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diff --git a/20224.txt b/20224.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5bd5d38 --- /dev/null +++ b/20224.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13819 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Invisible Government, by Dan Smoot + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Invisible Government + +Author: Dan Smoot + +Release Date: December 30, 2006 [EBook #20224] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE INVISIBLE GOVERNMENT *** + + + + +Produced by Dave Maddock, Curtis A. Weyant and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + +"_I know no safe depository of the ultimate powers of society but the +people themselves; and if we think them not enlightened enough to +exercise their control with a wholesome discretion, the remedy is not to +take it from them, but to inform their discretion by education._" + +--Thomas Jefferson + + + + +The Invisible Government + +by + +Dan Smoot + + + + +[Transcriber's note: Although copyrighted in 1962, the author did not +renewal his copyright claim after 28 years (which was required to retain +copyright for works published before 1964). Therefore, this text is now +in the public domain. The text of the copyright notice from the original +book is preserved below.] + + +Copyright 1962 by Dan Smoot + +All rights reserved + +First Printing June, 1962; Second Printing July, 1962; Third Printing +August, 1962; Fourth Printing September, 1962; Fifth Printing October, +1962 + +Sixth Printing (in pocketsize paperback) August, 1964 + +Communists in government during World War II formulated major policies +which the Truman administration followed; but when the known communists +were gone, the policies continued, under Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson. +The unseen _they_ who took control of government during World War II +still control it. Their tentacles of power are wrapped around levers of +political control in Washington; reach into schools, big unions, +colleges, churches, civic organizations; dominate communications; have a +grip on the prestige and money of big corporations. + +For a generation, _they_ have kept voters from effecting any changes at +the polls. Voters are limited to the role of choosing between parties to +administer policies which _they_ formulate. _They_ are determined to +convert this Republic into a socialist province of a one-world socialist +system. + +This book tells who _they_ are and how _they_ work. If enough Americans +had this information, our Republic would be saved. Please do your utmost +to spread the word: order extra copies of this book and help give it +wide distribution. See inside of back cover for quantity prices. + +Published by +THE DAN SMOOT REPORT, INC. +P.O. Box 9538 +Dallas, Texas 75214 + + + + +Table of Contents + + +Foreword i + +Chapter I History and The Council 1 +Chapter II World War II and Tragic Consequences 23 +Chapter III FPA-WAC-IPR 35 +Chapter IV Committee For Economic Development 51 +Chapter V Business Advisory Council 81 +Chapter VI Advertising Council 97 +Chapter VII UN and World Government Propaganda 103 +Chapter VIII Foreign Aid 129 +Chapter IX More of The Interlock 137 +Chapter X Communications Media 153 +Chapter XI Interlocking Untouchables 161 +Chapter XII Why? What Can We Do? 173 + +Appendix I CFR Membership List 186 +Appendix II AUC Membership List 201 + +Index 227 + + + + +FOREWORD + + + +On May 30, 1961, President Kennedy departed for Europe and a summit +meeting with Khrushchev[A]. Every day the Presidential tour was given +banner headlines; and the meeting with Khrushchev was reported as an +event of earth-shaking consequence. + +It was an important event. But a meeting which was probably far more +important, and which had commanded no front-page headlines at all, ended +quietly on May 29, the day before President and Mrs. Kennedy set out on +their grand tour. + +On May 12, 1961, Dr. Philip E. Mosely, Director of Studies of the +Council on Foreign Relations, announced that, + + "Prominent Soviet and American citizens will hold a week-long + unofficial conference on Soviet-American relations in the Soviet + Union, beginning May 22." + +Dr. Mosely, a co-chairman of the American group, said that the State +Department had approved the meeting but that the Americans involved +would go as "private citizens" and would express their own views. + +_The New York Times'_ news story on Dr. Mosely's announcement (May 13, +1961) read: + + "The importance attached by the Soviet Union to the meeting appears + to be suggested by the fact that the Soviet group will include + three members of the communist party's Central Committee ... and + one candidate member of that body.... + + "The meeting, to be held in the town of Nizhnyaya Oreanda, in the + Crimea, will follow the pattern of a similar unofficial meeting, + in which many of the same persons participated, at Dartmouth + College last fall. The meetings will take place in private and + there are no plans to issue an agreed statement on the subjects + discussed.... + + "The topics to be discussed include disarmament and the + guaranteeing of ... international peace, the role of the United + Nations in strengthening international security, the role of + advanced nations in aiding under-developed countries, and the + prospects for peaceful and improving Soviet-United States + relations. + + "The Dartmouth conference last fall and the scheduled Crimean + conference originated from a suggestion made by Norman Cousins, + editor of _The Saturday Review_ and co-chairman of the American + group going to the Crimea, when he visited the Soviet Union a year + and a half ago.... + + "Mr. Cousins and Dr. Mosely formed a small American group early + last year to organize the conferences. It received financial + support from the Ford Foundation for the Dartmouth conference and + for travel costs to the Crimean meeting. This group selected the + American representatives for the two meetings. + + "Among those who participated in the Dartmouth conference were + several who have since taken high posts in the Kennedy + Administration, including Dr. Walt W. Rostow, now an assistant to + President Kennedy, and George F. Kennan; now United States + Ambassador to Yugoslavia...." + + * * * * * + +The head of the Soviet delegation to the meeting in the Soviet Union, +May 22, 1961, was Alekesander Y. Korneichuk, a close personal friend of +Khrushchev. The American citizens scheduled to attend included besides +Dr. Mosely and Mr. Cousins: + +_Marian Anderson_, the singer; _Dean Erwin N. Griswold_, of the Harvard +Law School; _Gabriel Hauge_, former economic adviser to President +Eisenhower and now an executive of the Manufacturers Trust Company; _Dr. +Margaret Mead_, a widely known anthropologist whose name (like that of +Norman Cousins) has been associated with communist front activities in +the United States; _Dr. A. William Loos_, Director of the Church Peace +Union; _Stuart Chase_, American author notable for his pro-socialist, +anti-anti-communist attitudes; _William Benton_, former U.S. Senator, +also well-known as a pro-socialist, anti-anti-communist, now Chairman of +the Board of _Encyclopaedia Britannica_; _Dr. George Fisher_, of the +Massachusetts Institute of Technology; _Professor Paul M. Doty_, _Jr._, +of Harvard's Chemistry Department; _Professor Lloyd Reynolds_, Yale +University economist; _Professor Louis B. Sohn_ of the Harvard Law +School; _Dr. Joseph E. Johnson_, an old friend and former associate of +Alger Hiss in the State Department, who succeeded Hiss as President of +the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, and still holds that +position; _Professor Robert R. Bowie_, former head of the State +Department's Policy Planning Staff (a job which Hiss also held at one +time), now Director of the Center for International Affairs at Harvard; +and _Dr. Arthur Larson_, former assistant to, and ghost writer for, +President Eisenhower. Larson was often called "Mr. Modern Republican," +because the political philosophy which he espoused was precisely that of +Eisenhower (Larson is now, 1962, Director of the World Rule of Law +Center at Duke University, where his full-time preoccupation is working +for repeal of the Connally Reservation, so that the World Court can take +jurisdiction over United States affairs). + + * * * * * + +I think the meeting which the Council on Foreign Relations arranged in +the Soviet Union, in 1961, was more important than President Kennedy's +meeting with Khrushchev, because I am convinced that the Council on +Foreign Relations, together with a great number of other associated +tax-exempt organizations, constitutes the invisible government which +sets the major policies of the federal government; exercises controlling +influence on governmental officials who implement the policies; and, +through massive and skillful propaganda, influences Congress and the +public to support the policies. + +I am convinced that the objective of this invisible government is to +convert America into a socialist state and then make it a unit in a +one-world socialist system. + +My convictions about the invisible government are based on information +which is presented in this book. + +The information about membership and activities of the Council on +Foreign Relations and of its interlocking affiliates comes largely from +publications issued by those organizations. I am deeply indebted to +countless individuals who, when they learned of my interest, enriched my +own files with material they had been collecting for years, hoping that +someone would eventually use it. + +I have not managed to get all of the membership rosters and publications +issued by all of the organizations discussed. Hence, there are gaps in +my information. + + * * * * * + +One aspect of the over-all subject, omitted entirely from this book, is +the working relationship between internationalist groups in the United +States and comparable groups abroad. + +The Royal Institute of International Affairs in England (usually called +Chatham House) and the American Council on Foreign Relations were both +conceived at a dinner meeting in Paris in 1919. By working with the CFR, +the Royal Institute, undoubtedly, has had profound influence on American +affairs. + +Other internationalist organizations in foreign lands which work with +the American Council on Foreign Relations, include the Institut des +Relations Internationales (Belgium), Danish Foreign Policy Society, +Indian Council of World Affairs, Australian Institute of International +Affairs, and similar organizations in France, Italy, Yugoslavia, Greece, +and Turkey. + +The "Bilderbergers" are another powerful group involved in the +internationalist web. The "Bilderbergers" take their name from the scene +of their first known meeting--the Bilderberg Hotel, Oosterbeck, The +Netherlands, in May, 1954. The group consists of influential Western +businessmen, diplomats, and high governmental officials. Their meetings, +conducted in secrecy and in a hugger-mugger atmosphere, are held about +every six months at various places throughout the world. His Royal +Highness, Prince Bernhard of The Netherlands, has presided at every +known meeting of the Bilderberger Group. + +Prince Bernhard is known to be an influential member of the Societe +Generale de Belgique, a mysterious organization which seems to be an +association of large corporate interests from many countries. American +firms associated with the society are said to be among the large +corporations whose officers are members of the Council on Foreign +Relations and related organizations. I make no effort to explore this +situation in this volume. + +My confession of limitation upon my research does not embarrass me, +because two committees of Congress have also failed to make a complete +investigation of the great _camarilla_ which manipulates our government. +And the congressional committees were trying to investigate only one +part of the web--the powerful tax-exempt foundations in the United +States. + +My own research does reveal the broad outlines of the invisible +government. + +D.S. +May, 1962 + + + + +Chapter 1 + +HISTORY AND THE COUNCIL + + + +President George Washington, in his Farewell Address to the People of +the United States on September 17, 1796, established a foreign policy +which became traditional and a main article of faith for the American +people in their dealings with the rest of the world. + +Washington warned against foreign influence in the shaping of national +affairs. He urged America to avoid permanent, entangling alliances with +other nations, recommending a national policy of benign neutrality +toward the rest of the world. Washington did not want America to build a +wall around herself, or to become, in any sense, a hermit nation. +Washington's policy permitted freer exchange of travel, commerce, ideas, +and culture between Americans and other people than Americans have ever +enjoyed since the policy was abandoned. The Father of our Country wanted +the American _government_ to be kept out of the wars and revolutions and +political affairs of other nations. + +Washington told Americans that their nation had a high destiny, which it +could not fulfill if they permitted their government to become entangled +in the affairs of other nations. + +Despite the fact of two foreign wars (Mexican War, 1846-1848; and +Spanish American War, 1898) the foreign policy of Washington remained +the policy of this nation, _unaltered_, for 121 years--until Woodrow +Wilson's war message to Congress in April, 1917. + + * * * * * + +Wilson himself, when campaigning for re-election in 1916, had +unequivocally supported our traditional foreign policy: his one major +promise to the American people was that he would keep them out of the +European war. + +Yet, even while making this promise, Wilson was yielding to a pressure +he was never able to withstand: the influence of Colonel Edward M. +House, Wilson's all-powerful adviser. According to House's own papers +and the historical studies of Wilson's ardent admirers (see, for +example, _Intimate Papers of Colonel House_, edited by Charles Seymour, +published in 1926 by Houghton Mifflin; and, _The Crisis of the Old +Order_ by Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., published 1957 by Houghton +Mifflin), House created Wilson's domestic and foreign policies, selected +most of Wilson's cabinet and other major appointees, and ran Wilson's +State Department. + +House had powerful connections with international bankers in New York. +He was influential, for example, with great financial institutions +represented by such people as Paul and Felix Warburg, Otto H. Kahn, +Louis Marburg, Henry Morgenthau, Jacob and Mortimer Schiff, Herbert +Lehman. House had equally powerful connections with bankers and +politicians of Europe. + +Bringing all of these forces to bear, House persuaded Wilson that +America had an evangelistic mission to save the world for "democracy." +The first major twentieth century tragedy for the United States +resulted: Wilson's war message to Congress and the declaration of war +against Germany on April 6, 1917. + +House also persuaded Wilson that the way to avoid all future wars was to +create a world federation of nations. On May 27, 1916, in a speech to +the League to Enforce Peace, Wilson first publicly endorsed Colonel +House's world-government idea (without, however, identifying it as +originating with House). + + * * * * * + +In September, 1916, Wilson (at the urging of House) appointed a +committee of intellectuals (the first President's Brain Trust) to +formulate peace terms and draw up a charter for world government. This +committee, with House in charge, consisted of about 150 college +professors, graduate students, lawyers, economists, writers, and others. +Among them were men still familiar to Americans in the 1960's: Walter +Lippmann (columnist); Norman Thomas (head of the American socialist +party); Allen Dulles (former head of C.I.A.); John Foster Dulles (late +Secretary of State); Christian A. Herter (former Secretary of State). + +These eager young intellectuals around Wilson, under the clear eyes of +crafty Colonel House, drew up their charter for world government (League +of Nations Covenant) and prepared for the brave new socialist one-world +to follow World War I. But things went sour at the Paris Peace +Conference. They soured even more when constitutionalists in the United +States Senate found out what was being planned and made it quite plain +that the Senate would not authorize United States membership in such a +world federation. + +Bitter with disappointment but not willing to give up, Colonel House +called together in Paris, France, a group of his most dedicated young +intellectuals--among them, John Foster and Allen Dulles, Christian A. +Herter, and Tasker H. Bliss--and arranged a dinner meeting with a group +of like-minded Englishmen at the Majestic Hotel, Paris, on May 19, 1919. +The group formally agreed to form an organization "for the study of +international affairs." + +The American group came home from Paris and formed The Council on +Foreign Relations, which was incorporated in 1921. + +The purpose of the Council on Foreign Relations was to create (and +condition the American people to accept) what House called a "positive" +foreign policy for America--to replace the traditional "negative" +foreign policy which had kept America out of the endless turmoil of +old-world politics and had permitted the American people to develop +their great nation in freedom and independence from the rest of the +world. + +The Council did not amount to a great deal until 1927, when the +Rockefeller family (through the various Rockefeller Foundations and +Funds) began to pour money into it. Before long, the Carnegie +Foundations (and later the Ford Foundation) began to finance the +Council. + +In 1929, the Council (largely with Rockefeller gifts) acquired its +present headquarters property: The Harold Pratt House, 58 East 68th +Street, New York City. + +In 1939, the Council began taking over the U.S. State Department. + +Shortly after the start of World War II, in September, 1939, Hamilton +Fish Armstrong and Walter H. Mallory, of the Council on Foreign +Relations, visited the State Department to offer the services of the +Council. It was agreed that the Council would do research and make +recommendations for the State Department, without formal assignment or +responsibility. The Council formed groups to work in four general +fields--Security and Armaments Problems, Economic and Financial +Problems, Political Problems, and Territorial Problems. + +The Rockefeller Foundation agreed to finance, through grants, the +operation of this plan. + +In February, 1941, the Council on Foreign Relations' relationship with +the State Department changed. The State Department created the Division +of Special Research, which was divided into Economic, Security, +Political, Territorial sections. Leo Pasvolsky, of the Council, was +appointed Director of this Division. Within a very short time, members +of the Council on Foreign Relations dominated this new Division in the +State Department. + +During 1942, the State Department set up the Advisory Committee on +Postwar Foreign Policy. Secretary of State Cordell Hull was Chairman. +The following members of the Council on Foreign Relations were on this +Committee: Under Secretary of State Sumner Welles (Vice-Chairman), Dr. +Leo Pasvolsky (Executive Officer); Hamilton Fish Armstrong, Isaiah +Bowman, Benjamin V. Cohen, Norman H. Davis, and James T. Shotwell. + +Other members of the Council also found positions in the State +Department: Philip E. Mosely, Walter E. Sharp, and Grayson Kirk, among +others. + +The crowning moment of achievement for the Council came at San Francisco +in 1945, when over 40 members of the United States Delegation to the +organizational meeting of the United Nations (where the United Nations +Charter was written) were members of the Council. Among them: Alger +Hiss, Secretary of State Edward R. Stettinius, Leo Pasvolsky, John +Foster Dulles, John J. McCloy, Julius C. Holmes, Nelson A. Rockefeller, +Adlai Stevenson, Joseph E. Johnson, Ralph J. Bunche, Clark M. +Eichelberger, and Thomas K. Finletter. + +By 1945, the Council on Foreign Relations, and various foundations and +other organizations interlocked with it, had virtually taken over the +U.S. State Department. + +Some CFR members were later identified as Soviet espionage agents: for +example, Alger Hiss and Lauchlin Currie. + +Other Council on Foreign Relations members--Owen Lattimore, for +example--with powerful influence in the Roosevelt and Truman +Administrations, were subsequently identified, not as actual communists +or Soviet espionage agents, but as "conscious, articulate instruments of +the Soviet international conspiracy." + +I do not intend to imply by these citations that the Council on Foreign +Relations is, or ever was, a communist organization. Boasting among its +members Presidents of the United States (Hoover, Eisenhower, and +Kennedy), Secretaries of State, and many other high officials, both +civilian and military, the Council can be termed, by those who agree +with its objectives, a "patriotic" organization. + +The fact, however, that communists, Soviet espionage agents, and +pro-communists could work inconspicuously for many years as influential +members of the Council indicates something very significant about the +Council's objectives. The ultimate aim of the Council on Foreign +Relations (however well-intentioned its prominent and powerful members +may be) is the same as the ultimate aim of international communism: to +create a one-world socialist system and make the United States an +official part of it. + +Some indication of the influence of CFR members can be found in the +boasts of their best friends. Consider the remarkable case of the +nomination and confirmation of Julius C. Holmes as United States +Ambassador to Iran. Holmes was one of the CFR members who served as +United States delegates to the United Nations founding conference at San +Francisco in 1945. + +Mr. Holmes has had many important jobs in the State Department since +1925; but from 1945 to 1948, he was out of government service. + +During that early postwar period, the United States government had +approximately 390 Merchant Marine oil tankers (built and used during +World War II) which had become surplus. + +A law of Congress prohibited the government from selling the surplus +vessels to foreign-owned or foreign-controlled companies, and prohibited +any American company from purchasing them for resale to foreigners. + +The purpose of the law was to guarantee that oil tankers (vital in times +of war) would remain under the control of the United States government. + +Julius Holmes conceived the idea of making a quick profit by buying and +selling some of the surplus tankers. + +Holmes was closely associated with Edward Stettinius, former Secretary +of State, and with two of Stettinius' principal advisers: Joe Casey, a +former U.S. Congressman; and Stanley Klein, a New York financier. + +In August, 1947, this group formed a corporation (and ultimately formed +others) to buy surplus oil tankers from the government. The legal and +technical maneuvering which followed is complex and shady, but it has +all been revealed and reported by congressional committees. + +Holmes and his associates managed to buy eight oil tankers from the U.S. +government and re-sell all of them to foreign interests, in violation of +the intent of the law and of the surplus-disposal program. One of the +eight tankers was ultimately leased to the Soviet Union and used to haul +fuel oil from communist Romania to the Chinese reds during the Korean +war. + +By the time he returned to foreign service with the State Department in +September, 1948, Holmes had made for himself an estimated profit of +about one million dollars, with practically no investment of his own +money, and at no financial risk. + +A Senate subcommittee, which, in 1952, investigated this affair, +unanimously condemned the Holmes-Casey-Klein tanker deals as "morally +wrong and clearly in violation of the intent of the law," and as a +"highly improper, if not actually illegal, get-rich-quick" operation +which was detrimental to the interests of the United States. + +Holmes and his associates were criminally indicted in 1954--but the +Department of Justice dismissed the indictments on a legal technicality +later that same year. + +A few weeks after the criminal indictment against Holmes had been +dismissed, President Eisenhower, in 1955, nominated Julius C. Holmes to +be our Ambassador to Iran. + +Enough United States Senators in 1955 expressed a decent sense of +outrage about the nomination of such a man for such a post that Holmes +"permitted" his name to be withdrawn, before the Senate acted on the +question of confirming his appointment. + +The State Department promptly sent Holmes to Tangier with the rank of +Minister; brought him back to Washington in 1956 as a Special Assistant +to the Secretary of State; and sent him out as Minister and Consul +General in Hong Kong and Macao in 1959. + +And then, in 1961, Kennedy nominated Julius C. Holmes for the same job +Eisenhower had tried to give him in 1955--Ambassador to Iran. + +Arguing in favor of Holmes, Senator Prescott Bush admitted that Holmes' +tanker deals were improper and ill-advised, but claimed that Holmes was +an innocent victim of sharp operators! The "innocent" victim made a +million dollars in one year by being victimized. He has never offered to +make restitution to the government. Moreover, when questioned, in April, +1961, Holmes said he still sees nothing wrong with what he did and +admits he would do it again if he had the opportunity--and felt that no +congressional committee would ever investigate. + +All Senators, who supported Holmes in debate, hammered the point that, +although Holmes may have done something shady and unsavory during the +three-year period in the late 1940's when he was _out_ of government +service, there was no evidence that he had ever misbehaved while he was +_in_ government service. + +This amoral attitude seems to imply that a known chicken thief cannot be +considered a threat to turkey growers, unless he has actually been +caught stealing turkeys. + +Senate debates on the confirmation of Holmes as Ambassador to Iran are +printed in the _Congressional Record_: pp. 6385-86, April 27, 1961; pp. +6668-69, May 3, 1961; and pp. 6982-95, May 8, 1961. + +The vote was taken on May 8. After the history of Julius C. Holmes had +been thoroughly exposed, the Senate confirmed Holmes' nomination 75 to +21, with 4 Senators taking no stand. Julius C. Holmes was sworn in as +United States Ambassador to Iran on May 15, 1961. + +The real reason why Holmes was nominated for an important ambassadorship +by two Presidents and finally confirmed by the Senate is obvious--and +was, indeed, inadvertently revealed by Senator Prescott Bush: Holmes, a +Council on Foreign Relations member, is a darling of the leftwing +internationalists who are determined to drag America into a socialist +one-world system. + +During the Senate debate about Holmes' nomination Senator Bush said: + + "I believe that one of the most telling witnesses with whom I have + ever talked regarding Mr. Holmes is Mr. Henry Wriston, formerly + president of Brown University, now chairman of the Council on + Foreign Relations, in New York, and chairman of the American + Assembly. Mr. Wriston not only holds these distinguished offices, + but he has also made a special study of the State Department and + the career service in the State Department. + + "He is credited with having 'Wristonized' the Foreign Service of + the United States. He told me a few years ago ... [that] 'Julius + Holmes is the ablest man in the Foreign Service Corps of the United + States.'" + +Dr. Wriston was (in 1961) President (not Chairman, as Senator Bush +called him) of the Council on Foreign Relations. But Senator Bush was +not exaggerating or erring when he said that the State Department has +been _Wristonized_--if we acknowledge that the State Department has been +converted into an agency of Dr. Wriston's Council on Foreign Relations. +Indeed, the Senator could have said that the United States government +has been _Wristonized_. + +Here, for example, are _some_ of the members of the Council on Foreign +Relations who, in 1961, held positions in the United States Government: +John F. Kennedy, President; Dean Rusk, Secretary of State; Douglas +Dillon, Secretary of the Treasury; Adlai Stevenson, United Nations +Ambassador; Allen W. Dulles, Director of the Central Intelligence +Agency; Chester Bowles, Under Secretary of State; W. Averell Harriman, +Ambassador-at-large; John J. McCloy, Disarmament Administrator; General +Lyman L. Lemnitzer, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; John Kenneth +Galbraith, Ambassador to India; Edward R. Murrow, Head of United States +Information Agency; G. Frederick Reinhardt, Ambassador to Italy; David +K. E. Bruce, Ambassador to United Kingdom; Livingston T. Merchant, +Ambassador to Canada; Lt. Gen. James M. Gavin, Ambassador to France; +George F. Kennan, Ambassador to Yugoslavia; Julius C. Holmes, Ambassador +to Iran; Arthur H. Dean, head of the United States Delegation to Geneva +Disarmament Conference; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., Special White House +Assistant; Edwin O. Reischauer, Ambassador to Japan; Thomas K. +Finletter, Ambassador to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization for +Economic Co-operation and Development; George C. McGhee, Assistant +Secretary of State for Policy Planning; Henry R. Labouisse, Director of +International Cooperation Administration; George W. Ball, Under +Secretary of State for Economic Affairs; McGeorge Bundy, Special +Assistant for National Security; Paul H. Nitze, Assistant Secretary of +Defense; Adolf A. Berle, Chairman, Inter-Departmental Committee on Latin +America; Charles E. Bohlen, Assistant Secretary of State. + +The names listed do not, by any means, constitute a complete roster of +all Council members who are in the Congress or hold important positions +in the Administration. + +In the 1960-61 Annual Report of the Council on Foreign Relations, there +is an item of information which reveals a great deal about the close +relationship between the Council and the executive branch of the federal +government. + +On Page 37, The Report explains why there had been an unusually large +recent increase in the number of non-resident members (CFR members who +do not reside within 50 miles of New York City Hall): + + "The rather large increase in the non-resident academic category is + largely explained by the fact that many academic members have left + New York to join the new administration." + + * * * * * + +Concerning President Kennedy's membership in the CFR, there is an +interesting story. On June 7, 1960, Mr. Kennedy, then a United States +Senator, wrote a letter answering a question about his membership in the +Council. Mr. Kennedy said: + + "I am a member of the Council on Foreign Relations in New York + City. As a long-time subscriber to the quarterly, Foreign Affairs, + and as a member of the Senate, I was invited to become a member." + +On August 23, 1961, Mr. George S. Franklin, Jr., Executive Director of +the Council on Foreign Relations, wrote a letter answering a question +about President Kennedy's membership. Mr. Franklin said: + + "I am enclosing the latest Annual Report of the Council with a list + of members in the back. You will note that President Eisenhower is + a member, but this is not true of either President Kennedy or + President Truman." + +President Kennedy is not listed as a member in the 1960-61 Annual Report +of the CFR. + +The complete roster of CFR members, as set out in the 1960-61 Annual +Report, is in Appendix I of this volume. Several persons, besides +President Kennedy, whom I have called CFR members are not on this +roster. I have called them CFR members, if their names have ever +appeared on _any_ official CFR membership list. + +The Council is actually a small organization. Its membership is +restricted to 700 resident members (American citizens whose residences +or places of business are within 50 miles of City Hall in New York +City), and 700 non-resident members (American citizens who reside or do +business outside that 50-mile radius); but most of the members occupy +important positions in government, in education, in the press, in the +broadcasting industry, in business, in finance, or in some +multi-million-dollar tax-exempt foundation. + +An indication of overall accomplishments of the Council can be found in +its Annual Report of 1958-59, which reprints a speech by Walter H. +Mallory on the occasion of his retiring after 32 years as Executive +Director of the Council. Speaking to the Board of Directors of the +Council at a small dinner in his honor on May 21, 1959, Mr. Mallory +said: + + "When I cast my mind back to 1927, the year that I first joined the + Council, it seems little short of a miracle that the organization + could have taken root in those days. You will remember that the + United States had decided not to join the League of Nations.... On + the domestic front, the budget was extremely small, taxes were + light ... and we didn't even recognize the Russians. What could + there possibly be for a Council on Foreign Relations to do? + + "Well, there were a few men who did not feel content with that + comfortable isolationist climate. They thought the United States + had an important role to play in the world and they resolved to try + to find out what that role ought to be. Some of those men are + present this evening." + +The Council's principal publication is a quarterly magazine, _Foreign +Affairs_. Indeed, publishing this quarterly is the Council's major +activity; and income from the publication is a principal source of +revenue for the Council. + +On June 30, 1961, _Foreign Affairs_ had a circulation of only 43,500; +but it is probably the most influential publication in the world. Key +figures in government--from the Secretary of State downward--write +articles for, and announce new policies in, _Foreign Affairs_. + +Other publications of the Council include three volumes which it +publishes annually (_Political Handbook of the World_, _The United +States in World Affairs_ and _Documents on American Foreign Relations_), +and numerous special studies and books. + +The Council's financial statement for the 1960-61 fiscal year listed the +following income: + + Membership Dues $123,200 + Council Development Fund $ 87,000 + Committees Development Fund $ 2,500 + Corporation Service $112,200 + Foundation Grants $231,700 + Net Income from Investments $106,700 + Net Receipt from Sale of Books $ 26,700 + _Foreign Affairs_ Subscriptions and Sales $210,300 + _Foreign Affairs_ Advertising $ 21,800 + Miscellaneous $ 2,900 + --------- + Total $925,000 + +"Corporation Service" on this list means money contributed to the +Council by business firms. + +Here are firms listed as contributors to the Council during the 1960-61 +fiscal year: + + Aluminum Limited, Inc. + American Can Company + American Metal Climax, Inc. + American Telephone and Telegraph Company + Arabian American Oil Company + Armco International Corporation + Asiatic Petroleum Corporation + Bankers Trust Company + Belgian Securities Corporation + Bethlehem Steel Company, Inc. + Brown Brothers, Harriman and Co. + Cabot Corporation + California Texas Oil Corp. + Cameron Iron Works, Inc. + Campbell Soup Company + The Chase Manhattan Bank + Chesebrough-Pond's Inc. + Chicago Bridge and Iron Co. + Cities Service Company, Inc. + Connecticut General Life Insurance Company + Continental Can Company + Continental Oil Company + Corn Products Company + Corning Glass Works + Dresser Industries, Inc. + Ethyl Corporation + I. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc. + Farrell Lines, Inc. + The First National City Bank of New York + Ford Motor Company, International Division + Foster Wheeler Corporation + Freeport Sulphur Company + General Dynamics Corporation + General Motors Overseas Operations + The Gillette Company + W. R. Grace and Co. + Gulf Oil Corporation + Halliburton Oil Well Cementing Company + Haskins and Sells + H. J. Heinz Company + Hughes Tool Company + IBM World Trade Corporation + International General Electric Company + The International Nickel Company, Inc. + International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation + Irving Trust Company + The M. W. Kellogg Company + Kidder, Peabody and Co. + Carl M. Loeb, Rhoades and Co. + The Lummus Company + Merck and Company, Inc. + Mobil International Oil Co. + Model, Roland and Stone + The National Cash Register Co. + National Lead Company, Inc. + The New York Times + The Ohio Oil Co., Inc. + Olin Mathieson Chemical Corporation + Otis Elevator Company + Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation + Pan American Airways System + Pfizer International, Inc. + Radio Corporation of America + The RAND Corporation + San Jacinto Petroleum Corporation + J. Henry Schroder Banking Corporation + Sinclair Oil Corporation + The Singer Manufacturing Company + Sprague Electric Company + Standard Oil Company of California + Standard Oil Company (N. J.) + Standard-Vacuum Oil Company + Stauffer Chemical Company + Symington Wayne Corporation + Texaco, Inc. + Texas Gulf Sulphur Company + Texas Instruments, Inc. + Tidewater Oil Company + Time, Inc. + Union Tank Car Company + United States Lines Company + United States Steel Corporation + White, Weld and Co. + Wyandotte Chemicals Corporation + +What do these corporations get for the money contributed to the Council +on Foreign Relations? + +From the 1960-61 Annual Report of the Council: + + "Subscribers to the Council's Corporation Service (who pay a + minimum fee of $1,000) are entitled to several privileges. Among + them are (a) free consultation with members of the Council's staff + on problems of foreign policy, (b) access to the Council's + specialized library on international affairs, including its unique + collection of magazine and press clippings, (c) copies of all + Council publications and six subscriptions to _Foreign Affairs_ for + officers of the company or its library, (d) an off-the-record + dinner, held annually for chairmen and presidents of subscribing + companies at which a prominent speaker discusses some outstanding + issue of United States foreign policy, and (e) two annual series of + Seminars for business executives appointed by their companies. + These Seminars are led by widely experienced Americans who discuss + various problems of American political or economic foreign policy." + +_All_ speakers at the Council's dinner meetings and seminars for +business executives are leading advocates of internationalism and the +total state. Many of them, in fact, are important officials in +government. The ego-appeal is enormous to businessmen, who get special +off-the-record briefings from Cabinet officers and other officials close +to the President of the United States. + +The briefings and the seminar lectures are consistently designed to +elicit the support of businessmen for major features of Administration +policy. + +For example, during 1960 and 1961, the three issues of major importance +to both Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy were Disarmament, the +declining value of the American dollar, and the tariff-and-trade +problem. The Eisenhower and Kennedy positions on these three issues were +virtually identical; and the solutions they urged meshed with the +internationalist program of pushing America into a one-world socialist +system. + +The business executives who attended CFR briefings and seminars in the +1960-61 fiscal year received expert indoctrination in the +internationalist position on the three major issues of that year. From +"Seminars For Business Executives," Pages 43-44 of the 1960-61 Annual +Report of the Council on Foreign Relations: + + "The Fall 1960 Seminar ... was brought to a close with an appraisal + of disarmament negotiations, past and present, by Edmund A. + Gullion, then Acting Deputy Director, United States Disarmament + Administration.... + + "'The International Position of the Dollar' was the theme of the + Spring 1961 Seminar series. Robert Triffin, Professor of Economics + at Yale University, spoke on the present balance of payments + situation at the opening session. At the second meeting, William + Diebold, Jr., Director of Economic Studies at the Council, + addressed the group on United States foreign trade policy. The + third meeting dealt with foreign investment and the balance of + payments. August Maffry, Vice President of the Irving Trust + Company, was discussion leader.... + + "On June 8, George W. Ball, Under Secretary of State for Economic + Affairs, spoke at the annual Corporation Service dinner for + presidents and board chairmen of participating companies.... + Secretary Ball [discussed] the foreign economic policy of the new + Kennedy Administration." + +George W. Ball was, for several years, a registered lobbyist in +Washington, representing foreign commercial interests. He is a chief +architect of President Kennedy's 1962 tariff-and-trade proposals--which +would internationalize American trade and commerce, as a prelude to +amalgamating our economy with that of other nations. + +In 1960-61, 84 leading corporations contributed 112,200 tax-exempt +dollars to the Council on Foreign Relations for the privilege of having +their chief officers exposed to the propaganda of international +socialism. + +A principal activity of the Council is its meetings, according to the +1958-1959 annual report: + + "During 1958-59, the Council's program of meetings continued to + place emphasis on small, roundtable meetings.... Of the 99 meetings + held during the year, 58 were roundtables.... The balance of the + meetings program was made up of the more traditional large + afternoon or dinner sessions for larger groups of Council members. + In the course of the year, the Council convened such meetings for + Premier Castro; First Deputy Premier Mikoyan; Secretary-General Dag + Hammarskjold...." + +The Council's annual report lists all of the meetings and +"distinguished" speakers for which it convened the meetings. It is an +amazing list. Although the Council has tax-exemption as an organization +to study international affairs and, presumably, to help the public +arrive at a better understanding of United States foreign policy, not +one speaker for any Council meeting represented traditional U. S. +policy. Every one was a known advocate of leftwing internationalism. A +surprising number of them were known communists or communist +sympathizers or admitted socialists. + +Kwame Nkrumah, Prime Minister of Ghana, who is widely believed to be a +communist; who is admittedly socialist; and who aligned his nation with +the Soviets--spoke to the Council on "Free Africa," with W. Averell +Harriman presiding. + +Mahmoud Fawzi, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the United Arab Republic, +a socialist whose hatred of the United States is rather well known, +spoke to the Council on "Middle East." + +Herbert L. Matthews, a member of the editorial board of _The New York +Times_ (whose articles on Castro as the Robin Hood of Cuba built that +communist hoodlum a worldwide reputation and helped him conquer Cuba) +spoke to the Council _twice_, once on "A Political Appraisal of Latin +American Affairs," and once on "The Castro Regime." + +M. C. Chagla, Ambassador of India to the United States, a socialist, +spoke to the Council on "Indian Foreign Policy." + +Anastas I. Mikoyan, First Deputy Premier, USSR, spoke to the Council on +"Issues in Soviet-American Relations," with John J. McCloy (later +Kennedy's Disarmament Administrator) presiding. + +Fidel Castro spoke to the Council on "Cuba and the United States." + +Here are some other well-known socialists who spoke to the Council on +Foreign Relations during the 1958-59 year: + +Dag Hammarskjold, Secretary-General of the United Nations; Per +Jacobsson, Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund; Abba +Eban, Ambassador of Israel to the United States; Willy Brandt, Mayor of +West Berlin; Stanley de Zoysa, Minister of Finance of Ceylon; Mortarji +Desai, Minister of Finance of India; Victor Urquidi, President of +Mexican Economic Society; Fritz Erler, Co-Chairman of the Socialist +Group in the German Bundestag; Tom Mboya, Member of the Kenya +Legislative Council; Sir Grantley H. Adams, Prime Minister of the West +Indies Federation; Theodore Kollek, Director-General of the Office of +the Prime Minister of Israel; Dr. Gikomyo W. Kiano, member of the Kenya +Legislative Council. + +Officials of communist governments, in addition to those already listed, +who spoke to the Council that year, included Oscar Lange, Vice-President +of the State Council of the Polish People's Republic; and Marko Nikezic, +Ambassador of Yugoslavia to the United States. + + * * * * * + +Throughout this book, I show the close inter-locking connection between +the Council on Foreign Relations and many other organizations. The only +organizations formally affiliated with the Council, however, are the +Committees on Foreign Relations, which the Council created, which it +controls, and which exist in 30 cities: Albuquerque, Atlanta, +Birmingham, Boise, Boston, Casper, Charlottesville, Denver, Des Moines, +Detroit, Houston, Indianapolis, Little Rock, Los Angeles, Louisville, +Nashville, Omaha, Philadelphia, Portland (Maine), Portland (Oregon), +Providence, St. Louis, St. Paul-Minneapolis, Salt Lake City, San +Francisco, Seattle, Tucson, Tulsa, Wichita, Worcester. + +A booklet entitled _Committees on Foreign Relations: Directory of +Members, January, 1961_, published by the Council on Foreign Relations, +contains a roster of members of all the Committees on Foreign Relations, +except the one at Casper, Wyoming, which was not organized until later +in 1961. The booklet also gives a brief history of the Committees: + + "In 1938, with the financial assistance of the Carnegie Corporation + of New York, the Council began to organize affiliated discussion + groups in a few American cities.... + + "Each Committee is composed of forty or more men who are leaders in + the professions and occupations of their area--representatives of + business, the law, universities and schools, the press, and so on. + About once a month, from October through May, members come together + for dinner and an evening of discussion with a guest speaker of + special competence.... Since the beginning in 1938, the Carnegie + Corporation of New York has continued to make annual grants in + support of the Committee program." + +The following information about the Committees on Foreign Relations is +from the 1960-61 Annual Report of the Council on Foreign Relations: + + "During the past season the Foreign Relations Committees carried on + their customary programs of private dinner meetings. In all, 206 + meetings were held.... + + "The Council arranged or figured in the arrangement of about + three-quarters of the meetings held, the other sessions being + undertaken upon the initiative of the Committees. Attendance at the + discussions averaged 28 persons, slightly more than in previous + years and about the maximum number for good discussion. There was + little change in membership--the total being just under 1800. It + will be recalled that this membership consists of men who are + leaders in the various professions and occupations.... + + "On June 2 and 3, the 23rd annual conference of Committee + representatives was held at the Harold Pratt House. Mounting + pressures throughout the year ... made it advisable to plan a + conference program that would facilitate re-examination of the + strategic uses of the United Nations for American Policy in the + years ahead. Accordingly, the conference theme was designated as + _United States Policy and the United Nations_. Emphasis was upon + re-appraisal of the United States national interest in the United + Nations--and the cost of sustaining that interest.... + + "In the course of the year, officers and members of the Council and + of the staff visited most of the Committees for the purpose of + leading discussions at meetings, supervising Committee procedures + and seeking the strengthening of Committee relations with the + Council." + + + + +Chapter 2 + +WORLD WAR II AND TRAGIC CONSEQUENCES + + + +Although the Council on Foreign Relations had almost gained controlling +influence on the government of the United States as early as 1941, it +had failed to indoctrinate the American people for acceptance of what +Colonel House had called a "positive" foreign policy. + +In 1940, Franklin D. Roosevelt (although eager to get the United States +into the Second World War and already making preparations for that +tragedy) had to campaign for re-election with the same promise that +Wilson had made in 1916--to keep us out of the European war. Even as +late as the day before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December, +1941, the American people were still overwhelmingly "isolationist"--a +word which internationalists use as a term of contempt but which means +merely that the American people were still devoted to their nation's +traditional foreign policy. + +It was necessary for Roosevelt to take steps which the public would not +notice or understand but which would inescapably involve the nation in +the foreign war. When enough such sly involvement had been manipulated, +there would come, eventually, some incident to push us over the brink +into open participation. Then, any American who continued to advocate +our traditional foreign policy of benign neutrality would be an object +of public hatred, would be investigated and condemned by officialdom as +a "pro-nazi," and possibly prosecuted for sedition. + + * * * * * + +The Council on Foreign Relations has heavy responsibility for the +maneuvering which thus dragged America into World War II. One major step +which Roosevelt took toward war (at precisely the time when he was +campaigning for his third-term re-election on a platform of peace and +neutrality to keep America out of war) was his radical alteration of +traditional concepts of United States policy in order to declare +Greenland under the protection of our Monroe Doctrine. The Council on +Foreign Relations officially boasts full responsibility for this fateful +step toward war. + +On pages 13 and 14 of a book entitled _The Council on Foreign Relations: +A Record of Twenty-Five Years, 1921-1946_ (written by officials of the +Council and published by the Council on January 1, 1947) are these +passages: + + "One further example may be cited of the way in which ideas and + recommendations originating at Council meetings have entered into + the stream of official discussion and action. + + "On March 17, 1940, a Council group completed a confidential report + which pointed out the strategic importance of Greenland for + transatlantic aviation and for meteorological observations. The + report stated: + + "'The possibility must be considered that Denmark might be overrun + by Germany. In such case, Greenland might be transferred by treaty + to German sovereignty.' + + "It also pointed out the possible danger to the United States in + such an eventuality, and mentioned that Greenland lies within the + geographical sphere 'within which the Monroe Doctrine is presumed + to apply.' + + "Shortly after this, one of the members of the group which had + prepared the report was summoned to the White House. President + Roosevelt had a copy of the memorandum in his hand and said that he + had turned to his visitor for advice because of his part in + raising the question of Greenland's strategic importance. + + "Germany invaded Denmark on April 9, 1940. At his press conference + three days later, the President stated that he was satisfied that + Greenland was a part of the American continent. After a visit to + the White House on the same day, the Danish Minister said that he + agreed with the President. + + "On April 9, 1941, an agreement was signed between the United + States and Denmark which provided for assistance by the United + States to Greenland in the maintenance of its status, and granted + to the United States the right to locate and construct such + airplane landing-fields, seaplane facilities, and radio and + meteorological installations as might be necessary for the defense + of Greenland, and for the defense of the American continent. This + was eight months before Germany declared war on the United States. + + "The Council's report on Greenland was only one item in an + extensive research project which offered an unusual instance of + wartime collaboration between Government agencies and a private + institution.... The project ... exhibited the kind of contribution + which the Council has been uniquely equipped to provide...." + + * * * * * + +The Danish colony of Greenland--a huge island covered by polar ice--lies +in the Arctic Ocean, 1325 miles off the coast of Denmark. It is 200 +miles from Canada, 650 miles from the British Isles. The extreme +southwestern tip of Greenland is 1315 miles from the most extreme +northeastern tip of the United States (Maine). In other words, Canada +and England, which were at war with Germany when we undertook to protect +Greenland from Germany, are both much closer to Greenland than the +United States is. + +But history gives better proof than geography does, that the learned +Council members who put Greenland in the Western Hemisphere, within the +meaning of the Monroe Doctrine, were either ignorant or dishonest. The +Monroe Doctrine, closing the Western Hemisphere to further European +colonization, was proclaimed in 1823. Denmark, a European nation, +colonized Greenland, proclaiming sole sovereignty in 1921, without any +hint of protest from the United States that this European colonization +infringed upon the Monroe Doctrine. + + * * * * * + +Members of the Council on Foreign Relations played a key role in getting +America into World War II. They played _the_ role in creating the basic +policies which this nation has followed since the end of World War II. +These policies are accomplishing: + + (1) the redistribution to other nations of the great United States + reserve of gold which made our dollar the strongest currency in the + world; + + (2) the building up of the industrial capacity of other nations, at + our expense, thus eliminating our pre-eminent productive + superiority; + + (3) the taking away of world markets from United States producers + (and even much of their domestic market) until capitalistic America + will no longer dominate world trade; + + (4) the entwining of American affairs--economic, political, + cultural, social, educational, and even religious--with those of + other nations until the United States will no longer have an + independent policy, either domestic or foreign: until we can not + return to our traditional foreign policy of maintaining national + independence, nor to free private capitalism as an economic system. + +The ghastly wartime and post-war decisions (which put the Soviet Union +astride the globe like a menacing colossus and placed the incomparably +stronger United States in the position of appeasing and retreating) can +be traced to persons who were members of the Council on Foreign +Relations. + +Consider a specific example: the explosive German problem. + + * * * * * + +In October, 1943, Cordell Hull (U. S. Secretary of State), Anthony Eden +(Foreign Minister for Great Britain), and V. Molotov (Soviet Commissar +for Foreign Affairs), had a conference at Moscow. Eden suggested that +they create a European Advisory Commission which would decide how +Germany, after defeat, would be partitioned, occupied, and governed by +the three victorious powers. Molotov approved. Hull did not like the +idea, but agreed to it in deference to the wishes of the two others. +Philip E. Mosely, of the CFR, was Hull's special adviser at this Moscow +Conference. + +The next month, November, 1943, President Franklin D. Roosevelt went to +Tehran for his first conference with Stalin and Churchill. Aboard the U. +S. S. _Iowa_ en route to Tehran, Roosevelt had a conference with his +Joint Chiefs of Staff. They discussed, among other things, the post-war +division and occupation