.
+_History of Woman Suffrage_, Vols. I, II, III. New York and Rochester,
+1881, 1882, 1886.
+
+Stanton, Theodore. _The Woman Question in Europe._ New York, 1884.
+
+Stanton, Theodore, and Blatch, Harriot Stanton (Ed.). _Elizabeth Cady
+Stanton, As Revealed in Her Letters, Diary, and Reminiscences_, New
+York, 1922.
+
+Stevens, G. A., _New York Typographical Union No. 6._ Albany, 1913.
+
+Strachey, Ray. _Struggle._ New York, 1930.
+
+Ten Broek, Jacobus. _The Antislavery Origins of the Fourteenth
+Amendment._ Berkeley, Calif., 1951.
+
+Terrell, Mary Church. _A Colored Woman in a White World._ Washington,
+D.C., 1940.
+
+Thornton, Willis. _The Nine Lives of Citizen Train._ New York, 1948.
+
+Tilton, Theodore. _Biography of Victoria C. Woodhull._ (Golden Age
+Tract No. 3.) Pamphlet. New York, 1871.
+
+Tracy, George A. _History of the Typographical Union._ Indianapolis,
+1913.
+
+Train, George Francis. _The Great Epigram Campaign of Kansas._
+Pamphlet. Leavenworth, Kansas, 1867.
+
+----. _My Life in Many States and Foreign Lands._ New York, 1902.
+
+----. _Train's Union Speeches._ Pamphlet. Philadelphia, 1862.
+
+Trowbridge, Lydia Jones. _Frances Willard of Evanston._ Chicago, 1938.
+
+True, Charles H. _Ten Years of Woman Suffrage in Wyoming._ Pamphlet.
+Rochester, N.Y., 1879.
+
+Waite, Charles B. "Who Were the Voters in the Early History of this
+Country?" _Chicago Law Times_, October 1888.
+
+Willard, Frances. _Glimpses of Fifty Years._ Chicago, 1889.
+
+Willard, Frances E., and Livermore, Mary A. _A Woman of the Century._
+New York, 1893.
+
+Williams, Blanche Colton. _Clara Barton._ New York, 1941.
+
+Whitney, Janet. _Abigail Adams._ Boston, 1947.
+
+Woodhull, Victoria C. _The Argument for Women's Electoral Rights under
+Amendments XIV and XV of the Constitution of the United States._
+London, 1887.
+
+Woody, Thomas. _A History of Women's Education in the United States._
+New York, 1929.
+
+
+NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS
+
+Adams (Mass.) _Freeman_
+_The Agitator_
+_Antislavery Standard_
+Chicago Daily _Tribune_
+Chicago _Inter-Ocean_
+_The Golden Age_
+_Harper's Weekly_
+_The Independent_
+_Ladies' Home Journal_
+_The Liberator_
+_The Lily_
+New York _Daily Graphic_
+New York _Herald_
+New York _Post_
+New York _Suffrage News Letter_
+New York _Sun_
+New York _Times_
+New York _Tribune_
+New York _World_
+Philadelphia _Press_
+_The Revolution_
+_Rochester History_
+San Francisco _Examiner_
+_The Una_
+_Woman's Campaign_
+_Woman's Journal_
+_Woman's Tribune_
+_Woman's Suffrage Journal_ (London, England)
+_Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly_
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+Adams, Abigail, 3, 311
+
+Addams, Jane, 286
+
+Alcott, Bronson, 117, 224, 225
+
+American Antislavery Society, 58, 60, 112, 118-19
+
+American Equal Rights Association, 118-20, 125, 137, 145-46, 161, 164
+
+American Federation of Labor, 285-86
+
+American Woman Suffrage Association, 172-73, 177, 233, 247, 249-50,
+  318, 322, 323
+
+Anneke, Madam, 175, 234
+
+Anthony, Ann O. _See_ Bacon, Ann Anthony.
