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diff --git a/20374.txt b/20374.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c567046 --- /dev/null +++ b/20374.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2553 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Capitals, by Frederick W. Hamilton + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Capitals + A Primer of Information about Capitalization with some + Practical Typographic Hints as to the Use of Capitals + +Author: Frederick W. Hamilton + +Release Date: January 15, 2007 [EBook #20374] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CAPITALS *** + + + + +Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier, Sigal Alon and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +Transcriber's Note: + +1. Some examples does not make much sense in this text version (e.g., +anything to do with small capitals). There is also an HTML version where +the examples are formatted to follow the typesetting of the original. + +2. Italicized text is rendered as _text_, bold text is rendered as =text=. + + + + +TYPOGRAPHIC TECHNICAL SERIES FOR APPRENTICES--PART VI, NO. 34 + + +CAPITALS + + +A PRIMER _of_ INFORMATION ABOUT +CAPITALIZATION WITH SOME PRACTICAL +TYPOGRAPHIC HINTS AS TO +THE USE OF CAPITALS + + +BY + +FREDERICK W. HAMILTON, LL.D. + +EDUCATIONAL DIRECTOR +UNITED TYPOTHETAE OF AMERICA + + + + +PUBLISHED BY THE COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION +UNITED TYPOTHETAE OF AMERICA +1918 + + + + +COPYRIGHT, 1918 +UNITED TYPOTHETAE OF AMERICA +CHICAGO, ILL. + + + + +CONTENTS + + PAGE +INTRODUCTION 1 + +USE OF FULL CAPITALS 4 + +SMALL CAPITALS 17 + +SUGGESTIONS AS TO TYPOGRAPHIC USE OF CAPITALS 22 + + + + +CAPITALS + + + + +INTRODUCTION + + +A capital letter is a letter of formal shape. Capitals were originally +derived from the stiff and angular letters used in formal inscriptions. +Originally all writing was done in capitals. Later the scribes devised +less formal shapes for the letters, making use of lines more easily made +by brush or pen on papyrus, parchment, or paper. The capitals were +retained for certain uses but the less formal shapes were employed to do +the greater part of the work. These less formal letters have been known +by several names. They will be referred to here by that under which they +are known to modern printers, "lower-case." + +A further modification of the letter came with the introduction of the +sloping, or italic letter. This received its name from its place of +origin, Italy. It was introduced by Nicholas Jenson, a printer of +Venice, and was an imitation of the handwriting of the Italian poet +Petrarch. Originally it was used only for the lower-case and was +combined with the older form of capital letters, called roman, also from +the place of its origin. Later the italic characteristics were given to +capitals as well as lower-case letters. + +An ordinary font of book type contains five series of letters: full +capitals, small capitals, italic capitals (full size), roman lower-case, +and italic lower-case. The full capital, roman or italic, is larger than +the other letters of the font, every letter being as high as the +lower-case ascenders. The small capital is only as high as the +lower-case round letters. Larger capitals still are sometimes used as +chapter initials and the like. + +It will be observed that the distinction between capital and lower-case +letters is one of form, not of size. The full capitals being much more +used than the small capitals and being larger than the other letters in +the font, the impression is common that the size is the distinguishing +mark. This erroneous impression has even crept into dictionary +definitions. + +The full capital, which will hereafter be called in this book simply the +capital, is used in combination with lower-case letters or with small +capitals in the same word. The small capital is not used in combination +with lower-case in the same word. We may print GEORGE WASHINGTON, GEORGE +WASHINGTON, GEORGE WASHINGTON, or George Washington, but not George +Washington. + +In manuscript capitals are indicated by three lines under a word or +letter, [Symbol: triple line] and small capitals by two lines [Symbol: +double line]. A single line [Symbol: single underline] indicates that +italics are to be used. + +Originally the writers of manuscripts used capitals for ornament and +variety in the text. They followed no rules but each writer was guided +by his own judgment and sense of beauty. As the use of capitals +gradually became systematized and reduced to rules, different systems +were adopted in different countries. The use of capitals varies greatly +in different languages. Attention will be mainly confined in this book +to the usages followed in the printing of English. Attempts to point out +the various differences to be found in German, French, etc. would only +confuse the young apprentice. + +These rules grow out of a fundamental principle. + +The purpose of capitals is to emphasize the words in which they are +employed. With the exception of the cases of the words _I_ and _O_, +which are capitalized for typographical reasons, this idea of calling +special attention to a word, or words, for one reason or another will be +found to be at the bottom of the variations in usage in different +printing offices and by different writers. The same tendency is +observable here which is so evident in style and in punctuation. Direct +statements, simple sentences as free from involution and complication as +possible, are more and more taking the place of the involved, +complicated, and obscure sentences of old times. The ideal style of +to-day consists of simple words simply arranged. Such a style needs +little pointing. The reader is quite able to find his way through the +paragraph without constant direction. Punctuation marks are directions +at the crossroads of thought. Consequently the punctuation mark is now +much more sparingly used than formerly. + +Just as we have found out that well chosen words can tell their story +with very few marks of interpretation so we have found out that they can +tell their story with very few marks of emphasis. The use of capitals +has decreased greatly during the last two centuries and is constantly +decreasing, and this tendency is likely to go still further. The great +DeVinne whose books on _The Practice of Typography_, written ten to +fifteen years ago, are still of the highest authority was thoroughly +up-to-date in his methods and was remarkable for the restrained and +refined good taste which characterized all his recommendations, but in +some points restraint in the use of capitals has gone even beyond his +precepts. + +It is worth while to remember that the real implement of English speech +is the word, not the point nor the letter form. Just to the extent that +we rely on marks of punctuation and emphasis to convey our meaning we +betray our ignorance of the really significant elements of the language. +The schoolgirl says she "had a _perfectly splendid_ time" at the dance, +when she tells about it in her letter to her dearest friend. If +"perfectly splendid" were a proper term to use in such a connection, +which it is not, the words themselves would carry all the emphasis +possible. Nothing could really be added to them by any typographical +device. In the same way the common use of profanity among ignorant +people probably arises mainly from a feeling that the ordinary words +with which they are familiar are colorless and do not express their +thoughts with sufficient emphasis. + +Just as emphasis in style is difficult when one habitually uses the +strongest words and emphasis in voice is difficult when one habitually +shouts, so emphasis in print is difficult when one habitually uses large +capitals, display type, and italics. Loud printing is as objectionable +as loud talking. + + + + +USE OF FULL CAPITALS + + +General uses: + +1. Use a capital letter to begin every sentence and every word or group +of words punctuated as a sentence. + + _Welcome! We are glad to see you._ + +This rule does not apply to literal reproductions of matter not +originally conforming to it. + +2. Use a capital letter to begin every line of poetry. + + _The Lord hates a quitter, + But he doesn't hate him, son, + When the quitter's quitting something + He shouldn't have begun. [that_ + +This rule does not apply to turned over lines like the third line in the +stanza just preceding. + +3. Use a capital letter to begin every quotation consisting of a +complete sentence. + + _Ben Franklin says, "Honesty is the best policy."_ + _The campaign was "a punitive expedition for the suppression of + brigandage."_ + + +Capitalize: + +1. Names of the Deity, of the members of the Trinity, of the Virgin +Mary, and of the Devil, when a personal devil is referred to. + +When the word devil is used as a general term or as an expletive the +capital is not used. + +2. Nouns and adjectives used to designate the Deity or any member of the +Trinity: + + _the Almighty_, _the Ruler of the Universe_, _the Supreme Architect + of the Universe_, _the Creator_, _Providence_ (personified), + _Heaven_ (personified, e. g., _Heaven forbid!