of Germany. + +President Roosevelt predicted that Germany would collapse suddenly and +that "there would definitely be a race for Berlin" by the three great +powers. The President said: "We may have to put the United States +divisions into Berlin as soon as possible, because the United States +should have Berlin." + +Harry Hopkins suggested that "we be ready to put an airborne division +into Berlin two hours after the collapse of Germany." + +Roosevelt wanted the United States to occupy Berlin and northwestern +Germany; the British to occupy France, Belgium, and southern Germany; +and the Soviets to have eastern Germany. + +At the Tehran Conference (November 27-December 2, 1943), Stalin seemed +singularly indifferent to the question of which power would occupy which +zones of Germany after the war. Stalin revealed intense interest in only +three topics: + +(1) urging the western allies to make a frontal assault, across the +English Channel, on Hitler's fortress Europe; + +(2) finding out, immediately, the name of the man whom the western +allies would designate to command such an operation (Eisenhower had not +yet been selected); and + +(3) reducing the whole of Europe to virtual impotence so that the Soviet +Union would be the only major power on the continent after the war. + +Roosevelt approved of every proposal Stalin made. + +A broad outline of the behavior and proposals of Roosevelt, Churchill, +and Stalin at Tehran can be found in the diplomatic papers published in +1961 by the State Department, in a volume entitled _Foreign Relations of +the United States: Diplomatic Papers: The Conferences at Cairo and +Tehran 1943_. + +As to specific agreements on the postwar division and occupation of +Germany, the Tehran papers reveal only that the European Advisory +Commission would work out the details. + +We know that Roosevelt and his military advisers in November, 1943, +agreed that America should take and occupy Berlin. Yet, 17 months later, +we did just the opposite. + + * * * * * + +In the closing days of World War II, the American Ninth Army was rolling +toward Berlin, meeting little resistance, slowed down only by German +civilians clogging the highways, fleeing from the Russians. German +soundtrucks were circulating in the Berlin area, counseling stray +troops to stop resistance and surrender to the Americans. Some twenty or +thirty miles east of Berlin, the German nation had concentrated its +dying strength and was fighting savagely against the Russians. + +Our Ninth Army could have been in Berlin within a few hours, probably +without shedding another drop of blood; but General Eisenhower suddenly +halted our Army. He kept it sitting idly outside Berlin for days, while +the Russians slugged their way in, killing, raping, ravaging. We gave +the Russians control of the eastern portion of Berlin--and of _all_ the +territory surrounding the city. + +To the south, General Patton's forces were plowing into Czechoslovakia. +When Patton was thirty miles from Prague, the capital, General +Eisenhower ordered him to stop--ordered him not to accept surrender of +German soldiers, but to hold them at bay until the Russians could move +up and accept surrender. As soon as the Russians were thus established +as the conquerors of Czechoslovakia, Eisenhower ordered Patton to +evacuate. + +Units of Czechoslovakian patriots had been fighting with Western armies +since 1943. We had promised them that they could participate in the +liberation of their own homeland; but we did not let them move into +Czechoslovakia until after the Russians had taken over. + +Czechoslovakian and American troops had to ask the Soviets for +permission to come into Prague for a victory celebration--after the +Russians had been permitted to conquer the country. + +Western Armies, under Eisenhower's command, rounded up an estimated five +million anti-communist refugees and delivered them to the Soviets who +tortured them, sent them to slave camps, or murdered them. + +All of this occurred because we refused to do what would have been easy +for us to do--and what our top leaders had agreed just 17 months before +that we must do: that is, take and hold Berlin and surrounding territory +until postwar peace treaties were made. + + * * * * * + +Who made the decisions to pull our armies back in Europe and let the +Soviets take over? General Eisenhower gave the orders; and, in his book, +_Crusade in Europe_ (published in 1948, before the awful consequences of +those decisions were fully known to the public), Eisenhower took his +share of credit for making the decisions. When he entered politics four +years later, Eisenhower denied responsibility: he claimed that he was +merely a soldier, obeying orders, implementing decisions which +Presidents Roosevelt and Truman had made. + +Memoirs of British military men indicate that Eisenhower went far +_beyond_ the call of military duty in his "co-operative" efforts to help +the Soviets capture political prisoner's and enslave all of central +Europe. _Triumph in the West_, by Arthur Bryant, published in 1959 by +Doubleday & Company, as a "History of the War Years Based on the Diaries +of Field-Marshal Lord Alanbrooke, Chief of the Imperial General Staff," +reveals that, in the closing days of the war, General Eisenhower was +often in direct communication with Stalin, reporting his decisions and +actions to the Soviet dictator before Eisenhower's own military +superiors knew what was going on. + +Regardless of what responsibility General Eisenhower may or may not have +had for _formulating_ the decisions which held our armies back from +Eastern Europe, those decisions seem to have stemmed from the +conferences which Roosevelt had with Stalin at Tehran in 1943 and at +Yalta in 1945. + + * * * * * + +But who made the decision to isolate Berlin 110 miles deep inside +communist-controlled territory without any agreements concerning access +routes by which the Western Powers could get to the city? According to +Arthur Krock, of the _New York Times_, George F. Kennan, (a member of +the Council on Foreign Relations) persuaded Roosevelt to accept the +Berlin zoning arrangement. Kennan, at the time, was political adviser to +Ambassador John G. Winant, who was the United States Representative on +the three-member European Advisory Commission. + +Mr. Krock's account (in the _New York Times_, June 18, 1961 and July 2, +1961) is rather involved; but here is the essence of it: + + President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill agreed to enclose + Berlin 110 miles within the Soviet occupation zone. Winant + submitted a recommendation, embracing this agreement. Winant felt + that it would offend the Soviets if we asked for guaranteed access + routes, and believed that guarantees were unnecessary anyway. When + submitting his recommendation to Washington, however, Winant + attached a map on which a specific allied corridor of access into + the city was drawn. + + Winant's proposal was never acted on in Washington. Therefore, the + British submitted a recommendation. Roosevelt rejected the British + plan, and made his own proposal. The British and Soviets disliked + Roosevelt's plan; and negotiations over the zoning of Berlin were + deadlocked. + + George F. Kennan broke the deadlock by going directly to Roosevelt + and persuading him to accept the Berlin zoning agreement, which Mr. + Krock calls a "war-breeding monstrosity," and a "witless travesty + on statecraft and military competence." + +Mr. Krock says most of his information came from one of Philip E. +Mosely's articles in an old issue of _Foreign Affairs_--which I have +been unable to get for my files. I cannot, therefore, guarantee the +authenticity of Mr. Krock's account; but I can certainly agree with his +conclusion that only Joseph Stalin and international communism +benefitted from the "incredible zoning agreements" that placed "Berlin +110 miles within the Soviet zone and reserved no guaranteed access +routes to the city from the British and American zones." + +It is interesting to note that Philip E. Mosely (CFR member who was +Cordell Hull's adviser when the postwar division of Germany was first +discussed at the Moscow Conference in 1943) succeeded George F. Kennan +as political adviser to John G. Winant of the European Advisory +Commission shortly after Kennan had persuaded Roosevelt to accept the +Berlin zoning agreements. + + * * * * * + +It is easy to see why the Soviets wanted the Berlin arrangement which +Roosevelt gave them. It is not difficult to see the British viewpoint: +squeezed between the two giants who were his allies, Churchill tried to +play the Soviets against the Americans, in the interest of getting the +most he could for the future trade and commerce of England. + +But why would any American want (or, under any conditions, agree to) the +crazy Berlin agreement? There are only three possible answers: + +(1) the Americans who set up the Berlin arrangement--which means, +specifically, George F. Kennan and Philip E. Mosely, representing the +Council on Foreign Relations--were ignorant fools; or + +(2) they _wanted_ to make Berlin a powder keg which the Soviets could +use, at will, to intimidate the West; or + +(3) they wanted a permanent, ready source of war which the United States +government could use, at any time, to salvage its own internationalist +policies from criticism at home, by scaring the American people into +"buckling down" and "tightening up" for "unity" behind our "courageous +President" who is "calling the Kremlin bluff" by spending to prepare +this nation for all-out war, if necessary, to "defend the interests of +the free-world" in Berlin. + +George F. Kennan and Philip E. Mosely and the other men associated with +them in the Council on Foreign Relations are not ignorant fools. I do +not believe they are traitors who wanted to serve the interests of the +Kremlin. So, in trying to assess their motives, I am left with one +choice: they wanted to set Berlin up as a perpetual excuse for any kind +of program which the Council on Foreign Relations might want the +American government to adopt. + +Long, long ago, King Henry of England told Prince Hal that the way to +run a country and keep the people from being too critical of how you run +it, is to busy giddy minds with foreign quarrels. + +A study of President Kennedy's July 25, 1961, speech to the nation about +Berlin, together with an examination of the spending program which he +recommended to Congress a few hours later, plus a review of contemporary +accounts of how the stampeded Congress rushed to give the President all +he asked--such a study, set against the backdrop of our refusal to do +anything vigorous with regard to the communist menace in Cuba, will, I +think, justify my conclusions as to the motives of men, still in power, +who created the Berlin situation. + + + + +Chapter 3 + +FPA--WORLD AFFAIRS COUNCIL--IPR + + + +Through many interlocking organizations, the Council on Foreign +Relations "educates" the public--and brings pressures upon Congress--to +support CFR policies. All organizations, in this incredible propaganda +web, work in their own way toward the objective of the Council on +Foreign Relations: to create a one-world socialist system and to make +America a part of it. All of the organizations have federal +tax-exemption as "educational" groups; and they are all financed, in +part, by tax-exempt foundations, the principal ones being Ford, +Rockefeller, and Carnegie. Most of them also have close working +relations with official agencies of the United States Government. + +The CFR does not have formal affiliation--and can therefore disclaim +official connection with--its subsidiary propaganda agencies (except the +Committees on Foreign Relations, organized by the CFR in 30 cities +throughout the United States); but the real and effective interlock +between all these groups can be shown not only by their common objective +(one-world socialism) and a common source of income (the foundations), +but also by the overlapping of personnel: directors and officials of the +Council on Foreign Relations are also officials in the interlocking +organizations. + + * * * * * + +The Foreign Policy Association-World Affairs Center, 345 East 46th +Street, New York 17, New York, is probably the most influential of all +the agencies which can be shown as propaganda affiliates of the Council +on Foreign Relations in matters concerned primarily with American +foreign policy. + +On April 29, 1960, the March-April Term Grand Jury of Fulton County, +Georgia, handed down a Presentment concerning subversive materials in +schools, which said: + + "An extensive investigation has been made by the Jury into the + Foreign Policy Association of New York City and its 'Great + Decisions Program,' which it is sponsoring in our area.... + + "This matter was brought to our attention by the Americanism + Committee of the Waldo M. Slaton Post 140, American Legion, and + several other local patriotic groups. We were informed that the + Great Decisions Program was being taught in our public high schools + and by various well-meaning civic and religious groups, who were + not aware of the past records of the leaders of the Foreign Policy + Association, nor of the authors of the textbooks prescribed for + this Great Decisions program. + + "Evidence was presented to us showing that some of these leaders + and authors had a long record, dating back many years, in which + they either belonged to, or actively supported left-wing or + subversive organizations. + + "We further found that invitations to participate in these 'study + groups' were being mailed throughout our county under the name of + one of our local universities.... We learned that the prescribed + booklets were available upon request in our local public + libraries.... + + "The range of the activity by this organization has reached + alarming proportions in the schools and civic groups in certain + other areas in Georgia. Its spread is a matter of deep concern to + this Jury and we, therefore, call upon all school officials + throughout the state to be particularly alert to this insidious and + subversive material. We further recommend that all textbook + committee members--city, county and state--recognize the + undesirable features of this material and take action to remove it + from our schools. + + "Finally, we urge that all Grand Juries throughout the State of + Georgia give matters of this nature their serious consideration." + +On June 30, 1960, the May-June Term Grand Jury of Fulton County, +Georgia, handed down another Presentment, which said: + + "It is our understanding that the Foreign Policy Association's + Great Decisions program, criticized by the March-April Grand Jury, + Fulton County, has been removed from the Atlanta and Fulton County + schools.... + + "Numerous letters from all over the United States have been + received by this grand jury, from individuals and associations, + commending the Presentment of the previous grand jury on the + Foreign Policy Association. Not a single letter has been received + by us criticizing these presentments." + +In September, 1960, the Americanism Committee of Waldo M. Slaton Post +No. 140, The American Legion, 3905 Powers Ferry Road, N.W., Atlanta 5, +Georgia, published a 112-page mimeographed book entitled _The Truth +About the Foreign Policy Association_ (available directly from the Post +at $1.00 per copy). In the Foreword to this book, the Americanism +Committee says: + + "How can we account for our apathetic acceptance of the presence of + this arch-murderer (Khrushchev, during his tour of the United + States at Eisenhower's invitation) in America? What has so dulled + our sense of moral values that we could look on without revulsion + while he was being wined and dined by our officials? How could we + dismiss with indifference the shameful spectacle of these officials + posing for pictures with this grinning Russian assassin--pictures + which we knew he would use to prove to communism's enslaved + populations that the Americans are no longer their friends, but the + friends of Khrushchev? + + "There is only one explanation for this lapse from the Americanism + of former days: we are being brainwashed into the belief that we + can safely do business with communism--brainwashed by an + interlocked group of so-called 'educational' organizations offering + 'do-it-yourself' courses which pretend to instruct the public in + the intricacies of foreign policy, but which actually mask clever + propaganda operations designed to sell 'co-existence' to Americans. + There are many of these propaganda outfits working to undermine + Americans' faith in America, but none, in our opinion, is as slick + or as smooth or as dangerous as the Foreign Policy Association of + Russian-born Vera Micheles Dean.... + + "This documented handbook has been prepared in response to numerous + requests for duplicates of the file which formed the basis of the + case (before the Fulton County Grand Juries) against the Foreign + Policy Association. We hope that it will assist patriots everywhere + in resisting the un-American propaganda of the Red China appeasers, + the pro-Soviet apologists, the relativists, and other dangerous + propagandists who are weakening Americans' sense of honor and their + will to survive." + +_The Truth About The Foreign Policy Association_ sets out the communist +front record of Vera Micheles Dean (who was Research Director of the FPA +until shortly after the Legion Post made this exposure, when she +resigned amidst almost-tearful words of praise and farewell on the part +of FPA-WAC officials). The Legion Post booklet sets out the communist +front records of various other persons connected with the FPA; it +presents and analyzes several publications of the FPA, including +materials used in the Great Decisions program; it reveals that FPA +establishes respectability and public acceptance for itself by +publicizing "endorsements" of prominent Americans; it shows that many of +the FPA's claims of endorsements are false; it shows the interlocking +connections and close working relationships between the Foreign Policy +Association and other organizations, particularly the National Council +of Churches; and it presents a great deal of general documentation on +FPA's activities, operations, and connections. + +The Foreign Policy Association was organized in 1918 and incorporated +under the laws of New York in 1928 (the Council on Foreign Relations was +organized in 1919 and incorporated in 1921). Rockefeller and Carnegie +money was responsible for both FPA and CFR becoming powerful +organizations. + +The late U. S. Congressman Louis T. McFadden (Pennsylvania), as early as +1934, said that the Foreign Policy Association, working in close +conjunction with a comparable British group, was formed, largely under +the aegis of Felix Frankfurter and Paul Warburg, to promote a "planned" +or socialist economy in the United States, and to integrate the American +system into a worldwide socialist system. Warburg and Frankfurter (early +CFR members) were among the many influential persons who worked closely +with Colonel Edward M. House, father of the Council on Foreign +Relations. + + * * * * * + +From its early days, the Foreign Policy Association had interlocking +personnel, and worked in close co-operation with the Institute of +Pacific Relations, which was formed in 1925 as a tax-exempt educational +organization, and which was financed by the great foundations--and by +the same groups of businessmen and corporations which have always +financed the CFR and the FPA. + +The IPR played a more important role than any other American +organization in shaping public opinion and influencing official +American policy with regard to Asia. + +For more than twenty years, the IPR influenced directly or indirectly +the selection of Far Eastern scholars for important teaching posts in +colleges and universities--and the selection of officials for posts +concerning Asia in the State Department. The IPR publications were +standard materials in most American colleges, in thirteen hundred public +school systems, and in the armed forces; and millions of IPR +publications were distributed to all these institutions. + +Along toward the end of World War II, there were rumblings that the +powerful IPR might be a communist front, despite its respectable +facade--despite the fact that a great majority of its members were +Americans whose patriotism and integrity were beyond question. + + * * * * * + +In 1951, the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee, under the +chairmanship of the late Pat McCarran (Democrat, Nevada) began an +investigation which lasted many months and became the most important, +careful, and productive investigation ever conducted by a committee of +Congress. + +The McCarran investigation of the IPR was predicated on the assumption +that United States diplomacy had never suffered a more disastrous defeat +than in its failure to avert the communist conquest of China. + +The communist conquest of China led to the Korean war; and the tragic +mishandling of this war on the part of Washington and United Nations +officialdom destroyed American prestige throughout Asia, and built +Chinese communist military power into a menacing colossus. + +The Senate investigation revealed that the American policy decisions +which produced these disastrous consequences were made by IPR officials +who were traitors, or under the influence of traitors, whose allegiance +lay in Moscow. + +Owen Lattimore, guiding light of the IPR during its most important years +(and also a member of the Council on Foreign Relations), was termed a +conscious articulate instrument of the Soviet international conspiracy. + +Alger Hiss (a CFR member who was later identified as a Soviet spy) was +closely tied in with the IPR during his long and influential career in +government service. Hiss became a trustee of the IPR after his +resignation from the State Department. The secret information which Hiss +delivered to a Soviet spy ring in the 1930's kept the Soviets apprised +of American activity in the Far East. + +Lauchlin Currie (also a member of the CFR) was an administrative +assistant to President Roosevelt. Harry Dexter White virtually ran the +Treasury Department under both Roosevelt and Truman. Both Currie and +White had strong connections with the IPR; and both were Soviet +spies--who not only channeled important American secrets to Soviet +military intelligence, but also influenced and formulated American +policies to suit the Soviets. + +By the time the McCarran investigation ended, the whole nation knew that +the IPR was, as the McCarran committee had characterized it, a +transmission belt for Soviet propaganda in the United States. + +The IPR, thoroughly discredited, had lost its power and influence; but +its work was carried on, without any perceptible decline in +effectiveness, by the Foreign Policy Association. + + * * * * * + +The FPA did this job through its Councils on World Affairs, which had +been set up in key cities throughout the United States. + +These councils are all "anti-communist." They include among their +members the business, financial, social, cultural, and educational +leaders of the community. Their announced purpose is to help citizens +become better informed on international affairs and foreign policy. To +this end, they arrange public discussion groups, forums, seminars in +connection with local schools and colleges, radio-television programs, +and lecture series. They distribute a mammoth quantity of expensively +produced material--to schools, civic clubs, discussion groups, and so +on, at little or no cost. + +The Councils bring world-renowned speakers to their community. Hence, +Council events generally make headlines and get wide coverage on radio +and television. The Foreign Policy Associations' Councils on World +Affairs, through the parent organization, through the Council on Foreign +Relations, and through a multitude of other channels, have close working +relationships with the State Department. + +Hence, many of the distinguished speakers whom the Councils present are +handpicked by the State Department; and they travel (sometimes from +distant foreign lands) at United States taxpayers' expense. + +To avert criticism (or to provide themselves with ammunition against +criticism when it arises) that they are nothing but internationalist +propaganda agencies, the Councils on World Affairs distribute a little +literature which, and present a few speakers who, give the general +appearance of being against the internationalist program of one-world +socialism. But their anti-internationalism presentations are generally +milk-and-water middle-of-the-roadism which is virtually meaningless. +Most Councils-on-World-Affairs presentations give persuasive +internationalist propaganda. + +Thus, the Foreign Policy Association, through its Councils on World +Affairs--and another affiliated activity, the Great Decisions +program--has managed to enroll some "conservative" community leadership +into an effective propaganda effort for one-world socialism. + +The World Affairs Center was set up with national headquarters at 345 +East 46th Street in New York City, as a formal affiliate of the Foreign +Policy Association, to handle the important job of directing the various +"independent" Councils on World Affairs, located in major cities +throughout the nation. In March, 1960, the FPA merged with the World +Affairs Center to form one organization: the Foreign Policy +Association-World Affairs Center. + + * * * * * + +The FPA-WAC describes its Great Decisions program as an annual +nation-wide review, by local groups under local sponsorship, of problems +affecting United States Foreign Policy. FPA-WAC provides Fact Sheet +Kits, which contain reading material for these local discussion groups. +These kits present what FPA calls a "common fund of information" for all +participants. They also provide an "opinion" ballot which permits each +participant, at the end of the Great Decisions discussion program, to +register his viewpoint and send it to officials in Washington. + +The old IPR line (fostering American policies which helped communists +take over China) was that the Chinese communists were not communists at +all but democratic "agrarian reformers" whom the Chinese people loved +and respected, and whom the Chinese people were going to install as the +rulers of new China, regardless of what America did; and that, +therefore, it was in our best interest to be friendly with these +"agrarian reformers" so that China would remain a friendly power once +the "reformers" took over. + +A major objective of the FPA-WAC--since it fell heir to the work of the +IPR--is to foster American diplomatic recognition of red China. + +The FPA-WAC, and its subordinate Councils on World Affairs, do this +propaganda job most cleverly. Most FPA spokesmen (except a few like +Cyrus Eaton, who is a darling of the FPA and occasionally writes for its +publications) are "anti-communists" who admit that the Chinese +communists are real communists. They admit that it is not pleasant (in +the wake of our memories of Korea) to think of extending diplomatic +recognition to red China; and they do not always openly advocate such a +move; but their literature and Great Decisions operations and other +activities all subtly inculcate the idea that, however much we may +dislike the Chinese communists, it is highly probable that we can best +promote American interests by "eventually" recognizing red China. + +In this connection, the FPA-WAC Great Decisions program for 1957 was +especially interesting. One question posed that year was "Should U. S. +Deal With Red China?" Discussion of this topic was divided into four +corollary questions: _Why Two Chinas? What are Red China's goals? Does +Red China threaten 'uncommitted' Asia? Red China's record--what U. S. +Policy?_ + +The FPA-WAC Fact Sheet Kit, which sets out background information for +the "study" and "voting" on the red China question, contains nothing +that would remind Americans of Chinese communist atrocities against our +men in Korea or in any way make Americans really angry at the +communists. In the discussion of the "two Chinas," the communists sound +somewhat more attractive than the nationalists. In the discussion of red +China's "goals," there is nothing about the communist goal of enslaving +all Asia; there are simply statistics showing how much more progress red +China has made than "democratic" India--with less outside help than +"democratic" India has received from the United States. + +In the discussion of whether red China threatens the rest of Asia, the +FPA-WAC material makes no inference that the reds are an evil, +aggressive power--but it does let the reader know that the reds in China +are a mighty military power that we must reckon with, in realistic +terms. Nothing is said in the FPA-WAC Fact Sheet Kit about the +communist rape of Tibet. Rather, one gets the impression that Tibet is +a normal, traditional province of China which has now returned to the +homeland. + +After studying the problems of communist China from this FPA-WAC "Fact +Sheet," Great Decisions participants were given an opportunity to cast +an "Opinion Ballot" on the four specific questions posed. The "Opinions" +were already written out on the FPA-WAC ballot. The voter had only to +select the opinion he liked best, and mark it. Here are the five choices +of opinions given voters on the Foreign Policy Association's Great +Decisions 1957 Opinion Ballot, concerning U. S. diplomatic recognition +of red China. + + "a. Recognize Peiping now, because we can deal with Far East + political and other problems more easily if we have diplomatic + relations with Peiping. + + "b. Go slow on recognizing them but agree to further talks and, if + progress is made, be willing to grant recognition at some future + date. + + "c. Refuse to recognize them under any circumstances. + + "d. Acknowledge that the Peiping government is the effective + government of China (recognition _de facto_) and deal with it as + much as seems useful, on this basis, but avoid full diplomatic + relations for the present. + + "e. Other." + + * * * * * + +General purposes of the Foreign Policy Association-World Affairs Center +are rather well indicated in a fund-raising letter, mailed to American +businessmen all over the nation, on February 23, 1961. The letter was on +the letterhead of Consolidated Foods Corporation, 135 South La Salle +Street, Chicago 3, Illinois, and was signed by Nathan Cummings, Chairman +of the Board. Here is a part of Mr. Cummings' appeal to other +businessmen to contribute money to the FPA-WAC: + + "In his inaugural address which I had the privilege of personally + hearing in Washington, President Kennedy summoned the American + people to responsibility in foreign policy: ... + + "This call for individual initiative by the President characterizes + the kind of citizen responsibility in world affairs which the + Foreign Policy Association-World Affairs Center has been + energetically trying to build since its founding in 1918.... + + "The FPA-WAC's national program for informing the American public + of the urgent matters of foreign policy such as those mentioned by + the President--'the survival and the success of liberty,' + 'inspection and control of arms,' the forging of 'a grand and + global alliance' to 'assure a more fruitful life for all + mankind'--is making remarkable progress. + + "The enclosed 'Memorandum: 1960-61' describes the program and past + achievement of this 42-year-old organization. Particularly worthy + of mention is their annual 'Great Decisions' program which last + year engaged more than a quarter of a million Americans in eight + weeks of discussion of U. S. foreign policy and reached hundreds of + thousands of others with related radio, television and newspaper + background programs and articles on these important topics. + + "Of the basic budget for 1960-61 of $1,140,700, nearly one-third + must be raised from individual and corporate sources to meet + minimal operating needs. The fact that over 400 major corporations, + some of whom contribute as much as $5,000, already support FPA-WAC + is evidence of the effectiveness and vitality of its educational + program.... + + "I hope that you and your company will join ours in generously + supporting this work." + +Erwin D. Canham, editor of _The Christian Science Monitor_, has +caustically denounced the American Legion Post in Atlanta for its +"attack" on the FPA. + +Mr. Canham, in a letter dated April 25, 1961, accused the American +Legion Post of making a "completely false" statement when the Post +contended that Mr. Canham and the _Monitor_ advocated the seating of red +China in the UN. Mr. Canham said: + + "This newspaper's editorial policy has never espoused any such + position." + +I have in my file a letter which Mr. Canham wrote, April 29, 1960, as +editor of _The Christian Science Monitor_, on the _Monitor's_ +letterhead. In this letter, Mr. Canham says: + + "I believe that the United States should open diplomatic relations + with communist China." + +The interesting thing here is the coincidence of Mr. Canham's policy +with regard to red China, and the policy of the Foreign Policy +Association-World Affairs Center. + +The Great Decisions program for 1957 (discussed above) was obviously +intended to lead Americans to acceptance of U. S. diplomatic recognition +of red China. The same material, however, made it clear that the +invisible government was not yet advocating the seating of red China in +the UN! Do these backstairs formulators and managers of United States +opinion and governmental policies have more respect for the UN than they +have for the US? Or, do they fear that bringing red China into the UN +(before U. S. recognition) would finish discrediting that already +discredited organization and cause the American people to demand +American withdrawal? + +Christian Scientists (through Mr. Canham and the _Monitor_), Protestants +(through the National Council of Churches), Quakers (through the +American Friends Service Committee), and Jews (through the American +Jewish Committee, The Anti-Defamation League, and other organizations) +are among the religious groups which have publicly supported activities +of the Foreign Policy Association. Powerful Catholic personalities and +publications have endorsed FPA work, too. + +On December 9, 1959, The Right Rev. Timothy F. O'Leary, Superintendent +of Catholic Schools for the Archdiocese of Boston, wrote to all Catholic +schools in the district, telling them that he was making plans for their +participation with the World Affairs Council and the Foreign Policy +Association in the Great Decisions 1960 Program. + +On November 27, 1960, _Our Sunday Visitor_ (largest and perhaps most +influential Catholic newspaper in America) featured an article by Frank +Folsom, Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Board of Directors of +the Radio Corporation of America, and a leading Catholic layman. Mr. +Folsom was effusive in his praise of the FPA-WAC Great Decisions +program. + + * * * * * + +The interlock between the Council on Foreign Relations and the Foreign +Policy Association-World Affairs Center can be seen in the list of +officers and directors of the FPA-WAC: + + Eustace Seligman, Chairman of the FPA-WAC, is a partner in Sullivan + and Cromwell, the law firm of the late John Foster Dulles, a + leading CFR member. + + John W. Nason, President of FPA-WAC, is a member of the Council on + Foreign Relations. + + Walter H. Wheeler, Jr., President of Pitney-Bowes, Inc., is Vice + Chairman of FPA-WAC, and also a member of the CFR. + + Gerald F. Beal, of the J. Henry Schroeder Banking Corporation of + New York, is Treasurer of FPA-WAC, and also a member of the Council + on Foreign Relations. + + Mrs. Andrew G. Carey is Secretary of FPA-WAC. Her husband is a + member of the CFR. + + Emile E. Soubry, Executive Vice President and Director of the + Standard Oil Company of New Jersey, is Chairman of the Executive + Committee of FPA-WAC, and also a member of the CFR. + + Benjamin J. Buttenwieser, of Kuhn, Loeb, and Company, in New York, + is a member of the Executive Committee of FPA-WAC, and also a + member of the CFR. + + Joseph E. Johnson (old friend of Alger Hiss, who succeeded Hiss as + President of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace) is a + member of the Executive Committee of the FPA-WAC, and also a member + of the CFR. + + Harold F. Linder, Vice Chairman of the General American Investors + Company, is a member of the Executive Committee of FPA-WAC, and + also a member of the CFR. + + A. William Loos, Executive Director of the Church Peace Union, is a + member of the Executive Committee of the FPA-WAC. Mr. Loos attended + the CFR meeting with high communist party officials in the Soviet + Union in May, 1961. + + Henry Siegbert, formerly a partner in the investment banking firm + of Adolph Lewisohn & Sons, is a member of the Executive Committee + of the FPA-WAC, and also a member of the CFR. + + + + +Chapter 4 + +COMMITTEE FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT + + + +On June 20, 1961, _The San Francisco Examiner_ published a United Press +International news story with a June 19, Washington, D. C. date line, +under the headline "J.F.K. Backs Tax Cut Plan." + +Here are portions of the article: + + "President Kennedy today urged Congress and the people to give a + close study to a monetary reform proposal which would empower him + to cut income taxes in recession periods. + + "He issued the statement after receiving a bulky report from the + Commission of [sic] Money and Credit.... + + "The 27-member commission was set up in 1957 by the Committee for + Economic Development (CED). Its three-year study was financed by + $1.3 million in grants from the CED and the Ford and Merrill + Foundation. + + "One of the key recommendations was to give the President limited + power to cut the 20 percent tax rate on the first $2000 of personal + income, if needed to help the economy.... + + "The report also recommended extensive changes in the Federal + Reserve System, set up in 1913 as the core of the Nation's banking + system...." + +This _San Francisco Examiner_ article is a classic example of propaganda +disguised as straight news reporting. + + * * * * * + +A story about the President supporting a plan for reducing taxes could +not fail to command sympathetic attention. But the truth is that the +tax reform proposals of the Commission on Money and Credit would give +the President as much power and leeway to _raise_ taxes as to lower +them. + +In its 282-page report, the Commission made 87 separate proposals. One +would permit the President (on his own initiative) to reduce the basic +income-tax rate (the one that applies to practically every person who +has any income at all) from 20% to 15%. It would also permit the +President to raise the basic rate from 20% to 25%. + +The idea of giving the President such power is as alien to American +political principles as communism itself is. The proposed "machinery" +for granting such Presidential power would violate every basic principle +of our constitutional system. Under the Commission's proposal, the +President would announce that he was going to increase or decrease +taxes. If, within sixty days, Congress did not veto the plan, it would +become law, effective for six months, at which time it would have to be +renewed by the same procedure. That is very similar to the Soviet way. +It could not be more foreign to the American way if it had been lifted +from the Soviet constitution. + +Other proposals in the report of the Commission on Money and Credit, +filed on June 18, 1961, after a three-year study: + + 1. The Federal Reserve Act would be amended to give the President + control over the Federal Reserve System--which, as set up in 1913, + is supposed to be free of any kind of political control, from the + White House or elsewhere. + + 2. The Commission recommends elimination of the legal requirement + that the Federal Reserve System maintain a gold reserve as backing + for American currency. A bill was introduced in Congress (May 9, + 1961, by U. S. Congressman Abraham Multer, New York Democrat) to + implement this Commission recommendation. The bill would take away + from American citizens twelve billion dollars in gold which + supports their own currency, and enable government to pour this + gold out to foreigners, as long as it lasts, leaving Americans with + a worthless currency, and at the mercy of foreign governments and + bankers (see the _Dan Smoot Report_, "Gold and Treachery," May 22, + 1961). + + 3. The banking laws of individual states would be ignored or + invalidated: banking laws of 33 states prohibit mutual savings + banks; the Commission on Money and Credit wants a federal law to + permit such banks in all states. + + 4. The Commission would circumvent, if not eliminate, state laws + governing the insurance industry: the Commission proposes a federal + law which would permit insurance companies to obtain federal + charters and claim federal, rather than state, regulation. + + 5. The Commission would subject all private pension funds to + federal supervision. + + 6. The Commission would abolish congressional limitations on the + size of the national debt--so that the debt could go as high as the + President pleased, without any interference from Congress. + + 7. The Commission recommends that Congress approve all federal + public works projects three years in advance, so that the President + could order the projects _when he felt_ the economy needed + stimulation. + +Remembering how President Kennedy and his administrative officials and +congressional leaders used political extortion and promises of bribes +with public money to force the House of Representatives, in January, +1961, to pack the House Rules Committee, imagine how the President could +whip Congress, and the whole nation, into line if the President had just +_some_ of the additional, unconstitutional power which the Commission on +Money and Credit wants him to have. + + * * * * * + +The objective of the Commission on Money and Credit (to finish the +conversion of America into a total socialist state, under the +dictatorship of whatever "proletarian" happens to be enthroned in the +White House) can be seen, between the lines, in the Commission's remarks +about the "formidable problem" of unemployment. + +The Commission wants unemployment to drop to the point where the number +of jobless workers will equal the number of vacant jobs! And the clear +implication is that the federal government must adopt whatever policies +necessary to create this condition. + +Such a condition can exist only in a slave system--like the socialist +system of communist China where, for example, all "farmers" (men, women, +and children) enjoy full employment; under the whips of overseers, on +the collective farms of communism. + +The Commission on Money and Credit was created on November 21, 1957, by +the Committee for Economic Development (CED). In the 1957 Annual Report +of the CED, Mr. Donald K. David, CED Chairman, gave the history of the +Commission on Money and Credit. Mr. David said: + + "CED began nine years ago [1948] to call attention to the need for + a comprehensive reassessment of our entire system of money and + credit. + + "When the last such survey of the economic scene was made by the + Aldrich Commission in 1911, we had no central banking system, no + guaranteed deposits or guaranteed mortgages. There were no personal + or corporate income taxes; no group insurance plans, pension funds, + or Social Security system.... + + "Although CED had envisaged a commission created by government, the + inability of government to obtain the consensus required for + launching the study became as apparent as the need for avoiding + further delay. So, after receiving encouragement from other + research institutions, leaders in Congress, the Administration, and + from various leaders in private life, CED's Trustees decided to + sponsor the effort, assisted by a grant from The Ford + Foundation...." + +Here is the membership of the CED's Commission on Money and Credit: + + Frazar B. Wilde, Chairman (President of Connecticut General Life + Insurance Company) + + Hans Christian Sonne, Vice-Chairman (New York; official in numerous + foundations and related organizations, such as Twentieth Century + Fund; American-Scandanavian Foundation; National Planning + Association; and so on) + + Adolf A. Berle, Jr. (New York; Berle has been in and out of + important posts in government for many years; he is an + anti-communist socialist; he resigned from the Commission on Money + and Credit to accept his present job handling Latin American + affairs in the State Department) + + James B. Black (Chairman of the Board of Pacific Gas and Electric + Company) + + Marriner S. Eccles (Chairman of the Board of the First Security + Corporation; formerly Assistant to the Secretary of the Treasury + under Roosevelt; Governor of Federal Reserve Board; and official in + numerous international banking organizations, such as the + Export-Import Bank) + + Lamar Fleming, Jr. (Chairman of the Board of Anderson, Clayton & + Co., Houston, Texas) + + Henry H. Fowler (Washington, D.C.; resigned from the Commission on + February 3 to accept appointment from Kennedy as Under Secretary of + the Treasury) + + Gaylord A. Freeman, Jr. (President of the First National Bank, + Chicago) + + Philip M. Klutznick (Park Forest, Ill., resigned from the + Commission on February 8, to accept appointment from President + Kennedy as United States Representative to the United Nations + Economic and Social Council) + + Fred Lazarus, Jr. (Chairman of the Board of Federated Department + Stores, Inc.) + + Isador Lubin (Professor of Public Affairs at Rutgers University) + + J. Irwin Miller (Chairman of the Board of Cummins Engine Company) + + Robert R. Nathan (Washington, D.C.; has been in and out of many + important government jobs since the first Roosevelt Administration) + + Emil Rieve (President emeritus of the Textile Workers + Union--AFL-CIO) + + David Rockefeller (President of Chase Manhattan Bank) + + Stanley H. Ruttenberg (Research Director for AFL-CIO) + + Charles Sawyer (Cincinnati lawyer, prominent in Democratic Party + politics in Ohio) + + Earl B. Schwulst (President of the Bowery Savings Bank in New York) + + Charles B. Shuman (President of the American Farm Bureau + Federation) + + Jesse W. Tapp (Chairman of the Board, Bank of America) + + John Cameron Thomson (former Chairman of the Board of Northwest + Bancorporation, Minneapolis) + + Willard L. Thorp (Director of the Merrill Center for Economics at + Amherst College) + + Theodore O. Yntema (Vice President in Charge of Finance, Ford Motor + Company) + + William F. Schnitzler (Secretary-Treasurer of AFL-CIO; resigned + from the Commission in 1960) + + Joseph M., Dodge (Chairman of the Board of Detroit Bank and Trust + Co.; resigned from the Commission in 1960) + + Beardsley Ruml (well-known and influential new deal economist who + held numerous posts with foundations and related organizations; is + sometimes called the father of the federal withholding tax law, + enacted during World War II; Dr. Ruml died before the Commission on + Money and Credit completed its report) + + Fred T. Greene (President of the Home Loan Bank of Indianapolis; + died before the Commission completed its report) + +The director of research for the Commission Was Dr. Bertrand Fox, +professor at the Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration. His +assistant was Dr. Eli Shapiro, Professor of Finance at the Massachusetts +Institute of Technology. + +Of the 27 persons who served as members of the Commission on Money and +Credit, 13 (Wilde, Sonne, Berle, Fleming, Fowler, Lubin, Nathan, +Rockefeller, Tapp, Thorp, Yntema, Dodge, Ruml) were members of the +Council on Foreign Relations. + +In other words, the Commission on Money and Credit was just another +tax-exempt propaganda agency of America's invisible government, the +Council on Foreign Relations. + + * * * * * + +The above discussion of the Commission on Money and Credit, together +with the roster of membership, was first published in _The Dan Smoot +Report_ dated July 3, 1961. + +On September 22, 1961, Mr. Charles B. Shuman, President of the American +Farm Bureau Federation, wrote me a letter, saying: + + "I was a member of the Commission on Money and Credit but you will + notice that I filed very strong objections to several of the + recommendations which you brought to the attention of your + readers. I do not agree with the Commission recommendations to + authorize the President of the United States to vary the rate of + income tax. Neither do I agree that the gold reserve requirement + should be abandoned. I agree with several of your criticisms of the + Report but I cannot agree that 'the objective of the Commission on + Money and Credit (to finish the conversion of America into a total + socialist state, under the dictatorship of whatever proletarian + happens to be enthroned in the White House) can be seen, between + the lines, in the Commission's remarks about the formidable problem + of unemployment.' + + "At its worst, it was a compromise of the divergent viewpoint of + the conservative and liberal members of the Commission." + +I will not argue with Mr. Shuman, an honest and honorable man, about the +objective of the Commission; but I will reassert the obvious: +recommendations of the Commission on Money and Credit, if fully +implemented, would finish the conversion of America into a total +socialist state. + + * * * * * + +As pointed out before, the various agencies which interlock with the +Council on Foreign Relations do not have formal affiliation with the +Council, or generally, with each other; but their effective togetherness +is revealed by their unanimity of purpose: They are all working toward +the ultimate objective of creating a one-world socialist system and +making America a part of it. + +This ambitious scheme was first conceived and put into operation, during +the administrations of Woodrow Wilson, by Colonel Edward M. House, and +by the powerful international bankers whom House influenced. + +House founded the Council on Foreign Relations for the purpose of +creating (and conditioning the American people to accept) what House +called a "positive" foreign policy for America--a policy which would +entwine the affairs of America with those of other nations until this +nation would be sucked into a world-government arrangement. + +Colonel House knew, however, that America could not become a province in +a one-world socialist system unless America's economy was first +socialized. Consequently, House laid the groundwork for "positive" +domestic policies of government too--policies which could gradually +place government in control of the nation's economy until, before the +public realized what was happening, we would already have a socialist +dictatorship. + +The following passages are from pages 152-157 of _The Intimate Papers of +Colonel House_: + + "The extent of Colonel House's influence upon the legislative plans + of the Administration [Wilson's] may be gathered from a remarkable + document.... In the autumn of 1912, immediately after the + presidential election [when Wilson was elected for his first term] + there was published a novel, or political romance, entitled _Philip + Dru: Administrator_. + + "It was the story of a young West Point graduate ... who was caught + by the spirit of revolt against the tyranny of privileged + interests. A stupid and reactionary government at Washington + provokes armed rebellion, in which Dru joins whole-heartedly and + which he ultimately leads to complete success. He himself becomes a + dictator and proceeds by ordinance to remake the mechanism of + government, to reform the basic laws that determine the relation of + the classes, to remodel the defensive forces of the republic, and + to bring about an international grouping or league of powers.... + + "Five years after its publication, an enterprising bookseller, + noting the growing influence of House in the Wilson Administration, + wrote with regard to the book: 'As time goes on the interest in it + becomes more intense, due to the fact that so many of the ideas + expressed by _Philip Dru: Administrator_, have become laws of this + Republic, and so many of his ideas have been discussed as becoming + laws.... Is Colonel E. M. House of Texas the author?' ... + + "Colonel House was, in truth, the author.... + + "'Philip Dru' ... gives us an insight into the main political and + social principles that actuated House in his companionship with + President Wilson. Through it runs the note of social democracy + reminiscent of Louis Blanc and the revolutionaries of 1848.... + + "Through the book also runs the idea that in the United States, + government is unresponsive to popular desires--a 'negative' + government, House calls it.... + + "The specific measures enacted by Philip Dru as Administrator of + the nation, indicated the reforms desired by House. + + "The Administrator appointed a 'board composed of economists ... + who ... were instructed to work out a tariff law which would + contemplate the abolition of the theory of protection as a + governmental policy.' + + "'The Administrator further directed the tax board to work out a + graduated income tax.... + + "Philip Dru also provided for the 'formulation of a new banking + law, affording a flexible currency bottomed largely upon commercial + assets.... He also proposed making corporations share with the + government and states a certain part of their earnings.... + + "'Labor is no longer to be classed as an inert commodity to be + bought and sold by the law of supply and demand.' + + "Dru 'prepared an old age pension law and also a laborer's + insurance law....' + + "'He had incorporated in the Franchise Law the right of Labor to + have one representative upon the boards of corporations and to + share a certain percentage of the earnings above the wages, after a + reasonable percent upon the capital had been earned. In turn, it + was to be obligatory upon them (the laborers) not to strike, but to + submit all grievances to arbitration.'" + +Need it be pointed out that "Louis Blanc and the revolutionaries of +1848," on whom Colonel House patterned his plan for remaking America, +had a scheme for the world virtually identical with that of Karl Marx +and Frederick Engles--those socialist revolutionaries who wrote the +_Communist Manifesto_ in 1848? + + * * * * * + +In 1918, Franklin K. Lane, Woodrow Wilson's Secretary of the Interior, +in a private letter, wrote, concerning the influence of 'Philip Dru' on +President Wilson: + + "All that book has said should be, comes about.... The President + comes to _Philip Dru_, in the end." + +The _end_ is a socialist dictatorship of the proletariat, identical with +that which now exists in the Soviet Union. We have already "come to" a +major portion of Colonel House's program for us. The unrealized portions +of the program are now promises in the platforms of both our major +political parties, they are in the legislative proposals of the +Administration in power and of its leaders in Congress; they are the +objectives of the Council on Foreign Relations, whose members occupy key +posts in Government, from the Presidency downward, and who dominate a +vast network of influential, tax-exempt "educational" agencies, whose +role is to "educate" the Congress and the people to accept the total +socialist program for America. + +The Committee for Economic Development (which created the Commission on +Money and Credit) is the major propaganda arm of the Council on Foreign +Relations, in the important work of socializing the American economy. + + * * * * * + +Paul G. Hoffman is the father of CED. Hoffman, an influential member of +the CFR, was formerly President of Studebaker Corp.; former President of +Ford Foundation; Honorary Chairman of the Fund for the Republic; has +held many powerful jobs in government since the days of Roosevelt; and +is now Director of the Special United Nations Fund for Economic +Development--SUNFED--the UN agency which is giving American tax money as +economic aid to communist Castro in Cuba. Hoffman, in 1939, conceived +the idea of setting up a tax-exempt "economic committee" which would +prepare new economic policies for the nation and then prepare the public +and Congress to accept them. + +Hoffman founded the Committee for Economic Development in 1942. The +organization was incorporated in September of that year, with Paul G. +Hoffman as Chairman. Major offices in the Committee for Economic +Development have always been occupied by members of the Council on +Foreign Relations--persons who generally have important positions in +many other interlocking organizations, in the foundations, in the big +corporations which finance the great interlock, and/or in government. + + * * * * * + +Here are the Council on Foreign Relations members who joined Paul +Hoffman in setting up the CED in 1942: + + William Benton (former U.S. Senator, now Chairman of the Board of + _Encyclopaedia Britannica_; former Assistant Secretary of State; + Trustee and former Vice President, University of Chicago) + + Will L. Clayton (founder of Anderson, Clayton & Co., Houston; + former Assistant Secretary of Commerce and Under Secretary of State + under Roosevelt and Truman; Eisenhower's National Security Training + Commissioner) + + Ralph E. Flanders (former United States Senator) + + Marion B. Folsom (Eisenhower's Secretary of the Department of + Health, Education, and Welfare; many other positions in the + Roosevelt and Truman Administrations; Board of Overseers, Harvard) + + Eric A. Johnston (former Director, Economic Stabilization Agency; + many other positions in the Roosevelt-Truman-Eisenhower + Administrations; former Director and President of U.S. Chamber of + Commerce; now President of the Motion Picture Association of + America) + + Thomas B. McCabe (former Lend-Lease Administrator; former Chairman + of the Board of Governors, Federal Reserve System; President of + Scott Paper Company since 1927) + + Harry Scherman (founder and Chairman of the Board, Book of the + Month Club, Inc.) + + * * * * * + +Here are Council on Foreign Relations members who were Chairmen of the +Committee for Economic Development from 1942 through 1959: + + Paul G. Hoffman, 1942-48 + + Marion B. Folsom, 1950-53 + + Meyer Kestnbaum, 1953-55 (President, Hart Schaffner & Marx; + Director, Fund for the Republic; Director, Chicago and Northwestern + Railroad) + + J. D. Zellerbach, 1955-57 (Eisenhower's Ambassador to Italy; + President and Director of Crown-Zellerbach Corp.; Chairman of the + Board and Director, Fibreboard Products, Inc.; Director, Wells + Fargo Bank & Union Trust Co.) + + Donald K. David, 1957-59 (Dean, Harvard University; Trustee of the + Ford Foundation, Carnegie Institute, Merrill Foundation; Board of + Directors, R. H. Macy & Co., General Electric Corp., First National + City Bank of New York, Aluminum, Ltd., Ford Motor Co.) + +Of the CED Board of Trustees listed in the CED's 1957 Annual Report, 47 +were members of the Council on Foreign Relations. + + * * * * * + +The Research and Policy Committee of the Committee for Economic +Development is the select inner-group which actually runs the CED. In +1957, the following members of the Research and Policy Committee were +also members of the Council on Foreign Relations: + + Frazar B. Wilde, Chairman + + Frank Altschul (Chairman of the Board, General American Investors + Corp.; Vice Chairman, National Planning Association; Vice + President, Woodrow Wilson Foundation) + + Elliott V. Bell (former economic adviser to Thomas E. Dewey; former + research consultant to Wendell Willkie; now Chairman of the + Executive Committee, McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., Inc.; Publisher + and Editor of _Business Week_; Director of Bank of Manhattan Co., + New York Life Insurance Co., Carrier Corp., Trustee of the John S. + Guggenheim Memorial Foundation) + + William Benton + + Thomas D. Cabot (former Director of Office of International + Security Affairs, State Department; now President of Godfrey L. + Cabot, Inc.; Director of John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Co., + American Mutual Liability Insurance Co.; Trustee, Hampton + Institute, Radcliff College; member of the Corporation of + Massachusetts Institute of Technology) + + Walker L. Cisler (former member of the Atomic Energy Commission, + Economic Cooperation Administration, Military Government of + Germany; now President of Detroit-Edison Co., Trustee, Cornell + University) + + Emilio G. Collado (former State Department career official; now + Treasurer, Standard Oil Company of New Jersey) + + Gardner Cowles (former Domestic Director, Office of War + Information; now President, _Des Moines Register & Tribune_, Cowles + Magazines, Inc.