+
+Anthony, Anna Osborne, 108-09, 315
+
+Anthony, Daniel (father), 1, 4-13, 15-16, 18, 20-24, 56, 58, 93, 98,
+  104, 311, 316, 322
+
+Anthony, Daniel Jr. (nephew), 241
+
+Anthony, Daniel Read (brother), 7, 12, 15, 22, 45-46, 56, 58, 93,
+  108-12, 135, 141, 171, 179, 219, 227, 230, 239, 241-42, 302, 315,
+  321, 324
+
+Anthony, Eliza, 9
+
+Anthony, Guelma. _See_ McLean, Guelma Anthony.
+
+Anthony, Hannah. _See_ Mosher, Hannah Anthony.
+
+Anthony, Hannah Latham, 4, 18
+
+Anthony, Humphrey, 5, 6
+
+Anthony, Jacob Merritt, 9, 15, 22, 46, 56, 58, 93, 98, 191, 219, 241,
+  294, 302, 324
+
+Anthony, Lucy E., 235, 248, 271, 275, 277, 303, 322
+
+Anthony, Lucy Read, 1-2, 5-6, 8-9, 11-12, 16, 18, 20-21, 62, 98, 103,
+  108, 129, 190, 219, 235, 311, 316
+
+Anthony, Mary Luther, 46, 93, 108
+
+Anthony, Mary S., 7, 15, 21, 24, 58, 62, 64, 98, 103, 108, 171, 190,
+  199, 217, 219, 235, 240, 248, 255, 279, 281, 294, 299, 303, 316, 324
+
+Anthony, Sarah Burtis, 21
+
+Anthony, Susan B., birth of, 1;
+  ancestry of, 4, 6, 311;
+  her school days, 7-8, 10-11;
+  as teacher, 9, 11, 13-14, 17-22;
+  her first temperance speech, 19;
+  her interest in books, 52, 94;
+  her interest in outdoor work, 67, 93;
+  her opinions on marriage, 73-74, 80, 221, 224,
+    on women's support of political parties, 243,
+    on woman as president, 245;
+  her first appeal for Congressional action on woman suffrage, 117;
+  50th birthday celebration of, 176;
+  arrest and trial of, 201-03, 209-13;
+  diaries of, 264-65;
+  retirement of, 283;
+  84th birthday celebration of, 297;
+  last illness and death of, 308;
+  prophecy of, 310
+
+Aurora Leigh, 74-76
+
+Avery, Dr. Alida, 230
+
+Avery, Rachel Foster, 238-39, 244-45, 251, 262, 270, 274-75, 279-80,
+  282, 290, 292-93, 300, 322-23
+
+
+Bacon, Ann Anthony, 303, 322, 326
+
+Barton, Clara, 99, 176
+
+Becker, Lydia, 174, 320, 322
+
+Beecher, Henry Ward, 79, 101, 103, 118, 125, 129, 134, 137, 169,
+  173-74, 220-22
+
+Beecher-Tilton case, 219, 220, 222-23, 321
+
+Bickerdyke, Mother, 100, 130
+
+Bingham, Anson, 77, 79
+
+Bingham, John A., 122
+
+Blackwell, Alice Stone, 72, 251, 279, 292, 294, 323
+
+Blackwell, Antoinette Brown, 33, 41, 44, 50, 52, 69, 71-72, 76, 81,
+  102, 314
+
+Blackwell, Dr. Elizabeth, 99
+
+Blackwell, Ellen, 52, 53
+
+Blackwell, Henry, 50, 125, 128, 145, 162, 250, 269, 292, 294
+
+Blackwell, Samuel, 50
+
+Blake, Lillie Devereux, 166, 194, 200, 227, 279, 290, 292, 326
+
+Blatch, Harriot Stanton, 67, 100, 236, 239, 245, 250-51, 287-88, 296,
+  322, 325
+
+Blatch, William Henry, 239, 322
+
+Bloomer, Amelia, 26, 170, 237, 312
+
+Bloomer Costume, 26, 27, 29, 33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 41, 312
+
+Booth, Mary L., 231, 238
+
+Bradwell, Myra, 170, 199, 207-08
+
+Bright, Jacob, 176, 222
+
+Brown, Antoinette. _See_ Blackwell, Antoinette Brown.
