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diff --git a/20329.txt b/20329.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8f6429b --- /dev/null +++ b/20329.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4804 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Negritos of Zambales, by William Allan Reed + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Negritos of Zambales + +Author: William Allan Reed + +Release Date: January 10, 2007 [EBook #20329] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEGRITOS OF ZAMBALES *** + + + + +Produced by Jeroen Hellingman + + + + + + + Negritos of Zambales + + + by + + William Allan Reed + + + + Manila + Bureau of Public Printing + 1904 + + + + + + + +LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL + + +Department of the Interior, + The Ethnological Survey, + +Manila, March 3, 1904. + + +Sir: I have the honor to transmit a study of the Negritos of Zambales +Province made by Mr. William Allan Reed, of The Ethnological Survey, +during the year 1903. It is transmitted with the recommendation that +it be published as Part I of Volume II of a series of scientific +studies to be published by this Survey. + + +Respectfully, + +Chief of the Ethnological Survey. + + +Hon. Dean C. Worcester, + +Secretary of the Interior, Manila, P. I. + + + + +LETTER OF SUBMITTAL + + +Department of the Interior, + The Ethnological Survey, + +Manila, March 1, 1904. + + +SIR: I have the honor to submit herewith my report on the Negritos +of Zambales. + + +Very respectfully, + +William Allan Reed. + + +Dr. Albert Ernest Jenks, + +Chief of The Ethnological Survey, Manila, P. I. + + + + +TABLE OF CONTENTS + + + Letter of Transmittal + Letter of Submittal + Illustrations + Preface + + Chapter 1: Distribution of Negritos + Present Distribution in the Philippines + In Luzon + In the Southern Islands + Conclusion + Chapter 2: The Province of Zambales + Geographical Features + Historical Sketch + Habitat of the Negritos + Chapter 3: Negritos of Zambales + Physical Features + Permanent Adornment + Clothing and Dress + Chapter 4: Industrial Life + Home Life + Agriculture + Manufacture and Trade + Hunting and Fishing + Chapter 5: Amusements + Games + Music + Dancing + The Potato Dance, or Pina Camote + The Bee Dance, or Pina Pa-ni-lan + The Torture Dance + The Lovers' Dance + The Duel Dance + Chapter 6: General Social Life + The Child + Marriage + Rice Ceremony + Head Ceremony + "Leput," or Home Coming + Polygamy and Divorce + Burial + Morals + Slavery + Intellectual Life + + Superstitions + Chapter 7: Spanish Attempts to Organize Negritos + + Anthropometric Measurements + Vocabularies + Plates + + + + +ILLUSTRATIONS + + + I. Outline map of the Philippine Islands, showing distribution of + Negritos. 18 + II. Outline map of Zambales, showing distribution of Negritos. 30 + III. Negrito women of Bataan on a rock in a stream. 30 + IV. Negrito man from Nangsol, near Subig, Zambales. 30 + V. Negrito man from Aglao, Zambales. 30 + VI. Negrito woman of Zambales. 30 + VII. View near Santa Fe, Zambales. 30 + VIII. Capitan of Villar. 30 + IX. Negrito man of Zambales. 30 + X. Showing the relative height of American, mixed blood and pure + Negrito. 30 + XI. Group of Negritos and Constabulary at Cabayan, Zambales. 30 + XII. Old man of Zambales, pure Negrito. 30 + XIII. Old man of Zambales, pure Negrito, showing hair on face and + chest. 30 + XIV. Negrito of Zambales, showing hair on the chin and skin disease + on the arm. 30 + XV. Pure Negrito of Zambales, showing hair on the chin. 30 + XVI. Negrito Man of Zambales, showing hair on the face. 30 + XVII. Negrito girls of Zambales, one with hair clipped behind to + eradicate vermin. 30 + XVIII. Negrito man of Zambales, pure blood. 30 + XIX. Negrito man of Zambales, mixed blood. 44 + XX. Negrito man of Zambales, pure blood. 44 + XXI. Negrito man of Zambales, mixed blood. 44 + XXII. Negrito girl of Zambales, pure blood. 44 + XXIII. Negrito woman of Zambales, mixed blood. 44 + XXIV. Old Negrito woman of Zambales, pure blood. 44 + XXV. Negrito man of Zambales, pure blood. 44 + XXVI. Negrito man of Negros, mixed blood. 44 + XXVII. Negrito man of Zambales. 44 + XXVIII. Negritos (emigrants from Panay) of Maao, Occidental Negros; + mixed bloods. 44 + XXIX. Group of Negrito men at Santa Fe, Zambales. 44 + XXX. Principal men of Tagiltil, Zambales; pure Zambal and mixed + Negrito. 44 + XXXI. Negritos of Zambales, mixed bloods. 44 + XXXII. Group of people called Aburlin; non-Christian Zambal and + Negrito mixed bloods. 44 + XXXIII. Negrito women of Zambales. 44 + XXXIV. Group of Negrito women at Santa Fe, Zambales, showing dress. 44 + XXXV. Negrito girls of Zambales, one wearing necklace of dried + berries. 58 + XXXVI. Combs worn by Negritos of Zambales. 58 + XXXVII. Ornaments worn by Negritos of Zambales. 58 +XXXVIII. Negrito man, wife, and hut, Bataan. 58 + XXXIX. Better class of Negrito hut, Zambales. 58 + XL. Negrito man of Bataan making fire with bamboo. 58 + XLI. Negrito men of Bataan making fire with bamboo. 58 + XLII. Bows and arrows used by Negritos of Zambales. 58 + XLIII. Position taken by Negritos of Zambales in shooting. 58 + XLIV. Negrito man of Bataan drawing a bow; hog-bristle ornaments on + the legs. 58 + XLV. Negrito man of Negros (emigrant from Panay) drawing a bow. 58 + XLVI. Musical instruments used by Negritos of Zambales. 58 + XLVII. Negritos of Zambales singing the "talbun." 58 + XLVIII. Negritos of Zambales dancing. 58 + XLIX. Negrito men of Bataan beating gongs and dancing. 58 + L. Negritos of Zambales dancing the "torture dance." 58 + LI. Negrito woman and daughter, Bataan. 72 + LII. Pure Negrito woman and mixed blood, with babies, Zambales. 72 + LIII. Negrito women and children, Zambales. 72 + LIV. Negrito children, Santa Fe, Zambales. 72 + LV. Capitan of Cabayan, Zambales, with Negrito and Zambal wives. 72 + LVI. Boys of Zambales, showing scars made by blistering for fevers, + etc. 72 + LVII. Negrito woman of Zambales, pure blood, showing scars made by + blistering for fevers, etc. 72 + LVIII. Negrito woman of Zambales, pure blood, showing skin disease. 72 + LIX. Negrito man of Zambales, mixed blood, showing skin disease. 72 + LX. Negrito boy of Zambales, mixed blood, showing skin disease. 72 + LXI. Negrito man of Zambales, mixed blood, showing skin disease. 72 + LXII. Capitan-General del Monte, Negrito of Zambales. 72 + + +Figure 1. "Belatic," trap used by Negritos. 45 +Figure 2. Marks on dice used by Negritos. 49 + + + + +PREFACE + + +This report is based on two months' field work pursued during May and +June, 1903. Accompanied by Mr. J. Diamond, a photographer, the writer +went in the latter part of April to Iba, Zambales, where a few days +were spent in investigating the dialects of the Zambal people and in +preparation for a trip to the interior. + +After a journey of 25 miles inland a camp was established near +Tagiltil. During the three weeks we were there the camp was visited +by about 700 Negritos, who came in from outlying settlements, often +far back in the mountains; but, owing to the fact that most of them +would remain only as long as they were fed, extended investigations +had to be conducted largely among the residents of Tagiltil and the +neighboring rancheria of Villar. + +From Tagiltil a trip was made southward behind the low mountain +chain, which marks the limit of the plain, and through a hitherto +unexplored territory, very broken and next to impassable except in +the dry season. The trail, known only to Negritos and but little +used, followed for the most part the beds of mountain streams. Four +little rancherias were passed, the people of two of which had already +visited us. A hard two-day trip brought us to Santa Fe, a barrio +of San Marcelino. After a week with the Negritos at this place a +trip was made toward the Pampanga boundary to Cabayan and Aglao, +the former locality inhabited by several small groups of Negritos, +the latter an isolated Ilokano barrio in and near which the Negritos +live. A visit to the rancherias near Subig and Olongapo concluded +the investigation. In all, more than a thousand Negritos were seen. + +With only a short time at a place it is evident that an exhaustive +study of the people of any particular locality could not be made. But +the culture plane of the entire area is practically the same, and +the facts as here presented should give a good idea of the customs +and the general condition of the Negritos of Zambales Province. The +short time at my disposal for the investigation is my only excuse +for the meager treatment given some lines of study--as, for example, +physical anthropology and language. + +Inasmuch as nothing has yet been published by The Ethnological Survey +on the Negritos of the Philippines, I have thought it not out of +place to preface my report with an introductory chapter on their +distribution. The data contained therein have been compiled by me +from information gathered by the Survey during the past two years +and are sufficiently authentic for the present purpose. + +The photographs of the Zambales Negritos were made by Mr. J. Diamond +and those of the Bataan Negritos are from the collection of Hon. Dean +C. Worcester, Secretary of the Interior. Credit for each photograph +is given on the plate as it appears. + + + + +CHAPTER I + +DISTRIBUTION OF NEGRITOS + + +Probably no group of primitive men has attracted more attention from +the civilized world than the pygmy blacks. From the time of Homer and +Aristotle the pygmies, although their existence was not absolutely +known at that early period, have had their place in fable and legend, +and as civilized man has become more and more acquainted with the +unknown parts of the globe he has met again and again with the same +strange type of the human species until he has been led to conclude +that there is practically no part of the tropic-zone where these +little blacks have not lived at some time. + +Mankind at large is interested in a race of dwarfs just as it would +be in a race of giants, no matter what the color or social state; and +scientists have long been concerned with trying to fix the position of +the pygmies in the history of the human race. That they have played an +important ethnologic role can not be doubted; and although to-day they +are so scattered and so modified by surrounding people as largely to +have disappeared as a pure type, yet they have everywhere left their +imprint on the peoples who have absorbed them. + +The Negritos of the Philippines constitute one branch of the Eastern +division of the pygmy race as opposed to the African division, it being +generally recognized that the blacks of short stature may be so grouped +in two large and comprehensive divisions. Other well-known branches of +the Eastern group are the Mincopies of the Andaman Islands and perhaps +also the Papuans of New Guinea, very similar in many particulars to the +Negritos of the Philippines, although authorities differ in grouping +the Papuans with the Negritos. The Asiatic continent is also not +without its representatives of the black dwarfs, having the Sakai of +the Malay Peninsula. The presence of Negritos over so large an area has +especially attracted the attention of anthropologists who have taken +generally one or the other of two theories advanced to explain it: +First, that the entire oceanic region is a partly submerged continent, +once connected with the Asiatic mainland and over which this aboriginal +race spread prior to the subsidence. The second theory is that the +peopling of the several archipelagoes by the Negritos has been a +gradual spread from island to island. This latter theory, advanced +by De Quatrefages, [1] is the generally accepted one, although it is +somewhat difficult to believe that the ancestors of weak and scattered +tribes such as to-day are found in the Philippines could ever have been +the sea rovers that such a belief would imply. It is a well-known fact, +however, that the Malays have spread in this manner, and, while it +is hardly possible that the Negritos have ever been as bold seafarers +as the Malays, yet where they have been left in undisputed possession +of their shores they have remained reckless fishermen. The statement +that they are now nearly always found in impenetrable mountain forests +is not an argument against the migration-by-sea theory, because they +have been surrounded by stronger races and have been compelled to +flee to the forests or suffer extermination. The fact that they live +farther inland than the stronger peoples is also evidence that they +were the first inhabitants, for it is not natural to suppose that a +weaker race could enter territory occupied by a stronger and gain a +permanent foothold there. [2] + +The attention of the first Europeans who visited the Philippines +was attracted by people with frizzly hair and with a skin darker +in color than that of the ruling tribes. Pigafetta, to whom we are +indebted for an account of Magellan's voyage of discovery in 1521, +mentions Negritos as living in the Island of Panglao, southwest of +Bohol and east of Cebu. [3] If we are to believe later historians +the shores of some of the islands fairly swarmed with Negritos when +the Spaniards arrived. Meyer gives an interesting extract from an +old account by Galvano, The Discoveries of the World (ed. Bethune, +Hakluyt Soc., 1862, p. 234): [4] + + In the same yeere 1543, and in moneth of August, the generall + Rui Lopez sent one Bartholomew de la torre in a smal ship into + new Spaine to acquaint the vizeroy don Antonio de Mendoca, with + all things. They went to the Islands of Siria, Gaonata, Bisaia + and many others, standing in 11 and 12 degrees towards the north, + where Magellan had beene. * * * They found also an Archepelagus + of Islands well inhabited with people, lying in 15 or 16 degrees: + * * * There came vnto them certaine barkes or boates handsomely + decked, wherein the master and principall men sate on high, and + vnderneath were very blacke moores with frizled haire * * *: and + being demanded where they had these blacke moores, they answered, + that they had them from certaine islands standing fast by Sebut, + where there were many of them. + +Zuniga [5] quotes the Franciscan history [6] as follows: + + The Negritos which our first conquerors found were, according to + tradition, the first possessors of the islands of this Archipelago, + and, having been conquered by the political nations of other + kingdoms, they fled to the mountains and populated them, whence + no one has been able to accomplish their extermination on account + of the inaccessibility of the places where they live. In the past + they were so proud of their primitive dominion that, although + they did not have strength to resist the strangers in the open, + in the woods and mountains and mouths of the rivers they were very + powerful. They made sudden attacks on the pueblos and compelled + their neighbors to pay tribute to them as to lords of the earth + which they inhabited, and if these did not wish to pay them they + killed right and left, collecting the tribute in heads. * * * + + One of the islands of note in this Archipelago is that called Isla + de Negros on account of the abundance of them [negroes]. In one + point of this island--on the west side, called "Sojoton"--there + is a great number of Negritos, and in the center of the island + many more. + +Chirino has the following to say of the Negritos of Panay at the end +of the sixteenth century: [7] + + Amongst these (Bisayas) there are also some negroes, the ancient + inhabitants of the island of which they had taken possession before + the Bisayas. They are somewhat less black and less ugly man those + of Guinea, but are smaller and weaker, although as regards hair + and beard they are similar. They are more barbarous and savage + than the Bisayas and other Filipinos, for they do not, like them, + have houses and fixed settlements. They neither sow nor reap, and + they wander through the mountains with their women and children + like animals, almost naked. * * * Their sole possessions are the + bow and arrow. + +Meyer, [8] who has given the subject much study and has conducted +personal investigations on the field, states that "although at the +time of the arrival of the Spaniards in the country, and probably +long before, the Negritos were in process of being driven back by +the Malays, yet it appears certain that their numbers were then +larger, for they were feared by their neighbors, which is now only +exceptionally the case." + +Of the vast amount of material that has been written during the past +century on the Negritos of the Philippines a considerable portion +can not be taken authoritatively. Exceptions should be made of the +writings of Meyer, Montano, Marche, and Blumentritt. A large part +of the writings on the Philippine Negritos have to do with their +distribution and numbers, since no one has made an extended study +of them on the spot, except Meyer, whose work (consisting of twelve +chapters and published in Volume IX of the Publications of the Royal +Ethnographical Museum of Dresden, 1893) I regret not to have seen. Two +chapters of this work on the distribution of the Negritos, republished +in 1899, form the most recent and most nearly correct exposition of +this subject. Meyer summarizes as follows: + + It may be regarded as proved with certainty that Negritos are + found in Luzon, Alabat, Corregidor, Panay, Tablas, Negros, Cebu, + northeast Mindanao, and Palawan. It is questionable whether they + occur in Guimaras, Mindoro, and the Calamianes. + +This statement would be more nearly correct if Corregidor and Cebu were +placed in the second list and Guimaras in the first. In this paper it +is possible, by reason of special investigations, to give more reliable +and detailed information on this subject than any yet published. + + + +Present Distribution in the Philippines [9] + + + +In Luzon + + +This paper concerns itself chiefly with the Zambales Negritos whose +distribution in Zambales and the contiguous Provinces of Bataan, +Pampanga, and Tarlac is treated in detail in the following chapter. But +Negritos of more or less pure blood, known variously as Aeta, Agta, +Baluga, Dumagat, etc., are found in at least eleven other provinces +of Luzon. Beginning with the southern end of the island there are +a very few Negritos in the Province of Sorsogon. They are found +generally living among the Bicol population and do not run wild +in the woods; they have probably drifted down from the neighboring +Province of Albay. According to a report submitted by the governor +of Sorsogon there are a few of these Negritos in Bacon and Bulusan, +and four families containing Negrito blood are on the Island of Batang +near Gabat. + +Eight pueblos of Albay report altogether as many as 800 Negritos, known +locally as "Agta." It is not likely any of them are of pure blood. In +all except three of the towns they are servants in Bicol houses, but +Malinao, Bacacay, and Tabaco report wandering groups in the mountains. + +Meyer, who makes no mention of Negritos in Sorsogon or Albay, deems +their existence in the Camarines sufficiently well authenticated, +according to Blumentritt, who places Negrito half-breeds in the +neighborhood of Lagonoy and around Mount Isarog. Information received +by The Ethnological Survey places them in the mountains near Baao, +Bulic, Iriga, Lagonoy, San Jose, Gao, and Tigaon, as well as scattered +over the Cordillera de Isarog around Sagnay. All of these places +are in the extreme southeastern part of the province contiguous to +that part of Albay inhabited by Negritos. In neither province is +the type pure. In the northern part of the province a few Negritos, +called "Dumagat," are reported near Sipocot and Ragay. The towns of +San Vicente, Labo, Paracale, Mambulao, and Capalonga along the north +coast also have Negritos, generally called "Aeta." These are probably +of purer blood than those around Mount Isarog. More than a hundred +families of "Dumagat" are reported on the Islands of Caringo, Caluat, +and Jomalic. + +Farther to the north the Island of Alabat was first stated by +Blumentritt to be inhabited by Dumagat, and in his map of 1882 he +places them here but omits them in the map of 1890. Meyer deems their +occurrence there to be beyond all doubt, as per Steen Bille's reports +(Reise der Galathea, German ed., 1852). Reports of The Ethnological +Survey place Aeta, Baluga, and Dumagat on Alabat--the former running +wild in the mountains, the latter living in the barrios of Camagon +and Silangan, respectively. On the mainland of the Province of Tayabas +the Negritos are generally known as Aeta and may be regarded as being +to a large degree of pure blood. They are scattered pretty well over +the northern part of the province, but do not, so far as is known, +extend down into the peninsula below Pitogo and Macalelon. Only at +Mauban are they known as Baluga, which name seems to indicate a mixed +breed. The Island of Polillo and the districts of Infanta and Principe, +now part of the Province of Tayabas, have large numbers of Negritos +probably more nearly approaching a pure physical type than those +south of them. The Negritos of Binangonan and Baler have received +attention in short papers from Blumentritt, but it yet remains for +someone to make a study of them on the spot. + +Meyer noted in 1872 that Negritos frequently came from the mountains +to Santa Cruz, Laguna Province. These probably came from across the +Tayabas line, as none are reported in Laguna except from Santa Maria, +in the extreme northern part. Even these are probably very near +the boundary line into Rizal Province; perhaps they are over the +line. Tanay, Rizal Province, on the shore of Laguna de Bay, reports +some 300 Negritos as living in the mountains north of that town. From +descriptions given by natives of Tanay they do not appear to be pure +types. There is also a small group near Montalban, in Rizal Province, +not more than 20 miles from Manila. + +Going northward into Bulacan we are in possession of more definite +information regarding the whereabouts of these forest dwellers. Zuniga +in 1803 spoke of the Negritos of Angat--in those days head-hunters who +were accustomed to send messages by means of knotted grass stalks. [10] + +This region, the upper reaches of the Angat River, was visited by +Mr. E. J. Simons on a collecting trip for The Ethnological Survey +in February, 1903. Mr. Simons saw twenty-two little rancherias of +the Dumagat, having a total population of 176 people. Some of them +had striking Negroid characteristics, but nearly all bore evidence +of a mixture of blood. In some cases full-blooded Filipinos have +married into the tribe and adopted Negrito customs entirely. Their +social state is about the same as that of the Negritos of Zambales, +though some of their habits--for instance, betel chewing--approach +more nearly those of lower-class Filipinos. A short vocabulary of +their dialect is given in Appendix B. + +Negritos are also found in northern Bulacan and throughout the +continuous mountain region extending through Nueva Ecija into Isabela +and the old Province of Principe. They are reported from Penaranda, +Bongabong, and Pantabangan, in Nueva Ecija, to the number of 500. This +region is yet to be fully explored; the same may be said also of that +vast range of mountains, the Sierra Madre, of Isabela and Cagayan. In +the Province of Isabela Negritos are reported from all the towns, +especially Palanan, on the coast, and Carig, Echague, Angadanan, +Cauayan, and Cabagan Nuevo, on the upper reaches of the Rio Grande +de Cagayan, but as there is a vast unknown country between, future +exploration will have to determine the numerical importance of the +Negritos. It has been thought heretofore that this region contained a +large number of people of pure blood. This was the opinion set forth +by Blumentritt. He says: + + This coast is the only spot in the Philippines in which + the original masters of the Archipelago, the Negritos, hold + unrestricted possession of their native land. The eastern side + of the Cordillera which slopes toward this coast is also their + undisputed possession. However, the western slopes they have been + compelled to share with branches of Malay descendants. Here they + retain the greatest purity of original physique and character. + +These statements stand much in need of verification. Inquiries +pursued by The Ethnological Survey do not bear them out--in fact, +point to an opposite belief. + +There is a small body of what may be pure types near the boundary +between Isabela and Cagayan, west of the Cagayan River, but the coast +region, so far as is known, does not hold any Negritos. + +As many as sixteen towns of Cagayan report Negritos to the total number +of about 2,500. They are known commonly as "Atta," but in the pueblo +of Baggao there are three groups known locally as "Atta," "Diango," and +"Paranan." They have been described by natives of Baggao as being very +similar to the ordinary Filipinos in physical characteristics except +that they are darker in color and have bushy hair. Their only weapons +are the bow and arrow. Their social status is in every way like that of +the Negritos as distinguished from the industrious mountain. Malayans +of northern Luzon. Yet future investigations may not associate these +robust and warlike tribes with the weak, shirking Negritos. Negritos +of pure type have not so far been reported from Cagayan. + +At only two