--_Look_, etc.--) + + Donald K. David + + William C. Foster (former Under Secretary of Commerce, Deputy + Secretary of Defense; now Executive Vice President, Olin Mathieson + Chemical Corp.) + + Philip L. Graham (former law secretary to Supreme Court Justices + Stanley Reed and Felix Frankfurter; now President and Publisher of + _The Washington Post and Times Herald_) + + Meyer Kestnbaum + + Thomas B. McCabe + + Don G. Mitchell (Chairman of the Board, Sylvania Electric Products, + Inc.) + + Alfred C. Neal (former official, Office of Price Administration; + now member of the Board of Governors, Federal Reserve Bank of + Boston; President of CED) + + Howard C. Petersen (former council to Committee to Draft Selective + Service Regulations; Assistant Secretary of War; now President, + Philadelphia Trust Company; Trustee, Temple University) + + Philip D. Reed (many positions in the Roosevelt and Truman + Administrations; member, U. S. Delegation to UN Conference at San + Francisco, 1945; now Chairman, Finance Committee, General Electric + Co.; Director of Canadian General Electric Co., Bankers Trust Co., + Metropolitan Life Insurance Co.) + + Beardsley Ruml + + Harry Scherman + + Wayne Chatfield Taylor (many government positions including + Assistant Secretary of Treasury, Under Secretary of Commerce; + presently an economic adviser) + + Theodore O. Yntema + + * * * * * + +In its annual report for 1957, the Committee for Economic Development +boasted of some of its past accomplishments and its future plans. + +Mr. Howard C. Petersen, Chairman of the CED's Subcommittee on Economic +Development Assistance (and a member of the Council on Foreign +Relations) said that his committee originated the idea of creating the +Development Loan Fund, which was authorized by Congress in Section 6 of +the Foreign Aid Bill of 1957, which Eisenhower established by Executive +Order on December 13, 1957, and which may be the most sinister step ever +taken by the internationalist foreign-aid lobby. + +In 1956, when President Eisenhower requested an appropriation of +$4,860,000,000 for foreign aid, he asked Congress to authorize foreign +aid commitments for the next ten years. Congress refused the ten-year +plan. In 1957, the internationalists' ideal of a _permanent_ +authorization for foreign aid was wrapped up in the Development Loan +Fund scheme. + +Only a few Congressmen raised any question about it. Below are passages +taken from the _Congressional Record_ of July 15, 1957, the day the +Development Loan Fund was discussed in the House. + +Congressman A. S. J. Carnahan (Democrat, Missouri) floor manager for the +Foreign Aid Bill, rose to explain Section 6, which established the +Development Loan Fund, saying: + + "The United States, in order to provide effective assistance [to + all underdeveloped countries of the world] ... must have available + a substantial fund upon which it can draw. The fund must be large + enough so that all of the underdeveloped nations of the free world + will feel that they will have an opportunity to participate in it. + + "We cannot wisely say that we should make a small amount available + the first year and see how things work out. If we are able to offer + assistance only to the select few, we will inevitably antagonize + many other countries whose future friendship and cooperation will + be important to us ... in addition to an initial authorization of + an appropriation of $500 million, the bill includes authorization + for borrowing from the Treasury $500 million beginning in fiscal + 1959, and an additional $500 million beginning in fiscal 1960." + +Thus, Congressman Carnahan, arguing for foreign aid, outlined some of +the absurd fallacies of foreign aid: namely, if we give foreign aid at +all, we must provide enough so that every foreign government in the +world will always be able to get all it wants. We can exercise no choice +in whom we give or lend our money to. If we give only "to the select +few" we offend all others. + +Congressman H. R. Gross (Republican, Iowa) asked a question: + + "What interest rate will be charged upon the loans that are to be + made?" + +Congressman Carnahan: + + "The legislation does not designate the interest rate." + +Mr. Gross: + + "What will be the length of the loan to be made?" + +Mr. Carnahan: + + "The legislation does not designate the length of the loans. The + rules for the loans, which will determine the interest rates, the + length of time the loans will run, the size of the installment + repayments, and other administrative details, will be taken care of + by the Executive Department." + +Congressman John L. Pilcher (Democrat, Georgia) made the point that the +manager of the Development Loan Fund, appointed by the President, could +lend money to: + + "any foreign government or foreign government agency, to any + corporation, any individual or any group of persons." + +Congressman Carnahan: + + "That is correct." + +Congressman Pilcher: + + "In other words, it would be possible for an individual to borrow + $1 million or $5 million to set up some business in some foreign + country, if the manager so agreed; is that correct?" + +Congressman Carnahan: + + "If they met the criteria set up for loans." + +Congressman Pilcher: + + "The manager ... has the authority to collect or compromise any + obligation in this fund. In other words, he can make a loan this + month and if he so desires he can turn around and compromise it or + cancel it next month which is a straight out grant in the disguise + of a soft-loan program." + +Congressman Porter Hardy, Jr. (Democrat, Virginia) said: + + "The manager of the Fund has almost unlimited authority to do + anything he pleases." + +Congressman Barratt O'Hara (Democrat, Illinois), trying to quiet fears +that this bill was granting unlimited, uncontrollable power to some +appointed manager, said that the blank-check grant of authority was not +really being made to the fund manager at all. The power was being given +to the President of the United States, and the manager would merely +"perform such functions with respect to this title as the President may +direct." + +Congressman Gross said: + + "That is more power than any President should ask for or want the + responsibility for." + +Congressman Leon H. Gavin (Republican, Pennsylvania) pointed out that we +already have 5 or 6 lending agencies in this field: The International +Co-operation Administration; the Export-Import Bank; the International +Bank; the International Monetary Fund; the International Development +Corporation; and the World Bank. Why, then, do we need this new one, the +Development Loan Fund? + +Congressman Walter H. Judd (Republican, Minnesota) had already answered +that question, explaining that Development Loan Fund money would go to +foreigners who could not qualify for loans from other agencies. + +Congressman Gross said that all foreign nations which will borrow from +this Fund could get all the American private capital they need if they +had political systems which made lending to them sensible or feasible. + +In short, the Development Loan Fund (which the Committee for Economic +Development boasts paternity of) is a scheme for giving American tax +money to foreigners who have proven themselves such poor credit risks +that they cannot obtain loans even from other governmental and UN +agencies--and who will use the money to line their own pockets and to +build socialistic enterprises which will eliminate possibilities of +freedom in their own land, and will compete in world markets with +American enterprise. + + * * * * * + +In its 1957 annual report, the CED also boasted about the work of its +Area Development Committee. At that time, the two leading members of +this particular committee of the CED (who were also members of the +Council on Foreign Relations) were Mr. Stanley Marcus, President of +Neiman-Marcus Co., in Dallas; and the late Dr. Beardsley Ruml, widely +known New Deal socialist "economist." Mr. Jervis J. Babb, Chairman of +the CED's Area Development Committee (President of Lever Brothers +Company) said: + + "The new area development program, approved by the Trustees [of + CED] at their May [1957] meeting in Chicago is underway.... + Already, close relationships have been established with + organizations, both public and private, that are conducting + research and administering programs relating to area + development.... + + "Five of CED's College-Community Research Centers ... have been + selected as a starting point of CED's area development pilot + projects. The five centers are: Boston, Utica, Alabama, Arkansas, + and Oklahoma." + +The CED's Area Development work has brought CED personnel into close +cooperation with the collection of tax-exempt "municipal planning" +organizations housed in a Rockefeller-financed center at 1313 East 60th +Street, Chicago, which has become national headquarters for the +production and placement of experts--who fabricate "progressive" +legislation for government at all levels; who rewrite our "archaic" +state constitutions; and who take over as city managers, or county +managers, or metropolitan managers, or regional managers whenever people +in any locality have progressed to the point of accepting government by +imported experts as a substitute for government by elected local +citizens. + +In other words, through the Area Development activities of the Committee +for Economic Development, the invisible government of America--the +Council on Foreign Relations--has a hand in the powerful drive for +Metropolitan Government. Metropolitan Government, as conceived by +socialist planners, would destroy the whole fabric of government and +social organization in the United States. + + * * * * * + +Metropolitan Government would eliminate the individual states as +meaningful political entities, would divide the nation into metropolitan +regions sprawling across state lines, and would place the management of +these regional governments in the hands of appointed experts answerable +not to local citizens but to the supreme political power in Washington. +(For detailed discussion, see _The Dan Smoot Report_, April 13 and 20, +1959, "Metropolitan Government--Part One," and "Metropolitan +Government--Part Two.") + +Through the Area Development activities of the Committee for Economic +Development, the Council on Foreign Relations has supported the Urban +Renewal program. + +Urban Renewal with federal tax money was authorized in the National +Housing Act of 1949, and enlarged in scope by amendments to the Housing +Acts of 1954, 1956, and 1957; but it did not become a vigorously +promoted nationwide program until late 1957, after the Council on +Foreign Relations (through the CED) started pushing it. + + * * * * * + +Urban Renewal is a federally financed program of city planning which +requires city governments to seize homes and other private property from +some citizens and re-sell them, at below cost, to real estate promoters +and other private citizens for developments that the city planners +consider desirable. + +Under the ancient, but awesome, right of eminent domain, city +governments do not have the power to take private real estate from one +citizen for the profit of another citizen. But in November, 1954, the +Supreme Court in an urban renewal case, said that Congress and state +legislature can do anything they like to the private property of private +citizens as long as they claim they are doing it for public good. + +Federal urban renewal has opened rich veins of public money for graft, +corruption, and political vote buying; and it is destroying private +property rights under the pretext that clearing slums will eliminate the +causes of crime. Moreover, urban renewal authorizes the seizure not just +of slum property, but of all private property in a whole section of a +city, for resale to private interests which promise to build something +that governmental planners will like. + +Federal urban renewal--since the Council on Foreign Relation's CED +started supporting it--has become a national movement with frightful +implications and dangers. (For detailed discussion of urban renewal, see +_The Dan Smoot Report_, September 29, 1958, and October 6, 1958.) + + * * * * * + +In its 1957 Annual Report, the Committee for Economic Development gave +details on its educational work in public schools and colleges. This +work was, at that time, carried on primarily by the CED's +Business-Education Committee, and by two subsidiary operations which +that Committee created: the College-Community Research Centers and the +Joint Council on Economic Education. From the 1957 Annual Report of the +Committee for Economic Development: + + "CED's efforts to promote and improve economic education in the + schools are of special appeal to those who are concerned ... both + with education and the progress of the free enterprise system. The + Business-Education program and the numerous College-Community + Research Centers it has sponsored, together with the use of CED + publications as teaching materials, represent an important + contribution to economic education on the college level. + + "In the primary and secondary schools, the introduction of + economics into teaching programs is moving forward steadily, thanks + largely to the Joint Council on Economic Education which CED helped + to establish and continues to support.... + + "The Business-Education Committee continued in 1957 its work with + the College-Community Research Centers and with the Joint Council + on Economic Education. + + "The Joint Council's program to improve the teaching of economics + in the public schools is now operating in 39 states, and the 25 + college-community research centers active last year brought to more + than 3000 the number of business and academic men who have worked + together on economic research projects of local and regional + importance.... + + "In its work, the committee [Business-Education Committee] is + finding especially valuable the experience gained through the + operation of the College-Community Research Centers. These centers + are financed partly by CED, partly by the Fund for Adult Education + [a Ford Foundation operation] and partly by locally-raised + funds.... + + "The Joint Council [on Economic Education] is making excellent + progress in training teachers and incorporating economics education + in all grade levels of public school systems. In addition to its + national service programs, the Council has developed strong local + or state councils which not only help guide its work but last year + raised more than $500,000 to finance local projects. + + "CED helped to establish and works closely with this independent + organization [Joint Council on Economic Education] which is now + conducting four major types of activities. + + "1. _Summer Workshops for Teachers._ These working sessions, + sponsored by colleges and universities, provide three weeks + training in economics and develop ways to incorporate economics + into the school curriculum. Over 19,000 persons have participated + since the program began. + + "2. _Cooperating School Program._ Twenty school systems are working + with the Joint Council [on Economic Education] to demonstrate how + economics can be incorporated into the present curriculum.... + + "3. _College Program._ Few students majoring in education now take + economics courses; therefore, 20 leading institutions are working + with the Joint Council [on Economic Education] to develop better + training in economics for prospective teachers.... + + "4. _High School-Community Projects._ The Joint Council [on + Economic Education] is helping to conduct demonstration programs + which show how students can use community resources to improve + their economics education. For example, the Whittier, California + school system conducted a six-week program to help high school + seniors understand the kind of economy in which they would live and + work. They joined in research studies on regional economic problems + being carried on by the Southern California College-Community + research center...." + +The Committee for Economic Development claims that its educational work +in economics is dedicated to progress of free enterprise; and many of +its programs in schools and colleges are educational; but its subtle and +relentless emphasis is on the governmental interventionism that is the +essence of New-Dealism, Fair-Dealism, Modern-Republicanism, and +New-Frontierism--the governmental interventionism prescribed long ago as +the way to socialize the economy of America in preparation for +integrating this nation into a worldwide socialist system. + + * * * * * + +Paul Hoffman's CED has come a long way since 1942. In 1957, the CED's +College-Community Research Centers had "Projects in Progress" in 33 +institutions of higher learning: + + Bates College, Boston College, Boston University, Bowdoin College, + Brown University, Colby College, Dartmouth College, Emory + University, Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration, + Iowa State College, Lewis & Clark College, McGill University, + Northeastern University, Northwestern University, Occidental + College, Pomona College, Reed College, Rutgers University, Southern + Methodist University, Tulane University, University of Alabama, + University of Arkansas, University of Iowa, University of Maine, + University of Michigan, University of Minnesota, University of + North Carolina, University of Oklahoma, University of Pennsylvania, + University of Washington, University of Wisconsin, Utica College of + Syracuse University, and Washington University. + + * * * * * + +In 1957, the following institutions of higher learning were +participating in the CED's Joint Council on Economic Education "College +Program" to develop training in economics for prospective teachers: + + Brigham Young University, George Peabody College for Teachers, + Indiana University, Montclair State Teachers College, New York + University, Ohio State University, Oklahoma A & M College, + Pennsylvania State University, Purdue University, Syracuse + University, Teachers College of Columbia University, University of + Colorado, University of Connecticut, University of Illinois, + University of Iowa, University of Minnesota, University of Southern + California, University of Tennessee, University of Texas, + University of Washington. + + * * * * * + +In 1957, the following 20 school systems were working in the CED's Joint +Council on Economic Education "Cooperating School Program," to +demonstrate how economics can be incorporated in the school curriculum, +beginning in the first grade: + + Akron, Ohio; Albion, Illinois; Chattanooga, Tennessee; Colton, + California; Dayton, Ohio; Fort Dodge, Iowa; Hartford, Connecticut; + Kalamazoo, Michigan; Lexington, Alabama; Minneapolis, Minnesota; + New York City, New York; Portland, Oregon; Providence, Rhode + Island; Ridgewood, New Jersey; Seattle, Washington; Syracuse, New + York; University City, Missouri; Webster Groves, Missouri; West + Hartford, Connecticut; Whittier, California. + +As indicated, the Business-Education Committee of the CED is the select +group which supervises this vast "educational" effort reaching into +public schools, colleges, and communities throughout the nation: + + _James L. Allen_, Senior Partner of Booz, Allen & Hamilton; _Jervis + J. Babb_, Chairman of the Board of Lever Brothers, Company; _Sarah + G. Blanding_, President of Vassar College; _W. Harold Brenton_, + President of Brenton Brothers, Inc.; _James F. Brownlee_, former + government official who is Chairman of the Board of the Minute Maid + Corporation, and a director of many other large corporations, such + as American Sugar Refining Co., Bank of Manhattan, Gillette Safety + Razor, R. H. Macy Co., Pillsbury Mills, American Express; _Everett + Needham Case_, President of Colgate University; _James B. Conant_, + former President of Harvard and Ambassador to Germany; _John T. + Connor_, President of Merck & Co.; _John S. Dickey_, President of + Dartmouth College; _John M. Fox_, President of Minute Maid + Corporation; _Paul S. Gerot_, President of Pillsbury Mills; + _Stanley Marcus_, President of Neiman-Marcus; _W. A. Patterson_, + President of United Air Lines; _Morris B. Pendleton_, President of + Pendleton Tool Industries; _Walter Rothschild_, Chairman of the + Board of Abraham & Straus; _Thomas J. Watson, Jr._, President of + International Business Machines Corporation; _J. Cameron Thomson_, + Chairman of the Board of Northwest Bancorporation. + +Note that three of these CED Business-Education Committee +members--Conant, Dickey, and Marcus--are influential members of the +Council on Foreign Relations and have many connections with the big +foundations financing the great CFR interlock. + + * * * * * + +In addition to the educational work which it discusses in its 1957 +Annual Report, the Committee for Economic Development utilizes many +other means to inject its (and the CFR's) economic philosophies into +community thought-streams throughout the nation. + +Here, for example, are passages from a news story in _The Dallas Morning +News_, June 30, 1953: + + "Dallas businessmen and Southern Methodist University officials + Monday [June 29] launched a $25,000 business research project + financed through agencies of the Ford Foundation. + + "Stanley Marcus of Dallas, a national trustee of Ford Foundation's + Committee for Economic Development, said the project would go on + two or three years under foundation funds. After that ... the City + might foot the bill.... + + "The SMU project--along with several others like it throughout the + nation--is designed to foster study in regional and local business + problems, Marcus commented. + + "Here's how the Dallas project will work: + + "A business executive committee, composed of some of Dallas' top + businessmen, will be selected. These men then will select a group + of younger executives for a business executive research committee. + This will be the working group, Marcus explained.... + + "At SMU, several of the schools' chief officials will act as a + senior faculty committee.... Acting as co-ordinator for the project + will be Warren A. Law ... who soon will get his doctorate in + economics from Harvard University." + +The "experimental" stage of this Business Executives Research Committee +lasted five years in Dallas. During that time, the researchers filed two +major reports: an innocuous one in 1955 concerning traffic and transit +problems in Dallas; and a most significant one in 1956, strongly urging +metropolitan government for Dallas County, patterned after the metro +system in Toronto, Canada. + + * * * * * + +In October, 1958, Dr. Donald K. David, then Chairman of the Committee +for Economic Development and Vice Chairman of the Ford Foundation (and +also a member of the Council on Foreign Relations) went to Dallas to +speak to the Citizens Council, an organization composed of leading +Dallas business executives, whose president that year was Stanley +Marcus. + +Dr. David told the business men that they should give greater support +and leadership to the government's foreign aid program; and, of course, +he urged vast expansion of foreign aid, particularly to "underdeveloped +nations." + +That was the signal and the build-up. The next month--November, +1958--the experimental Business Executives Research Committee, which the +CED had formed in 1953 and which had already completed its mission with +its report and recommendation on metropolitan government for Dallas, was +converted into "The Dallas CED Associates." + +Here is a news story about that event, taken from the November 11, 1958, +_Dallas Morning News_: + + "A Dallas Committee for Economic Development--the first of its kind + in the nation--has been founded at Southern Methodist University. + It will give voice to Southwestern opinions--and knowledge--on + economic, matters or international importance. Keystone will be an + economic research center to be established soon at SMU. + + "A steering group composed of Dallas and Southwestern business, + industrial and educational leaders laid the groundwork for both + committee and center in a weekend meeting at SMU." + +The "steering group" included George McGhee and Neil Mallon. + +Mr. McGhee (presently Assistant Secretary of State for Policy Planning) +is, and has been for many years, a member of the Council on Foreign +Relations. + +Neil Mallon, then Chairman of the Board of Dresser Industries and a +former official of the Foreign Policy Association, founded the Dallas +Council on World Affairs in 1951. Dresser Industries is one of the big +corporations which contribute money to the Council on Foreign Relations. + +In the group with Mr. McGhee and Mr. Mallon were five SMU officials, a +Dallas banker, a real estate man, and Stanley Marcus, the head man in +the "steering group" which set up the Dallas Associates of the Committee +for Economic Development. + +The first literary product of the Dallas Associates of the CED--at +least, the first to come to my attention--is a most expensive-looking +14-page printed booklet entitled "The Role of Private Enterprise in the +Economic Development of Underdeveloped Nations." The title page reveals +that this pamphlet is a policy statement of The Dallas Associates of +CED. It is little more than a rewrite of the speech which Dr. Donald K. +David had made to the Dallas Citizens Council in November, 1958, urging +business to give support and leadership to the government's foreign aid +programs. + + + + +Chapter 5 + +BUSINESS ADVISORY COUNCIL + + + +Whereas the Foreign Policy Association-World Affairs Center is primarily +interested in fostering the _foreign_ policy desired by the CFR, and the +Committee for Economic Development is primarily interested in +formulating economic and other policies which, through governmental +controls, will lead us into total socialism--another, smaller (but, in +some ways, more powerful) organization has (or, until mid-1961, had) the +primary responsibility of infiltrating government: of selecting men whom +the CFR wants in particular jobs, and of formulating, inside the +agencies of government, policies which the CFR wants. This small but +mighty organization was the Business Advisory Council. + +Daniel C. Roper, F. D. Roosevelt's Secretary of Commerce, formed the +Business Advisory Council on June 26, 1933. Roper set it up as a panel +of big businessmen to act as unofficial advisers to President Roosevelt. +He was disappointed in it, however. The biggest businessmen in America +did, indeed, join; but they did not support the total New Deal as Roper +had expected they would when he made them "advisers." + +Roper, however, was a figurehead. The brains behind the formation of the +Business Advisory Council were in the head of Sidney J. Weinberg, Senior +Partner of the New York investment house of Goldman, Sachs & Co.--and +also on the boards of directors of about thirty of the biggest +corporations in America. Weinberg helped organize the BAC. He recruited +most of its key members. He was content to let America's big businessmen +ripen for a while in the sunshine of the New Deal's "new" philosophy of +government, before expecting them to give that philosophy full support. + +Secretary of Commerce Daniel C. Roper pouted and ignored the Business +Advisory Council when he discovered that the big businessmen, enrolled +as governmental "advisors," tried to advise things that governmental +leaders did not like. But Sidney Weinberg was shrewd, and had a +definite, long-range plan for the Business Advisory Council. He held the +BAC together as a kind of social club, keeping the big business men +under constant exposure to the "new" economic philosophies of the New +Deal, waiting for the propitious moment to enlist America's leading +capitalists on the side of the socialist revolutionaries, determined to +destroy capitalism and create a one-world socialist society. + + * * * * * + +The right time came in 1939, when World War II started in Europe and +Roosevelt developed his incurable ambition to get in that war and become +President of the World. Plans for America's frenzied spending on +national defense began in 1939. With mammoth government contracts in the +offing, Weinberg had no trouble converting the Business Advisory Council +of leading businessmen into an agency for helping governmental leaders +plan the policies for war and for the post-war period. + + * * * * * + +In September, 1960, _Harper's Magazine_ published an article by Hobart +Rowen, entitled "America's Most Powerful Private Club," with a +sub-title, "How a semi-social organization of the very biggest +businessmen--discreetly shielded from public scrutiny--is 'advising' the +government on its top policy decisions." Here are passages from the +article: + + "The Business Advisory Council meets regularly with government + officials six times a year.... On two of these six occasions ... + the BAC convenes its sessions at plush resorts, and with a + half-dozen or more important Washington officials and their wives + as its guests, it indulges in a three-day 'work and play' + meeting.... + + "The guest list is always impressive: on occasion, there have been + more Cabinet officers at a ... BAC meeting than were left in the + Capital.... + + "These meetings cost the BAC anywhere from $6,000 to $12,000 or + more, paid out of the dues of members ... which have been judged + tax-deductible by the Internal Revenue Service.... + + "After the 1952 election, the BAC was having its fall 'work and + play' meeting at the Cloister, just off the Georgia coast and a + short distance from Augusta, where Ike was alternating golf with + planning his first-term Cabinet. [Sidney] Weinberg and [General + Lucius D.] Clay [members of the BAC executive committee] ... + hustled ... to Augusta, conferred with Ike [a 'close, intimate, + personal friend' of both men].... + + "The result was historic: Ike tapped three of the BAC leaders ... + for his Cabinet. They were Charles E. Wilson of General Motors as + Defense Secretary; [George M.] Humphrey, then boss of the M. A. + Hanna Co., as Treasury Secretary; and Robert T. Stevens of the J. + P. Stevens & Co., as Army Secretary.... + + "Afterwards, [Secretary] Humphrey himself dipped into the BAC pool + for Marion Folsom of Eastman Kodak as Under Secretary of the + Treasury [later Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare].... + + "Membership in the Council gives a select few the chance to bring + their views to bear on key government people, in a most pleasant, + convivial, and private atmosphere.... + + "The BAC, powerful in its composition and with an inside track, is + thus a special force. An intimation of its influence can be gleaned + from its role in the McCarthy case.... BAC helped push Senator Joe + McCarthy over the brink in 1954, by supplying a bit of backbone to + the Eisenhower Administration at the right time. McCarthy's chief + target in the Army-McCarthy hearings was the aforementioned Robert + T. Stevens--a big wheel in the BAC who had become Secretary of the + Army. The BAC didn't pay much--if any--attention to Joe McCarthy as + a social menace until he started to pick on Bob Stevens. Then, they + burned up. + + "During the May 1954 meeting at the Homestead [expensive resort + hotel in Hot Springs, Virginia, where the BAC often holds its 'work + and play' sessions with high government officials and their wives], + Stevens flew down from Washington for a weekend reprieve from his + televised torture. A special delegation of BAC officials made it a + point to journey from the hotel to the mountaintop airport to greet + Stevens. He was escorted into the lobby like a conquering hero. + Then, publicly, one member of the BAC after another roasted the + Eisenhower Administration for its McCarthy-appeasement policy. The + BAC's attitude gave the Administration some courage, and shortly + thereafter former Senator Ralph Flanders (a Republican and BAC + member) introduced a Senate resolution calling for censure." + + * * * * * + +Active membership in the Business Advisory Council is limited to about +70. After a few years as an "active," a member can become a "graduate," +still retaining his full voting and membership privileges. + +I have obtained the names of 120 "active" and "graduate" members of the +BAC, listed below. Those who are members of the Council on Foreign +Relations are identified by "CFR" after their names. + + Winthrop W. Aldrich (CFR) + + William M. Allen (President of Boeing Airplane Company; member + Board of Directors of Pacific National Bank of Seattle) + + S. C. Allyn (CFR) + + Robert B. Anderson + + Clarence Avildsen (Chairman, Avildsen Tools & Machines, Inc.) + + William M. Batten (President, J. C. Penney Company) + + S. D. Bechtel (CFR) + + S. Clark Beise (President, Bank of America; member Board of + Directors, National Trust and Savings Association, San Francisco) + + Roger M. Blough (CFR) + + Harold Boeschenstein (President, Owens-Corning Fiberglas + Corporation; Chairman of the Board, Fiberglas Canada, Ltd.; member + of the Board of Directors of National Distillers Products + Corporation, International Paper Company, Toledo Trust Company, + Dow, Jones & Co.) + + Fred Bohen (President of Meredith Publishing Company--_Better Homes + and Gardens, Better Farming_; member of Board of Directors of + Meredith Radio & Television Stations, Iowa, Northwest + Bancorporation, Central Life Assurance Society, Allis-Chalmers + Manufacturing Co., Northwestern Bell Telephone Co., Iowa-Des Moines + National Bank) + + Ernest R. Breech (Executive Vice President, Ford Motor, Company; + member of Board of Directors of Transcontinental & Western Air, + Inc., Pan-American Airways; President of Western Air Express) + + George R. Brown (Chairman of the Board, Texas Eastern Transmission + Corp.; Executive Vice President, Brown & Root, Inc. of Houston; + President of Board of Trustees, Rice University) + + Carter L. Burgess (CFR) + + Paul C. Cabot (President of State Street Investment Corp.; partner + in State Street Research & Management Co.; member of the Board of + Directors of J. P. Morgan & Co., Continental Can Co., Inc., + National Dairy Products Corp., Tampa Electric Co., The B. F. + Goodrich Co.; Treasurer of Harvard University) + + James V. Carmichael (President, Scripto, Inc.; member of Board of + Directors of Lockheed Aircraft Corp., Trust Company of Georgia, + Atlanta Transit Co., The Southern Co.) + + Walker L. Cisler (CFR) + + General Lucius D. Clay (CFR) + + Will L. Clayton (CFR) + + John L. Collyer (CFR) + + Ralph J. Cordiner (Chairman of the Board and President of General + Electric Co.) + + John E. Corette (President of Montana Power Co.) + + John Cowles (CFR) + + C. R. Cox (CFR) + + Harlow H. Curtice (retired President of General Motors Corp.; + Chairman of the Board of Directors of Genesee Merchants Bank & + Trust Co.; member of the Board of Directors of the National Bank of + Detroit) + + Charles E. Daniel (head of Daniel Construction Co., member of Board + of Directors of First National Bank of Greenville, South Carolina, + La France Industries, J. P. Stevens Co., Inc., Textron, Inc.; + Trustee of Clemson College) + + Donald K. David (CFR) + + Paul M. Davies (President and Chairman of the Board of Food + Machinery & Chemical Corp.; member of Board of Directors of + American Trust Company of California, National Distillers Products + Corp., Caterpillar Tractor Co.; Professor at Stanford University; + Director of Stanford Research Institute, San Jose State College, + Pacific School of Religion; Trustee of Committee for Economic + Development) + + Frank R. Denton (Vice Chairman and Director of Mellon National Bank + and Trust Company, Pittsburgh; member of the Board of Directors of + Swindell-Dressler Corp., Westinghouse Electric Co., Jones & + Laughlin Steel Corporation, Pullman, Inc., National Union Fire + Insurance Co., Shamrock Oil & Gas Corp., M. W. Kellogg Co., Pullman + Standard Car Manufacturing Co., Trailmobile, Inc., National Union + Indemnity Co.; Trustee of Pennsylvania State University, Kansas + University Endowment Association) + + Charles D. Dickey (Vice President, member of the Board of + Directors, and Chairman of the Executive Committee of Morgan + Guaranty Trust Co.; member of the Board of Directors of General + Electric Co., Beaver Coal, Kennekott Copper Corp., Braden Copper + Co., Merck & Co., Inc., Panhandle Eastern Pipeline Co., New York + Life Insurance Co., Church Life Insurance Corp., Church Fire + Insurance Corp.) + + Frederick G. Donner (CFR) + + William Y. Elliott (CFR) + + Ralph E. Flanders (CFR) + + Marion B. Folsom (CFR) + + Henry Ford II (President of Ford Motor Co.; Chairman of the Board + of American Heritage Foundation) + + William C. Foster (CFR) + + G. Keith Funston (President of New York Stock Exchange; member of + the Board of Directors of Metropolitan Life Insurance Co.; Trustee + of Trinity College of Connecticut, Virginia Theological Seminary, + Samuel H. Kress Foundation) + + Frederick V. Geier (CFR) + + Elisha Gray II (President and Director of Whirlpool Corp.) + + Crawford H. Greenewalt (President and Director of E. I. du Pont de + Nemours Company, Christiana Securities Company; member of the + Board of Directors of Massachusetts Institute of Technology; + Trustee of the Carnegie Institute, Washington) + + General Alfred M. Gruenther (CFR) + + Joseph B. Hall (President of Kroger Company, Manufacturers and + Merchants Indemnity Co., Selective Insurance Co.; member of the + Board of Directors of Robert A. Cline, Inc., AVCO Manufacturing + Corp., Cincinnati and Suburban Bell Telephone Co., General Stores + Corp.; member of the Board of the Federal Reserve Bank of + Cleveland) + + + W. Averill Harriman (CPR) + + William A. Hewitt (President and member of the Board of Directors + of Deere & Company) + + Milton P. Higgins (CFR) + + Paul G. Hoffman (CFR) + + Eugene Holman (CFR) + + John Holmes (President, member of the Board of Directors, and + retired Chairman of Swift & Company; member of the Board of + Directors of Continental Illinois National Bank and Trust Company, + General Electric Corporation) + + Herbert Hoover, Jr. (CFR) + + Preston Hotchkis (Vice Chairman of the Board of Directors and + Treasurer of Founders' Insurance Company; Executive Vice President + and member of the Board of Directors of Fred H. Bixby Ranch + Company; member of the Board of Directors of Metropolitan Coach + Lines, Pacific Mutual Life Insurance Co., Pacific Telephone & + Telegraph Co., Blue Diamond Corp.) + + Amory Houghton (CFR) + + Theodore V. Houser (retired Chairman of the Board of Sears, Roebuck + & Co.; member of the Board of Directors of Sears, Roebuck & Co., + Bell and Howell Co., Quaker Oats Co., Massachusetts Institute of + Technology; Trustee of Northwestern University, Williams College) + + A. W. Hughes (Chairman of the Board of Directors, J. C. Penney Co.) + + Gilbert W. Humphrey (President of M. A. Hanna Company, Hanna Mining + Company; Chairman of the Board of Hausand Steam Ship Company; + member of the Board of Directors of Industrial Rayon Corp., General + Electric Corp., National City Bank of Cleveland, Texaco, Inc.; + Trustee of Committee for Economic Development) + + Eric A. Johnston (CFR) + + Alfred W. Jones (Chairman of the Board of Sea Island Company, + Talbott Corp.; member of the Board of Directors of Seaboard + Construction Co., Brunswick Paper & Pulp Co., The Mead Corp., + Thompson Industries, Inc., First National Bank of Atlanta, Georgia + Power Co., Florida-Georgia TV Co.) + + Devereux C. Josephs (CFR) + + Ernest Kanzler (retired Chairman of the Board of Universal C.I.T. + Credit Corp,; member of the Board of Directors of C.I.T. Financial + Corp., Bendix Aviation Corp.) + + Frederick Kappel (President and Director of American Telephone & + Telegraph Company; retired President of Western Electric Co.; + member of the Board of Directors of Chase Manhattan Bank, + Metropolitan Life Insurance Co.) + + John R. Kimberly (CFR) + + E. H. Lane (Chairman of the Board of Lane Company, Inc.) + + Joseph L. Lanier (Chairman of the Board of Wellington Sears + Company; President of West Point Manufacturing Company of Georgia; + member of the Board of Directors of Cabin Crafts, Inc., First + National Bank of Atlanta, Rivington Carpets, Ltd. of Britain) + + Barry L. Leithead (President and Director of Cluett, Peabody and + Company, Inc.; Chairman of Cluett, Peabody and Company of Canada, + Ltd.; member of the Board of Directors of B. F. Goodrich Company) + + Augustus C. Long (Chairman of the Board of Texaco, Inc.; member of + the Board of Directors of Freeport Sulphur Co., Equitable Life + Assurance Society of the United States, Federal Reserve Bank of New + York) + + Donold B. Lourie (President and Director of Quaker Oats Company; + member of the Board of Directors of Northern Trust Co., + International Paper Co., Pure Oil Co.; Trustee of Princeton + University) + + George H. Love (Chairman of the Board of Pittsburgh-Consolidation + Coal Company, M. A. Hanna Company; member of the Board of Directors + of Union Carbide & Carbon Corp., Mellon National Bank & Trust + Company of Pittsburgh, Pullman Co., General Electric Co., National + Steel Corp., Hanna Mining Co.; Trustee of Princeton University, + University of Pittsburgh) + + James Spencer Love (Chairman of the Board of Burlington Mills + Corp.; Chairman and President of Burlington Industries, Inc.; + Trustee of University of North Carolina, Davidson College) + + George P. MacNichol, Jr. (President and Director of + Libbey-Owens-Ford Glass Company; member of the Board of Directors + of Wyandotte Chemical Co., Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland) + + Roswell F. Magill (member of Cravath, Swaine & Moore, Lawyers; + Trustee of Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York, Macy + Foundation, Guggenheim Foundation) + + Deane W. Malott (President, Cornell University; member of the Board + of Directors of Pitney-Bowes, Inc., B. F. Goodrich Co., General + Mills, Inc., Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp.; former Vice President + of Hawaiian Pineapple Co.; Professor of Business at Harvard, + Chancellor of University of Kansas) + + James W. McAfee (President of Union Electric Company of Missouri, + Edison Electric Institute; member of the Board of Directors of St. + Louis Union Trust Co., American Central Insurance Co., North + American Co.) + + S. Maurice McAshan (President, Anderson, Clayton & Company) + + Thomas B. McCabe (CFR) + + John L. McCaffrey (retired Chairman of International Harvester Co.; + member of the Board of Directors of Harris Trust & Savings Bank of + Chicago, American Telephone & Telegraph Co., Corn Products Co., + Midwest Stock Exchange; Trustee of the University of Chicago, + University of Notre Dame, Eisenhower Exchange Fellowships, Inc.) + + Leonard F. McCollum (CFR) + + Charles P. McCormick (Chairman of the Board and retired President + of McCormick & Co., Inc.; member of the Board of Directors of + Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Co., Equitable Trust Co. of + Baltimore, Advertising Council; Chairman of the Board of Regents, + University of Maryland) + + Neil H. McElroy (Chairman of the Board, Procter & Gamble Co.; + Secretary of Defense 1957-1961) + + Earl M. McGowin (Vice President of W. T. Smith Lumber Co.; member + of the Board of Directors of The Southern Company of New York, + Alabama Power Co.) + + James H. McGraw, Jr. (CFR) + + Paul B. McKee (Chairman of Pacific Power & Light Co.) + + John P. McWilliams (retired President and Chairman of the Board of + Youngstown Steel Door Co.; member of the Board of Directors of + National City Bank of Cleveland, Eaton Manufacturing Co., Goodyear + Tire & Rubber Co., Union Carbide & Carbon Corp.) + + George G. Montgomery (Chairman of Kern County Land Co.; member of + the Board of Directors of American Trust Co., Bankers Trust Co., + Castle & Cook, Ltd., General Electric Co., Matson Navigation Co., + Matson Assurance Co., Oceanic Steam Ship Co., Pacific Lumber Co.) + + Charles G. Mortimer (Chairman and retired President of General + Foods Corp.; member of the Board of Directors of National City Bank + of New York, Union Theological Seminary) + + William B. Murphy (President of Campbell Soup Co.; member of the + Board of Directors of Merck & Co.) + + Aksel Nielsen (President of Title Guaranty Co., Mortgage + Investments Co.; member of the Board of Directors of C. A. Norgren + Co., United American Life Insurance Co., Landon Abstract Co., + Empire Savings & Loan Association, United Airlines) + + Thomas F. Patton (President and Director of Republic Steel Corp., + Union Drawn Steel Co.; member of the Board of Directors of Air-Vue + Products Corp., Maria Luisa Ore Co., Berger Manufacturing Company + of Massachusetts, Iron Ore Company of Canada, Liberia Mining Co., + Ltd., Liberian Navigation Corp., Union Commerce Bank, Tankore + Corp., Standard Oil Company of Ohio; Trustee of Ohio State + University) + + Charles H. Percy (President and Director of Bell & Howell Co.; + member of the Board of Directors of Chase Manhattan Bank, Harris + Trust & Savings Bank, Burroughs Corp., Fund for Adult Education of + the Ford Foundation; Trustee, University of Chicago) + + Theodore S. Petersen (President and Director of Standard Oil of + California; member of the Board of Directors of Pacific Mutual + Insurance Co.; Trustee of Committee on Economic Development; + consulting Professor, Stanford University) + + Gwilym A. Price (Chairman and President of Westinghouse Electric + Corp.; member of the Board of Directors of Mellon National Bank & + Trust Company of Pittsburgh, Eastman-Kodak Co., Carnegie Corp., + National Union Fire Insurance Co., Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea + Co.; Trustee of Allegheny College, The Hanover Bank, Carnegie + Institute, Carnegie Institute of Technology; Chairman of the Board + of Trustees, University of Pittsburgh; Chairman of Crusade for + Freedom) + + Edgar Monsanto Queeny (Chairman of the Board, Monsanto Chemical + Co.; member of the Board of Directors of American Airlines, Union + Electric Co. of Missouri, Chemstrand Corp., Sicedison S.P.A. of + Italy, World Rehabilitation Fund; Trustee Herbert Hoover + Foundation) + + Clarence B. Randall (Chairman of the Board, Inland Steel Co.; + member of the Board of Directors, Bell & Howell Co.; Trustee, + University of Chicago) + + Philip D. Reed (CFR) + + Richard S. Reynolds, Jr. (President of Reynolds Metals Co.; + Chairman of the Board of Robertshaw-Fulton Controls Co.; member of + the Board of Directors of Manufacturers Trust Co., British + Aluminum, Ltd., U. S. Foil Co., Central National Bank of Richmond) + + Winfield W. Riefler (CFR) + + William E. Robinson (Chairman of the Coca-Cola Co.; member of the + Board of Directors of Manufacturers Trust Co.; Coca-Cola Export + Co., Libbey-Owens-Ford Glass Co., Trustee of New York University; + former Director and Publisher of _New York Herald-Tribune_) + + Donald J. Russell (President and Director of Southern Pacific Co.; + Texas and New Orleans Railroad Co.; Chairman of the Board of St. + Louis-Southwestern Railroad; Director of Stanford Research + Institute; Trustee of Stanford University) + + Stuart T. Saunders (President of Norfolk and Western Railway; + Director of First and Merchants National Bank of Richmond) + + Blackwell Smith (CPR) + + C. R. Smith (President, American Airlines) + + Lloyd B. Smith (President, A. O. Smith Corp.; Chairman, A. O. Smith + of Texas) + + John W. Snyder (Executive Vice President, Overland Corp.; Secretary + of Treasury of the United States 1946-1953) + + Joseph P. Spang, Jr. (retired President and Chairman of Gillette + Co.; member of the Board of Directors of Gillette Co., Sheraton + Corp. of America, First National Bank of Boston, U. S. Steel Corp., + International Packers, Ltd.) + + A. E. Staley, Jr. (Chairman of A. E. Staley Manufacturing Co.; + Trustee, Millikin University) + + Frank Stanton (President, Columbia Broadcasting System; Chairman of + Center for Advanced Study in Behavioral Sciences; Trustee of Rand + Corp.; member of the Board of Directors of New York Life Insurance + Co.) + + Robert T. Stevens (President and former Chairman of the Board, J. + P. Stevens & Co.; member of the Board of Directors of General + Electric Co., Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp.; Trustee of Mutual Life + Insurance Co. of New York; Secretary of the Army 1953-1955) + + Hardwick Stires (partner, Scudder, Stevens & Clark Investment + Counsels) + + Lewis L. Strauss (CFR) + + H. Gardiner Symonds (Chairman and President of Tennessee Gas and + Transmission Company of Houston; Vice Chairman of Petro-Texas + Chemical Corp.; Chairman of Bay Petroleum Corp., + Tennessee-Venezuela South America, Chaco Petroleum of South + America, Tennessee de Ecuador, South America, Tennessee-Argentina, + Midwest Gas Transmission Co.; member of the Board of Directors of + General Telephone & Electronics Corp., Carrier Corp., Food + Machinery & Chemical Corp., National Bank of Commerce of Houston, + Southern Pacific Co., Advertising Council; Trustee of Committee for + Economic Development; member of the Business School, Stanford + University) + + A. Thomas Taylor (Chairman of International Packers, Ltd.; Vice + President and Director of Swift & Company; member of the Board of + Directors of Wedron Silica Co.) + + Reese H. Taylor (Chairman of Union Oil Company of California; + member of the Board of Directors of Federal Reserve Bank of San + Francisco, Westinghouse Electric Corp., Collier Carbon & Chemical + Corp., Manufacturers Trust Company; Trustee, University of Southern + California, Cornell University Council) + + Charles Allen Thomas (President and member of the Board of + Directors of Monsanto Chemical Co.; member of the Board of + Directors of Chemstrand Corp., First National Bank of St. Louis, + St. Louis Union Trust Co.; Trustee of Carnegie Corp.; member of the + Corporation of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology) + + Juan T. Trippe (CFR) + + Solon B. Turman (President and Director of Lykes Brothers Steam + Ship Co., Inc.; Vice Chairman of Lykes Brothers, Inc.; Chairman of + Gulf and South American Steam Ship Co.) + + John C. Virden (Chairman and Director of Eaton Manufacturing Co.; + member of the Board of Directors of Cleveland Electric Illuminating + Co., Youngstown Steel Door Co., Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., + Interlake Iron Corp., Diamond Alkali Co.) + + J. Carlton Ward, Jr. (President of Vitro Corp., American Heavy + Minerals Corp.; member of the Board of Directors of U. S. Manganese + Co.; Trustee, Cornell University) + + Sidney J. Weinberg (partner in Goldman, Sachs & Co.; member of the + Board of Directors of Cluett, Peabody & Co., Inc., Continental Can + Co., Inc., General Cigar Co., General Electric Co., General Foods + Corp., B. F. Goodrich Co., Ford Motor Co., McKesson & Robbins, + Inc., National Dairy Products Corp., Champion Paper & Fibre Co., + Van Raalte Co., Inc.; former Governor of New York Stock Exchange) + + Walter H. Wheeler, Jr. (CFR) + + John Hay Whitney (CFR) + + Langbourne M. Williams (CFR) + + Thomas J. Watson, Jr. (CFR) + +Of these 120 BAC members, 41 are members of the Council on Foreign +Relations. Most of those who are not CFR members have affiliations with +foundations or other organizations that are interlocked with the CFR. + +Sidney Weinberg, for example (father of the BAC), is not listed (in any +Council on Foreign Relations Annual Report in my files) as a member of +the CFR; but he is a member of the board of many corporations which +support the CFR; and has many close connections with CFR leaders through +foundations and other CFR subsidiary agencies. + +All Secretaries of Commerce since 1933 have served as ex-officio General +Chairman of the BAC. + +On July 10, 1961, Roger M. Blough announced that the Business Advisory +Council had changed its name to Business Council; had severed its +connection with the Commerce Department; and would