+
+Brown, B. Gratz, 123, 196
+
+Brown, John, 46, 56, 63-66, 115, 201, 313
+
+Brown, Olympia, 128, 137, 175, 197
+
+Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, 23, 55, 74-76, 94
+
+Bryn Mawr College, 306-07
+
+Buffalo Bill (William F. Cody), 264
+
+Bullard, Laura Curtis, 166, 172, 178-79, 194
+
+Burnham, Carrie S., 198
+
+Butler, Benjamin F., 183, 193, 200, 208
+
+
+Caldwell, Margaret Read, 17, 21
+
+California campaign, 269, 271-73, 283, 303
+
+Carroll, Ella Anna, 100, 234
+
+Cary, Alice, 127, 142, 166, 174, 231
+
+Cary, Phoebe, 142, 166, 231
+
+Catt, Carrie Chapman, 254-55, 265, 269, 274, 276-77, 279-80, 289-94,
+  295-97, 299, 300
+
+Centennial Exposition, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 226-28
+
+Channing, William Henry, 41, 47, 239, 312
+
+Chase, Salmon P., 141, 208
+
+Child, Lydia Maria, 118
+
+Claflin, Tennessee, 181-82
+
+Clay, Laura, 293
+
+Clemmer, Mary, 229
+
+Cleveland, Grover, 246, 260-61, 304-05
+
+Coeducation, 37-38, 67-68, 70, 258, 294
+
+Colby, Clara Bewick, 231, 244-45, 270, 276, 279, 283, 285, 290, 323-25
+
+College Equal Suffrage League, 306
+
+College Evening, the, Baltimore, Maryland, 307
+
+Conkling, Roscoe, 122, 209
+
+Conway, Moncure D., 126
+
+Corbin, Hannah Lee, 4
+
+Couzins, Phoebe, 175, 227
+
+Cowles, Caroline. _See_ Richards, Caroline Cowles.
+
+Crittenden, Alexander P., 188, 319
+
+Curtis, George William, 79, 103, 125-26, 129, 169
+
+
+Dall, Caroline H., 316
+
+Dann, Anna. _See_ Mason, Anna Dann.
+
+Daughters of Temperance, 18, 24-25, 30
+
+Davis, Paulina Wright, 33, 165, 167, 172, 182-85, 191, 195, 274
+
+Debs, Eugene V., 269, 286
+
+De Garmo, Rhoda, 16, 23, 199
+
+Democrats, 88, 98, 106, 118, 123, 130-31, 133, 135-36, 138, 140-41,
+  143, 146-48, 193, 196-97, 200, 226, 232, 253, 261, 266-69, 272
+
+Demorest, Mme. Louise, 129, 318
+
+Dickinson, Albert, 109, 263
+
+Dickinson, Anna E., 94-95, 104, 106-07, 112, 138, 144-45, 148, 156,
+  177, 196, 223, 238, 315, 318
+
+Divorce, 32, 80-83, 174, 224
+
+Dix, Dorothea, 99
+
+Douglas, Stephen A., 62, 83
+
+Douglass, Frederick, 23-24, 63, 88, 103, 106, 112, 145, 162-63, 200,
+  312
+
+Duniway, Abigail Scott, 189, 244
+
+
+Eddy, Eliza J., 52, 238-39, 313
+
+Emancipation Proclamation, 98-99, 101-02
+
+Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 53, 65, 94, 117, 150
+
+
+Fair, Laura, 188-89, 319
+
+Fawcett, Millicent Garrett, 246
+
+Federal Woman Suffrage Amendment, 160-62, 164, 166, 172-73, 193,
+  216-18, 226, 229, 231-34, 286, 291, 298, 305, 310, 321
+
+Fifteenth Amendment, 160, 162-65, 169, 181, 192-93, 198-200, 203,
+  205, 210, 214, 232
+
+First National Woman's Rights convention, 1850, 25
+
+First Woman's Rights convention, 1848, 20
+
+Foster, Abby Kelley, 25, 30, 59, 61, 77, 217
+
+Foster, Rachel. _See_ Avery, Rachel Foster.