_), _Father_, _Son_, + _Holy Ghost_, _Spirit_, _Messiah_, and the like. + +The following list of words of this sort to be capitalized, taken from +Mr. William Dana Orcutt's _The Writer's Desk Book_ (Frederick A. Stokes, +New York) will be found useful: + + Almighty + Authorized Version + Common Version + Creator + Deity + Father + God + Holy Bible + Holy Spirit + Holy Writ + Jehovah + Jesus Christ + King + Logos + Lord + Messiah + Passover + Pentecost + Redeemer + Revised Version + Sabbath + Saviour + Scriptures + Son of Man + Son + Spirit + The Trinity + The Virgin Mary + Word + +Care needs to be taken with words of this class. Particular attention +should be paid to the wording of rule 2, just given. The same words in +other senses or other connections are not capitalized. _Heaven_ and +_hell_ and derived adjectives are not capitalized in their ordinary +uses: + +Adjectives and other derivatives from these words are not capitalized. +We write _Messiah_, but _messianic_ and _messiahship_; _Christology_ but +_christological_, _fatherhood_, _sonship_, and the like. + +Such words as _deity_, _god_, and the like are not capitalized where any +but the God of the Bible is referred to. + +3. Pronouns referring to God, Christ, or the Holy Spirit in direct +address or where there might otherwise be ambiguity. + +These pronouns are not capitalized in the Bible. They are generally +capitalized in hymn books and books of devotion. These pronouns were +formerly all capitalized as a mark of respect to God whenever there was +any mention of him, even indirect. The tendency is more and more to +eliminate them except in the second person (direct address). In view of +the change now going on it is best to follow copy if the author appears +to have decided preferences. + +4. Books, divisions, and versions of the Bible. + + _Book of Job_, _Twenty-third Psalm_, + _New Testament_, _Revised Version_. + +5. General biblical terms and titles of parables. + + _The Law_, _The Prophets_, _Major and Minor Prophets_ (referring to + the collections of prophetic books), _Lord's Prayer_, _Lord's + Supper_, _Parable of the Prodigal Son_, _the Beatitudes_, _the + Priestly Code_ and many other such terms. + +Use lower-case for _biblical_ and _scriptural_. + +6. Capitalize _Holy_ in _Holy place_ and _Holy of holies_. +Say _Gospel of John_, but speak of the _gospel message_. + +7. The names of religious bodies and their followers. + + _Catholic_, _Protestant_, _Unitarian_, _Methodist_, _Buddhists_, + _Taoists_, _Lamas_. + +8. The names of monastic orders and their followers. + + _Jesuits_, _Brothers of the Common Life_, _Recollets_, _Crutched + Friars_, _Cowley Fathers_. + +9. The word Church when it stands for the Church universal or is a part +of the name of some particular denomination or organization. + + _For salvation he sought the Church._ + _The Church of Rome._ + _The First Presbyterian Church._ + _I was on my way to church._ + _He is a student of church history._ (Note use of lower-case in + this sentence.) + +10. The names of creeds and professions of faith. + + _Apostle's Creed_, _Thirty-nine Articles_, _Nicene Creed_. + +Note that the adjective ante-Nicene is printed as it here appears. + +11. The word "father" when used in direct reference to the fathers of +the church, and to the Pilgrim leaders of New England, and the word +"reformers" when used of the leaders of the Reformation. + + _The ante-Nicene Fathers._ + _Luther, Calvin and the other Reformers._ + +The word "father" is not capitalized when the reference is general, as +in the first sentence of this section. + +The capitalization of "reformer" is intended to distinguish persons +connected with a certain definite historical movement from persons +interested in reform. Many persons might consider that the Reformers +were not reformers. + +12. Names of persons. + + _John Smith,_ + _George V._ + +But write _John o' Groat_, _Tam o' Shanter_, and the like where _o'_ is +an abbreviation of _of_ and not the Gaelic _O'_ as _O'Neil_, etc. + +In writing foreign names which contain particles, capitalize the +particles when not preceded by a Christian name or title. + + _Alfred de Musset_ but _De Musset_, + _le Due de Morny_ but _De Morny_, + _Prince von Bismarck_ but _Von Bismarck_. + +By exception the Dutch particle "van" is always capitalized. + + _Van Hoorn_, _Stephen Van Rensselaer_. + +13. Epithets appended to proper names or substituted for them. + + _Frederick the Great_ + _Peter the Hermit_ + _William Red Head (Rufus)_ + _the Conqueror_. + +14. Names of races of men. + + _Aryan_, _Caucasian_, etc., but generally _negro_ and _gypsy_, by + exception. + +15. Names of places. + +a. Cities, rivers, oceans, lakes, mountains, etc. + + _Chicago_ + _Mississippi River_ + _Atlantic Ocean_ + _Lake Superior_ + _Pike's Peak_ + _Strawberry Hill_. + +Note that the generic terms ocean, lake, mountain and the like are +capitalized only when they are an actual part of the name itself. We +would say "_The Atlantic Ocean lies east of the United States_," but we +would say "_The states which form the North American republic look out +on two great oceans, the Atlantic and the Pacific._" + +The following tables are taken from _A Manual for Writers_ by John +Matthews Manley and John Arthur Powell (University of Chicago Press, +Chicago). + +Subject to the rule just stated, they will be found very useful. + +Capitalize, in singular form only, when immediately following the name + + Archipelago + Borough + Branch (stream) + Butte + Canyon + County + Crater + Creek + Delta + Forest + Fork + Gap + Glacier + Gulch + Harbor + Head + Hollow + Mesa + Narrows + Ocean + Parish (La.) + Park + Plateau + Range + Reservation + Ridge + River + Run + +Capitalize in singular or plural form when immediately following the +name + + Hill + Island + Mountain + Spring + +Capitalize, in singular form, either before or after the name; and in +plural form before the name + + Bay + Bayou + Camp (military) + Cape + Dalles + Desert + Falls + Fort + Isle + Lake + Mount + Oasis + Pass + Peak + Point + Port + Sea + Strait + Valley + Volcano + +b. Names of streets, squares, parks, buildings, etc. + + _Amsterdam Avenue_ + _Van Buren Street_ + _Independence Square_ + _Lincoln Park_ + _Transportation Building_. + +The same rule as to capitalization of the generic name holds here as in +the preceding section. The usual tendency to drop capitals is at work +here and newspapers now write _Washington street_ and _Federal +building_. It is very probable that the capitals will finally be dropped +from the generic terms wherever used. + +Printers should keep a careful watch on the usage of the best offices so +as to keep advised as to the progress of these changes. + +c. Nouns, and adjectives derived from them designating recognized +geographical divisions of a country or of the world. + + _East_, _West_, _North_, _South_, + _Westerner_, _Oriental_. + +When these words are used in their ordinary significance of mere +direction or location they are not capitalized except that in writing of +Biblical history we speak of the _Northern Kingdom_ and the _Southern +Kingdom_ into which Solomon's territory was split after his death. + +16. Generic terms for political divisions. + +a. When the term is part of the name and directly follows it. + + _Holy Roman Empire_ + _British Empire_ + _Northwest Territory_ + _Queen's County_. + +b. When it is used with the preposition of in such phrases as _Borough +of the Bronx_, _Department of the Gulf_. + +c. When part of a nickname, _The Crescent City_, _the Buckeye State_, +_the City of Brotherly Love_. + +Be careful not to capitalize such words when they are not an actual part +of the name. _French Republic_ is the name of the county, exactly +translating _Republique Francaise_, but _American republic_ is not such +a name. You would write _State of New York_ in a legal document in which +the state would be considered as a corporate person, but in ordinary +references it would be _state of New York_. + +17. The days of the week and the months of the year, but not the seasons +unless personified. + + _Monday the fifth of August._ + _April is the first month of spring._ + _Spring, beautiful Spring._ + +But write _ten o'clock_, _nine a.m._, _ten p.m._ + +18. Festivals and historic or famous days. + + _Easter Day_ + _Fast Day_ + _Independence Day_ + _Black Friday_. + +19. Stars, planets, constellations, and the like, except _sun_, _moon_, +_stars_, _earth_. + + _Mars_, _the Milky Way_, _the Pleiades_. + +20. Ordinal numbers used to designate numbered political divisions, +sessions of Congress, names of regiments, Egyptian dynasties, and the +like. + + _Second Congressional District_, + _First Ward_, _Ninth Precinct_, _Forty-third + Congress_, _Sixth Massachusetts Regiment_, + _Fifth Dynasty_. + +21. Names of genera but not of species: except that in botanical and +zooelogical copy the species may be capitalized if derived from a proper +name. + + _Agaricus campestris_ + _Parkinsonia Torreyana_ + _Pterygomatopus schmidti_, (Medical). + +The English derivatives from these scientific words are not capitalized. +We write of the _agarics_, the _felids_, the _carnivores_, etc. + +22. _Father_, _mother_, and other words denoting relationship when used +with a proper name or without a personal pronoun. + + _I saw Aunt Lucy and Cousin Charles._ + _I saw my aunt Lucy and my cousin Charles._ + _I have received a letter from my mother._ + _I have received a letter from Mother._ + +23. Names of political parties and of philosophical, literary, and +artistic schools, and their