in the future give +its consultative services to any governmental agency that asked for +them. The BAC had been under intense criticism for the expensive +entertainment it had been giving to governmental officials it advised. + + + + +Chapter 6 + +ADVERTISING COUNCIL + + + +The Advertising Council, 25 West 45th Street, New York 36, N. Y. (with +offices at 203 North Wabash Avenue, Chicago; 1200 18th Street, N. W., +Washington; 425 Bush Street, San Francisco) serves as a public relations +operation to promote selected projects supported by the Council on +Foreign Relations and its interlocking affiliates. + +The Advertising Council was created in 1942 (then called War Advertising +Council) as a tax-exempt, non-governmental agency to promote wartime +programs of government: rationing, salvage, the selling of war bonds, +and so on. + +The Advertising Council's specific job was to effect close cooperation +between governmental agencies and business firms using the media of mass +communication. A governmental agency would bring a particular project +(rationing, for example) to the Advertising Council, for help in +"selling" the project to the public. The Council would enlist the aid of +some advertising agency. The agency (giving its services for nothing, as +a contribution to the war effort) would prepare signs, newspaper mats, +advertising layouts, broadcasting kits and what not. The Advertising +Council might then enlist the free services of a public relations firm +to get this material into newspapers and magazines; get it inserted in +the regular ads of business firms; get it broadcast, free, as +public-service spot announcements by radio networks; get it inserted +into regular commercials on radio broadcasts; get slogans and art work +stamped on the envelopes and business forms of corporations. + +The Advertising Council rendered a valuable service to advertisers, +broadcasting organizations, and publishers. Everyone wanted to support +projects that would help the war effort. The Advertising Council did the +important job of screening--of presenting projects which were legitimate +and urgent. + +Even the advertising agencies and public relations firms, which +contributed free services, profited from the arrangement. They earned +experience and prestige as agencies which had prepared nationally +successful campaigns. + + * * * * * + +The Advertising Council continued after the war to perform this same +service--selecting, for free promotion, projects that are "importantly +in the public interest." Indeed, the service is more valued in peace +time than in war by many advertisers and broadcasting officials who are +badgered to support countless causes and campaigns, most of which sound +good but some of which may be objectionable. Investigating to screen the +good from the bad is a major job. The Advertising Council does this job. +The Council is respected by industry, by the public, and by government. +It is safe to promote a project which the Advertising Council claims to +be "importantly in the public interest." + +Thus, officials of the Advertising Council have become czars in a most +important field. They arbitrarily decide what is, and what is not, in +the public interest. When the Advertising Council "accepts" a project, +the most proficient experts in the world--leading Madison Avenue +people--go to work, without charge, to create (and saturate the media of +mass communication with) the skillful propaganda that "sells" the +project to the public. + +Officials of the Advertising Council are aware of their power as +moulders of public opinion. Theodore S. Repplier, head of the +Advertising Council, was quoted in a June, 1961, issue of _Saturday +Review_, as saying: + + "There are Washington officials hired to collect figures on about + every known occupation, to worry about the oil and miners under the + ground, the rain in the sky, the wildlife in the woods, and the + fish in the streams--but it is nobody's job to worry about + America's state of mind, or whether Americans misread a situation + in a way that could be tragic. + + "This is a dangerous vacuum. But it is also a vacuum which explains + to a considerable degree the important position the Advertising + Council holds in American life today." + +Note, particularly, that the Advertising Council is responsible to no +one. If a business firm should decide on its own to include some "public +service" project in its advertising, and the project evoked public +indignation, the business firm would lose customers. The Advertising +Council has no customers to please. Yet, the Advertising Council is a +private agency, beyond the reach of voter and taxpayer indignation +which, theoretically, can exercise some control over public agencies. + + * * * * * + +Who are these autocrats who have become so powerful that they can +condition, if not control, public opinion? They are the members of the +Public Policy Committee of the Advertising Council. Here were the 19 +members of the Advertising Council's Committee, on June 23, 1958: + + _Sarah Gibson Blanding_, President of Vassar College; _Ralph J. + Bunche_, United Nations Under Secretary; _Benjamin J. + Buttenwieser_, partner in Kuhn, Loeb & Co.; _Olive Clapper,_ + publicist; _Evans Clark_, member of the _New York Times_ editorial + board; _Helen Hall_, Director of Henry Street Settlement; _Paul G. + Hoffman_, Chairman of this Public Policy Committee; _Charles S. + Jones_, President of Richfield Oil Corporation; _Lawrence A. + Kimpton_, Chancellor of University of Chicago; _A. E. Lyon_, + Executive Secretary of the Railway Labor Executives Association; + _John J. McCloy_, Chairman of the Chase Manhattan Bank; _Eugene + Meyer_, Chairman of the _Washington Post & Times-Herald_; _William + I. Myers_, Dean of Agriculture at Cornell University; _Elmo Roper_, + public opinion analyst; _Howard A. Rusk_, New York University + Bellevue Medical Center; _Boris Shishkin_, Assistant to the + President of AFL-CIO; _George N. Shuster_, President of Hunter + College; _Thomas J. Watson, Jr._, President of International + Business Machines Corporation; _Henry M. Wriston_, Executive + Director of the American Assembly. + +Of these 19, 8 are members of the Council on Foreign Relations--Bunche, +Buttenwieser, Hoffman, McCloy, Roper, Shishkin, Shuster, Wriston. The +remaining 11 are mostly "second level" affiliates of the CFR, or under +the thumb of CFR members in the business world. + + * * * * * + +Some Advertising Council projects really are "in the public interest." +The "Stop Accidents" campaign and the "Smokey Bear" campaign to prevent +forest fires are among several which probably have done much good. + +There has never been an Advertising Council project which insinuated +anything to remind anyone of the basic American political idea written +into our organic documents of government--the idea that men are endowed +by God with inalienable rights; that the greatest threat to those rights +is the government under which men live; and that government, while +necessary to secure the God-given blessings of liberty, must be +carefully limited in power by an inviolable Constitution. But there have +been many Advertising Council projects which were vehicles for the +propaganda of international socialism. + +The Advertising Council has promoted Law Day, which is an annual +occasion for inundating America with "World Peace Through World Law" +propaganda, designed to prepare the people for giving the World Court +jurisdiction over American affairs, as a major step toward world +government (see _The Dan Smoot Report_, September 14, 1959, "The World +Court"). + +The Advertising Council has promoted the "mental health" project, which, +superficially, appears to be an admirable effort to make the public +aware of the truth that we have more mentally ill people than we have +facilities for--but whose underlying, and dubious, purpose is to promote +the passage, in all states, of "mental health" laws fabricated by +international socialists in the World Health Organization and in the U. +S. Public Health Service. These laws, to "facilitate access to hospital +care" for mentally ill people, provide no new facilities, prescribe no +better treatment, nor do anything else to relieve the suffering of sick +people. + +The new "mental health" laws, which the Advertising Council is helping +to persuade people in all states to accept, eliminate the constitutional +safeguards of a person accused of being mentally ill, thus making it +easier for bureaucrats, political enemies and selfish relatives to +commit him and get him out of the way. + +The Advertising Council has touted ACTION--American Council to Improve +Our Neighborhoods, Box 462, Radio City Station, New York 20, N. Y.--an +organization for urban renewal. Of the 66 persons on the ACTION Board of +Directors, a controlling majority are: + + known members of the Council on Foreign Relations--such as Philip + L. Graham and Stanley Marcus; + + known members of important CFR affiliates--such as, Sidney Weinberg + of the Business Advisory Council; + + union bosses like Harry C. Bates, Ben Fischer, Joseph D. Keenan, + Jacob S. Potofsky, Walter Reuther; + + bureaucrats in charge of various "Housing Authorities," including + Dr. Robert Weaver, Kennedy's present Housing Administrator whose + appointment was challenged in the Senate because of Dr. Weaver's + alleged communist front record; + + "liberal" politicians dedicated to the total socialist + revolution--such as, Joseph S. Clark, Jr., U. S. Senator from + Pennsylvania; + + officials of construction and real estate firms which can make + mammoth profits on urban renewal projects and who are also + "liberal" in their support of all governmental controls and + subsidies, the tools for converting capitalism into socialism--such + as, William Zeckendorf; + + representatives of organizations also "liberal" in the sense + indicated above--such as, Philip M. Klutznick of B'nai B'rith, and + Mrs. Kathryn H. Stone of the League of Women Voters. + + * * * * * + +The Advertising Council supports United Nations propaganda. + +The 1959 annual report of the United States Committee for the United +Nations pays special tribute to the "radio-TV campaign, conducted +through the cooperation of the Advertising Council and the National +Association of Broadcasters." Here are some passages, from this tribute, +which show how the Advertising Council gets one-world socialist +propaganda into millions of American homes: + + "Perry Como read the UN spot personally to his audience of + 33,000,000." + + "Jack Paar ... [showed] a filmed visit to the UN by his daughter, + Randy ... following a splendid statement [by Paar]. This 7-minute + segment of the show reached a minimum of 30,000,000 viewers." + + "The campaign received tremendous recognition also on Meet the + Press, the Today Show, I Love Lucy, the Desilu Playhouse, and the + Jack Benny Show, among many others." + + "Broadcast kits went out to every radio and television station in + the country." + +A recent accomplishment of the Advertising Council was its saturation +bombing (1961) of the American public with propaganda in support of +Kennedy's Youth Peace Corps. + + + + +Chapter 7 + +UNITED NATIONS AND WORLD GOVERNMENT PROPAGANDA + + + +All American advocates of _supra_-national government, or world +government, claim their principal motive is to achieve world peace. Yet, +these are generally the same Americans whose eager interventionism +helped push America into the two world wars of this century. + +The propaganda for involving America in the bloodshed and hatreds of +Europe--in World War I and World War II--was the same as that now being +used to push us into world government. In World War I, we rushed our +soldiers across the wide seas to die in the cause of making the world +safe for democracy--of eliminating evil in the world so that there would +not be any more war! This was precisely what the world-government +interventionists wanted us to do. The so-called American isolationists +were _not_ pacifists who recommended refusal to take up arms in defense +of their own country: most of them were patriots who would have been +among the foremost to fight in defense of America. Being intelligent +citizens of a peaceful and civilized nation, they wanted to keep it that +way. + +The world-government interventionists used the extraordinary arguments +of a man who, though living in an orderly and law-abiding neighborhood, +says that he must go carousing around in adjoining communities and get +involved in every street fight and barroom brawl he can find in order to +avoid violence! Such a man not only becomes a party to lawless violence +which he claims to deplore, but also creates hatreds and resentments +which will ultimately bring to the sane citizens of his own peaceful +neighborhood the evils which they had managed to keep out. + +This is what Woodrow Wilson's intervention in World War I did to the +United States. It sacrificed the lives of 250,000 American men--not to +mention the hundreds of thousands crippled and otherwise wrecked by war. +But this sacrifice of American youth did not make the world safe for +anything. It helped make the world a breeding place for communism, +fascism, naziism, and other varieties of socialism; and it planted the +seeds for a second world war more destructive than the first. + +But the world-government interventionists--when their bloody crusade +proved worse than a tragic failure--did not admit error. They tried to +place all the blame on the isolationists who had tried to keep us from +making the ghastly mistake. + + * * * * * + +If we had stayed out of World War I, the European powers would have +arrived, as they have been doing for thousands of years, at some kind of +negotiated peace which would have saved not only hundreds of thousands +of American lives, but millions of European lives as well. By entering +World War I, we merely converted it into total war, prolonged it, and +made it more savage. + +The destruction and slaughter of World War I created power vacuums and +imbalances and economic chaos, which inevitably led to World War II. + +Again, the world-government advocates, who claimed to want peace, +insisted that we go to war. They also intensified their efforts to +entangle America, irretrievably, in political and economic union with +European nations so that there would never again be any _possibility_ of +the United States staying out of the endless wars and turmoil of the old +world. + +It is, perhaps, fruitless to question the motives of people leading the +campaign to push America into world government. All organizations which +have been active in this movement--World Fellowship, Inc., Federal +Union, Inc., Atlantic Union Committee, United World Federalists, and so +on--have had a sprinkling of communist-fronters among their directors +and members. But they have also had the official support of many +prominent and respected Americans: Harry Truman, Dwight Eisenhower, John +Kennedy, Richard Nixon, Estes Kefauver, John Sparkman, Adlai Stevenson, +Dean Acheson, John Foster Dulles, Christian Herter, cabinet officers; +senators and congressmen; Supreme Court justices; prominent churchmen, +businessmen, financiers, entertainers, judges, union officials; +newspaper and magazine editors; famous columnists and radio-television +commentators. + + * * * * * + +Although the cry of "peace" is the perennial clarion call of all +world-government advocates, many of them have, in recent years, added +the claim that their recommendations (for converting America into a +province of world government) are means of "fighting communism." Indeed, +some of the most vigorous advocates of one-worldism have wide +reputations as anti-communists--Walter Judd, a Republican Congressman +from Minnesota, for example. Even Clarence Streit (leader of the +now-defunct Federal Union, Inc., and father of that organization's very +active and influential tax-exempt successor, Atlantic Union Committee) +has ugly things to say about communism. + +The fact is that every step the United States takes toward political and +economic entanglements with the rest of the world is a step toward +realization of _the_ end objective of communism: creating a one-world +socialist political and economic system in which we will be one of the +subjugated provinces. + +Because of the wealth we have created as a free and independent nation, +we would be the most heavily taxed province in any conceivable +supra-national government--whether in a "limited, federal union of the +western democracies," which is what the Atlantic Union Committee people +say they want; or in a total one-world system, which is what _all_ +advocates of international union really have as their final goal. + +Because of our population, however, we would have minority +representation in any supra-national government now being planned. + +Americans would be subjected to laws enacted by an international +parliament in which we would have little influence; taxing us, +regulating our economic activities, controlling our schools, and +dictating our social and cultural relations with each other and with the +rest of the world. + + * * * * * + +America was founded, populated, and developed by people seeking escape +from oppressive governments in Europe. Now our own leaders ask us to +give up the freedom and independence which our forebears won for us with +blood and toil and valorous devotion to high ideals, to become subjects +in a governmental system that would inevitably be more tyrannical than +any which our forefathers rebelled against or any that presently exist. +If the world government included the despotic and oligarchic and +militaristic, and feudalistic and primitive systems of Asia, the Middle +East, Africa, and Latin America, it would necessarily become the +bloodiest and most oppressive tyranny the world has ever known. + +Nowadays, when two or more nations amalgamate their economic, political, +and social systems they necessarily take the lowest common denominator +of freedom rather than the highest. In fact, they must take something +lower than the lowest: the union government will be more restrictive +than the government of any of the nations which formed the union. + +This will be true of _any_ _supra_-national government that the United +States might get into: the union will not extend American freedom to +other nations; it will extend to all nations in the union the most +restrictive controls of the most oppressive government which enters the +union, and make even those controls worse than they were before the +union was formed--because the American principle of federalism has been +discarded by the "liberals" who manage our national affairs; and +American federalism is the only political principle ever to exist in the +history of the world that can make individual human freedom possible in +a federation of states. + +Hard core American communists know (and some admit) that any move toward +American membership in any kind of supra-national government is a move +toward the Soviet objective of a one-world socialist dictatorship; but +all other American advocates of international union claim their schemes +are intended to repeat and extend the marvelous achievement of 13 +American states which, by forming a political union, created a free and +powerful nation. + +All United States advocates of any kind of world government point to the +founding of America: 13 sovereign states, each one proud and +nationalistic, all with special interests that were divergent from or in +conflict with the interests of the others; yet, they managed to +surrender enough sovereignty to join a federal union which gave the +united strength of all, while retaining the individuality and freedom of +each. + + * * * * * + +The 13 American states, in forming a federal union, did not take the +lowest common denominator of freedom; they took the highest, and +elevated that. + +The American principle of federalism (indeed, the whole American +constitutional system) grew out of the philosophical doctrine (or, +rather, statement of faith) which Jefferson wrote into the Declaration +of Independence: + + "_...all men are ... endowed by their Creator with certain + inalienable rights..._" + +Men get their rights from God, not from government. Government, a +man-made creature, has nothing except what it takes from God-created +men. Government can give the people nothing that it has not first taken +away from them. Hence, if man is to remain free, he must have a +government which will play a very limited and negative role in his +private affairs. + +The United States is the only nation, ever, whose institutions and +organic law were founded on this principle. The United Nations' +Declaration of Human Rights; the Constitution of the Soviet Union; and +the written and unwritten constitutions of every other nation in the +world are all built on a political principle exactly opposite in meaning +to the basic principle of Americanism. That is, the Constitution of the +Soviet Union, and of every UN agency, and of all other nations, specify +a large number of rights and privileges which citizens should have, if +possible, and which _government_ will grant them _if_ government can, +and _if_ government thinks proper. + +Contrast this with the American Constitution and Bill of Rights which do +not contain one statement or inference that the federal government has +any responsibility, or power, to grant the people rights, privileges, or +benefits of any kind. The total emphasis in these American documents is +on telling the federal government _what it cannot do_ to and for the +people--on ordering the federal government to stay out of the private +affairs of citizens and to leave their God-given rights alone. + + * * * * * + +This negative, restricted role of the federal government, and this +assumption that God and not government is the source of man's rights +and privileges, are clearly stated in the Preamble to our Constitution. +The Preamble says that this Constitution is being _ordained_ and +established, not to _grant_ liberties to the people, but to _secure_ the +liberties which the people already had (before the government was ever +formed) as _blessings_. + +The essence of the American constitutional system, which made freedom in +a federal union possible, is clearly stated in the first sentence of the +first Article of our Constitution and in the last Article (the Tenth +Amendment) of our Bill of Rights. + +The first Article of our Constitution begins with the phrase, "All +legislative Powers _herein_ granted...." That obviously meant the +federal government had no powers which were not granted to it by the +Constitution. The Tenth Amendment restates the same thing with emphasis: + + "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, + nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States + respectively, or to the people." + +Clearly and emphatically, our Constitution says that the federal +government cannot legally do anything which is not authorized by a +specific grant of power in the Constitution. + +This is the one constitutional concept that made the American +governmental system different from all others; it is the one which left +our people so free and unmolested by their own government that they +converted the backward, American continent into the land of freedom, the +most fruitful and powerful nation in history. + +And this was the constitutional proviso which created the American +principle of federalism. The Constitution made no grant, or even +inferred a grant, of power to the federal government for meddling, to +any extent, or for any purpose whatever, in the private cultural, +economic, social, educational, religious, or political affairs of +individual citizens--or in the legitimate governmental activities of +the individual states which became members of the federal union. Hence, +states could join the federal union without sacrificing the freedom of +their citizens. + +Modern "liberalism" which has been continuously in control of the +federal government (and of most opinion-forming institutions and media +throughout our society) since Franklin D. Roosevelt's first +inauguration, March 4, 1933, has, by ignoring constitutional restraints, +changed our _Federal_ government with _limited_ powers into a _Central_ +government with _limitless_ power over the individual states and their +people. + +Modern "liberalism" has abandoned American constitutional government and +replaced it with democratic centralism, which, in _fundamental theory, +is identical_ with the democratic centralism of the Soviet Union, and of +every other major nation existing today. + +It was possible to enlarge the size of the old American federal union +without diminishing freedom for the people. When you enlarge the land +area and population controlled by democratic centralism you must +necessarily diminish freedom for the people, because the problems of +centralized government increase with the size of population and area +which it controls. + + * * * * * + +Look at what has happened to America since our _federal_ government was +converted into a centralized absolutism. The central government in +Washington arrogated to itself the unconstitutional power and +responsibility of regulating the relationships between private employers +and their employees, enacting laws which established "collective +bargaining" as "national policy," and which, to that end, gave +international unions a virtual monopoly over large segments of the labor +market. + +It follows that a minor labor dispute between two unions on the +waterfront of New York is no longer a concern only of the people and +police in that neighborhood. A handful of union members who have no +grievance whatever against their employers but who are in a +jurisdictional struggle with another union, can shut down the greatest +railroad systems in the world, throw thousands out of work, and paralyze +vital transportation for business firms and millions of citizens all +over the nation. + +Harry Bridges on the West Coast can order a political demonstration +having nothing to do with "labor" matters, and paralyze the economy of +half the nation. + +Imagine what it will be like if we join a world government. Then a dock +strike in London will cripple, not just the British Isles but the whole +world. + +Now, the central government in Washington sends troops into local +communities to enforce, at bayonet point, the illegal edicts of a +Washington judicial oligarchy concerning the operation of local schools. +If we join world government, the edict and the troops will come +(depending on what nations are in the international union, of course) +from India and Japan and the Congo. + + * * * * * + +There was a time when Americans, learning of suffering and want in a +distant land, could respond to their Christian promptings and native +kindliness by making voluntary contributions for relief to their fellow +human beings abroad. Our central government's foreign aid programs have +already taken much of that freedom away from American citizens--taxing +them so heavily for what government wants to give away, that private +citizens can't spend their own money the way they would like to. + +What will it be like if we join a world government that embraces the +real have-not nations of the earth? The impoverished subcontinent of +India, because of population, would have more representatives in the +international parliament than we would have. They, with the support of +representatives from Latin America and Africa, could easily vote to lay +a tax on "surplus" incomes for the benefit of all illiterate and hungry +people everywhere; and outvoted Americans would be the only people in +the world with incomes high enough to meet the international definition +of "surplus." + +We read with horror of Soviet slaughter in Hungary when the Soviets +suppress a local rebellion against their partial world-government. What +kind of horror would we feel after we join a world government and see +troops from Europe and Africa and the Middle East machinegunning people +on the streets of United States cities in order to suppress a rebellion +of young Americans who somehow heard about the magnificent +constitutional system and glorious freedom their fathers used to have +and who are trying to make a public demonstration of protest against the +international tyranny being imposed upon them? + +A genuine world government might eliminate the armed conflict (between +nations) which we now call war; but it would cause an endless series of +bloody uprisings and bloody suppressions, and would cause more human +misery than total war itself. + + * * * * * + +In 1936, the Communist International formally presented its three-stage +plan for achieving world government--_Stage 1:_ socialize the economies +of all nations, particularly the Western "capitalistic democracies" +(most particularly, the United States); _Stage 2:_ bring about federal +unions of various groupings of these socialized nations; _Stage 3:_ +amalgamate all of the federal unions into one world-wide union of +socialist states. The following passage is from the official program of +the 1936 Communist International: + + "...dictatorship can be established only by a victory of + socialism in different countries or groups of countries, after + which the proletariat republics would unite on federal lines with + those already in existence, and this system of federal unions would + expand ... at length forming the World Union of Socialist Soviet + Republics." + +In 1939 (three years after this communist program was outlined) Clarence +K. Streit (a Rhodes scholar who was foreign correspondent for _The New +York Times_, covering League of Nations activities from 1929-1939) wrote +_Union Now_, a book advocating a gradual approach through regional +unions to final world union--an approach identical with that of the +communists, except that Streit did not say his scheme was intended to +achieve world dictatorship, and did not characterize the end result of +his scheme as a "World Union of Socialist Soviet Republics." + + * * * * * + +In 1940, Clarence K. Streit (together with Percival F. Brundage, later a +Director of the Budget for Eisenhower; and Melvin Ryder, publisher of +the _Army Times_) formed Federal Union, Inc., to work for the goals +outlined in Streit's book, _Union Now_, published the year before. + +In 1941, Streit published another book: _Union Now With Britain_. He +claims that the union he advocated would be a step toward "formation of +free world government." But the arguments of his book make it very clear +that in joining a union with other nations, the United States would not +bring to the union old American constitutional concepts of +free-enterprise and individual freedom under limited government, but +would rather amalgamate with the socialistic-communistic systems that +exist in the other nations which became members of the union. + +The following passages are from page 192 of Streit's _Union Now With +Britain_: + + "Democrats cannot ... quarrel with Soviet Russia or any other + nation because of its economic collectivism, for democracy itself + introduced the idea of collective machinery into politics. It is a + profound mistake to identify democracy and Union necessarily or + entirely with either capitalist or socialist society, with either + the method of individual or collective enterprise. There is room + for both of these methods in democracy.... + + "Democracy not only allows mankind to choose freely between + capitalism and collectivism, but it includes marxist governments, + parties and press...." + +When the year 1941 ended, America was in World War II; and all American +advocates of world-peace-through-world-law-and-world-government +jubilantly struck while the iron was hot--using the hysteria and +confusion of the early days of our involvement in the great catastrophe +as a means of pushing us into one or another of the schemes for union +with other nations. + +Clarence Streit states it this way, in his most recent book (_Freedom's +Frontier Atlantic Union Now_, 1961): + + "Japan Pearl Harbored us into the war we had sought to avoid by + disunion.... Now, we Americans had the white heat of war to help + leaders form the nuclear Atlantic Union." + + * * * * * + +On January 5, 1942 (when we had been at war less than a month), Clarence +Streit's Federal Union, Inc., bought advertising space in major +newspapers for a petition urging Congress to adopt a joint resolution +favoring immediate union of the United States with several specified +foreign nations. Such people as Harold L. Ickes (Roosevelt cabinet +officer), Owen J. Roberts (Supreme Court Justice), and John Foster +Dulles (later Eisenhower's Secretary of State) signed this newspaper ad +petitioning Congress to drag America into world government. In fact, +these notables (especially John Foster Dulles) had actually written the +Joint Resolution which Federal Union wanted Congress to adopt. + +The world government resolution (urged upon Congress in January, 1942) +provided among other things that in the federal union of nations to be +formed, the "union" government would have the right: (1) to impose a +common citizenship; (2) to tax citizens directly; (3) to make and +enforce all laws; (4) to coin and borrow money; (5) to have a monopoly +on all armed forces; and (6) to _admit new members_. + +The following is from a Federal Union, Inc., ad published in _The +Washington Evening Star_, January 5, 1942, urging upon the people and +Congress of America an immediate plunge into world government: + + "....Resolved: + + "That the President of the United States submit to Congress a + program for forming a powerful union of free peoples to win the + war, the peace, the future; + + "That this program unite our people, on the broad lines of our + Constitution, with the people of Canada, the United Kingdom, Eire, + Australia, New Zealand, and the Union of South Africa, together + with such other free peoples, both in the Old World and the New as + may be found ready and able to unite on this federal basis.... + + "We gain from the fact that all the Soviet republics are already + united in one government, as are also all the Chinese-speaking + people, once so divided. Surely, we and they must agree that union + now of the democracies wherever possible is equally to the general + advantage.... + + "Let us begin now a world United States.... + + "The surest way to shorten and to win this war is also the surest + way to guarantee to ourselves, and our friends and foes, that this + war will end in a union of the free. The surest way to do all this + is for us to start that union now." + + * * * * * + +World Fellowship, Inc., was also busy putting pressure on Congress in +January, 1942. World Fellowship, Inc., is one of the oldest world +government organizations. It was founded in 1918 as the "League of +Neighbors." + +In 1924, the League of Neighbors united with the Union of East and West +(which had been founded in India). In 1933, this combined organization +reorganized and changed its name to World Fellowship of Faiths. In late +1941, it changed its name again and incorporated--and has operated since +that time as World Fellowship, Inc. + +Dr. Willard Uphaus, a notorious communist-fronter, has been Executive +Director of World Fellowship, Inc., since February, 1953. Here is a +Joint Resolution which World Fellowship, Inc., urged Congress to adopt +on or before January 30, 1942--as a _birthday present_ to President +Franklin D. Roosevelt. + + "Now, therefore, be it + + "Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United + States of America, in Congress assembled, That the Congress of the + United States of America does hereby solemnly declare that all + peoples of the earth should now be united in a commonwealth of + nations to be known as the United Nations of the World, and to that + end it hereby gives to the President of the United States of + America all the needed authority and powers of every kind and + description, without limitations of any kind that are necessary in + his sole and absolute discretion to set up and create the + Federation of the World, a world peace government under the title + of the 'United Nations of the World,' including its constitution + and personnel and all other matters needed or appertaining thereto + to the end that all nations of the world may by voluntary action + become a part thereof under the same terms and conditions. + + "There is hereby authorised to be appropriated, out of any money in + the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, the sum of 100 million + dollars or so much thereof as may be necessary, to be expended by + the President in his sole and absolute discretion, to effectuate + the purposes of this joint resolution, and in addition, the sum of + 1 billion dollars for the immediate use of the United Nations of + the World under its constitution as set up and created by the + President of the United States of America as provided in this joint + resolution...." + +Congress rejected the world-government resolutions urged upon it in 1942 +by Federal Union, Inc., and by World Fellowship, Inc. + + * * * * * + +But the formation of the United Nations in 1945 was a tremendous step in +the direction these two organizations were travelling. The "world peace" +aspects of the United Nations were emphasized to enlist support of the +American public. Few Americans noticed that the UN Charter really +creates a worldwide social, cultural, economic, educational, and +political alliance--and commits each member nation to a program of total +socialism for itself and to the support of total socialism for all other +nations. + +The United Nations is, to be sure, a weaker alliance than world +government advocates want; but the UN was the starting point and +framework for world government. + +The massive UN propaganda during the first few years after the formation +of the UN (1945) was so effective in brainwashing the American people, +that the United World Federalists, beginning with the State Assembly of +California, managed to get 27 state legislatures to pass resolutions +demanding that Congress call a Constitutional Convention for the purpose +of amending our Constitution in order to "expedite and insure" +participation of the United States in a world government. When the +American people found out what was going on, all of these "resolutions" +were repealed--most of them before the end of 1950. + +But 1949 was a great year for American world government advocates. + + * * * * * + +On April 4, 1949, Dean Acheson's "brainchild," the North Atlantic +Treaty, was ratified by the United States. President Truman signed the +proclamation putting NATO in force on August 24, 1949. Most Americans +were happy with this organization. It was supposedly a military alliance +to protect the free world against communism. But few Americans bothered +to read the brief, 14-article treaty. If they had, Article 2 would have +sounded rather strange and out of place in a military alliance. Here is +Article 2 of the NATO Treaty: + + "The parties will contribute toward the future development of + peaceful and friendly international relations by strengthening + their free institutions, by bringing about a better understanding + of the principles upon which these institutions are founded, and by + promoting conditions of stability and _well being_. They will seek + to eliminate conflict in their international economic policies and + will encourage economic collaboration between any or all of them." + +Here in this "military" treaty, which re-affirms the participants' +"faith in the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United +Nations," is the legal basis for a union, an Atlantic Union, a +_supra_-national government, all under the United Nations. + + * * * * * + +Immediately upon the formation of NATO, Clarence K. Streit created (in +1949) the Atlantic Union Committee, Inc. Strait's old Federal Union was +permitted to become virtually defunct (although it technically still +exists, as publisher of Streit's books, and so on). Streit got federal +tax exemption for the Atlantic Union Committee by writing into its +charter a proviso that the organisation would not "attempt to influence +legislation by propaganda or otherwise." + +Yet, the charter of AUC states its purposes as follows: + + "To promote support for congressional action requesting the + President of the United States to invite the other democracies + which sponsored the North Atlantic Treaty to name delegates, + representing their principal political parties, to meet with + delegates of the United States in a federal convention to explore + how far their peoples, and the peoples of such other democracies as + the convention may invite to send delegates, can apply among them, + within the framework of the United Nations, the principles of free + federal union." + +An Atlantic Union Committee Resolution, providing for the calling of an +international convention to "explore" steps toward a limited world +government, was actually introduced in the Congress in 1949--with the +support of a frightful number of "liberals" then in the Congress. + +The Resolution did not come to a vote in the 81st Congress (1949-1950). +Estes Kefauver (Democrat, Tennessee) gravitated to the leadership in +pushing for the Resolution in subsequent Congresses; and he had the +support of the top leadership of both parties, Republican and Democrat, +north and south--including people like Richard Nixon, William Fulbright, +Lister Hill, Hubert Humphrey, Mike Mansfield, Kenneth Keating, Jacob +Javits, Christian Herter, and so on. + +From 1949 to 1959, the Atlantic Union Resolution was introduced in each +Congress--except the one Republican-controlled Congress (83rd--1953). + + * * * * * + +In 1959, Atlantic Union advocates, having got nowhere in ten years of +trying to push their Resolution through Congress, changed tactics. In +1959, Streit's Atlantic Union Committee published a pamphlet entitled, +_Our One Best Hope--For Us--For The United Nations--For All Mankind_, +recommending an "action" program to "strengthen the UN." This "action" +program asks the U.S. Congress to pass a Resolution calling for an +international convention which would accomplish certain "fundamental +objectives," to wit: + + "That only reasonably experienced democracies be asked to + participate; and that the number asked to participate should be + small enough to enhance the chance for early agreement, yet large + enough to create, if united, a preponderance of power on the side + of freedom. + + "That the delegates be officially appointed but that they be + uninstructed by their governments so that they shall be free to act + in accordance with their own individual consciences. + + "That, whatever the phraseology, it should not be such as to + preclude any proposal which, in the wisdom of the convention, is + the most practical step. + + "That the findings of the delegates could be only recommendations, + later to be accepted or rejected by their legislatures and their + fellow citizens." + + * * * * * + +The NATO Citizens Commission Law of 1960 fully carries out the purposes +and intent of the new Atlantic Union strategy fabricated in 1959 to +replace the old Resolution which had failed for ten years. + +The roll-call vote on this law (published in the February 27, 1961, +issue of _The Dan Smoot Report_) shows what a powerful array of United +States Congressmen and Senators are for this step toward world +government. + +The debates in House and Senate (Senate: _Congressional Record_, June +15, 1960, pp. 11724 _ff_; House: _Congressional Record_, August 24, +1960, pp. 16261 _ff_) show something even more significant. + +While denying that the NATO Citizens Commission Law had any relation to +the old Atlantic Union Resolution which Congress had refused for ten +years to consider, "liberals" in both Senate and House used language +right out of the Atlantic Union Committee pamphlet of 1959 (_Our Best +Hope ..._) to "prove" that this NATO Citizens Commission proposal was +not dangerous: They argued, for example, that Commission members would +be free to act in accordance with their own individual consciences; that +the meetings of the Commission would be purely exploratory, and that +Commission findings would be "only recommendations," not binding on the +U.S. government. + +Congressional "liberals" supporting the NATO Citizens Commission also +tried to establish the respectability of the Commission by arguing that +it was merely being created to explore means of implementing Article 2 +of the NATO Treaty. Are these "liberal" congressmen and senators so +ignorant that they do not know the whole Atlantic Union movement is +built under the canopy of "implementing Article 2 of this NATO Treaty?" +Or, are they too stupid to understand this? Or, are they so dishonest +that they distort the facts, thinking that the public is too confused or +ignorant to discover the truth? + +Although the liberals in Congress loudly denied that the NATO Citizens +Commission Law of 1960 had anything to do with Atlantic Union, Clarence +Streit knew better--or was more honest. As soon as the law was passed, +Streit began a hasty revision of his old _Union Now_. Early in 1961, +Harper & Brothers published the revision, under the title _Freedom's +Frontier Atlantic Union Now_. + +In this new book, Streit expresses jubilation about the NATO Citizens +Commission Law; and, on the second page of the first chapter, he says: + + "One change in the picture, which has seemed too slight or too + recent to be noted yet by the general public, seems to me so + significant as to give in itself reason enough for new faith in + freedom's future, and for this new effort to advance it. On + September 7, 1960, President Eisenhower signed an act of Congress + authorizing a United States Citizens Commission on NATO to + organize and participate in a Convention of Citizens of North + Atlantic Democracies with a view to exploring fully and + recommending concretely how to unite their peoples better." + +_The Atlantic Union News_ (published by the Atlantic Union Committee, +Inc.) in the September, 1960, issue presents an exultant article under +the headline "AUC Victorious: Resolution Signed by President Becomes +Public Law 86-719." + +The article says: + + "Members of the Atlantic Union Committee could certainly be + forgiven if by now they had decided that the Resolution for an + Atlantic Exploratory Convention would never pass both Houses of + Congress. However, it has just done so. It was signed into law by + the President September 7, 1960. The incredible size of this + victory is hard, even for us in Washington, to comprehend...." + +Who actually runs Clarence Streit's Atlantic Union Committee which +finally succeeded in ordering the Congress and the President of the +United States to take this sinister step toward world government? The +Council on Foreign Relations! The three top officials of the Atlantic +Union Committee are members of the CFR: Elmo Roper, President; William +L. Clayton, Vice President; and Lithgow Osborne, Secretary. + +As of December, 1960, there were 871 members of the Atlantic Union +Committee. Of these, 107 were also members of the Council on Foreign +Relations. The December, 1960, membership list of the AUC is in Appendix +II of this volume. Each Council on Foreign Relations member is +designated on that list with CFR in parentheses after his name. + + * * * * * + +The NATO Citizens Commission Law of 1960 provided that the Speaker of +the House and the Vice President should select 20 persons to serve on +the Commission. In March, 1961, Sam Rayburn and Lyndon Johnson appointed +the following persons as members of the Commission: + + Donald G. Agger; Will L. Clayton; Charles William Engelhard, Jr.; + George J. Feldman; Morris Forgash; Christian A. Herter; Dr. Francis + S. Hutchins; Eric Johnston; William F. Knowland; Hugh Moore; Ralph + D. Pittman, Ben Regan; David Rockefeller; Elmo B. Roper (Jr.); Mrs. + Edith S. Sampson; Adolph W. Schmidt; Oliver C. Schroeder; Burr S. + Swezey, Sr.; Alex Warden; and Douglas Wynn. + +Of the 20 members of the NATO Citizens Commission, 7 are members of the +Council on Foreign Relations: Clayton, Herter, Johnston, Moore, +Rockefeller, Roper, Schmidt. Roper is President and Clayton is Vice +President of the Atlantic Union Committee. The others are generally +second-level affiliates of the CFR. + + * * * * * + +The United World Federalists does not have as much power and influence +as Clarence Streit's Atlantic Union, but is clearly the second most +influential organization working for world government. + +The specific objective of the United World Federalists is rapid +transformation (through expansion of the jurisdiction of the World +Court, establishment of an international "police force," and so on) of +the United Nations into an all-powerful world government. + +The aim of the UWF organization, as expressed in its own literature (the +most revealing piece of which is a pamphlet called _Beliefs, Purposes +and Policies_) is: + + "To create a world federal government with authority to enact, + interpret, and enforce world law adequate to maintain peace." + +The world federal government would be, + + "based upon the following principles and include the following + powers.... + + "Membership open to all nations without the right of secession.... + World law should be enforceable directly upon individuals.... The + world government should have direct taxing power independent of + national taxation." + +The UWF scheme provides for a world police force and the prohibition of +"possession by any nation of armaments and forces beyond an approved +level required for internal policing." + +The UWF proposes to work toward its world government scheme, + + "By making use of the amendment process of the United Nations to + transform it into such a world federal government; + + "By participating in world constituent assemblies, whether of + private individuals, parliamentary or other groups seeking to + produce draft constitutions for consideration and possible adoption + by the United Nations or by national governments...." + +Norman Cousins and James P. Warburg (both prominent Council on Foreign +Relations members) formed the United World Federalists in February, +1947, at Ashville, North Carolina, by amalgamating three small +organizations (World Federalists, Student Federalists, and Americans +United For World Government). + +Cousins is still honorary president of UWF. Walter Reuther (a +"second-level" affiliate of the CFR), Cousins, and Warburg actually run +the UWF at the top. Other Council on Foreign Relations members who are +officials in the UWF include Harry A. Bullis, Arthur H. Bunker, Cass +Canfield, Mark F. Ethridge, Douglas Fairbanks, Jr., Harold K. +Guinzburg, Isador Lubin, Cord Meyer, Jr., Lewis Mumford, Harry Scherman, +Raymond Gram Swing, Paul C. Smith, Walter Wanger, James D. Zellerbach. + + * * * * * + +The Institute for International Order, 11 West 42nd Street, New York 36, +New York, is another organization working for world government. It was +founded on November 17, 1948, at Washington, D.C., as the Association +for Education in World Government. On May 17, 1952, it changed its name +to Institute for International Government. On May 7, 1954, it changed +names again, to the present Institute for International Order. + +The purpose of this organization has remained constant, through all the +name changing, since it was originally founded in 1948: to strengthen +the United Nations into a genuine world government. And it is a part of +the interlocking apparatus which constitutes our invisible government. + +The Institute for International Order gets 75% of its income from +foundations which members of the Council on Foreign Relations control; +and the following CFR members are officers of the Institute: Earl D. +Osborn (President), Henry B. Cabot (Vice President), Edward W. Barrett, +Paul G. Hoffman, and Irving Salomon. + +In 1948, the State Department created the U.S. Committee for the UN +(mentioned in Chapter VIII, in connection with the Advertising Council) +as a semi-official organization to propagandize for the UN in the United +States, with emphasis on promoting "UN Day" each year. + +The Council on Foreign Relations dominates the U.S. Committee for the +UN. Such persons as Stanley C. Allyn, Ralph Bunche, Gardner Cowles, H. +J. Heinz, II, Eric Johnston, Milton Katz, Stanley Marcus, Hugh Moore, +John Nason, Earl D. Osborn, Jack I. Straus, and Walter Wheeler, Jr.--all +Council on Foreign Relations members--are members of the U.S. Committee +for the United Nations. + +Walter Wheeler, Jr., (last name in the list above) is President of +Pitney-Bowes, maker of postage meter machines. In 1961, Mr. Wheeler +tried to stop all Pitney-Bowes customers from using, on their meter +machines, the American patriotic slogan, "This is a republic, not a +democracy: let's keep it that way." Mr. Wheeler said this slogan was +controversial. But Mr. Wheeler supported a campaign to get the slogan of +international socialism, _UN We Believe_, used on Pitney-Bowes postage +meter machines--probably the most controversial slogan ever to appear in +American advertising, as we shall see presently. + +The American Association for the United Nations--AAUN--is another +tax-exempt, "semi-private" organization set up (not directly by the CFR, +but by the State Department which the Council runs) as a propaganda +agency for the UN. It serves as an outlet for UN pamphlets and, with +chapters in most key cities throughout the United States, as an +organizer of meetings, lecture-series, and other programs which +propagandize about the ineffable goodness and greatness of the United +Nations as the maker and keeper of world peace. + +The Council on Foreign Relations dominates the AAUN. Some of the leading +CFR members who run the AAUN are: Ralph J. Bunche, Cass Canfield, +Benjamin V. Cohen, John Cowles, Clark M. Eichelberger, Ernest A. Gross, +Paul G. Hoffman, Palmer Hoyt, Herbert Lehman, Oscar de Lima, Irving +Salomon, James T. Shotwell, Sumner Welles, Quincy Wright. + + * * * * * + +In 1958, the United States Committee for the UN created an Industry +Participation Division for the specific purpose of getting the UN emblem +and _UN We Believe_ slogan displayed on the commercial vehicles, +stationery, business forms, office buildings, flag poles, and +advertising layouts of American business firms. The first major firm to +plunge conspicuously into this pro-UN propaganda drive was United Air +Lines. + +W. A. Patterson, President of United, is an official of the Committee +For Economic Development, a major Council on Foreign Relations +propaganda affiliate, and has served on the Business-Education Committee +of the CED. Mr. Patterson had the _UN We Believe_ emblem painted in a +conspicuous place on every plane in the United Air Lines fleet. There +was a massive protest from Americans who know that the UN is part of the +great scheme to destroy America as a free and independent republic. Mr. +Patterson had the UN emblems removed from his planes. + + * * * * * + +In 1961, the American Association for the United Nations and the U. S. +Committee for the UN (both enjoying federal tax exemption, as +"educational" in the "public interest") created another tax-exempt +organization to plaster the UN emblem all over the American landscape. + +The new organization is called UN We Believe. Here is an article from +the May-June, 1961, issue of _Weldwood News_, a house organ of United +States Plywood Corporation (New York 36, New York): + + "A. W. (Al) Teichmeier, USP director of merchandising, is the + Company's closest physical link to the United Nations--he's + President of UN We Believe. + + "UN We Believe, under joint auspices of the American Association + for the UN and the U. S. Committee for the UN, is a non-profit, + year-round program geared to convince industry, organizations and + individuals how important public support can mean in preserving + world peace. + + "USP uses the seal ... (UN emblem and _UN We Believe_ slogan) on + its postage meters for all New York mailings. Among some other + active companies in the program are CIT, General Telephone, Texaco, + American Sugar Refining, P. Lorillard Co., and KLM Dutch Airlines." + +Plywood companies (small ones, producing hardwood plywood, if not big +ones like USP) have been grievously hurt by the trade and foreign-aid +policies which the UN, international-socialist crowd is responsible for. + +Lenin is said to have remarked that when it comes time for communists to +hang all capitalists, the capitalists will bid against each other for +contracts to sell the rope. + +The article from _Weldwood News_, quoted above, was quoted in the July +17, 1961, issue of _The Dan Smoot Report_. The companies mentioned +received some mail, criticizing them for supporting UN We Believe. The +Texaco Company denied that it had ever been active in UN We Believe and +said that the editor of _Weldwood News_ had apologized for the error in +publishing the reference to Texaco and had expressed regret for "the +embarrassment caused" Texaco. + +While denying support for UN We Believe, however, Mr. Augustus C. Long, +Chairman of the Board of Texaco (and a member of the Business Advisory +Council) gave unqualified endorsement of the Council on Foreign +Relations. In a letter dated August 17, 1961, Mr. Long said: + + "The Council on Foreign Relations is one of the most effective + organizations in this country devoted to spreading information on + international problems. The officers and directors of the Council + are men of reputation and stature. We believe that the Council + through its study groups makes an outstanding contribution to + public information concerning foreign policy issues." + + + + +Chapter 8 + +FOREIGN AID + + + +One day in the spring of 1961, a New York lawyer received a long +distance telephone call. Concerning this call, the _New York Times_ +reported: + + "'This is President Kennedy,' the telephone voice said. + + "'The hell you say,' retorted the lawyer. 