+
+Foster, Stephen S., 25, 59, 87, 145, 161
+
+Fourteenth Amendment, 115-16, 120-22, 125, 142, 159, 180-82, 188,
+  190, 192-93, 198-200, 203, 205, 207-08, 210-11, 214, 316, 320
+
+Fremont, Jessie Benton, 103, 175
+
+Fremont, John C., 57, 93
+
+
+Gage, Frances D., 53-54, 274, 316
+
+Gage, Matilda Joslyn, 33, 165, 175, 196, 200, 204, 209, 227-28, 235,
+  237, 244, 320
+
+Gannett, Mary Lewis, 271, 303
+
+Gannett, William C., 271, 303
+
+Garrett, Mary, 306-07, 326
+
+Garrison, William Lloyd, 16, 23, 25-26, 44-47, 52, 60-63, 71, 77, 82,
+  84-87, 89, 90-92, 95, 104-05, 111-12, 134, 137, 139, 143, 169, 184,
+  233, 235, 281, 312
+
+General Federation of Women's Clubs, 263, 283
+
+Gibbons, Abby Hopper, 90, 146
+
+Gilman, Charlotte Perkins Stetson, 279
+
+Godbe, William S., 186
+
+Gompers, Samuel, 285
+
+Gough, John B., 24, 136
+
+Grant, Ulysses S., 112, 146-47, 201, 213, 227, 315
+
+Greeley, Horace, 25, 28, 47, 57, 80-81, 85, 98, 101, 103-04, 123,
+  126-27, 132, 134, 137, 141-42, 174, 176, 196-97, 267
+
+Greeley, Mary Cheney, 126, 146
+
+Greenwood, Grace, 159
+
+Grimke Sisters, 30, 102, 312
+
+
+Hallowell, Mary, 23, 77, 314
+
+Hamilton, Gail, 101
+
+Harper, Ida Husted, 271-72, 281, 295-96, 324
+
+Hawley, Genevieve, 281, 325
+
+Hay, Mary Garrett, 290-92
+
+Hearst, Phoebe, 272
+
+Hearst, William Randolph, 272
+
+Higginson, Thomas Wentworth, 52, 59, 60, 63, 67, 145-46, 169, 172
+
+History of Woman Suffrage, 236-39, 295, 302
+
+Hooker, Isabella Beecher, 167-68, 172, 174-75, 180-83, 185, 191,
+  194-95, 320-21
+
+Hooker, John, 221, 320
+
+Hovey, Charles F., 51, 77, 79
+
+Hovey Fund, 77, 79, 102, 117, 123, 128
+
+Howe, Julia Ward, 162, 169, 171, 173, 175, 207, 280
+
+Howe, Samuel G., 63
+
+Hoxie, Hannah Anthony, 4, 19
+
+Hunt, Dr. Harriot K., 32, 217
+
+Hunt, Judge Ward, 209-14
+
+Hutchinson Family Singers, 102, 128, 317
+
+
+International Council of Women, 234, 245-49, 288-89, 299-300, 302, 325
+
+International Woman Suffrage Alliance, 299-300
+
+Irwin, Inez Haynes, 306
+
+
+Jackson, Francis, 52, 53, 61, 75, 76, 79, 238, 313
+
+Jackson Fund, 75, 79, 117, 127
+
+Jacobi, Dr. Mary Putnam, 292
+
+Johnson, Adelaide, 323
+
+Johnson, Andrew, 111, 113, 120, 140-41
+
+Julian, George W., 140, 159-60, 180, 196
+
+
+Kansas campaigns, 127-38, 261, 267-69
+
+Kelley, Abby. _See_ Foster, Abby Kelley.
+
+Kelley, Florence, 286
+
+Knights of Labor, 253, 261, 286, 325
+
+Lane, Carrie. _See_ Catt, Carrie Chapman.