places in the western half of northern Luzon have Negritos +been observed. There is a small group near Piddig, Ilokos Norte, +and a wandering band of about thirty-five in the mountains between +Villavieja, Abra Province, and Santa Maria, Ilokos Sur Province, from +both of which towns they have been reported. It is but a question of +time until no trace of them will be left in this region so thickly +populated with stronger mountain peoples. + + + +In the Southern Islands + + +Although Negritos were reported by the early Spanish writers to +be especially numerous in some of the southern islands, probably +more of them are found on Luzon than on all the other islands in the +Archipelago. Besides Luzon, the only large islands inhabited by them +at present are Panay, Negros, Mindanao, and Paragua, but some of the +smaller islands, as Tablas and Guimaras, have them. + +Negritos of pure blood have not been reported from Mindoro, but only +the half-breed Manguian, who belong in a group to themselves. It is +questionable whether the unknown interior will produce pure types, +though it is frequently reported that there are Negritos in the +interior. + +There is a rather large colony of Negritos on the west coast of Tablas +near Odiungan, and also a few on the Isla de Carabao immediately +south of Tablas. These have probably passed up from Panay. All the +provinces of the latter island report Negritos, locally known as +"Ati" and "Agta." They seem to be scattered pretty well over the +interior of Panay, being especially numerous in the mountainous region +where the Provinces of Antique and Iloilo join. In Antique there are +about 1,000 Negritos living in groups of several families each. They +are reported from nearly all the towns, being more numerous along +the Dalanas and Sibalon Rivers. The number of pure types is said, +however, to be rapidly decreasing on account of intermarriage with +the Bukidnon or mountain Visayan. They are of very small stature, +with kinky hair. They lead the same nomadic life as the Negritos in +other parts, except that they depend more on the products of the forest +for subsistence and rarely clear and cultivate "ca-ing-in." [11] They +seem to have developed more of religious superstitions, and believe +that both evil spirits and protecting spirits inhabit the forests +and plains. However, these beliefs may have been borrowed from the +Bukidnon, with whom they come much in contact. From a mixing of the +Ati and Bukidnon are sprung the Calibugan, who partake more of the +characteristics of their Visayan ancestors than those of the Ati, and +generally abandon the nomadic life and live in clearings in the forest. + +About ten years ago there was a group of about 200 Ati at a place +called Labangan, on the Dalanas River, governed by one Capitan +Andres. They made clearings and carried people across the river for a +small remuneration. Many of them are said to have emigrated to Negros +to escape public work to which the local authorities subjected them +without compensation. + +There is a small, wandering group of Negritos on Guimaras, probably +emigrants from Panay. They have been reported from both Nagaba and +Nueva Valencia, pueblos of that island. + +Investigation does not bear out the statements of the historian +previously quoted in regard to the early populations of Negros. At +least it seems that if the southwestern part of that island known +as Sojoton had been so thickly populated with Negritos early in the +eighteenth century more traces of them would remain to-day. But they +seem to have left no marks on the Malayan population. While in the +Isio region in August, 1903, I made special investigation and inquiry +into this subject and could find no trace of Negritos. Expeditions +of the Constabulary into the interior have never met with the little +blacks except a single colony near the boundary line between the two +provinces just north of Tolon. A few Negritos have also been seen +scattered in the interior of southern Oriental Negros back from +Nueva Valencia, Ayuquitan, and Bais. From there no trace of them +exists until the rugged mountains north of the volcano of Canlaon +are reached, in the almost impenetrable recesses of which there are +estimated to be a thousand or more. They are especially numerous +back of Escalante and formerly made frequent visits to that pueblo, +but recent military operations in the region have made them timid, as +scouting parties have fired on and killed several of them. The sight +of a white man or native of the plain is a signal for an immediate +discharge of arrows. Also in the mountains behind Sagay, Cadiz, and +Manapla live a few scattered families. I was fortunate in securing +photographs of a Negrito captured by the Constabulary near Cadiz. (See +Pl. XXVI.) He was much taller than the Negritos of Zambales, but with +very little muscular development. He spoke Visayan, and said he knew +no other dialect. While in Negros I also secured photographs of a +small colony of Ati, who emigrated from Panay about twenty years ago +and now live on a mountain hacienda on the slope of Mount Canlaon. + +So far there is no evidence that Negritos exist on Cebu, Bohol, Samar, +and Leyte. In Mindanao they are found only in the extreme northern +part of Surigao, not having been reported below Tago. They are called +"Mamanua," and are not very numerous. + +We have detailed accounts of both the Tagbanua and Batak of +Paragua, by senor Manuel Venturello, a native of Puerto Princesa, +who has lived among them twenty years. These interesting articles, +translated by Capt. E. A. Helmick, Tenth United States Infantry, and +published in pamphlet form by the Division of Military Information, +Manila, are especially full as to customs, religion, language, etc., +of the Tagbanua who inhabit the central part of Paragua from the +Bay of Ulugan south to Apurahuan. However, the Tagbanua, although +perhaps having a slight amount of Negrito blood, can not be classed +with the Negritos. But, in my opinion, the Batak who inhabit the +territory from the Bay of Ulugan north to Caruray and Barbacan may +be so classed, although they are by no means of pure blood. They are +described as being generally of small stature but well developed +and muscular. They have very curly but not kinky hair, except in +rare cases. Their weapons are the bow and arrow and the blowgun or +sumpitan, here called "sumpit." Their only clothing is a breechcloth +and a short skirt of flayed bark. A notable feature of their customs +is that both polygyny and polyandry are permitted, this being the +only instance of the latter practice so far observed among the tribes +of the Philippines. The Batak are not very numerous; their villages +have been decimated by ravages of smallpox during the past five years. + + + +Conclusion + + +This rapid survey leaves much to be desired, but it contains about +all that is definitely known to-day concerning the whereabouts +of the Negritos in the Philippines. No attempt has been made to +state numbers. The Philippine census will probably have more exact +information in this particular, but it must be borne in mind that +even the figures given by the census can be no more than estimates +in most instances. The habits of the Negritos do not lend themselves +to modern methods of census taking. + +After all, Blumentritt's opinion of several years ago is not far from +right. Including all mixed breeds having a preponderance of Negrito +blood, it is safe to say that the Negrito population of the Philippines +probably will not exceed 25,000. Of these the group largest in numbers +and probably purest in type is that in the Zambales mountain range, +western Luzon. However, while individuals may retain in some cases +purity of blood, nowhere are whole groups free from mixture with the +Malayan. The Negritos of Panay, Negros, and Mindanao are also to be +regarded as pure to a large extent. On the east side of Luzon and in +the Island of Paragua, as we have just seen, there is marked evidence +of mixture. + +The social state of the Negritos is everywhere practically the +same. They maintain their half-starved lives by the fruits of the +chase and forest products, and at best cultivate only small patches of +maize and other vegetables. Only occasionally do they live in settled, +self-supporting communities, but wander for the most part in scattered +families from one place to another. + + + + +CHAPTER II + +THE PROVINCE OF ZAMBALES + + + +Geographical Features + + +This little-known and comparatively unimportant province stretches +along the western coast of Luzon for more than 120 miles. Its average +width does not exceed 25 miles and is so out of proportion to its +length that it merits the title which it bears of the "shoestring +province." [12] + +The Zambales range of mountains, of which the southern half is known +as the Cordillera de Cabusilan and which is second in importance +to the Caraballos system of northern Luzon, forms the entire eastern +boundary of Zambales and separates it from the Provinces of Pangasinan, +Tarlac, and Pampanga. A number of peaks rise along this chain, of +which Mount Pinatubo, 6,040 feet in height, is the highest. All of the +rivers of Zambales rise on the western slope of these mountains and +carry turbulent floods through the narrow plains. Still unbridged, +they are an important factor in preventing communication and +traffic between towns, and hence in retarding the development of +the province. Another important factor in this connection is the +lack of safe anchorages. The Zambales coast is a stormy one, and +vessels frequently come to grief on its reefs. At only one point, +Subig Bay, can larger vessels find anchorage safe from the typhoons +which sweep the coast. The soil of the well-watered plain is fertile +and seems adapted to the cultivation of nearly all the products of +the Archipelago. The forests are especially valuable, and besides +fine timbers for constructional purposes they supply large quantities +of pitch, resin, bejuco, and beeswax. There are no industries worth +mentioning, there being only primitive agriculture and stock raising. + +The following opinions of Zambales set forth by a Spanish writer in +1880 still hold good: [13] + + There are more populous and more civilized provinces whose + commercial and agricultural progress has been more pronounced, + but nowhere is the air more pure and transparent, the vegetation + more luxuriant, the climate more agreeable, the coasts more sunny, + and the inhabitants more simple and pacific. + + + +Historical Sketch + + +According to Buzeta, another Spanish historian, it was Juan de Salcedo +who discovered Zambales. [14] + + This intrepid soldier [he says], after having conquered Manila and + the surrounding provinces, resolved to explore the northern part of + Luzon. He organized at his own expense an expedition, and General + Legaspi gave him forty-five soldiers, with whom he left Manila + May 20, 1572. After a journey of three days he arrived at Bolinao, + where he found a Chinese vessel whose crew had made captives of a + chief and several other natives. Salcedo, retook these captives + from the Chinese and gave them their liberty. The Indians, who + were not accustomed to such generosity, were so touched by this + act that they became voluntary vassals of the Spaniards. + +It seems that nothing further was done toward settling or evangelizing +the region for twelve years, although the chronicler goes on to say +that three years after the discovery of Bolinao a sergeant of Salcedo's +traversed the Bolinao region, receiving everywhere the homage of the +natives, and a Franciscan missionary, Sebastian Baeza, preached the +gospel there. But in 1584 the Augustinians established themselves at +the extreme ends of the mountain range, Bolinao and Mariveles. One +of them, the friar Esteban Martin, was the first to learn the Zambal +dialect. The Augustinians were succeeded by the Recollets, who, during +the period from 1607 to 1680, founded missions at Agno, Balincaguin, +Bolinao, Cabangan, Iba, Masinloc, and Santa Cruz. Then in 1680, more +than a hundred years after Salcedo landed at Bolinao, the Dominicans +undertook the active evangelization of the district. + + Let us now examine [continues the historian [15]] the state + of these savage Indians whom the zealous Spanish missionaries + sought to convert. Father Salazar, after having described the + topography of this mountainous province, sought to give an idea + of the political and social state of the pagans who formed the + larger part of the aboriginal population: "The principal cause," + he said, "of the barbarity of these Indians, and that which + prevents their ever being entirely and pacifically converted, + is that the distances are so great and communication so difficult + that the alcaldes can not control them and the missionaries find + it impossible to exercise any influence over them." + + Each village was composed of ten, twenty, or thirty families, + united nearly always by ties of kinship. It was difficult to bring + these villages together because they carried on wars continually, + and they lived in such a state of discord that it was impossible to + govern them; moreover they were so barbarous and fierce that they + recognized only superior power. They governed through fear. He who + wished to be most respected sought to inspire fear by striking + off as many beads as possible. The one who committed the most + assassinations was thus assured of the subordination of all. They + made such a glory of it that they were accustomed to wear certain + ornaments in order to show to the eyes or all the murders they had + committed. When a person lost a relative either by a violent or + a natural death he covered his head with a strip of black cloth + as a sign of mourning and could take it off only after having + committed a murder, a thing which they were always eager to do + in order to get rid of the sadness of mourning, because so long + as they wore the badge they could not sing or dance or take part + in any festivity. One understands then that deaths became very + frequent in a country where all deaths were necessarily followed + by one or more murders. It is true that he who committed a murder + sought to atone for it by paying to the relatives of the deceased + a certain quantity of gold or silver or by giving them a slave + or a Negrito who might be murdered in his place. + + The Zambal had nevertheless more religion than the inhabitants + of other provinces. There was among them a high priest, called + "Bayoc," who by certain rites consecrated the other priests. He + celebrated this ceremony in the midst of orgies and the most + frightful revels. He next indicated to the new priest the idol or + cult to which he should specially devote himself and conferred on + him privileges proportionate to the rank of that divinity, for + they recognized among their gods a hierarchy, which established + also that of their curates. They gave to their principal idol + the name of "Malyari"--that is, the powerful. The Bayoc alone + could offer sacrifice to him. There was another idol, Acasi, + whose power almost equaled that of the first. In fact, they sang + in religious ceremonies that "although Malyari was powerful, + Acasi had preeminence." In an inferior order they worshiped also + Manlobog or Mangalagan, whom they recognized as having power of + appeasing irritated spirits. They rendered equal worship to five + less important idols who represented the divinities of the fields, + prosperity to their herds and harvests. They also believed that + Anitong sent them rains and favorable winds; Damalag preserved + the sown fields from hurricanes; Dumanga made the grain grow + abundantly; and finally Calascas ripened it, leaving to Calosocos + only the duty of harvesting the crops. They also had a kind of + baptism administered by the Bayoc with pure blood of the pig, + but this ceremony, very long and especially very expensive, + was seldom celebrated in grand style. The sacrifice which the + same priest offered to the idol Malyari consisted of ridiculous + ceremonies accompanied by savage cries and yells and was terminated + by repugnant debaucheries. + +Of course it is impossible to tell how much of this is the product +of the writer's imagination, or at least of the imagination of those +earlier chroniclers from whom he got his information, but it can +very well be believed that the natives had a religion of their own +and that the work of the missionaries was exceedingly difficult. It +was necessary to get them into villages, to show them how to prepare +and till the soil and harvest the crops. And the writer concludes +that "little by little the apathetic and indolent natives began to +recognize the advantages of social life constituted under the shield +of authority and law, and the deplorable effects of savage life, +offering no guarantee of individual or collective security." + +A fortress had been built at Paynaven, in what is now the Province of +Pangasinan, from which the work of the missionaries spread southward, +so that the northern towns were all organized before those in the +south. It is not likely that this had anything to do with causing +the Negritos to leave the northern part of the province, if indeed +they ever occupied it, but it is true that to-day they inhabit only +the mountainous region south of a line drawn through the middle of +the province from east to west. + +The friar Martinez Zuniga, speaking of the fortress at Paynaven, +said that in that day, the beginning of the last century, there was +little need of it as a protection against the "infidel Indians" and +blacks who were very few in number, and against whom a stockade of +bamboo was sufficient. + + It might serve against the Moros [he continues], but happily + the Zambales coast is but little exposed to the attacks of these + pirates, who always seek easy anchorage. The pirates are, however, + a constant menace and source of danger to the Zambal, who try to + transport on rafts the precious woods of their mountains and to + carry on commerce with Manila in their little boats. The Zambal + are exposed to attack from the Moros in rounding the point at the + entrance of Manila Bay, from which it results that the province + is poor and has little commerce. [16] + +Everything in the history of the Zambal people and their present +comparative unimportance goes to show that they were the most indolent +and backward of the Malayan peoples. While they have never given the +governing powers much trouble, yet they have not kept pace with the +agricultural and commercial progress of the other people, and their +territory has been so steadily encroached on from all sides by their +more aggressive neighbors that their separate identity is seriously +threatened. The rich valleys of Zambales have long attracted Ilokano +immigrants, who have founded several important towns. The Zambal +themselves, owing to lack of communication between their towns, have +developed three separate dialects, none of which has ever been deemed +worthy of study and publication, as have the other native dialects +of the Philippines. A glance at the list of towns of Zambales with +the prevailing dialect spoken in each, and in case of nearly equal +division also the second most important dialect, will show to what +extent Zambal as a distinct dialect is gradually disappearing: + + + Dialects in Zambales Province + + Town Primary dialect Secondary dialect + + Olongapo Tagalog + + Subig Tagalog + + Castillejos Tagalog Ilokano + + San Marcelino Ilokano Tagalog + + San Antonio Ilokano + + San Narciso Ilokano + + San Felipe Ilokano + + Cabangan Zambal + + Botolan Zambal + + Iba Zambal + + Palauig Zambal + + Masinloc Zambal + + Candelaria Zambal + + Santa Cruz Zambal + + Infanta Zambal + + Dasol Pangasinan Zambal + + Agno Ilokano Pangasinan + + Barri Zambal + + San Isidro Ilokano + + Balincaguin Pangasinan + + Alos Ilokano Pangasinan + + Alumnos Pangasinan Ilokano + + Zaragoza Zambal + + Bolinao Zambal + + Anda Zambal + + +Of twenty-five towns Zambal is the prevailing dialect of less than +half. As will be seen, the Ilokano have been the most aggressive +immigrants. As a prominent Ilokano in the town of San Marcelino +expressed it, when they first came they worked for the Zambals, who +held all the good land. But the Zambal landowners, perhaps wanting +money for a cockfight, would sell a small piece of land to some Ilokano +who had saved a little money, and when he ran out of money he would +sell a little more land, until finally the Ilokano owned it all. + +This somewhat lengthy and seemingly irrelevant sketch of the early +history of Zambales and of the character of its inhabitants to-day is +given to show the former state of savagery and the apathetic nature +of the people who, in the days before the arrival of the Europeans, +were in such close contact with the Negritos as to impose on them +their language, and they have done it so thoroughly that no trace of +an original Negrito dialect remains. Relations such as to-day exist +between the people of the plains and those of the mountains would not +change a dialect in a thousand years. Another evidence of a former +close contact may be found in the fact that the Negritos of southern +Zambales who have never personally come in contact with the Zambal but +only with the Tagalog also speak Zambal with some slight variations, +showing, too, that the movement of the Negritos has been southward +away from the Zambal territory. + +Close study and special investigation into the linguistics of +this region, carried also into Bataan and across the mountain into +Pampanga and Tarlac, may throw more light on this very interesting +and important subject and may reveal traces of an original Negrito +dialect. Prominent natives of Zambales, whom I have questioned, and +who are familiar with the subject, affirm that the Negritos know +only the dialect of the Zambal. Indeed those are not lacking who +believe in a blood relationship between the Negritos and the Zambal, +but this belief can not be taken seriously. [17] + +Very little mention is made by the early writers of the Negritos. In +fact they knew nothing of them except that they were small blacks who +roamed in the mountains, living on roots and game which they killed +with the bow and arrow. They were reported to be fierce little savages +from whom no danger could come, since they did not leave their mountain +fastnesses, but whose territory none dared enter. + + + +Habitat of the Negritos + + +As has been stated, the present range of the Negritos of this territory +embraces the mountainous portion of the lower half of Zambales and +the contiguous Provinces of Tarlac and Pampanga, extending southward +even to the very extremity of the peninsula of Bataan. + +This region, although exceedingly broken and rough, has not the +high-ridged, deep-canyoned aspect of the Cordillera Central of northern +Luzon. It consists for the most part of rolling tablelands, broken by +low, forest-covered ridges and dotted here and there by a few gigantic +peaks. The largest and highest of these, Mount Pinatubo, situated +due east from the town of Cabangan, holds on its broad slopes the +largest part of the Negritos of Zambales. Many tiny streams have their +sources in this mountain and rush down the slopes, growing in volume +and furnishing water supply to the Negrito villages situated along +their banks. Some of the larger of these streams have made deep cuts +on the lower reaches of the mountain slopes, but they are generally +too small to have great powers of erosion. The unwooded portions of +the table-lands are covered with cogon and similar wild grasses. + +Here is enough fertile land to support thousands of people. The +Negritos occupy practically none of it. Their villages and mountain +farms are very scattered. The villages are built for the most part on +the table-land above some stream, and the little clearings are found +on the slope of the ridge at the base of which the stream runs. No +use whatever is made of the grass-covered table-land, save that it +offers a high and dry site for a rancheria, free from fevers. + +Practically all of the Negrito rancherias are within the jurisdiction +of the two towns of Botolan and San Marcelino. Following the winding +course of the Bucao River, 15 miles southeast from Botolan, one comes +to the barrio of San Fernando de Riviera, as it is on the maps, or +Pombato, as the natives call it. This is a small Filipino village, +the farthest out, a half-way place between the people of the plains +and those of the uplands. Here a ravine is crossed, a hill climbed, +and the traveler stands on a plateau not more than half a mile wide but +winding for miles toward the big peak Pinatubo and almost imperceptibly +increasing in elevation. Low, barren ridges flank it on either side, +at the base of each of which flows a good-sized stream. Seven miles +of beaten winding path through the cogon grass bring the traveler to +the first Negrito rancheria, Tagiltil, one year old, lying sun baked +on a southern slope of the plateau. Here the plateau widens out, is +crossed and cut up by streams and hills, and the forests gradually +become thicker. In the wide reach of territory of which this narrow +plateau is the western apex, including Mount Pinatubo and reaching +to the Tarlac and Pampanga boundaries, there are situated no less +than thirty rancherias of Negritos, having an average population of +40 persons or a total