'I guess that makes me + the Prime Minister of England, but what can I do for you?' + + "'Nobody's pulling your leg,' the telephone voice said. 'This is + President Kennedy all right. I want to talk to you about coming + down here to Washington to help me with this long-term foreign aid + legislation.'" + +One week later, the New York lawyer took an apartment in Washington and, +as a member of President Kennedy's "Task Force" on foreign aid, started +writing the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961. The lawyer is Theodore +Tannenwald, Jr., a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, who wrote +many of the foreign aid bills which President Harry Truman presented to +Congress and who, during the first Eisenhower term, was assistant +director of the Mutual Security Program. + +After Mr. Tannenwald and his task force had finished writing the 1961 +foreign aid bill, President Kennedy appointed Tannenwald coordinator in +charge of "presenting" the bill to committees of the House and Senate. +Three cabinet officers and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff +took their orders from Mr. Tannenwald, who was, according to the _New +York Times_, "the Administration's composer, orchestrator and conductor +of the most important legislative symphony of the Congressional +session." + +With admiration, the _Times_ said: + + "Mr. Tannenwald has been a kind of special White House ambassador + to Capitol Hill. While the legislative committees struggled with + the controversial proposal to by-pass the appropriating process and + give the President authority to borrow $8,800,000,000 (8 billion, + 800 million) for development lending in the next five years, he was + the man in the ante-room empowered to answer questions in the name + of the President." + + * * * * * + +In July, 1961, President Kennedy completed Mr. Tannenwald's foreign aid +"orchestra." On July 10, in ceremonies at the White House, the President +formally announced creation of the newest foreign-aid propaganda +organization, the Citizens Committee for International Development, with +Warren Lee Pierson as chairman. Here is the membership of the Citizens +Committee for International Development: + + _Eugenie Anderson_ (member of the Atlantic Union Committee); + _William Benton_ (Chairman of the Board of _Encyclopaedia + Britannica_; member of the Atlantic Union Committee); _Everett N. + Case_ (President of Colgate University); _O. Roy Chalk_ (President + of the District of Columbia Transit Company); _Malcolm S. Forbes_ + (Editor and Publisher of _Forbes Magazine_); _Eleanor Clark + French_; _Albert M. Greenfield_ (Honorary Chairman of the Board of + Bankers Security Corporation, Philadelphia); _General Alfred M. + Gruenther_ (President of the American National Red Cross; member of + the Atlantic Union Committee); _Murray D. Lincoln_ (Chairman of + Nationwide Insurance Company); _Sol M. Linowitz_ (Chairman of Zerox + Corporation); _George Meany_ (President of AFL-CIO); _William S. + Paley_ (Chairman of the Board, Columbia Broadcasting System); + _Warren Lee Pierson_ (Chairman of the Board, Trans-World Airways); + _Ross Pritchard_ (Professor of Political Science, Southwestern + University, Memphis); _Thomas S. Nichols_ (Chairman of the Board + of Olin Mathieson Chemical Corporation; member of the Atlantic + Union Committee); _Mrs. Mary G. Roebling_ (President Of Trenton + Trust Company); _David Sarnoff_ (Chairman of Radio Corporation of + America); _Walter Sterling Surrey_ (legal consultant, Economic + Cooperation Administration); _Thomas J. Watson, Jr._, (President of + International Business Machines Corporation); _Walter H. Wheeler, + Jr._, (President of Pitney-Bowes); _James D. Zellerbach_ (President + and Director of Crown-Zellerbach Corporation; Chairman of + Fibreboard Products, Inc.; member of the Atlantic Union Committee + and United World Federalists); _Ezra Zilkha_ (head of Zilkha & + Sons). + +Of these 22 people, 12 (including the Chairman) are members of the +Council on Foreign Relations: Benton, Case, Gruenther, Paley, Pierson, +Pritchard, Nichols, Sarnoff, Surrey, Watson, Wheeler, and Zellerbach. + + * * * * * + +Heads of the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations attended the White House +luncheon when the Committee was formed. Vice President Johnson, +Secretary of State Dean Rusk, and Attorney General Robert Kennedy were +also present. The President urged each and all to get foundations, +business firms, civic organizations, and the people generally, to put +pressure on Congress in support of the 1961 foreign aid bill. + +Within a week after the July 10, White House luncheon meeting (which +launched the CFR's foreign aid committee), the President and his +high-level aides were talking about a grave crisis in Berlin and about +foreign aid as _the_ essential means of "meeting" that crisis. + +On July 25, when congressional debates over the foreign aid bill were in +a critical stage, President Kennedy spoke to the nation on radio and +television, solemnly warning the people that the Berlin situation was +dangerous. + +Immediate, additional support for the foreign aid bill came from the +country's liberal and leftwing forces, who united in a passionate +plea--urging the American people to support the President "in this grave +hour." + + * * * * * + +On August 27, an Associated Press release announced that House Leader +John W. McCormack (Democrat, Massachusetts), was attempting to enlist +the cooperation of 2,400 city mayors in support of a long-range foreign +aid bill to meet the President's demands. + +McCormack sent the city officials a statement of his views with a cover +letter suggesting that the matter be brought to "the attention of +citizens of your community through publication in your local newspaper," +and, further, urging their "personal endorsement of this bipartisan +program through the medium of your local press...." + +State Department officials scheduled speaking tours throughout the land, +and CFR affiliated organizations (like the Councils on World Affairs) +started the build-up to provide audiences--all in the interest of +"briefing" the American people on the necessity and beauties of foreign +aid. + +Anyone with sense had to wonder how the giving of American tax money to +communist governments in Europe and to socialist governments all over +the earth could help us resist communism in Berlin. But with the top +leaders in our society (from the President downward to officials in the +National Council of Churches) telling us that the survival of our nation +depended on the President's getting all the foreign aid "authorization" +he wanted--most Americans remained silent, feeling that such +consequential and complicated matters should be left in the hands of our +chosen leaders. + +By the end of August, the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 had been passed +by both houses of Congress; and the Berlin crisis moved from front page +lead articles in the nation's newspapers to less important columns. + +Thus, in 1961, as always, the foreign aid bill was a special project of +our invisible government, the Council on Foreign Relations. And, in +1961, as always, the great, tax-supported propaganda machine used a fear +psychology to bludgeon the people into silence and the Congress into +obedience. + +President Kennedy signed the Act as Public Law 87-195 on September 4, +1961. + + * * * * * + +Public Law 87-195 authorized $10,253,500,000 (10 billion, 253 million, +500 thousand) in foreign aid: $3,066,500,000 appropriated for the 1962 +fiscal year, and $7,187,000,000 Treasury borrowing authorized for the +next five years. The law does require the President to obtain annual +appropriations for the Treasury borrowing, but permits him to make +commitments to lend the money to foreign countries, _before_ he obtains +appropriations from Congress. + +It was widely reported in the press that Congress had denied the +President the long-term borrowing authority he had requested; but the +President himself was satisfied. He knew that by promising loans to +foreign governments (that is, "committing" the funds in advance of +congressional appropriation) he would thus force Congress (in the +interest of showing "national unity" and of not "repudiating" our +President) to appropriate whatever he promised. + +On August 29, the President said: + + "The compromise ... is wholly satisfactory. It gives the United + States Government authority to make commitments for long-term + development programs with reasonable assurance that these + commitments will be met." + + * * * * * + +Former Vice President Richard M. Nixon (a member of the CFR) was happy +about the 1961 foreign aid bill. On August 29, Nixon, on the ABC radio +network, said that he favored such "long-range foreign aid planning, +financed through multi-year authorizations and annual appropriations." + +Nelson A. Rockefeller, Republican Governor of New York, announced that +he too favored "long-range foreign aid planning, financed through +multi-year authorizations and annual appropriations"--exactly like +Nixon. + +Former President Eisenhower was also happy. He, too, said he favored +this sort of thing. + +Senator J. William Fulbright (Democrat, Arkansas) was almost jubilant: +he said Congress for the next five years would be under "strong +obligation" to put up the money for whatever the President promises to +foreign governments. + +All in all, it is improbable that Congress ever passed another bill more +destructive of American constitutional principles; more harmful to our +nation politically, economically, morally, and militarily; and more +helpful to communism-socialism all over the earth--than the Foreign +Assistance Act of 1961, which was, from beginning to end, a product of +the Council on Foreign Relations. + + * * * * * + +Our foreign aid does grievous harm to the American people by burdening +them with excessive taxation, thus making it difficult for them to +expand their own economy. This gives government pretext for intervening +with more taxation and controls for domestic subsidies. + +Furthermore, the money that government takes away from us for foreign +aid is used to subsidize our political enemies and economic competitors +abroad. Note, for example, the large quantities of agricultural goods +which we give every year to communist satellite nations, thus enabling +communist governments to control the hungry people of those nations. +Note that while we are giving away our agricultural surpluses to +communist and socialist nations, we, under the 1961 foreign aid bill (as +under previous ones), are subsidizing agricultural production in the +underdeveloped countries. + +The 1961 foreign aid bill prohibited direct aid to Cuba, but authorized +contributions to United Nations agencies, which were giving aid to Cuba. + +At a time when the American economy was suffering from the flight of +American industry to foreign lands, the 1961 foreign aid bill offered +subsidies and investment guarantees to American firms moving abroad. + +Our foreign aid enriches and strengthens political leaders and ruling +oligarchies (which are often corrupt) in underdeveloped lands; and it +does infinite harm to the people of those lands, when it inflates their +economy and foists upon them an artificially-produced industrialism +which they are not prepared to sustain or even understand. + + * * * * * + +The basic argument for foreign aid is that by helping the underdeveloped +nations develop, we will keep them from falling under the dictatorship +of communism. The argument is false and unsound, historically, +politically, economically, and morally. + +The communists have never subjugated a nation by winning the loyalties +of the oppressed and downtrodden. The communists first win the support +of liberal-intellectuals, and then use them to subvert and pervert all +established mores and ideals and social and political arrangements. + +Our foreign aid does not finance freedom in foreign lands; it finances +socialism; and a world socialist system is what communists are trying to +establish. As early as 1921, Joseph Stalin said that the advanced +western nations must give economic aid to other nations in order to +socialize their economies and prepare them for integration in the +communist's world socialist system. + +Socializing the economies of all nations so that all can be merged into +a one-world system was the objective of Colonel Edward M. House, who +founded the Council on Foreign Relations, and has been the objective of +the Council, and of all its associated organizations, from the +beginning. + + + + +Chapter 9 + +MORE OF THE INTERLOCK + + + +It is impossible in this volume to discuss all organizations interlocked +with the Council on Foreign Relations. In previous chapters, I have +discussed some of the most powerful agencies in the interlock. In this +chapter, I present brief discussions of a few organizations which make +significant contributions to the over-all program of the Council. + + +INSTITUTE FOR AMERICAN STRATEGY + +There are some men in the Council on Foreign Relations who condemn the +_consequences_ of the CFR's policies--but who never mention the CFR as +responsible for those policies, and who never really suggest any change +in the policies. + +Frank R. Barnett is such a man. Mr. Barnett, a member of the Council on +Foreign Relations, is research director for the Richardson Foundation +and also program director for the Institute for American Strategy, which +is largely financed by the Richardson Foundation. The Institute for +American Strategy holds two-day regional "Strategy Seminars" in cities +throughout the United States. Participants in the seminars are carefully +selected civic and community leaders. The announced official purpose of +the seminars is: + + "...to inform influential private American citizens of the danger + which confronts the United States in the realm of world politics. + They have been conceived as a means for arousing an informed and + articulate patriotism which can provide the basis for the + sustained and intensive effort which alone can counter the skillful + propaganda and ruthless conquest so successfully practiced by the + Soviet Union and her allies and satellites." + +Mr. Barnett is generally one of the featured speakers at these seminars. +He speaks effectively, arousing his audience to an awareness of the +Soviets as an ugly menace to freedom and decency in the world. He makes +his audience squirm with anxiety about how America is losing the cold +war on all fronts, and makes them burn with desire to reverse this +trend. But when it comes to suggesting what can be done about the +terrible situation, Mr. Barnett seems only to recommend that more and +more people listen to more and more speakers like him in order to become +angrier at the Soviets and more disturbed about American losses--so that +we can continue the same policies we have, but do a better job with +them. + +Mr. Barnett never criticizes the basic internationalist policy of +entwining the affairs of America with those of other nations, because +Mr. Barnett, like all other internationalists, takes it for granted that +America can no longer defend herself, without "allies," whom we must buy +with foreign aid. He does imply that our present network of permanent, +entangling alliances is not working well; but he never hints that we +should abandon this disastrous policy and return to the traditional +American policy of benign neutrality and no-permanent-involvement, which +offers the only possible hope for our peace and security. Rather, Mr. +Barnett would just like us to conduct our internationalist policy in +such a way as to avoid the disaster which our internationalist policy is +building for us. + + * * * * * + +Mr. Barnett's recommendations on how to fight communism on the domestic +front also trail off, generally, into contradictions and confusion. For +example, in his speech to the "Strategy Seminar" arranged by the +Institute for American Strategy and sponsored by the Fulton County +Medical Society in Atlanta, Georgia, June, 1961, Mr. Barnett urged all +citizens to inform themselves about the communist threat and become +educated on its aims so that they will be capable of combatting +communist propaganda. But, Mr. Barnett said, citizens are "silly" who +concern themselves with trying to find communists and fellow-travelers +in the PTA! + +In a speech to reserve officers at the War College in July, 1961, Mr. +Barnett denounced "crackpots" who hunt "pinkos" in local colleges. He +said the theory that internal subversion is the chief danger to the +United States is fallacious--and is harmful, because it has great +popular appeal. Belief in this theory, Mr. Barnett said, makes people +mistakenly feel that they "don't have to think about ... strengthening +NATO, or improving foreign aid management, or volunteering for the Peace +Corps, or anything else that might require sacrifice." + +Mr. Barnett, who speaks persuasively as an expert on fighting communism, +apparently does not know that the real work of the communist conspiracy +is not performed by the shabby people who staff the official apparatus +of the communist party, but is done by well-intentioned people (in the +PTA and similar organizations) who have been brainwashed with communist +ideas. Communists (whom Mr. Barnett hates and fears) did not do the +tremendous job of causing the United States to abandon her traditional +policies of freedom and independence for the internationalist policies +which are dragging us into one-world socialism. The most distinguished +and respected Americans of our time, in the Council on Foreign Relations +(of which Mr. Barnett is a member) did this job. + +It is interesting to note that the principal book offered for sale and +recommended for reading at Mr. Barnett's, "Strategy Seminars" is +_American Strategy For The Nuclear Age_. The first chapter in the book, +entitled "Basic Aims of United States Foreign Policy," is a reprint of a +Council on Foreign Relations report, compiled by a CFR meeting in 1959, +attended by such well-known internationalist "liberals" as Frank +Altschul, Hamilton Fish Armstrong, Adolf A. Berle, Jr., Robert Blum, +Robert R. Bowie, John Cowles, Arthur H. Dean, Thomas K. Finletter, +William C. Foster, W. Averell Harriman, Philip C. Jessup, Joseph E. +Johnson, Henry R. Luce, I. I. Rabi, Herman B. Wells, Henry M. Wriston. + + +COMMISSION ON NATIONAL GOALS + +On December 6, 1960, President Eisenhower presented, to President-elect +Kennedy, a report by the President's Commission on National Goals, a +group of "distinguished" Americans whom President Eisenhower had +appointed 11 months before to find out what America's national purpose +should be. + +The national purpose of this nation _should be_ exactly what it was +during the first 125 years of our national life: to stand as proof that +free men can govern themselves; to blaze a trail toward freedom, a trail +which all people, if they wish, can follow or guide themselves by, +without any meddling from us. + +Hydrogen bombs and airplanes and intercontinental ballistic missiles do +not change basic principles. The principles on which our nation was +founded are eternal, as valid now as in the 18th century. + +Indeed, modern developments in science should make us cling to those +principles. If foreign enemies can now destroy our nation by pressing a +button, it seems obvious that our total defense effort should be devoted +to protecting our nation against such an attack: it is suicidal for us +to waste any of our defense effort on "economic improvement" and +military assistance for other nations. + +All of this being obvious, it is also obvious that the President's +Commission on National Goals was not really trying to discover our +"national purpose." "National Purpose" was the label for a propaganda +effort intended to help perpetuate governmental policies, which are +dragging America into international socialism, regardless of who +succeeded Eisenhower as President. + +The Report is actually a rehash of major provisions in the 1960 Democrat +and Republican party platforms. More than that, it is, in several +fundamental and specific ways, identical with the 1960 published program +of the communist party. (For a full discussion of the President's +Commission on National Goals, see _The Dan Smoot Report_, "Our National +Purpose," December 12, 1960.) + +Who were the "distinguished" Americans whom Eisenhower appointed to draw +this blueprint of America's National Purpose? They were: + + Erwin D. Canham, Editor-in-Chief of the _Christian Science + Monitor_; James B. Conant, former President of Harvard; Colgate W. + Darden, Jr., former President of the University of Virginia and + former Governor of Virginia; Crawford H. Greenewalt, President of + E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc.; General Alfred M. Gruenther, + President of the American Red Cross; Learned Hand, retired judge of + the U.S. Court of Appeals; Clark Kerr, President of the University + of California; James R. Killian, Jr., Chairman of the Massachusetts + Institute of Technology; George Meany, President of the AFL-CIO; + Frank Pace, Jr., former member of Truman's cabinet; Henry M. + Wriston, President of American Assembly and President Emeritus of + Brown University. + +Of the 11, 7 are members of the Council on Foreign Relations--Canham, +Conant, Gruenther, Hand, Killian, Pace, Wriston. All of the others are +lower-level affiliates of the CFR. + + +NATIONAL PLANNING ASSOCIATION + +The National Planning Association was established in 1934 "to bring +together leaders from agriculture, business, labor, and the professions +to pool their experience and foresight in developing workable plans for +the nation's future...." + +The quotation is from an NPA booklet, which also says: + + "Every year since the NPA was organized in 1934, its reports have + strongly influenced our national economy, U.S. economic policy, and + business decisions." + +Here are members of the Council on Foreign Relations listed as officials +of the National Planning Association: Frank Altschul, Laird Bell, +Courtney C. Brown, Eric Johnston, Donald R. Murphy, Elmo Roper, +Beardsley Ruml, Hans Christian Sonne, Lauren Soth, Wayne Chatfield +Taylor, John Hay Whitney. + +The following officials of National Planning Association are generally +second-level affiliates of the CFR--or are, at any rate, worth noting: +Arnold Zander, International President of American Federation of State, +County and Municipal Employees; Solomon Barkin, Director of Research for +the Textile Workers Union of America; L. S. Buckmaster, General +President, United Rubber, Cork, Linoleum & Plastic Workers of America; +James B. Carey, Secretary-Treasurer of CIO; Albert J. Hayes, +International President of International Association of Machinists; and +Walter P. Reuther. + + +AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION + +In 1920, the American Civil Liberties Union was founded by Felix +Frankfurter, a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, William Z. +Foster, then head of the U.S. Communist Party; Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, a +top communist party official; Dr. Harry F. Ward, of Union Theological +Seminary, a notorious communist-fronter; and Roger Baldwin. + +Patrick M. Malin, a member of the CFR, has been director of the American +Civil Liberties Union since 1952. Other CFR members who are known to be +officials in the American Civil Liberties Union are: William Butler, +Richard S. Childs, Norman Cousins, Palmer Hoyt, Jr., J. Robert +Oppenheimer, Elmo Roper, Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. + + +NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF CHRISTIANS AND JEWS + +The late Charles Evans Hughes (a member of the CFR) and the late S. +Parkes Cadman (former President of the Federal--now National--Council of +Churches) founded the National Conference of Christians and Jews in +1928. + +In June, 1950 (at the suggestion of Paul Hoffman) the National +Conference of Christians and Jews founded World Brotherhood at UNESCO +House in Paris, France. The officers of World Brotherhood were: Konrad +Adenauer, William Benton, Arthur H. Compton, Paul Henri-Spaak, Paul G. +Hoffman, Herbert H. Lehman, John J. McCloy, George Meany, Madame Pandit, +Paul Reynaud, Eleanor Roosevelt, Adlai Stevenson. + + * * * * * + +In August, 1958, World Brotherhood held a seminar in Bern, Switzerland. +All of the officers listed above attended and prepared "working papers." +Here is a summary of conclusions reached at this World Brotherhood +meeting, as condensed from an article by Arthur Krock, in _The New York +Times_, November 21, 1958: + + _We must recognize that the communist countries are here to stay + and cannot be wished away by propaganda. All is not bad in + communist countries. Western nations could learn from communist + experiments. We should study ways to make changes in both + systems--communist and western--in order to bring them nearer + together. We should try to eliminate the stereo-type attitudes + about, and suspicion of, communism. We must assume that the + communist side is not worse than, but merely different from, our + side._ + +In May, 1960, World Brotherhood held a conference on "World Tensions" at +Chicago University. Lester B. Pearson (socialist-internationalist from +Canada) presided at the conference; and the following members of the +Council on Foreign Relations served as officials: William Benton, Ralph +Bunche, Marquis Childs, Harlan Cleveland, Norman Cousins, Ernest A. +Gross, Paul G. Hoffman, and Adlai Stevenson. + +The National Conference of Christians and Jews-World Brotherhood 1960 +meeting on "World Tensions," at Chicago University, concluded that the +communists are interested in more trade but not interested in political +subversion, and recommended: + +(1) a three-billion-dollar-a-year increase in U. S. foreign aid to +"poor" countries; (2) repeal of the Connally Reservation; (3) closer +relations between the U. S. and communist countries. + +Adlai Stevenson told the group that Khrushchev is merely a "tough and +realistic politician and polemicist," with whom it is possible to +"conduct the dialogue of reason." + + * * * * * + +In 1961, World Brotherhood, Inc., changed its name to Conference On +World Tensions. + + +AMERICAN ASSEMBLY + +In 1950, when President of Columbia University, General Dwight D. +Eisenhower founded the American Assembly--sometimes calling itself the +Arden House Group, taking this name from its headquarters and meeting +place. The Assembly holds a series of meetings at Arden House in New +York City about every six months, and other round-table discussions at +varying intervals throughout the nation. + +The 19th meeting of the Arden House Group, which ended May 7, 1961, was +typical of all others, in that it was planned and conducted by members +of the Council on Foreign Relations--and concluded with recommendations +concerning American policy, which, if followed, would best serve the +ends of the Kremlin. + +This 1961 Arden House meeting dealt with the problem of disarmament. +Henry M. Wriston (President of American Assembly and Director of the +Council on Foreign Relations) presided over the three major discussion +groups--each group, in turn, was under the chairmanship of a member of +the Council: Raymond J. Sontag of the University of California; Milton +Katz, Director of International Legal Studies at Harvard; and Dr. Philip +E. Mosely, Director of Studies for the Council on Foreign Relations. + +John J. McCloy (a member of the CFR) as President Kennedy's Director of +Disarmament, sent three subordinates to participate. Two of the three +(Edmund A. Gullion, Deputy Director of the Disarmament Administration; +and Shepard Stone, a Ford Foundation official) are members of the CFR. + +Here are two major recommendations which the May, 1961, American +Assembly meeting made: + + (1) that the United States avoid weapons and measures which might + give "undue provocation" to the Soviets, and which might reduce the + likelihood of disarmament agreements; + + (2) that the United States strengthen its conventional military + forces for participation in "limited wars" but avoid building up an + ordnance of nuclear weapons. + +We cannot match the communist nations in manpower or "conventional +military forces" and should not try. Our only hope is to keep our +military manpower in reserve, and uncommitted, in the United States, +while building an overwhelming superiority in nuclear weapons. When we +"strengthen our conventional forces for participation in limited wars," +we are leaving the Soviets with the initiative to say when and where +those wars will be fought; and we are committing ourselves to fight with +the kind of forces in which the Soviets will inevitably have +superiority. More than that, we are consuming so much of our economic +resources that we do not have enough left for weaponry of the kind that +would defend our homeland. + + +AMERICANS FOR DEMOCRATIC ACTION + +The ADA was founded in April, 1947, at a meeting in the old Willard +Hotel, Washington, D. C. Members of the Council on Foreign Relations +dominated this meeting--and have dominated the ADA ever since. + +Here are members of the Council on Foreign Relations who are, or were, +top officials in Americans For Democratic Action: Francis Biddle, +Chester Bowles, Marquis Childs, Elmer Davis, William H. Davis, David +Dubinsky, Thomas K. Finletter, John Kenneth Galbraith, Palmer Hoyt, +Hubert H. Humphrey, Jacob K. Javits, Herbert H. Lehman, Reinhold +Niebuhr, Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. + +Here are some of the policies which the ADA openly and vigorously +advocated in 1961: + + Abolition of the House Committee on Un-American Activities + + Congressional investigation of the John Birch Society + + Total Disarmament under United Nations control + + U. S. recognition of red China + + Admission of red China to the United Nations, in place of + nationalist China + + Federal aid to all public schools + + Drastic overhaul of our immigration laws, to permit a more + "liberal" admission of immigrants + + Urban renewal and planning for all cities + + * * * * * + +Here is a good, brief characterization of the ADA, from a _Los Angeles +Times_ editorial, September 18, 1961: + + "The ADA members ... are as an organization strikingly like the + British Fabian Socialists.... The Fabians stood for non-Marxian + evolutionary socialism, to be achieved not by class war but by + ballot.... + + "ADA is not an organization for subversive violence like + Marxist-Lenin communism.... The socialism they want to bring about + would be quite as total, industrially, as that in Russia, but they + would accomplish it by legislation, not by shooting, and, of + course, by infiltrating the executive branch of the government...." + + +SANE NUCLEAR POLICY, INC. + +In 1955, Bertrand Russell (British pro-communist socialist) and the late +Albert Einstein (notorious for the number of communist fronts he +supported) held a meeting in London (attended by communists and +socialists from all over the world). In a fanfare of publicity, Russell +and Einstein demanded international co-operation among atomic +scientists. + +Taking his inspiration from this meeting, Cyrus Eaton (wealthy American +industrialist, notorious for his consistent pro-communist sympathies), +in 1956, held the first "Pugwash Conference," which was a gathering of +pro-Soviet propagandists, called scientists, from red China, the Soviet +Union, and Western nations. + +Another Pugwash Conference was held in 1957; and from these Pugwash +Conferences, the idea for a Sane Nuclear Policy, Inc., emerged. + + * * * * * + +Sane Nuclear Policy, Inc., was founded in November, 1957, with national +headquarters in New York City, and with Bertrand Russell of England and +Swedish socialist Gunnar Myrdal (among others) as honorary sponsors. + +Officers of Sane Nuclear Policy, Inc., are largely second-level +affiliates of the Council on Foreign Relations, with a good +representation from the CFR itself. Here are past and present officials +of SANE, who are also members of the Council on Foreign Relations: Harry +A. Bullis, Henry Seidel Canby, Norman Cousins, Clark M. Eichelberger, +Lewis Mumford, Earl D. Osborn, Elmo Roper, James T. Shotwell, James P. +Warburg. + +Other national officials of SANE, who are not members of the CFR, but +worthy of note, are: Steve Allen, Harry Belafonte, Walt Kelly, Martin +Luther King, Linus Pauling, Norman Thomas, Bruno Walter. + +A typical activity of SANE was a public rally at Madison Square Garden +in New York City on May 19, 1960, featuring speeches by Eleanor +Roosevelt, Walter Reuther, Norman Thomas, Alf Landon, Israel Goldstein, +and G. Mennen Williams. All speakers demanded disarmament and +strengthening the United Nations until it becomes strong enough to +maintain world peace. + +Commenting on this SANE rally at Madison Square Garden, Senator James O. +Eastland, Chairman of the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee said (in +a press release from his office, dated October 12, 1960): + + "The communists publicized the meeting well in advance through + their own and sympathetic periodicals.... The affair, in Madison + Square Garden May 19, was sponsored by the Committee for a Sane + Nuclear Policy.... Chief organizer of the Garden meeting, however, + was one Henry H. Abrams of 11 Riverside Drive, New York, New York, + who was a veteran member of the communist party.... It is to the + credit of the officers of the organization that, when Abrams' + record of communist connections was brought to their attention, + Abrams was immediately discharged." + + +FREE EUROPE COMMITTEE + +The Free Europe Committee, Inc., was founded in New York, primarily by +Herbert H. Lehman (then United States Senator) in 1949. Its revenue +comes from the big foundations (principally, Ford) and from annual +fund-raising drives conducted in the name of Crusade for Freedom. The +main activity of The Free Europe Committee (apart from the fund raising) +is the running of Radio Free Europe and Free Europe Press. + +Every year, Crusade for Freedom (with major assistance from Washington +officialdom) conducts a vigorous nationwide drive, pleading for "truth +dollars" from the American people to finance the activities of Radio +Free Europe and Free Europe Press, which are supposed to be fighting +communism behind the iron curtain by spreading the truth about communism +to people in the captive satellite nations. + +It is widely known among well-informed anti-communists, however, that +Radio Free Europe actually helps, rather than hurts, the cause of +international communism--particularly in the captive nations. + +Radio Free Europe broadcasts tell the people behind the iron curtain +that communism is bad--as if they did not know this better than the RFE +broadcasters do; but the broadcasts consistently support the programs, +and present the ideology, of international socialism, always advocating +the equivalent of a one-world socialist society as the solution to all +problems. This is, of course, the communist solution. And it is also the +solution desired by the Council on Foreign Relations. + +A bill of particulars which reveals that Radio Free Europe helps rather +than hurts communism with its so-called "anti-communist" broadcasts can +be found in the _Congressional Record_ for June 20, 1956. An article, +beginning on page A4908, was put in the _Record_ by former Congressman +Albert H. Bosch, of New York. It was written by George Brada, a +Czechoslovakian who fled his homeland after the communists had taken +over in 1948. Brada now lives in Western Germany and is active in a +number of anti-communist groups in Western Europe. + +In reality, the Free Europe Committee and its subsidiary organizations +constitute another propaganda front for the Council on Foreign +Relations. Here, for example, are the CFR members who are, or have been, +top officials of Free Europe Committee, Crusade for Freedom, or Radio +Free Europe--or all three: Adolf A. Berle, David K. E. Bruce, General +Lucius D. Clay, Will L. Clayton, Allen W. Dulles, Dwight D. Eisenhower, +Mark F. Ethridge, Julius Fleischmann, Henry Ford II, Walter S. Gifford, +Joseph C. Grew, Palmer Hoyt, C. D. Jackson, Herbert H. Lehman, Henry R. +Luce, Edward R. Murrow, Irving S. Olds, Arthur W. Page, David Sarnoff, +Whitney H. Shepardson, George N. Shuster, Charles M. Spofford, Harold E. +Stassen, H. Gregory Thomas, Walter H. Wheeler, Jr. + + +NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE + +The Council on Foreign Relations has had a strong (though, probably, not +controlling) hand in the NAACP. Felix Frankfurter, CFR member, was an +attorney for the NAACP for ten years. Other CFR members who are, or +were, officials of the NAACP: Ralph Bunche, Norman Cousins, Lewis S. +Gannett, John Hammond, Herbert H. Lehman. + + +AMERICAN COMMITTEE ON AFRICA + +The American Committee on Africa is a propaganda agency which +concentrates on condemning the apartheid policies of the government of +the Union of South Africa--a nation of white people (practically +encircled by millions of black savages), who feel that their racial +policies are their only hope of avoiding total submergence and +destruction. In addition to disseminating propaganda to create ill-will +for South Africa among Americans, the American Committee on Africa gives +financial assistance to agitators and revolutionaries in the Union of +South Africa. + +It has, for example, given financial aid to 156 persons charged with +treason under the laws of the Union. + +Here are some of the Council on Foreign Relations members who are +officials of the American Committee on Africa: Gardner Cowles, Lewis S. +Gannett, John Gunther, Senator Hubert H. Humphrey, Dr. Robert L. +Johnson, Dr. Reinhold Niebuhr, Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. Mrs. Chester +Bowles is also an official. + + +WORLD POPULATION EMERGENCY CAMPAIGN + +The World Population Emergency Campaign urges the United States +government to use American tax money in an effort to solve the world +population problem. It specifically endorses the 1959 Draper Report on +foreign aid, which recommended that the United States appropriate money +for a United Nations population control project. + +Leadership of the World Population Emergency Campaign is dominated by +such CFR members as: Will L. Clayton, Lammot DuPont Copeland, Major +General William H. Draper, John Nuveen. Most of the members of the +"Campaign" also belong to the Atlantic Union Committee, or to some other +second-level affiliate of the CFR. + + +SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL SERVICE + +The School of International Service at American University in +Washington, D. C., initiated a new academic program to train foreign +service officers and other officials in newly independent nations, +commencing in September, 1961. The foreign diplomats will study courses +on land reforms, finance, labor problems, and several courses on Soviet +and Chinese communism. The program (under the newly created Center of +Diplomacy and Foreign Policy) is directed by former Under Secretary of +State Loy W. Henderson, a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. + + +INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION + +In 1919, Elihu Root and Stephen Duggan (both members of the Council on +Foreign Relations) founded the Institute of International Education, to +develop international understanding and goodwill through exchange of +students, teachers, and others in the educational field. + +Prior to World War II, the Institute was financed by the Carnegie +Corporation. Since the War, the federal government has contributed a +little more than one-third of the Institute's annual income of about 1.8 +million dollars. Foundations, corporations, individuals, and colleges, +contribute the rest. + +The Institute is wholly a CFR operation. Its officials are: Stanley C. +Allyn, Edward W. Barrett, Chester Bowles, Ralph J. Bunche, William C. +Foster, Arthur A. Houghton, Grayson L. Kirk, Edward R. Murrow, George N. +Shuster, and James D. Zellerbach--all members of the CFR. + + + + +Chapter 10 + +COMMUNICATIONS MEDIA + + + +In nine chapters of this Volume, I have managed to discuss only a few of +the most powerful organizations interlocked with the Council on Foreign +Relations, to form an amazing web which is the invisible government of +the United States. There are scores of such organizations. + +I have managed to name, relatively, only a few of the influential +individuals who are members of the Council on Foreign Relations, or of +affiliated agencies, and who also occupy key jobs in the executive +branch of government, including the Presidency. + +I have asserted that the objective of the invisible government is to +convert America into a socialist nation and then make it a unit in a +one-world socialist system. + +The managers of the combine do not admit this, of course. They are +"liberals" who say that the old "negative" kind of government we used to +have is inadequate for this century. The liberals' "positive" foreign +policy is said to be necessary for "world peace" and for meeting +"America's responsibility" in the world. Their "positive" domestic +policies are said to be necessary for the continued improvement and +progress of our "free-enterprise" system. + +But the "positive" foreign policy for peace has dragged us into so many +international commitments (many of which are in direct conflict with +each other: such as, our subsidizing national independence for former +colonies of European powers, while we are also subsidizing the European +powers trying to keep the colonies) that, if we continue in our present +direction, we will inevitably find ourselves in perpetual war for +perpetual peace--or we will surrender our freedom and national +independence and become an out-voted province in a socialist one-world +system. + +The liberals' "positive" domestic policies always bring the federal +government into the role of subsidizing and controlling the economic +activities of the people; and that is the known highway to the total, +tyrannical socialist state. + +The Council on Foreign Relations is rapidly achieving its purpose. An +obvious reason for its success: it is reaching the American public with +its clever propaganda. + +However much power the CFR combine may have inside the agencies of +government; however extensive the reach of its propaganda through +organizations designed to "educate" the public to acceptance of CFR +ideas--the CFR needs to reach the _mass_ audience of Americans who do +not belong to, or attend the meetings of, or read material distributed +by, the propaganda organizations. Council on Foreign Relations leaders +are aware of this need, and they have met it. + + * * * * * + +In the 1957 Annual Report of the Committee for Economic Development (a +major propaganda arm of the CFR), Gardner Cowles, then Chairman of CED's +Information Committee, did a bit of boasting about how successful CED +had been in communicating its ideas to the general public. Mr. Cowles +said: + + "The value of CED's research and recommendations is directly + related to its ability to communicate them ... the organization's + role as an agency that can influence private and public economic + policies and decisions ... can be effective ... only to the extent + that CED gets its ideas across to thinking people.... + + "During the year [1957], the Information Division [of CED] + distributed 42 pamphlets having a total circulation of 545,585; + issued 37 press releases and texts of statements; arranged 4 press + conferences, 10 radio and television appearances, 12 speeches for + Trustees, 3 magazine articles and the publication of 3 books.... In + assessing the year, we are reminded again of the great debt we owe + the nation's editors. Their regard for the objectivity and + non-partisanship of CED's work is reflected in the exceptional + attention they give to what CED has to say. The [CED] statement, + 'Toward a Realistic Farm Policy,' for example not only received + extended news treatment but was the subject of 362 editorials. The + circulation represented in the editorials alone totaled + 19,336,299." + +Mr. Cowles was modest. He gave only a hint of the total extent to which +the mass-communication media have become a controlled propaganda network +for the Council on Foreign Relations and its inter-connecting agencies. + +I doubt that anyone really knows the full extent. My research reveals a +few of the CFR members who have (or have had) controlling, or extremely +influential, positions in the publishing and broadcasting industries. My +list of _CFR members_ in this field is far from complete; and I have not +tried to compile a list of the thousands of people who are _not_ members +of the CFR, but who _are_ members of CED, FPA, or of some other CFR +affiliate--and who also control important channels of public +communications. + +Hence, the following list--of Council on Foreign Relations members whom +I know to be influential in the communications industries--is intended +to be indicative, rather than comprehensive and informative: + + Herbert Agar (former Editor, _Louisville Courier-Journal_) + + Hanson W. Baldwin (Military Affairs Editor, _New York Times_) + + Joseph Barnes (Editor-in-Chief, Simon & Schuster, Publishers) + + Elliott V. Bell (Chairman of Executive Committee, McGraw-Hill + Publishing Co.; Publisher and Editor of _Business Week_) + + John Mason Brown (Editor, _Saturday Review of Literature_, drama + critic, author) + + Cass Canfield (Chairman of the Editorial Board of Harper & + Brothers, Publishers) + + Marquis Childs (author, syndicated columnist) + + Norman Cousins (Editor-in-Chief, _Saturday Review of Literature_) + + Gardner Cowles, quoted above from the 1957 CED Annual Report, and + John Cowles (They occupy controlling offices in Cowles Magazine + Company, which owns such publications as _Look_, _Minneapolis Star + and Tribune_, and _Des Moines Register and Tribune_, and which also + owns a broadcasting company.) + + Mark Ethridge (Publisher, _Louisville Courier-Journal_, _Louisville + Times_) + + George Gallup (public opinion analyst, Gallup Poll; President, + National Municipal League) + + Philip Graham (Publisher, _Washington Post and Times Herald_) + + Allen Grover (Vice President of _Time_, Inc.) + + Joseph C. Harsch (of _The Christian Science Monitor_) + + August Heckscher (Editor, _New York Herald Tribune_) + + Palmer Hoyt (Publisher, _Denver Post_) + + David Lawrence (President and Editor-in-Chief, _U. S. News and + World Report_) + + Hal Lehrman (Editor, _New York Post_) + + Irving Levine (NBC news official and commentator) + + Walter Lippmann (author, syndicated columnist) + + Henry R. Luce (Publisher, _Time_, _Life_, _Fortune_, _Sports + Illustrated_) + + Malcolm Muir (Chairman of the Board and Editor-in-Chief, + _Newsweek_) + + William S. Paley (Chairman of the Board, Columbia Broadcasting + System) + + Ogden Reid (former Chairman of the Board, _New York Herald + Tribune_) + + Whitelaw Reid (former Editor-in-Chief, _New York Herald Tribune_) + + James B. Reston (Editorial writer, _New York Times_) + + Elmo Roper (public opinion analyst, Roper Poll) + + David Sarnoff (Chairman of the Board, Radio Corporation of + America--NBC, RCA Victor, etc.) + + Harry Scherman (founder and Chairman of the Board, + Book-of-the-Month Club) + + William L. Shirer (author, news commentator) + + Paul C. Smith (President and Editor-in-Chief, Crowell-Collier + Publishing Company) + + Leland Stone (head of News Reporting for Radio Free Europe, + _Chicago Daily News_ foreign correspondent) + + Robert Kenneth Straus (former research director for F. D. + Roosevelt's Council of Economic Advisers; owner and publisher of + the San Fernando, California, _Sun_; largest stockholder and member + of Board of Orange Coast Publishing Company, which publishes the + _Daily Globe-Herald_ of Costa Mesa, the _Pilot_ and other small + newspapers in California; member of group which owns and publishes + _American Heritage_ and _Horizon_ magazines; Treasurer and + Director of Industrial Publishing Company of Cleveland, which + publishes trade magazines) + + Arthur Hayes Sulzberger (Chairman of the Board, _New York Times_) + + C. L. Sulzberger (Editorial writer, _New York Times_) + +I do not mean to imply that all of these people are controlled by the +Council on Foreign Relations, or that they uniformly support the total +program of international socialism which the Council wants. The Council +does not _own_ its members: it merely has varying degrees of influence +on each. + +For example, former President Herbert Hoover, a member of the Council, +has fought eloquently against many basic policies which the Council +supports. Spruille Braden is another. + +Mr. Braden formerly held several important ambassadorial posts and at +one time was Assistant Secretary of State in charge of American Republic +Affairs. In recent years, Mr. Braden has given leadership to many +patriotic organizations and efforts, such as For America and The John +Birch Society; and, in testimony before various committees of Congress, +he has given much valuable information about communist influences in the +State Department. + +Mr. Braden joined the Council on Foreign Relations in the late 1920's or +early 30's, when membership in the Council was a fashionable badge of +respectability, helpful to the careers of young men in the foreign +service, in the same way that membership in expensive country clubs and +similar organizations is considered helpful to the careers of young +business executives. + +Men who know Braden well say that he stayed in the Council after he came +to realize its responsibility for the policies of disaster which our +nation has followed in the postwar era--hoping to exert some +pro-American influence inside the Council. + +It apparently was a frustrated hope. There is a story in well-informed +New York circles about the last time the Council on Foreign Relations +ever called on Spruille Braden to participate in an important activity. +Braden was asked to preside over a Council on Foreign Relations meeting +when the featured speaker was Herbert Matthews (member of the _New York +Times_ editorial board) whose support of communist Castro in Cuba is +notorious. It is said that the anti-communist viewpoint which Braden +tried to inject into this meeting will rather well guarantee against his +ever being asked to officiate at another CFR affair. + +Generally, however, the degree of influence which the CFR exerts upon +its own members is very high indeed. + + * * * * * + +Apart from an occasional article or editorial which criticizes some +aspect of, or some leader in, the socialist revolution in America; and +despite much rhetoric in praise of "free enterprise" and "the American +way," such publications as _Time_, _Life_, _Fortune_, _New York Times_, +_New York Post_, _Louisville Courier-Journal_, _Washington Post and +Times Herald_, _Saturday Review of Literature_, the _Denver Post_, _The +Christian Science Monitor_ and _Look_ (I name only those, in the list +above, which I, personally, have read a great deal.) have not one time +in the past 15 years spoken editorially against any fundamentally +important aspect of the over-all governmental policies which are +dragging this nation into socialism and world government--at least, not +to my knowledge. + +On the contrary, these publications heartily support those policies, +criticizing them, if at all, only about some detail--or for being too +timid, small and slow! + +In contrast, David Lawrence, of _U. S. News & World Report_, publishes +fine, objective news-reporting, often featuring articles which factually +expose the costly fallacies of governmental policy. This is especially +true of _U. S. News & World Report_ in connection with domestic issues. +On matters of foreign policy, David Lawrence often goes down the line +for the internationalist policy--being convinced (as all +internationalists seem to be) that this is the only policy possible for +America in the "shrunken world" of the twentieth century. + +An intelligent man like David Lawrence--who must see the endless and +unbroken chain of disasters which the internationalist foreign policy +has brought to America; and who is thoroughly familiar with the proven +record of marvelous success which our traditional policy of benign +neutrality and no-permanent-involvement enjoyed: how can he still feel +that we are nonetheless inescapably bound to follow the policy of +disaster? I wish I knew. + + + + +Chapter 11 + +INTERLOCKING UNTOUCHABLES + + + +Members of Congress are not unaware of the far-reaching power of the +tax-exempt private organization--the CFR; but the power of the Council +is somewhat indicated by the fact that no committee of Congress has yet +been powerful enough to investigate it or the foundations with which it +has interlocking connections and from which it receives its support. + +On August 1, 1951, Congressman E. E. Cox (Democrat, Georgia) introduced +a resolution in the House asking for a Committee to conduct a thorough +investigation of tax-exempt foundations. Congressman Cox said that some +of the great foundations, + + "had operated in the field of social reform and international + relations (and) many have brought down on themselves harsh and just + condemnation." + +He named the Rockefeller Foundation, + + "whose funds have been used to finance individuals and + organizations whose business it has been to get communism into the + private and public schools of the country, to talk down America and + to play up Russia." + +He cited the Guggenheim Foundation, whose money, + + "was used to spread radicalism throughout the country to an extent + not excelled by any other foundation." + +He listed the Carnegie Corporation, The Rosenwald Fund, and other +foundations, saying: + + "There are disquieting evidences that at least a few of the + foundations have permitted themselves to be infiltrated by men and + women who are disloyal to our American way of life. They should be + investigated and exposed to the pitiless light of publicity, and + appropriate legislation should be framed to correct the present + situation." + +Congressman Cox's resolution, proposing an investigation of foundations, +died in Committee. + + * * * * * + +On March 10, 1952, Cox introduced the same resolution again. Because he +had mentioned foundation support for Langston Hughes, a Negro communist, +Congressman Cox was accused of racial prejudice. Because he had +criticized the Rosenwald Fund for making grants to known communists, he +was called anti-semitic. But the Cox resolution was adopted in 1952; and +the Cox committee to investigate tax-exempt foundations was set up. + +Congressman Cox died before the end of the year; and