+
+Lapham, Anson, 171, 318, 320
+
+Laughlin, Gail, 286
+
+Lawrence, Margaret Stanton, 67, 100, 236, 257
+
+Lewis and Clark Exposition, 303-04
+
+_Liberator, The_, 16, 23, 63, 85-86, 92, 105, 112, 139
+
+_Lily, The_, 26, 32
+
+Lincoln, Abraham, 62, 64, 84-85, 87-88, 92-93, 97-98, 100, 102, 104-06,
+  111, 113, 145, 209, 305
+
+Livermore, Mary, 161, 164, 169, 173, 196, 207, 242, 247, 280, 322
+
+Lockwood, Belva, 195, 245, 314
+
+Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 66, 109
+
+Longfellow, Samuel, 79, 83, 314
+
+Lozier, Dr. Clemence, 157, 167, 231
+
+Luther, Mary. _See_ Anthony, Mary Luther.
+
+Lyceum Lecture Tours, 177
+
+Lyon, Mary, 7, 306
+
+
+Married Women's Property Law, 19-20, 38-39, 54, 78, 95, 101
+
+Mason, Anna Dann, 281, 303
+
+May, Samuel J., 23, 31, 41, 87-88, 92, 124, 176
+
+May, Samuel Jr., 58, 62
+
+Mayo, Rev. A. D., 82-83
+
+McCulloch, Catharine Waugh, 294
+
+McFarland, Daniel, 174
+
+McFarland, Mrs. _See_ Richardson, Abby Sage.
+
+McLean, Aaron, 13-14, 20, 62, 108, 235, 316, 322
+
+McLean, Ann Eliza, 108
+
+McLean, Guelma Anthony, 1, 7, 9-15, 18, 46, 62, 108, 129, 190, 199, 219
+
+McLean, Judge John, 7-8, 13
+
+Melliss, David M., 138-39
+
+Mill, Harriet Taylor, 71
+
+Mill, John Stuart, 71, 128-29, 222
+
+Miller, Elizabeth Smith, 26, 33, 146, 165-66, 205, 312
+
+Minor, Francis, 180, 198, 200
+
+Minor, Virginia, 175, 180, 200, 214, 216, 252
+
+Mitchell, Maria, 207
+
+Monroe County Lectures, 204-07
+
+Montgomery, Helen Barrett, 294
+
+Mormons, 186-87, 234, 244, 262
+
+Mosher, Eugene, 235, 311, 316, 322
+
+Mosher, Hannah Anthony, 1, 7-9, 12, 15, 18, 46, 108, 190, 199, 209,
+  219, 230, 311, 316
+
+Mosher, Louise, 235, 322
+
+Mott, James, 33-34, 124
+
+Mott, Lucretia, 18, 20-21, 25, 27, 33-34, 44-45, 54, 73-74, 83, 88,
+  95, 112, 117, 124, 165, 170, 177, 183, 226-27, 274, 279, 319, 323
+
+Mott, Lydia, 10, 18, 30, 40, 73, 76-77, 89, 93, 95-96, 112, 117, 170,
+  203, 231, 235
+
+Moulson, Deborah, 9-11, 18, 20, 24
+
+
+National American Woman Suffrage Association, 251, 260, 263, 274-78,
+  283-87, 289-93, 295-97, 302-03, 307-08
+
+National Council of Women, 246
+
+National Labor Union Congress, 149-52, 155-56
+
+National Woman Suffrage Association, 165, 173, 175, 177, 183, 185,
+  191-95, 221, 226, 233, 242, 245-51, 318, 323
+
+Negro slavery, 4, 7, 23, 43-46, 58, 60, 62, 71, 82, 84-86, 88-90,
+  96-98, 102-03, 109, 111-13, 162, 311
+
+Negro suffrage, 102, 105, 110-14, 116-18, 120-25, 127, 131-33, 135,
+  140-42, 145, 148, 159-63, 165-66, 192, 215
+
+New York constitutional conventions, 125-27, 266-67, 317
+
+New York State Industrial School, Rochester, New York, 256
+
+New York State Teachers' convention, 36-37, 67-70
+
+Nichols, Clarina, 32, 274, 316
+
+Nightingale, Florence, 99
+
+Nineteenth Amendment, 310, 321
+
+
+Oberlin College, 28, 33, 70
+
+Occupations, Women's, 36, 37, 69, 70-71, 247
+
+Oklahoma campaign, 303
+
+Oregon campaigns, 189-90, 303-04, 326