adherents. + + _Republican_, _National Liberal_, _Social Democrats_, _Stoics_ (but + _neo-Platonism_, _pseudo-Christianity_, etc.) _the Lake school_, + _the Romantic movement_, _the Symbolic school of painters_. + +24. Political and historical designations which have been much used and +have come to have special significances such as names of leagues, +parties, classes, movements, and the like. + + _Holy Alliance_, _Dreibund_, _Roundheads_, _Independents_, + _Reformation_, _Dissenter_. + +25. Names of well-known historic epochs, periods in the history of +language, and geological ages and strata. The word "age" is not +capitalized except when necessary to avoid ambiguity. + + _Stone age_, _Middle Ages_, _Age of Elizabeth_, _Crusades_, _Commune + (of Paris)_, _Middle English_, _Neolithic_. + +26. Names of important events. + + _Hundred Years War_, _Battle of Trenton_, + _Louisiana Purchase_, _Norman Conquest_. + +27. Names of specific treaties, important laws, and the like. + + _Peace of Amiens_, _Edict of Nantes_, _Concordat_, _Emancipation + Proclamation_, _Fourteenth Amendment_. + +28. Names of governmental bodies and departments and their branches when +specifically designated. + + _Congress_, _the Senate_, _the Board of Aldermen_, _the House of + Commons_, _the Committee on Education_. + +Care must be taken to distinguish between these specific references and +general uses of the same word. + + _The state legislature of Massachusetts is officially termed the + General Court._ + _The matter was referred to the War Department but was sent back on + the ground that it belonged to another department._ + +29. The official titles of corporations, organizations, and +institutions, social, religious, educational, political, business, and +the like. + + _Knights Templars_, _Knights of Columbus_, _Associated Charities_, + _Cook County Normal School_, _Society for the Prevention of Cruelty + to Animals_, _Chicago_, _Rock Island and Pacific Railroad_. + +In long titles, like the last example given, the important words are +capitalized as in book titles (see Sec. 31). Use capitals when referring +to such organizations by initials, _C. R. I. & P. R. R._ Here again it +must be remembered that the capitals are used in specific references +only. + + _The Young People's Society of Christian Endeavor of the Third + Congregational Church._ + _The young people's societies connected with the Congregational + churches do great good._ + +30. The names of conventions, congresses, expositions, etc. + + _Parliament of Religions_, + _International Peace Congress_, + _Panama-Pacific Exposition_. + +31. The first words, principal words, and last word in English tides of +books and other publications; of their divisions (parts, chapters, +cantos, etc.); of the topics of speeches, sermons, toasts, and the like; +of pictures; of plays; of musical compositions, etc. + +In long titles nouns and pronouns are capitalized always; verbs, +participles, and adverbs usually; articles, prepositions and +conjunctions never. + + _Standard Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases_, _Science and + Health with Key to the Scriptures_, _Lincoln's Gettysburg Address_, + _Paradise Lost_, _Measure for Measure_, _A New Way to Pay Old + Debts_, _The Coronation of Charles VII at Rheims_, _the Moonlight + Sonata_. + +The word "the" is capitalized when it forms an actual part of the title +of a book but not otherwise. + + _The Printer's Dictionary_. _The Life and Times of Charles V._ _the + Review of Reviews_, _the Laacoon_, _the Fifth Symphony_. + +32. Dedications; headings of parts and chapters; headings of many +important minor parts of a book. + + _To All Who Love Good Printing._ + _Chapter Twenty-Seven._ + _Part Three._ + _The Invention of Movable Types._ + _The Practical Value of Gutenberg's Invention._ + (These last as sections of a book on the origin of printing). + +33. In foreign languages the usage is somewhat different. The following +rules will be found useful: + +a. Always capitalize the first word. + +b. In Latin capitalize only proper nouns and adjectives derived +therefrom. + + _Commentarii Caesaris de bello Gallico._ + +c. In French, Italian, Spanish, Swedish, and Norwegian, capitalize +proper names but not adjectives derived therefrom. + + _La vie de Ronsard_; _Histoire de la litterature francaise_, + _Novelle e racconti popolari italiani_, _Antologia de poetas liricos + castellanos_. + +d. In German capitalize all nouns and all adjectives derived from the +names of persons but not those derived from other proper nouns. + + _Geschichte des deutsches Reich_ + _Die Homerische Frage_. + +e. In Danish capitalize all nouns. + +f. In Dutch capitalize all nouns and all adjectives derived from proper +nouns. + +34. Titles of ancient manuscripts. + + _Codex Alexandrinus._ + +35. In titles of books, etc. all nouns forming parts of hyphenated +compounds should be capitalized. + +36. In side heads capitalize the first word and proper nouns only. + +37. Personal titles as follows: + +a. Titles preceding a name and so forming part of it. + + _King George V._ + _Pope Benedict XV._ + _Duke William of Aquitaine._ + +But not otherwise. + + _Woodrow Wilson_, _president of the United States_, _the emperor of + Germany_, _the present king of Spain is Alfonso XIII_. + +b. Titles used in place of the name with reference to a particular +person or to the present holder of an office. + + _I hope when in Rome to see the Pope._ + _He hoped some day to become pope._ + +c. Familiar names applied to a particular person. + + _the Father of his Country._ + _Unser Fritz._ + _the Little Corporal._ + +d. Orders of knighthood and titles attached to them. + + _Knight of the Garter_, + _Knight Commander of St. Michael and St. George_. + +e. Titles used in direct address. + + _Good morning, Mr. President._ + +f. Academic degrees in abbreviated form following a name. + + _David Starr Jordan, Ph. D., LL. D._ + +So also letters following a name indicating membership of certain +scientific and artistic organizations. + + _F. R. G. S._ (Fellow of the Royal Geographic Society). + _R. A._ (Member of the Royal Academy). + +So also in the United States and Great Britain, _M. C._ (Member of +Congress) and _M. P._ (Member of Parliament). + +Where a person has many titles the following of this rule involves +certain difficulties. Such a name as + + _John Smith, A. M., D. D., Ph. D., L. H. D., D. C. L., LL. D._ is by + no means impossible. + +In such a case the titles become much more prominent than the name and +the page is disfigured by the spotty appearance of the text. Small +capitals may sometimes be used with good effect in such a case but this +should not be done without obtaining proper permission. + +The difficulty of handling these long and numerous titles in the +composition of title pages is sometimes considerable. Three methods of +dealing with the difficulty are open. + +a. The honorary titles may be put in capitals regardless of the +unsightly appearance of the line. + +b. The honorary titles may be put in a small size of the same face and +justified in the line. This lessens the undue prominence of the titles, +but puts the line out of balance. + +c. The honorary titles may be put in a separate line, or lines, below +the name, set in small type, and spelled out in full. It is not +necessary to capitalize _jr._ and _sr._ in lower-case text matter unless +so desired by the author. + +In compound titles capitalize each word if it would be capitalized +separately. + + _Major General Leonard Wood_, + _Chief Justice Taney_, + _Commander-in-Chief Field_ + _Marshal Sir John French_. + +38. Names of things personified. + + _Nature_, _Vice_, _Thrift_, and the like. + +39. Adjectives derived from proper nouns. + + _The Elizabethan age._ + _Roman law._ + +Such adjectives and even proper nouns themselves lose the capital when +they are applied as trade or scientific names to articles of common use +or reference. + + _roman type_, _india ink_, _chinese white_, _volt_, _watt_, + _boycott_, _platonic_, _bohemian_. + +40. The first word of a direct quotation. + + _As he turned to go he said: "Farewell, we shall never meet again."