the final report of +his committee (filed January 1, 1953) was a pathetic whitewash of the +whole subject. + +A Republican-controlled Congress (the 83rd) came into existence in +January, 1953. + + * * * * * + +On April 23, 1953, the late Congressman Carroll Reece, (Republican, +Tennessee) introduced a resolution proposing a committee to carry on the +"unfinished business" of the defunct Cox Committee. The new committee to +investigate tax-exempt foundations (popularly known as the Reece +Committee) was approved by Congress on July 27, 1953. It went out of +existence on January 3, 1955, having proven, mainly, that the mammoth +tax-exempt foundations have such power in the White House, in Congress, +and in the press that they are quite beyond the reach of a mere +committee of the Congress of the United States. + +If you want to read this whole incredible (and rather terrifying) story, +I suggest _Foundations_, a book written by Rene A. Wormser who was +general counsel to the Reece Committee. His book was published in 1958 +by The Devin-Adair Company. + +In the final report on Tax-Exempt Foundations, which the late +Congressman Reece made for his ill-fated Special Committee (Report +published December 16, 1954, by the Government Printing Office), Mr. +Reece said: + + "Miss Casey's report (Hearings pp. 877, et seq.) shows clearly the + interlock between _The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace_, + and some of its associated organizations, such as the _Council on + Foreign Relations_ and other foundations, with the State + Department. Indeed, these foundations and organizations would not + dream of denying this interlock. They proudly note it in reports. + They have undertaken vital research projects for the Department; + virtually created minor departments or groups within the Department + for it; supplied advisors and executives from their ranks; fed a + constant stream of personnel into the State Department trained by + themselves or under programs which they have financed; and have had + much to do with the formulation of foreign policy both in principle + and detail. + + "They have, to a marked degree, acted as direct agents of the State + Department. And they have engaged actively, and with the + expenditure of enormous sums, in propagandizing ('educating'?) + public opinion in support of the policies which they have helped to + formulate.... + + "What we see here is a number of large foundations, primarily _The + Rockefeller Foundation_, _The Carnegie Corporation of New York_, + and the _Carnegie Endowment for International Peace_, using their + enormous public funds to finance a one-sided approach to foreign + policy and to promote it actively, among the public by propaganda, + and in the Government through infiltration. The power to do this + comes out of the power of the vast funds employed." + +Mr. Reece listed The Council on Foreign Relations, The Institute of +International Education, The Foreign Policy Association, and The +Institute of Pacific Relations, as among the interlocking organizations +which are "agencies of these foundations," and pointed out that research +and propaganda which does not support the "globalism" (or +internationalism) to which all of these agencies are dedicated, receive +little support from the tax-exempt foundations. + +I disagree with Mr. Reece here, only in the placing of emphasis. As I +see it, the foundations (which do finance the vast, complex, and +powerful interlock of organizations devoted to a socialist one-world +system) have, nonetheless, become the "agencies" of the principal +organization which they finance--the Council on Foreign Relations. + + * * * * * + +The Reece Committee investigation threw some revealing light on the +historical blackout which the Council on Foreign Relations has ordered +and conducted. + +Men who run the Council do not want the policies and measures of +Franklin D. Roosevelt to undergo the critical analysis and objective +study which exposed the policies of Woodrow Wilson after World War I. +The Council has decided that the official propaganda of World War II +must be perpetuated as history and the public protected from learning +the truth. Hence, the Council sponsors historical works which give the +socialist-internationalist version of historical events prior to and +during World War II, while ignoring, or debunking, revisionist studies +which attempt to tell the truth. + +Here is how all of this is put in the 1946 Annual Report of the +Rockefeller Foundation: + + "The Committee on Studies of the Council on Foreign Relations is + concerned that the debunking journalistic campaign following World + War I should not be repeated and believes that the American public + deserves a clear competent statement of our basic aims and + activities during the second World War." + +In 1946, the Rockefeller Foundation allotted $139,000 to the cost of a +two-volume history of World War II, written by William L. Langer, a +member of the CFR, and S. Everett Gleason. The generous grant was +supplemented by a gift of $10,000 from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. +The Langer-Gleason work was published by Harper and Brothers for the +Council on Foreign Relations: Volume I in 1952 under the title, _The +Challenge To Isolationism, 1937-1940_; Volume II in 1953, under the +title, _The Undeclared War_. + +The CFR's stated purpose in bringing out this work was to head off the +revisionist historians like Charles Callan Tansill, Harry Elmer Barnes, +Frederic R. Sanborn, George Morgenstern, Frances Neilson. The truth, +however, is not easy to suppress. Though written by and for the CFR, to +perpetuate that organization's version of history, the Langer-Gleason +volumes contain a wealth of information which helps to prove the basic +thesis of this present volume. + + * * * * * + +One thing that the ill-fated Reece Committee found out in 1953-55, when +trying to investigate the foundations, is that the tax-exempt +organizations are set up, not for the purpose of doing some good in our +society, but for the purpose of avoiding the income tax. + +Rene A. Wormser, in _Foundation_ says: + + "The chief motivation in the creation of foundations has long + ceased to be pure philanthropy--it is now predominantly tax + avoidance.... The increasing tax burden on income and estates has + greatly accelerated a trend toward creation of foundations as + instruments for the retention of control over capital assets that + would otherwise be lost.... + + "The creation of a new foundation very often serves the purpose of + contributing to a favorable public opinion for the person or + corporation that endows it...." + +The tax-exempt organizations have a vested interest in the oppressive, +inequitable, and wasteful federal-income-tax system. Tax experts have +devised, for example, a complicated scheme by which a wealthy man can +actually save money by giving to tax-exempt organizations. + +In short, many of the great philanthropies which buy fame and +respectability for wealthy individuals, or corporations, are +tax-avoidance schemes which, every year, add billions to the billions of +private capital which is thus sterilized. These accumulations of +tax-exempt billions place a heavier burden on taxpayers. Removing +billions from taxation, the tax-exempt organizations thus obviously make +taxpayers pay more in order to produce all that government demands. + + * * * * * + +The big tax-exempt organizations use their tax-exempt billions to buy +prestige and power for themselves, and to bludgeon some critics into +silence. For example, the Ford Foundation established the Fund for the +Republic with a 15 million dollar grant in 1952--at a time when public +awareness of the communist danger was seeping into the thinking of +enough Americans to create a powerful anti-communist movement in this +country. + +By late 1955, the Fund's activities (publicly granting awards to +fifth-amendment communists and so on) had become so blatant that public +indignation was rising significantly. Just at the right time, the Ford +Foundation announced a gift of 500 million dollars to the colleges of +America. + +Newspapers--also beholden in many ways to the big foundations--which +will not publish news about the foundations' anti-American activities, +give banner headlines to the lavish benefactions for purposes +universally believed to be good. + +Where will you find a college administration that will not defend the +Ford Foundation against all critics--if the college has just received, +or is in line to receive, a million-dollar gift from the Foundation? + +How far must you search to find college professors or school teachers +who will not defend the Foundation which gives 25 million dollars at one +time, to raise the salaries of professors or school teachers? + +Where will you find a plain John Doe citizen who is not favorably +impressed that the hospitals and colleges in his community have received +a multi-million dollar gift from a big foundation? + +Every significant movement to destroy the American way of life has been +directed and financed, in whole or in part, by tax-exempt organizations, +which are entrenched in public opinion as benefactors of our society. + +Worst of all: this tremendous power and prestige are in the hands of +what Rene Wormser calls a special elite--a group of eggheads like Robert +Hutchins (or worse) who neither understand nor respect the +profit-motivated economic principles and the great political ideal of +individual-freedom-under-limited-government which made our nation great. + +Overlapping of personnel clearly shows a tight interlock between the +Council on Foreign Relations and the big foundations. + +The following information, concerning assets and officers of +foundations, all comes from _The Foundation Directory_, prepared by The +Foundation Library Center and published by the Russell Sage Foundation, +New York City, 1960. + +FORD FOUNDATION: Assets totaling $3,316,000,000.00 (3 billion, 316 +million) on September 30, 1959. The Trustees of the Ford Foundation are: +Eugene R. Black (CFR); James B. Black; James F. Brownlee; John Cowles +(CFR); Donald K. David (CFR); Mark F. Ethridge (CFR); Benson Ford; Henry +Ford II; H. Rowan Gaither, Jr. (CFR); Laurence M. Gould (CFR); Henry T. +Heald (CFR); Roy E. Larsen; John J. McCloy (CFR); Julius A. Stratton +(CFR); Charles E. Wyzanski, Jr. (CFR). + +Note that of the 15 members of the Board of Trustees, 10 are members of +the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). + +FUND FOR THE REPUBLIC, Santa Barbara, California, a subsidiary of Ford, +had assets totaling $6,667,022.00 on September 30, 1957. Officers and +directors: Robert Hutchins; Paul G. Hoffman (CFR); Elmo Roper (CFR); +George N. Shuster (CFR); Harry S. Ashmore; Bruce Catton; Charles W. Cole +(CFR); Arthur J. Goldberg; William H. Joyce, Jr.; Meyer Kestnbaum (CFR); +Msgr. Francis Lally; Herbert H. Lehman (CFR); M. Albert Linton; J. +Howard Marshall; Jubal R. Parten; Alicia Patterson; Mrs. Eleanor B. +Stevenson; Henry P. Van Dusen (CFR). + +Note that 7 of the 18 are CFR members. + +ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION, 111 West 50th Street, New York 20, New York, had +assets totaling $647,694,858.00 on December 31, 1958. Officers and +Trustees: John D. Rockefeller 3rd (CFR); Dean Rusk (CFR); Barry Bingham; +Chester Bowles (CFR); Lloyd D. Brace; Richard Bradfield (CFR); Detlev W. +Bronk (CFR); Ralph J. Bunche (CFR); John S. Dickey (CFR); Lewis W. +Douglas (CFR); Lee A. DuBridge; Wallace K. Harrison; Arthur A. Houghton, +Jr. (CFR); John R. Kimberly (CFR); Robert F. Loeb; Robert A. Lovett +(CFR); Benjamin M. McKelway; Henry Allen Moe; Henry P. Van Dusen (CFR); +W. Barry Wood, Jr. + +Of the 20, 12 are CFR members. + +ROCKEFELLER BROTHERS FUND, 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York 20, New York, +had assets totaling $53,174,210.00 on December 31, 1958. Officers and +Trustees: Laurence S. Rockefeller; David Rockefeller (CFR); Detlev W. +Bronk (CFR); Wallace K. Harrison; Abby Rockefeller Mauze; Abby M. +O'Neill; John D. Rockefeller 3rd (CFR); Nelson A. Rockefeller (CFR); +Winthrop Rockefeller. + +Of the 9, 4 are CFR members. + +CARNEGIE CORPORATION OF NEW YORK, 589 Fifth Avenue, New York 17, New +York, had assets totaling $261,244,471.00 on September 30, 1959. +Officers and Trustees: John W. Gardner (CFR); Morris Hadley; James A. +Perkins (CFR); Robert F. Bacher; Caryl P. Haskins (CFR); C. D. Jackson +(CFR); Devereux C. Josephs (CFR); Nicholas Kelley (CFR); Malcolm A. +MacIntyre (CFR); Margaret Carnegie Miller; Frederick Osborn (CFR); +Gwilym A. Price; Elihu Root, Jr. (CFR); Frederick Sheffield; Charles +Spofford (CFR); Charles Allen Thomas. + +Of the 16, 10 are CFR members. + +CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE, United Nations Plaza & 46th +Street, New York 17, New York, had a net worth of $22,577,134.00 on June +30, 1958. Officers and Trustees: Joseph E. Johnson (CFR); Whitney North +Seymour (CFR); O. Frederick Nolde; Lawrence S. Finkelstein (CFR); Arthur +K. Watson (CFR); James M. Nicely (CFR); Dillon Anderson (CFR); Charles +E. Beard; Robert Blum (CFR); Harvey H. Bundy (CFR); David L. Cole; +Frederick S. Dunn (CFR); Arthur J. Goldberg; Ernest A. Gross (CFR); +Philip C. Jessup (CFR); Milton Katz (CFR); Grayson L. Kirk (CFR); Mrs. +Clare Boothe Luce; Charles A. Meyer (CFR); Otto L. Nelson, Jr.; Ellmore +C. Patterson (CFR); Howard C. Petersen (CFR); Howard P. Robertson; David +Rockefeller (CFR); W. J. Schieffelin, Jr.; George N. Shuster (CFR). + +Of the 26, 18 are CFR members. + +CARNEGIE FOUNDATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF TEACHING, had assets totaling +$20,043,859.00 on June 30, 1959. Officers and Trustees: Carter Davidson +(CFR); John W. Gardner (CFR); James A. Perkins (CFR); William F. +Houston; Harvie Branscomb; Arthur H. Dean (CFR); Robert F. Goheen (CFR); +Laurence M. Gould (CFR); A. Whitney Griswold (CFR); Rufus C. Harris; +Frederick L. Hovde (CFR); Clark Kerr; Lawrence A. Kimpton; Grayson L. +Kirk (CFR); Thomas S. Lamont (CFR); Robert A. Lovett (CFR); Howard F. +Lowry; N. A. M. MacKenzie; Katharine E. McBride; Millicent C. McIntosh; +John S. Millis (CFR); Franklin D. Murphy (CFR); Nathan M. Pusey (CFR); +Herman B. Wells (CFR); Logan Wilson; O. Meredith Wilson. + +Of the 26, 15 are CFR members. + +CARNEGIE INSTITUTE OF WASHINGTON, 1530 "P" Street, N.W., Washington 5, +D. C., had assets totaling $80,838,528.00 on June 30, 1958. Officers and +Trustees: Caryl P. Haskins (CFR); Walter S. Gifford (CFR); Barklie McKee +Henry; Robert Woods Bliss (CFR); James F. Bell; General Omar N. Bradley; +Vannevar Bush; Crawford H. Greenewalt; Alfred L. Loomis (CFR); Robert A. +Lovett (CFR); Keith S. McHugh; Margaret Carnegie Miller; Henry S. Morgan +(CFR); Seeley G. Mudd; William I. Myers; Henning W. Prentis, Jr.; Elihu +Root, Jr. (CFR); Henry R. Shepley; Charles P. Taft; Juan Terry Trippe +(CFR); James N. White; Robert E. Wilson. + +Of the 22, 8 are CFR members. + +ALFRED P. SLOAN FOUNDATION, 630 Fifth Avenue, New York 20, New York, had +assets totaling $175,533,110.00 on December 31, 1958. Officers and +Trustees: Albert Bradley (CFR); Alfred P. Sloan, Jr. (CFR); Raymond P. +Sloan; Arnold J. Zurcher (CFR); Frank W. Abrams; Henry C. Alexander +(CFR); Walter S. Carpenter, Jr. (CFR); General Lucius D. Clay (CFR); +John L. Collyer (CFR); Lewis W. Douglas (CFR); Frank A. Howard; +Devereux C. Josephs (CFR); Mervin J. Kelly (CFR); James R. Killian, Jr. +(CFR); Laurence S. Rockefeller; George Whitney (CFR). + +Of the 16, 12 are CFR members. + +THE COMMONWEALTH FUND OF NEW YORK, 5500 Maspeth Avenue, New York 78, New +York, had assets totaling $119,904,614.00 on June 30, 1959. Officers and +Trustees: Malcolm P. Aldrich; John A. Gifford; Leo D. Welch (CFR); +George P. Berry; Roger M. Blough (CFR); Harry P. Davison (CFR); Harold +B. Hoskins; J. Quigg Newton (CFR); William E. Stevenson (CFR); Henry C. +Taylor. + +Of the 10, 6 are CFR members. + +TWENTIETH CENTURY FUND, INC., 41 East 70th Street, New York 3, New York, +had assets totaling $17,522,441.00 on December 31, 1958. Officers and +Trustees: Adolf A. Berle, Jr. (CFR); Francis Biddle (CFR); August +Heckscher (CFR); Hans Christian Sonne (CFR); Morris B. Abram; Arthur F. +Burns (CFR); Erwin D. Canham (CFR); Evans Clark (CFR); Benjamin V. Cohen +(CFR); Wallace K. Harrison (CFR); David E. Lilienthal (CFR); Robert S. +Lynd; James G. McDonald (CFR); J. Robert Oppenheimer (CFR); Edmund +Orgill; James H. Rowe, Jr.; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. (CFR); Herman W. +Steinkraus; Charles P. Taft; W. W. Waymack. + +Of the 20, 13 are CFR members. + + + + +Chapter 12 + +WHY? WHAT CAN WE DO? + + + +Claiming to believe in the high destiny of America as a world-leader, +our invisible government urges timid policies of appeasement and +surrender which make America a world whipping-boy rather than a world +leader. Claiming to believe in the dignity and worth of the human +individual, the modern liberals who run our invisible government urge an +ever-growing welfare-state which is destroying individualism--which has +already so weakened the American sense of personal responsibility that +crime rates have increased 98 percent in our land during the past ten +years. + +Why? Why do prominent Americans support programs which are so harmful? +It is a difficult question to answer. + + * * * * * + +Somewhere at the top of the pyramid in the invisible government are a +few sinister people who know exactly what they are doing: they want +America to become part of a worldwide socialist dictatorship, under the +control of the Kremlin. + + * * * * * + +Some may actually dislike communists, but feel that one-world socialism +is desirable and inevitable. They are working with a sense of urgency +for a "benign" world socialist dictatorship to forestall the Kremlin +from imposing its brand of world dictatorship by force. + + * * * * * + +Some leaders in the invisible government are brilliant and power-hungry +men who feel that the masses are unable to govern themselves and who +want to set up a great dictatorship which will give them power to +arrange things for the masses. + +The leadership of the invisible government doubtless rests in the hands +of a sinister or power-hungry few; but its real strength is in the +thousands of Americans who have been drawn into the web for other +reasons. Many, if not most, of these are status-seekers. + + * * * * * + +When you are a rising junior executive, or a man of any age looking for +good business and social connections, it seems good to go to a luncheon +where you can sit at the head table and call leaders of the community by +their first names. Most of the propaganda agencies affiliated with the +Council on Foreign Relations provide such opportunities for members. + +A businessman enjoys coming home from a black-tie affair in New York or +Washington where he and a few other "chosen" men have been given a +"confidential, off-the-record briefing" by some high governmental +official. The Council on Foreign Relations provides such experiences for +officials of companies which contribute money to the CFR. + +This status-seeking is a way of life for thousands of American +businessmen. Some of them would not give it up even if they knew their +activities were supporting the socialist revolution, although at heart +they are opposed to socialism. Most of them, however, would withdraw +from the Foreign Policy Association, and the World Affairs Councils, and +the Committee for Economic Development, and the American Association for +the UN, and the National Conference of Christians and Jews, and the +Advertising Council, and similar organizations, if they were educated to +an understanding of what their membership in such organizations really +means. + +The job of every American who knows and cares is to make sure that all +of the people in the invisible government network know exactly what they +are doing. + + * * * * * + +But beyond that, what can we do? What can we Americans do about the +Council on Foreign Relations and its countless tentacles of power and +money and influence and propaganda which are wrapped around all the +levers of political power in Washington; which reach into the schools +and churches and respected civic organizations of America; which control +major media of communications; which are insinuated into controlling +positions in the big unions; and which even have a grip on the prestige +and money of major American corporations? + +It is often suggested that investigation by the FBI might be the answer. + +For example, after the March-April Term (1960) Grand Jury in Fulton +County, Georgia, condemned Foreign Policy Association literature as +"insidious and subversive" and the American Legion Post published _The +Truth About The Foreign Policy Association_ to document the Grand Jury's +findings (see Chapter V), supporters of the Foreign Policy Association +denounced the legionnaires, saying, in effect, that if there were a need +to investigate the FPA, the investigation should be done in proper, +legal manner by trained FBI professionals and not by "vigilantes" and +"amateurs" and "bigoted ignoramuses" on some committee of an American +Legion Post. + +This is an effective propaganda technique. It gives many the idea that +the organization under criticism has nothing to hide and is willing to +have all its activities thoroughly investigated, if the investigation is +conducted properly and decently. + + * * * * * + +But the fact is that the FBI has no jurisdiction to investigate the kind +of activities engaged in by the Foreign Policy Association and its +related and affiliated organizations. The Foreign Policy Association is +not a _communist_ organization. If it were, it could be handled easily. +The Attorney General and the committees of Congress could simply post it +as a communist organization. Then, it would receive support only from +people who are conscious instruments of the communist conspiracy; and +there are not, relatively, very many of those in the United States. + +The FPA's Councils on World Affairs are supported by patriotic community +leaders. Yet, these Councils have done more than all _communists_ have +ever managed to do, in brainwashing the American people with propaganda +_for_ governmental intervention in the economic affairs of the people, +and _for_ endless permanent entanglement in the affairs of foreign +nations--thus preparing this nation _for_ submergence in a one-world +socialist system, which is the objective of communism. + + * * * * * + +Inasmuch as the invisible government is composed of organizations which +enjoy the special privilege of federal tax-exemption (a privilege seldom +given to organizations advocating return to traditional American +policies) it is often suggested that public pressures might persuade the +Treasury Department to withdraw the tax-exempt privilege from these +organizations. + +How could the Treasury Department ever be persuaded to take action +against the Council on Foreign Relations, when the Council controls the +Department? Douglas Dillon, Secretary of the Treasury, is a member of +the CFR. + +It is impractical to think of getting Treasury Department action against +the CFR. Moreover, such a solution to the problem could be dangerous. + +A governmental agency which has limitless power to withdraw special +tax-privileges must also have limitless power to grant special +privileges. The Treasury Department could destroy all of the +organizations composing the invisible government interlock by the simple +action of withdrawing the tax-exempt privilege, thus drying up major +sources of revenue. But the Treasury Department could then create +another Frankenstein monster by giving tax-exemption to other +organizations. + +It is often suggested that some congressional committee investigate the +Council on Foreign Relations and the network of organizations +interlocked with it. + +Yet, as we have seen, two different committees of Congress--one +Democrat-controlled and one Republican-controlled--_have tried_ to +investigate the big tax-exempt foundations which are interlocked with, +and controlled by, and provide the primary source of revenue for, the +Council on Foreign Relations and its affiliates. + +Both committees were gutted with ridicule and vicious denunciation, not +just by the official communist party press, but by internationalists in +the Congress, by spokesmen for the executive branch of government, and +by big respected publishing and broadcasting firms which are a part of +the controlled propaganda network of the Council on Foreign Relations. + + * * * * * + +The invisible government is not, however, beyond the reach of the whole +Congress, _if_ the Congress has the spur and support of an informed +public. + +Our only hope lies in the Congress which _is_ responsive to public will, +when that will is fully and insistently expressed. + +Every time I suggest that aroused citizens write their Congressmen and +Senators, I get complaints from people who say they have been writing +for years and that it does no good. + +Yet, remember the Connally Reservation issue in January, 1960. The +Humphrey Resolution (to repeal the Connally Reservation and thus permit +the World Court to assume unlimited jurisdiction over American affairs) +was before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. The Chairman of this +Committee was J. William Fulbright (Democrat, Arkansas) a Rhodes-scholar +internationalist, determined to repeal the Connally Reservation. Leaders +in Congress and in the Administration were determined to repeal the +Connally Reservation, and so was the invisible government of the United +States--which means that the vast thought-controlling machine of the CFR +(radio and television networks; major newspapers and magazines; and an +imposing array of civic, church, professional, and "educational" +organizations) had been in high gear for many months, saturating the +public with "world-peace-through-world-law" propaganda intended to shame +and scare the public into accepting repeal of the Connally Reservation. + +But word got out, and the American public positively Stunned Congress +with protests. Fulbright let the resolution die in committee. + +The expression of public will was massive and explosive in connection +with the Connally Reservation, whereas in connection with many other +equally important issues, the public seems indifferent. The reason is +that the Connally Reservation is a simple issue. It is easy for a voter +to write or wire his elected representatives saying, "Let's keep the +Connally Reservation"; or, "If you vote for repeal of the Connally +Reservation, I'll vote against you." + +What kind of wire or letter can a voter send his elected representatives +concerning the bigger and more important issue which I have labeled +"Invisible Government"? + +The ultimate solution lies in many sweeping and profound changes in the +policies of government, which cannot be effected until a great many more +Americans have learned a great deal more about the American +constitutional system than they know now. + + * * * * * + +But there is certain action which the people could demand of Congress +immediately; and every Congressman and Senator who refuses to support +such action could be voted out of office the next time he stands for +re-election. + + 1. We should demand that Congress amend the Internal Revenue Code + in such a way that no agency of the executive branch of government + will have the power to grant federal tax-exemption. The + Constitution gives the power of _taxation_ only to the Congress. + Hence, only Congress should have the power to grant _exemption_ + from taxation. + +Instead of permitting the Internal Revenue Service of the Treasury +Department to decide whether a foundation or any other organization +shall have federal tax-exemption, Congress should exercise this power, +fully publicizing and frequently reviewing all grants of tax-exemption. + + 2. In addition to demanding that Congress take the power of + granting and withholding federal tax-exemption away from the + executive agencies, voters should demand that the House of + Representatives form a special committee to investigate the Council + on Foreign Relations and its associated foundations and other + organizations. + +The investigation should be conducted for the same purpose that the +great McCarran investigation of the Institute of Pacific Relations was +conducted--that is, to identify the people and organizations involved +and to provide an authentic record, of the invisible government's aims +and programs, and personnel, for the public to see and study. Such an +investigation, if properly conducted, would thoroughly discredit the +invisible government in the eyes of the American people. + + * * * * * + +There is, however, only _one sure_ and _final_ way to stop this great +and growing evil--and that is to cut it out as if it were cancerous, +which it is. The only way to cut it out is to eliminate the income-tax +system which spawned it. + +The federal income-tax system suckles the forces which are destroying +our free and independent republic. Abolish the system, and the sucklings +will die of starvation. + +That is the ultimate remedy, but before we can compel Congress to +provide this remedy, we must have an educated electorate. The problem of +educating the public is great--not because of the inability of the +people to understand, but because of the difficulty of reaching them +with the freedom story. + +If the federal government, during the 1962 fiscal year, had not +collected one penny in tax on personal incomes, the government would +still have had more tax revenue from other sources than the _total_ of +what Harry Truman collected in his most extravagant peacetime spending +year. Every American, who knows that, can readily understand the +possibility and the necessity of repealing the federal tax on personal +incomes. But how many Americans know those simple facts? The job of +everyone who knows and cares is to get such facts to others. + + * * * * * + +Even if we did take action to divest the Council on Foreign Relations +and its powerful interlock of control over our government; and even if +we did reverse the policies which are now dragging us into a one-world +socialist dictatorship--what would we do about some of the dangerous +messes which our policies already have us involved in? What, for +example, could we do about Cuba? About Berlin? + +In some ways, the policies of our invisible government have taken us +beyond the point of no return. Consider the problem of Cuba. Armed +intervention in the affairs of another nation violates the principles of +the traditional American policy of benign neutrality, to which I think +our nation should return. Yet, our intervention in Cuban affairs (on the +side of communism) has produced such a dangerous condition that we +should now intervene with armed might in the interest of our own +survival. + + * * * * * + +For sixteen years, we have seen the disastrous fallacy of trying to +handle the foreign affairs of our great nation through international +agencies. This leaves us without a policy of our own, and makes it +impossible for us to take any action in our own interest or against the +interests of communism, because communists have more actual votes, and +infinitely more influence, in all the international agencies than we +have. At the same time, our enemies, the communist nations, set and +follow their own policies, contemptuously ignoring the international +agencies which hamstring America and bleed American taxpayers for +subsidies to our mortal enemies. + +America must do two things soon if she expects to survive as a free and +independent nation: + +(1) We must withdraw from membership in all international, governmental, +or quasi-governmental, organizations--including, specifically, the World +Court, the United Nations, and all UN specialized agencies. (2) We must +act vigorously, unilaterally, and quickly, to protect vital American +security interests in the Western Hemisphere--particularly in Cuba. + +We have already passed the time when we can act in Cuba easily and at no +risk; but if we have any sane, manly concern for protecting the vital +security of the American nation and the lives and property of United +States citizens, we had better do the only thing left for us to do: send +overwhelming American military force to take Cuba over quickly, and keep +it under American military occupation, as beneficently as possible, +until the Cuban people can hold free elections to select their own +government. + +The other nations of the world would scream; but they would, +nonetheless, respect us. Such action in our own interests is the only +thing that will restore our "prestige" in the world--and restore +American military security in the Western Hemisphere. + + * * * * * + +What should we do about Berlin? + +The Berlin problem must be solved soon, because it is too effectively +serving the purpose for which it was created in the first place: to +justify whatever programs the various governments involved want to +pursue. + +It sometimes looks as if the Kremlin and Washington officialdom are +working hand-in-glove to deceive the people of both nations, turning the +Berlin "crisis" on and off to cover up failures and to provide excuses +for more adventures. + +Berlin will cause a world war only when the United States is willing to +go to war with the Soviet Union to free Berlin from the trap it is in. +If we won't defend our own vital interests against the aggressive and +arrogant actions of communists 90 miles from our shores, what would +prompt us to cross the ocean and defend Germans from communists? + +The cold fact of the matter is that we should not defend Berlin. This is +a job for Germans, not Americans. + +The Germans are an able and prosperous people. They are capable of +fighting their own war, if war is necessary to protect them from +communism. + +It is inaccurate to refer to the eastern part of Germany as "communist +Germany." That part of Germany is under communist enslavement; but the +Germans who live there probably hate communists more than any other +people on earth do. + +The uprisings of 1953, and the endless stream of refugees fleeing from +the communist zone in Germany, are proof enough that the communists +could not hold East Germany without the presence of Soviet troops. + +There is enough hunger and poverty and hatred of communism in eastern +Germany to justify the conclusion that even Khrushchev knows he has a +bear by the tail there. If we would do our part, Khrushchev would either +turn loose and run; or the bear would pull loose and destroy Khrushchev. + +What part should we play? We should do exactly what the President and +the State Department assure the world they will not do: we should +present the Soviets with a _fait accompli_, and an ultimatum. + +We should call an immediate conference with the governments of France, +England, and West Germany to explain that America has devoted 16 years +and many billions of dollars to rehabilitating and defending western +Europe; that Europe is now in many ways more soundly prosperous than we +are; that the 180 million Americans can no longer be expected to ruin +their own economy and neglect the defense of their own homeland for the +purpose of assisting and defending the 225 million people of Western +Europe; and that, therefore, we are through. + +We have no need, at home, for all of the vast stores of military +equipment which we now have in Europe for the defense of Europe. What we +do not need for the defense of our homeland, we should offer as a gift +to West Germany, since we produced the material in the first place for +the purpose of resisting communism, and since the West Germans are the +only people in Western Europe who apparently want to resist it. + +We should give the West Germans (and the other western powers) six +months to train whatever manpower they want for manning their own +defenses. At the end of that time, we should pull out and devote +ourselves to defending America. + +With or without the consent of France and England, we should sign a +peace treaty with the government of Western Germany, recognizing it as +the lawful government of all Germany and imposing no restrictions on the +sovereignty of Germany--that is, leaving Germany free to arm as it +pleases. + +Immediately following the signing of this treaty, we should announce to +the world that, when we pull out of Europe at the end of six months, we +expect the Soviets to pull out of Germany entirely. If, within one week +after we effect our withdrawal, the Soviets are not out--or if they +later come back in, against the wishes of the German nation--we should +break off diplomatic relations with _all_ communist countries; deny all +representatives of all communist nations access to United Nations +headquarters which are on United States soil; and exert maximum +pressures throughout the world to isolate all communist countries, +economically and diplomatically, from all non-communist countries. + +That is an _American_ plan, which would solve the German "problem" in +the interests of peace and freedom. + + * * * * * + +Many Americans, who see what the solution to our grave problems ought to +be, have lost hope that we will ever achieve such solution, because, in +the end, the solution rests with the people. + +It is the people who must compel their elected representatives to make a +thorough investigation of the Council on Foreign Relations and its +interlock. + +It is the people who must compel Congress to deny administrative +Agencies of government the unconstitutional power of granting +tax-exemption. + +It is the people who must compel Congress to submit a constitutional +amendment calling for repeal of the income tax amendment. + +It is the people who must compel Washington officialdom to do what is +right and best for America in foreign affairs, especially in Cuba and +Berlin. + +Many Americans are in despair because they feel that the people will +never do these things. These pessimists seem to share the late Harry +Hopkins' conviction that the American people are too dumb to think. + +I do not believe it. I subscribe to the marvelous doctrine of Thomas +Jefferson, who said: + + "I know no safe depository of the ultimate powers of society but + the people themselves; and if we think them not enlightened enough + to exercise their control with a wholesome discretion, the remedy + is not to take it from them, but to inform their discretion by + education." + + + + +Appendix + +COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS MEMBERSHIP ROSTER + + + +This roster of membership is from the 1960-61 Annual Report of the CFR. + + + +_Directors_ + + +Frank Altschul 1984- +Hamilton Fish Armstrong 1928- +Elliott V. Bell 1953- +Isaiah Bowman 1921-1950 +William A. M. Burden 1945- +Archibald Cary Coolidge 1921-1928 +Paul D. Cravath 1921-1940 +John W. Davis 1921-1955 +Norman H. Davis 1921-1944 +Arthur H. Dean 1955- +Harold W. Dodds 1935-1943 +Lewis W. Douglas 1940- +Stephen P. Duggan 1921-1950 +Allen W. Dulles 1927- +Thomas K. Finletter 1944- +John H. Finley 1921-1929 +William C. Foster 1959- +Leon Fraser 1936-1945 +Edwin F. Gay 1921-1945 +W. Averell Harrman 1950-1955 +Caryl P. Haskins 1961- +David F. Houston 1921-1927 +Charles P. Howland 1929-1931 +Clarence E. Hunter 1942-1953 +Philip C. Jessup 1934-1942 +Joseph E. Johnson 1950- +Devereux C. Josephs 1951-1958 +Otto H. Kahn 1921-1934 +Grayson L. Kirk 1950- +R. C. Leffingwell 1927-1960 +Walter Lippman 1932-1937 +Walter H. Mallory 1945, 1951- +George O. May 1927-1953 +John J. McCloy 1953- +Wesley C. Mitchell 1927-1934 +Frank L. Polk 1921-1943 +Philip D. Reed 1945- +Winfield W. Riefler 1945-1950 +David Rockefeller 1949- +Whitney H. Shepardson 1921- +William R. Shepherd 1921-1927 +Charles M. Spofford 1955- +Adlai E. Stevenson 1958- +Myron C. Taylor 1943-1959 +Paul M. Warburg 1921-1932 +Edward Warner 1940-1945 +George W. Wickersham 1921-1936 +John H. Williams 1937- +Clarence M. Woolley 1932-1935 +Henry M. Wriston 1943- +Owen D. Young 1927-1940 + + + +_Resident Members_ + + +Albrecht-Carrie, Rene +Aldrich, Winthrop W. +Alexander, Archibald S. +Alexander, Henry C. +Alexander, Robert J. +Allan, F. Aley +Allen, Charles E. +Allen, Philip E. +Alley, James B. +Allport, Alexander W. +Alpern, Alan N. +Altschul, Arthur G. +Altschul, Frank +Ames, Amyas +Ammidon, Hoyt +Anderson, Arthur M. +Anderson, Harold F. +Anderson, Robert B. +Angell, James W. +Armour, Norman +Armstrong, Hamilton Fish +Ascoli, Max +Aubrey, Henry G. +Ault, Bromwell + +Backer, George +Baker, Edgar R. +Baldwin, Hanson W. +Bancroft, Harding F. +Barber, Charles F. +Barber, Joseph +Barker, Robert R. +Barkin, Solomon +Barnes, Joseph +Barnett, A. Doak +Barnett, Frank R. +Barrett, Edward W. +Bastedo, Philip +Baumer, William H. +Baxter, James P., 3rd +Beal, Gerald F. +Beckhart, Benjamin H. +Bedard, Pierre +Beebe, Frederick S. +Bell, Elliott V. +Bennett, John C. +Benton, William B. +Beplat, Tristan E. +Berle, Adolf A., Jr. +Bessie, Simon Michael +Bevis, Herman W. +Bidwell, Percy W. +Bienstock, Abraham L. +Bingham, Jonathan B. +Black, Peter +Blair, Floyd G. +Blake, Robert O. +Blough, Roger M. +Blough, Roy +Blum, John A. +Boardman, Arthur G., Jr. +Bogdan, Norbert A. +Bolte, Charles G. +Bonsal, Dudley B. +Boorman, Howard L. +Boyd, Hugh N. +Braden, Spruille +Bradford, Amory H. +Bramstedt, W. F. +Braxton, Carter M. +Breck, Henry C. +Brinckeroff, Charles M. +Brittenham, Raymond L. +Bronk, Detlev W. +Brown, Courtney C. +Brown, Francis +Brown, John Mason +Brown, Walter L. +Brownell, George A. +Brownell, Lincoln C. +Bruce, James +Brzezinski, Zbigniew +Bullock, Hugh +Bunche, Ralph J. +Bunker, Arthur H. +Bunker, Ellsworth +Bunnell, C. Sterling +Burden, William A. M. +Burgess, Carter L. +Burkhardt, Frederick +Burns, Arthur F. +Bush, Donald F. +Butler, William F. +Buttenwieser, Benjamin J. + +Cain, Charles, Jr. +Calder, Alexander, Jr. +Calhoun, Alexander D. +Campbell, H. Donald +Campbell, John C. +Canfield, Cass +Carey, Andrew G. +Carpenter, George W. +Carroll, Mitchell B. +Carson, Ralph M. +Case, James H., Jr. +Case, John C. +Cattier, Jean +Chadbourne, William M. +Champion, George +Chase, W. Howard +Cheney, Ward +Childs, Thomas W. +Christie, Lansdell K. +Chubb, Percy, 2nd +Church, Edgar M. +Clapp, Gordon R. +Clark, Brig. Gen. Edwin N. +Clark, James F. +Clay, Gen. Lucius D. +Clinchy, Everett R. +Coffin, Edmund +Cohen, Jerome B. +Collado, Emilio G. +Collings, L. V. +Collingwood, Charles P. +Colwell, Kent G. +Conant, James B. +Conant, Melvin +Cook, Howard A. +Coombs, Charles A. +Cooper, Franklin S. +Cordier, Andrew W. +Cousins, Norman +Cowan, L. Gray +Cowles, Gardner +Cox, Charles R. +Creel, Dana S. +Cummings, Robert L., Jr. +Cusick, Peter + +Dallin, Alexander +Danner, Arthur V. +Darrell, Norris +Daum, Earl C. +Davenport, John +Davis, Norman P. +Davison, W. Phillips +Dean, Arthur H. +Debevoise, Eli Whitney +De Lima, Oscar A. +De Vegh, Imrie +De Vries, Henry P. +Dewey, Thomas E. +D'Harnoncourt, Rene +Diebold, William, Jr. +Dillon, Clarence +Dilworth, J. Richardson +Dodge, Cleveland E. +Donner, Frederick G. +Donovan, Hedley +Dorr, Goldthwaite H. +Dorwin, Oscar John +Douglas, Lewis W. +Douglas, Percy L. +Dryfoos, Orvil E. +Dubinsky, David +DuBois, J. Delafield +Durdin, Tillman + +Eagle, Vernon A. +Eaton, Fredrick M. +Eberstadt, Ferdinand +Edelman, Albert I. +Eder, Phanor J. +Eichelberger, Clark M. +Elliott, L. W. +Emmet, Christopher +Engel, Irving M. +Ernst, Albert E. +Erpf, Armand G. +Evans, Roger F. +Eveleth, George S., Jr. +Ewing, Sherman +Ewing, William, Jr. +Exter, John + +Fahs, Charles B. +Field, William Osgood, Jr. +Fischer, John S. +Fisher, Henry J. +Fleck, G. Peter +Fleischmann, Manly +Florinsky, Michael T. +Ford, Nevil +Forkner, Claude E. +Forrestal, Michael V. +Fosdick, Raymond B. +Fox, Joseph C. +Fox, William T. R. +Foye, Arthur B. +Franklin, George S., Jr. +Franklin, John M. +Freedman, Emanuel R. +French, John +Freudenthal, David M. +Friele, Berent +Friendly, Henry J. +Fry, Varian +Fuerbringer, Otto +Fuller, C. Dale +Fuller, Robert G. + +Galantiere, Lewis +Gallatin, James P. +Gamble, Sidney D. +Gant, George F. +Gardner, John W. +Garretson, Albert H. +Garrison, Lloyd K. +Gaston, George A. +Gates, Samuel E. +Gates, Thomas S. +Gay, Edward R. +Geneen, Harold S. +Gevers, Max E. +Gibney, Frank B. +Gideonse, Harry D. +Gifford, Walter S. +Gillespie, S. Hazard, Jr. +Gilpatric, Chadbourne +Golden, William T. +Goldsmith, Arthur +Goldstone, Harmon H. +Goodrich, Leland M. +Gordon, Albert H. +Goss, James H. +Grace, J. P., Jr. +Graff, Robert D. +Gray, William Latimer +Gray, William Steele +Grazier, Joseph A. +Griffith, Thomas +Grimm, Peter +Grondahl, Teg C. +Gross, Ernest A. +Grover, Allen +Guggenheim, Harry F. +Gunther, John +Gurfein, Murray I. + +Haight, George W. +Hall, Perry E. +Hamilton, Thomas J. +Hamlin, Chauncey J. +Hammond, Capt. Paul +Hance, William A. +Hanes, John W., Jr. +Harrar, J. G. +Harriman, E. Roland +Hasler, Frederick E. +Hauge, Gabriel +Hayes, Alfred +Hazard, John N. +Heald, Henry T. +Heckscher, August +Heineman, Dannie N. +Henderson, William +Herod, W. Rogers +Herring, Pendleton +Herzog, Paul M. +Hess, Jerome S. +Hill, Forrest F. +Hill, James T. Jr. +Hill, John A. +Hills, Robert C. +Hirschman, Albert O. +Hochschild, Harold K. +Hochschild, Walter +Hoglund, Elis S. +Hoguet, Robert L., Jr. +Hohenberg, John +Holland, Henry F. +Holland, Kenneth +Holman, Eugene +Holst, Willem +Holt, L. Emmett, Jr. +Homer, Sidney, Jr. +Hoopes, Townsend +Hoover, Lyman +Horn, Garfield H. +Horton, Philip +Hottelet, Richard C. +Houghton, Arthur A., Jr. +Houston, Frank K. +Howard, John B. +Howe, John +Hughes, Emmet John +Hughes, John Chambers +Humphreys, H. E., Jr. +Hupper, Roscoe H. +Hurewitz, J. C. +Hyde, Henry B. +Hyde, James N. + +Ide, John J. +Inglis, John B. +Irwin, John N., 2nd +Iselin, O'Donnell + +Jackson, C. D. +Jackson, William E. +James, George F. +Jaretzki, Alfred, Jr. +Jay, Nelson Dean +Jessup, Alpheus W. +Jessup, John K. +Johnson, Edward F. +Johnson, Howard C. +Johnson, Joseph E. +Jones, David J. +Jones, W. Alton +Josephs, Devereux C. +Joubert, Richard Cheney + +Kaminer, Peter H. +Kane, R. Keith +Kappel, Frederick E. +Keezer, Dexter Merriam +Keiser, David M. +Kelley, Nicholas +Kenney, F. Donald +Kern, Harry F. +Kettaneh, Francis A. +Keyser, Paul V., Jr. +Kiaer, Herman S. +King, Frederic R. +Kirk, Adm. Alan G. +Kirk, Grayson L. +Klots, Allen T. +Knoke, L. Werner +Knoppers, Antonie T. +Knowles, John Ellis +Knox, William E. +Koenig, Robert P. +Kohn, Hans +Kraft, Joseph + +Lada-Mocarski, V. +La Farge, Francis W. +Lamb, Horace R. +Lamont, Peter T. +Lamont, Thomas S. +Lang, Robert E. +Larmon, Sigurd S. +LaRoche, Chester J. +Laukhuff, Perry +LeBaron, Eugene +Lee, Elliott H. +Lehman, Herbert H. +Lehman, Orin +Lehman, Robert +Lehrman, Hal +Leich, John F. +Leonard, James G. +Leroy, Norbert G. +Leslie, John C. +Levy, Walter J. +Lewis, Roger +Lewisohn, Frank +Lieberman, Henry R. +Lightner, M. C. +Lilienthal, David E. +Lindquist, Warren T. +Lissitzyn, Oliver J. +Lockwood, John E. +Lockwood, Mancie deF., 3rd +Lockwood, William A. +Lodge, Henry Cabot +Loeb, John L. +Logan, Sheridan A. +Loomis, Alfred L. +Loos, Rev. A. William +Loucks, Harold H. +Lounsbury, Robert H. +Lubin, Isador +Luce, Henry R. +Ludt, R. E. +Luitweiler, J. C. +Lunning, Just +Lyford, Joseph P. + +McCance, Thomas +McCarthy, John G. +McCloy, John J. +McDaniel, Joseph M., Jr. +McDonald, James G. +McGraw, James H., Jr. +McKeever, Porter +McLean, Donald H., Jr. +MacDuffie, Marshall +MacEachron, David W. +MacIntyre, Malcolm A. +MacIver, Murdoch +MacVeagh, Ewen Cameron +Maffry, August +Maguire, Walter N. +Malin, Patrick Murphy +Mallory, Walter H. +Mark, Rev. Julius +Markel, Lester +Martino, Joseph A. +Marvel, William W. +Masten, John E. +Mathews, Edward J. +Mattison, Graham D. +May, A. Wilfred +May, Stacy +Menke, John R. +Merz, Charles +Metzger, Herman A. +Mickelson, Sig +Midtbo, Harold +Millar, D. G. +Millard, Mark J. +Miller, Edward G., Jr. +Miller, Paul R., Jr. +Miller, William J. +Millis, Walter +Mills, Bradford +Minor, Clark H. +Mitchell, Don G. +Mitchell, Sidney A. +Model, Leo +Monaghan, Thomas E. +Moore, Ben T. +Moore, Edward F. +Moore, George S. +Moore, Maurice T. +Moore, William T. +Morgan, Cecil +Morgan, D. P. +Morgan, Henry S. +Morris, Grinnell +Mosely, Philip E. +Muir, Malcolm +Munroe, Vernon, Jr. +Munyan, Winthrop R. +Murdin, Forrest D. +Murphy, Grayson M-P. +Murphy, J. Morden + +Nason, John W. +Neal, Alfred C. +Nebolsine, George +Nicely, James M. +Nichols, Thomas S. +Nichols, William I. +Nickerson, A. L. +Nielsen, Waldemar A. +Nolte, Richard H. +Northrop, Johnston F. +Notestein, Frank W. +Noyes, Charles Phelps + +Oakes, John B. +O'Brien, Justin +O'Connor, Roderic L. +Ogden, Alfred +Olds, Irving Sands +Oppenheimer, Fritz E. +Osborn, Earl D. +Osborn, Frederick H. +Osborn, William H. +Osborne, Stanley de J. +Ostrander, F. Taylor, Jr. +Overby, Andrew N. +Overton, Douglas W. + +Pace, Frank, Jr. +Page, Howard W. +Page, John H. +Page, Robert G. +Pagnamenta, G. +Paley, William S. +Parker, Philo W. +Patterson, Ellmore C. +Patterson, Frederick D. +Patterson, Morehead +Patterson, Richard C., Jr. +Payne, Frederick B. +Payne, Samuel B. +Payson, Charles Shipman +Peardon, Thomas P. +Peffer, Nathaniel +Pennoyer, Paul G. +Peretz, Don +Perkins, James A. +Perkins, Roswell B. +Peters, C. Brooks +Petersen, Gustav H. +Petschek, Stephen R. +Phillips, Christopher H. +Pierce, William C. +Pierson, Warren Lee +Pifer, Alan +Pike, H. Harvey +Plimpton, Francis T. P. +Poletti, Charles +Polk, Judd +Poor, Henry V. +Potter, Robert S. +Powers, Joshua B. +Pratt, H. Irving, Jr. +Proudfit, Arthur T. + +Quigg, Philip W. + +Rabi, Isidor I. +Rathbone, M. J. +Ray, George W., Jr. +Reber, Samuel +Redmond, Roland L. +Reed, Philip D. +Reeves, Jay B. L. +Reid, Ogden +Reid, Whitelaw +Rheinstein, Alfred +Richardson, Arthur Berry +Richardson, Dorsey +Richardson, John R., Jr. +Riegelman, Harold +Ripley, Joseph P. +Roberts, George +Roberts, Henry L. +Robinson, Geroid T. +Robinson, Leland Rex +Rockefeller, David +Rockefeller, John D., 3rd +Rockhill, Victor E. +Rodriguez, Vincent A. +Rogers, Lindsay +Roosevelt, George Emlen +Root, Elihu, Jr. +Root, Oren +Roper, Elmo +Rosenberg, James N. +Rosenman, Samuel I. +Rosenstiel, Lewis +Rosenwald, William +Rosinski, Herbert +Ross, Emory +Ross, T. J. +Rouse, Robert G. +Royce, Alexander B. +Ruebhausen, Oscar M. +Rush, Kenneth +Rustow, Dankwart A. + +Sachs, Alexander +Sachs, Howard J. +Saltzman, Charles E. +Samuels, Nathaniel +Sargeant, Howland H. +Sargent, Noel +Sarnoff, Brig. Gen. David +Sawin, Melvin E. +Schaffner, Joseph Halle +Schapiro, J. Salwyn +Scherman, Harry +Schiff, John M. +Schiller, A. Arthur +Schilthuis, Willem C. +Schmidt, Herman J. +Schmoker, J. Benjamin +Schwartz, Harry +Schwarz, Frederick A. O. +Scott, John +Sedwitz, Walter J. +Seligman, Eustace +Seymour, Whitney North +Sharp, George C. +Sharp, James H. +Shea, Andrew B. +Sheffield, Frederick +Shepard, David A. +Shepard, Frank P. +Shepardson, Whitney H. +Shepherd, Howard C. +Sherbert, Paul C. +Sherman, Irving H. +Shields, Murray +Shields, W. Clifford +Shirer, William L. +Shute, Benjamin R. +Siegbert, Henry +Sims, Albert G. +Slater, Joseph E. +Slawson, John +Sloan, Alfred P., Jr. +Smith, Carleton Sprague +Smith, David S. +Smith, Hayden N. +Smith, W. Mason, Jr. +Smull, J. Barstow +Solbert, Peter O. A. +Sonne, H. Christian +Soubry, E. E. +Spaght, Monroe E. +Spang, Kenneth M. +Spencer, Percy C. +Spofford, Charles M. +Stackpole, Stephen H. +Stebbins, James H. +Stebbins, Richard P. +Stern, H. Peter +Stevenson, Adlai E. +Stevenson, John R. +Stewart, Robert McLean +Stillman, Chauncey +Stillman, Ralph S. +Stinebower, Leroy D. +Stoddard, George D. +Stokes, Isaac N. P. +Stone, Shepard +Straka, Jerome A. +Straus, Donald B. +Straus, Jack I. +Straus, Oscar S. +Straus, Ralph I. +Straus, R. Peter +Strauss, Simon D. +Strong, Benjamin +Sulzberger, Arthur Hays +Swatland, Donald C. +Swingle, William S. +Swope, Gerard, Jr. + +Tannenbaum, Frank +Tannenwald, Theodore +Thomas, H. Gregory +Thompson, Earle S. +Thompson, Kenneth W. +Tibby, John +Tinker, Edward Laroque +Tomlinson, Roy E. +Townsend, Edward +Townsend, Oliver +Traphagan, J. C. +Travis, Martin B., Jr. +Trippe, Juan Terry +Truman, David B. +Tweedy, Gordon B. + +Uzielli, Giorgio + +Van Dusen, Rev. Henry P. +von Mehren, Robert B. +Voorhees, Tracy S. + +Walker, Joseph, Jr. +Walkowicz, T. F. +Wallace, Schuyler C. +Warburg, Eric M. +Warburg, Frederick M. +Warburg, James P. +Ward, Thomas E. +Warfield, Ethelbert +Warren, John Edwin +Wasson, Donald +Wasson, R. Gordon +Watson, Arthur K. +Watson, Thomas J., Jr. +Wauchope, Rear Adm. George +Weaver, Sylvester L., Jr. +Webster, Bethuel M. +Welch, Leo D. +Wellborn, Vice Adm. Charles, Jr. +Wernimont, Kenneth +Wheeler, Walter H., Jr. +Whidden, Howard P. +Whipple, Taggart +Whipple, Brig. Gen. William +White, Frank X. +White, H. Lee +White, Theodore H. +Whitman, H. H. +Whitney, John Hay +Whitridge, Arnold +Wight, Charles A. +Wilkinson, Col. Lawrence +Willcox, Westmore +Williams, Langbourne M. +Willits, Joseph H. +Wilson, John D. +Wilson, Orme +Wilson, Philip D. +Wingate, Henry S. +Winslow, Richard S. +Wood, Bryce +Woodward, Donald B. +Woodyatt, Philip +Woolley, Knight +Wright, Harry N. +Wriston, Henry M. +Wriston, Walter B. + +Yost, Charles W. +Young, John M. + +Zurcher, Arnold J. + + + +_Non-Resident Members_ + + +Acheson, Dean +Achilles, Theodore C. +Adams, Roger +Agar, Herbert +Akers, Anthony B. +Allen, Raymond B. +Allyn, S. C. +Amory, Robert, Jr. +Anderson, Dillon +Anderson, Vice Adm. George +Anderson, Roger E. +Anderson, Gen. Samuel E. +Armstrong, John A. +Atherton, J. Ballard +Attwood, William +Auld, George P. + +Babcock, Maj. Gen. C. Stanton +Badeau, John S. +Baker, George P. +Ball, George W. +Ballou, George T. +Barghoorn, Frederick C. +Barker, James M. +Barnett, Robert W. +Barrows, Leland +Bartholomew, Dana T. +Bass, Robert P., Jr. +Bassow, Whitman +Bateman, William H. +Bates, Marston +Bator, Francis M. +Bayne, Edward Ashley +Bechtel, S. D. +Bell, Holley Mack +Benda, Harry J. +Bennett, Martin Toscan +Bergson, Abram +Berkner, L. V. +Bernstein, Edward M. +Betts, Brig. Gen. Thomas J. +Bissell, Richard M., Jr. +Black, Cyril E. +Black, Col. Edwin F. +Black, Eugene R. +Blackie, William B. +Bliss, C. I. +Bliss, Robert Woods +Bloomfield, Lincoln P. +Blum, Robert +Boeschenstein, Harold +Bohlen, Charles E. +Bonesteel, Maj. Gen. C. H. 3rd +Boothby, Albert C. +Borton, Hugh +Bowie, Robert R. +Bowles, Chester +Braden, Thomas W. +Bradfield, Richard +Braisted, Paul J. +Brett, George P., Jr. +Brewster, Kingman, Jr. +Briggs, Ellis O. +Brinton, Crane +Bristol, William M. +Bronwell, Arthur +Brophy, Gerald B. +Brorby, Melvin +Bross, John A. +Brown, Irving +Brown, Sevellon, 3rd +Brown, William O. +Bruce, David K. E. +Brundage, Percival F. +Bruton, Henry J. +Bundy, Harvey H. +Bundy, McGeorge +Bundy, William P. +Burgess, W. Randolph +Byrne, James MacGregor +Byrnes, Robert F. +Byroade, Henry A. + +Cabot, John M. +Cabot, Louis W. +Cabot, Thomas D. +Caldwell, Robert G. +Calkins, Hugh +Camp, Jack L. +Campbell, Kenneth H. +Canfield, Franklin O. +Caraway, Lt. Gen. Paul W. +Carpenter, W. Samuel, 3rd +Carter, William D. +Cary, William L. +Case, Clifford P. +Case, Everett N. +Chapin, Selden +Chapman, John F. +Cheever, Daniel S. +Cherrington, Ben M. +Childs, Marquis +Cisler, Walker L. +Clark, Ralph L. +Clayton, W. L. +Cleveland, Harlan +Clough, Ernest T. +Coffey, Joseph Irving +Cohen, Benjamin V. +Cole, Charles W. +Collbohm, F. R. +Collyer, John L. +Conlon, Richard P. +Conrad, Brig. Gen. Bryan +Considine, Rev. John J., M. M. +Coons, Arthur G. +Copeland, Lammot du Pont +Corson, John J. +Costello, William A. +Cotting, Charles E. +Cowen, Myron M. +Cowles, John +Crane, Winthrop Murray, 3rd +Creighton, Albert M. +Cross, James E. +Crotty, Homer D. +Crowe, Philip K. +Culbertson, Col. William S. +Curran, Jean A., Jr. +Curtis, Edward P. + +Dangerfield, Royden +Darlington, Charles F. +David, Donald K. +Davidson, Alfred E. +Davidson, Carter +Davies, Fred A. +Davis, Nathanael V. +Dean, Edgar P. +Decker, William C. +de Guigne, Christian, 3rd +da Kiewiet, C. W. +de Krafft, William +Deming, Frederick L. +Despres, Emile +Deuel, Wallace R. +Deutch, Michael J. +Dewhurst, J. Frederic +Dexter, Byron +Dickey, John S. +Dillon, C. Douglas +Dodds, Harold Willis +Dollard, Charles +Donkin, McKay +Donnell, James C., 2nd +Donnelly, Maj. Gen. Harold C. +Dorr, Russell H. +Douglas, Donald W., Jr. +Draper, William H., Jr. +Drummond, Roscoe +Ducas, Robert +Duce, James Terry +Duke, Angier Biddle +Dulles, Allen W. +Dunn, Frederick S. + +Eckstein, Alexander +Edelstein, Julius C. C. +Edwards, A. R. +Edwards, William H. +Einaudi, Mario +Einstein, Lewis +Eisenhower, Dwight D. +Elliott, Byron K. +Elliott, Randle +Elliott, William Y. +Elsey, George M. +Elson, Robert T. +Emeny, Brooks +Emerson, E. A. +Emerson, Rupert +Eppert, Ray R. +Estabrook, Robert H. +Ethridge, Mark +Evans, J. K. +Everton, John Scott + +Fainsod, Merle +Fairbank, John King +Fairbanks, Douglas +Farmer, Thomas L. +Fay, Sidney B. +Feely, Edward F. +Feis, Herbert +Ferguson, John H. +Finkelstein, Lawrence S. +Finlay, Luke W. +Finletter, Thomas K. +Firestone, Harvey S., Jr. +Fischer, George +Fisher, Edgar J. +Fleischmann, Julius +Fleming, Lamar, Jr. +Follis, R. G. +Ford, Guy Stanton +Ford, Thomas K. +Foster, Austin T. +Foster, William C. +Fowler, Henry H. +Foy, Fred C. +Frank, Isaiah +Frank, Joseph A. +Frankfurter, Felix +Fredericks, J. Wayne +Free, Lloyd A. +Fuller, Carlton P. +Furber, Holden +Furniss, Edgar S., Jr. + +Galbraith, J. Kenneth +Gallagher, Charles F. +Gannett, Lewis S. +Gardiner, Arthur Z. +Gardner, Richard N. +Garner, Robert L. +Garthoff, Raymond L. +Gaud, William S. +Gavin, Lt. Gen. James M. +Gaylord, Bradley +Geier, Frederick V. +Geier, Paul E. +Gerhart, Lt. Gen. John K. +Giffin, Brig. Gen. Sidney F. +Gilbert, Carl J. +Gilbert, H. N. +Gilchrist, Huntington +Gillin, John P. +Gilpatric, Roswell L. +Gleason, S. Everett +Glennan, T. Keith +Goheen, Robert F. +Goldberg, Arthur J. +Goodhart, Arthur L. +Goodpaster, Maj. Gen. Andrew J. +Goodrich, Carter +Gordon, Lincoln +Gornick, Alan L. +Gorter, Wytze +Gould, Laurence M. +Graham, Philip L. +Grant, James P. +Grant, Maj. Gen. U. S., 3rd +Gray, Gordon +Green, Joseph C. +Greene, A. Crawford +Greene, James C. +Greenewalt, Crawford H. +Greenwood, Heman +Griffith, William E. +Griswold, A. Whitney +Grove, Curtiss C. +Gruenther, Gen. Alfred M. +Gullion, Edmund A. + +Halle, Louis J., Jr. +Hamilton, Fowler +Hamilton, Maj. Gen. Pierpont M. +Hammonds, Oliver W. +Hansell, Gen. Haywood S., Jr. +Harbison, Frederick +Harriman, W. Averell +Harris, Irving B. +Harsch, Joseph. C. +Hart, Augustin S. +Hartley, Robert W. +Haskell, Broderick +Haskins, Caryl P. +Hauck, Arthur A. +Haviland, H. Field, Jr. +Hayes, Samuel P. +Hays, Brooks +Hays, John T. +Heffelfinger, Totton P., 2nd +Heilperin, Michael A. +Heintzen, Harry L. +Heinz, H. J., 2nd +Henderson, Loy W. +Henkin, Louis +Henry, David Dodds +Herter, Christian A. +Hill, George Watts +Hitch, Charles J. +Hofer, Philip +Hoffman, Michael L. +Hoffman, Paul G. +Holborn, Hajo +Holland, William L. +Holmes, Julius C. +Homer, Arthur B. +Hook, George V. +Hoover, Calvin B. +Hoover, Herbert +Hoover, Herbert, Jr. +Hopkins, D. Luke +Hopper, Bruce C. +Hornbeck, Stanley K. +Hoskins, Halford L. +Hoskins, Harold B. +Houghton, Amory +Hovde, Frederick L. +Hovey, Allan, Jr. +Howard, Graeme K. +Howe, Walter +Hoyt, Edwin C., Jr. +Hoyt, Palmer +Huglin, Brig. Gen. H. C. +Humphrey, Hubert H. +Hunsberger, Warren S. +Hunt, James Ramsay, Jr. +Hunter, Clarence E. + +Issawi, Charles P. +Iverson, Kenneth R. + +Jackson, Elmore +Jackson, William H. +Jaffe, Sam A. +Jansen, Marius B. +Javits, Jacob K. +Jenney, John K. +Jessup, Philip C. +Johnson, Herschel V. +Johnson, Lester B. +Johnson, Robert L. +Johnston, Henry R. +Johnstone, W. H. +Jones, Peter T. +Jordan, Col, Amos A. +Jorden, William J. + +Kahin, George McT. +Kaiser, Philip M. +Kamarck, Andrew M. +Katz, Milton +Katzenbach, Edward L., Jr. +Kauffman, James Lee +Kaufmann, William W. +Kelso, A. Donald +Kempner, Frederick C. +Kennan, George F. +Kerr, Clark +Killian, James R., Jr. +Kimberly, John H. +King, James E., Jr. +King, John A., Jr. +Kinkaid, Adm. Thomas C. +Kintner, Col. William R. +Kissinger, Henry A. +Knight, Douglas +Knorr, Klaus +Kohler, Foy D. +Kohler, Walter J. +Korbel, Josef +Korol, Alexander G. +Kotschnig, Walter + +Labouisse, Henry R. +Ladejinsky, Wolf +Lamson, Roy, Jr. +Landis, James M. +Langer, Paul F. +Langer, William L. +Langsam, Walter Consuelo +Lanham, Maj. Gen. Charles T. +Lansdale, Gen. Edward G. +Larson, Jens Frederick +Lasswell, Harold D. +Latourette, Kenneth S. +Lattimore, Owen +Lawrence, David +Lawrence, W. H. +Laybourne, Lawrence E. +Laylin, John G. +Leddy, John M. +Lee, Charles Henry +Leghorn, Richard S. +Lemnitzer, Gen. L. L. +Leslie, Donald S. +Lesueur, Larry +Levine, Irving R. +Levy, Marion J., Jr. +Lewis, Herbert +Lewis, Wilmarth S. +Lichtenstein, Walter +Lincoln, Col. G. A. +Linder, Harold F. +Lindley, Ernest K. +Lindsay, Franklin A. +Lindsay, John V. +Lindsay, Lt. Gen. Richard C. +Linebarger, Paul M. A. +Lingelbach, William E. +Lingle, Walter L., Jr. +Lippmann, Walter +Litchfield, Edward H. +Little, Herbert S. +Little, L. K. +Lockard, Derwood W. +Locke, Edwin A., Jr. +Lockwood, William W. +Lodge, George Cabot +Loomis, Robert H. +Lunt, Samuel D. +Lyon, E. Wilson + +McCabe, Thomas B. +McClintock, Robert M. +McCone, John Alex +McCormack, Maj. Gen. J., Jr. +McCracken, Paul W. +McCutcheon, John D. +McDougal, Edward D., Jr. +McDougal, Myres S. +McFarland, Ross A. +McGee, Gale W. +McGhee, George C. +McKay, Vernon +McKittrick, Thomas H. +McLaughlin, Donald H. +McArthur, Douglas, 2nd +MacChesney, A. Brunson, 3rd +MacDonald, J. Carlisle +MacVeagh, Lincoln +Machold, William F. +Maddox, William P. +Maddux, Maj. Gen. H. R. +Mallinson, Harry +Mallory, George W. +Manning, Bayless +Marcus, Stanley +Marshall, Charles B. +Martin, Edwin M. +Martin, William McC., Jr. +Masland, John W. +Mason, Edward S. +Mathews, William R. +Maximov, Andre +May, Oliver +Mayer, Ferdinand[B] L. +Mayer, Gerald M. +Meagher, Robert F. +Meck, John F. +Menke, John R. +Merchant, Livingston T. +Merillat, H. C. L. +Merriwether, Duncan +Metcalf, George R. +Meyer, Charles A. +Meyer, Clarence E. +Meyer, Cord, Jr. +Milbank, Robbins +Miller, Francis P. +Miller, William B. +Millikan, Clark B. +Millikan, Max F. +Millis, John S. +Minor, Harold B. +Mitchell, James P. +Moore, Hugh +Moran, William E., Jr. +Morgan, George A. +Morgan, Shepard +Morgenstern, Oskar +Morgenthau, Hans J. +Mott, John L. +Mudd, Henry T. +Munoz Marin, Luis +Munro, Dana G. +Munson, Henry Lee +Murphy, Donald R. +Murphy, Franklin D. +Murphy, Robert +Murrow, Edward R. +Myers, Denys P. + +Nathan, Robert R. +Nelson, Fred M. +Neumann, Sigmund +Newman, Richard T. +Newton, Quigg, Jr. +Nichols, Calvin J. +Niebuhr, Reinhold +Nitze, Paul H. +Nixon, Richard M. +Nover, Barnet +Noyes, W. Albert, Jr. +Nuveen, John + +Oakes, George W. +Oelman, R. S. +Oppenheimer, J. Robert +Orchard, John E. +Osborne, Lithgow +Owen, Garry + +Paffrath, Leslie +Palmer, Norman D. +Pantzer, Kurt F. +Park, Richard L. +Parker, Barrett +Parsons, John C. +Patterson, Gardner +Paul, Norman S. +Pelzer, Karl J. +Penfield, James K. +Perera, Guido R. +Perkins, Courtland D. +Perkins, Milo +Petersen, Howard C. +Phillips, William +Phleger, Herman +Piquet, Howard S. +Poque, L. Welch +Polk, William R. +Pool, Ithiel deSola +Power, Thomas F., Jr. +Prance, P. F. A. +Preston, Jerome +Price, Don K. +Pritchard, Ross J. +Prizer, John B. +Prochnow, Herbert V. +Pulling, Edward S. +Pusey, Nathan M. +Pye, Lucien W. + +Radway, Laurence I. +Ravenholt, Albert +Reinhardt, G. Frederick +Reischauer, Edwin O. +Reitzel, William +Rennie, Wesley F. +Reston, James B. +Rich, John H., Jr. +Richardson, David B. +Ridgway, Gen. Matthew B. +Riefler, Winfield W. +Ries, Hans A. +Riley, Edward C. +Ripley, S. Dillon, 2nd. +Rivkin, Arnold +Robinson, Donald H. +Rockefeller, Nelson A. +Rogers, James Grafton +Romualdi, Serafino +Roosa, Robert V. +Roosevelt, Kermit +Roosevelt, Nicholas +Rosengarten, Adolph G., Jr. +Ross, Michael +Rostow, Eugene V. +Rostow, Walt W. +Rusk, Dean +Russell, Donald S. +Ryan, John T., Jr. + +Salomon, Irving +Satterthwaite, Joseph C. +Sawyer, John E. +Schaetzel, J. Robert +Schelling, T. C. +Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. +Schmidt, Adolph W. +Schneider, Hubert A. +Schorr, Daniel L. +Schuyler, Gen. C. V. R. +Schwab, William B. +Schwebel, Stephen M. +Scott, William Ryland +Seymour, Charles +Seymour, Forrest W. +Sharp, Walter R. +Sharpe, Henry D., Jr. +Shaw, G. Howland +Shearer, Warren W. +Sheean, Vincent +Shishkin, Boris +Shulman, Marshall D. +Shuster, George +Simons, Hans +Simpson, John L. +Slocum, John J. +Smith, Everett R. +Smith, Gerard G. +Smith, H. Alexander +Smith, Adm. Harold Page +Smith, Robert W. +Smithies, Arthur +Smyth, Henry DeW. +Snyder, Richard C. +Sontag, Raymond James +Soth, Lauren K. +Southard, Frank A., Jr. +Spaatz, Gen. Carl +Speers, Rev. Theodore C. +Spencer, John H. +Spiegel, Harold R. +Sprague, Mansfield D. +Sprague, Robert C. +Sproul, Robert G. +Sprout, Harold +Staley, Eugene +Stanton, Edwin F. +Stason, E. Blythe +Stasson, Harold E. +Stein, Eric +Stein, Harold +Stephens, Claude O. +Sterling, J. E. Wallace +Stevenson, William E. +Stewart, Col. George +Stewart, Robert Burgess +Stilwell, Col. Richard G. +Stone, Donald C. +Stowe, Leland +Straton, Julius A. +Straus, Robert Kenneth +Strauss, Lewis L. +Strausz-Hupe, Robert +Strayer, Joseph R. +Struble, Adm. A. D. +Sulzberger, C. L. +Sunderland, Thomas E. +Surrey, Walter Sterling +Sweetser, Arthur +Swensrud, Sidney A. +Swihart, James W. +Symington, W. Stuart + +Talbot, Phillips +Tanham, George K. +Tapp, Jesse W. +Taylor, George E. +Taylor, Gen. Maxwell D. +Taylor, Wayne Chatfield +Teller, Edward +Templeton, Richard H. +Tennyson, Leonard B. +Thayer, Charles W. +Thayer, Robert H. +Thornburg, Max W. +Thorp, Willard L. +Trager, Frank N. +Triffin, Robert +Trowbridge, Alexander B. +Truscott, Gen. Lucian K., Jr. +Tuck, William Hallam + +Ulmer, Alfred C., Jr. +Upgren, Arthur R. + +Valentine, Alan +Van Cleve, Thomas C. +Van Slyck, DeForest +Van Stirum, John +Vernon, Raymond +Viner, Jacob + +Wadsworth, James J. +Wait, Richard +Wallich, Henry C. +Walmsley, Walter N. +Wanger, Walter +Ward, Rear Adm. Chester +Warren, Shields +Washburn, Abbott +Watkins, Ralph J. +Weeks, Edward +Wells, Herman B. +Westmoreland, Maj. Gen. W. C. +Westphal, Albert C. F. +Wheeler, Oliver P. +Whitaker, Arthur P. +White, Gilbert F. +White, John Campbell +Whiteford, William K. +Wiesner, Jerome B. +Wilbur, Brayton +Wilbur, C. Martin +Wilcox, Francis O. +Wilcox, Robert B. +Wild, Payson S., Jr. +Wilde, Frazar B. +Wilds, Walter W. +Williams, John H. +Wilmerding, Lucius, Jr. +Wilson, Carroll L. +Wilson, Howard E. +Wilson, O. Meredith +Wimpfheimer, Jacques +Winton, David J. +Wisner, Frank G. +Wohl, Elmer P. +Wohlstetter, Albert +Wolfers, Arnold +Wood, Harleston R. +Wriggins, W. Howard +Wright, Adm. Jerauld +Wright, Quincy +Wright, Theodore P. +Wyzanski, Charles E., Jr. + +Yntema, Theodore O. +Young, Kenneth T. +Young, T. Cuyler + +Zellerbach, J. D. + + + + +Appendix 2 + +ATLANTIC UNION COMMITTEE MEMBERSHIP ROSTER + + + +This membership list was published by the Atlantic Union Committee in +December, 1960. "CFR" in parentheses after a name is an editorial +indication that the person is also a member of the Council on Foreign +Relations. No other biographical information is given for CFR members. +The biographical information, on the AUC members who are not also CFR +members, was taken from _Who's Who_ and/or the _American Dictionary of +Biography_. + + +Abbott, Mrs. George + +Abend, Hallet + +Achilles, Paul S., Chairman of the Board, Psychological Corporation; + Board member, Eastman-Kodak Company + +Adams, James D., Partner, McCutchen, Doyle, Brown & Enersen, Lawyers, + San Francisco + +Adams, Hon. Paul L., Attorney General, State of Michigan + +Agar, Herbert (CFR) + +Agnew, Albert C. + +Aiken, Hon. Paul C., former Assistant Postmaster General of the U. S. + +Alexander, Mrs. Sadie T. M. + +Allen, H. Julian, General Manager, Paris Office, Morgan Guaranty Trust + Company + +Allen, Dr. Max P. + +Alvord, Ellsworth C., Member, law firm of Alvord & Alvord, Washington, + D. C.; Board member, General Dynamics Corp., Smith-Corona, Inc. + +Amen, John Harlan, Associate Trial Counsel, Nurnburg War Criminals + Trials; Member, Amen, Weisman & Butler, New York City + +Amory, Copley + +Anderson, Don + +Anderson, Eugene N., Professor of History, University of Southern + California at Los Angeles + +Anderson, Mrs. Eugene + +Anderson, Eugenie Former Ambassador to Denmark + +Anderson, Maj. Gen. Frederick L. Trustee, Rand Corp. + +Anderson Dr. Paul R., President, Chatham College, Pittsburgh + +Anderson Steve + +Anderson, Victor E., Former Governor of Nebraska + +Andrews, Mark Edwin, President, Second M. E. Andrews, Ltd., Houston + +Andrews, Dr. Stanley, Executive Director, Kellogg Foundation + +Apperson John W. + +Armour, Norman (CFR) + +Armstrong, George S., President, George S. Armstrong & Co., New York + City, Trustee, Committee for Economic Development + +Armstrong, O. K., Member, Editorial Staff Reader's Digest, Former + Congressman; Founder, Department of Journalism, University of + Florida + +Arnold, Remmie L. + +Arnold, Thurman, Former U. S. Assistant Attorney General + +Arzt, Dr. Max, President, Jewish Theological Seminary + +Atherton, Warren H., Past National Commander, American Legion + +Aurner, Dr. Robert R., President, Aurner & Associates, Carmel, + California + + +Babian, Haig + +Bache, Harold L., Sr., Senior Partner, Bache & Co., New York City + +Bacon, Mrs. Robert Low, Chairman, Administration Liaison Committee, + National Federation of Republican Women + +Bagwell, Dr. Paul D., Past President, U. S. Junior Chamber of Commerce + +Baker, Dr. Benjamin M., Jr. + +Baker, Mrs. Frank C. + +Baker, Rev. Richard, Bishop, Episcopal Diocese of North Carolina; + Member, General Board, National Council of Churches + +Balduf, Dr. Emery W. + +Baldwin, Henry P., Vice President, Water Power & Paper Co., Wisconsin; + Member, National Board, National Conference of Christians and Jews, + Chairman, Brotherhood Week, 1956 + +Baldwin, Howard C., Chairman of the Board of Standard Federal Savings & + Loan Association, Detroit; Vice President and Trustee, The Kresge + Foundation, Member, Board of Publications, Methodist Church + +Baldwin, Hon. Raymond E., Former U. S. Senator and Governor of + Connecticut + +Ball, George (CFR) + +Ball, Hon, Joseph H., Former U. S. Senator from Minnesota + +Banning, Mrs. Margaret + +Barclay, Dr. Thomas Swain, Professor of Political Science, Stanford + University, Member, National Municipal League; Member, American + Delegation to Negotiate the Peace, 1919 + +Barinowski, R. E. + +Barnes, Julius H. (CFR) + +Barrows, Mrs. Ira + +Bartlett, Lynn M., Superintendent of Public Schools, State of Michigan; + Former President, National Education Assn. + +Barzun, Jacques, Dean of Faculty and Provost, Columbia. University; + Author, Historian, Musicologist + +Batcheller, Hiland G., Chairman of the Board, Allegheny-Ludlum Steel + Corp. + +Bates, Dr. Rosalind Goodrich, Past President, International Federation + of Women Lawyers + +Battle, Laurie C., Former Congresswoman from Alabama + +Baukhage, H. R., Consulting Editor, Army Times Publishing Company; Radio + Commentator + +Bayne, The Rt. Rev. Stephen F., Jr., Executive Officer, Anglican + Communion + +Beaton, Harold D. + +Becker, Herman D. + +Becker, Ralph E., Past Chairman, Young Republican National Federation + +Beckett, Mrs. R. Capel + +Beeley, Dr. Arthur L. Dean Emeritus, School of Social Work, University + of Utah; Official, National Association for Mental Health + +Belknap, William + +Bell, Edgar D. + +Bell, Robert C., Jr. + +Belsheim, Dr. Edmund O., Dean, College of Law, University of Nebraska + +Benedict, Harry E. (CFR) + +Bennet, Augustus W. + +Bennett, Admiral Andrew C. + +Benson, Dr. Oscar A., President, Augustana Lutheran Church + +Bertholf, Dr. Lloyd M., President, Illinois Wesleyan University + +Biddle, George + +Bidgood, Dr. Lee + +Bingham, Alfred M. + +Birkhead, Kenneth M. + +Bishop, Robert J. + +Bissantz, Edgar + +Bixler, J. Seelye, President, Colby College, Maine; Former Dean, Harvard + Divinity School + +Blackwelder, Dr. Eliot, Professor Emeritus of Geology, Stanford + University + +Blair, Paxton, Solicitor General, State of New York + +Blanchard, Rt. Rev. Roger W. + +Blanshard, Dr. Brand, Professor of Philosophy, Yale University + +Blewett, Edward Y., President, Westbrook Junior College, Maine; Former + Dean of Liberal Arts, University of New Hampshire + +Bliss, Robert Woods (CFR) + +Boas, Dr. George, Professor of Philosophy, John Hopkins University + +Boekel, William A. + +Boggs, Dr. Marion A., Moderator, Presbyterian Church, U.S. + +Bohn, William E. + +Bonds, Dr. Alfred B., Jr., President, Baldwin-Wallace College, Ohio + +Borsody, Dr. Stephen + +Bowles, Mrs. Istvan + +Bowles, Chester (CFR) + +Boyd, Brig. Gen. Ralph G. + +Bradley, Rev. Preston, Founder and Pastor, People's Unitarian Church, + Chicago + +Braendel, Helmuth G. + +Brand, Hon. James T., Associate Justice, Oregon Supreme Court + +Brandt, Dr. Karl, Director, Food Research Institute, Stanford University + +Brannan, Charles F., Former U. S. Secretary of Agriculture + +Branscomb, Dr. Harvie, Chancellor, Vanderbilt University + +Braucher, Robert, Professor of Law, Harvard University + +Breckinridge, John B. + +Brees, Orlo M. + +Briefs, Dr. Goetz A., Professor of Labor Economics, Georgetown + University + +Briscoe, John D. + +Bronk, Dr. Detlev W. (CFR) + +Brooklings, Mrs. Robert S., Philanthropist + +Brown, John Nicholas, Former Under Secretary of Navy for Air + +Brown, Julius A. + +Brown, Mary Agnes, Member, U. S. Board of Veterans Appeals + +Brown, Prentiss M., Former U. S. Senator from Michigan + +Brown, Thomas Cook, Editor Emeritus, Buffalo Courier-Express; Member, + Foreign Policy Association; Member Advisory Board, Buffalo Council + on World Affairs + +Browning, Gordon + +Brundage, Hon. Percival F. (CFR) + +Bryson, Dr. Lyman (CFR) + +Bullis, Harry A. (CFR) + +Bunker, Arthur H. (CFR) + +Bunker, Hon. Ellsworth (CFR) + +Bunting, Dr. J. Whitney, Professor of Finance, New York University; + Research Consultant, General Electric Company; Former President, + Oglethorpe University + +Burch, Lucius E., Jr. + +Burling, Edward B., Partner, Covington & Burling, Lawyers, Washington, + D. C. + +Burnett, Leo, Chairman of the Board, Leo Burnett Company; Director, + Advertising Council, Chicago Better Business Bureau; Trustee, + American Heritage Foundation + +Burns, Dr. Arthur F. (CFR) + +Burns, James MacGregor, Professor of Political Science, Williams College + +Burt, Katharine Newlin + +Burwell, W. Russell, Vice Chairman Of the Board, Clevite Corp.; Past + President, Cleveland Council on World Affairs + + +Cabot, Henry B. (CFR) + +Cahn, Mrs. Moise S. + +Caldwell, Dr. Frank H., President, Louisville Presbyterian Seminary + +Caldwell, Dr. Harmon W., Chancellor, University System of Georgia + +Caldwell, Dr. John T., Chancellor, North Carolina State College + +Canaday, Ward M., President and Chairman of the Board, The Overland + Corp. + +Canfield, Cass (CFR) + +Cantril, Dr. Hadley, Chairman, Institute for International Social + Research, Princeton + +Capra, Frank, Motion Picture Producer + +Carlton, Doyle E., Former Governor of Florida + +Carmichael, Dr. Oliver C. (CFR) + +Carrington, Paul, Partner, Carrington, Johnson & Stephens, Lawyers, + Dallas; Past President, Dallas Council on World Affairs; National + Councilor, Boy Scouts of America; Trustee Southwest Legal + Foundation, S.M.U. + +Carter, Edward W., President, Broadway-Hale Stores, Inc., Los Angeles; + Trustee, Committee for Economic Development; Member, Board of + Regents, University of California + +Carter, Hodding, Pulitzer Prize Editor, Greenville, Mississippi + +Carter, John L. + +Cary, Sheldon + +Casey, Dr. Ralph D., Director Emeritus, School of Journalism, University + of Minnesota + +Catton, Bruce, Editor, American Heritage Magazine; Pulitzer Prize for + History, 1954 + +Chabrak, Thomas + +Chadwick, Stephen F., Past National Commander, American Legion + +Chandler, Walter C., Former Congressman from Tennessee; Former Mayor of + Memphis + +Chenery, William L. + +Chipps, Roy B. + +Cisler, Walker L. (CFR) + +Clagett, J. R. + +Claypool, Mrs. J. Gordon + +Clayton, William L. (CFR) + +Clingman, Rt. Rev. Charles + +Clothier, Dr. Robert C. + +Clough, Dr. Shepard B., Director, Casa Italiana, Columbia University + +Code, Dr. Charles F., Professor of Physiology, University of Minnesota; + Consultant, Mayo Clinic + +Coe, Dr. Albert Buckner, Official, National Council of Churches; + Delegate to 1st and 2nd World Council of Churches + +Coffee, John M. + +Cohen, Harry, Retired Surgeon; Former Editor, _American Jewish + Cyclopedia_; Editor-in-Chief, _American Jews: Their Lives and + Achievements_ + +Cole, Wilton D., Chairman of the Board, Crowell-Collier Publishing + Company + +Collier, W. Edwin + +Compton, Dr. Arthur H., Professor, Washington University, St. Louis; + Nobel Prize in Physics, 1927; Former Co-Chairman, National + Conference of Christians and Jews; Former member, Committee for + Economic Development; Former General Chairman, World Brotherhood; + Dean Emeritus, Washington University, St. Louis + +Compton, Dr. Wilson, Former President, State College of Washington; + Chairman of the Board, Cameron Machine Co.; Director, International + Council of Christian Leadership + +Comstock, Alzada + +Comstock, Louis K. + +Cook, Lyle E. + +Coons, Dr. Arthur Gardiner (CFR) + +Corn, James F. + +Corsi, Edward, Former Commissioner of Immigration and Naturalization + +Cortney, Philip, Chairman, U. S. Council, International Chamber of + Commerce; President, Coty, Inc. and Coty International + +Cotton, Aylett B. + +Cowles, Gardner (CFR) + +Cox, C. R. (CFR) + +Crane, Dr. Henry Hitt, Official, World Council of Churches + +Crawford, Arthur L., Director, College of Mines & Minerals, University + of Utah + +Cross, Dr. George L., President, University of Oklahoma + +Crosswaith, Frank, Chairman, Negro Labor Committee + +Crouch, Harry E. + +Cruikshank, Nelson H., Director, Department of Social Security, AFL-CIO, + Member, Federal Advisory Council, Department of Labor, Member, + National Planning Association; Official, National Council of + Churches + +Cruse, Mrs. W. C. + +Cutting, Fulton (CFR) + + +Dail, Charles C. + +Daltry, Joseph S., Director, Graduate Summer School for Teachers, + Wesleyan University, Connecticut + +Dandridge, Rt. Rev. E. P. + +Darden, Hon. Colgate W., Retired President, University of Virginia; + Former Governor of Virginia; Former Congressman from Virginia + +Darling, Jay N., Retired Cartoonist, _New York Herald-Tribune_; Pulitzer + Prize, 1923, 1942 + +Daugherty, Paul E. + +Davidson, Dr. Philip G., President, University of Louisville + +Davies, Mrs. A. Powell + +Davis, Chester C., Associate Director, Ford Foundation + +Davis, J. Lionberger + +Davis, Dr. Stanton Ling + +Davis, William H. (CFR) + +Dawson, John P., Professor of Law, Harvard University; Former Professor + of Law, University of Michigan + +Day, Dean John W. + +Deane, Maj. Gen. John R., Former Chief, American Military Mission to + U.S.S.R. + +Debevoise, Thomas M. (CFR) + +Deinard, Amos S. + +deKiewiet, Dr. C. W. (CFR) + +Dempsey, James + +Dennis, Don + +De Pasquale, Judge Luigi + +de Spoelberch, Mrs. Eric + +D'Estournelles, Mrs. Julie + +Devers, Gen. Jacob L., Retired Commander of Sixth Army Group + +Dewhurst, Dr. J. Frederic (CFR) + +Dickason, H. L. + +Dickey, Dr. Frank G., President, University of Kentucky + +Diemer, Dr. George W. + +Dietz, Howard, Vice President, MGM + +Dimock, Edward Jordan, Federal District Judge, Southern District of New + York + +Dodge, Cleveland E. (CFR) + +Doman, Nicholas + +Donohue, F. Joseph + +Donovan, Dr. Herman L., President Emeritus, University of Kentucky + +Donovan, James G., Former Congressman from New York; Director of the + Federal Housing Administration, 1957-58 + +Dorothy, Mrs. Dorothy + +Dorr, Dr. Harold M., Dean, State-wide Education, University of Michigan + +Dorr, John V. N. (CFR) + +Douglass, Dr. Paul F., Former President, American University + +Draper, Maj. Gen. William H., Jr. (CFR) + +Draughon, Dr. Ralph B., President, Alabama Polytechnic Institute + (Auburn) + +Dun, The Rt. Rev. Angus, Episcopal Bishop of Washington, D. C.; Former + official of Federal Council of Churches + +Dunbar, Charles E., Jr., Professor Emeritus of Law, Tulane University; + Vice President, National Civil Service League + +Duncan, Robert F. + + +Earnest, Dr. G. Brooks, President, Fenn College, Cleveland; Trustee, + Cleveland Council on World Affairs + +Eastvold, Dr. Seth C., First Vice President, Evangelical Lutheran Church + +Eberstadt, Ferdinand (CFR) + +Eccles, Marriner S., Former Chairman, Board of Governors, Federal + Reserve System; Chairman of the Board, First Securities Corp. + +Edge, Nelson J., Jr. + +Edgren, Mrs. M. C. + +Edmonds, Douglas L., Former Justice, Supreme Court of California + +Edmunds, J. Ollie, President, John B. Stetson University, DeLand, + Florida + +Edson, Col. C. A. + +Edwards, Horace H., City Manager, Richmond, Virginia; Campaign Manager, + Roosevelt, 1936; General Director, National Democratic Campaigns + 1940, 1944 + +Edwards, James E., President, Prairie Farmer Publishing Co., Radio + Station WLS, Chicago + +Eichleay, John W. + +Elligett, Mrs. Raymond T. + +Elliott, Dr. William M., Jr., Pastor, Highland Presbyterian Church, + Dallas; former Chairman & Moderator, World Missions, Presbyterian + Church, U. S. + +Ellis, Dr. Calvert N., President, Juanita College, Pennsylvania + +Ellis, Clyde T. + +Ellis, Dr. Elmer, President, University of Missouri + +Elmendorf, Armin + +Emerson, E. A. (CFR) + +Emrich, The Rt. Rev. Richard S. M., Episcopal Bishop of Michigan + +Engel, Irving M., President, American Jewish Committee; Member, Law Firm + of Engel, Judge, Miller, Sterling & Reddy, New York City + +Erlanger, Milton S. + +Estwing, Ernest + +Ethridge, Mrs. Mark (husband in CFR) + +Evjue, William T., Editor, Madison, Wisconsin, _Capital-Times_ + + +Fairbanks, Douglas, Jr. (CFR) + +Farley, Eugene Shedden, President, Wilkes College, Pennsylvania + +Farnsley, Charles P., Lawyer, Former Mayor of Louisville, Kentucky + +Feller, Karl F., President, International Union of United Brewery, + Flour, Cereal, Soft Drink & Distillery Workers of America; Member, + American Heritage Foundation + +Ferguson, Charles W., Senior Editor, _The Reader's Digest_ + +Ferguson, Mrs. Walter + +Fischer, Louis, Author, Foreign Correspondent; Authority on the Soviet + Union, Spain and Mahatma Gandhi + +Fisher, Kenneth + +Fitch, H. M., Vice-president, American Air Filter Company + +Fitz-Hugh, Col. Alexander + +Flower, Henry C., Jr., Vice Chairman, J. Walter Thompson Co. + +Flynt, Dr. Ralph C. M., Assistant U. S. Commissioner of Education; + Former President, Atlantic Treaty Association + +Folsom, Marion B. (CFR) + +Forgan, J. Russell, Partner, Glore, Forgan & Co., Investments, Chicago; + Board member, National Distillers Products Corp., Studebaker-Packard + Corp., Borg-Warner Corp. + +Foster, Dr. Luther H., President, Tuskegee Institute + +Fowler, Earle B. + +Francis, Clarence, Former Chairman of Board, General Foods Corp. + +Freeman, Orville L., Secretary of Agriculture; Former Governor of + Minnesota + +Friedrich, Carl J., Eaton Professor of Government, Harvard University; + Author + +Fritchey, Clayton, Publisher, _Northern Virginia Sun_, Arlington; + Director, Foreign Policy Association; Deputy Chairman, National + Democratic Committee, 1952-61 + +Fuller, Alfred C., Chairman of Board, Fuller Brush Company + +Fuller, Carlton P. (CFR) + +Fuller, Dr. Richard E., President, Seattle Art Museum; Research + Professor, University of Washington; Former Chairman, Northwest + Division, Institute of Pacific Relations + +Funk, Wilfred, Chairman, Wilfred Funk, Inc., Publishers; President, Funk + & Wagnalls Company, Publishers + +Furlong, Mrs. Margaret K. + + +Gammage, Dr. Grady, President, Arizona State University; Director, + National Conference of Christians and Jews + +Gannon, Rev. Robert I., S. J., Former President, Fordham University + +Gape, Charles + +Garwood, W. St. John, Former Justice, Supreme Court of Texas + +Garwood, Mrs. W. St. John + +Gaston, C. Marion + +Gates, Hon. Artemus L. (CFR) + +Gavin, Lt. Gen. James M. (CFR) + +Gerstenfeld, Rabbi Norman, Washington (D.C.) Hebrew Congregation + +Gettell, Dr. Richard Glenn, President, Mt. Holyoke College + +Geyer, Bertram B., Retired Chairman of the Board, Geyer Advertising, + Inc. + +Gideonse, Dr. Harry D. (CFR) + +Gifford, Miss Chloe, Past President, General Federation of Women's + Clubs + +Giles, Dr. Philip Randall, General Superintendent, Universalist Church + of America + +Gillette, Guy M., Former Senator from Iowa + +Gilliam, Miss Elsie + +Glenn, Dr. C. Leslie, Professor, Mental Health Institute, University of + Michigan; Former Rector, St. John's Cathedral, Washington, D. C.; + Former Rector, Christ Church, Cambridge, Massachusetts + +Golden, Clinton S., Former Vice-President, United Steelworkers of + America + +Gorin, Louis J., Jr. + +Gould, Dr. Laurence M. (CFR) + +Grace, Miss Charity + +Granger, Lester, Executive Secretary, National Urban League + +Grew, Joseph C. (CFR) + +Griffith, Dr. Ernest S., Dean, School of International Service, American + University; Member, National Municipal League, American Association + of Public Administrators; Former Chairman, National Conference of + Christians and Jews; Former member, Board of Missions and Church + Extension, Methodist Church; Director, Library of Congress + Legislative Reference Service, 1940-1958 + +Gross, Dr. Mason W., President & Former Provost, Rutgers University + +Grosse, Dr. Aristid V., President, Research Institute, Temple University + +Grover, Allen (CFR) + +Gulick, Dr. Robert L., Jr. + + +Hackett, Mrs. John R. + +Haflich, Victor + +Hager, Lawrence W., President, Owensboro, Kentucky _Inquirer_, + _Messenger_, and Broadcasting Company + +Hager, Dr. Walter E. + +Hale, Robert, Former Member of Congress from Maine + +Haley, Andrew G., Member Federal Communications Commission; Member, + Society for Comparative Legislation & International Law + +Hall, Dr. Clarence W., Editor, _Reader's Digest_ + +Hall, Hon. Fred, Former Governor of Kansas + +Hallauer, Carl S., Chairman of the Board, Bausch & Lomb Optical Company + +Halverson, Rev. Dr. W. Q. + +Hamilton, G. E. + +Hamlin, Chauncey J. (CFR) + +Hammond, H. O. + +Hancher, Dr. Virgil M., President, State University of Iowa + +Hand, Dr. George H., Vice President, Southern Illinois University + +Haralson, William + +Harden, Dr. Edgar L., President, Northern Michigan College; Official, + National Education Association + +Hardin, Dr. Clifford M., Chancellor, University of Nebraska + +Hardy, Grace C., M. D. + +Hardy, Mrs. T. W., Sr. + +Hare, James M. + +Hargrave, Thomas J., Chairman, Eastman Kodak Company; Director, + Executive Committee, Westinghouse Electric Corp. + +Harless, Richard F. + +Harmer, Miss Vera + +Harmon, Dr. Henry Gadd, President, Drake University + +Harriman, E. Roland (CFR) + +Harriman, Lewis G., Chairman of the Board, Manufacturers & Traders Trust + Company; President, M&T Discount Corp,; Founder, National Better + Business Bureau; Member, Buffalo Council on World Affairs; Vice + Chairman, University of Buffalo; Recipient, Brotherhood Citation, + National Conference of Christians and Jews, 1956 + +Harris, Duncan G., Chairman of the Board, Brown, Harris, Stevens, Inc.; + Director, Paramount Pictures Corp. + +Harris, Morgan + +Harris, Dr. Rufus Carrollton, President, Tulane University; Former + Chairman of Board, Federal Reserve Bank, Atlanta; Trustee, + Eisenhower Exchange Fellowships, Inc. + +Harrison, W. B. + +Hartley, Livingston + +Hartung, Albert F., International President, International Woodworkers + of America + +Harvill, Dr. Richard A., President, University of Arizona + +Hawley, James H., Jr. + +Hayes, A. J., President, International Association of Machinists + +Hayt, Miss Jessie + +Hazard, Leland, Former Professor of Law, Carnegie Institute of + Technology; Vice-President, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co. + +Healy, G. W. Jr., Past President, American Society of Newspaper Editors; + Editor, New Orleans _Times-Picayune_; Director, The Advertising + Council, Inc. + +Heard, Gerald, Former Editor, _The Realist_, London; Former Lecturer, + Oxford University; Founder, Irish Agriculture Co-operative Movement; + Founder, English Co-operative Movement; Lecturer, New School of + Social Research, New York City; Lecturer, Oberlin College + +Heinsohn, Mrs. Robert A. + +Heistand, Rt. Rev. John T. + +Hellyer, Dr. David T. + +Helmer, Borden + +Helsley, Dr. Charles W. + +Henderson, Ernest, President, Sheraton Corporation of America; Director, + Boston World Affairs Council: Recipient, Brotherhood Citation, + National Conference of Christians and Jews, 1959 + +Henry, Gerald B., Treasurer, Atlantic Union Committee + +Henry, Rev. Leland B. + +Herbert, R. Beverly + +Herndon, Rev. Henry + +Hertz, Rabbi Richard C. + +Hesburgh, Rev. Theodore, C. S. C., President, University of Notre Dame; + President, Institute of International Education; Member, Rockefeller + Brothers Fund special studies project; Member, Civil Rights + Commission of the United States + +Hicks, Dr. Weimer K., President, Kalamazoo College + +Hill, George Watts (CFR) + +Hill, Herbert W., Professor of History, Dartmouth College; Director, New + Hampshire Council on World Affairs + +Hillis, Fred L. + +Hilton, Conrad N., President, Hilton Hotels Corporation; Recipient, + Brotherhood Citation, National Conference of Christians and Jews + +Hilton, Dr. James H., President, Iowa State College of A & M Arts + +Hines, Rt. Rev. John E., Episcopal Bishop of Texas + +Hinshaw, David + +Hobby, Mrs. Oveta Culp, Former U. S. Secretary of Health, Education & + Welfare; President, Editor, Publisher, Houston _Post_; Trustee, + American Assembly of Columbia University, Eisenhower Exchange + Fellowships, Inc.; Director, Committee for Economic Development; + Chairman of the Board, National Bank of Texas; Director, Mutual + Insurance Company of New York + +Hobson, Rt. Rev. Henry W., Episcopal Bishop of Southern Ohio + +Hodes, Gen. Henry I., USA, Retired, Former Commander-in-Chief, U. S. + Army, Europe + +Hook, Sidney, Professor of Philosophy, New York University; Member, + International Committee for Academic Freedom, John Dewey Society; + Author: _Heresy, Yes-Conspiracy, No_, _Common Sense and the Fifth + Amendment_, _Marx and the Marxists_ + +Hopkins, Dr. Ernest M. (CFR) + +Horn, Dr. Francis H., President, University of Rhode Island; Former + Director, Mental Hygiene Society of Maryland + +Hornblow, Arthur, Jr., Motion Picture Producer, MGM + +Horwood, Mrs. Henry A. + +Hotchkis, Preston, Vice Chairman of the Board, Founders' Insurance + Company; Member, Business Advisory Council + +Houghton, Dr. Henry S. + +Houston, Howard E. + +Hovde, Dr. Frederick L. (CFR) + +Howard, Ernest + +Hoyt, Alfred O. + +Hoyt, Palmer (CFR) + +Hudson, C. B. + +Hudson, Edward F., Advertising Consultant, Ted Bates & Co., New York + City + +Hudson, Paul H., Retired Executive Vice President, Empire Trust Company; + Trustee, New York University + +Humbert, Dr. Russell J., President, DePauw University, Indiana; Former + official, Federal Council of Churches + +Humphrey, Wolcott J. + +Hunt, Dr. Charles W. + +Hunt, Mrs. Walter S. + +Hunter, Dr. Frederick + +Hurd, Volney, Chief, Paris Bureau, _Christian Science Monitor_ + +Hutchinson, Martin B. + + +Isaacs, Norman E., Managing Editor, Louisville _Times_, Recipient, + Journalism Medal, Southern Methodist University, 1955 + + +Jacobson, Albert H., Insurance Broker; Past President, B'nai B'rith + +Jacobson, Rabbi David + +Jameson, Miss Betty + +Jaszi, Dr. Oscar + +Jenks, Almet, Author, _The Huntsman at the Gate; The Second Chance_ + +Jessel, George, Actor, Producer, Twentieth Century-Fox Films Corporation + +Jessen, Herman F., Mink Farmer; National Democratic Committee-man from + Wisconsin; Member, Foreign Policy Association, Americans for + Democratic Action + +Johnson, Dr. Eldon L., President, University of New Hampshire; Member, + American Society of Public Administrators + +Johnson, Herbert F., Chairman of the Board, S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc.; + Trustee, Profit Sharing Research Foundation, Cornell University + +Johnson, Iris Beatty + +Johnson, Leroy, Former Congressman from California + +Johnson, Dr. Robert L. (CFR) + +Johnston, T. R. + +Jones, Rt. Rev. Everett H., Episcopal Bishop of West Texas + +Jordan, Dr. Wilbur K., President, Radcliffe College + +Joseph, Franz Martin + + +Kallick, Sidney S., Chairman, National Board of Directors, Young + Democratic Clubs of America + +Kanzler, Ernest, Retired Chairman of the Board, Universal C. I. T. + Credit Corporation; Member, Business Advisory Council, Committee for + Economic Development + +Kaplan, Dr. Joseph, Chairman, U. S. National Committee for International + Geophysical Year; Professor of Physics, University of California; + Member, Administrative Board, Hebrew Union College + +Karelsen, Frank E., (Jr.) Partner, Karelsen & Karelsen, Lawyers, New + York City; Commissioner, Community Mental Health Board, New York + City; Member, Americans for Democratic Action; Honorary Chairman, + American Jewish Committee + +Katz, Donald L., Chairman of the Department of Chemical Engineering, + University of Michigan + +Keenan, Joseph H., Chairman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, + Massachusetts Institute of Technology + +Keith, William Scott + +Keller, Oliver J., President & Manager, Radio Station WTAX, Springfield, + Illinois + +Kelley, Nicholas (CFR) + +Kelly, Dr. Melvin J. (CFR) + +Kennedy, Bishop Gerald, President, Methodist Council of Bishops; Member, + Executive Committee, National Council of Churches + +Keppel, A. R., President Catawba College, Salisbury, N. C. + +Kerr, Dr. Clark, President, University of California + +Ketchum, Carlton G., President, Ketchum, Inc, Campaign Director; Member, + National Republican Finance Committee; Director, Association for + Improvement of the Poor + +Keyserling, Leon H., Former Chairman, President Truman's Council of + Economic Advisers; President, Conference on Economic Progress + +Kidder, George V., Dean of Liberal Arts, University of Vermont + +King, Glen A. + +Kinsolving, Rt. Rev. A. B., II, Episcopal Bishop of Arizona; Former + President, Arizona Council of Churches + +Kinsolving, Rev. Arthur Lee, Rector, St. James Episcopal Church, New + York City; Dean, Convocation of Manhattan; Member, Department of + Evangelism, National Council of Churches + +Kirk, Adm. Alan Goodrich (CFR) + +Kissinger, Dr. Henry A. (CFR) + +Kizer, Benjamin H., Partner, Graves, Kizer & Gaiser, Lawyers, Spokane; + Chairman, World Affairs Council of Inland Empire; Trustee, Institute + of Pacific Relations; Former President, American Society of Planning + Officials + +Klutznick, Philip M., Vice Chairman, Illinois State Housing Board; + Chairman of the International Council, B'nai B'rith; Member, + National Council, Boy Scouts of America; Member, Commission on Money + and Credit; Director, American Council to Improve Our Neighborhoods + +Knight, O. A., President, Oil, Chemical & Atomic Workers International + Union + +Knutson[C], Coya, Former Congresswoman from Minnesota + +Koessler, Horace H. + +Kohn, Dr. Hans (CFR) + +Kolthoff, Isaac M., Chairman, Department of Chemistry, University of + Minnesota + +Kreps, Dr. Theodore J., Professor of Business Economy, Stanford + University + +Kress, Ralph H. + +Kretzmann, Dr. Otto P., President, Valparaiso University, Indiana + +Kruger, Morris + + +Lamb, F. Gilbert + +Lamont, Austin + +Lancoine, Nelson, Past President, Young Democratic Clubs of America + +Land, Adm. Emory S., President, Air Transport Association of America + +Lang, Reginald D. (CFR) + +Langlie, Arthur B., Former Governor of Washington + +LaRue, D. W. + +Lawrence, David L., Governor of Pennsylvania + +Lederberg, Dr. Joshua, Nobel Prize Winner, Medicine & Physiology, 1958; + Professor of Genetics, Stanford University + +Lee, Dr. Russell V. + +Lehman, Hon. Herbert H. (CFR) + +Leibowitz, Judge Samuel S., Judge, Kings County Court, Brooklyn + +Lemann, Mrs. Lucy Benjamin + +Lerner, Abba P. + +Levitas, Samuel M. + +Lewis, Mrs. Dorothy + +Lewis, Rt. Rev. William F., Episcopal Bishop of Olympia + +Linder, Hon. Harold F. (CFR) + +Linen, James A., Publisher, _Time_ Magazine + +Linton, M. Albert, Retired Chairman of the Board, Provident Mutual Life + Insurance Company of Philadelphia; Member, American Friends Service + Committee + +Lipsky, Dr. George A. + +Litchfield, Dr. Edward H. (CFR) + +Little, Dr. Clarence C., Professor Emeritus, Harvard University and + University of Michigan + +Littlejohn, Edward + +Lockmiller, Dr. David A., President, Ohio Wesleyan University; Former + President, University of Chattanooga + +Loehr, Rev. Clement D. + +Loehr, Rev. Franklin D. + +Louchheim, Stuart F. + +Louis, Karl N. + +Loveless, Herschel C., Governor of Iowa + +Loynd, H. J., President, Parke, Davis & Co. + +Lubin, Isador (CFR) + +Luce, Hon. Clare Boothe, Former Ambassador to Italy; Playwright (Husband + in CFR) + +Luce, Henry III (CFR) + +Lucey, Most Rev. Robert E., S.T.D., Archbishop of San Antonio; Vice + President, Catholic Association for International Peace + +Lund, Dr. P. Edward + +Lunsford, Frank + + +Mabey, Charles R., Former Governor of Utah + +MacLachlan, James A., Professor of Law, Harvard University + +Malott, Dr. Deane W., President, Cornell University + +Mann, Gerald C., Former Secretary of State for Texas; Former Attorney + General, State of Texas; Chairman of the Board, Diversa, Inc., + Dallas; Secretary, Board of Trustees; Southern Methodist University + +Marlowe, Mark V. + +Marshall, Gen. George C., Former Secretary of State; Former Secretary of + Defense + +Marshall, Brig. Gen. S. L. A., Chief Editorial Writer, Detroit _News_ + +Martie, J. E., Past National Vice Commander, American Legion + +Martin, Dr. B. Joseph, President, Wesleyan College, Macon, Georgia + +Martin, Laurance C. + +Marts, Dr. Arnaud C. (CFR) + +Mather, Dr. J. Paul, President, University of Massachusetts + +Mather, Wiley W. + +Mathews, Lt. Col. John A. + +Mathieu, Miss Beatrice + +Matthews, Allan F. + +McAllister, Mrs. Dorothy + +McAshan, Mrs. S. M. + +McCain, Dr. James A., President, Kansas State College; Former President, + Montana State University + +McCall, Dr. Duke, President, Southern Baptist Theological Seminary + +McCalmont, David B. + +McCann, Dr. Kevin, President, Defiance College, Ohio; Special Assistant + and speech writer for President Eisenhower, 1955-61 + +McCarthy, Frank, Producer, Twentieth Century-Fox Films; Former Assistant + Secretary of State; Secretary to General George C. Marshall, + 1941-1945 + +McCord, Dr. James I., President, Princeton Theological Seminary + +McCormick, Charles T., Distinguished Professor of Law, University of + Texas; Former Dean of School of Law, University of North Carolina; + Former Professor of Law, Northwestern University + +McCormick, Leo H. + +McCrady, Dr. Edward, President, University of the South + +McDonald, David J., President, United Steelworkers of America + +McDonald, Rt. Rev. Msgr. William J., Rector, Catholic University of + America. + +McFarland, Mrs. Cole + +McFee, William + +McIntosh, Henry T. + +McInturff, George L. + +McKee, Frederick C. (CFR) + +McKeldin, Theodore R., Former Governor of Maryland + +McKinney, Robert, Publisher & Editor, Santa Fe _New Mexican_; Former + Assistant Secretary of the Interior + +McLane, John R., Retired Chairman, New Hampshire State Board of + Arbitration and Conciliation; Trustee, Dartmouth College + +McMath, Sidney S., Former Governor of Arkansas + +McMullen, Mrs. Stewart Y. + +McNaughton, F. F. + +McNaughton, William F. + +McNichols, Stephen L. R., Governor of Colorado + +McQuarrie, Mrs. Irvine + +Means, Paul B., Chairman, Department of Religion, University of Oregon + +Meeman, Edward J., Editor, Memphis _Press-Scimitar_ + +Melvin, Crandall, Partner, Melvin & Melvin, Lawyers; President, + Merchants National Bank & Trust Company, Syracuse; Trustee, Syracuse + University; Member, National Council, Boy Scouts of America + +Menuhin, Yehudi, Concert Violinist and Symphony Conductor + +Merriam, H. G. + +Mesta, Perle, Former Minister to Luxembourg + +Meyer, Maj. Gen. G. Ralph + +Meyner, Robert B., Governor of New Jersey + +Mickle, Dr. Joe J., President, Centenary College, Louisiana; Member, + Foreign Policy Association; Recipient, Distinguished Alumnis Award, + Southern Methodist University, 1953 + +Midgley, Grant W. + +Miller, Dr. Arthur L., Past Moderator, United Presbyterian Church, USA; + member, General Board, National Council of Churches + +Miller, Francis P. (CFR) + +Miller, Harlan, Columnist, Des Moines _Register & Tribune_ + +Miller, Perry, Professor of American Literature, Harvard University + +Miller, Mrs. Walter I. + +Milligan, Mrs. Harold, Past President, National Council of Women + +Millikan, Dr. Clark B. (CFR) + +Millikan, Dr. Max (CFR) + +Millis, Dr. John S. (CFR) + +Mitchell, Don G. (CFR) + +Moehlman, W. F. + +Moll, Dr. Lloyd A. + +Monroe, J. Raburn, Partner, Monroe & Lemann, Lawyers, New Orleans; + Regional Vice President, National Municipal Association + +Montgomery, Greenville D. + +Montgomery, Dr. John C. + +Montgomery, Dr. Riley B., President, College of the Bible, Lexington, + Kentucky; Official, National Council of Churches; Member, Fellowship + of Reconciliation, World Fellowship, National Education Association, + National Council of Churches; Former Chairman, Committee on + Activities, Virginia Council of Churches; Former member Executive + Committee, Federal Council of Churches + +Montgomery, Victor P. + +Mooney, James D. (CFR) + +Moor, N. R. H. + +Moore, Bishop Arthur J., President, Board of Missions and Church + Extension, Methodist Church + +Moore, Hugh (CFR) + +Moore, Rev. Philip S. + +Moore, Walden + +Morgan, Dr. Arthur E., Former President, Antioch College; Former Head, + TVA + +Morgenthau, Dr. Hans J. (CFR) + +Morrison, deLesseps S., U. S. Ambassador to the Organization of American + States; Mayor of New Orleans, 1946-1961 + +Morse, Samuel F. B., Realtor, San Francisco + +Mueller, Bishop Reuben H., Vice-President, National Council of Churches; + President, Board of Bishops, United Brethren Church; Vice Chairman, + World Council of Christian Education; Official, World Council of + Churches + +Muir, Malcolm (CFR) + +Mullins, Dr. David W., President, University of Arkansas; Member + National Council, National Planning Association; Official, National + Education Association + +Murphy, Dr. Franklin D. (CFR) + +Mynders, Alfred D. + + +Nason, Dr. John W. (CFR) + +Nelson, Hon. Gaylord A., Governor of Wisconsin + +Neuberger, Richard L., Senator from Oregon; Official, American for + Democratic Action + +Newman, Dr. James H., Executive Vice President, University of Alabama + +Newstetter, Wilbur I., Jr. + +Nichols, Rt. Rev. Shirley H., Episcopal Bishop of Kansas + +Nichols, Thomas S. (CFR) + +Noble, Rev. Charles C., Dean, Chapel of Syracuse University + +Noelte, Albert E. + +Northrop, Dr. Filmer S. C., Sterling Professor of Philosophy and Law, + Yale University; Author + +Norton, Hon. Garrison, President, Institute for Defense Analyses; + Assistant Secretary of the Navy, 1956-59; Assistant Secretary of + State, 1947-49 + +Norton, Mrs. H. W. + +Norton, R. W., Jr. + +Nutting, Charles B., President, Action-Housing, Inc.; Former Vice + Chancellor, University of Pittsburgh; Former Professor of Law, + University of Nebraska + +Nuveen, John (CFR) + + +Odegard, Dr. Peter, Professor of Political Science, University of + California; Member, Foreign Policy Association, Former Official, + Ford Foundation + +Oldham, Rt. Rev. G. Ashton + +O'Neal, F. Hodge, Professor of Law, Duke University + +Oppenheimer, Dr. J. Robert (CFR) + +Oppenheimer, William H., Lawyer, St. Paul, Minnesota + +Orgill, Hon. Edmund, Former Mayor of Memphis + +Orgill, Joseph, Jr. + +Ormond, Dr. John K., Surgeon, Pontiac, Michigan + +Orr, Edgar K. + +Osborn, Mrs. Chase S., Author, Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan + +Osborne, Hon. Lithgow (CFR) + +Osgood, William B. + +Otenasek, Dr. Mildred + +Otis, Courtlandt + +Owens, Lee E., Official, Owens Publications, California + +Owens, Lee E., Jr. + + +Pack, Rev. John Paul + +Palmer, Charles Forrest, President, Palmer, Inc., Realtor, Atlanta; + Official, National Planning Association; Member, Foreign Policy + Association, American Society of Planning Officials + +Palmer, Miss Hazel, Past President, National Federation of Business and + Professional Women's Clubs + +Palmer, Robert C. + +Parker, Haven + +Parker, Mrs. Kay Peterson + +Parran, Dr. Thomas, President, Avalon Foundation; Former Surgeon + General, U.S.; Former Dean, Graduate School of Public Health, + University of Pittsburgh + +Parran, Mrs. Thomas + +Partch, Mrs. Wallace + +Pasqualicchio, Leonard H., President, National Council of + American-Italian Friendship + +Patten, James G., President, National Farmers' Union; President, + International Federation of Agricultural Producers; Trustee, + National Planning Association + +Patty, Dr. Ernest N., President, University of Alaska + +Pavlo, Mrs. Hattie May + +Pearl, Stuart D. + +Peattie, Donald Culross, Author, Roving Editor, _Reader's Digest_ + +Pell, Herbert Claiborne, Former Congressman from New York; Member, + Advertising Council, Rhode Island Labor Department; Member, Advisory + Council, Yenching University, Peiping, China + +Pell, Rev. Walden, II + +Perkins, Dr. John A., President, University of Delaware; Undersecretary + of Health, Education & Welfare, 1957-58; Director, International + City Managers Association; Member, Committee for Economic + Development; Member National Planning Association + +Perkins, Ralph + +Phillips, Duncan, Director, Phillips Gallery, Washington, D. C. + +Phillips, Dr. Hubert + +Phillips, Dr. J. Donald, President, Hillsdale College, Michigan + +Phillips, William (CFR) + +Pillsbury, Philip W., Chairman of the Board, Pillsbury Mills, Inc. + +Pillsbury, Mrs. Philip W. + +Pines, Rabbi Jerome M. + +Pinkerton, Roy D., President & Editorial Director, John P. Scripps + Newspapers + +Pond, Harold S. + +Pool, Rev. Dr. D. deSola (CFR) + +Popejoy, Dr. Tom L., President, University of New Mexico + +Porter, Paul A., Former Chairman, Federal Communications Commission + +Posner, Stanley I., Professor of Business Administration, American + University, Washington, D. C. + +Prange, Charles H., President, Austenal, Inc. + +Price, Gwilym A., Chairman, Westinghouse Electric Corporation; Member, + Business Advisory Council + +Prickett, William, Lawyer, Wilmington, Delaware + +Puffer, Dr. Claude E., Vice Chancellor, University of Buffalo; Member, + Committee for Economic Development + + +Qualls, J. Winfield + +Quay, Richard R. + +Quimby, Thomas H. E., Democratic National Committeeman for Michigan; + Vice President, Perry Land Company + +Quinn, William Francis, Governor of Hawaii + + +Raasch, John E., Chairman of Board, John Wanamaker + +Rabb, Maxwell M., Partner, Stroock, Stroock & Lavan, New York City; + Secretary to the Cabinet of the U. S., 1953-58; Former Chairman, + Government Division, United Jewish Appeal; Consultant, Secretary of + the Navy, 1946; Administrative Assistant to Senator Henry Cabot + Lodge, 1937-43; Administrative Assistant to Senator Sinclair Weeks, + 1944 + +Radley, Guy R. + +Raines, Bishop Richard C., Indiana Area, Methodist Church + +Rainey, Dr. Homer P., Former President, University of Texas, Stephens + College, Bucknell University; Liberal-Loyalist Democratic Candidate + for Governor of Texas, 1946 + +Raley, Dr. John Wesley, President, Oklahoma Baptist University + +Rasmuson, Elmer E., President, National Bank of Alaska + +Redd, Charles + +Reed, Alexander P., Chairman of the Board, Fidelity Trust Company, + Pittsburgh + +Reed, Dr. R. Glenn, Jr. + +Reese, Dr. Curtis W., Editor, _Unity_; Member, Council of Liberal + Churches + +Reeves, Dr. George N. + +Remsen, Gerard T. + +Renne, Dr. Roland R., President, Montana State College + +Rettaliata, Dr. John T., President, Illinois Institute of Technology + +Reuther, Victor G., Administrative Assistant to the President, United + Automobile Workers + +Reuther, Walter P., President, United Automobile Workers; President, CIO + Division, AFL-CIO; Vice President, United World Federalists + +Rhodes, Dr. Peyton N., President, Southwestern University, Memphis + +Rhyne, Charles S., Past President, American Bar Association; Member, + Executive Council, American Society for International Law + +Rice, Dr. Allan Lake + +Rice, Dr. Warner G., Chairman, Department of English, University of + Michigan + +Roberts, David W. + +Roberts, Mrs. Owen J. + +Robertson, Andrew W. (CFR) + +Robertson, Walter S., Former Assistant Secretary of State for far + Eastern Affairs; former delegate to U. N. + +Robinson, Claude W. + +Robinson, Miss Elizabeth + +Robinson, J. Ben + +Robinson, John Q. + +Robinson, Thomas L. (CFR) + +Roebling, Mrs. Mary G., President & Chairman of Board, Trenton Trust + Company + +Rogers, Will, Jr., Newspaper Publisher, Former Congressman + +Rolph, Thomas W. + +Roosevelt, Nicholas (CFR) + +Roper, Elmo (CFR) + +Rose, Dr. Frank A., President, University of Alabama + +Rosenthal, Milton F., President, Hugo Stinnes Corp. + +Rostow, Dr. Eugene V. (CFR) + +Rowland, W. T. + +Rudick, Harry J., Partner, Lord, Day & Lord; Professor of Law New York + University; Member, Committee for Economic Development, National + Planning Association + +Rust, Ben + +Ruthenburg, Louis, Chairman of Board, Servel, Inc. + +Ryder, Melvin, Publisher, Editor, President, Army Times Publishing + Company + + +Sagendorph, Robb, Publisher, _Old Farmer's Almanack_ + +Sandelius, Walter E. + +Sanders, Walter B., Chairman, Department of Architecture, University of + Michigan + +Sanford, Arthur + +Sayman, Mrs. Thomas + +Sayre, Francis B., Assistant Secretary of State, 1933-39; U. S. + Ambassador to the United Nations, 1947-52; Professor of Law, Harvard + University, 1917-34 + +Scherman, Harry (CFR) + +Schiff, Mrs. Dorothy, Publisher and owner, _New York Post_ + +Schlesinger, Dr. Arthur, Jr. (CFR) + +Schmidt, Adolph W. (CFR) + +Schmidt, John F. + +Schmitt, Mrs. Ralph S. + +Schroeder, Walter, President, Christian Schroeder & Sons Inc., + Milwaukee + +Schroth, Thomas N., Editor & Publisher, Congressional Quarterly, Inc. + +Schultz, Larry H. + +Scullin, Richard J., Jr. + +Seedorf, Dr. Evelyn H. + +Semmes, Brig Gen. Harry H. + +Sengstacke, John H., Publisher, _Chicago Defender_ + +Serpell, Mrs. John A. + +Shackelford, Francis, Lawyer, Atlanta; Assistant Secretary of the Army, + 1952-53 + +Shapiro, Ascher H., Professor of Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of + Technology + +Shea, George E., Jr., Financial Editor, _Wall Street Journal_ + +Shelton, E. G. + +Shepley, Dr. Ethan A. H., Chancellor, Washington University, St. Louis; + Board member, Southwestern Bell Telephone Company, Anheuser-Busch, + Inc. + +Sherman, Dr. Mary S. + +Sherwood, Carlton M., President, Pierce, Hedrick & Sherwood, Inc.; + Member, Executive Committee, Foundation for Integrated Education; + Commission member, National Council of Churches + +Shirpser, Mrs. Clara + +Shotwell, Dr. James T. (CFR) + +Sibley, Brig. Gen. Alden K. + +Sick, Emil G., Chairman of the Board, Sicks' Breweries, Ltd.; President, + Washmont Corp., Sicks' Breweries Enterprises, Inc. + +Sikes, W. E. + +Simons, Dolph, President, The World Company; Publisher, Editor, + Lawrence, Kansas _Daily Journal-World_; Director, Associated Press + +Simonton, Theodore E. + +Simpson, James A., Lawyer, Birmingham, Alabama; Former State Senator + +Sittler, Edward L., Jr. + +Skouras, Spyros P., President, Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corp.; + President of Skouras Lines + +Slee, James N. + +Slick, Tom, Chairman of the Board, Slick Oil Company; Board Member, + Slick Airways, Inc., Dresser Industries of Dallas + +Sloan, Rev. Harold P., Jr. + +Slosson, Dr. Preston W., Professor of History, University of Michigan; + Author + +Sly, Rev. Virgil A., Vice-President, National Council of Churches, + Official, World Council of Churches + +Smith, Bishop A. Frank, Chairman of the Board of Trustees, Southern + Methodist University, Dallas; Methodist Bishop of Houston and San + Antonio + +Smith, Maj. Gen. Edward S., Former Vice-President, Southern Bell T & T + Company + +Smith, Dr. Francis A. + +Smith, H. Alexander (CFR) + +Smith, Paul C. (CFR) + +Smith, Robert Jerome + +Smith, Russell G. + +Smith, Dr. Seymour A., President, Stephens College + +Smith, Sylvester C., Jr., Lawyer, Newark, New Jersey + +Snow, Miss Jessie L. + +Snyder, John I., Jr., Chairman of the Board, President, U. S. + Industries, Inc.; Formerly with Kuhn, Loeb & Co.; Trustee Committee + for Economic Development, National Urban League, New York University + +Soffel, Judge Sara M., Judge, Court of Common Pleas, Allegheny County, + Pennsylvania; Trustee, University of Pittsburgh; Official, National + Conference of Christians and Jews + +Sommer, Mrs. Sara + +Sonne, Hans Christian (CFR) + +Spaulding, Rev. Clarence + +Spaulding, Eugene