+
+Owen, Robert Dale, 80, 101, 115, 120
+
+
+Palmer, Bertha Honore, 261-62
+
+Pankhurst, Emmeline, 325
+
+Park, Maud Wood, 306
+
+Parker, Theodore, 52, 73, 129
+
+Phelps, Dr. Charles Abner, 89-91
+
+Phelps, Mrs. Charles Abner, 89-91, 315
+
+Phelps, Elizabeth, 160, 194, 318
+
+Phillips, Wendell, 23, 25, 46-47, 49, 52, 59-61, 65, 76-77, 81-82, 87,
+  90-92, 95, 103, 105-06, 112-17, 120, 124, 127, 134-35, 137, 141, 184,
+  233, 238, 312, 318
+
+Pillsbury, Parker, 23, 25, 47, 49, 59, 61, 65-66, 77, 92, 94, 105, 112,
+  115, 117, 123, 135, 138, 140, 143, 167, 171, 177-78, 184, 224, 269
+
+Pomeroy, Senator S. C., 123, 137, 140, 159-60
+
+Post, Amy, 23, 199
+
+Purvis, Robert, 124
+
+
+Quakers, 4-5, 8-9, 12-14, 16-18, 20-21, 23-25, 33, 44, 49, 53, 92, 171,
+  311, 314-15
+
+
+Read, Daniel, 1, 6, 15, 311
+
+Read, Joshua, 11, 15, 17, 20, 45-46
+
+Read, Susannah Richardson, 6, 311
+
+Republicans, 52, 60, 64, 84, 86, 88, 92, 103, 114-15, 118, 122-24,
+  130-32, 135-36, 141, 143, 146-48, 159, 169, 173, 183, 193,
+  196-97, 200, 215, 226, 232, 243, 253, 260, 266-69, 272, 305, 318
+
+_Revolution, The_, 134, 137-46, 148-49, 152-55, 157-58, 160-62,
+  165-67, 169, 171-74, 177-80, 188-89, 198, 205, 213, 217, 219, 220-21,
+  225, 261, 280, 294, 318, 320, 326
+
+Richards, Caroline Cowles, 48
+
+Richardson, Abbie Sage, 174-75
+
+Richardson, Albert D., 174
+
+Ricker, Marilla, 198
+
+Riddle, Albert G., 181, 200, 214
+
+Robinson, Charles, 130, 135
+
+Rochester, University of, 225, 258, 294-95
+
+Rogers, Dr. Seth, 51-52
+
+Roosevelt, Theodore, 305
+
+Rose, Ernestine, 32, 41-44, 48, 51, 71, 81, 102, 124, 165, 217, 239, 246
+
+
+Sacajawea, 304, 326
+
+Sage, Mrs. Russell, 292
+
+Sanborn, Frank, 63, 117
+
+Sargent, Aaron A., 191, 213, 230, 232, 322
+
+Sargent, Ellen Clark, 191, 271, 273, 322
+
+Selden, Judge Henry R., 200, 202-03, 207, 209-12
+
+Sewall, May Wright, 244-45, 251, 262, 324
+
+Seward, William H., 62-64, 87
+
+Seymour, Horatio, 30, 98, 146-47
+
+Shaw, Anne Howard, 247-49, 251, 253-54, 260-61, 268-69, 273-76, 279-80,
+  284, 289-90, 293, 296-97, 300, 303, 308
+
+Sixteenth Amendment, 160-62, 164, 166, 172-73, 193, 216-17, 231-33
+
+Smith, Abby and Julia, 217
+
+Smith, Elizabeth Oakes, 33-34
+
+Smith, Gerrit, 33, 57, 63, 84, 88, 103, 125, 146, 170, 312
+
+South Dakota campaign, 253-55
+
+Spanish-American War, 282-83
+
+Spencer, Sarah Andrews, 198, 227
+
+Spofford, Jane, 233, 244, 251
+
+Stanford, Leland, 187
+
+Stanford, Mrs. Leland, 272
+
+Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 21, 26-29, 31-36, 39-41, 49-50, 57, 67-74,
+  77-84, 87, 94-95, 99-102, 104, 109-112, 114-30, 135-38, 140, 142-43,
+  146, 150, 159-62, 165-67, 169-71, 174-77, 179-80, 183, 185-91,
+  193-97, 199-200, 217, 220-21, 223, 226-27, 233-40, 244-45, 248-51,
+  256-58, 260, 264, 266, 270, 279-80, 287, 290, 292, 294-96, 299, 306,
+  314, 317-18, 321-23
+
+Stanton, Harriot. _See_ Blatch, Harriot Stanton.