_ + +41. The first word after "Whereas" and "Resolved" in resolutions. + + _WHEREAS. It has pleased God...._ + _therefore be it + RESOLVED, That...._ + +42. The first word after a colon when the colon introduces a logically +complete phrase not very closely connected with what precedes. + + _My conclusion is: A policy of consistent neutrality is the only + proper one for the country._ + _As the proverb well says: Beware the anger of a patient man._ + +43. _O_ interjection, but not _oh_ unless it begins a sentence. + +In Latin sentences of exclamation, denunciation or appeal the lower-case +_o_ is used. + + _O tempora, o mores temporum._ + +44. The first personal pronoun _I_ wherever it occurs. + +45. Emphasized words. + + _We stand for Liberty and Union._ + +This use should be avoided except for advertising display, or job work. + + _We call attention to our Stock of + Boots, Shoes, and Furnishings._ + + + + +SMALL CAPITALS + + +The use of small capitals presents its own peculiar problems to the +printer. The small capital has the form of the large capital but without +its size and conspicuousness. The small capitals are ordinarily no +taller than the round letters of the lower-case. They are usually on a +smaller set, with a lighter face and obscured by more connecting lines. +In many fonts of type they are really the weakest and least +distinguished of all the five series. Wide enough to cover the body of +the type fairly thoroughly in most letters and thus to reduce the +apparent space between letters, without ascenders and without +descenders, they are very monotonous and singularly ineffective when +used in any considerable quantity. When used in masses it is at times +even difficult to read them. + +The use of small capitals is quite different from that of large ones. +For the reasons just given they are not suited to display. For this +purpose they are no better than italics, if as good. Owing to their lack +of striking appearance and commanding quality they are not used for +emphasis. Display and emphasis it will be remembered are the two +principal uses of the full capital. + +Small capitals are used more for variety than for display. They are +commonly used for: + + Side heads + + Running titles + + Catch lines of title pages when particular display is not desired. + +They are sometimes used for the first word after a blank line, +especially for the first word of a new chapter. + +Long quotations of poetry are often printed with the first word in small +capitals. In this, as in the preceding case, the whole word is printed +in small capitals except the first letter which is a full capital. + +Proper names standing at the beginning of a chapter, occasionally even +of a paragraph, are sometimes spelled in capitals or small capitals. If +small capitals are used the initials of the name are put in full +capitals. + +Until within a comparatively short time tables of contents were often +set in small capitals. At the same time it was customary to give a +fairly full synopsis of the contents of each chapter under the chapter +head. The result was a very monotonous page, dull, dense, hard to read. +It is much better and now more common to use small caps for the chapter +heads and ordinary text type for abstracts, using dashes or dots to +separate the phrases in the synopsis and beginning each phrase with a +capital. + +The following reproduction of a part of a page from the table of +contents of DeVinne's _Modern Methods of Book Composition_ shows this +method of treatment. + + CONTENTS + +Chapter Page + + I EQUIPMENT 1 + + Types...Stands...Cases...Case-racks. + + II EQUIPMENT 39 + + Galleys and galley-racks...Compositors' implements + Brass rules and cases for labor-saving rule and leads + Dashes and braces...Leads...Furniture of wood and + of metal...Furniture-racks...Quotations and electrotype + guards. + +III COMPOSITION 75 + + Time-work and piece-work...Customary routine + on book-work...Justification...Spacing and leading + Distribution...Composition by hand and machine + Proper methods of hand work...Recent mannerisms. + + IV COMPOSITION OF BOOKS 111 + + Title-page...Preface matter...Chapter headings and + synopsis...Subheadings...Extracts...Notes and il- + lustrations...Running titles and paging at head or at + foot Poetry...Appendix and index...Initials...Headbands, + etc. + +Where chapter synopses are not given, ordinary text type may be used for +the table of contents. + +The following reproduction of the table of contents of DeVinne's +_Correct Composition_ shows this method of treatment. + + CONTENTS + +CHAPTER PAGE + Preface vii + + I Spelling 5 + + II Abbreviations 33 + + III Compound Words 61 + + IV Figures and Numerals 76 + + V Italic 94 + + VI Capital Letters 108 + + VII Division of Words 128 + + VIII Small Capitals 145 + + IX Extracts and Letters 157 + + X Notes 171 + + XI Indention 182 + + XII Spacing 198 + + XIII Quotation-marks 209 + + XIV Subheadings 230 + + XV Punctuation 241 + + XVI Proof-reading 294 + + XVII About Copy 327 + + XVIII Errors of the Press 345 + + Appendix 359 + + Index 447 + +Small capitals are best for subheads when of not more than two lines. If +the subheads are longer it is best to use lower-case. + +Signatures and credits are often put in small capitals. It is usually, +however, better to use italics for the purpose. There is no need of a +dash to connect the name with the quotation. When two or more quotations +from the same author are used as mottoes, with reference to the works +from which they are taken or the occasion on which they were said, the +name of the author may be put in small capitals in a separate line, the +name of the book or speech in italics, and the occasion in smaller roman +type. + +Numerous signatures to a document or petition, such as the _Mayflower +Compact_ or the _Declaration of Independence_, are often set in columns +using capitals for the initials and small capitals for the rest of the +name. Full capitals are too large for the purpose. + + We therefore, the Commissioners for the Massachusetts, Connecticut, + and New Haven, do also, for our several governments, subscribe unto + these. + + JOHN WINTHROP, Governor of the Massachusetts + THOMAS DUDLEY THEOPHILUS EATON + GEORGE FENWICK EDWARD HOPKINS + THOMAS GREGSON + +Dedications of books are commonly set in small capitals. As these +dedicatory formulas are ordinarily brief there should be wide leading, +good display, and care as to margins. The author will often give very +definite specifications as to the arrangement of his copy in lines, and +this will sometimes cause difficulty, occasionally compelling the use of +too small type. The author's specifications must be followed if he +adheres to them. + +Small capitals are much favored for running titles of pages. Full +capitals are much more effective and are to be preferred where the words +are few. Small capitals of 12 or 14 point body are distinct but smaller +sizes are crowded and hard to read. This difficulty can sometimes be +remedied by hair spacing. Over spacing of such lines is objectionable +though it has sometimes prevailed as a temporary fashion. + +Small capitals used in running titles are exposed to heavy wear and +their shallow counters are liable to get choked up with ink. Capitals of +the monotint or of a light-faced antique are sometimes selected for +books frequently reprinted where the wear on the exposed running titles +is very severe. + +In reprinting letters it is common to use small capitals for the name of +the place from which the letter was written, for the name of the +addressee, and for the signature. In job and advertising work the name +of the month and day and date are generally put in lower-case of the +text letter. This rule is not followed, however, in books. When the +heading of the letter is very long lower-case letters are preferable to +small capitals under the general rules of taste which govern the use of +types. The salutation, _Dear Sir_, _Gentlemen_, or the like, does not +need small capitals. It is better printed in italic lower-case with a +colon (not followed by a dash) at the end. If the matter is double +leaded the salutation may go in a line by itself, otherwise conforming +to the rules just given. + +Reprints of formal inscriptions on tablets and the like are often made +in small capitals surrounded by a border. There should be a good relief +of white space between the type and the border. + +In the Bible and in hymn books the words LORD and GOD are usually set +with full capital initial and the rest of the word in small capitals. + +This is, of course, a method of showing veneration and at one time it +was customary to print all names of spiritual or temporal dignitaries +and magnates or even ordinary names in small capitals. This practice +still lingers in a few newspapers which print the names of persons, even +those of small consequence, in small capitals, especially on the +editorial page. + +The tendency is steady toward the discriminating use of capitals, small +capitals, and italics. More and more we restrict the use of marks of +emphasis to the really necessary places leaving the words to tell their +story without outside aid. + + + + +SUGGESTIONS AS TO TYPOGRAPHIC USE OF CAPITALS + + +Capitals are too strong to be used with Arabic numerals. This fault of +proportion is increased by the custom of casting Arabic numerals on an +en body for table work, making them only half as thick as the type. Full +capitals may be used with full figures the width of an ordinary letter. +Condensed capitals may be used with en body numerals. + +If old-style capitals and figures are required in the same line use +figures about one-half larger in body than the capitals and justify them +to the line. + +It is this difficulty in combining capitals and Arabic numerals in the +same line that causes the extensive use of Roman numerals in chapter +numbers, numbers of other headings, dates on title pages, and the like. + +When a large initial three or four lines high is used for the first +letter of a new chapter, large capitals are sometimes used, although +such usage is not free from the reproach of looking too much like +newspaper advertising. When this initial is a two line letter it should +be in alignment with the small capitals of the upper line and the base +line of the text letter of the lower line. + +[Illustration: +AMONG the earliest methods of communicating +ideas to the absent pictures +hold the largest place.] + +[Illustration: THERE comes a tide in the affairs of men which, +taken at the flood, leads on to fortune.] + +Care should be taken not to compact capitals. Use wider leading