of more than 1,200. Besides these there are +probably many scattered families, especially in the higher and less +easily accessible forests of Mount Pinatubo, who live in no fixed spot +but lead a wandering existence. And so uncertain are the habits of the +more settled Negritos that one of the thirty rancherias known to-day +may to-morrow be nothing more than a name, and some miles away a new +rancheria may spring up. The tendency to remain in one place seems, +however, to be growing. + +The mountainous portions of the jurisdictions of the two towns of +Botolan and San Marcelino, themselves many miles apart with three +or more towns between, are contiguous, the one extending southeast, +the other northeast, until they meet. The San Marcelino region +contains about the same number of Negritos, grouped in many small +communities around five large centers--Santa Fe, Aglao, Cabayan, +Panibutan, and Timao--each of which numbers some 300 Negritos. They +are of the same type and culture plane as those nearer Pinatubo, and +their habitat is practically the same, a continuation of the more or +less rugged Cordillera. They are in constant communication with the +Negritos north of them and with those across the Pampanga line east +of them. The Negritos of Aglao are also in communication with those +of Subig, where there is a single rancheria numbering 45 souls. Still +farther south in the jurisdiction of Olongapo are two rancherias, +numbering about 100 people, who partake more of the characteristics +of the Negritos of Bataan just across the provincial line than they +do of those of the north. + +Here mention may be made also of the location of rancherias +and numbers of Negritos in the provinces adjoining Zambales, as +attention is frequently called to them later, especially those of +Bataan, for the sake of comparison. Negritos are reported from all +of the towns of Bataan, and there are estimated to be 1,500 of them, +or about half as many as in Zambales. They are more numerous on the +side toward Manila Bay, in the mountains back of Balanga, Orion, and +Pilar. Moron and Bagac on the opposite coast each report more than +a hundred. There is a colony of about thirty near Mariveles. Owing +to repeated visits of tourists to their village and to the fact that +they were sent to the Hanoi Exposition in 1903, this group has lost +many of the customs peculiar to Negritos in a wild state and has +donned the ordinary Filipino attire. + +Cabcabe, also in the jurisdiction of Mariveles, has more than a hundred +Negritos, and from here to Dinalupijan, the northernmost town of the +province, there are from 50 to 200 scattered in small groups around +each town and within easy distance. Sometimes, as at Balanga, they +are employed on the sugar plantations and make fairly good laborers. + +The Negritos of Bataan as a whole seem less mixed with the Malayan than +any other group, and fewer mixed bloods are seen among them. Their +average stature is also somewhat lower. They speak corrupt Tagalog, +though careful study may reveal traces of an original tongue. (See +Appendix B for a vocabulary.) + +In the section of Pampanga lying near Zambales Province more than a +thousand Negritos have been reported from the towns of Florida Blanca, +Porac, Angeles, and Mabalacat. There are estimated to be about 1,200 +in Tarlac, in the jurisdiction of the towns of O'Donnell, Moriones, +Capas, Bamban, and Camiling. There are two or three good trails leading +from this province into Zambales by which the Negritos of the two +provinces communicate with each other. It is proposed to convert the +one from O'Donnell to Botolan into a wagon road, which will have the +effect of opening up a little-known territory. Across the line into +Pangasinan near the town of Mangataren there is a colony of mixed +Negritos somewhat more advanced in civilization than is usually the +case with these forest dwellers. According to Dr. D. P. Barrows, +who visited their rancherias in December, 1901, it seems to have +been the intention of the Spanish authorities to form a reservation +at that place which should be a center from which to reach the wilder +bands in the hills and to induce them to adopt a more settled life. A +Filipino was sent to the rancheria as a "maestro" and remained among +the people six years. But the scheme fell through there as elsewhere +in the failure of the authorities to provide homes and occupations +for the Negritos. The Ilokano came in and occupied all the available +territory, and the Negritos now hang around the Ilokano homes, doing a +little work and picking up the little food thrown to them. Dr. Barrows +states that the group contains no pure types characterized by wide, +flat noses and kinky hair. In addition to the bow and arrows they +carry a knife called "kampilan" having a wide-curving blade. They use +this weapon in a dance called "baluk," brandishing it, snapping their +fingers, and whirling about with knees close to the ground. This is +farther north than Negritos are found in Zambales but is in territory +contiguous to that of the Tarlac Negritos. The entire region contains +about 6,000 souls. The groups are so scattered, however, that the +territory may be said to be practically unoccupied. + + + + +CHAPTER III + +NEGRITOS OF ZAMBALES + + + +Physical Features + + +The characteristics which serve more than any others to distinguish +the true Negrito from other inhabitants of the Philippines are his +small stature, kinky hair, and almost black skin. His eyes may be more +round, his nose more short and flat, and his limbs more spindling than +is the case with peoples of Malayan extraction, but these features +are usually less noticeable. Perhaps undue emphasis has been given by +writers on the Negrito to his short stature, until the impression has +gone abroad that these primitive men are veritable dwarfs. As a matter +of fact, individuals sometimes attain the stature of the shortest +of the white men, and apparently only a slight infusion of Malayan +blood is necessary to cause the Negrito to equal the Malay in, height. + +The Aeta of Zambales range in stature from 4 to 5 feet. To be more +exact, the maximum height of the 77 individuals measured by me, taking +them as they came, with no attempt to select, was 1,600 millimeters +(5 feet 2 inches); the maximum height for females was 1,502 millimeters +(4 feet 11 inches); the minimum height for males was 1,282 millimeters +(4 feet 2 inches), for females, 1,265 millimeters (4 feet). The average +of the 48 males measured was 1,463 millimeters (4 feet 9 inches); +of the 29 females, 1,378 millimeters (4 feet 6 inches). There is +perhaps no greater variation between these figures than there would +be between the averages of stature of as many individuals selected +at random from any other race. Yet it should be remembered that some +of the Negritos included in this list are not pure types--in fact, +are no more than half-breeds. + +The abnormal length of the arm of the Negritos has been regarded by +some writers as an essentially simian characteristic, especially in +the case of the pygmy blacks of Central Africa. With the Aeta this +characteristic is not so marked, yet 7 out of 8 males had a reach or +span greater than the height. The proportion was not so large among +the females, being only 2 in 3. The maximum span for males was 1,635 +millimeters, for females 1,538 millimeters, but in neither case did the +individuals having the greatest span also have the greatest height. The +average span of 48 males exceeded the average height by 37 millimeters; +the difference in the case of the females was only 16 millimeters. + +Length of arm was taken on only 19 individuals, 16 males and 3 +females. The longest arm measured 675 millimeters (2 feet 3 inches), +which is not so long as the average Caucasian arm, though more out +of proportion to the height, in this case being nearly half the +latter measurement. The shortest arm, that of an adult female, was +539 millimeters (21 inches). + +So far from being ape like in appearance, some of the Aeta are +very well-built little men, with broad chests, symmetrical limbs, +and well-developed muscles hardened by incessant use. This applies +of course only to the young men and boys just approaching manhood, +and is especially noticeable in the southern regions, where the Aeta +are generally more robust and muscular. The younger females are also +as a rule well formed. In the case of unmarried girls the breasts are +rounded and erect, but after marriage gradually become more and more +pendant until they hang almost to the waist line. With advancing age +the muscles shrink, the skin shrivels up until an individual of 40 +to 50 years usually has the decrepit appearance of an octogenarian; +in fact, 50 is old age with the Aeta. (See plates.) + +Anthropometric observations fall naturally into two groups, dealing +with the proportions of the head and body, the latter of which have +already been discussed. Great interest attaches also to the relative +proportions of the different dimensions of the head and especially +to the cephalic index obtained by multiplying the maximum breadth +by 100 and dividing by the maximum length. Heads with an index of +75 or under are called _dolichocephalic;_ those between 75 and 80, +_mesaticephalic;_ and those over 80 _brachycephalic._ The beads of the +Aeta are essentially _brachycephalic._ Owing to the lack of proper +calipers during the greater part of my stay among them, I was able +to measure only 19 individuals, but of those all but 5 were in the +_brachycephalic_ group, one instance being noted where the index was +as great as 92; the lowest was 78. The average of the males was 82 +and of the females 86. + +Considerable importance in anthropometry is attached to the study +of the nose. The typical Aeta nose may be described as broad, +flat, bridgeless, with prominent arched alae almost as high as the +central cartilage of the nose and with the nostrils invariably +visible from the front. The nasal index obtained by dividing the +nasal breadth by the height from the root of the nose to the septum +and multiplying the quotient by 100 serves to indicate the group to +which the individual belongs. Thus it will be seen that races with a +nasal index of more than 100 have a nose wider than it is long. This +is a marked characteristic of the Aeta. Of the 76 Aeta I measured, +25 were _ultraplatyrhinian_--that is, had a nasal index greater than +109. One individual, a female, showed the surprising index of 140.7, +the greatest so far recorded to my knowledge. The greatest nasal +index among the males was 130.7. Only one example of a _mesorhine_ +nose was noted, also of a female, and but 7 _platyrhine._ The most +of them belonged in the _hyperplatyrhine_ group. The following table +will show the proper classification of the individuals measured by me: + + + Nasal index of Zambales Negritos + + Group Sex and number + Males Females + + Mesorhine (69.5-81.4) -- 1 + Platyrhine (81.5-87.8) 3 4 + Hyperplatyrhine (87.9-108.8) 27 16 + Ultraplatyrhine (109 and over) 51 10 + + +The shape of the eye varies from the round negroid of the pure bloods +to the elongated mongoloid in the case of mixed types. The color of +the eyes is a very dark brown or black. The lips are medium thick, far +less thick than the lips of the African negro, and are not protruding. + +The hair of the Aeta is uniformly kinky in the case of the pure +types. Individuals were noted with other negroid features but with +curly hair, showing a probable mixture of blood. The hair grows low +on the forehead and is very thick. Eyebrows are not heavy, save in +particular instances, and beard is very scanty, though all adult +males have some beard. There is very little body hair on adults +of either Sex, except in the axillary and pubic regions, and it is +scant even in these places. The northern Negritos have practically +none in the armpits. Two or three old men were seen with a coating of +hair over the back, chest, and legs. The head hair is uniformly of a +dirty black color, in some instances sunburned on top to a reddish +brown. It turns gray at a comparatively early age, and baldness is +frequent. (See Pls. XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV, XVI.) + +In the case of women the hair is generally allowed to grow long, +and in this tangled, uncombed state furnishes an excellent breeding +place for vermin. However, if the vermin become troublesome the hair +is sometimes cut short. (See Pl. XVII.) The cutting is done with +the ever-useful bolo or sharp knife and is a somewhat laborious and +painful process. Sometimes the hair may be cropped behind and left +long on top. This is a favorite style of wearing it among the men, +and is frequently followed by the women. Attempt is seldom made to +comb the hair, but frequent vermin-catching onslaughts are made, the +person performing the work using a sharp piece of bamboo to separate +the tangled kinks and to mash the offending parasite against the +thumb nail. In Bataan the Negritos sometimes shave a circular place +on the crown, but I am not informed as to the reason. The practice +is not followed in Zambales. + +The color of the skin is a dark chocolate brown rather than black, +and on unexposed portions of the body approaches a yellowish tint of +the Malayan. The loathsome skin disease common in the northern region +of Luzon gives it a mottled appearance. + +The Aeta have practically no prognathism. The hands are not large, but +the feet are larger in proportion to the size of the body than those +of Filipinos. The toes are spreading, and the large toe frequently +extends inward so much as to attract attention, though this can not be +said to be a marked characteristic of all individuals. It may be caused +by a constant practice of the tree climber--that of grasping a branch +between the large toes and the other toes. I have seen Negrito boys who +would use their feet in this respect as well as they used their hands. + + + +Permanent Adornment + + +The custom prevails throughout the entire Negrito territory of +sharpening the teeth. Usually only the upper teeth are so treated, but +numerous cases were noted where the teeth were sharpened both above +and below, and still there were others where they were not sharpened +at all. This sharpening is not performed at any certain age, and it +is apparently not obligatory; I do not believe parents compel their +children to submit to this practice. The object seems to be largely +for the sake of adornment, but the Negritos say that sharpened teeth +enable them to cat corn with greater ease. The sharpening is done by +placing the blade of a bolo against the part of the tooth to be broken +away and giving it a sharp rap with a piece of wood. The operation, +called "ta-li-han," is a somewhat delicate one, requiring care to +prevent breaking through into the soft part of the tooth and exposing +the nerve, and is no doubt practiced by only one or two persons in +a group, though this fact could not be ascertained. Notwithstanding +this mutilation, the teeth seem to be remarkably healthy and well +preserved except in old age. + +In like manner each group of people possesses its scarifier, who +by practice becomes adept. Scarification simply for purposes of +ornamentation is not practiced to any great extent by the Negritos +around Pinatubo. They burn themselves for curative purposes (see +Chap. VI) and are sometimes covered with scars, but not the kind +of scars produced by incisions. Only occasionally is the latter +scarification seen near Pinatubo. In regions where it is common the +work is usually done at the age of 15 or 16, although it may be done +at any age. The incisions are made with a knife or a very sharp piece +of cane, and generally follow some regular design. Scarification is +called "ta-bad," and it has no other significance than adornment. The +parts of the body usually marked are the breast, shoulders, and back, +although scars are occasionally seen on the legs. + + + +Clothing and Dress + + +The clothing of the Negrito consists simply of the breechcloth and an +occasional cast-off shirt given him by some Filipino in exchange for +articles. Sometimes in cases of extreme prosperity he may possess +a hat and a pair of trousers. The latter garment is usually worn, +however, only by the chief man or "capitan" of the tribe, and the +rank and file wear only the breechcloth. + +A strip of cloth fastened around the waist and extending to the +knees serves a woman for a dress. With unmarried girls this strip +may be wound under the arms and so cover the breast. Rarely a short +camisa is worn, but seldom do the camisa and the saya, or skirt, +join. Sometimes, owing to the scarcity of cloth, a narrow strip will +be worn over the breast, leaving a broad expanse of dark skin between +it and the saya. (Pls. XXIX et seq.) + +If given their choice among a variety of colors the Negritos always +select black for their breechcloth and saya, because, they explain, +the black will not show dirt as will other colors. Gaudy colors seem +to attract and will be readily accepted as gifts if nothing else is at +hand; yet I had some difficulty in disposing of a bolt of red cloth I +had taken among them, and finally had to take the greater part of it +back to the pueblo and exchange it for black. So far as I could learn +the breechcloth and saya are never washed, and any cloth other than +black would soon lose its original color. The cloth used by Negritos +is procured in trade from the Christian towns. + +In the less easily accessible regions where the wilder Negritos live +the breechcloth and saya are made of the inner bark of certain trees +which is flayed until it becomes soft and pliable. + +The Negrito takes little pride in his personal appearance, and hence is +not given to elaborate ornamentation. The women wear seed necklaces, +called "col-in'-ta," of black, white, and brown seeds, sometimes of a +single solid color and sometimes with the colors alternating. I have +also seen necklaces of small stones, hard berries of some sort, pieces +of button or bone, and little round pieces of wood. Some women possess +glass beads secured in trade from the Christianized natives. Often two +or three white or black beads are used for ear ornaments, though it is +not a very common practice to puncture the ears for this purpose as in +Bataan, where leaves and flowers are often worn stuck in a hole through +the lobe of the ear. What appears to be a necklace and really answers +the purpose of such is a string of dried berries, called "a-mu-yong'," +which are said to be efficacious for the pangs of indigestion. (See +Pl. XXXV.) When the Negrito feels a pain within him he pulls off +a berry and eats it. One may see a string with just a few berries, +and again a complete necklace of them, evidently just put on. These +are worn by both sexes and are so worn for the sake of convenience +as much as with the idea of ornamentation, for the Negrito has no +pocket. Necklaces of fine woven strips of bejuco or vegetable fiber +are sometimes seen but are not common. These strands are woven over +a piece of cane, the lengthwise strands being of one color, perhaps +yellow, and the crosswise strands black, giving a very pretty effect +and making a durable ornament which the Negritos call "la-lao'." + +Hair ornaments are not generally worn, but nearly every Negrito, +male and female, especially in southern Zambales and Bataan, +possesses one or more of the so-called combs of bamboo. A single +style prevails over the entire Negrito territory, differing only +in minor details. A section of bamboo or mountain cane, varying in +length from 5 to 10 inches, is split in thirds or quarters and one of +these pieces forms the body of the comb. Teeth are cut at one end and +the back is ornamented according to the taste of the maker by a rude +carving. This carving consists simply of a series of lines or cuts, +following some regular design into which dirt is rubbed to make it +black. The combs may be further decorated with bright-colored bird +feathers fastened with beeswax or gum to the concave side of the end +which has no teeth. The feathers may be notched saw-tooth fashion +and have string tassels fastened to the ends. In lieu of feathers +horsehair and a kind of moss or other plant fiber are often used. The +most elaborate decorations were noticed only in the north, while +the combs of the south have either no ornamentation or have simply +the hair or moss. These combs, which the Negritos call "hook'-lay," +are made and worn by both men and women, either with the tasseled and +feathered ends directly in front or directly behind. (See Pl. XXXVI.) + +Leglets of wild boars' bristles, called "a-ya-bun," are more common +in the south than in the north. These are made by taking a strip of +bejuco and fastening the bristles to it so that they stand out at +right angles to the leg of the wearer. They are used only by men and +are worn on either leg, usually on the right just below the knee. The +Negritos say these leglets give the wearer greater powers of endurance +and are efficacious in making long journeys less tiresome. "For is +not the wild boar the most hardy of all animals?" they ask. This idea +is further carried out in the wearing of pieces of boars' skin with +the hair attached, which may often be seen tied around the legs or +wrists. Deerskin, which is quite as common among the Negritos, is never +used in such fashion. Metal rings and bracelets are entirely unknown +among the Negritos except where secured from the coast towns. (See +Pl. XXXVII.) + + + + +CHAPTER IV + +INDUSTRIAL LIFE + + + +Home Life + + +The general condition of the Negritos, although not one of extreme +misery, is indeed pitiable. Their life is a continual struggle for +sufficient food, but their efforts to provide for themselves stop short +at that; clothing and houses are of secondary importance. The average +Negrito takes little pride in his dwelling place. A shelter sufficient +to turn the beating rains is all he asks. He sees to it that the hut is +on ground high enough so that water will not stand in it; then, curled +up beside his few coals of fire, he sleeps with a degree of comfort. + +The most easily constructed hut, and therefore the most common, +consists simply of two forked sticks driven into the ground so they +stand about 8 feet apart and 4 feet high. A horizontal piece is laid +in the two forks, then some strips of bamboo are inclined against this +crosspiece, the other ends resting on the ground. Some cross strips are +tied with bejuco to these bamboos and the whole is covered with banana +leaves. With the materials close at hand a half hour is sufficient +for one man to construct such a shelter. Where a comparatively long +residence in one place is contemplated more care may be given the +construction of a house, but the above description will apply to +many dwellings in a rancheria two or three years old. Instead of +two upright pieces make it four, somewhat higher, and place a bamboo +platform within so the occupants do not have to sleep on the ground, +and you have an approved type of Negrito architecture. Sometimes as +an adjunct to this a shelter may be erected in front, provided with +a bamboo seat for the accommodation of visitors. The more prosperous +Negritos in the long-established rancherias have four-posted houses of +bamboo, with roof and sides of cogon grass. The floors are 4 feet from +the ground and the cooking is done underneath the floors. A small fire +is kept burning all night. The inmates of the house sleep just above +it, and in this way receive some benefit of the warmth. If it were not +for these fires the Negrito would suffer severely from cold during the +night, for he possesses no blanket and uses no covering of any sort. + +For two reasons he never lets his fire go out; first, because he likes +to feel the warmth continually, and second, because it is something +of a task to build a fire, once it has gone out. (See Pls. XXXVIII, +XXXIX.) + +The method of making fire used universally by the Negritos of +Zambales is that of the flint and steel, which apparatus they call +"pan'-ting." The steel is prized highly, because it is hard to get; +it is procured in trade from the Christianized natives. Nearly every +Negrito carries a flint and steel in a little grass basket or case +dangling down his back and suspended by a fiber string from his +neck. In the same basket are usually tobacco leaves, buyo, and other +small odds and ends. Sometimes this pouch is carried in the folds of +the breechcloth, which is the only pocket the Negrito possesses. + +The flint-and-steel method of fire making has almost entirely +supplanted the more primitive method of making fire by rubbing two +sticks together; but in some instances this method is still followed, +and everywhere the Negritos know of it. They do not know whether the +method is original with them or, not, but they admit they borrowed +the flint-and-steel idea from the Filipinos. When the friction process +is employed a piece of bamboo with a hole in it, in which are firmly +held some fine shavings or lint, is violently rubbed crosswise against +the edge of another piece until the friction ignites the lint. It is +called "pan-a-han'." When two men are working together one holds the +lower piece firmly while the other man rubs across it the sharpened +edge of the upper piece. If a man is working alone the piece with the +sharpened edge is held firmly between the ground and the man's