+
+Stanton, Henry B., 27, 57, 70, 84, 94, 98-99, 104, 112, 257
+
+Stanton, Margaret. _See_ Lawrence, Margaret Stanton.
+
+Stanton, Theodore, 234, 245, 322
+
+Stetson, Charlotte Perkins. _See_ Gilman, Charlotte Perkins Stetson.
+
+Stevens, Thaddeus, 118, 121, 316
+
+Stone, Lucy, 25, 28-30, 33, 40-41, 50-52, 54, 58, 62, 69-72, 76, 80-81,
+  83, 99, 102, 117, 119, 124-25, 127-28, 131, 137, 144-45, 163-65,
+  169-73, 196, 207, 236-38, 247, 249, 251, 274, 313, 319, 321, 323
+
+Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 42, 174
+
+Sumner, Charles, 52, 101, 117-18, 120, 175, 314
+
+Sweet, Emma B., 270
+
+Sylvis, William H., 150, 155, 286
+
+
+Taylor, Harriet. _See_ Mill, Harriet Taylor.
+
+Terrell, Mary Church, 287-88, 302
+
+Thirteenth Amendment, 101, 104-05, 109, 111, 114, 118, 205, 215
+
+Thomas, M. Carey, 306-07
+
+Tilton, Elizabeth, 166, 219-21
+
+Tilton, Theodore, 101, 118, 120, 141, 143, 166, 185, 196, 219-21
+
+Train, George Francis, 131-33, 135-39, 143, 161, 169, 178, 185, 267, 317
+
+Tubman, Harriet, 93, 315
+
+
+Unitarians, 21, 23-24, 41, 44, 227, 228, 271, 303
+
+Upton, Harriet Taylor, 274-76, 280, 290, 292, 297
+
+
+Van Voorhis, John, 202-03, 207, 209, 214
+
+Vassar College, 79, 230, 239, 306
+
+Vaughn, Hester, 156-57, 165
+
+Victoria, Queen, 288
+
+Victoria Augusta, Empress, 302
+
+
+Wade, Senator Benjamin, 123, 140-41, 319
+
+Wages, Women's, 37, 70, 138, 149, 150-56, 247, 285-86
+
+Waite, Chief Justice, 214-15
+
+Walker, Dr. Mary, 99
+
+Weed, Thurlow, 30-31, 86
+
+Weld, Theodore, 25
+
+Whittier, John G., 124
+
+Willard, Emma, 7, 37
+
+Willard, Frances E., 218, 242-43, 245-47, 271, 321, 323
+
+Wilson, Senator Henry, 123, 140, 159-60, 197
+
+Wollstonecraft, Mary, 142
+
+Woman Suffrage, in Australia, 297, 310;
+  in Colorado, 230-31, 261, 264, 273, 297, 310;
+  in Great Britain, 55, 71, 176, 198, 288, 322-23;
+  in Idaho, 273, 310;
+  in New Zealand, 265, 310;
+  in Utah, 176, 186, 241, 273, 310;
+  in Wyoming, 176, 186, 198, 241, 252, 261, 273, 310
+
+Woman Suffrage Conventions, 159, 169-73, 175-76, 180-81, 183-85, 191-95,
+  204, 225, 233-34, 251, 277-78, 287, 295-96, 303-04, 306-07
+
+_Woman's Bible_, The, 258-60, 278-80
+
+_Woman's Journal_, 173, 175, 179, 207, 249, 319, 321
+
+Woman's Rights Conventions, Seneca Falls, 20;
+  Rochester, 21;
+  Syracuse, 31-32;
+  Albany, 39-41;
+  Philadelphia, 44;
+  Saratoga, 50-51;
+  New York, 70-71, 79-82
+
+Woman's State Temperance Society, 32, 35-36
+
+Woman's Suffrage Association of America, 146, 159
+
+_Woman's Tribune_, 231, 245, 249, 258, 270, 279, 323-24
+
+Women's Christian Temperance Union, 217-18, 242, 244, 247, 253, 263,
+  271, 283
+
+Women's National Loyal League, 101-03, 105, 315
+
+Woodhull, Victoria C., 180-86, 191-95, 220-21, 319, 322
+
+Woolley, Dr. Mary E., 306
+
+Workingwomen's Association, 149-53, 155-57, 317