and +broader spacing than for lower-case; for example, where you would use +one lead between lower-case lines you should use two or three between +lines of capitals. + +Capitals occupy more of the type-body than lower-case letters and +consequently words or lines set entirely with capitals need wider +spacing and leading than the lower-case to make composition readable. +When lines of roman capitals are set solid or single-leaded the en-quad +will usually be enough space between words especially if the words are +short; but for wide-leaded lines and head-lines double spaces (two +three-to-em) will be needed. A head-line of round, open capitals may +even need em-quad spaces. Wide letter words require wide spaces and +words of thin or condensed letters require thin spaces. + +[Illustration: +UNITED TYPOTHETAE +OF AMERICA + +UNITED TYPOTHETAE +OF AMERICA] + +Words which begin or end with A Y L V W T may need spaces a little less +than those with H I M, etc. In small types the inequalities in white +space beside or between combinations like L Y A T W and letters with +regular shape like H I M N, may not be readily noticed, but in large +sizes of capitals these differences are greatly increased and will often +make unequal white spaces in a line with uniform metal spaces. In some +styles of types a line may need unequal metal spaces in order to space +the words evenly. + +(Marks indicate insertion of spaces.) + +[Illustration: TEN MAIL TRAINS] + + This line has en-quads between the words, but the forms + of L and T make the white space greater than + between the first and second words. + +[Illustration: TEN MAI'L TRAI'N'S] + + This line has an en-quad in first space and three-to-em + in the second, with hair-spaces between some + letters of the words. + +So, also, it will often be necessary to insert pieces of paper, card, or +thin leads between the letters of a word in large display, in order to +make them evenly spaced, as shown in these examples: + +(Marks indicate insertion of spaces.) + +[Illustration: +PLAINLY +PLAI'N'LY +UNEVENLY SPACED +EVE'N'LY S'PA'C'E'D] + +This differential spacing in a line of capitals will also be required in +a line having abbreviations or initials. The following line, spaced with +en-quads throughout, has unnecessarily wide spaces between the initials: + +[Illustration: JOHN ENDICOTT LODGE, A. O. U. W.] + +Spaced with four-to-em in the last three places, it is improved: + +[Illustration: JOHN ENDICOTT LODGE, A. O. U. W.] + +Capitals used as initials of titles and for other abbreviations, with +the accompanying periods, should be thin-spaced or set close together, +as shown in the second of these examples: + +[Illustration: +GEORGE MARKHAM, D. D., PH. D. +GEORGE MARKHAM, D.D., PH.D. +JOHN FLINT, M. D. V., BOSTON, U. S. A. +JOHN FLINT, M.D.V., BOSTON, U.S.A.] + +Two or more lines of capitals of the same size should be spaced as +nearly alike as possible. These three lines are so disproportionately +spaced that they are not pleasing: + +[Illustration: +NORTH END UNION +B O S T O N +MASSACHUSETTS] + +The squaring up is arbitrary and strained. The lines are better like +this: + +[Illustration: +NORTH END UNION + BOSTON +MASSACHUSETTS] + +But if it is necessary to square up lines and no additional words or +letters can be inserted the short line may be filled with florets or +other characters which should not be bolder than the type itself and +should be of a style to harmonize with it as nearly as possible. + +[Illustration: +NORTH END UNION +*** BOSTON *** +MASSACHUSETTS] + +The extra wide spacing of words set in capitals, as in head-lines and +running-heads, should be avoided by the young compositor; there are +places where it may be unobjectionable but it will require good judgment +and some experience to prevent such lines making the page look freakish +or amateurish. + +In jobbing, advertisement, and display work, capitals are used more +freely than in plain reading matter. In book work the practice is to use +capitals more freely than in newspaper composition. A study of the +reading columns of daily newspapers will discover that capitals are used +very sparingly and words are "kept down" in many cases which in more +formal book and pamphlet work would be capitalized. + +In advertisements, announcements, and circular letters, words are often +capitalized for distinction or emphasis, as in these examples: + + Those who win a Second or First Prize through a monthly or special + contest become Honor Members of the Guild, and receive the Guild + badge without charge. + + You are cordially invited to attend the Spring Opening of Suits and + Outside Garments for Women, on Wednesday and Thursday, April 28 and + 29, in our new Mason Street Annex. + +Precise rules for the use of capitals cannot be given for work of all +kinds. Their insertion or omission will be governed greatly by the +subject matter and the style of treatment desired by the proof-reader or +the customer and the compositor's duty will not go further than to +maintain some consistency in their use in each piece of work. When he +has copy in which capitals are used as in the following example he will +be expected either to discard all capitals except at the beginning of +the sentences or to capitalize the words as in the second example: + + Fifty styles of the Smartest and nobbiest wheel specialties for + ponies and Small horses, Pony carts, light horse novelties, traps, + wagons, Harness, Saddles, etc. + + Fifty Styles of the Smartest and Nobbiest Wheel Specialties for + Ponies and Small Horses, Pony Carts, Light Horse Novelties, Traps, + Wagons, Harness, Saddles, etc. + +In lines of large display, like head-lines, set in capitals and +lower-case, all the important words should begin with capitals. +Unimportant words, such as _of_, _the_, _by_, _for_, _but_, _in_, etc., +except when they are at the beginning of the displayed phrase, are not +capitalized. + + Notice to the Public + The Best is the Cheapest + A Great Bargain in Hats + By Right of Conquest + For Love and Honor + +A line of capitals containing an abbreviation or other short word should +have capitals throughout when possible, as in the second form of these +examples: + + JOHN SMITH, Jr. JOHN SMITH, JR. + ROBINSON & Co. ROBINSON & CO. + +In advertisement display lines like the following are permissible: + + The GOLDEN HARVESTER + REGAL SHOES _for_ MEN + +Combinations of different sizes and styles of types are also common and +serve their purpose properly, as in this style, often used in billheads, +etc. + + TO THOMAS W. ABBOTT, DR. + _In account with_ FRANK ABBOTT + +Combinations of large and small capitals and lower-case like the +following are, however, not approved: + + WILLIAM BROWN, President + +The words in small capitals as well as the word in lower-case should +begin with large capitals, like this: + + WILLIAM BROWN, President + +When lines of capitals are used in books and pamphlets, for headings and +display, they should be used consistently--that is, all headings of a +similar kind should be alike in any piece of work, and not one heading +in capitals and another in lower-case. The composition of a title page +is more pleasing when its chief lines are in one style of letters, +giving a harmonious effect. When lines of capitals and lines of +lower-case are interspersed in a page an appearance of confusion is +liable to be the result. + + + + +SUPPLEMENTARY READING + + +A Manual for Writers. By John Matthews Manley and John Arthur Powell. +The University of Chicago Press, Chicago. + +The Writer's Desk Book. By William Dana Orcutt. Frederick Stokes +Company, New York. + +Correct Composition. By Theodore L. DeVinne. The Oswald Publishing +Company, New York. + +A Handbook of Composition. By Edwin D. Woolley. D. C. Heath, Boston. + +Punctuation. With Chapters on Hyphenization, Capitalization and +Spelling. By F. Horace Teale. Appleton & Co., New York. + + + + +QUESTIONS + + +As the subject matter of this book is such that many of the questions +will serve only to bring out the accuracy of the pupil's memory of rules +it is very desirable that care should be taken to insure intelligent use +and application of the rules. To be able to repeat a rule is of very +little importance compared with the ability to apply it intelligently. + +The instructor should give the pupils constant practice in the +application of these rules. This should consist of;-- + +(a) Study of passages taken from all kinds of printed matter. + +(b) Rewriting of passages given out without capitalization. + +In the first case a wide range of material should be used from the most +carefully printed books to the most carelessly printed matter that can +be found, including newspapers of varying excellence and pure +advertising matter. The capitalization found should be studied and +explained by the rules and the criticisms or changes suggested justified +in the same way. + +In like manner in the second case every capital used in the rewritten +text should be justified by the proper rule. + +Without such exercises as these, the book will have comparatively little +value. + +1. What is a capital letter? + +2. How many series of letters does an ordinary font of type contain? + +3. Name them, and tell what you know about each one. + +4. In what does the distinction between capital and lower-case letter +consist? + +5. What combinations of capitals and lower-case are