waist; +the other piece of bamboo with the slit in is rubbed up and down on +the sharp edge. (See Pls. XL, XLI.) + +In lieu of other vessels, rice and similar foods are cooked in joints +of green bamboo, which are placed in the coals and hot ashes. When +the food is cooked the bamboo is split open and the contents poured +out on banana leaves. This is by far the most common method employed, +though not a few Negritos possess earthenware pots, and some few +have a big iron vessel. Meats are always roasted by cutting into +small bits and stringing on a strip of cane. Maize is roasted on hot +coals. Everything is eaten without salt, although the Negritos like +salt and are very glad to get it. + +It has already been noted that the Negrito has a hard time to get +enough to cat, and for that reason there is scarcely anything in the +animal or vegetable kingdom of his environment of which he does not +make use. He never has more than two meals a day, sometimes only one, +and he will often start early in the morning on a deer hunt without +having eaten any food and will hunt fill late in the afternoon. In +addition to the fish, eels, and crayfish of the streams, the wild boar +and wild chicken of the plain and woodland, he will eat iguanas and +any bird he can catch, including crows, hawks, and vultures. Large +pythons furnish especially toothsome steaks, so he says, but, if so, +his taste in this respect is seldom satisfied, for these reptiles +are extremely scarce. + +Besides rice, maize, camotes, and other cultivated vegetables there +is not a wild tuber or fruit with which the Negrito's stomach is not +acquainted. Even some that in their raw state would be deadly poisonous +he soaks and boils in several waters until the poison is extracted, +and then he eats them. This is the case with a yellow tuber which +he calls "ca-lot'." In its natural form it is covered with stiff +bristles. The Negritos peel off the skin and slice the vegetable +into very thin bits and soak in water two days, after which it is +boiled in two or three waters until it has lost its yellow color. In +order to see if any poison still remains some of it is fed to a dog, +and if he does not die they themselves eat it. In taste it somewhat +resembles cooked rice. This was told me by an old Negrito who I +believe did not possess enough invention to make it up, and is in +part verified by Mr. O. Atkin, division superintendent of Zambales, +who says in a report to the General Superintendent of Education, +October, 1903, concerning the destitution of the town of Infanta, +that the people of that town were forced by scarcity of food to eat +this tuber, there called "co-rot'." He was told that it was soaked in +running water five or six days before cooking, and if not prepared +in this way it would cause severe sickness, even death. In fact, +some cases were known where persons had died eating co-rot'. + +A white, thin-skinned tuber, called "bol'-wi," which is found in the +forests, is highly prized by the Negritos, although it grows so deep +in the ground that the labor of digging it is considerable. Among the +cultivated vegetables are the common butter beans, called "an-tak'," +and black beans, known as "an-tak' ik-no'" or "sitting-down beans" +from the fact that the pods curl up at one end. Ga-bi and bau'-gan +are white tubers, and u'-bi a dark-red tuber--which they eat. Other +common products are maize, pumpkins, and camotes. + +The Negrito has ordinarily no table but the bare ground, and at best +a coarse mat; he has no dishes but banana leaves and cocoanut shells, +and no forks or spoons but his fingers. He brings water from a stream +in a piece of bamboo about three joints long in which all but one +joint has been punched out, and drinks it from a piece of cocoanut +shell. If he needs to cut anything to eat he has his ever-ready bolo, +which he may have used a moment before in skinning a pig and which +is never washed. He is repulsively dirty in his home, person, and +everything he does. Nothing is ever washed except his hands and face, +and those only rarely. He never takes a bath, because he thinks that +if he bathes often he is more susceptible to cold, that a covering +of dirt serves as clothing, although he frequently gets wet either +in the rain or when fishing or crossing streams. This is probably +one reason why skin diseases are so common. + + + +Agriculture + + +The Negrito can not by any stretch of imagination be called a +worker. His life for generations has not been such as to teach +habits of industry. But for the fact that he has to do some work +or starve, he would spend all his days in idleness except that time +which he devoted to the chase. Yet when under pressure or urged on by +anticipation of gain from the white man, whose wealth and munificence +appear boundless, he is tireless. He will clear ground for a camp, +cut and split bamboo, and make tables and sleeping platforms, which +he would never think of doing for himself. He can get along without +such things, and why waste the time? Yet when the camp is abandoned +he will carry these things to his house. Most Negritos have seen the +better style of living followed by the more civilized Filipinos in +the outlying barrios; yet they seem to have no desire to emulate it, +and I believe that the lack of such desire is due to a disinclination +to perform the necessary manual labor. + +By far the greater part of the Negrito's energies are directed to +the growing of tobacco, maize, and vegetables. He does not plant rice +to any extent. All planting is done in cleared spots in the forest, +because the soil is loose and needs no plowing as in the case of +the lowland. The small trees and underbrush are cut away and burned +and the large trees are killed, for the Negrito has learned the two +important things in primitive farming--first, that the crops will not +thrive in the shade, and second, that a tree too large to cut may be +killed by cutting a ring around it to prevent the flow of sap. The +clearings are never large. + +Usually each family has its clearing in a separate place, though +sometimes two or more families may cultivate adjoining clearings. The +places are selected with a view to richness of soil and ease in +clearing. In addition to preparing the ground it is necessary to build +a fence around the clearing in order to keep out wild hogs. A brush +fence is constructed by thrusting sticks in the ground a few inches +apart and twining brush between them. + +All work of digging up the soil, planting, and cultivating is done +with sharpened sticks of hard wood, sometimes, but not always, pointed +with iron, for iron is scarce. This instrument is called "ti-ad'," +the only other tool they possess being the bolo, with which they do +all the cutting. + +Men, women, and children work in these clearings, but I did not see +any division of labor, except that the men, being more adept with +the bolo, do whatever cutting there is to be done. Once planted, the +weeding and care of the crops falls largely on the women and children, +while the men take their ease or hunt and fish. + +The piece of ground for planting is regarded as the personal property +of the head of the family which cleared it, and he can sell it or +otherwise dispose of it at his pleasure. No one else would think +of planting on it even though the owner has abandoned it, unless he +declared that he had no more use for it, then it could be occupied +by anyone else. + +An instance of the respect which the Negritos have for the property +rights of others was given me by a native of the town of Botolan. His +grandfather had acquired a piece of land near Mount Pinatubo from +a Negrito who had committed some crime in his rancheria and fled to +the pueblo to escape death. In return for protection the Negrito had +given him the land. This fact became known to the other Negritos, +but although the new owner made no use of the land whatever, and +never even visited it, it has never been molested or cultivated by +others. Now two generations later they have sent down to the grandson +of the first Filipino owner asking permission to buy the land. Land +may be sold to others, but of course there exists no record of such +transactions other than that of memory. + + + +Manufacture and Trade + + +The Negrito knows little of the art of making things. Aside from the +bows and arrows which he constructs with some degree of skill he has +no ingenuity, and his few other products are of the most crude and +primitive type. The bows of the Negritos of Zambales are superior to +any the writer has seen in the Philippines. They are made from the +wood of the well-known _palma brava_ and are gracefully cut and highly +polished. The strings are of twisted bark, as soft and pliable and +as strong as thongs of deerskin. Although made from the same wood, +the bows of the Negritos of Negros are not nearly so graceful, and +the strings consist simply of one piece of bejuco with a small loop +at either end which slips over the end of the bow, and, once on, can +neither be loosened nor taken up. The Negritos of Panay generally use +a bamboo bow, much shorter and clumsier than those of _palma brava._ + +Also, while the Negritos of the southern islands generally use +arrows with hardwood points and without feathered shafts, those +used in Zambales are triumphs of the arrow maker's art. In either +case the shafts are of the light, hard, and straight mountain cane, +but instead of the clumsy wooden points the Zambales Negritos make a +variety of iron points for different purposes, some, as for large game, +with detachable points. (See Pl. XLII.) The shafts are well feathered +with the feathers of hawks and other large birds. Three feathers are +placed about the arrow and securely wrapped at each end with a thin +strip of bejuco or some strong grass. + +The war arrows, in addition to having more elaborately barbed points, +are further embellished by incised decorations the entire length of +the shaft. These incisions consist simply of a series of lines into +which dirt has been rubbed so that they offer a striking contrast to +the white surface of the arrow. + +The women weave some coarse baskets out of bamboo, but they are +neither well shaped nor pretty. Sometimes to adorn them one strand +or strip of bamboo is stained black and the other left its natural +color. Other objects of manufacture are their ornaments, already +described in Chapter III, and musical instruments. (See Chap. VI.) + +The Negrito knows that the people of the lowlands for some reason +have more food than he. He can not go down and live there and work as +they do, because, being timid by nature, he can not feel secure amid +an alien people, and, besides, he likes his mountain too well to live +contentedly in the hot plains. He makes nothing that the lowlands want, +but he knows they use, in the construction of their houses, bejuco, +of which his woods are full, and he has learned that they value +beeswax, which he knows where to find and how to collect. Moreover, +there are certain mountain roots, such as wild ginger, that have a +market value. His tobacco also finds a ready sale to the Filipinos. + +The bolo is the only tool necessary to cut and strip the bejuco, +which he ties into bunches of one hundred and takes into his hut for +safety until such a time as a trade can be made. These bunches never +bring him more than a peseta each. He collects the beeswax from a +nest of wild bees which he has smoked out, melts it, and pours it +into a section of bamboo. + +It is not always necessary that he take his products down to the town, +for the Filipinos are eager enough to trade with him to go out to his +rancheria carrying the little cloth, rice, iron, or steel that he is +willing to take for his hard-gained produce. Perhaps the townspeople +go out because they can drive better bargains. However that may be, +the Negrito always gets the worst of the deal, whether in town or at +his own home. + + + +Hunting and Fishing + + +The Negrito is by instinct, habits, and of necessity a hunter. Although +he has advanced somewhat beyond that stage of primitive life where man +subsists wholly from the fruits of the chase, yet it is so necessary +to him that were he deprived of it the existence of his race would be +seriously threatened. Since the chase has furnished him a living for +centuries, it is not strange that much of the ingenuity he possesses +should be devoted to the construction of arms and traps and snares +with which he may kill or capture the creatures of the woods and +streams. His environment does not supply a great variety of game, +but there are always deer and wild boars in abundance. Then there are +wild chickens and many birds which none but the Negrito would think +of eating, and the mountain streams have a few small fish. + +It is the capture of the deer which makes the greatest demands on +the Negrito's skill. Doubtless his first efforts in this direction +were to lie in wait by a run and endeavor to get a shot at a passing +animal. But this required an infinite amount of patience, for the deer +has a keen nose, and two or three days might elapse before the hunter +could get even a glimpse of the animal. So he bethought himself of a +means to entrap the deer while he rested at home. At first he made +a simple noose of bejuco so placed in the run that the deer's head +would go through it and it would close on his neck like a lasso. But +this was not very effective. In the first place it was necessary +that the run be of the right width with underbrush on either side, +because if the noose were too large the deer might jump through it +and if too small he might brush it to one side. + +The results of this method were so uncertain that the practice has +fallen into disuse. Recourse is now had to the deadly "belatic." I +do not believe that this trap, which is common nearly all over the +Philippines, is original with the Negrito. It is probably the product +of the Malayan brain. A trap almost identical with this and called +"belantay" is described by Mr. Abraham Hale [18] as belonging to the +Sakai of the Malay Peninsula, whom the Philippine Negrito resembles +in many ways. The similarity between the two words "belatic" and +"belantay" is apparent. In Ilokano and Pampanga this trap is called +"balantic," accented, like the Sakai term, on the last syllable. In +Tagalog and Bisayan the letter "n" is dropped and the word is +pronounced "be-lat'-ic." Mr. Hale does not state whether the word is +Sakai or is borrowed from the Malay. But according to Clifford and +Swettenham's Malay Dictionary the pure Malay term is "belante," which, +as it is even more similar to the terms in use in the Philippines, +puts an end to the doubt concerning the origin of the word. + +The belatic consists of a long arrow or spear, which is driven, +with all the force of a drawn bough or other piece of springy wood, +across the path of the animal which strikes the cord, releasing the +spring. (See fig. 1.) + +When the string C is struck it pulls the movable ring G, releasing K, +which immediately flies up, releasing the string I and hence the spring +F. The spear, which is usually tied to the end of the spring, though it +may simply rest against it, immediately bounds forward, impaling the +animal. The spring is either driven into the ground or is firmly held +between the two uprights L. This trap is almost invariably successful. + +Wild chickens and birds are caught with simple spring traps. The +hungry bird tugging at an innocent-appearing piece of food releases a +spring which chokes him to death. The noose snare for catching wild +chickens invented by the Christianized natives is also used to some +extent by the Negritos. This trap consists of a lot of small nooses +of rattan or bejuco so arranged on a long piece of cane that assisted +by pegs driven into the ground they retain an upright position. This +is arranged in convex form against a wall or thicket of underbrush so +that a bird can not enter the space thus inclosed except by way of +the trap. In this inclosed area is placed a tame cock whose crowing +attracts the wild one. The latter, spoiling for a fight, makes for +the noisy challenger and runs his head through a noose which draws +the tighter the more he struggles. + +The Negrito, as has been said, is remarkably ingenious in the +construction of arrows. Those with which he hunts the deer are +provided with cruelly barbed, detachable iron point. (Figs. 8, +9, Pl. XLII.) When the animal is struck the point leaves the +shaft, unwinding a long woven coil with which the two are fastened +together. The barbs prevent the point from tearing out of the flesh and +the dangling shaft catches on the underbrush and serves to retard the +animal's flight. In spite of this, however, the stricken deer sometimes +gets away, probably to die a lingering death with the terrible iron +point deeply embedded in its flesh. A similar arrow is mentioned by +De Quatrefages as having been found by Alan among the Mincopies of +the Andamans. [19] + +The arrows which are used to kill smaller animals and birds have +variously shaped iron heads without barbs. (Figs. 10, 11, 12, 13, +Pl. XLII.) However, in shooting small birds a bamboo arrow is used. One +end is split a little way, 5 or 6 inches, into three, four, or five +sections. These are sharpened and notched and are held apart by small +wedges securely fixed by wrappings of cord. If the bird is not impaled +on one of the sharp points it may be held in the fork. (Figs. 2, +3, 4, Pl. XLII.) The fish arrows have long, slender, notched iron +points roughly resembling a square or cylindrical file. The points +are from 4 to 8 inches in length. Sometimes they are provided with +small barbs. (Figs. 5, 6, 7, Pl. XLII.) + +The Negritos of Zambales are not so expert in the use of bows and +arrows as their daily use of these weapons would seem to indicate. They +seldom miss the larger animals at close range, but are not so lucky +in shooting at small objects. I have noticed that they shoot more +accurately upward into the trees than horizontally. For instance, +a boy of 10 would repeatedly shoot mangoes out of a tree, but when I +posted a mark at 30, yards and offered a prize for the best shot no +one could hit it. + +The Negritos usually hunt in bands, and, because they have little +else to do and can go out and kill a deer almost any time, they +do not resort much to the use of traps. A long line of thirty men +winding down the path from their village, all armed with bows twice +their height and a handful of arrows, their naked bodies gleaming +in the early morning sun, presents a truly novel sight. They have +with them five or six half-starved dogs. When the haunts of the deer +are reached, a big gully cutting through the level table-land, thick +with cane and underbrush through which a tiny stream finds its way, +half a dozen boys plunge into the depths with the dogs and the rest +walk along either side or lie in wait at runs. The Negritos in the +thicket yell continually and beat the brush, but the dogs are silent +until game is scented. Then the cries of the runners are redoubled +and the din warns those lying in wait to be alert. Presently from +one of the many runs leading out of the ravine a deer appears and, +if there happens to be a Negrito on the spot, gets an arrow. But, +unless vitally wounded, on he goes followed by the dogs, which never +give up the chase of a wounded deer. When a deer is killed it is hung +up in a tree and the hunt proceeds. + +Sometimes the thick canebrakes along the river beds are beaten up in +this way, or the lightly timbered mountain ravines; for the Negrito +knows that the deer lie in a cool, sheltered place in the daytime and +come forth to browse only at night. On clear, moonlight nights they +sometimes attempt to stalk the deer while grazing in the open field, +but are not usually successful. Quite often in the chase a long rope +net, resembling a fish net but much coarser and stronger, is placed +in advance of the beating party in some good position where the deer +is likely to run if started up. These are absolutely sure to hold the +deer should the unfortunate animal run into them--a thing which does +not happen often. + +The Negritos are tireless in the chase. They will hunt all day without +eating, unless they happen to run across some wild fruit. Women +frequently take part, especially if dogs are scarce, and they run +through the brush yelping to imitate the dogs. But they never carry +or use the bows and arrows. This seems to be the especial privilege +of the men. Boys from an early age are accustomed to their use and +always take part in the hunt, sometimes performing active service +with their little bows, but girls never touch them. Not infrequently +the runners in the brush emerge carrying wild pigs which they have +seared up and killed, and if, by chance, a big snake is encountered, +that ends the hunt, for the capture of a python is an event. The snake +is killed and carried in triumph to the village, where it furnishes +a feast to all the inhabitants. + +This sketch of hunting would not be complete without mention of +a necessary feature of every successful hunt--the division of the +spoils. When the hunt is ended the game is carried back to the village +before the division is made, provided the hunters are all from the +same place. If two or more villages have hunted together the game +is divided in the field. A bed of green rushes or cane is made on +which the animal is placed and skinned. This done, the bead man of +the party, or the most important man present, takes a small part +of the entrails or heart, cuts it into fine bits and scatters the +pieces in all directions, at the same time chanting in a monotone +a few words which mean "Spirits, we thank you for this successful +hunt. Here is your share of the spoils." This is done to feed and +appease the spirits which the Negritos believe inhabit all places, +and the ceremony is never neglected. Then the cutting up and division +of the body of the animal takes place. The head and breast go to the +man who first wounded the deer, and, if the shot was fatal, he also +receives the backbone--this always goes to the man who fired the fatal +shot. One hind quarter goes to the owner of the dog which seared up +the deer, and the rest is divided as evenly as possible among the +other hunters. Every part is utilized. The Negritos waste nothing +that could possibly serve as food. The two hunts I accompanied were +conducted in the manner I have related, and I was assured that this +was the invariable procedure. + +The mountain streams of the Negrito's habitat do not furnish many +fish, but the Negrito labors assiduously to catch what he can. In +the larger streams he principally employs, after the manner of the +Christianized natives, the bamboo weir through which the water can +pass but the fish can not. In the small streams he builds dams of +stones which he covers with banana leaves. Then with bow and arrow +he shoots the fish in the clear pool thus formed. Not infrequently +the entire course of a creek will be changed. A dam is first made +below in order to stop the passage of the fish, and after a time the +stream is dammed at some point above in such a way as to change the +current. Then, as the water slowly runs out of the part thus cut off, +any fish remaining are easily caught. + + + + +CHAPTER V + +AMUSEMENTS + + + +Games + + +A gambling game was the only thing observed among the Negritos of +Zambales which had the slightest resemblance to a game. Even the +children, who are playful enough at times, find other means of amusing +themselves than by playing a systematic game recognized as such and +having a distinct name. However, they take up the business of life, +the quest for food, at too early an age to allow time, to hang heavy, +and hence never feel the need of games. Probably the fascination of +bow and arrow and the desire to kill something furnish diversion enough +for the boys, and the girls, so far as I could see, never play at all. + +The game of dice, called "sa'-ro," is universal. Instead of the +familiar dots the marks on the small wooden cubes are incised lines +made with a knife. These lines follow no set pattern. One pair of dice +which I observed were marked as shown in fig. 2. The player has five +chances, and if he can pair the dice one time out of five he wins, +otherwise he loses. Only small objects, such as camotes, rough-made +cigars, or tobacco leaves, are so wagered. A peculiar feature of the +game is the manner in which the dice are thrown. The movement of the +arm is an inward sweep, which is continued after the dice leave the +hand, until the hand strikes the breast a resounding whack; at the +same time the player utters a sharp cry much after the manner of +the familiar negro "crap shooter." The Negritos do not know where +they got the game, but say that it has been handed down by their +ancestors. It might be thought that the presence of a negro regiment +in the province has had something to do with it, but I was assured by +a number of Filipinos who have long been familiar with the customs of +the Negritos that they have had this game from the first acquaintance +of the Filipinos with them. + + + +Music + + +In their love for music and their skill in dancing Negritos betray +other striking Negroid characteristics. Their music is still of the +most primitive type, and their instruments are crude. But if their +notes are few no fault can be found with the