+
+World's Fair, Chicago, 261-62, 288, 323-24
+
+World's Temperance Convention, 35
+
+Wright, Frances, 52, 80, 142
+
+Wright, Martha C., 33, 54, 88, 95, 124, 144, 165, 175, 185, 235
+
+
+[Transcriber's Notes:
+
+Every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as
+possible, including obsolete and variant spellings and other
+inconsistencies.  The transcriber made the following changes to the
+text to correct obvious errors:
+
+ 1. p.  14, Footnote #5 in Chapter "Quaker Heritage"
+            "ancestory" changed to "ancestry"
+ 2. p.  14, Footnote #12 in Chapter "Quaker Heritage"
+            "Dairy" changed to "Diary"
+ 3. p.  19, "responsibiity" changed to "responsibility"
+ 4. p.  31, "Presbysterian" changed to "Presbyterian"
+ 5. p.  53, "litle" changed to "little"
+ 6. p.  56, "Osawatamie" changed to "Osawatomie"
+ 7. p.  66, "marytrdom" changed to "martyrdom"
+ 8. p.  70, "newpaper" changed to "newspaper"
+ 9. p.  71, "Westminister" changed to "Westminster"
+10. p.  84, "betwen" changed to "between"
+11. p.  91, "fredom" changed to "freedom"
+12. p.  99, "marshall" changed to "marshal"
+13. p. 141, "Greley" changed to "Greeley"
+14. p. 143, "Garrion" changed to "Garrison"
+15. p. 154, "indepedence" changed to "independence"
+16. p. 155, rat office" changed to "rat office"
+17. p. 157, "Eourope" changed to "Europe"
+18. p. 162, "betwen" changed to "between"
+19. p. 164, at their side.  (Removed ending quote)
+20. p. 169, Mrs. Stanton and Susan use...."  (Added ending quote)
+21. p. 175, "Griffing" changed to "Griffin"
+22. p. 184, "Victorial" changed to "Victoria"
+23. p. 186, "senusous" changed to "sensuous"
+24. p. 195, "Wodhull" changed to "Woodhull"
+25. p. 203, "womanhoood" changed to "womanhood"
+26. p. 209, "againt" changed to "against"
+27. p. 231, "ben" changed to "been"
+28. p. 234, "discused" changed to "discussed"
+29. p. 235, "Josyln" changed to "Joslyn"
+30. p. 236, "Cage" changed to "Gage"
+31. p. 253, "politican" changed to "politician"
+32. p. 265, "suffage" changed to "suffrage"
+33. p. 265, Footnote #367 in Chapter "Victories in the West"
+            "Happerset" changed to "Happersett"
+34. p. 274, "ue" changed to "use"
+35. p. 298, "contine" changed to "continue"
+36. p. 298, Footnote #426 in Chapter "Passing the Torch"
+            "yater" changed to "later"
+37. p. 306, "Byrn" changed to "Bryn"
+38. p. 308, "farwell" changed to "farewell"
+39. p. 329, "Thoguhts" changed to "Thoughts"
+40. p. 335, "phophecy" changed to "prophecy"
+
+All footnotes for the book were located on pages 311-326 and have been
+relocated to immediately follow the chapter where they are referenced.
+
+End of Transcriber's Notes]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Susan B. Anthony, by Alma Lutz
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