permissible? + +6. In manuscript how do you indicate capitals? Italics? + +7. What are capitals used for? + +8. What tendencies are observable in style? + +9. What is the real implement of English speech? + +10. What are the general rules for the use of capitals? + +11. Capitalize, _men pray to god, to christ and to the virgin mary that +they may be defended by the holy ghost from those assaults of the devil +which would make devils of them_. Give the rule for so doing. + +12. Capitalize, _the supreme architect of the universe, sometimes called +providence, has his own ways of bringing men to heaven_. Give the rule +for so doing. + +13. Learn the list of words under rule 2. + +14. Are these words capitalized in all cases? + +15. Are adjectives derived from these words capitalized? + +16. When do you not capitalize _God_ and its synonyms? + +17. What is the usage as to pronouns referring to God and the other +persons of the Trinity? + +18. What is the rule regarding the Bible and matter related to it? + +19. What is the rule regarding biblical terms? + +20. Capitalize, _the holy man entered the holy place at the appointed +time_. _The message of the gospel is found in the most spiritual form in +the gospel of John._ Give the rule. + +21. What is the rule about religious bodies and their members? + +22. What is the rule about monastic orders? + +23. What is the rule about _church_? Give examples of the different +uses. + +24. What is the rule about names of creeds? + +25. Give different uses of _father_ and _reformer_ and explain them. + +26. How do you use capitals in writing names of persons in English and +in other languages? + +27. What is the usage with regard to epithets and the like? + +28. What is the usage with regard to races of men? + +29. Give the rule for names of places, and examples of each usage. + +30. Learn the tables under rule 15. + +31. When do you capitalize generic terms for political divisions and +when do you not? + +32. What is the rule about words denoting time? + +33. What is the rule about festivals, etc.? + +34. What is the rule about astronomical terms? + +35. When are ordinal numbers capitalized? + +36. How are capitals used in scientific names? + +37. What is the usage in such words as _father_, _mother_, and other +terms denoting relationship? + +38. What is the rule regarding names of parties, political, literary, +etc.? + +39. What is the rule as to historic parties, leagues, etc.? + +40. What is the usage in writing of periods, historic, geological, etc.? + +41. What is the usage regarding important events? + +42. How are treaties, laws, etc., treated? + +43. When are the names of governmental bodies, departments, etc., +capitalized? + +44. How are official titles of corporations and other bodies treated? + +45. How are names of conventions, expositions, and the like treated? + +46. How are capitals used in book titles and similar copy, including the +use of _the_? + +47. How are capitals used in dedications and headings? + +48. Give the rules for the use of capitals in foreign book titles. + +49. Give the rules for the use of capitals in personal titles. + +50. What can you do when a name is followed by the initials of a number +of titles? + +51. What do you do in case of compound titles? + +52. How do you write the names of things personified? + +53. How are adjectives derived from proper nouns treated? + +54. How are capitals used in direct quotations? + +55. How are capitals used in resolutions? + +56. Are capitals used after colons? + +57. How do we write the interjections _O_ and _oh_? + +58. How do we write the first personal pronoun? + +59. When and where are capitals used for emphasis? + +60. Describe the peculiarities of small capitals. + +61. Are they used in the same way as full capitals? Why? + +62. What is the principal use of small capitals? + +63. Give some of the places where small capitals are commonly used. + +64. How are small capitals now used in tables of contents, and how were +they formerly used? + +65. What type would you use for a table of contents when chapter +synopses are not given? + +66. How are subheads treated? + +67. How are signatures and credits treated? + +68. How are dedications of books treated? + +69. How are running titles treated? + +70. What is good usage in reprinting letters? + +71. What is a good way to set reprints of formal inscriptions? + +72. What is the usage with regard to the names of persons treated with +veneration? + +73. What is the tendency in the use of capitals and other devices for +emphasis? + +74. How would you handle combinations of capitals and numerals, and why? + +75. How would you treat large initials? + +76. How should you space and lead capitals as compared with lower-case? + +77. How should lines of capitals be spaced, and why? + +78. Would capitals set with even spacing or without spacing appear to be +evenly spaced? + +79. What is the reason for the appearance just noted? + +80. What would you do about it? + +81. How should you space capitals used as initials of titles with +accompanying periods? + +82. How should you space two or more lines of capitals of the same size? + +83. If squaring up is necessary, how should it be done? + +84. What can you say about wide spacing of words set in capitals? + +85. What can you say of the use of capitals in different sorts of +matter? + +86. How is the compositor guided in these cases? + +87. How are capitals used in lines of large display? + +88. How would you set a line of capitals containing an abbreviation or +other short word? + +89. How may capitals be used in lines of advertising display? + +90. Under what circumstances are combinations of different sizes and +styles of type permissible? + +91. Are combinations of large and small capitals and lower-case +advisable? + +92. What rule should be followed when lines of capitals are used in +books and pamphlets for headings and display? + + + + +GLOSSARY + + +FORMAL--Made in accordance with regular and established forms, or with +dignity and impressiveness: stiff. + +GENERA--Plural of genus, a group for purposes of classification, +embracing one or more species. + +GENERIC--Of or pertaining to a genus (see genera) as distinct from +specific, of or pertaining to a species (which see). + +ORDINAL--That form of the numeral that shows the order of anything in a +series. + +SPECIES--A group for purposes of classification subordinate to a genus +and composed of individuals having only minor differences. + +VERSIONS--(Of the Bible) Different translations of the original into the +same or different languages. + + + + +TYPOGRAPHIC TECHNICAL SERIES FOR APPRENTICES + + +The following list of publications, comprising the TYPOGRAPHIC TECHNICAL +SERIES FOR APPRENTICES, has been prepared under the supervision of the +Committee on Education of the United Typothetae of America for use in trade +classes, in course of printing instruction, and by individuals. + +Each publication has been compiled by a competent author or group of +authors, and carefully edited, the purpose being to provide the printers of +the United States--employers, journeymen, and apprentices--with a +comprehensive series of handy and inexpensive compendiums of reliable, +up-to-date information upon the various branches and specialties of the +printing craft, all arranged in orderly fashion for progressive study. + +The publications of the series are of uniform size, 5x8 inches. Their +general make-up, in typography, illustrations, etc., has been, as far as +practicable, kept in harmony throughout. A brief synopsis of the particular +contents and other chief features of each volume will be found under each +title in the following list. + +Each topic is treated in a concise manner, the aim being to embody in each +publication as completely as possible all the rudimentary information and +essential facts necessary to an understanding of the subject. Care has been +taken to make all statements accurate and clear, with the purpose of +bringing essential information within the understanding of beginners in the +different fields of study. Wherever practicable, simple and well-defined +drawings and illustrations have been used to assist in giving additional +clearness to the text. + +In order that the pamphlets may be of the greatest possible help for use in +trade-school classes and for self-instruction, each title is accompanied by +a list of Review Questions covering essential items of the subject matter. +A short Glossary of technical terms belonging to the subject or department +treated is also added to many of the books. + +These are the Official Text-books of the United Typothetae of America. + +Address all orders and inquiries to COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION, UNITED +TYPOTHETAE OF AMERICA, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, U. S. A. + + +PART I--_Types, Tools, Machines, and Materials_ + +=1.= =Type: a Primer of Information= By A. A. Stewart + + Relating to the mechanical features of printing types; their sizes, + font schemes, etc., with a brief description of their manufacture. + 44 pp.; illustrated; 74 review questions; glossary. + +=2.= =Compositors' Tools and Materials= By A. A. Stewart + + A primer of information about composing sticks, galleys, leads, + brass rules, cutting and mitering machines, etc. 47 pp.; + illustrated; 50 review questions; glossary. + +=3.