rhythm, the chief +requisite for an accompaniment to a dance. Their instruments are +various. The simple jew's-harp cut from a piece of bamboo and the +four-holed flutes (called "ban'-sic") made of mountain cane (figs. 6, +7, Pl. XLVI) are very common but do not rise to the dignity of dance +instruments. Rarely a bronze gong (fig. 1, Pl. XLVI), probably of +Chinese make, has made its way into Negrito hands and is highly prized, +but these are not numerous--in fact, none was seen in the northern +region, but in southern Zambales and Bataan they are occasionally used +in dances. The most common instrument is the bamboo violin. (Fig. 2, +Pl. XLVI.) It is easy to make, for the materials are ready at hand. A +section of bamboo with a joint at each end and a couple of holes cut +in one side furnishes the body. A rude neck with pegs is fastened to +one end and three abaca strings of different sizes are attached. Then +with a small bow of abaca fiber the instrument is ready for use. No +attempt was made to write down the music which was evolved from this +instrument. It consisted merely in the constant repetition of four +notes, the only variation being an occasional change of key, but it +was performed in excellent time. + +Rude guitars are occasionally found among the Negritos. They are made +of two pieces of wood; one is hollowed out and has a neck carved at +one end, and a flat piece is glued to this with gum. These instruments +have six strings. If a string breaks or becomes useless it is only +a question of cutting down a banana stalk and stripping it for a new +one. These guitars and violins are by no means common, though nearly +every village possesses one. The ability to play is regarded as an +accomplishment. A stringed instrument still more primitive is made +from a single section of bamboo, from which two or three fine strips +of outer bark are split away in the center but are still attached +at the ends. These strips are of different lengths and are held +apart from the body and made tight with little wedges. (Figs. 4, 5, +Pl. XLVI.) Another instrument is made by stretching fiber strings over +bamboo tubes, different tensions producing different tones. (Figs. 8, +9, Pl. XLVI.) These simpler instruments are the product of the +Negrito's own brain, but they have probably borrowed the idea of +stringed violins and guitars from the Christianized natives. + +The Negritos of the entire territory have but two songs, at least so +they affirmed, and two were all I heard. Strange as it may seem, at +least one of these is found at both the extreme ends of the region. An +extended acquaintance with them might, and probably would, reveal +more songs, but they are reluctant to sing before white men. One of +these songs, called "du-nu-ra," is a kind of love song. Owing to the +extreme embarrassment of the performer I was able to hear it only by +going into my tent where I could not see the singer. It consisted of +a great many verses--was interminable, in fact. + +The second of the two songs was called "tal-bun'." This is sung on +festive occasions, especially when visitors come. The words are +improvised to suit the occasion, but the tune and the manner of +rendering never vary. + +Five or six men, each holding with one hand the flowing end of the +breechcloth of the one in front or with the hand on his shoulder and +the other hand shading the mouth, walk slowly about a circle in a +crouching posture, their eyes always cast on the ground. Presently +the leader strikes a note, which he holds as long as possible and +which the others take up as soon as he has sounded it. This is kept +up a few minutes, different tones being so sounded and drawn out as +long as the performers have breath. The movement becomes more rapid +until it is nearly a run, when the performers stop abruptly, back a +few steps, and proceed as before. After they have about exhausted the +gamut of long-drawn "O's" they sing the words, usually a plea for some +favor or gift, being first sung by the leader and repeated after him +by the chorus. I did not get the native words of the song I heard, +but it was translated to me as follows: + + We are singing to the American to show him what we can do; + perhaps if we sing well he will give us some rice or some cloth. + +The words are repeated over and over, with only the variation of +raising or lowering the tone. At intervals all the performers stop +and yell at the top of their voices. Sometimes a person on the +outside of the circle will take up the strain on a long-held note +of the singers. This song also serves for festive occasions, such as +weddings. (See Pl. XLVII.) + + + +Dancing + + +Dancing forms the chief amusement of the Negritos and allows an +outlet for their naturally exuberant spirits. I had no more than set, +up camp near the first rancheria I visited than I was entertained by +dancing. Among the Negritos helping me was one with an old violin, +and as soon as a place was cleared of brush and the tent was up +he struck up a tune. Whereupon two or three youngsters jumped out +and performed a good imitation of a buck-and-wing dance. However, +dancing is not generally indulged in by everybody, but two or three +in every rancheria are especially adept at it. Aside from the general +dances, called "ta-li'-pi," which consist of a series of heel-and-toe +movements in excellent time to the music of violin or guitar, and +which are performed on any occasion such as the setting up of my +tent, there are several mimetic dances having a special character or +meaning. Such are the potato dance, the bee dance, the torture dance, +the lover's dance, and the duel dance. (See Pls. XLVIII, XLIX.) + + + +The Potato Dance, or Pina Camote + + +Only one person takes part in the potato dance. At first the +performer leaps into the open space and dances around in a circle, +clapping his hands as if warming up, the usual preliminary to all +the dances. Presently in pantomime he finds a potato patch, and +goes through the various motions of digging the potatoes, putting +them in a sack, and throwing the sack over his shoulder, all the +time keeping close watch to prevent his being caught in the act of +stealing. He comes to the brush fence which surrounds every "caingin," +draws his bolo, cuts his way through, and proceeds until he comes to +a river. This is significant as showing that the potato patch he is +robbing does not belong to anyone in his own village but is across a +river which he must pass on his way home. He sounds for deep water +with a stick. It is too deep, and he tries another place. Here he +loses his footing, drops his sack, and the swift current carries it +beyond his reach. While going through the various motions necessary +to depict these actions the movement of the dance is kept up, the +body bent forward in a crouching position, the feet leaving the ground +alternately in rapid motion but never out of time with the music. Such +agility and tirelessness one could scarcely find anywhere else. + + + +The Bee Dance, or Pina Pa-ni-lan + + +This dance is also performed by one person and in a similar manner +as the potato dance. A piece of cloth tied to a pole serves as a +nest of bees. The performer dances around the circle several times; +presently he spies the nest and approaches slowly, shading his eyes +for a better view. Having satisfied himself that he has really made +a find, he lights a smudge, goes through the motion of climbing the +tree, and in holding the smudge under the nest he is stung several +times and has to retreat. This is repeated until all the bees are +smoked out and the honey is gathered. Then comes a feast in which, +drunk with honey, he becomes hilarious. + + + +The Torture Dance + + +This dance, which commemorates the capture of an enemy, is performed +in much the same manner as the "talbun" except that there is no song +connected with it. The captive is bound to a stake in the center and +a dozen men circle slowly around him, in the same manner as already +described, one hand over the mouth and uttering long-drawn notes. The +movement becomes faster and faster until it consists wholly of frenzied +leaps, and the performers, worked up to the proper pitch draw their +bolos, close in on their victim, and slash him to pieces. + +When executed at night in the light of a bonfire this dance is most +grotesque and terrible. The naked black bodies, gleaming in the fire, +the blood-curdling yells, and the demoniacal figures of the howling, +leaping dancers, remind one of the Indian war dances. + +The dance seems to be a relic of more barbarous days when the Negritos +were, in truth, savages. They say that they never kill a prisoner in +this manner now, but that when they find it necessary to put a man +to death they do it in the quickest manner possible with a single +blow of the knife. (See Pl. L.) + + + +The Lovers' Dance + + +As might be expected, a man and a woman take part in the lovers' +dance. The women are not such energetic and tireless dancers as the +men, and in the lovers' dance the woman, although keeping her feet +moving in time to the music, performs in an indolent, passive manner, +and does not move from the spot where she begins. But the man circles +about her, casting amorous glances, now coming up quite close, and +then backing away again, and at times clapping his hands and going +through all sorts of evolutions as if to attract the woman. This sort +of thing is kept up until one or both are tired. + + + +The Duel Dance + + +The duel dance is by far the most realistic and interesting of any of +the Negrito dances. Is the name suggests, the dance, is performed by +two men, warriors, armed with bows and arrows and bolos. An oblong +space about 8 feet in width and 15 feet long serves as an arena for +the imaginary conflict. After the musician has got well into his +tune the performers jump into either end of the space with a whoop +and a flourish of weapons, and go through the characteristic Negrito +heel-and-toe movement, all the time casting looks of malignant hate at +each, other but each keeping well to his end of the ring. Then they +advance slowly toward each other, swinging the drawn bow and arrow +into play as if to shoot, then, apparently changing their minds or +the opportunity not being good for a death shot, they withdraw again +to the far ends of the ring. Advancing once more each one throws the +drawn bow and arrow upward, then toward the ground, calling heaven +and earth to witness his vow to kill the other. Presently one gets a +favorable opportunity, his bowstring twangs, and his opponent falls to +the ground. The victor utters a cry of triumph, dances up to the body +of his fallen foe, and cuts off the head with his bolo. He beckons +and cries out to the relatives of the dead man to come and avenge the +deed. Nobody appearing, he bears aloft the head of the enemy, shouting +exultingly and triumphantly as if to taunt them to respond. Still no +one comes. Then after waiting and listening for a time he replaces the +head with the trunk and covers the body over with leaves and dirt. This +ends the dance. Ordinarily it requires fifteen minutes for the full +performance. During this time the one who by previous arrangement +was to be the victor never for a single instant pauses or loses step. + + + + +CHAPTER VI + +GENERAL SOCIAL LIFE + + + +The Child + + +I was unable to learn anything in support of Montano's statement +that immediately after the birth of a child the mother rushes to a +river with it and plunges into the cold water. [20] On the contrary, +the child is not washed at all until it is several days old, and +the mother does not go to the stream until at least two days have +elapsed. It is customary to bury the placenta. The birth of a child +is not made the occasion of any special festivity. The naming is +usually done on the day of birth, but it may be done any time within +a few days. It is not common for the parents of the child to do the +naming, though they may do so, but some of the old people of the tribe +generally gather and select the name. Names of trees, objects, animals, +places near which the child was born, or of certain qualities and acts +or deeds all furnish material from which to select. For instance, +if a child is born under a guijo tree he may be called "Guijo;" a +monkey may be playing in the tree and the child will be named "Barac" +(monkey); or if the birth was during a heavy rain the child may be +called "Layos" (flood). Usually the most striking object near at hand +is selected. Like most primitive peoples, the Negritos use only one +name. If the child is sickly or cries very much, the name is changed, +because the Negritos believe that the spirit inhabiting the place +where the child was born is displeased at the choice of the name and +takes this means of showing its displeasure, and that if the name is +not changed the child will soon die. + +Apparently no distinction is made between the names for the two +sexes. The child may be given the name of the father, to whose +name the word "pan," meaning elder, is prefixed for the sake of +distinction. For instance, if a man named Manya should have either +a son or a daughter the child might be called Manya, and the father +would henceforth be known as Pan-Manya. This practice is very common, +and when names like Pan-Benandoc, Pan-Turico, and Pan-Palaquan' are +encountered it may be regarded as a certainty that the owners of these +names have children of the same name without the prefix. Although one +may change his name at any time of life, if the years of infancy are +safely passed, no change is likely to be made. + +It is regarded as a sign of disrespect to address elders or superiors +by name. The word "pan" alone is frequently used. Relatives are +addressed by the term which shows the relationship, as "anac" (son), +and names are used only when speaking of persons and seldom if ever +when speaking to them. + +Parents seem to have great affection for their children, but exact +obedience from them. Punishment is inflicted for small offenses, +striking with the hand being the usual method. I have never seen a +switch used. Sometimes, as in cases of continual crying, the child +is severely pinched in the face or neck. Children also exhibit great +affection for their parents; this continues through life, as is shown +in the care which the aged receive at the hands of their juniors. (See +Pls. LI et seq.) + + + +Marriage + + +Whatever differences there may be in the manner of conducting the +preliminaries to a wedding and of performing the ceremony, there is one +feature that never varies, the gift of some articles of value from the +prospective bridegroom to the parents of the girl he wishes to marry. + +With the Negritos a daughter is regarded as an asset of so much value, +not to be parted with until that price is paid, and, while she is +allowed some freedom in the choice of a husband, parental pressure +usually forces her to the highest bidder. + +The following is the customary procedure: The young man who wishes +to marry and has found a girl to suit him informs his parents of the +fact. He has probably already talked the matter over with the girl, +though not necessarily so. The affair is discussed in the family of +the suitor, the main topic being how much the girl is worth and how +much they can afford to pay. Then either the suitor or some relative +acting for him goes to the parents of the girl to ask if the suit +will be favorably considered. If it will, they return and a few days +later go again bearing presents of tobacco, maize, bejuco, knives, +cloth, forest products, or anything else they may happen to have. If +these gifts are of sufficient value to compensate the father for the +loss of his girl, he gives his consent. Value is determined by the +attractiveness of a girl and hence the probability of her making a +good match, also by her health and strength, as women are good workers +on the little farms. If the first gifts do not come up to the demands +of the girl's parents the wedding can not take place until the amount +lacking is made up. As to the money value of these gifts I have been +told different things by Negritos in different villages, the values +given ranging from 25 pesos to 500 pesos. As a matter of fact this +means nothing, for the Negrito's idea of value as measured by pesos is +extremely vague; but there is no doubt that the gifts made represent +almost all the wealth of which a young man and his family can boast. + +This system of selling girls, for that is what it amounts to, is +carried to an extreme by parents who contract their daughters at an +early age to the parents of some boy, and the children are regarded +as man and wife, though of course each remains with the parents until +the age of puberty is reached. Whether or not the whole payment is +made in the beginning or only enough is paid to bind the bargain, +I do not know, but I do know that cases of this kind may be met with +frequently among the Negritos of Pinatubo, who give as an excuse that +the girl is thus protected from being kidnapped by some neighboring +tribe, the relatives of the boy making common cause with those of the +girl in case anything like this should happen. It seems more likely, +however, that the contract is simply a desire on the part of the +parents of the girl to come into early possession of the things +which are paid for her, and of the parents of the boy to get her +cheaper than they could by waiting until she was of marriageable +age. This practice is not met with in southern Zambales and Bataan, +where marriage does not seem to partake so much of the nature of a +sale but where presents are nevertheless made to a girl's parents. + +If it happens that there is a young man in the girl's family who is +seeking a wife in that of the boy, an even exchange may be made and +neither family has to part with any of its possessions. I was told also +that in lieu of other articles a young man might give a relative to +the bride's family, who was to remain as a sort of slave and work for +his master until he was ransomed by payment of the necessary amount; +or he might buy a person condemned to death and turn him over at an +increased price, or sell children stolen from another barrio. As a +bride may be worth as much as 500 pesos and a slave never more than +40 pesos, it would seem necessary to secure several individuals as +payment. This was told me more than once and in different villages, +but I was unable to find any examples, and am forced to conclude that +if it ever was the practice, it is no longer so, at least among the +"conquistas." As to the true savages, still lurking in the inmost +recesses of the Zambales mountains, I am unable to say. The question +of slavery among Negritos is reserved to another chapter. + + + +Rice Ceremony + + +All the preliminaries having been satisfactorily attended to, +it remains only to perform the ceremony. This proceeding varies +in different sections from practically no ceremony at all in the +Pinatubo region to a rather complicated performance around Subig and +Olongapo. In some of the northern villages, when the matter of payment +has been arranged, a feast and dancing usually follow, in which all +the relatives of both families participate, and after this the couple +go to their own house. There may be two feasts on succeeding days, +one given by the parents of the boy to the relatives of the girl, +and vice versa. If only one feast is given both families contribute +equally in the matter of food. No single act can be pointed out +as constituting a ceremony. In other places, especially at Cabayan +and Aglao, near Santa Fe, an exchange of food between the pair is a +necessary part of the performance. + +A mat is placed on the ground, and in the center is set a dish of +cooked rice or some other food. The pair seat themselves on either +side of the dish, facing each other, while all the relatives and +spectators crowd around. The man takes a small piece of the food and +places it in the mouth of the girl, and she does the same for the +man. At this happy conclusion of the affair all the people around +give a great shout. Sometimes the girl leaps to her feet and runs +away pursued by her husband, who calls after her to stop. This she +does after a little, and the two return together; or they may take +a bamboo tube used for carrying water and set off to the river to +bring water for the others to drink, thus performing in unison the +first act of labor of their married life. + +I was fortunate enough to witness a ceremony where the exchange of food +was the important feature. In this instance a piece of brown bread +which I was about to throw away served as the wedding cake. It seems +that the girl had been contracted by her parents when very young to +a man old enough to be her father, and when the time for the wedding +arrived she refused to have anything to do with it. For two years she +had resisted entreaties and threats, displaying more force of will than +one would expect from a Negrito girl of 15. The man had paid a large +price for her--200 pesos, he said--and the girl's parents did not +have it to return to him. It was suggested that if we made her some +presents it might induce her to yield. She was presented with enough +cloth for two or three camisas and sayas, a mirror, and a string of +beads, and she finally gave an unwilling assent to the entreaties of +her relatives, and the ceremony was performed in the manner already +described. At the conclusion a yell went up from the assembly, and +I, at the request of the capitan, fired three pistol shots into the +air. Everybody seemed satisfied except the poor girl, who still wept +furtively over her new treasures. Some days later, however, when I +saw her she appeared to be reconciled to her fate, and was happy in +the possession of more valuables than any other woman in the rancheria. + + + +Head Ceremony + + +In the southern rancherias a bamboo platform is erected 20 or 30 +feet high, with a ladder leading up to it from the ground. On the +day fixed for the marriage the groom, accompanied by his parents, +goes to the house of the bride and asks for her. They are usually +told that she has gone away, but some small gifts are sufficient +to have her produced, and the whole party proceeds to the place of +marriage. Here bride and groom mount the ladder--some accounts say +the bride is carried up by her prospective father-in-law. + +An old man of the tribe, and, if the platform be large enough, also +the parents of the pair, go up and squat down in the rear. The bride +and bridegroom also squat down facing each other, and the old man +comes forward and knocks their heads together. I was told at Subig +that only the bride and groom mount the platform and seat themselves +for a talk, the relatives remaining below facing each other with +drawn weapons. If by any chance the pair can not agree, it means a +fight. But if they do agree, they descend from the platform and the +head bumping completes the ceremony. This is an extremely unlikely +story, probably the product of Malayan imagination. + + + +"Leput," or Home Coming + + +After the ceremony has been performed the newly wedded pair return +to the home of the girl's parents where they remain a few days. When +the husband possesses enough gifts for his bride to fulfill the +requirements of the leput that important event takes place. + +Although the writer heard repeated accounts of this ceremony in +southern Zambales he never had an opportunity to witness it. However, +the leput is described as follows by Mr. C. J. Cooke, who saw it in +Bataan: [21] + + The bride had already left the home of her mother and formed the + center of a group passing through a grove of heavy timber with + very little underbrush. The evening sun cast strange shadows on + the weird procession as it moved snakelike along the narrow path. + + Occasionally there would be short stops, when the bride would squat + to receive some bribes or tokens from her husband, his relatives, + or friends. Nor would she move until she received something each + time she elected to stop. + + Clad in a bright-red breechcloth and extra-high silk hat was the + capitan who headed the procession. He carried a silver-headed + cane. Next in order came some of the elders of both sexes. Then + came the bride attended by four women and closely followed by + her husband, who also had a like number of attendants. Last + came the main body, all walking in single file. Two musicians + were continually executing a running dance from one end of the + procession to the other and always keeping time with their crude + drums or copper gongs, the noise of which could be heard for + miles around. Whenever they passed the bride they would hold + the instruments high in the air, leaping and gyrating at their + best. When the bride would squat the dancers would even increase + their efforts, running a little way to the front and returning + to the bride as if endeavoring to induce her to proceed. It did + not avail, for she would hot move till she received some trinket. + + In crossing streams or other obstacles the bride was carried + by her father-in-law; the bridegroom was carried by one of his + attendants. Presently they arrived at a critical spot. This is + the place where many a man has to let his wife return to her + mother; for here it is the bride wants to see how many presents + are coming to her. If satisfied, she goes on. In this case there + was a shortage, and everybody became