= =Type Cases, Composing Room Furniture= By A. A. Stewart + + A primer of information about type cases, work stands, cabinets, + case racks, galley racks, standing galleys, etc. 43 pp.; + illustrated; 33 review questions; glossary. + +=4.= =Imposing Tables and Lock-up Appliances= By A. A. Stewart + + Describing the tools and materials used in locking up forms for the + press, including some modern utilities for special purposes. 59 + pp.; illustrated; 70 review questions; glossary. + +=5.= =Proof Presses= By A. A. Stewart + + A primer of information about the customary methods and machines + for taking printers' proofs. 40 pp.; illustrated; 41 review + questions; glossary. + +=6.= =Platen Printing Presses= By Daniel Baker + + A primer of information regarding the history and mechanical + construction of platen printing presses, from the original hand + press to the modern job press, to which is added a chapter on + automatic presses of small size. 51 pp.; illustrated; 49 review + questions; glossary. + +=7.= =Cylinder Printing Presses= By Herbert L. Baker + + Being a study of the mechanism and operation of the principal types + of cylinder printing machines. 64 pp.; illustrated; 47 review + questions; glossary. + +=8.= =Mechanical Feeders and Folders= By William E. Spurrier + + The history and operation of modern feeding and folding machines; + with hints on their care and adjustments. Illustrated; review + questions; glossary. + +=9.= =Power for Machinery in Printing Houses= By Carl F. Scott + + A treatise on the methods of applying power to printing presses and + allied machinery with particular reference to electric drive. 53 + pp.; illustrated; 69 review questions; glossary. + +=10.= =Paper Cutting Machines= By Niel Gray, Jr. + + A primer of information about paper and card trimmers, hand-lever + cutters, power cutters, and other automatic machines for cutting + paper, 70 pp.; illustrated; 115 review questions; glossary. + +=11.= =Printers' Rollers= By A. A. Stewart + + A primer of information about the composition, manufacture, and + care of inking rollers. 46 pp.; illustrated; 61 review questions; + glossary. + +=12.= =Printing Inks= By Philip Ruxton + + Their composition, properties and manufacture (reprinted by + permission from Circular No. 53, United States Bureau of + Standards); together with some helpful suggestions about the + everyday use of printing inks by Philip Ruxton. 80 pp.; 100 review + questions; glossary. + +=13.= =How Paper is Made= By William Bond Wheelwright + + A primer of information about the materials and processes of + manufacturing paper for printing and writing. 68 pp.; illustrated; + 62 review questions; glossary. + +=14.= =Relief Engravings= By Joseph P. Donovan + + Brief history and non-technical description of modern methods of + engraving; woodcut, zinc plate, halftone; kind of copy for + reproduction; things to remember when ordering engravings. + Illustrated; review questions; glossary. + +=15.= =Electrotyping and Sterotyping= + By Harris B. Hatch and A. A. Stewart + + A primer of information about the processes of electrotyping and + stereotyping. 94 pp.; illustrated; 129 review questions; + glossaries. + + +PART II--_Hand and Machine Composition_ + +=16.= =Typesetting= By A. A. Stewart + + A handbook for beginners, giving information about justifying, + spacing, correcting, and other matters relating to typesetting. + Illustrated; review questions; glossary. + +=17.= =Printers' Proofs= By A. A. Stewart + + The methods by which they are made, marked, and corrected, with + observations on proofreading. Illustrated; review questions; + glossary. + +=18.= =First Steps in Job Composition= By Camille DeVeze + + Suggestions for the apprentice compositor in setting his first + jobs, especially about the important little things which go to make + good display in typography. 63 pp.; examples; 55 review questions; + glossary. + +=19.= =General Job Composition= + + How the job compositor handles business stationery, programs and + miscellaneous work. Illustrated; review questions; glossary. + +=20.= =Book Composition= By J. W. Bothwell + + Chapters from DeVinne's "Modern Methods of Book Composition," + revised and arranged for this series of text-books by J. W. Bothwell + of The DeVinne Press, New York. Part I: Composition of pages. Part + II: Imposition of pages. 229 pp.; illustrated; 525 review + questions; glossary. + +=21.= =Tabular Composition= By Robert Seaver + + A study of the elementary forms of table composition, with examples + of more difficult composition. 36 pp.; examples; 45 review + questions. + +=22.= =Applied Arithmetic= By E. E. Sheldon + + Elementary arithmetic applied to problems of the printing trade, + calculation of materials, paper weights and sizes, with standard + tables and rules for computation, each subject amplified with + examples and exercises. 159 pp. + +=23.= =Typecasting and Composing Machines= A. W. Finlay, Editor + + Section I--The Linotype By L. A. Hornstein + Section II--The Monotype By Joseph Hays + Section III--The Intertype By Henry W. Cozzens + Section IV--Other Typecasting and Typesetting Machines + By Frank H. Smith + + A brief history of typesetting machines, with descriptions of their + mechanical principles and operations. Illustrated; review + questions; glossary. + + +PART III--_Imposition and Stonework_ + +=24.= =Locking Forms for the Job Press= By Frank S. Henry + + Things the apprentice should know about locking up small forms, and + about general work on the stone. Illustrated; review questions; + glossary. + +=25.= =Preparing Forms for the Cylinder Press= By Frank S. Henry + + Pamphlet and catalog imposition; margins; fold marks, etc. Methods + of handling type forms and electrotype forms. Illustrated; review + questions; glossary. + + +PART IV--_Presswork_ + +=26.= =Making Ready on Platen Presses= By T. G. McGrew + + The essential parts of a press and their functions; distinctive + features of commonly used machines. Preparing the tympan, + regulating the impression, underlaying and overlaying, setting + gauges, and other details explained. Illustrated; review questions; + glossary. + +=27.= =Cylinder Presswork= By T. G. McGrew + + Preparing the press; adjustment of bed and cylinder, form rollers, + ink fountain, grippers and delivery systems. Underlaying and + overlaying; modern overlay methods. Illustrated; review questions; + glossary. + +=28.= =Pressroom Hints and Helps= By Charles L. Dunton + + Describing some practical methods of pressroom work, with + directions and useful information relating to a variety of + printing-press problems. 87 pp.; 176 review questions. + +=29.= =Reproductive Processes of the Graphic Arts= By A. W. Elson + + A primer of information about the distinctive features of the + relief, the intaglio, and the planographic processes of printing. + 84 pp.; illustrated; 100 review questions; glossary. + + +PART V--_Pamphlet and Book Binding_ + +=30.= =Pamphlet Binding= By Bancroft L. Goodwin + + A primer of information about the various operations employed in + binding pamphlets and other work in the bindery. Illustrated; + review questions; glossary. + +=31.= =Book Binding= By John J. Pleger + + Practical information about the usual operations in binding books; + folding; gathering, collating, sewing, forwarding, finishing. Case + making and cased-in books. Hand work and machine work. Job and + blank-book binding. Illustrated; review questions; glossary. + + +PART VI--_Correct Literary Composition_ + +=32.= =Word Study and English Grammar= By F. W. Hamilton + + A primer of information about words, their relations, and their + uses. 68 pp.; 84 review questions; glossary. + +=33.= =Punctuation= By F. W. Hamilton + + A primer of information about the marks of punctuation and their + use, both grammatically and typographically. 56 pp.; 59 review + questions; glossary. + +=34.= =Capitals= By F. W. Hamilton + + A primer of information about capitalization, with some practical + typographic hints as to the use of capitals. 48 pp.; 92 review + questions; glossary. + +=35.= =Division of Words= By F. W. Hamilton + + Rules for the division of words at the ends of lines, with remarks + on spelling, syllabication and pronunciation. 42 pp.; 70 review + questions. + +=36.= =Compound Words= By F. W. Hamilton + + A study of the principles of compounding, the components of + compounds, and the use of the hyphen. 34 pp.; 62 review questions. + +=37.= =Abbreviations and Signs= By F. W. Hamilton + + A primer of information about abbreviations and signs, with + classified lists of those in most common use. 58 pp.; 32 review + questions. + +=38.= =The Uses of Italic= By F. W. Hamilton + + A primer of information about the history and uses of italic + letters. 31 pp.; 37 review questions. + +=39.= =Proofreading= By Arnold Levitas + + The technical phases of the proofreader's work; reading, marking, + revising, etc.; methods of handling proofs and copy. Illustrated by + examples. 59 pp.; 69 review questions; glossary. + +=40.= =Preparation of Printers' Copy= By F. W. Hamilton + + Suggestions for authors, editors, and all who are engaged in + preparing copy for the composing room. 36 pp.; 67 review questions. + +=41.= =Printers' Manual of Style= + + A reference compilation of approved rules, usages, and suggestions + relating to uniformity in punctuation, capitalization, + abbreviations, numerals, and kindred features of composition. + +=42.= =The Printer's Dictionary= By A. A. Stewart + + A handbook of definitions and miscellaneous information about + various processes of printing, alphabetically arranged. Technical + terms explained. Illustrated. + + +PART VII--_Design, Color, and Lettering_ + +=43.= =Applied Design for Printers= By Harry L. Gage + + A handbook of the principles of arrangement, with brief comment on + the periods of design which have most influenced printing. Treats + of harmony, balance, proportion, and rhythm; motion; symmetry and + variety; ornament, esthetic and symbolic. 37 illustrations; 46 + review questions; glossary; bibliography. + +=44.= =Elements of Typographic Design= By Harry L. Gage + + Applications of the principles of decorative design. Building + material of typography paper, types, ink, decorations and + illustrations. Handling of shapes. Design of complete book, + treating each part. Design of commercial forms and single units. + Illustrations; review questions; glossary; bibliography. + +=45.= =Rudiments of Color in Printing= By Harry L. Gage + + Use of color: for decoration of black and white, for broad poster + effect, in combinations of two, three, or more printings with + process engravings. Scientific nature of color, physical and + chemical. Terms in which color may be discussed: hue, value, + intensity. Diagrams in color, scales and combinations. Color theory + of process engraving. Experiments with color. Illustrations in full + color, and on various papers. Review questions; glossary; + bibliography. + +=46.= =Lettering in Typography= By Harry L. Gage + + Printer's use of lettering: adaptability and decorative effect. + Development of historic writing and lettering and its influence on + type design. Classification of general forms in lettering. + Application of design to lettering. Drawing for reproduction. Fully + illustrated; review questions; glossary; bibliography. + +=47.= =Typographic Design in Advertising= By Harry L. Gage + + The printer's function in advertising. Precepts upon which + advertising is based. Printer's analysis of his copy. Emphasis, + legibility, attention, color. Method of studying advertising + typography. Illustrations; review questions; glossary; + bibliography. + +=48.= =Making Dummies and Layouts= By Harry L. Gage + + A layout: the architectural plan. A dummy: the imitation of a + proposed final effect. Use of dummy in sales work. Use of layout. + Function of layout man. Binding schemes for dummies. Dummy + envelopes. Illustrations; review questions; glossary; bibliography. + + +PART VIII--_History of Printing_ + +=49.= =Books Before Typography= By F. W. Hamilton + + A primer of information about the invention of the alphabet and the + history of bookmaking up to the invention of movable types. 62 pp.; + illustrated; 64 review questions. + +=50.= =The Invention of Typography= By F. W. Hamilton + + A brief sketch of the invention of printing and how it came about. + 64 pp.; 62 review questions. + +=51.= =History of Printing--Part I= By F. W. Hamilton + + A primer of information about the beginnings of printing, the + development of the book, the development of printers' materials, + and the work of the great pioneers. 63 pp.; 55 review questions. + +=52.= =History of Printing--Part II= By F. W. Hamilton + + A brief sketch of the economic conditions of the printing industry + from 1450 to 1789, including government regulations, censorship, + internal conditions and industrial relations. 94 pp.; 128 review + questions. + +=53.= =Printing in England= By F. W. Hamilton + + A short history of printing in England from Caxton to the present + time. 89 pp.; 65 review questions. + +=54.= =Printing in America= By F. W. Hamilton + + A brief sketch of the development of the newspaper, and some notes + on publishers who have especially contributed to printing. 98 pp.; + 84 review questions. + +=55.= =Type and Presses in America= By F. W. Hamilton + + A brief historical sketch of the development of type casting and + press building in the United States. 52 pp.; 61 review questions. + + +PART IX--_Cost Finding and Accounting_ + +=56.= =Elements of Cost in Printing= By Henry P. Porter + + The Standard Cost-Finding Forms and their uses. What they should + show. How to utilize the information they give. Review questions. + Glossary. + +=57.= =Use of a Cost System= By Henry P. Porter + + The Standard Cost-Finding Forms and their uses. What they should + show. How to utilize the information they give. Review questions. + Glossary. + +=58.= =The Printer as a Merchant= By Henry P. Porter + + The selection and purchase of materials and supplies for printing. + The relation of the cost of raw material and the selling price of + the finished product. Review questions. Glossary. + +=59.= =Fundamental Principles of Estimating= By Henry P. Porter + + The estimator and his work; forms to use; general rules for + estimating. Review questions. Glossary. + +=60.= =Estimating and Selling= By Henry P. Porter + + An insight into the methods used in making estimates, and their + relation to selling. Review questions. Glossary. + +=61.= =Accounting for Printers= By Henry P. Porter + + A brief outline of an accounting system for printers; necessary + books and accessory records. Review questions. Glossary. + + +PART X--_Miscellaneous_ + +=62.= =Health, Sanitation, and Safety= By Henry P. Porter + + Hygiene in the printing trade; a study of conditions old and new; + practical suggestions for improvement; protective appliances and + rules for safety. + +=63.= =Topical Index= By F. W. Hamilton + + A book of reference covering the topics treated in the Typographic + Technical Series, alphabetically arranged. + +=64.= =Courses of Study= By F. W. Hamilton + + A guidebook for teachers, with outlines and suggestions for + classroom and shop work. + + + + +ACKNOWLEDGMENT + + +This series of Typographic Text-books is the result of the splendid +co-operation of a large number of firms and individuals engaged in the +printing business and its allied industries in the United States of +America. + +The Committee on Education of the United Typothetae of America, under whose +auspices the books have been prepared and published, acknowledges its +indebtedness for the generous assistance rendered by the many authors, +printers, and others identified with this work. + +While due acknowledgment is made on the title and copyright pages of those +contributing to each book, the Committee nevertheless felt that a group +list of co-operating firms would be of interest. + +The following list is not complete, as it includes only those who have +co-operated in the production of a portion of the volumes, constituting the +first printing. As soon as the entire list of books comprising the +Typographic Technical Series has been completed (which the Committee hopes +will be at an early date), the full list will be printed in each volume. + +The Committee also desires to acknowledge its indebtedness to the many +subscribers to this Series who have patiently awaited its publication. + +COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION, +UNITED TYPOTHETAE OF AMERICA. + + HENRY P. PORTER, _Chairman_, + E. LAWRENCE FELL, + A. M. GLOSSBRENNER, + J. CLYDE OSWALD, + TOBY RUBOVITS. + +FREDERICK W. HAMILTON, _Education Director_. + + + + +CONTRIBUTORS + + +=For Composition and Electrotypes= + +ISAAC H. BLANCHARD COMPANY, New York, N. Y. +S. H. BURBANK & CO., Philadelphia, Pa. +J. S. CUSHING & CO., Norwood, Mass. +THE DEVINNE PRESS, New York, N. Y. +R. R. DONNELLEY & SONS CO., Chicago, Ill. +GEO. H. ELLIS CO., Boston, Mass. +EVANS-WINTER-HEBB, Detroit, Mich. +FRANKLIN PRINTING COMPANY, Philadelphia, Pa. +F. H. GILSON COMPANY, Boston, Mass. +STEPHEN GREENE & CO., Philadelphia, Pa. +W. F. HALL PRINTING CO., Chicago, Ill. +J. B. LIPPINCOTT CO., Philadelphia, Pa. +MCCALLA & CO. INC., Philadelphia, Pa. +THE PATTESON PRESS, New York, New York +THE PLIMPTON PRESS, Norwood, Mass. +POOLE BROS., Chicago, Ill. +EDWARD STERN & CO., Philadelphia, Pa. +THE STONE PRINTING & MFG. CO., Roanoke, Va. +C. D. TRAPHAGEN, Lincoln, Neb. +THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, Cambridge, Mass. + +=For Composition= + +BOSTON TYPOTHETAE SCHOOL OF PRINTING, Boston, Mass. +WILLIAM F. FELL CO., Philadelphia, Pa. +THE KALKHOFF COMPANY, New York, N. Y. +OXFORD-PRINT, Boston, Mass. +TOBY RUBOVITS, Chicago, Ill. + +=For Electrotypes= + +BLOMGREN BROTHERS CO., Chicago, Ill. +FLOWER STEEL ELECTROTYPING CO., New York, N. Y. +C. J. PETERS & SON CO., Boston, Mass. +ROYAL ELECTROTYPE CO., Philadelphia, Pa. +H. C. WHITCOMB & CO., Boston, Mass. + +=For Engravings= + +AMERICAN TYPE FOUNDERS CO., Boston, Mass. +C. B. COTTRELL & SONS CO., Westerly, R. I. +GOLDING MANUFACTURING CO., Franklin, Mass. +HARVARD UNIVERSITY, Cambridge, Mass. +INLAND PRINTER CO., Chicago, Ill. +LANSTON MONOTYPE MACHINE COMPANY, Philadelphia, Pa. +MERGENTHALER LINOTYPE COMPANY, New York, N. Y. +GEO. H. MORRILL CO., Norwood, Mass. +OSWALD PUBLISHING CO., New York, N. Y. +THE PRINTING ART, Cambridge, Mass. +B. D. RISING PAPER COMPANY, Housatonic, Mass. +THE VANDERCOOK PRESS, Chicago, Ill. + +=For Book Paper= + +AMERICAN WRITING PAPER CO., Holyoke, Mass. +WEST VIRGINIA PULP & PAPER CO., Mechanicville, N. Y. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Capitals, by Frederick W. 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