excited. The husband huddled + to the side of his bride and looked into her face with a very + pitiful expression, as if pleading with her to continue. But she + was firm. In a few minutes several people formed a circle and + commenced dancing in the same way as at their religious ceremony, + and chanting low and solemnly an admonition to the husband's + parents and friends to give presents to the bride. This was + repeated several times, when there came a lull. The bride was still + firm in her opinion that the amount offered was insufficient. I + had supplied myself with some cheap jewelry, and a few trinkets + satisfied her desires; so the "music" again started. Louder it + became--wilder--resounding with a thousand echoes, and as the + nude bodies of the Negritos glided at lightning speed from the + glare of one torchlight to the other, with no word uttered but a + continual clangor of the metal gongs, one thought that here was + a dance of devils. + + In due time we came to a place in the path that was bordered + on either side by small strips of bamboo about 3 feet long with + both points sticking in the ground, resembling croquet arches, + six on either side. When the bride arrived there she squatted and + her maids commenced to robe her in a new gown (a la Filipina) + over the one she already had on. She then continued to another + similar place and donned a new robe over those already on. This + was repeated twice, when she arrived at a triumphal arch. There + she donned a very gaudy dress consisting of red waist and blue + skirt, with a large red handkerchief as a wedding veil. + + Rejoicing in her five complete dresses, one over the other, she + passed through the arch and again squatted. Meanwhile a fire was + built midway between the arch and a structure specially prepared + for the couple. All present except those waiting on the groom + and bride joined in a dance around the fire, chanting gleefully + and keeping time with hands and feet. + + All at once the circle divided just in front of the arch; two + persons on opposite sides joined bands overhead. The bride now + stood up, immediately her father-in-law caught her in his arms, + ran under the human arch, and deposited her gently in the house + of his son. When the husband, from where he was squatting under + the arch, saw his bride safely laid in his house his joy knew no + bounds. With a yell he leaped up, swinging his unsheathed bolo over + his head, and in a frenzy jumped over the fire, passed through + the human arch, and with a final yell threw his arms around his + wife in a long embrace. + +The ceremony as above described contains many details which I did not +meet with in Zambales, but the main feature, the sitting down of the +bride to receive her gifts, is the same. + + + +Polygamy and Divorce + + +As might be expected among the Negritos, a man may marry as many +wives as he can buy. His inability to provide the necessary things +for her purchase argues against his ability to provide food for +her. Hence it is only the well-to-do that can afford the luxury of +more than one wife. Visually this practice is confined to the capitan +or head man of the tribe, and even he seldom has more than two wives, +but one case was noticed in the village of Tagiltil, where one man +had seven. At Cabayan the capitan had two wives, a curly-haired one, +and a straight-haired one, the latter the daughter of Filipinos who +had taken up their abode with the Negritos. (See Pl. LV.) Polygamy +is allowed throughout the Negrito territory. It is not uncommon for +a man to marry sisters or a widow and her daughter. Marriage between +blood relatives is prohibited. + +Divorce is not very common with the Negritos in Zambales. There +seems to be a sentiment against it. If a man is powerful enough he may +divorce his wife, but if he does so for any other reason than desertion +or unfaithfulness her relatives are likely to make a personal matter +of it and cause trouble. A man and his wife may separate by mutual +agreement and that of their families. In such a case whatever property +they may have is divided equally, but the mother takes the children. + +A more frequent occurrence than that, however, is the desertion of +her husband by a woman who has found some one of greater attractions +elsewhere, probably in another rancheria, but even these cases are +rare. If it is possible to reach the offender the new husband will +have to pay up, otherwise it is necessary for the woman's parents to +pay back to the injured husband all that he has paid for her. But if +the offender is caught and is found to be unable to pay the necessary +price the penalty is death. In any event the husband's interests are +guarded. Ile can either recover on his investment or get revenge. + + + +Burial + + +Notwithstanding the repeated statements of travelers that Negritos +bury their dead under their houses, which are then abandoned, nothing +of this kind was met in Zambales, and Mr. Cooke did not see it in +Bataan. He says that in the latter province the body is placed in a +coffin made by hollowing out a tree, and is buried in some high spot, +but there is no regular burying ground. A rude shed and a fence are +built to protect the grave. + +In Zambales any spot may be selected. The body is wrapped up in a +mat and buried at a depth of 3 or 4 feet to protect it from dogs +and wild boars. With their few tools such interment constitutes an +arduous labor. + +I was unable to learn of any special ceremony performed at a +burial. Montano says they have one, and Mr. Cooke states that all +the relatives of the deceased kneel in a circle around the coffin +and sing a mournful monotone. The Negritos of Zambales repeatedly +affirmed that they had no burial ceremony. + + + +Morals + + +I believe that many of the vices of the Negrito are due to contact +with the Malayan to whom he is, at least in point of truthfulness, +honesty, and temperance, far superior. It is rare that he will tell +a lie unless he thinks he will be greatly benefited by it, and he +seems not to indulge in purposeless lying, as so often do his more +civilized neighbors. So far as my acquaintance with him goes, I never +detected an untruth except one arising from errors of judgment. + +In their dealings with each other there seldom occur disputes among the +Negritos, which in itself is an evidence of their natural honesty. With +Filipinos, they are inclined to accept and respect the opinions of +their more knowing, if less honest, patrons, and take what is offered +for their produce with little protest. It is to be feared, however, +that as they realize the duplicity of the Filipinos they themselves +may begin to practice it. + +Alcoholism is unknown among them, but they drink willingly of the +native drinks, "tuba" and "anisado," whenever it is offered them. They +do not make these beverages. Nowhere does it seem to have gotten a +hold on them, and there are no drunkards. + +The practice of smoking is followed by Negritos of both sexes, old +and young, although they are not such inveterate smokers as are the +Filipinos. The custom prevails of smoking roughly made cigars of +tobacco leaves tied up with a grass string, always with the lighted +end in the mouth. After smoking a few whiffs, the cigar is allowed to +go out, and the stump is tucked away in the breechcloth or behind the +ear for future use. One of these stumps may be seen somewhere about +a Negrito at almost any time. Pipes are never used. + +Very few Negritos chew betel nut, and their teeth, although sharpened +as they are, offer a pleasing contrast to the betel-stained teeth of +the average Filipino. + +While one can not speak authoritatively in regard to relation of the +sexes without a long and close study of their customs, yet all the +evidence at band goes to show that the Negritos as a race are virtuous, +especially when compared with the Christianized natives. Their +statement that death is their penalty for adultery is generally +accepted as true, and probably is, with some modifications. Montano +mentions it twice, [22] and he asserts further in regard to the +Negritos of Bataan that "sexual relations outside of marriage are +exceedingly rare. A young girl suspected of it must forever renounce +the hope of finding a husband." + +In Zambales the Negritos continually assert that adultery is punishable +by death, but closer questioning usually brought out the fact that +the offenders could buy off if they possessed the means. Montano makes +the statement that in case of adultery it is the injured husband who +executes the death sentence. However, the injured husband is satisfied +if he recovers what he paid for his wife in the beginning. In case +of a daughter, the father exacts the payment, and only in case he is +destitute is it likely to go hard with the offender. + +It has been asserted also that theft is punishable by death. The +Negritos say that if a man is caught stealing and can not pay +the injured person whatever he considers the value of the stolen +article and the fine that is assessed against him, he will be put to +death. But, as a matter of fact, it is never done. He is given his time +in which to pay his fine or someone else may pay it; and in the latter +case the offender becomes a sort of slave and works for his benefactor. + +Murder is punishable by death. The victim is executed in the manner +already described in the torture dance. But murder is so rare as to +be almost unknown. The disposition of the Negrito is peaceable and +seldom leads him into trouble. + +Cooke [23] states that as a punishment for lighter offenses the +Negritos of Bataan use an instrument, called "con-de-man," which is +simply a split stick sprung on the neck from six to twenty hours, +according to the degree of the crime, and which is said to be very +painful. Nothing like this was seen in Zambales. + + + +Slavery + + +Notwithstanding the statements of Montano that the Negritos have no +slaves and know nothing of slavery, the reverse is true, in Zambales +at least; so say the Negritos and also the Filipinos who have spent +several years among them. The word "a-li'-pun" is used among them +to express such social condition. As has been stated, a man caught +stealing may become a slave, as also may a person captured from another +rancheria, a child left without support, a person under death sentence, +or a debtor. It was also stated that if a man committed a crime and +escaped a relative could be seized as a slave. It will take a long +acquaintance with the Negritos and an intimate knowledge of their +customs to get at the truth of these statements. + + + +Intellectual Life + + +The countenance of the average Negrito is not dull and passive, +as might reasonably be expected, but is fairly bright and keen, +more so than the average Malayan countenance. The Negrito also has +a look of good nature--a look usually lacking in the Malayan. His +knowledge of things other than those pertaining to his environment is, +of course, extremely limited, but he is possessed of an intellect that +is capable of growth under proper conditions. He always manifests +the most lively interest in things which he does not understand, +and he tries to assign causes for them. + +Natural phenomena he is unable to explain. When the sun sets it +goes down behind a precipice so far off that he could not walk to +it, but he does not know how it gets back to the east. Rain comes +from the clouds, but he does not know how it got there except that +thunder and lightning bring it. These things are incomprehensible to +him and he has apparently invented no stories concerning them. While +thunder and lightning are good because they bring rain, yet if they +are exceedingly violent he becomes afraid and tries to stop them by +burning deer's bones, which, he says, are always efficacious. + +The mathematical knowledge of the Negritos is naturally small. They +count on their fingers and toes, beginning always with the thumb and +great toe. If the things they are counting are more than twenty they +go through the process again, but never repeat the fingers without +first counting the toes. To add they use rice or small stones. They +have no weights or measures except those of the civilized natives, but +usually compare things to be measured with some known object. Distance +is estimated by the time taken to walk it, but they have no conception +of hours. It may take from sunrise until the sun is directly overhead +to go from a certain rancheria to another, but if asked the number of +hours the Negrito is as likely to say three or eight as six. They have +no division of time by weeks or months, but have periods corresponding +to the phase of the moon, to which they give names. The new moon +is called "bay'-un bu'-an," the full moon "da-a'-na bu'-an," and +the waning moon "may-a'-mo-a bu'-an." They determine years by the +planting or harvesting season. Yet no record of years is kept, and +memory seldom goes back beyond the last season. Hence the Negritos +have no idea of age. They know that they are old enough to have +children or grandchildren, and that is as far as their knowledge of +age goes. To count days ahead they tie knots in a string of bejuco +and each day cut off one knot. + +In regard to units of value they are familiar with the peso and other +coins of the Philippines and have vague ideas as to their value. But +one meets persistently the word "tael" in their estimate of the value +of things. A tael is 5 pesos. If asked how much he paid for his wife a +mail may say "luampo fact." Where they got this Chinese term I do not +attempt to say, unless it points to very remote commercial relations +with the Chinese, a thine, which seems incredible. [24] + +The Negritos have developed to a high degree a sense of the dramatic, +and they can relate a tale graphically, becoming so interested in their +account as to seem to for get their surroundings. For instance, a head +man was giving me one night an account of their marriage ceremony. He +went through all the motions necessary to depict various actions, +talking faster and louder as if warming up to his theme, his eyes +sparkling and his face and manner eager. + +They are much like children in their curiosity to see the white +man's belongings, and are as greatly pleased with the gift of a +trinket. Their expressions and actions on beholding themselves in +a mirror for the first time are extremely ludicrous. One man who +had a goatee gazed at it and stroked it with feelings of pride and +admiration not unmixed with awe. + + + +Superstitions + + +It will also take a close acquaintance to learn much of the +superstitious beliefs of the Negritos. Some hints have already been +given in regard to feeding the spirits after a hunt and reasons +for changing names of children. Other superstitious were mentioned, +as the wearing of bracelets and leglets of wild boar's skin and the +burning of deer's bones to scare away thunder. + +The basis of all the superstitious beliefs of the Negritos, what +might else be termed their religion, is the constant presence of the +spirits of the dead near where they lived when alive. All places are +inhabited by the spirits. All adverse circumstances, sickness, failure +of crops, unsuccessful hunts, are attributed to them. So long as things +go well the spirits are not so much considered. There seems to be no +particular worship or offerings to gain the good will of the spirits, +other than the feeding already noted, except in one particular. On +the Tarlac trail between O'Donnell (Tarlac Province) and Botolan +(Zambales Province) there is a huge black bowlder which the Negritos +believe to be the home of one powerful spirit. So far as I could learn, +the belief is that the spirits of all who die enter this one spirit or +"anito" who has its abiding place in this rock. However that may be, +no Negrito, and in fact no Christianized native of Zambales or Tarlac, +ever passes this rock without leaving a banana, camote, or some other +article of food. If they do, bad luck or accident is sure to attend +the trip. + +Senor Potenciano Lesaca, the present governor of Zambales, when +quite young, once passed the rock and for amusement--and greatly to +the horror of the Negritos with him-spurned it by kicking it with +his foot and eating part of a banana and throwing the rest in the +opposite direction. The Negritos were much concerned and said that +something would happen to him. Sure enough, before he had gone far he +got an arrow through both legs from savage Negritos along the trail +who could have known nothing of the occurrence. Of course this only +strengthened the belief. There is nothing unusual about the shape of +the stone. It is merely a large, round bowlder. + +Disease is usually considered a punishment for wrongdoing, the more +serious diseases coming from the supreme anito, the lesser ones +from the lesser anitos. If smallpox visits a rancheria it is because +someone has cut down a tree or killed an animal belonging to a spirit +which has invoked the aid of the supreme spirit in inflicting a more +severe punishment than it can do alone. + +For the lesser diseases there are mediquillos or medicine men or women, +called "manga-anito," who are called to exorcise the spirit creating +the disturbance. Anyone who has cured patients or belongs to a family +of mediquillos can follow the profession. There is an aversion to +being a mediquillo, although it pays, because if a patient dies the +medicine man who treated him is held accountable. As a rule they are +treated with respect, and people stand more or less in awe of them, +but they have sometimes been killed when they failed to effect a cure. + +Senor Benito Guido, a native of Botolan, who accompanied me to the +barrio of Tagiltil as interpreter, became slightly ill while in a +camp. The Negritos were much worked up over it. They said it was +caused by cutting the bamboo for our camp, the spirits that owned +the bamboo being offended. + +In order that we might witness their customs in such cases, an +old woman who practiced as "manga-anito" was called and offered to +relieve the patient for a little money. A peso was given her and she +began. Upon being asked how he was affected Senor Guido said that he +felt as if something was weighing him down. Of course this was the +spirit, which had to be removed before a cure could be effected. The +Manga-anito danced around the patient and bad him dance and turn +somersaults. This was to make the spirit sorry he had chosen such an +unstable abiding place. Finally she took hold of his hands, gave a +mighty tug and then dropped back stiff. The spirit had passed from +the body of the patient into her body. + +During all these gymnastics the other Negritos had preserved a most +solemn mien, but at this juncture they set to work to restore the +stricken woman, rubbing and working her arms and legs until the spirit +was gone. All disease is caused by spirits, which must be expelled +from the body before a cure can be effected. + +Use is also made of other remedies to supplement the ministrations +of the manga-anito. Attention has been called to the string of dried +berries, called "a-gata," which the Negritos of Pinatubo wear around +their necks for convenience in case of pains in the stomach. In +southern Zambales what seem to be these same berries are used as a +charm against snake bite. Here for pains in the stomach they boil +a piece of iron in water and drink the water hot. Pieces of certain +woods are believed efficacious for rheumatism, and old men especially +may often be seen with them tied around the limbs. This superstition is +not far removed from the belief entertained in certain rural districts +of the United States that rheumatism may be prevented by carrying a +horse chestnut in the pocket. The Negritos also wear such pieces of +wood around the neck for colds and sore throat. + +In cases of fever a bed is made from the leaves of a plant called +"sam'-bon," which much resembles mint, and leaves are bound to the +affected parts. The action of these leaves is cooling. For fractures +they use bamboo splints and leaves of a plant called "ta-cum'-ba-o." + +A bad cut is also bound up in these leaves or with the sap of a tree +called "pan-da-ko'-kis." + +The Negritos do nothing for skin disease, a form of herpes, with +which a great many are afflicted. They probably do not regard it as +a disease. (See Pls. LVI et seq.) In case of centipede bites, if on +a finger, the affected member is thrust in the anus of a chicken, +where, the Negrito affirms, the poison is absorbed, resulting in the +death of the chicken. + +Goiter is quite common. It is said to be caused by strain from carrying +a heavy load of camotes or other objects on the head. + +Smallpox, as has been said, is believed to be a visitation of the +wrath of the supreme spirit, and if it breaks out in a rancheria +the victim is left with a supply of food and water and the place +is abandoned. After several days have elapsed the people return +cautiously, and if they find the patient is dead they go away again +never to return, but if he has recovered they take up their abode +in the rancheria. A great many of the Negritos seen in Zambales have +scars of smallpox. + +The practice of blistering the body in case of sickness is very common +in the Pinatubo region. The belief prevails with some individuals that +in the healing up of the sore thus produced the sickness with which +the body is afflicted will go away. Others affirmed that blistering +was done only in case of fevers, and that the pain inflicted caused +the patient to break out in a profuse perspiration which relieved the +fever. This seems a more rational belief. Individuals were seen with +as many as twenty scars produced in this manner. + +Aside from the anito belief, the Negritos have other +superstitions. Cries of birds at night are especially unlucky. If a +person is starting out on a journey and someone sneezes just as he is +leaving he will not go then. It is regarded as a sign of disaster, +and delay of an hour or so is necessary in order to allow the spell +to work off. + +A certain parasitic plant that much resembles Yellow moss and grows +high up in trees is regarded as a very powerful charm. It is called +"gay-u-ma" and a man who possesses it is called "nanara gayuma." If +his eyes rest on a person during the new moon he will become sick +at the stomach, but he can cure the sickness by laying hands on the +afflicted part. + +Senor Benito Guido says that when a young man he was told by Negritos +that this charm would float upstream. And when he offered to give +a carabao for it if that were so, its power was not shown. In spite +of this, however, the Negritos are firm believers in it, and, for +that matter, so also are the Christianized Zambal and Tagalog. It is +likewise thought to be of value in attracting women. If it is rubbed +on a woman or is smoked and the smoke blows on her the conquest +is complete. + + + + +CHAPTER VII + +SPANISH ATTEMPTS TO ORGANIZE NEGRITOS + + +The attention of the Spanish Government was early attracted to the +Negritos and other savages in the Philippines, and their subjection and +conversion was the subject of many royal orders, though unfortunately +little was accomplished. One of the first decrees of the Gobierno +Superior relating especially to the Negritos was that of June 12, +1846. It runs substantially as follows: + + In my visits to the provinces of these Islands, having noticed, + with the sympathy that they must inspire in all sensitive souls, + the kind of life and the privations that many of the infidel + tribes, and especially the Negritos who inhabit the mountains, are + forced to endure; and persuaded that it is a duty of all civilized + Governments and of humanity itself to better the condition of + men, who, hidden thus from society, will in time become extinct, + victims of their customs, of the unhealthfulness of the rugged + places where they live, and of our negligence in helping them; and + desirous of making them useful, that some day, influenced by the + benefits of social life, they may enter the consoling pale of our + Holy Mother, the Catholic Church, I hereby decree the following: + + ARTICLE 1. The alcaldes and military and political governors of + provinces in whose district there may be tribes or rancherias of + the aforesaid Negritos or of other infidels shall proceed with the + consent of the devoted curas parrocos, whose charity I implore for + them, through their head men or capitanes, to induce them to take + the necessary steps to assemble in villages, lands being given + for that purpose, in places not very near to Christian pueblos, + and seeds of grains and vegetables being furnished that they may + cultivate the land. + + * * * * * * * + + ART. 3. Two years after the pueblo shall have been formed the + inhabitants thereof shall pay a moderate tribute, which shall + not for the present exceed one real per head, the youths and + children being excepted, obtaining in compensation the usufruct + of the lands which they may hold as their own property so long as + they do not abandon the cultivation, being able to sell to others + under the same conditions with the knowledge of the authority of + the district. + + ART. 4. Said authorities and also the priests shall maintain + the greatest zeal and vigilance that the Christian pueblos do + not intrude on those of the infidels or Negritos, neither that + individuals live among them nor that they harass or molest them + on any pretext whatsoever under penalty of being punished. * * * + + ART. 5. As I have understood that if the Negritos refuse social + life it is on account of their being warned by the Christians + who employ them in cutting wood, bamboo, and bejuco, and in the + collection of other products of the woods which they inhabit, + the chiefs of the provinces and the justices of the peace shall + take care that no one enters into such contracts with the Negritos + without competent authorization, leaving his name in a register + in order that if he fail to pay the true value of the articles + satisfactory to the Negritos or mistreats them it will be possible + to fix the blame on him and to impose the proper penalty. + +Article 6 states that-- + + It shall not be necessary for the Negritos to embrace the Catholic + faith, but the priests shall go among them to examine their + condition and learn their needs and teach them the advantages of + civil life and the importance of religion. + +Article 7 provides for a report every three months from those officers +in charge of such districts. + +This all sounds very well, and if carried out might have succeeded +in improving the condition of the unfortunate Negritos, but we can +not find that the provincial officials showed great zeal in complying +with the executive request. + +On January 14, 1881, a decree very similar to this was issued. The +first part of this decree related to the newly converted or +"sometidos." But article 7 authorized the provincial authorities +to offer in the name of the State to Aetas and other pagans the +following advantages in exchange for voluntary submission: Life in +pueblos; unity of families; concession of good lands and direction +in cultivating them in the manner which they wished and which would +be most productive; maintenance and clothing during one year; respect +for their usages and customs so far as they did not oppose the natural +law; to leave to their own wishes whether or not they should become +Christians; to buy or facilitate the sale of their crops; exemption +from contributions and tributes for ten years and lastly, government +by local officials elected by themselves under the direct dependency +of the head of the province or district. + +These provisions were certainly liberal enough, but they bore little +fruit so far as the Negritos were concerned. Being sent out as +circulars to the chiefs of all provinces, such decrees received scant +attention, each provincial head probably preferring to believe that +they were meant for someone else. Although it sounded well on paper, +the difficulties in the way of successful compliance with such an order +were many. But in one way and another the authorities sought to reach +the hill tribes, though it must be confessed they were actuated rather +by a desire to preserve peace in their provinces and to protect the +plainsmen from the plundering raids of the savages than by motives +of philanthropy in improving the condition of the latter. + +The Negritos of Zambales were classed as conquistados and +non-conquistados, according to whether they lived in amicable relations +with the Filipinos or stole carabaos and killed the people whenever +they had the opportunity. The Guardia Civil made many raids into +the mountains for the purpose of punishing the predatory Negritos, +and many are the stories related by old members of that military +organization now living in the province concerning conflicts which +they had with the little black bow-and-arrow men, who always got the +worst of it. Gradually they came to see the futility of resistance. As +a matter of fact these raids were only for the purpose of securing food +and not because of enmity toward the Filipinos. When a group expressed +their desire to live peaceably in their hills they were dubbed +"conquistados" and left alone so long as they behaved. The number +of conquistados grew and the "unconquered" retreated farther into +the mountains. Carabao raids are very infrequent now, for the people +disposed to make them are too remote from the plains and would have +to pass through territory of the settled and peaceable Negritos, who +would inform the party sent in pursuit. But the Constabulary has had +two or three raids of this kind to deal with during the past two years. + +Those Negritos still living in a wild state have very simple +government. They simply gather around the most powerful man, whom +they recognize as a sort of chief and whom they follow into raids +on the plains or neighboring tribes of Negritos. But when living +peaceably scattered through their mountains each head of a family +is a small autocrat and rules his family and those of his sons who +elect to remain with him. When he dies the oldest son becomes the +head of the family. Usually, however, a group of families living in +one locality recognizes one man as a capitan. He may be chosen by +the president of the nearest pueblo or by the Negritos themselves, +who are quick to recognize in this way superior ability or greater +wealth. The capitan settles disputes between families. + +The next step in the civilizing process is the gathering together to +form villages. This was the end to which the Spaniards worked, but +the process was retarded by the Christianized natives who profited +by trade with the Negritos in forest products and who advised them +to avoid coming under Spanish rule where they would have to pay +tribute. If a community became sufficiently large and bade fair to +be permanent it was made a barrio of the nearest pueblo and given a +teniente and concejales like other barrios. This was the case with +Aglao and Santa Fe, in the jurisdiction of San Marcelino, but Ilokano +immigrants settled in these places and the Negritos gradually withdrew +to the hills and settled in other places, until now there are very few +Negritos actually living in these towns. One old man in Aglao, who once +went to Spain as a servant to an officer, speaks very good Spanish. + +In spite of the reprisals made by the Guardia Civil and other +means employed by the Spaniards, Negrito raids went on without much +cessation until 1894. In that year the authorities induced a head +man named Layos to come down to the town of San Marcelino for an +interview. Layos came down about as nature had provided him and was +received with much ceremony by the town authorities. They dressed him +up from head to foot, made him presents, and feasted him for several +days. Then with the customary Spanish pomp, parade of soldiery, and +flare of trumpets, they presented him with a gaudy sash and named him +Capitan General del Monte. He was given charge of all the Negritos +in the district and charged to keep them under control. The sash was +a cheap print affair, but it answered the purpose. The effect of all +this on an untamed savage can be imagined. Layos was impressed. He +went back to the hills with his new treasures and an experience worth +relating. It is said that the robbing and killing of Christian natives +lessened materially after that. + +When I was at Cabayan in that district I saw Layos. He was a heavy-set +man of about 38, harelipped, an old ragged shirt and breechcloth +his only apparel, and with nothing of his former grandeur but the +memory. The sash, his badge of office, he said had long since gone +in breechcloths. + +In the same year (1894) all Negritos in the Botolan district who would +come down from the mountains were fed for five or six months in hope +that they would settle down and remain. But they were given nothing +to do and were not shown how to work, and when the feeding stopped +they all went back to the hills, the only place where they knew how to +secure sustenance. Although this experiment did not result as desired, +it probably had good effects, for the people of this region are the +farthest advanced to-day and are most inclined to live in villages. I +am informed that since my visit some of the Negritos have moved down to +the Filipino village of Pombato and there are several Negrito children +in the native school. The people of Tagiltil have even expressed a +desire for a school. The presence of several Zambal and halfbreeds +in this village and its nearness to the Filipinos probably account +for its being ahead of other villages in this as in other respects. + + + + +APPENDIX A + +ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS + + +The paucity of measurements has already been explained, but those that +were taken are given here for what they are worth. I do not attempt +to draw any conclusions from them or undertake any discussion other +than that already given in the chapter on physical features. + +In the following tables it should be noted that where the age is +given the number indicates only an estimate, as no Negrito knows his +age. It has been thought better to give these approximate ages than +to leave them out entirely, in order to distinguish the very young +from the middle aged and old: + + + Measurements of Negritos + +No. +| Sex +| | Age +| | | Standing height +| | | | Span of arms +| | | | | Length of nose +| | | | | | Breadth of nose +| | | | | | | Nasal index +| | | | | | | | Length of ear +| | | | | | | | | +1 Female 18 1,408 1,456 35 38 108 57 +2 do 35 1,487 1,487 38 38 100 64 +3 do 14 1,325 1,325 36 30 83 55 +4 do 30 1,440 1,462 36 38 105 55 +5 do 40 1,388 1,400 40 43 107 58 +6 Male 27 1,520 1,580 41 43 104 60 +7 do 20 1,491 1,503 39 47 130 57 +8 do 1,440 1,464 40 43 107 57 +9 do 1,500 1,538 43 40 93 60 +10 do 15 1,357 1,347 34 40 117 54 +11 do 1,426 1,483 40 47 117 57 +12 Female 20 1,390 1,380 30 37 123 +13 do 19 1,265 1,170 35 35 100 +14 do 20 1,400 1,410 35 40 114 +15 do 1,410 1,375 35 42 120 +16 do 1,430 1,435 35 40 114 +17 Male 22 1,465 1,485 37 46 124 60 +18 do 1,472 1,470 44 40 90 60 +19 do 24 1,363 1,404 38 36 94 57 +20 do 18 1,473 1,493 40 43 107 57 +21 do 19 1,390 1,412 40 42 105 56 +22 do 25 1,490 1,490 37 43 116 57 +23 do 14 1,282 1,315 35 35 100 52 +24 do 1,404 1,438 42 38 90 65 +25 Female 19 1,302 1,313 27 38 140 55 +26 do 20 1,472 1,538 40 38 95 58 +27 Male 1,434 1,497 37 42 113 56 +28 do 50 1,421 1,519 40 40 100 60 +29 Female 28 1,358 1,418 35 37 105 58 +30 do 55 1,333 1,350 40 40 100 60 +31 do 1,383 1,435 41 38 92 62 +32 do 30 1,285 1,285 34 38 111 55 +33 do 50 1,318 1,302 35 40 114 69 +34 Male 40 1,342 1,448 38 46 121 62 +35 do 20 1,458 1,582 40 42 105 58 +36 do 18 1,480 1,536 44 44 100 60 +37 do 15 1,500 1,547 41 45 109 60 +38 do 28 1,365 1,390 41 49 119 58 +39 do 30 1,535 1,570 43 47 109 63 +40 Female 15 1,308 1,354 41 35 85 54 +41 do 35 1,373 1,368 36 38 105 59 +42 do 35 1,355 1,370 40 40 100 60 +43 do 16 1,407 1,430 36 36 100 56 +44 do 22 1,420 1,466 40 43 107 64 +45 Male 1,535 1,581 43 39 90 57 +46 do 1,448 1,532 41 40 97 55 +47 do 1,476 1,540 40 40 100 59 +48 Female 1,396 1,415 40 35 107 60 +49 do 20 1,368 1,400 35 40 117 53 +50 Male 1,570 1,625 46 43 93 58 +51 do 22 1,480 1,545 42 49 116 60 +52 do 30 1,600 1,634 49 42 85 62 +53 do 35 1,521 1,566 42 47 111 60 +54 Female 1,502 1,520 41 39 95 58 +55 do 1,410 1,410 32 38 118 60 +56 do 16 1,316 1,336 34 38 111 56 +57 Male 18 1,425 1,445 42 42 100 56 +58 do 23 1,380 1,430 36 45 125 62 + + +No. +| Sex +| | Age +| | | Standing height +| | | | Height of shoulders +| | | | | Span of arms +| | | | | | Width of Shoulders +| | | | | | | Length of hand +| | | | | | | | Length of arm +| | | | | | | | | Height sitting +| | | | | | | | | | Length of foot +| | | | | | | | | | | Length of head +| | | | | | | | | | | | Breadth of head +| | | | | | | | | | | | | Cephalic index +| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Length of nose +| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Breadth of nose +| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Nasal index +| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Length of ear +| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +59 Male 28 1,480 1,227 1,530 375 163 600 1,200 215 189 150 79.3 38 39 102.6 58 +60 do 16 1,470 1,227 1,510 370 165 623 1,180 230 175 144 82.2 35 35 100 55 +61 do 40 1,520 1,295 1,530 356 170 640 1,224 225 176 145 82.3 39 37 94.8 61 +62 do 17 1,490 1,247 1,500 425 145 600 1,203 230 190 153 80.5 33 40 121.2 51 +63 do 25 1,510 1,245 1,545 386 175 635 1,215 226 190 150 78.9 40 42 165 54 +64 do 18 1,445 1,218 1,500 350 160 600 1,235 220 175 150 85.7 35 37 105.7 50 +65 do 28 1,444 1,210 1,540 350 170 605 223 176 141 80 47 40 85.1 64 +66 do 30 1,524 1,275 1,620 390 180 675 245 171 158 92.3 40 49 122.5 54 +67 do 35 1,550 1,324 1,410 384 180 655 1,255 240 182 145 79.7 40 41 102.5 60 +68 do 40 1,500 1,248 1,465 364 180 640 1,290 245 174 145 83.5 46 46 100 66 +69 do 35 1,480 1,227 1,550 383 175 650 1,272 225 180 152 84.4 37 37 100 53 +70 do 60 1,586 1,370 1,635 373 177 625 246 191 83.2 43 44 102.3 54 +71 do 25 1,395 1,169 1,469 342 149 586 207 180 142 78.8 43 36 83.7 58 +72 Female 35 1,420 1,165 1,460 334 159 528 211 171 148 86.5 44 35 79.5 52 +73 do 33 1,337 1,140 1,380 293 155 539 208 166 141 84.9 41 41 100 55 +74 do 27 1,362 1,137 1,407 330 150 558 199 168 147 87.5 42 36 85.9 55 +75 Male 30 1,526 1,281 1,524 370 163 616 230 174 140 80.4 42 38 90.4 52 +76 do 17 1,435 1,197 1,447 350 160 586 210 170 135 79.3 42 35 83.3 56 +77 do 45 1,450 1,270 1,480 322 162 571 213 175 148 84.5 39 38 97.4 64 + + + + +APPENDIX B + +VOCABULARIES + + +As has been pointed out already, the Negritos of Zambales seem to +have lost entirely their own language and to have adopted that of +the Christianized Zambal. A study of the vocabularies here given +will show that in various sections of the province Zambal is to-day +the language of the Negritos. Differences will be found, of course, +in the dialects of regions which do not come much into contact with +each other, and contact with other dialects creates different changes +in different localities. + +The chief difference between the Bolinao dialect and that of the region +south is the substitution of the letter "r" in the former for "l"; as +"arong" for "along," nose; "dira" for "dila," tongue. Yet not a few +words are entirely different. These differences may arise from the use +of synonyms or from misinformation, as I was able to take the Bolinao +vocabulary from only two individuals. This dialect is spoken in the +towns of Bolinao, Anda, Bani, and Zaragoza, although I am informed that +there are even slight differences in the speech of the people of some +of these towns. The towns from Infanta to Iba have the second dialect. + +When the Aeta element enters the differences become more apparent, +although the relationship between the differing words may often be +seen; for instance, "sabot," hair, becomes "habot;" "along," nose, +becomes "balongo." But the number of words which bear no relationship +is greater than in the case of the first two dialects. It is possible +that here we find traces of an original Negrito language, but I believe +that all these words can be traced to Malay roots. It will be noticed +also that the two following vocabularies taken from Negritos at Santa +Fe and Subig do not differ materially from the Zambal-Aeta--in fact, +they may be regarded as identical. + +The writer can not vouch for the vocabularies from Bataan and Bulacan, +but gives them for the sake of comparison. The words collected by +Montano are mostly Tagalog and differ somewhat from Cooke's. The latter +states that he verified his seven times. The two sets are probably +from different parts of the province. The Dumagat vocabulary from +Bulacan Province, while offering greater differences, is plainly of +Malay origin like all the others. + + + English Man + Zambal of Bolinao la-la'-ki + Zambal of Iba la-la'-ki + Zambal--Aeta la-la'-ki + Aeta of Santa Fe la-la'-ki + Aeta of Subig ya'-ki + Aeta, Bataan Province la-la-ke'* + Dumagat, Bulacan Province ta'-nun-gu'-bat + + English Woman + Zambal of Bolinao ba-bay'-e + Zambal of Iba ba-bay'-e + Zambal--Aeta ba-bay'-e + Aeta of Santa Fe ba-bay'-e + Aeta of Subig ba-bay'-e + Aeta, Bataan Province ba-bay'-e* + Dumagat, Bulacan Province mow'-na + + English Father + Zambal of Bolinao a'-ma + Zambal of Iba a'-ma + Zambal--Aeta a'-ma + Aeta of Santa Fe ba'-pa + Aeta of Subig ba'-pa + Aeta, Bataan Province ba'-pa, ama* + Dumagat, Bulacan Province + + English Mother + Zambal of Bolinao i'-na + Zambal of Iba i'-na + Zambal--Aeta na'-na + Aeta of Santa Fe in'-do + Aeta of Subig in'-do + Aeta, Bataan Province in'do, inang* + Dumagat, Bulacan Province + + English Brother + Zambal of Bolinao bu'-sat + Zambal of Iba ta-la-sa'-ka + Zambal--Aeta pa'-tel + Aeta of Santa Fe ka-pa-tel + Aeta of Subig + Aeta, Bataan Province ka'-ka, kapatid* + Dumagat, Bulacan Province + + English Sister + Zambal of Bolinao bu'-sat + Zambal of Iba ta-la-sa'-ka + Zambal--Aeta pa'-tel + Aeta of Santa Fe ka-pa-tel + Aeta of Subig + Aeta, Bataan Province o-pa-tel', kapatid* + Dumagat, Bulacan Province + + English Uncle + Zambal of Bolinao ba'-pa + Zambal of Iba ba'-pa + Zambal--Aeta ba'-pa + Aeta of Santa Fe da'-ra + Aeta of Subig + Aeta, Bataan Province ale'* + Dumagat, Bulacan Province + + English Aunt + Zambal of Bolinao da'-da + Zambal of Iba da'-ra + Zambal--Aeta in'-do + Aeta of Santa Fe da'-ra + Aeta of Subig + Aeta, Bataan Province mama* + Dumagat, Bulacan Province + + English Son + Zambal of Bolinao a'-nak + Zambal of Iba a'-nak + Zambal--Aeta a'-nak + Aeta of Santa Fe a'-nak + Aeta of Subig a'-nak + Aeta, Bataan Province a'-nak* + Dumagat, Bulacan Province anak + + English Daughter + Zambal of Bolinao a'-nak + Zambal of Iba a'-nak + Zambal--Aeta a'-nak + Aeta of Santa Fe a'-nak + Aeta of Subig a'-nak + Aeta, Bataan Province a'-nak* + Dumagat, Bulacan Province anak na mowna + + English Head + Zambal of Bolinao o'-ro + Zambal of Iba o'-lo + Zambal--Aeta o'-lo + Aeta of Santa Fe o'-lo + Aeta of Subig la'-bo + Aeta, Bataan Province o'-o, ulo* + Dumagat, Bulacan Province pun'-tuk + + English Hair + Zambal of Bolinao sa-bot' + Zambal of Iba sa-bot' + Zambal--Aeta ha-bot' + Aeta of Santa Fe ha-bot' + Aeta of Subig ha-bot' + Aeta, Bataan Province la-buk', bohoc* + Dumagat, Bulacan Province + + English Mouth + Zambal of Bolinao bo-bo'-y + Zambal of Iba bo-bo'-y + Zambal--Aeta bo-bo'-y + Aeta of Santa Fe bo-bo'-y + Aeta of Subig bo-bo'-y + Aeta, Bataan Province ba-lu'-go, bebec* + Dumagat, Bulacan Province un'-suk + + English Eye + Zambal of Bolinao ma'-ta + Zambal of Iba ma'-ta + Zambal--Aeta ma'-ta + Aeta of Santa Fe ma'-ta + Aeta of Subig ma'-ta + Aeta, Bataan Province ma'-ta* + Dumagat, Bulacan Province + + English Nose + Zambal of Bolinao a'-rong + Zambal of Iba a'-long + Zambal--Aeta ba-long'-o + Aeta of Santa Fe ba-long'-o + Aeta of Subig ba-long'-o + Aeta, Bataan Province ba-tong', ilong* + Dumagat, Bulacan Province an-gut + + English Teeth + Zambal of Bolinao ni'-pen + Zambal of Iba ni'-pen + Zambal--Aeta ni'-pin + Aeta of Santa Fe n-i'-pen + Aeta of Subig ni'-pen + Aeta, Bataan Province nil-pul + Dumagat, Bulacan Province ni'-pon + + English Tongue + Zambal of Bolinao di'-ra + Zambal of Iba di'-la + Zambal--Aeta di'-la + Aeta of Santa Fe di'-la + Aeta of Subig di'-la + Aeta, Bataan Province gi'-lo + Dumagat, Bulacan Province + + English Ear + Zambal of Bolinao to-tor'-yan + Zambal of Iba to-tol'-yan + Zambal--Aeta tu'-li + Aeta of Santa Fe tu'-li + Aeta of Subig to'-ok + Aeta, Bataan Province tu'-uk, taenga* + Dumagat, Bulacan Province ta-ling'-a + + English Arm + Zambal of Bolinao ta-ki-ay' + Zambal of Iba ta-ki-ay' + Zambal--Aeta ta-ki-ay' + Aeta of Santa Fe ta-ki-ay' + Aeta of Subig ta-ki-ay' + Aeta, Bataan Province tu-ki-ay', camay* + Dumagat, Bulacan Province co-mot' + + English Leg + Zambal of Bolinao pa'-a + Zambal of Iba pa'-a + Zambal--Aeta pa'-a + Aeta of Santa Fe pa'-a + Aeta of Subig pa'-a + Aeta, Bataan Province pam'-pa, paa' + Dumagat, Bulacan Province pa'-a + + English Chest + Zambal of Bolinao ke-rep' + Zambal of Iba ke-lep' + Zambal--Aeta nib'-nib + Aeta of Santa Fe nib'-nib + Aeta of Subig dub'-dub + Aeta, Bataan Province dub'-dub, debdeb* + Dumagat, Bulacan Province dib'-dib + + English Back + Zambal of Bolinao gu-rot' + Zambal of Iba bo-kot' + Zambal--Aeta bo-kot' + Aeta of Santa Fe bo-kot' + Aeta of Subig + Aeta, Bataan Province li'-kul + Dumagat, Bulacan Province + + English Foot + Zambal of Bolinao ay'-e + Zambal of Iba ay'-e + Zambal--Aeta bi'-ti + Aeta of Santa Fe bi'-ti + Aeta of Subig ta-lim-pa-pa'-kan + Aeta, Bataan Province ta-lan-pa'-kin + Dumagat, Bulacan Province + + English Hand + Zambal of Bolinao ga'-met + Zambal of Iba ga'-met + Zambal--Aeta ga'-met + Aeta of Santa Fe ga'-met + Aeta of Subig ga'-met + Aeta, Bataan Province a'-ma-kam'-a-ha + Dumagat, Bulacan Province + + English Finger + Zambal of Bolinao ga-ra-may'-e + Zambal of Iba ga-la-may'-e + Zambal--Aeta ga-la-may'-e + Aeta of Santa Fe ga-la-may'-e + Aeta of Subig da-le'-di + Aeta, Bataan Province da-li-ri, dalin* + Dumagat, Bulacan Province + + English Earth + Zambal of Bolinao lu'-ta + Zambal of Iba lu'-ta + Zambal--Aeta lu'-ta + Aeta of Santa Fe lu-ta + Aeta of Subig lu'-ta + Aeta, Bataan Province lul-ta + Dumagat, Bulacan Province pu'-tok + + English Sky + Zambal of Bolinao rang'-it + Zambal of Iba lang-it + Zambal--Aeta lang'-it + Aeta of Santa Fe lang'-it + Aeta of Subig lang'-it + Aeta, Bataan Province + Dumagat, Bulacan Province lang'-ot + + English Sun + Zambal of Bolinao au'-ro + Zambal of Iba au'-lo + Zambal--Aeta al'-lo + Aeta of Santa Fe al'-lo + Aeta of Subig al'-lo + Aeta, Bataan Province u'-lo + Dumagat, Bulacan Province a-da'-o + + English Moon + Zambal of Bolinao bu'-ran + Zambal of Iba bu'-lan + Zambal--Aeta bu'-an + Aeta of Santa Fe bu'-an + Aeta of Subig bu'-yan + Aeta, Bataan Province + Dumagat, Bulacan Province ina-tal'-lung + + English Star + Zambal of Bolinao bi-tu'-un + Zambal of Iba bi-tu'-un + Zambal--Aeta bi-tu'-in + Aeta of Santa Fe bi'-tu-in + Aeta of Subig bi'-tu-in + Aeta, Bataan Province ba'-tu-in + Dumagat, Bulacan Province bu'-ta-tul'-ya + + English Cloud + Zambal of Bolinao re'-rem + Zambal of Iba a-la-pa'-ap + Zambal--Aeta da'-yim + Aeta of Santa Fe lo'-om + Aeta of Subig ta'-la + Aeta, Bataan Province u'-wip + Dumagat, Bulacan Province + + English Rain + Zambal of Bolinao ra'-peg + Zambal of Iba a-ba-gat' + Zambal--Aeta u'-ran + Aeta of Santa Fe u'-ran + Aeta of Subig a-ba'-gat + Aeta, Bataan Province ulan* + Dumagat, Bulacan Province + + English Thunder + Zambal of Bolinao ko'-dor + Zambal of Iba + Zambal--Aeta cu'-rol + Aeta of Santa Fe ku'-rol + Aeta of Subig ki'-lot + Aeta, Bataan Province da-ug-dug' + Dumagat, Bulacan Province + + English Lightning + Zambal of Bolinao ki'-mat + Zambal of Iba + Zambal--Aeta ki'-mat + Aeta of Santa Fe ki'-mat + Aeta of Subig ki'-mat + Aeta, Bataan Province ma-la'-wut + Dumagat, Bulacan Province + + English Water + Zambal of Bolinao ra'-nom + Zambal of Iba la'-nom + Zambal--Aeta la'-nom + Aeta of Santa Fe la'-nom + Aeta of Subig la'-num + Aeta, Bataan Province la'-num, tubig* + Dumagat, Bulacan Province o'-rat + + English Fire + Zambal of Bolinao a-po'-y + Zambal of Iba a-po'-y + Zambal--Aeta a-po'-y + Aeta of Santa Fe a'-po-y + Aeta of Subig a'-po-y + Aeta, Bataan Province a'-po-y* + Dumagat, Bulacan Province a'-po-y + + English White + Zambal of Bolinao ma-pu'-ti + Zambal of Iba ma-pu'-ti + Zambal--Aeta ma-pu'-ti + Aeta of Santa Fe ma-pu'-ti + Aeta of Subig ma-pu'-ti + Aeta, Bataan Province maputi* + Dumagat, Bulacan Province ma-lup'-say + + English Black + Zambal of Bolinao mang-i'-sit + Zambal of Iba mang-i'-tit + Zambal--Aeta mang-i'-tit + Aeta of Santa Fe mang-i'-tit + Aeta of Subig ma'-o-lin + Aeta, Bataan Province maltim* + Dumagat, Bulacan Province mal-a-ton' + + English Red + Zambal of Bolinao ma-o-dit' + Zambal of Iba ma-ti-bi'-a + Zambal--Aeta ma-o-rit' + Aeta of Santa Fe ma-o-rit' + Aeta of Subig + Aeta, Bataan Province mapula* + Dumagat, Bulacan Province mat-la + + English Yellow + Zambal of Bolinao ma-sil-ya'-o + Zambal of Iba ma-hol-ya'-o + Zambal--Aeta ma-hol-ya'-o + Aeta of Santa Fe ma-hol-ya'-o + Aeta of Subig + Aeta, Bataan Province + Dumagat, Bulacan Province sa-la-kut' + + English Cooked rice + Zambal of Bolinao ka'-nen + Zambal of Iba ka'-nen + Zambal--Aeta ka'-nin + Aeta of Santa Fe ka'-un + Aeta of Subig ka'-nen + Aeta, Bataan Province + Dumagat, Bulacan Province + + English Uncooked rice + Zambal of Bolinao bu'-yas + Zambal of Iba bu'-yas + Zambal--Aeta bu'-ya + Aeta of Santa Fe bu'-ya + Aeta of Subig bu'-ya + Aeta, Bataan Province bigas* + Dumagat, Bulacan Province a'-moy + + English Day + Zambal of Bolinao au'-ro + Zambal of Iba au'-lo + Zambal--Aeta al'-lo + Aeta of Santa Fe al'-lo + Aeta of Subig al'-lo + Aeta, Bataan Province u'-lo + Dumagat, Bulacan Province adio + + English Night + Zambal of Bolinao ya'-bi + Zambal of Iba ya'-bi + Zambal--Aeta ya'-bi + Aeta of Santa Fe ya'-bi + Aeta of Subig ya'-bi + Aeta, Bataan Province + Dumagat, Bulacan Province du'-mong + + English Cold + Zambal of Bolinao ma-ra-yep' + Zambal of Iba ma-la-yep' + Zambal--Aeta ma-la-yip' + Aeta of Santa Fe mal-a-yep' + Aeta of Subig mal-a-yep' + Aeta, Bataan Province ma-lam'-ig, maginao* + Dumagat, Bulacan Province mag'-id-non + + English Hot + Zambal of Bolinao ma-mot' + Zambal of Iba ma-mot' + Zambal--Aeta ma-mot' + Aeta of Santa Fe ma-o-mot' + Aeta of Subig ma-o-mot' + Aeta, Bataan Province + Dumagat, Bulacan Province may-a-nit' + + English Large + Zambal of Bolinao a-la-ki' + Zambal of Iba ma-hi-ban' + Zambal--Aeta mal-hay' + Aeta of Santa Fe mal-hay' + Aeta of Subig mal-hay' + Aeta, Bataan Province + Dumagat, Bulacan Province hun'-ga + + English Small + Zambal of Bolinao da-i-te' + Zambal of Iba ma-ca-lug' + Zambal--Aeta may-a'-mo + Aeta of Santa Fe may-a-mo' + Aeta of Subig may-a-mo' + Aeta, Bataan Province + Dumagat, Bulacan Province ma-sa-ninp' + + English Good + Zambal of Bolinao ma-ong' + Zambal of Iba la'-bas + Zambal--Aeta ma'-ham-pat' + Aeta of Santa Fe ma-ham'-pat + Aeta of Subig ma-ham'-pat + Aeta, Bataan Province + Dumagat, Bulacan Province ma-sam'-pat + + English Bad + Zambal of Bolinao ma-ra-yet' + Zambal of Iba ma-la-yet' + Zambal--Aeta ma-la-yit' + Aeta of Santa Fe ma-la-yit' + Aeta of Subig ma-la-yit' + Aeta, Bataan Province + Dumagat, Bulacan Province ma-lot' + + English Rich + Zambal of Bolinao may-a-man' + Zambal of Iba may-a-man' + Zambal--Aeta may-a-man' + Aeta of Santa Fe may-a-man' + Aeta of Subig may-a-man' + Aeta, Bataan Province + Dumagat, Bulacan Province may-a-man' + + English Poor + Zambal of Bolinao ma-i-dap' + Zambal of Iba ma-i-rap' + Zambal--Aeta ma-i-rap' + Aeta of Santa Fe ma-i-rap' + Aeta of Subig ma'-i-rap' + Aeta, Bataan Province + Dumagat, Bulacan Province + + English Sick + Zambal of Bolinao ma-sa-kit' + Zambal of Iba ma-sa-kit' + Zambal--Aeta ma-ha-kit' + Aeta of Santa Fe ma-ha-kit' + Aeta of Subig ma-in-ha'-kit + Aeta, Bataan Province + Dumagat, Bulacan Province teoram + + English Dead + Zambal of Bolinao na'-ti + Zambal of Iba na'-ti + Zambal--Aeta na'-ti + Aeta of Santa Fe na'-ti + Aeta of Subig na'-ti + Aeta, Bataan Province + Dumagat, Bulacan Province nalebon + + English Here + Zambal of Bolinao i'-ti + Zambal of Iba i'-ti + Zambal--Aeta a-ka-lung'-un + Aeta of Santa Fe bi-er'-i + Aeta of Subig a-ri'-di + Aeta, Bataan Province + Dumagat, Bulacan Province dian + + English There + Zambal of Bolinao i'-sen + Zambal of Iba i'-sen + Zambal--Aeta ba'-hen + Aeta of Santa Fe bay'-hen + Aeta of Subig a-ri'-do + Aeta, Bataan Province + Dumagat, Bulacan Province dedeyaya + + English No + Zambal of Bolinao ka'-i + Zambal of Iba ka'-i + Zambal--Aeta a'-he + Aeta of Santa Fe a'-he + Aeta of Subig a'-he + Aeta, Bataan Province ayaw* + Dumagat, Bulacan Province ayenok + + English Yes + Zambal of Bolinao o + Zambal of Iba ya + Zambal--Aeta a'-o + Aeta of Santa Fe a'-o + Aeta of Subig a-o + Aeta, Bataan Province o-o'* + Dumagat, Bulacan Province abu-kogid + + English To sleep + Zambal of Bolinao ma'-rek + Zambal of Iba ma'-lek + Zambal--Aeta ma-to-lo'-i + Aeta of Santa Fe ma-to-lo'-i + Aeta of Subig ma-to-lo'-i + Aeta, Bataan Province matulog* + Dumagat, Bulacan Province napediak + + English To jump + Zambal of Bolinao ru-mok'-zo + Zambal of Iba lu-mok'-zo + Zambal--Aeta mi-tok-tok-pa'-o + Aeta of Santa Fe mag-tok-pa'-o + Aeta of Subig lu-mo'-ko + Aeta, Bataan Province lemokso + Dumagat, Bulacan Province lumowat + + English To run + Zambal of Bolinao mo-ray'-o + Zambal of Iba mo-lay'-o + Zambal--Aeta may'-o + Aeta of Santa Fe may'-o + Aeta of Subig may'-o + Aeta, Bataan Province takumbao* + Dumagat, Bulacan Province gumekan + + English To fight + Zambal of Bolinao mi-a-wa'-y, raban + Zambal of Iba la'-ban + Zambal--Aeta mi-a-wa'-y + Aeta of Santa Fe mi-awa'-y + Aeta of Subig ina-ki'-a-wa'-y + Aeta, Bataan Province + Dumagat, Bulacan Province sullo-sum-to-yan + + English To eat + Zambal of Bolinao mang'-an + Zambal of Iba mang'-an + Zambal--Aeta mang'-an + Aeta of Santa Fe mang'-an + Aeta of Subig mang-an + Aeta, Bataan Province cain* + Dumagat, Bulacan Province mumungan + + + English To drink + Zambal of Bolinao mi'-nom + Zambal of Iba mi'-nom + Zambal--Aeta mi'-nom + Aeta of Santa Fe mi'-nom + Aeta of Subig mi'-nom + Aeta, Bataan Province minum* + Dumagat, Bulacan Province neniomok + + English Tree + Zambal of Bolinao ka'-yo + Zambal of Iba kay'-yo + Zambal--Aeta kay'-yo + Aeta of Santa Fe kay'-yo + Aeta of Subig kay'-yo + Aeta, Bataan Province ka-hoy* kayo + Dumagat, Bulacan Province + + English Mountain + Zambal of Bolinao ba'-ker + Zambal of Iba ba'-kil + Zambal--Aeta ba'-kil + Aeta of Santa Fe ba'-kil + Aeta of Subig ba'-kil + Aeta, Bataan Province bu'-kil + Dumagat, Bulacan Province + + English River + Zambal of Bolinao i'-log + Zambal of Iba i'-lug + Zambal--Aeta ka-bu-la-san' + Aeta of Santa Fe ba'-la + Aeta of Subig + Aeta, Bataan Province sa'-num + Dumagat, Bulacan Province + + English Stone + Zambal of Bolinao ba'-to + Zambal of Iba ba'-to + Zambal--Aeta ba'-to + Aeta of Santa Fe ba'-to + Aeta of Subig ba'-to + Aeta, Bataan Province ba-to* + Dumagat, Bulacan Province + + English Grass + Zambal of Bolinao di'-kot + Zambal of Iba di'-kot + Zambal--Aeta di'-kot + Aeta of Santa Fe di'-kot + Aeta of Subig di'-kot + Aeta, Bataan Province + Dumagat, Bulacan Province + + English Dog + Zambal of Bolinao a'-so + Zambal of Iba a'-so + Zambal--Aeta a'-ho + Aeta of Santa Fe a'-ho + Aeta of Subig + Aeta, Bataan Province + Dumagat, Bulacan Province + + English Rooster + Zambal of Bolinao ma-nuk' + Zambal of Iba ma-nook' + Zambal--Aeta ma-nook' + Aeta of Santa Fe ma-nok' + Aeta of Subig ma-nook' + Aeta, Bataan Province + Dumagat, Bulacan Province + + English Hen + Zambal of Bolinao o'-pa + Zambal of Iba tu'-a + Zambal--Aeta tu'-a + Aeta of Santa Fe + Aeta of Subig + Aeta, Bataan Province + Dumagat, Bulacan Province + + English One + Zambal of Bolinao sa'-ya + Zambal of Iba a'-sa + Zambal--Aeta mi'-ha + Aeta of Santa Fe mi'-ha + Aeta of Subig mi'-ha + Aeta, Bataan Province isa + Dumagat, Bulacan Province isin + + English Two + Zambal of Bolinao ru'-a + Zambal of Iba lu'-a + Zambal--Aeta lu'-a + Aeta of Santa Fe lu'-a + Aeta of Subig lu'-a + Aeta, Bataan Province delawa* + Dumagat, Bulacan Province adua + + English Three + Zambal of Bolinao ta'-ro + Zambal of Iba to'-lo + Zambal--Aeta tat'-lo + Aeta of Santa Fe tat'-lo + Aeta of Subig tat'-lo + Aeta, Bataan Province tatlo* + Dumagat, Bulacan Province telewan + + English Four + Zambal of Bolinao a'-pat + Zambal of Iba a'-pat + Zambal--Aeta a'-pat + Aeta of Santa Fe a'-pat + Aeta of Subig a'-pat + Aeta, Bataan Province apat* + Dumagat, Bulacan Province + + English Five + Zambal of Bolinao ri'-ma + Zambal of Iba li'-ma + Zambal--Aeta li'-ma + Aeta of Santa Fe li'-ma + Aeta of Subig li'-ma + Aeta, Bataan Province lima* + Dumagat, Bulacan Province + + English Six + Zambal of Bolinao a'-nem + Zambal of Iba a'-nem + Zambal--Aeta a'-nam + Aeta of Santa Fe a'-nem + Aeta of Subig a'-nem + Aeta, Bataan Province anem* + Dumagat, Bulacan Province + + English Seven + Zambal of Bolinao pi'-to + Zambal of Iba pi'-to + Zambal--Aeta pi'-to + Aeta of Santa Fe pi'-to + Aeta of Subig pi'-to + Aeta, Bataan Province pito* + Dumagat, Bulacan Province + + English Eight + Zambal of Bolinao ca'-ro + Zambal of Iba ca'-lo + Zambal--Aeta ca'-lo + Aeta of Santa Fe oa'-lo + Aeta of Subig oa'-lo + Aeta, Bataan Province oalo* + Dumagat, Bulacan Province + + English Nine + Zambal of Bolinao si'-am + Zambal of Iba si'-am + Zambal--Aeta si'-am + Aeta of Santa Fe si'-am + Aeta of Subig si-am + Aeta, Bataan Province siam* + Dumagat, Bulacan Province + + English Ten + Zambal of Bolinao ma-pu'-ro + Zambal of Iba ma-po'-lo + Zambal--Aeta ma'-po + Aeta of Santa Fe ma,-po + Aeta of Subig ham'-po + Aeta, Bataan Province sampo* + Dumagat, Bulacan Province isin-a-mapolo + + English Eleven + Zambal of Bolinao la'-bin-sa'-ya + Zambal of Iba la'-bin-a'-sa + Zambal--Aeta la'-bin-mi'-ha + Aeta of Santa Fe la'-bin-mi-ha + Aeta of Subig la'-bin-mi'-ha + Aeta, Bataan Province + Dumagat, Bulacan Province isin-a-mopolo-a-isin + + English Twelve + Zambal of Bolinao la'-bin-ru'-a + Zambal of Iba la'-bin-lu'-a + Zambal--Aeta la'-bin-lu'-a + Aeta of Santa Fe la'-bin-lu'-a + Aeta of Subig la-bin-lu'-a + Aeta, Bataan Province + Dumagat, Bulacan Province isin-o-mopolo-adua + + English Thirteen + Zambal of Bolinao la'-bin-ta'-ro + Zambal of Iba la'-bin-to'-lo + Zambal--Aeta la'-bin-tat'-lo + Aeta of Santa Fe la'-bin-tat'-lo + Aeta of Subig la-bin-tat'-lo + Aeta, Bataan Province + Dumagat, Bulacan Province + + English Fourteen + Zambal of Bolinao la'-bin-a'-pat + Zambal of Iba la'-bin-a'-pat + Zambal--Aeta lal-bin-a'-pat + Aeta of Santa Fe la'-bin-a'-pat + Aeta of Subig la-bin-a'-pat + Aeta, Bataan Province + Dumagat, Bulacan Province + + English Twenty + Zambal of Bolinao ru'-an-pu'-ro + Zambal of Iba lu'-am-po'-lo + Zambal--Aeta lu-am'-po + Aeta of Santa Fe lu-am'-po + Aeta of Subig lu-am'-pa + Aeta, Bataan Province + Dumagat, Bulacan Province aduamapolo + + English Twenty-one + Zambal of Bolinao rul-an-pu'-ro-sa'-ya + Zambal of Iba lu'-am-po'-lo-a'-sa + Zambal--Aeta lu-am-po-mi'-ha + Aeta of Santa Fe lu-am'-po-mi'-ha + Aeta of Subig lu-am'-po-mi'-ba + Aeta, Bataan Province + Dumagat, Bulacan Province + + English Thirty + Zambal of Bolinao ta-ron-pu'-ro + Zambal of Iba to'-lom-po'-lo + Zambal--Aeta tat-lom-po' + Aeta of Santa Fe tat-lom'-po + Aeta of Subig tat-lom'-po + Aeta, Bataan Province + Dumagat, Bulacan Province + + English Forty + Zambal of Bolinao a'-pat-a-pu'-ro + Zambal of Iba a'-pat-a-po'-lo + Zambal--Aeta a'-pat-a-po' + Aeta of Santa Fe a'-pat-a-po' + Aeta of Subig a'-pat-a-po' + Aeta, Bataan Province + Dumagat, Bulacan Province + + English One hundred + Zambal of Bolinao san-ya'-sot + Zambal of Iba say-a-tos' + Zambal--Aeta mi'-hun-ga'-to + Aeta of Santa Fe mi-hun-ga'-to + Aeta of Subig ma-ga'-to + Aeta, Bataan Province sandaan* + Dumagat, Bulacan Province isinadian + + English I + Zambal of Bolinao si'-ko + Zambal of Iba si'-ko + Zambal--Aeta hi'-ko + Aeta of Santa Fe hi'-co + Aeta of Subig + Aeta, Bataan Province a'-co* + Dumagat, Bulacan Province + + English You + Zambal of Bolinao si'-ka + Zambal of Iba kay'-o + Zambal--Aeta kay'-o + Aeta of Santa Fe hi'-ca + Aeta of Subig + Aeta, Bataan Province icao + Dumagat, Bulacan Province + + English He + Zambal of Bolinao si-tao' + Zambal of Iba hi'-a + Zambal--Aeta + Aeta of Santa Fe + Aeta of Subig + Aeta, Bataan Province + Dumagat, Bulacan Province + + English We + Zambal of Bolinao si-ka'-mi + Zambal of Iba hi-ta'-mo + Zambal--Aeta hi-ta'-mo + Aeta of Santa Fe + Aeta of Subig + Aeta, Bataan Province + Dumagat, Bulacan Province + + English They + Zambal of Bolinao sa'-ra + Zambal of Iba hi'-la + Zambal--Aeta hi'-la + Aeta of Santa Fe + Aeta of Subig + Aeta, Bataan Province + Dumagat, Bulacan Province + + English Our + Zambal of Bolinao i'-ko-mi + Zambal of Iba i-kun'-ta-mo + Zambal--Aeta i-kun-ta'-mo + Aeta of Santa Fe + Aeta of Subig + Aeta, Bataan Province + Dumagat, Bulacan Province + + English My + Zambal of Bolinao i-kon'-ko + Zambal of Iba i-kon'-ko + Zambal--Aeta i-kon'-ko + Aeta of Santa Fe + Aeta of Subig + Aeta, Bataan Province + Dumagat, Bulacan Province + + English Near + Zambal of Bolinao a'-dam + Zambal of Iba ma-ra'-mi + Zambal--Aeta ma-ra'-mi + Aeta of Santa Fe + Aeta of Subig + Aeta, Bataan Province + Dumagat, Bulacan Province + + English Far + Zambal of Bolinao a-day'-o + Zambal of Iba ma-day'-yo + Zambal--Aeta ma-ro'-yo + Aeta of Santa Fe + Aeta of Subig + Aeta, Bataan Province + Dumagat, Bulacan Province + + +The words marked (*) were taken from Montano's vocabulary in his +Mission aux Philippines. The others were collected by C. J. Cooke, +MS. of The Ethnological Survey, and E. J. Simons, MS. of The +Ethnological Survey. + + + + +NOTES + + +[1] Les Pygmees, 1887. + +[2] However, when one attempts to fathom the mysteries surrounding +the origin and migrations of the Negrito race he becomes hopelessly +involved in a labyrinth of conjecture. Did the Negritos come from +somewhere in Asia, some island like New Guinea, or is their original +home now sunk beneath the sea? In the present state of our knowledge +we can not hope to know. We find them in certain places to-day; we +may believe that they once lived in certain other places, because the +people now living there have characteristics peculiar to the little +black men. But the Negrito has left behind no archaeological remains +to guide the investigator, and he who attempts seriously to consider +this question is laying up for himself a store of perplexing problems. + +It may be of interest to present here the leading facts in connection +with the distribution of the Negrito race and to summarize the views +set forth by various leading anthropologists who have given the +subject most study. + +The deduction of the French scientists De Quatrefages and Hamy +have been based almost entirely on craniological and osteological +observations, and these authors argue a much wider distribution of +the Negritos than other writers hold. In fact, according to these +writers, traces of Negritos are found practically everywhere from +India to Japan and New Guinea. + +De Quatrefages in Les Pygmees, 1887, divides what he calls the "Eastern +pygmies," as opposed to the African pygmies, into two divisions--the +Negrito-Papuans and the Negritos proper. The former, he says, have New +Guinea as a center of population and extend as far as Gilolo and the +Moluccas. They are distinguished from the true Papuans who inhabit +New Guinea and who are not classed by that writer as belonging to +the Negrito race. + +On the other hand, Wallace and Earl, supported by Meyer, all of whom +have made some investigations in the region occupied by the Papuans, +affirm that there is but a single race and that its identity with +the Negritos is unmistakable. Meyer (Distribution of Negritos, 1898, +p. 77) says that he and Von Maclay in 1873 saw a number of Papuans +in Tidore. He had just come from the Philippines and Von Maclay +had then come from Astrolabe Bay, in New Guinea. With these Papuans +before them they discussed the question of the unity of the races, +and Von Maclay could see no difference between these Papuans and those +of Astrolabe Bay, while Meyer declared that the similarities between +them and the Negritos of the Philippines was most striking. He says: +"That was my standpoint then regarding the question, neither can I +relinquish it at present." + +Although they defended the unity of the Negritos and the Papuans they +recognized that the Papuans were diversified and presented a variety +of types, but Meyer regards this not as pointing to a crossing +of different elements but as revealing simply the variability of +the race. He continues (p. 80): "As the external _habitus_ of the +Negritos must be declared as almost identical with that of the Papuans, +differences in form of the skull, the size of the body, and such like +have the less weight in opposition to the great uniformity, as strong +contrasts do not even come into play here, and if the Negritos do not +show such great amount of variation in their physical characters as +the Papuans--which, however, is by no means sufficiently attested--it +is no wonder in the case Of a people which has been driven back and +deprived of the opportunity of developing itself freely." + +Thus it remains for future investigations to establish beyond doubt +the identity of the Papuans. + +De Quatrefages divides all other Eastern pygmies into two +divisions--insular and continental--and no authors find fault with this +classification. Only in fixing the distribution of the Negritos do +the authorities differ. The islands admitted by everybody to contain +Negritos to-day may be eliminated from the discussion. These are +the Philippines and the Andamans. In the latter the name "Mincopies" +has been given to the little blacks, though how this name originated +no one seems to know. It is certain that the people do not apply the +name to themselves. Extensive study of the Andamans has been made by +Flower and Man. + +The Moluccas and lesser Sunda Islands just west of New Guinea were +stated by De Quatrefages in 1887 (Les Pygmees) to be inhabited by +Negritos, although three years previously, as recorded in Hommes +Fossiles, 1884, he had doubted their existence there. He gave no +authority, and assigned no reason in his later work for this change +of opinion. Meyer thinks this sufficient reason why one should not +take De Quatrefages too seriously, and states that proofs of the +existence of the Negritos in this locality are "so weak as not to +be worth discussing them in detail." From deductions based on the +examination of a single skull Hamy inferred that pure Negritos were +found on Timor, but the people of Timor were found by Meyer to be +mixed Papuans and Malays, resembling the latter on the coasts and +the former in the interior. + +Likewise in Celebes, Borneo, and Java the French writers think +that traces of an ancient Negrito population may be found, while +Meyer holds that there is not sufficient evidence to warrant such an +assumption. In Sumatra he admits that there is an element not Malayan, +which on account of the nearness of Malacca may be _Negritic,_ but +that fact is so far by no means proved. + +In regard to Formosa Meyer quotes Scheteleg (Trans. Ethn. Soc., +n.s., 1869, vii): "I am convinced * * * that the Malay origin of +most of the inhabitants of Formosa is incontestable." But Hamy holds +that the two skulls which Scheteleg brought were Negrito skulls, +an assumption which Meyer (Distribution of Negritos, 1898, p. 52) +disposes of as follows: "To conclude the occurrence of a race in a +country from certain characters in two skulls, when this race has +not been registered from that country, is, in the present embryonic +state of craniology, an unwarrantable proceeding." + +In like manner Hamy has found that a certain Japanese skull in the +Paris Museum resembles a Negrito skull, and he also finds traces of +Negritos in Japan in the small stature, crisp hair, and darker color +of the natives of the interior of the Island of Kiusiu. But Meyer +holds that the facts brought forward up to the present time are far +from being established, and objects to the acceptance of surmises +and explanations more or less subjective as conclusive. + +There is no doubt of the occurrence of Negritos in the peninsula of +Malacca, where both pure and mixed people have been found. These +are reported under a variety of names, of which Semang and Sakai +are perhaps the best known. Meyer (Distribution of Negritos, p. 62, +footnote 2) says: "Stevens divides the Negritos of Malacca into two +principal tribes--the Belendas, who with the Tumiors branched off +from the Kenis tribe, and the Meniks, who consist of the Panggans +of Kelantan and Petani and the Semangs of the west coast. Only +the Panggans * * * and the Tumiors are pure Negritos. A name often +recurring for the Belendas is Sakeis (Malay: 'bondman,' 'servant'), +a designation given them in the first instance by the Malays but +which they often also apply to themselves when addressing strangers." + +In their efforts to find Negrito traces in the Mao-tse, the aboriginal +peoples of the Chinese Empire, De Lacouperie and De Quatrefages +have, in the opinion of Meyer, even less to stand on than had Hamy +in the case of Japan. In like manner it remains to be proved whether +the Moii of Annam are related to Negritos, as the two French writers +have stated, but whose opinions have been vigorously opposed by Meyer +and others. + +The question of the aboriginal inhabitants of India is one of even +greater importance and presents greater difficulties. If it can +be shown that this aboriginal population was Negrito, and if the +relations which researches, especially in philology, have indicated +between the peoples of India and those of Australia can be proved, +a range of possibilities of startling importance, affecting the race +question of Oceania in general and the origin and distribution of the +Negritos in particular, will be opened up. In regard to the Indian +question there is much diversity of opinion. De Quatrefages and Hamy, +as usual, regard the Negritos as established in India, but Topinard +and Virchow are opposed to this belief. Meyer holds that "this part +of the Negrito question is in no way ripe for decision, and how much +less the question as to a possible relationship of this hypothetical +primitive population with the Negroes of Africa." (Distribution of +Negritos, 1899, p. 70.) + +In anthropology a statement may be regarded as proved for the time +being so long as no opposition to it exists. With the exception of +the Philippine and the Andaman Islands and the Malay Peninsula, +as we have seen, the presence of traces of Negritos is an open +question. The evidence at hand is incomplete and insufficient, and +we must therefore be content to let future investigators work out +these unsolved problems. + +[3] English edition of Stanley, 1874, p. 106. + +[4] Distribution of Negritos, 1899, p. 6, footnote. + +[5] Zuniga, Estadismo de las Islas Filipinas. Reprint by Retana, +vol. I, p. 422. + +[6] By this is meant Fr. San Antonio's Chronicas de la Apostolica, +Provincia de San Gregorio, etc., 1738-1744. + +[7] Relacion de las Islas Filipinas, 1604; 2d ed., 1890, p. 38. + +[8] Meyer, Distribution of Negritos, 1899, p. 4. + +[9] See sketch map, Pl. I. + +[10] Estadismo de las Islas Filipinas. Ed. Retana, 1893, I, p. 421. + +[11] Ca-ing-in is a Malayan word for cultivated clearing. + +[12] The province has recently been divided by act of the Philippine +Commission, the northern part above Santa Cruz being joined to +Pangasinan. + +[13] Francisco Canamaque, Boletin de la Sociedad Geografica de Madrid, +vol IX, 1880. + +[14] Diccionario Geografico, etc., de las Islas Filipinas, vol. II, +1850. + +[15] Canamaque. + +[16] Zuniga, Estadismo de las Islas Filipinas, 1803. + +[17] This was evidently the belief of some of the old +voyagers. Navarette, whose account of his travels in 1647 is published +in Churchill's Collection of Voyages, 1704, said that the people +called "Zambales" were great archers and had no other weapons than +the bow and arrow. Dr. John Frances Gemelli Careri, who made a voyage +around the world, 1693-1697, says in his report (Churchill's Voyages, +vol. IV): "This mixing [that is, of Negritos] with the Wild _Indians_ +produced the Tribe of _Manghian_ who are Blacks dwelling in the Isles +of Mindoro and Mundos [probably Panay], and who peopled the Islands +_de los Negros,_ or of Blacks. Some of them have harsh frisled hair +like the _African_ and _Angola_ blacks. * * * + +"The _Sambali,_ contrary to the others, tho' Wild have long Hair, +like the other Conquer'd _Indians._ The Wives, of these Savages +are deliver'd in the Woods, like She Goats, and immediately wash +themselves and the Infants in the Rivers, or other cold Water; which +would be immediate Death to _Europeans._ These Blacks when pursu'd +by the _Spaniards,_ with the sound of little Sticks, give notice to +the rest, that are dispers'd about the Woods, to save themselves by +Flight. Their Weapons are Bows and Arrows, a short Spear, and a short +Weapon, or Knife at their Girdle. They Poison their Arrows, which are +sometimes headed with Iron, or a sharp Stone, and they bore the Point, +that it may break in their Enemies Body, and so be unfit to be shot +back. For their defense, they use a Wooden Buckler, four Spans long, +and two in breadth, which always hangs at their Arm. + +"Tho' I had much discourse about it, with the Fathers of the Society, +and other Missioners, who converse with these Blacks, _Manghians, +Mandi_ and _Sambali,_ I could never learn any thing of their Religion; +but on the contrary, all unanimously agree they have none, but live +like Beasts, and the most that has been seen among the Blacks on the +Mountains, has been a round Stone, to which they pay'd a Veneration, +or a Trunk of a Tree, or Beasts, or other things they find about, +and this only out of fear. True it is, that by means of the Heathen +_Chineses_ who deal with them in the Mountains, some deformed Statues +have been found in their Huts. The other three beforemention'd Nations, +seem'd inclin'd to observing of Auguries and _Mahometan_ Superstitions, +by reason of their Commerce, with the _Malayes_ and _Ternates._ The +most reciev'd Opinion is, that these Blacks were the first Inhabitants +of the Islands; and that being Cowards, the Sea Coasts were easily +taken from them by People resorting from _Sumatra, Borneo, Macassar_ +and other Places; and therefore they retir'd to the Mountains. In +short, in all the Islands where these Blacks, and other Savage Men are, +the _Spaniards_ Possess not much beyond the Sea Coasts; and not that +in all Parts, especially from _Maribeles,_ to Cape _Bolinao_ in the +Island of _Manila,_ where for 50 Leagues along the Shoar, there is +no Landing, for fear of the Blacks, who are most inveterate Enemies +to the _Europeans._ Thus all the in-land Parts being possess'd by +these Brutes, against whom no Army could prevail in the thick Woods, +the King of _Spain_ has scarce one in ten of the Inhabitants of the +Island, that owns him, as the _Spaniards_ often told me." + +[18] Journal Anth. Inst. Great Britain and Ireland, vol. 15. + +[19] Pygmies, p. 111. + +[20] Montano, Mission aux Philippines, p. 316. + +[21] MS. Coll. of The Ethnological Survey. + +[22] Voyage aux Philippines, p. 71; Mission aux Philippines, p. 315. + +[23] MS. Coll. of The Ethnological Survey. + +[24] In the footnote on page 29 is given an extract from Careri's +Voyages, in which the following occurs: "True it is, that by means +of the heathen Chinese who deal with them in the mountains, some +deformed statues have been found in their huts." + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Negritos of Zambales, by William Allan Reed + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEGRITOS OF ZAMBALES *** + +***** This file should be named 20329.txt or 20329.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/0/3/2/20329/ + +Produced by Jeroen Hellingman + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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