R., Vice-President, _The New Yorker_ + +Spaulding, George F. + +Spilsbury, Mrs. Margaret C. + +Spivak, Lawrence E., Producer, "Meet the Press," NBC-TV; Former Editor & + Publisher, _American Mercury_ + +Sporn, Philip, President, American Electric Power Company & subsidiaries + +Springer, Maurice + +Sproul, Dr. Robert Gordon (CFR) + +Stafford, Mrs. Carl + +Standley, Rear Adm. William H. (CFR) + +Stanton, Dr. Frank, President, Columbia Broadcasting System; Member, + Business Advisory Council + +Starcher, Dr. George W., President, University of North Dakota + +Stark, George W., Arthur, Columnist, Detroit _News_ + +Steinbicker, Dr. Paul G., Chairman, Department of Government, St. Louis + University + +Steiner, Dr. Celestin John, S. J., President, University of Detroit; + Member, Foreign Policy Association; Member, National Conference of + Christians and Jews + +Steinkraus, Herman W., Chairman of the Board, Bridgeport Brass Co.; + Former President, U. S. Chamber of Commerce; Trustee, Twentieth + Century Fund + +Steinman, Dr. David B., Bridge Engineer + +Stern, William + +Sterne, Dr. Theodore E., Simon Newcomb Professor of Astrophysics, + Harvard University + +Stevenson, Adlai (CFR) + +Stevenson, Dr. William E. (CFR) + +Steward, Roy F. + +Stewart, Dr. Robert B. (CFR) + +Stoddard, Ralph + +Stoke, Dr. Harold Walter, President, Queens College, Flushing, New York; + Former President, Louisiana State University + +Straus, Ralph I. (CFR) + +Strausz-Hupe, Dr. Robert (CFR) + +Streit, Clarence K., President, Federal Union, Inc.; Author + +Stuart, Dr. Graham H. + +Sturt, Dr. Daniel W. + +Suits, Hollis E. + + +Talbott, Philip M., Past President, U. S. Chamber of Commerce + +Tally, Joseph, Jr., Past President, Kiwanis International + +Tatum, Lofton L. + +Tawes, J. Millard, Governor of Maryland + +Taylor, Dr. Edgar Curtis + +Taylor, James L. + +Taylor, Gen. Maxwell D. (CFR) + +Taylor, Brig. Gen. Telford, U. S. Chief of Consul, Nurnburg War + Criminals Trials + +Taylor, Dr. Theophilus Mills, Moderator, United Presbyterian Church, + USA; Official, World Council of Churches + +Taylor, Wayne Chatfield (CFR) + +Teller, Dr. Edward (CFR) + +Thom, W. Taylor, Jr., Chairman Emeritus of Geological Engineering, + Princeton University + +Thomas, J. R. + +Thompson, Dr. Ernest Trice, Professor, Union Theological Seminary; + Co-Editor, Presbyterian Outlook + +Thompson, Kelly, President, Western Kentucky State College + +Tobie, Llewellyn A. + +Todd, Dr. G. W. + +Todd, George L., Vice President, Burroughs Corp. + +Tolan, Mrs. Thomas L. + +Towill, John Bell + +Towster, Julian + +Trickett, Dr. A. Stanley, Chairman, Department of History, University of + Omaha; Official, World Council of Churches + +Truman, Harry S., Former President of the United States + +Turner, Gardner C. + +Turner, Jennie M. + +Twiss, Rev. Malcolm N. + + +Upgren, Dr. Arthur R. (CFR) + +Urey, Dr. Harold C., Nobel Prize Atomic Chemist; Professor of Chemistry, + University of California; Former Professor of Chemistry, University + of Chicago + + +Valimont, Col. R. W. + +Van Doren, Mark, Pulitzer Prize Poet + +van Nierop, H. A. + +Van Zandt, J. Parker + +Veiller, Anthony + +Velte, Charles H. + +Vereide, Abraham, President, International Christian Leadership + +Vernon, Lester B. + +Vieg, Dr. John A. + +Vincent, John H. + +Visson, Andre + + +Walker, Elmer + +Walker, Dr. Harold Blake, President, McCormick Theological Seminary, + Evanston, Illinois + +Walling, L. Metcalfe, Director, U. S. Operations Mission, Colombia; Vice + President, National Consumers League + +Walsh, John R. + +Walsh, Dr. Warren B., Chairman of the Board, Department of Russian + Studies, Syracuse University; Director, American Unitarian + Association + +Walton, Miss Dorothy C. + +Wampler, Cloud, Chairman of Board, Carrier Corporation + +Wanger, Walter F. (CFR) + +Wansker, Harry A. + +Warner, Dr. Sam B., Publisher, _Shore Line Times, The Clinton_ + +Warren, Hamilton M. + +Warwick, Dr. Sherwood + +Waterman, Professor Leroy + +Watkins, Bishop William T., Methodist Bishop of Louisville, Kentucky + +Watts, Olin E., Member, Jennings, Watts, Clarke & Hamilton, Lawyers; + Jacksonville, Florida; Trustee, University of Florida + +Waymack, William Wesley, Former member, Atomic Energy Commission; Former + Editor, Des Moines _Register & Tribune_; Pulitzer Prize, 1937; + Member, National Committee, American Civil Liberties Union; Trustee, + Twentieth Century Fund + +Webb, Marshall + +Webb, Vanderbilt (CFR) + +Wedel, Mrs. Theodore O., Past President, United Church Women + +Weeks, Dr. I. D., President, University of South Dakota + +Welch, Mrs. George Patrick + +Wells, Dr. Herman B. (CFR) + +Weltner, Dr. Philip + +Wendover, Sanford H. + +West, Donald C. + +Weston, Eugene, Jr., Architect, Los Angeles; Member, American Society of + Planning Officials + +Weston, Rev. Robert G. + +Wetmore, Rev. Canon J. Stuart + +Whitaker, Robert B. + +White, Edward S. + +White, Dr. Lee A., Retired Editorial Writer, Detroit _News_ + +White, William L., Publisher, Emporia, Kansas _Gazette_; Author; Member, + Former Director, American Civil Liberties Union + +White, Dr. W. R., President, Baylor University, Waco, Texas + +Whitman, Walter G., Chairman. Department of Chemical Engineering, + Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Secretary-General, United + Nations Conference on Peaceful Use of Atomic Energy, 1955 + +Whitney, Edward Allen + +Whorf, Richard, Producer, Actor, Director, Warner Brothers; Producer, + CBS, Hollywood + +Wiesner, Dr. Jerome B. (CFR) + +Wigner, Dr. Eugene P., Professor, Princeton University + +Wilkin, Robert N. + +Willham, Dr. Oliver S., President, Oklahoma State University + +Williams, A. N., Former Chairman of Board, Westinghouse Air Brake + Company + +Williams, Dr. Clanton W., President, University of Houston + +Williams, Herbert H. + +Williams, Mrs. Lynn A., Sr. + +Williams, Ray G. + +Williams, Whiting + +Williamson, Alexander J. + +Willkie, Philip, Son of Wendell Willkie + +Wilson, Alfred M., Vice President, Director, Minneapolis-Honeywell + Regulator Company + +Wilson, Dr. Logan, President, University of Texas; Director, Center of + Advanced Study in Behavioral Sciences; Former member, Fund for the + Republic + +Wilson, Dr. O. Meredith, President, University of Minnesota + +Wise, Watson W., Owner, W. W. Wise Drilling, Inc., Tyler, Texas; Member, + Executive Committee, Lone Star Steel Co.; Dallas; Special Council, + Schuman Plan, NATO, 1949-52; Member, National Planning Association; + U. S. Delegate, 13th General Assembly of the United Nations + +Woodring, Harry H., Former Secretary of War; Past National Commander, + American Legion + +Wright, William + + +Yarnell, Rear Adm. H. E. (CFR) + +Young, John L., Vice-President, U. S. Steel Corporation; Chairman of the + Board, Dad's Root Beer Bottling Company; Member, Foreign Policy + Association + +Young, John Orr, Advertising Consultant, New York City + +Young, Owen D. (CFR) + +Youngdahl, Luther W., Judge, U. S. District Court for District of + Columbia; Former Governor of Minnesota; Trustee, American University + + +Zanuck, Darryl F., Vice-President, Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corp. + +Zellerbach, Harold L., Former Board Chairman, Crown Zellerbach Corp.; + Member, Board of Governors, Hebrew Union College; Trustee, + University of Pennsylvania + + + + +INDEX + + + +This is an index to the text of this volume. Names which appear in +Appendix I and Appendix II (membership rosters of the Council on Foreign +Relations and of the Atlantic Union Committee) are not in this index +unless they are mentioned in the text. + + + +A + + +Abraham & Straus, 76 ff + +Abram, Morris B., 171 + +Abrams, Frank W., 170 + +Abrams, Henry H., 149 + +Acheson, Dean, 105; 118 + +ACTION, 101 + +ADA, 146 ff + +Adams, Grantley H., 20 + +Adenauer, Konrad, 143 + +ADVERTISING COUNCIL, 91; 95; 97-102; 174; + Public Policy Committee, 99; + Mental Health project, 101; + support of UN, 102 + +ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON POSTWAR FOREIGN POLICY, 5 + +AFL-CIO, 56; 100; 130 + +AFRICA, 105 + +Agar, Herbert, 155 + +Agger, Donald G., 123 + +Air-Vue Products Corp., 92 + +Alabama Power Company, 91 + +Alanbrooke, Field-Marshal, 30 + +ALDRICH COMMISSION, 54 + +Aldrich, Malcolm P., 171 + +Aldrich, Winthrop W., 84 + +Alexander, Henry C., 170 + +Allen, James L., 76 + +Allen, Steve, 148 + +Allen, William M., 84 + +Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Co., 85 + +Allyn, Stanley C., 85; 125; 152 + +Altschul, Frank, 64; 140; 142 + +Aluminum Limited, Inc., 14; 63 + +American Airlines, 93 + +AMERICAN ASSEMBLY, 100; 144 ff + +AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE UNITED NATIONS, 126 ff; 173 + +American Can Company, 14 + +American Central Insurance Co., 91 + +AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION, 142 + +AMERICAN COMMITTEE ON AFRICA, 151 + +AMERICAN COUNCIL TO IMPROVE OUR NEIGHBORHOODS (ACTION), 101 + +American Express, 76 + +AMERICAN FARM BUREAU FEDERATION, 56 ff + +AMERICAN FRIENDS SERVICE COMMITTEE, 47 + +American Heavy Minerals Corp., 95 + +_American Heritage_, 157 + +AMERICAN HERITAGE FOUNDATION, 87 + +AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE, 47 + +AMERICAN LEGION (Americanism Committee of Waldo Slaton Post 140), 36 ff; + 46; 175 + +American Metal Climax, Inc., 14 + +American Mutual Liability Insurance Co., 64 + +AMERICAN NATIONAL RED CROSS, 130 + +AMERICAN-SCANDANAVIAN FOUNDATION, 55 + +AMERICANS FOR DEMOCRATIC ACTION (ADA), 146 ff + +_American Strategy For The Nuclear Age_, 140 + +American Sugar Refining Company, 76; 127 + +AMERICANS UNITED FOR WORLD GOVERNMENT, 124 + +American Tel. & Tel., 14; 89; 91 + +American Trust Company, 86; 91 + +"America's Most Powerful Private Club," 82 + +Anderson, Clayton, Company, 55; 62; 91 + +Anderson, Dillon, 169 + +Anderson, Eugenie, 130 + +Anderson, Marian, ii + +Anderson, Robert B., 85 + +ANTI-DEFAMATION LEAGUE, 47 + +Arabian American Oil Company, 14 + +ARDEN HOUSE GROUP, 145 + +AREA DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE, 70 ff + +Armco International Corp., 14 + +Armstrong, Hamilton Fish, 4 ff; 140 + +ARMY-McCARTHY HEARINGS, 84 + +_Army Times_, 113 + +Ashmore, Harry S., 168 + +ASIA, 40; 106; + communist goal to enslave, 44 + +Asiatic Petroleum Corp., 14 + +ASSOCIATION FOR EDUCATION IN WORLD GOVERNMENT, 125 + +Atlanta Transit Co., 86 + +ATLANTIC EXPLORATORY CONVENTION, 122 + +ATLANTIC UNION, 113 ff + +ATLANTIC UNION COMMITTEE, Inc., 105 ff; 118 ff; 130; 152; + membership, 202 + +_Atlantic Union News_ (quote from), 122 + +AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS, v + +AVCO Manuf. Corp., 88 + +Avildsen, Clarence, 85 + + + +B + + +Babb, Jervis J., 70; 76 + +Bacher, Robert F., 169 + +Baldwin, Hanson W., 155 + +Baldwin, Roger, 143 + +Ball, George W., 11; 180 + +Bank of America, 56; 85 + +Bank of Manhattan Company, 64; 76 + +Bankers Security Corporation, 130 + +Bankers Trust Company, 14; 65; 92 + +Barkin, Solomon, 142 + +Barnes, Harry Elmer, 165 + +Barnes, Joseph, 156 + +Barnett, Frank R., 137 + +Barrett, Edward W., 125; 152 + +Bates, Harry C., 101 + +Batten, William M., 85 + +Bay Petroleum Corp., 94 + +Beal, Gerald F., 48 + +Beard, Charles E., 169 + +Beaver Coal Co., 87 + +Bechtel, S. D., 85 + +Beise, S. Clark, 85 + +Belafonte, Harry, 148 + +_Beliefs, Purposes and Policies_ (quote from UWF pamphlet), 123 ff + +Belgian Securities Corp., 14 + +Bell and Howell Co., 88; 92; 93 + +Bell, Elliott V., 64; 156 + +Bell, James F., 170 + +Bell, Laird, 142 + +Bendix Aviation Corp., 89 + +Benny, Jack, 102 + +Benton, William, affiliations: iii; 62; 64; 130; 143 + +Berger Manufacturing Co., of Mass., 92 + +Berle, Adolf A., Jr., affiliations: 11; 55, 140; 150; 171 + +BERLIN, 28 ff; 132, 180 + +Bernhard, Prince of The Netherlands, v + +Berry, George P., 171 + +Bethlehem Steel Co., Inc., 14 + +_Better Farming_, 85 + +_Better Homes and Gardens_, 85 + +Biddle, Francis, 146, 171 + +"Bilderbergers," v + +BILL OF RIGHTS, The U. S., 108 ff + +Bingham, Barry, 168 + +BIRCH (JOHN) SOCIETY, 147, 158 + +Bixby (Fred H.) Ranch Co., 88 + +Black, Eugene R., 168 + +Black, James B., 55, 168 + +Blanc, Louis, 60-61 + +Blanding, Sarah G., 76, 99 + +Bliss, Robert Woods, 170 + +Bliss, Tasker H., 3 + +Blough, Roger M., 85, 96, 171 + +Blue Diamond Corp., 88 + +Blum, Robert, 140; 169 + +B'NAI B'RITH, 102 + +Boeing Airplane Co., 84 + +Boeschenstein, Harold, 85 + +Bohen, Fred, 85 + +Bohlen, Charles E., 11 + +Book of the Month Club, Inc., 63 + +Booz, Allen and Hamilton, 76 + +Bosch, Albert H., 150 + +Bowery Savings Bank, 56 + +Bowie, Robert R., iii; 140 + +Bowles, Chester, affiliations: 10, 146; 152; 168 + +Bowles, Mrs. Chester, 151 + +Bowman, Isaiah, 5 + +Brada, George, 150 + +Brace, Lloyd D., 168 + +Braden Copper Co., 87 + +Braden, Spruille, 158 ff + +Bradfield, Richard, 168 + +Bradley, Albert, 170 + +Bradley, Omar N., 170 + +Brandt, Willy, 20 + +Branscomb, Harvie, 170 + +Breech, Ernest R., 85 + +Brenton, W. Harold, 76 + +Bridges, Harry, 111 + +British Aluminum, Ltd., 93 + +Bronk, Detlev W., 168, 169 + +Brown Brothers, Harriman and Co., 14 + +Brown, Courtney C., 142 + +Brown, George R., 85 + +Brown, John Mason, 156 + +Brown & Root, Inc., 85 + +Brownlee, James F., 76, 168 + +Bruce, David K. E., 10, 150 + +Brundage, Percival F., 113 + +Brunswick Paper and Pulp Co., 89 + +Bryant, Arthur, 30 + +Buckmaster, L. S., 142 + +Bullis, Harry A., 124, 148 + +Bunche, Ralph J., affiliations: 5, 99, 125, 144; 151, 152, 168 + +Bundy, Harvey H., 169 + +Bundy, McGeorge, 11 + +Bunker, Arthur H., 124 + +Burgess, Carter L., 85 + +Burlington Industries, Inc., 90 + +Burns, Arthur F., 171 + +Burroughs Corp., 92 + +Bush, Prescott, (favoring Holmes nomination), 8-10 + +Bush, Vannevar, 170 + +BUSINESS ADVISORY COUNCIL (BAC), 81-96; + influence on gov. policy, 82; + influence on Army-McCarthy hearings, 83; + membership, 84 ff, 128; + tax-exempt status, 83 + +BUSINESS COUNCIL (_see_ Business Advisory Council) + +BUSINESS EXECUTIVES RESEARCH COMMITTEE, 72 ff, 77 ff + +_Business Week_, 64 + +Butler, William, 143 + +Buttenwieser, Benjamin J., 49; 99 + + + +C + + +Cabin Crafts, Inc., 89 + +Cabot Corporation, 14 + +Cabot (Godfrey L.) Inc., 64 + +Cabot, Henry B., 125 + +Cabot, Paul C., 85 + +Cabot, Thomas D., 64 + +Cadman, S. Parkes, 143 + +California Texas Oil Corp., 14 + +Cameron Iron Works, Inc., 14 + +Campbell Soup Co., 14; 92 + +Canadian General Electric Co., 65 + +Canby, Henry Seidel, 148 + +Canfield, Cass, 124; 126; 156 + +Canham, Erwin D., 46 ff; 141; 171 + +Carey, Mrs. Andrew G., 48 + +Carey, James B., 142 + +Carmichael, James V., 86 + +Carnahan, A. S. J., 66 ff + +Carnegie Corporation of New York, 21; 93; 95; 152; 161; 169 + +CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE, iii; 49: 163; 169 + +CARNEGIE FOUNDATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF TEACHING, 170 + +CARNEGIE FOUNDATION, 4; 35; 39 + +CARNEGIE INSTITUTE, 63; 88; 93 + +CARNEGIE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, 93 + +CARNEGIE INSTITUTE OF WASHINGTON, 170 + +Carpenter, Walter S., Jr., 170 + +Carrier Corp., 64; 95 + +Case, Everett Needham, 76; 130 + +Casey, Joe, 7 + +Castle & Cook, Ltd., 92 + +Castro, Fidel, 18 ff; 62; 159 + +Caterpillar Tractor Co., 86 + +Catton, Bruce, 168 + +CED (_see_: Committee for Economic Development) + +CENTER FOR ADVANCED STUDY IN BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES, 94 + +CENTER OF DIPLOMACY AND FOREIGN POLICY, 152 + +CENTRAL GOVERNMENT (powers of), 110 + +Central Life Assurance Society, 85 + +Central National Bank of Richmond, 93 + +CFR (_see_: Council on Foreign Relations) + +Chaco Petroleum of South America, 94 + +Chagla, M. C., 19 + +Chalk, O. Roy, 130 + +_Challenge To Isolationism, 1937-1940_, 165 + +CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, THE U. S., 63 + +Champion Paper and Fibre Co., 96 + +Chase Manhattan Bank, The, 14; 56; 89; 92; 100 + +Chase, Stuart, iii + +CHATHAM HOUSE, iv + +Chemstrand Corporation, 93; 95 + +Chesebrough-Pond's Inc., 14 + +Chicago and Northwestern Railroad, 63 + +Chicago Bridge and Iron Co., 14 + +_Chicago Daily News_, 157 + +Childs, Marquis, 144; 146; 156 + +Childs, Richard S., 143 + +CHINA, + communist conquest of, 40-47; + employment in Red China, 54; + recognition of Red China, 147 + +_Christian Science Monitor_, 46 ff; 156; 159 + +Christiana Securities Company, 87 + +CHRISTIANITY (American heritage of), 111 + +Church Fire Insurance Corp., 87 + +CHURCH PEACE UNION, iii; 49 + +Churchill, Winston, 27 + +Cincinnati and Suburban Bell Telephone Co., 88 + +Cisler, Walker L., 64; 86 + +C. I. T. Financial Corp., 89 + +Cities Service Co., Inc., 14 + +CITIZENS COMMITTEE FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, 130 ff + +CITIZENS OF NORTH ATLANTIC DEMOCRACIES (Convention), 122 + +CITY PLANNING, 71 + +Clapper, Olive, 99 + +Clark, Evans, 99; 171 + +Clark, Joseph S., 102 + +Clay, Lucius D., affiliations: 83; 86; 150; 170 + +Clayton, William L., affiliations: 15; 62; 86; 122; 123 + +Cleveland Electric Illuminating Co., 95 + +Cleveland, Harlan, 144 + +Cline (Robert A.) Inc., 88 + +Cluett, Peabody and Co., Inc., 89; 96 + +Coca-Cola Co., 93 + +Cohen, Benjamin V., 5; 126; 171 + +Cole, Charles W., 168 + +Cole, David L., 169 + +Collado, Emilio G., 65 + +COLLEGE-COMMUNITY RESEARCH CENTERS, 72 ff + +COLLEGES (_see_: Universities and Colleges) + +Collier Carbon & Chemical Corp., 95 + +Collyer, John L., 86; 170 + +Columbia Broadcasting System, 94; 130 + +COMMITTEE FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (CED), 51-79; 81; + Annual Report (1957), 54, 64 ff, 70 ff, 77, 154, 174; + Area Development, 70; + Business-Education Committee, 76 ff, 127; + College-Community Research Centers, 70 ff; + Dallas CED Associates, 78 ff; + education programs, 73, 154; + Research and Policy Committee, 64 + +COMMISSION ON MONEY AND CREDIT, 51-61 + +COMMISSION ON NATIONAL GOALS, 140 ff + +COMMITTEES ON FOREIGN RELATIONS, 20 ff; 35 + +COMMONWEALTH FUND OF NEW YORK, 171 + +COMMUNICATIONS MEDIA, 153 + +COMMUNISM (World Brotherhood's opinion of), 144 + +COMMUNIST INTERNATIONAL (quotation of plan for World Government), 112 + +_Communist Manifesto_, 61 + +COMMUNIST PARTY, i; 143 + +Como, Perry, 102 + +Compton, Arthur H., 143 + +Conant, James B., 76; 141 + +CONFERENCE ON WORLD TENSIONS, 144 + +CONGRESS, THE U. S., + AUC Resolution presented to, 119; + CFR influence on, 35; + CMC recommendations to, 52 ff; + debates on NATO Citizens Commission Law, 120 ff; + the 83rd Session, 162; + foreign aid appropriations, 66, 133; + House Rules Committee, 53; + investigating committees, v, 177 ff; + rejecting world government resolution, 115 ff + +_Congressional Record_, + debates on Holmes nomination, 9; + debates on NATO Citizens Commission Law, 120; + quoting Carnahan on Development Loan Fund, 66: + on Radio Free Europe, 150 + +CONNALLY RESERVATION, iii; 144; 177 ff + +Connecticut General Life Insurance Co., 14; 55 + +Conner, John T., 76 + +Consolidated Foods Corp., 45 + +CONSTITUTION, THE U. S., 100; 108 ff; 179; + Preamble, 109 + +Continental Can Company, 14; 86; 96 + +Continental Illinois National Bank & Trust, 88 + +Continental Oil Co., 15 + +Copeland, Lammot DuPont, 151 + +Cordiner, Ralph J., 86 + +Corette, John E., 86 + +Corn Products Co., 15 + +Corning Glass Works, 15 + +COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS, + Annual Reports, 11, 12, 16 ff, 18, 21; + Corporation Service, 16 ff; + Financial contributors to, 14 ff, 18, 79; + Financial Statement, 13; + History of, iii ff, 1 ff; + Influence on: + Berlin zoning agreements, 32 ff; + communications media, 153; + Disarmament discussions, 145; + Greenland protection move, 25; + foreign aid, 132; + foreign policy, 36, 153; + Foundations, 162 ff; + National Housing Acts, 71; + 'National Purpose,' 140; + Radio Free Europe, 149; + World War II, 24-26; + Interlocking organizations: + 35-49, 57, 61 ff, 70 ff, 81 ff, 96 ff, 122, 125 ff, 131, 137 ff, + 145 ff, 150 ff, 161 ff; + International affiliations, 143; + members in U. S. government, 10 ff; + membership list, 187; + organizations formally affiliated with, 20; + related foreign organizations, v; + summary discussion of, 173 ff; + tax-exempt status, 19 + +_Council on Foreign Relations: A Record of Twenty-Five Years, 1921-1946_, + 24 + +COUNCILS ON WORLD AFFAIRS, 41 ff; 132 + +Cousins, Norman, affiliations: ii ff; 124; 143 ff; 148; 151; 156 + +Cowles, Gardner, affiliations: 65; 125, 151, 156; + quote from, 154 + +Cowles, John, affiliations: 86; 126; 140; 156; 168 + +Cowles Magazines, Inc., 65 + +COX COMMITTEE, 162 + +Cox, C. R., 86 + +Cox, E. E., 161 ff + +Cravath, Swaine & Moore, 90 + +CRIMEAN CONFERENCE, i ff + +_Crises of the Old Order_, 2 + +Crowell-Collier Publishing Co., 157 + +Crown-Zellerbach Corporation, 63 + +CRUSADE FOR FREEDOM, 93, 149 + +_Crusade in Europe_ (Dwight D. Eisenhower), 30 + +CUBA, 135; 180 + +Cummings, Nathan, 45 + +Cummins Engine Company, 56 + +Currie, Lauchlin, 5; 41 + +Curtice, Harlow H., 86 + +CZECHOSLOVAKIA, betrayal of, 29 + + + +D + + +DALLAS CED ASSOCIATES, 78 ff + +DALLAS CITIZENS COUNCIL, 78 ff + +DALLAS COUNCIL ON WORLD AFFAIRS, 79 + +_Dallas Morning News_ (quote from), 77 ff + +Daniel, Charles E., 86 + +DANISH FOREIGN POLICY SOCIETY, v + +Darden, Colgate W., Jr., 141 + +David, Donald K., affiliations: 63; 65; 78 ff; 86; 168 + +Davidson, Carter, 170 + +Davies, Paul M., 86 + +Davis, Elmer, 146 + +Davis, Norman H., 5 + +Davis, William H., 146 + +Davison, Harry P., 171 + +Dean, Arthur H., 10; 140; 170 + +Dean, Vera Micheles, 38 + +DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, 108 + +Deere and Co., 88 + +de Lima, Oscar, 126 + +DEMOCRACY (definition by Streit), 114 + +DEMOCRATIC CENTRALISM, 110 + +DENMARK, German invasion of, 24 ff. + +Denton, Frank R., 87 + +_Denver Post_, 159 + +Desai, Mortarji, 20 + +Desilu Playhouse, 102 + +_Des Moines Register and Tribune_, 65 + +Detroit Bank and Trust Co., 57 + +Detroit-Edison Co., 64 + +DEVELOPMENT LOAN FUND, 66 ff. + +Devin-Adair Publishing Co., 163 + +Dewey, Thomas E., 64 + +de Zoysa, Stanley, 20 + +Diamond Alkali Co., 95 + +Dickey, Charles D., 87 + +Dickey, John S., 76; 168 + +Diebold, Williams, Jr., 18 + +Dillon, Douglas, 10; 176 + +District of Columbia Transit Co., 130 + +_Documents on American Foreign Relations_ (CFR publication), 13 + +Dodge, Joseph M., 57 + +Donner, Frederick, G., 87 + +Doty, Paul M., Jr., iii + +Douglas, Lewis W., 168; 171 + +Dow, Jones & Co., 85 + +Draper, William H., 152 + +Dresser Industries, Inc., 15; 79 + +Dubinsky, David, 146 + +DuBridge, Lee A., 168 + +Duggan, Stephen, 152 + +Dulles, Allen, 3; 10; 150; + +Dulles, John Foster, 3; 5; 105; 114 + +Dunn, Frederick S., 169 + +du Pont (E. I.) de Nemours Co., 15; 87 + + + +E + + +Eastland, James O. (quote from), 148 + +Eastman Kodak, 83; 93 + +Eaton, Cyrus, 43; 147 + +Eaton Manufacturing Co., 91; 95 + +Eban, Ebba, 20 + +Eccles, Marriner S., 55 + +ECONOMIC COLLECTIVISM, 113 + +ECONOMIC STABILIZATION AGENCY, 63 + +Eden, Anthony, 27 + +Edison Electric Institute, 91 + +Eichelberger, Clark M., 5; 126; 148 + +Einstein, Albert, 147 + +EISENHOWER ADMINISTRATION, 34 + +Eisenhower, Dwight D., 6; 12; 37, 66; 105; 134; 150; + Army-McCarthy hearings, 84; + authorizing participation in CNAD, 121; + BAC advisors, 83; + founder of American Assembly, 145; + part in occupation of Berlin, 28 ff; + President's Commission on National Goals, 140 + +EISENHOWER EXCHANGE FELLOWSHIPS, INC., 91 + +Elliott, William Y., 87 + +Empire Savings and Loan Association, 92 + +_Encyclopaedia Britannica_, iii, 62; 130 + +Engelhard, Charles William, 123 + +ENGLAND, 183 + +Engles, Frederick, 61 + +Equitable Life Assurance Society of U.S., 90 + +Equitable Trust Co., of Baltimore, 91 + +Erler, Fritz, 20 + +Ethridge, Mark F., 124; 150; 156; 168 + +Ethyl Corp., 15 + +EUROPE, 183 + +EUROPEAN ADVISORY COMMISSION, 27; 31 + +Export-Import Bank, 55; 69 + + + +F + + +FABIAN SOCIALISTS, 147 + +Fairbanks, Douglas, Jr., 124 + +Farrell Lines, Inc., 15 + +Fawzi, Mahmoud, 19 + +FEDERAL AID, to schools, 147 + +FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION (FBI), 175 + +FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, Constitutional powers, 109 + +FEDERAL INCOME TAX SYSTEM, 180 + +FEDERAL RESERVE ACT, 52 + +Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, 65 + +Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, 88; 90 + +Federal Reserve Bank of New York, 90 + +Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, 95 + +FEDERAL RESERVE BOARD, 55 + +FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM, 51 ff; 63 + +FEDERAL UNION, INC., 105; 113 ff; 118 + +Federated Department Stores, Inc., 56 + +FEDERATION OF WORLD GOVERNMENTS, plan for, 115 ff + +Feldman, George J., 123 + +Fiberglas Canada, Ltd., 85 + +Fibreboard Products, Inc., 63 + +Finkelstein, Lawrence S., 169 + +Finletter, Thomas K., 5; 10; 140; 146 + +First National Bank of Atlanta, 89 + +First National Bank of Boston, 94 + +First National Bank, Chicago, 55 + +First National Bank of Greenville, 86 + +First National Bank of St. Louis, 95 + +First National City Bank of New York, 15; 63 + +First Security Corporation, 55 + +Fischer, Ben, 101 + +Fisher, George, iii + +Flanders, Ralph E., 62; 84; 87 + +Fleischmann, Julius, 150 + +Fleming, Lamar, Jr., 65 + +Florida-Georgia TV Co., 89 + +Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley, 143 + +Folsom, Frank, 48 + +Folsom, Marion B., 63; 83; 87 + +Food Machinery & Chemical Corp., 86; 95 + +FOR AMERICA, 158 + +_Forbes Magazine_, 130 + +Forbes, Malcolm S., 130 + +Ford, Benson, 168 + +FORD FOUNDATION, 62 ff; 77; 92; 131; 145; + recipients of financial aid from: 4, 51, 55, 149, 166 ff; + tax-exempt status, 35 + +Ford, Henry, II, 87; 150; 168 + +Ford Motor Company, 56; 63; 85; 87; 96; + International Division, 15 + +_Foreign Affairs_ (CFR publication), 13; 16; 31 + +FOREIGN AID, 129-136; 143; + 1957 Bill, 66 ff; + failure of, 135; + programs, 111; + to underdeveloped countries, 67; 78 + +FOREIGN ASSISTANCE ACT of 1961, 129 ff + +FOREIGN POLICY, U. S., 36; 43; 46; 153; + traditional, 1, 180 + +FOREIGN POLICY ASSOCIATION, 35-49; 79; 164; 175 + +FOREIGN POLICY ASSOCIATIONS' COUNCILS ON WORLD AFFAIRS, 42 + +FOREIGN POLICY ASSOCIATION-WORLD AFFAIRS CENTER, 35-49; 81; 174 + +_Foreign Relations of the United States: + Diplomatic Papers: The Conferences at Cairo and Tehran 1943_, 28 + +Forgash, Morris, 128 + +_Fortune_, 157; 159 + +Foster Wheeler Corp, 15 + +Foster, William C. affiliations: 65; 87; 140; 152 + +Foster, William Z., 143 + +_Foundations_, 162, 165 + +_Foundation Directory_, 167 + +FOUNDATION LIBRARY CENTER, 167 + +Founders' Insurance Co., 88 + +Fowler, Henry H., 55 + +Fox, Bertrand, 57 + +Fox, John M., 76 + +FRANCE, 183 + +Frankfurter, Felix, 39; 65; 142; 150 + +Franklin, George S., Jr., 12 + +FREEDOM, a Constitutional concept of, 109 ff + +_Freedom's Frontier Atlantic Union Now_, 121 + +FREE EUROPE COMMITTEE, 149 + +FREE EUROPE PRESS, 149 + +Freeman, Gaylord A., Jr., 55 + +Freeport Sulphur Co., 15; 90 + +French, Eleanor Clark, 130 + +Fulbright, J. William, 119; 134; 178 + +FULTON COUNTY (Georgia) Grand Jury, 36 ff + +FULTON COUNTY MEDICAL SOCIETY, 139 + +FUND FOR ADULT EDUCATION (Ford Foundation), 73 + +FUND FOR THE REPUBLIC, 62 ff; 166 ff + +Funston, G. Keith, 87 + + + +G + + +Gaither, H. Rowan, Jr., 168 + +Galbraith, John Kenneth, 10; 146 + +Gallup, George, 156 + +Gannett, Lewis S., 151 + +Gardner, John W., 169 ff + +Gavin, James M., 10 + +Gavin, Leon H., 69 + +Geier, Frederick, V., 87 + +General American Investors Co., 49; 64 + +General Cigar Company, 96 + +General Dynamics Corporation, 15 + +General Electric Corporation, + directors' affiliations: 63; 65; 86; 87; 88; 90; 94; 96 + +General Foods Corp., 92; 96 + +General Motors, 83; 86; + Overseas Operations, 15 + +General Stores Corp., 88 + +General Telephone, 127 + +General Telephone & Electronics Corp., 95 + +Genesee Merchants Bank & Trust Co., 86 + +Georgia Power Company, 89 + +GERMANY, occupation plans for, 27 ff; + West Germany, 182 + +Gerot, Paul S., 76 + +Gifford, John A., 171 + +Gifford, Walter S., 150; 170 + +Gillette Company, 15; 94 + +Gillette Safety Razor, 76 + +Gleason, S. Everett, 165 + +Goheen, Robert F., 170 + +Goldberg, Arthur J., 168 ff + +Goldman, Sachs and Co., 81 + +GOLD RESERVE, 52 ff + +Goldstein, Israel, 148 + +Goodrich (B. F.) Company, 86; 90; 96 + +Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 91; 95 + +Gould, Laurence M., 168; 170 + +Graham, Philip, 65; 101; 156 + +Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co., 93 + +Grace (W. R.) and Co., 15 + +GRAND JURY PRESENTMENT (Fulton Co., Ga.) 36 ff; 175 + +Gray, Elisha, II, 87 + +GREAT DECISIONS PROGRAM, 36 ff; 42; 44 ff + +Greene, Fred T., 57 + +Greenfield, Albert M., 130 + +GREENLAND, under the Monroe Doctrine, 24 ff + +Greenewalt, Crawford H., 87; 141; 170 + +Grew, Joseph C., 150 + +Griswold, A. Whitney, 170 + +Griswold, Erwin N., ii + +Gross, Ernest A., 126; 144; 169 + +Gross, H. R., 67 + +Grover, Allen, 156 + +Gruenther, Alfred M., 88; 130; 141 + +GUGGENHEIM MEMORIAL FOUNDATION, 64; 90; 161 + +Guinzburg, Harold K., 125 + +Gulf and South American Steam Ship Co., 95 + +Gulf Oil Corporation, 15 + +Gullion, Edmund A., 17; 145 + +Gunther, John, 151 + + + +H + + +Hadley, Morris, 169 + +Hall, Helen, 99 + +Hall, Joseph B., 88 + +Halliburton Oil Well Cementing Co., 15 + +Hammarskjold, Dag, 18; 20 + +Hammond, John, 151 + +HAMPTON INSTITUTE, 64 + +Hancock (John) Mutual Life Ins. Co., 64 + +Hand, Learned, 141 + +Hanna (M. A.) Company, 83; 89; 90 + +Hanover Bank, 93 + +Hansand Steam Ship Co., 89 + +Hardy, Porter, Jr., 68 + +HAROLD PRATT HOUSE, 4; 21 + +Harper & Brothers, 121; 156; 165 + +_Harper's Magazine_, 82 + +Harriman, W. Averell, 10; 19; 88; 140 + +Harris, Rufus, C., 170 + +Harris Trust & Savings Bank, 91 ff + +Harrison, Wallace K., 168; 169; 171 + +Harsch, Joseph C., 156 + +Hart Schaffner and Marx, 63 + +Haskins and Sells, 15 + +Haskins, Caryl P., 169 + +Hauge, Gabriel, ii + +Hawaiian Pineapple Co., 90 + +Hayes, Albert J., 142 + +Heald, Henry T., 168 + +Heckscher, August, 156; 171 + +Heinz, H. J., II, 125 + +Heinz (H. J.) Company, 15 + +Henderson, Loy W., 152 + +Henri-Spaak, Paul, 143 + +Henry, Barklie McKee, 170 + +HENRY STREET SETTLEMENT, 99 + +Herter, Christian A., affiliations: 3; 105; 119; 123 + +Hewitt, William A., 88 + +Higgins, Milton P., 88 + +Hill, Lister, 119 + +Hiss, Alger, iii; 5; 41; 49 + +Hitler, Adolph, 28 + +Hoffman, Paul G., affiliations: 62 ff; 88; 99; 125; 126; 143; 168 + +Holmes-Casey-Klein, tanker purchases, 7 + +Holmes, John, 88 + +Holmes, Julius C., + CFR, 10; + delegate UN organiz. meeting, 5; + violation surplus-disposal program, 6-10; + becomes Ambassador to Iran, 8-9 + +Home Loan Bank of Indianapolis, 57 + +Hoover, Herbert, 6; 158 + Foundation, 93 + +Hoover, Herbert, Jr., 88 + +Hopkins, Harry, 27; 185 + +_Horizon_, 157 + +Hoskins, Harold B., 171 + +Hotchkis, Preston, 88 + +Houghton, Amory, 88 + +Houghton, Arthur A., 152; 168 + +HOUSE COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES, 146 + +House, Edward M., + Wilson's adviser, 2 ff; + influence on CFR, 3 ff, 23, 39; + influence on domestic and foreign policy, 58 ff; + one-world aims, 136; + (_also see: The Intimate Papers of Colonel House_, and _Philip + Dru, Administrator_) + +HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES (_see:_ Congress) + +Houser, Theodore V., 88 + +Houston, William F., 170 + +Hovde, Frederick L., 170 + +Howard, Frank A., 171 + +Hoyt, Palmer, affiliations: 126; 143; 146; 150; 156 + +Hughes, A. W., 89 + +Hughes, Charles Evans, 143 + +Hughes, Langston, 162 + +Hughes Tool Co., 15 + +Hull, Cordell, 5; 27; 32 + +Humphrey, George M., 83 + +Humphrey, Gilbert W., 89 + +Humphrey, Hubert, 119; 146; 151 + +HUMPHREY RESOLUTION, 177 + +HUNGARY, 112 + +Hutchins, Francis S., 123 + +Hutchins, Robert, 167 ff + + + +I + + +IBM World Trade Corporation, 15 + +Ickes, Harold L., 114 + +"I Love Lucy," 102 + +INDIA, 44 + +INDIAN COUNCIL OF WORLD AFFAIRS, v + +Industrial Publishing Co., 158 + +Industrial Rayon Corp., 89 + +INFORMATION AGENCY, U. S., 10 + +Inland Steel Corp., 93 + +INSTITUT DES RELATIONS INTERNATIONALES, v + +INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL GOVERNMENT, 125 + +INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ORDER, 125 + +INSTITUTE OF AMERICAN STRATEGY, 137 ff + +INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION, 152; 164 + +INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS (IPR), 39 ff; 179 + +INTER-DEPARTMENTAL COMMITTEE ON LATIN AMERICA, 11 + +Interlake Iron Corp., 95 + +INTERLOCKING UNTOUCHABLES, 161-171 + +INTERNAL REVENUE CODE, 179 + +INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, 83 + +International Bank, 69 + +International Business Machines Corp., 77; 100 + +INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION ADMINISTRATION, 11; 69 + +INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT CORP., 69 + +International General Electric Co., 15 + +International Harvester Co., 91 + +INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND, 20; 69 + +International Nickel Company, Inc., 15 + +International Packer, Ltd., 94 ff + +International Paper Co., 85; 90 + +International Telephone and Telegraph Corp., 15 + +_Intimate Papers of Colonel House_, 2; 59 ff + +Invisible government, appeal of, 173 + +Iowa-Des Moines National Bank, 85 + +IPR (_see:_ Institute of Pacific Relations) + +Iron Ore Co. of Canada, 92 + +Irving Trust Co., 15; 18 + + + +J + + +Jackson, C. D., 150; 169 + +Jacobsson, Per, 20 + +Javits, Jacob K., 119; 146 + +Jefferson, Thomas, 108; 185 + +Jessup, Philip C., 140; 169 + +Johnson, Joseph E., affiliations: iii; 5; 49; 140; 169 + +Johnson, Lyndon, 123; 131 + +Johnson, Robert L., 151 + +Johnston, Eric A., affiliations: 63; 89: 123; 125; 142 + +JOINT COUNCIL ON ECONOMIC EDUCATION, 72 ff; 76 + +Jones, Alfred W., 89 + +Jones and Laughlin Steel Corp., 87 + +Jones, Charles S., 99 + +Josephs, Devereux C., 89; 169; 171 + +Joyce, William H., Jr., 168 + +Judd, Walter H., 69; 105 + + + +K + + +Kahn, Otto H., 2 + +KANSAS UNIVERSITY ENDOWMENT ASSOCIATION, 87 + +Kanzler, Ernest, 89 + +Kappel, Frederick, 89 + +Katz, Milton, 125; 145; 169 + +Keating, Kenneth, 119 + +Keenan, Joseph, D., 101 + +Kefauver, Estes, 105; 119 + +Kelley, Nicholas, 169 + +Kellogg (M. W.) Co., 15; 87 + +Kelly, Mervin J., 171 + +Kelly, Walt, 148 + +Kennan, George F., ii; 10; 31 ff + +KENNEDY ADMINISTRATION, ii + +Kennedy, John F., 46; 51; 105; 140; + CFR membership, 6, 10-12; + 1961 summit meeting, i; iii; + on foreign aid, 129-133 + +Kennedy, Robert, 131 + +Kennekott Copper Corp., 87 + +Kern County Lend Co., 91 + +Kerr, Clark, 141; 170 + +Kestnbaum, Meyer, 63; 65; 168 + +KEYSTONE ECONOMIC RESEARCH CENTER, 79 + +Khrushchev, Nikita, + problems in Germany, 183; + Stevenson's opinion of, 144; + summit meeting (1961), i; iii; + United States tour, 37 + +Kiano, Gikomyo W., 20 + +Kidder, Peabody and Co., 15 + +Killian, James R., Jr., 141; 171 + +Kimberly, John R., 89; 168 + +Kimpton, Lawrence A., 99; 170 + +King, Martin Luther, 148 + +Kirk, Grayson, 5; 152; 169; 170 + +Klein, Stanley, 7 + +KLM Dutch Airlines, 127 + +Klutznick, Philip M., 55; 102 + +Knowland, William F., 123 + +Kollek, Theodore, 20 + +Korneichuk, Alekesander Y., ii + +KOREAN WAR, 7; 40; 44 + +KRESS (SAMUEL H.) FOUNDATION, 87 + +Krock, Arthur, + quotes from, 31; 144 + +Kroger Company, 88 + +Kuhn, Loeb and Co., 49 + + + +L + + +Labor (_see_: Unions) + +Labouisse, Henry R., 11 + +La France Industries, 86 + +Lally, Francis, 168 + +Lamont, Thomas S., 170 + +Landon Abstract Co., 92 + +Landon, Alf, 148 + +Lane Company, Inc., 89 + +Lane, E. H., 89 + +Lane, Franklin K., 61 + +Lange, Oscar, 20 + +Langer, William L., 165 + +Lanier, Joseph L., 89 + +Larsen, Roy E., 168 + +Larson, Arthur, iii + +LATIN AMERICA, 105 + +Lattimore Owen, 5; 41 + +LAW DAY, 100 + +Law, Warren A., 78 + +Lawrence, David, 156; 159 + +Lazarus, Fred, Jr., 56 + +LEAGUE OF NATIONS, 13; 113 + +LEAGUE OF NATIONS COVENANT, 3 + +LEAGUE OF NEIGHBORS, 116 + +LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS, 102 + +LEAGUE TO ENFORCE PEACE, 2 + +Lehman, Herbert H., affiliations: 2; 126; 143; 146; 149; 151; 168 + +Lehrman, Hal, 156 + +Leithead, Barry L., 89 + +Lemnitzer, Lyman L., 10 + +Lenin, Nikolai, 128 + +Lever Brothers Company, 70; 76 + +Levine, Irving, 157 + +Lewisohn (Adolph) and Sons, 49 + +Libbey-Owens-Ford Glass Co., 90; 93 + +Liberia Mining Co., Ltd., 92 + +Liberian Navigation Corp., 92 + +_Life_, 159 + +Lilienthal, David E., 171 + +Lincoln, Murray D., 130 + +Linder, Harold F., 49 + +Linowitz, Sol M., 130 + +Linton, M. Albert, 168 + +Lippmann, Walter, 3; 157 + +Lockheed Aircraft Corp., 86 + +Loeb (Carl M.), Rhoades and Co., 15 + +Loeb, Robert F., 168 + +Long, Augustus C., 90; 128 + +_Look_, 65; 159 + +Loomis, Alfred L., 170 + +Loos, A. William, iii; 49 + +Lorillard (P.) Company, 127 + +_Los Angeles Times_, 147 + +_Louisville Courier-Journal_, 155; 156; 159 + +_Louisville Times_, 156 + +Lourie, Donold B., 90 + +Love, George H., 90 + +Love, James Spencer, 90 + +Lovett, Robert A., 168; 170 + +Lowry, Howard F., 170 + +Lubin, Isador, 56; 125 + +Luce, Clare Boothe, 169 + +Luce, Henry R., 140; 150; 157 + +Lummus Company, 15 + +Lykes Brothers Steam Ship Co., Inc., 95 + +Lynd, Robert S., 171 + +Lyon, A. E., 99 + + + +Mc + + +McAfee, James W., 91 + +McAshan, S. Maurice, 91 + +McBride, Katharine E., 170 + +McCabe, Thomas B., 63; 65; 91 + +McCaffrey, John L., 91 + +McCARRAN COMMITTEE, 179 + +McCarran, Pat, Committee investigation, 40 ff + +McCarthy, Joseph R., 83 ff + +McCloy, John J., affiliations: 5; 10; 19; 99; 143; 145; 168 + +McCollum, Leonard F., 91 + +McCormack, Charles P., 91 + +McCormack, John W., 132 + +McDonald, James G., 171 + +McElroy, Neil H., 91 + +McFadden, Louis T., 39 + +McGhee, George C., 11; 79 + +McGowin, Earl M., 91 + +McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., Inc., 64 + +McGraw, James H., Jr., 91 + +McHugh, Keith S., 170 + +McIntosh, Millicent C., 170 + +McKee, Paul B., 91 + +McKelway, Benjamin M., 168 + +McKesson & Robbins, Inc., 96 + +McWilliams, John P., 91 + + + +M + + +MacIntyre, Malcolm A., 169 + +MacKenzie, N.A.M., 170 + +MacNichol, George P., Jr., 90 + +Macy (R. H.) & Co., 63; 76 + +MACY FOUNDATION, 90 + +Maffry, August, 18 + +Magill, Roswell F., 90 + +Malin, Patrick M., 143 + +Mallon, Neil, 79 + +Mallory, Walter H., 4; 12 ff + +Malott, Deane W., 90 + +Mansfield, Mike, 119 + +Manufacturers and Merchants Indemnity Co., 88 + +Manufacturers Trust Co., iii; 93; 95 + +Marburg, Louis, 2 + +Marcus, Stanley, 70; 76 ff; 101; 125 + +Maria Luisa Ore Co., 92 + +Marshall, J. Howard, 168 + +Marx, Karl, 61 + +Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Co., 91 + +Mathieson (Olin) Chemical Corp., 15; 65; 131 + +Matson Assurance Co., 92 + +Matson Navigation Co., 92 + +Matthews, Herbert L., 19; 159 + +Mauze, Abby Rockefeller, 169 + +Mboya, Tom, 20 + +Mead Corp., 89 + +Mead, Margaret, iii + +Meany, George, 130; 141; 143 + +"Meet the Press," 102 + +Mellon National Bank & Trust Co., 87; 90; 93 + +Merchant, Livingston T., 10 + +Merck & Co., Inc., 15; 76; 87; 92 + +Meredith Publishing Co., 85 + +Meredith Radio & Television Stations, 85 + +MERRILL CENTER FOR ECONOMICS, 56 + +MERRILL FOUNDATION, 51; 63 + +Metropolitan Coach Lines, 88 + +METROPOLITAN GOVERNMENT, 71; 78 + +Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., 65; 87; 89 + +MEXICAN WAR (1846-1848), 1 + +Meyer, Charles A., 169 + +Meyer, Cord, 125 + +Meyer, Eugene, 100 + +Midwest Gas Transmission Co., 94 + +Midwest Stock Exchange, 91 + +Mikoyan, Anastas I., 18; 19 + +Miller, J. Erwin, 56 + +Miller, Margaret Carnegie, 169 ff + +Mills, John S., 170 + +_Minneapolis Star and Tribune_, 156 + +Minute Maid Corporation, 76 + +Mitchell, Don G., 65 + +Mobil International Oil Co., 15 + +Model, Roland and Stone, 15 + +Moe, Henry Allen, 168 + +Molotov, Vyacheslav M., 27 + +MONROE DOCTRINE, 24; 26 + +Monsanto Chemical Co., 93; 95 + +Montana Power Co., 86 + +Montgomery, George G., 91 + +Moore, Hugh, 123; 125 + +Morgan Guaranty Trust Co., 87 + +Morgan, Henry S., 170 + +Morgan (J. P.) and Company, 86 + +Morgenstern, George, 165 + +Morgenthau, Henry, 2 + +Mortgage Investments Co., 92 + +Mortimer, Charles G., 92 + +MOSCOW CONFERENCE (1943), 27; 32 + +Mosely, Philip E., + affiliations: 5; 145; + at Moscow conference (1943), 27; + quoted on Berlin zoning, 31 ff; + quoted on Soviet-American relations conference, i ff + +MOTION PICTURE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA, 63 + +Mudd, Seeley G., 170 + +Muir, Malcolm, 157 + +Multer, Abraham, 52 + +Mumford, Lewis, 125; 148 + +MUNICIPAL PLANNING, 70 + +Murphy, Donald R., 142 + +Murphy, Franklin D., 170 + +Murphy, William B., 92 + +Murrow, Edward R., 10; 150; 152 + +Mutual Life Insurance Co., of N. Y., 90; 94 + +Myers, William I., 100; 170 + +Myrdal, Gunnar, 148 + + + +N + + +NAACP, 150 + +Nason, John W., 48; 125 + +Nathan, Robert R., 56 + +NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE (NAACP), 150 + +NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF BROADCASTERS, 102 + +National Bank of Commerce, Houston, 95 + +National Cash Register Co., 15 + +National City Bank of Cleveland, 89; 91 + +National Bank of Detroit, 86 + +National City Bank of N. Y., 92 + +NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF CHRISTIANS AND JEWS, 143; 173 + +NATIONAL COUNCIL OF CHURCHES, 39; 47; 132; 143 + +National Dairy Products Corp., 86; 96 + +National Distillers Products Corp., 85 ff + +NATIONAL HOUSING ACTS (1949 through 1957), 71 + +National Lead Company, Inc., 15 + +NATIONAL MUNICIPAL LEAGUE, 156 + +NATIONAL PLANNING ASSOCIATION, 55; 64; 142 + +National Steel Corporation, 90 + +National Trust and Savings Assoc., 85 + +National Union Fire Insurance Co., 87; 93 + +National Union Indemnity Co., 87 + +Nationwide Insurance Co., 130 + +NATO CITIZENS COMMISSION LAW, 120 + +Neal, Alfred C., 65 + +Neilson, Frances, 165 + +Neiman-Marcus Company, 70; 76 + +Nelson, Otto L., Jr., 169 + +_Newsweek_, 157 + +Newton, Henry C., 171 + +_New York Herald-Tribune_, 93; 156; 157 + +New York Life Insurance Co., 64; 87; 94 + +_New York Post_, 156; 159 + +New York Stock Exchange, 96 + +_New York Times_, 15; 19; 99; 113; 155; 157 ff; + quote from: 31; 129 ff; 143 + +Nicely, James M., 169 + +Nichols, Thomas S., 131 + +Niebuhr, Reinhold, 146; 151 + +Nielsen, Aksel, 92 + +Nikezic, Marko, 20 + +NINTH ARMY, U. S., 28 ff + +Nitze, Paul H., 11 + +Nixon, Richard, 105; 119; 133 + +NIZHNYAYA OREANDA (Crimea), i + +Nkrumah, Kwame, 19 + +Nolde, O. Frederick, 169 + +Norfolk and Western Railway, 93 + +Norgren (C. A.) Co., 92 + +North American Company, 91 + +NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION (NATO), 11; 118 + +Northern Trust Co., 90 + +Northwest Bancorporation, 56; 77; 85 + +Northwestern Bell Telephone Co., 85 + +Nuveen, John, 152 + + + +O + + +Oceanic Steam Ship Co., 92 + +O'Hara, Barratt, 69 + +Ohio Oil Company, Inc., 15 + +Olds, Irving S., 150 + +O'Leary, Timothy F., 48 + +O'Neill, Abby M., 169 + +OOSTERBECK, The Netherlands, v + +Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 143; 171 + +ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT, 11 + +Orgill, Edmund, 171 + +Osborn, Earl D., 125; 148 + +Osborn, Frederick, 169 + +Osborne, Lithgow, 122 + +Otis Elevator Co., 15 + +_Our One Best Hope_ (AUC Pamphlet), 119 ff + +_Our Sunday Visitor_, 48 + +Overland Corporation, 94 + +Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp., 15; 85; 90; 94 + + + +P + + +Paar, Jack, 102 + +Pace, Frank, Jr., 141 + +Pacific Gas and Electric Co., 55 + +Pacific Lumber Co., 92 + +Pacific Mutual Life Ins. Co., 88; 92 + +Pacific National Bank of Seattle, 84 + +Pacific Power & Light Co., 91 + +Pacific School of Religion, 86 + +Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Co., 88 + +Page, Arthur W., 150 + +Paley, William S., 130; 157 + +Pan American Airways, 15; 85 + +Pandit, Vijaya L., 143 + +Panhandle Eastern Pipeline Co., 87 + +PARENT-TEACHERS ASSOCIATION, 139 + +PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE, 3 + +Parten, Jubal R., 168 + +Pasvolsky, Leo, 5 + +Patterson, Alicia, 168 + +Patterson, Ellmore C., 169 + +Patterson, W. A., 76; 127 + +Patton, George, 29 + +Patton, Thomas F., 92 + +Pauling, Linus, 148 + +PEACE CORPS, 139 + +PEARL HARBOR, 23; 114 + +Pearson, Lester B., 144 + +PEIPING, 45 + +Pendleton, Morris B., 76 + +Penney (J. C.) Company, 85; 89 + +Percy, Charles H., 92 + +Perkins, James A., 169 ff + +Petersen, Howard C., 65 ff; 169 + +Petersen, Theodore S., 92 + +Petro-Texas Chemical Corp., 94 + +Pfizer International, Inc., 15 + +Philadelphia Trust Co., 65 + +_Philip Dru: Administrator_, 59 ff + +Pierson, Warren Lee, 130 + +Pilcher, John L., 68 + +Pillsbury Mills, 76 + +Pitney Bowes, Inc., 48; 90 + +Pittman, Ralph D., 123 + +Pittsburgh-Consolidation Coal Co., 90 + +PLYWOOD INDUSTRY, 128 + +POLISH PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC, 20 + +_Political Handbook of the World_ (CFR publication), 13 + +Potofsky, Jacob S., 101 + +Prentis, Henning W., Jr., 170 + +Price, Gwilym A., 92; 169 + +Pritchard, Ross, 130 + +Proctor & Gamble Co., 91 + +PUBLIC LAW 86-719, 122 + +PUBLIC LAW, 87-195,188 + +PUBLIC LIBRARY COMMITTEE, 99 + +PUGWASH CONFERENCE, 147 ff + +Pullman, Inc., 87; 90 + +Pure Oil Co., 90 + +Pusey, Nathan M., 170 + + + +Q + + +Quaker Oats Co., 88; 90 + +Queeny, Edgar Monsanto, 93 + + + +R + + +Rabi, I. I., 140 + +Radio Corp. of America, 15; 48; 131 + +RADIO FREE EUROPE, 149; 157 + +RAILWAY LABOR EXECUTIVES ASSOCIATION, 99 + +RAND Corporation, 16; 94 + +Randall, Clarence B., 93 + +Rayburn, Sam, 123 + +Reece, Carroll, 162 ff + +REECE COMMITTEE, 165 + +Reed, Philip D., 65; 93 + +Reed, Stanley, 65 + +Regan, Ben, 123 + +Reid, Ogden, 157 + +Reid, Whitelaw, 157 + +Reinhardt, G. Frederick, 10 + +Reischauer, Edwin O., 10 + +Repplier, Theodore S., 98 + +Republic Steel Corp., 92 + +Reston, James B., 157 + +Reuther, Walter, 101; 124; 142; 148 + +Reynaud, Paul, 143 + +Reynolds, Lloyd, iii + +Reynolds Metals Co., 93 + +Reynolds, Richard S., Jr., 93 + +RICHARDSON FOUNDATION, 137 + +Richfield Oil Corp., 99 + +Riefler, Winfield, W., 93 + +Rieve, Emil, 56 + +Rivington Carpets, Ltd., 89 + +Roberts, Owen J., 114 + +Robertshaw-Fulton Controls Co., 93 + +Robertson, Howard P., 169 + +Robinson, William E., 93 + +ROCKEFELLER BROTHERS FUND, 169 + +Rockefeller, David, 56; 123; 169 + +ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION, 4; 35; 39; 70; 131; 161; 164; 168 + +Rockefeller, John D., 3rd., 168 ff + +Rockefeller, Laurence S., 169; 171 + +Rockefeller, Nelson A., 5; 134; 169 + +Rockefeller, Winthrop, 169 + +Roebling, Mary G., 131 + +_Role of Private Enterprise in the Economic Development of + Underdeveloped Nations_ (Dallas CED (pamphlet)), 79 + +Roosevelt, Eleanor, 143; 148 + +Roosevelt, Franklin D., 41; 55; 82; 110; + at Tehran Conference, 27; + at Yalta Conference, 30; + ideas on Berlin zoning, 31 ff; + policies of, 164; + 1940 campaign, 23 ff + +Root, Elihu, Jr., 152; 169; 170 + +Roper, Daniel C., 81 ff + +Roper, Elmo, affiliations: 100; 122; 123; 142; 143; 148; 157; 168 + +ROSENWALD FUND, 161 ff + +Rostow, Walt W., ii + +Rothschild, Walter, 76 + +Rowe, James H., Jr., 171 + +Rowen, Hobart, 82 + +ROYAL INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS IN ENGLAND (Chatham House), iv + +Ruml, Beadsley, 57; 65; 70; 142 + +Rusk, Dean, 10; 131; 168 + +Rusk, Howard A., 100 + +Russell, Bertrand, 147 + +Russell, Donald J., 93 + +Ruttenberg, Stanley H., 56 + +Ryder, Melvin, 113 + + + +S + + +SAGE (RUSSELL) FOUNDATION, 167 + +St. Louis-Southwestern Railroad, 93 + +St. Louis Union Trust Co., 91; 95 + +Salomon, Irving, 125; 126 + +Sampson, Edith S., 123 + +Sanborn, Frederic R., 165 + +SANE NUCLEAR POLICY, INC., 147 ff + +_San Francisco Examiner_, 51 + +San Jacinto Petroleum Corp., 16 + +Sarnoff, David, 131; 150; 157 + +_Saturday Review_, ii; 98; 156; 159 + +Saunders, Stuart T., 93 + +Sawyer, Charles, 56 + +Scherman, Harry, 63; 66; 125; 157 + +Schieffelin, W. J., Jr., 169 + +Schiff, Jacob, 2 + +Schiff, Mortimer, 2 + +Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr., affiliations: 2; 10; 143; 146; 151; 171 + +Schmidt, Adolph W., 123 + +Schnitzler, William F., 56 + +SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL SERVICE, 152 + +Schroeder (J. Henry) Banking Corp., 16; 48 + +Schroeder, Oliver C., 123 + +Schwulst, Earl B., 56 + +Scott Paper Company, 63 + +Scripto, Inc., 86 + +Scudder, Stevens & Clark, 94 + +Seaboard Construction Co., 89 + +Sea Island Company, 89 + +Sears, Roebuck & Co., 88 + +Selective Insurance Co., 88 + +Seligman, Eustace, 48 + +SENATE, THE U. S., + debates on NATO Citizens + Commission Law, 120 ff; + Foreign Relations Committee, 178; + Internal Security Subcommittee, 40 + refuses U. S. membership in world federation, 3; + rejects first Holmes nomination, 8 + +Seymour, Whitney North, 169 + +Shamrock Oil & Gas Corp., 87 + +Shapiro, Eli, 57 + +Sharp, Walter R., 5 + +Sheffield, Frederick, 169 + +Shepardson, Whitney H., 150 + +Shepley, Henry R., 170 + +Sheraton Corp. of America, 94 + +Shirer, William L., 157 + +Shishkin, Boris, 100 + +Shotwell, James T., 5; 126; 148 + +Shuman, Charles B., 56-58 + +Shuster, George N., 100; 150; 152; 168; 169 + +Sicedison S. P. A. of Italy, 93 + +Siegbert, Henry, 49 + +Simon & Schuster, 156 + +Sinclair Oil Corp., 16 + +Singer Manufacturing Co., 16 + +Slaton, Waldo M. (_see:_ American Legion) + +SLOAN (ALFRED P.) FOUNDATION, 165; 170 + +Sloan, Alfred P., Jr., 170 + +Sloan, Raymond P., 170 + +Smith (A. O.) Corporation, 94 + +Smith, Blackwell, 94 + +Smith, Lloyd B., 94 + +Smith, Paul C., 125; 157 + +Smith (W. T.) Lumber Co., 91 + +_Smoot Report_ (references to) 53; 57-58; 71; 72; 101; 120; 128; 141 + +Snyder, John W., 94 + +SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM, 54 + +SOCIETE GENERALE DE BELGIQUE, v + +Sohn, Louis B., iii + +Sonne, Hans Christian, 55; 142; 171 + +Sontag, Raymond J., 145 + +Soth, Lauren, 142 + +Soubry, Emile E., 48 + +Southern Company, 86 + +Southern Company of New York, 91 + +Southern Pacific Co., 93; 95 + +SOVIET UNION, 61; 184; + at Crimean Conference, i ff; + Constitution of, 52, 108; + democratic centralism in, 110; + espionage, 4-5; + occupation of Berlin, 29; + post-war strengthening of, 26 ff; + propaganda in U. S., 41 + +Spang, Joseph P., Jr., 94 + +SPANISH AMERICAN WAR, 1 + +Sparkman, John, 105 + +SPECIAL UNITED NATIONS FUND FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (SUNFED), 62 + +Spofford, Charles M., 150; 169 + +_Sports Illustrated_, 157 + +Sprague Electric Co., 16 + +Staley, A. E., Jr., 94 + +Stalin, Joseph, 27 ff; 30; 135 + +Standard Oil Company of Calif., 16; 92 + +Standard Oil Company of N. J., 16; 49; 65 + +Standard Oil Company of Ohio, 92 + +Standard-Vacuum Oil Co., 16 + +STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE, 86; 93 + +Stanton, Frank, 94 + +Stassen, Harold E., 150 + +STATE DEPARTMENT, THE U. S., 126; 132; 183; + CFR influence in, 4-5, 8, 10, 42, 163; + Division of Special Research, 4; + Office of International Security Affairs, 64; + Policy Planning Staff, iii + +State Street Investment Corp., 85 + +State Street Research & Management Co., 85 + +Stauffer Chemical Co., 16 + +Steinkraus, Herman W., 171 + +Stettinius, Edward R., 5; 7 + +Stevens (J. P.) and Co., 83; 86; 94 + +Stevens, Robert T., 83 ff; 94 + +Stevenson, Adlai, 5; 10; 105; 143 ff + +Stevenson, Mrs. Eleanor B., 168 + +Stevenson, William E., 171 + +Stires, Hardwick, 94 + +Stone, Mrs. Kathryn H., 102 + +Stone, Leland, 157 + +Stone, Shepard, 145 + +Stratton, Julius A., 168 + +Straus, Jack I., 125 + +Straus, Robert Kenneth, 157 + +Strauss, Lewis L., 94 + +Streit, Clarence K., 105; 113; 118; 123 + +Studebaker Corporation, 62 + +STUDENT FEDERALISTS, 124 + +Sullivan and Cromwell, 48 + +Sulzberger, Arthur Hayes, 158 + +Sulzberger, C. L., 158 + +SUNFED, 62 + +SUPREME COURT, THE U. S., 72 + +SURPLUS-DISPOSAL PROGRAM, 7 + +Surrey, Walter Sterling, 131 + +Swezey, Burr S., Sr., 123 + +Swift and Company, 88; 95 + +Swindell-Dressler Corporation, 87 + +Swing, Raymond Gram, 125 + +Sylvania Electric Products, Inc., 65 + +Symington, Wayne Corporation, 16 + +Symonds, H. Gardiner, 94 + + + +T + + +Taft, Charles P., 170 ff + +Talbott Corporation, 89 + +Tampa Electric Co., 86 + +TANGIER, 8 + +Tankore Corp., 92 + +Tannenwald, Theodore Jr., 129 + +Tansill, Charles Callan, 165 + +Tapp, Jesse W., 56 + +TARIFF-AND-TRADE PROPOSALS, 18 + +TAXATION, + presidential power in, 52 + +TAX-EXEMPT FOUNDATIONS REPORT, 161 ff + +Taylor, Henry C., 171 + +Taylor, Reese H., 95 + +Taylor, Thomas A., 95 + +Taylor, Wayne Chatfield, 66; 142 + +TEHRAN CONFERENCE, 27 ff; 30 ff + +Teichmeier, A. W., 127 + +Tennessee-Argentina, 94 + +Tennessee de Ecuador, S. A., 94 + +Tennessee Gas & Transmission Co., 94 + +Tennessee-Venezuela S. A., 94 + +Texaco, Inc., 16; 89; 127 + +Texas and New Orleans Railroad Co., 93 + +Texas Eastern Transmission Corp., 85 + +Texas Gulf Sulphur Co., 16 + +Texas Instruments, Inc., 16 + +TEXTILE WORKERS UNION (AFL-CIO), 56 + +Textron, Inc., 86 + +Thomas, Charles Allen, 95; 169 + +Thomas, H. Gregory, 150 + +Thomas, Norman, 3; 148 + +Thompson Industries, Inc., 89 + +Thomson, John Cameron, 56; 77 + +Thorp, Willard L., 56 ff + +TIBET, 45 + +Tidewater Oil Co., 16 + +_Time_, 16; 156; 159 + +Title Guaranty Co., 92 + +"Today Show," 102 + +Toledo Trust Co., 85 + +Trailmobile, Inc., 87 + +Transcontinental & Western Air, Inc., 85 + +Trans-World Airways, 130 + +TREASURY DEPARTMENT, THE U. S., 41; 67 + +Trenton Trust Co., 131 + +Triffin, Robert, 17 + +Trippe, Juan T., 95; 170 + +_Triumph in the West_, 30 + +Truman, Harry S., 12; 105; 118; 180 + +Trust Company of Georgia, 86 + +_Truth About the Foreign Policy Association_, 37 ff; 175 + +Turman, Solon B., 95 + +TWENTIETH CENTURY FUND, 55; 171 + + + +U + + +_Undeclared War_, (Langer-Gleason), 165 + +UNESCO HOUSE, 143 + +Union Carbide & Carbon Corp., 90 ff + +Union Commerce Bank, 92 + +Union Drawn Steel Co., 92 + +Union Electric Company of Mo., 91; 93 + +_Union Now_ (Streit), 113; 121 + +_Union Now With Britain_ (Streit), 113 + +UNION OF EAST AND WEST, 116 + +UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA, 151 + +Union Oil Co., of Calif., 95 + +Union Tank Car Co., 16 + +UNIONS, 56; 100; 110 ff; 130; 142 + +United Air Lines, 76; 92; 127 + +United American Life Insurance Co., 92 + +UNITED NATIONS, + ADA support of, 147; + Advertising Council support of, 102; + Aid to Cuba, 135; + _American_ Association for, 126; + CFR support of, 22; + Charter, creating socialistic alliance, 117; + Declaration of Human Rights, 108; + discussed at Soviet-American conference, ii; + discussed in AUC purpose, 119; + Economic and Social Council, 56; + IIO support of, 125; + Korean War, 40; + organizational meeting, 5; + population control, 151; + SANE support of, 148; + seating Red China, 47; + step toward world government, 103 ff; 116 ff; + SUNFED, 62; + _UN We Believe_, 126 ff; + U. S. Committee for, 125 ff; + U. S. withdrawal, 181; + UWF plans for, 124 + +UNITED NATIONS OF THE WORLD, plan for, 116 + +UNITED STATES COMMITTEE FOR THE UN, 125 ff + +UNITED STATES COMMUNIST PARTY, 143 + +United States Foil Co., 93 + +UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT, + sovereignty of, 107 ff; + traditional foreign policy, 1, 26 + +_United States in World Affairs_ (CFR publication), 13 + +United States Lines Co., 16 + +United States Manganese Co., 95 + +United States Plywood Corp., 127 + +United States Steel Corp., 16; 94 + +UNITED WORLD FEDERALISTS, 105; 117 ff; 123 ff + +Universal C. I. T. Credit Corp., 89 + +UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES + Allegheny College, 93 + American University, 152 + Amherst College, 56 + Clemson College, 86 + Colgate University, 76; 130 + Cornell University, 64; 90; 95; 100 + Dartmouth College, ii; 76 + Davidson College, 90 + Duke University, World Rule of Law Center, iii + Harvard University, ii; 63; 76; 86; 90 + Harvard University, Center for International Affairs, iii + Harvard University, Graduate + School of Business Admin., 57 + Harvard University, International Legal Studies, 145 + Hunter College, 100 + Massachusetts Institute of Technology, iii; 57; 64: 88; 95; 141 + Millikin University, 94 + New York University, 93 + New York University, Bellevue Medical Center, 100 + Northwestern University, 88 + Ohio State University, 92 + Pacific School of Religion, 86 + Pennsylvania State University, 87 + Princeton University, 90 + Radcliff College, 64 + Rice University, 85 + Rutgers University, 56 + San Jose State College, 86 + Southern Methodist University, 77 ff + Southwestern University, 130 + Stanford University, 86; 92 ff; 95 + Temple University, 65 + Trinity College of Connecticut, 87 + Union Theological Seminary, 92; 143 + University of California, 141; 145 + University of Chicago, 62; 91; 92; 93; 99; 144 + University of Kansas, 87; 90 + University of Maryland, 91 + University of North Carolina, 90 + University of Notre Dame, 91 + University of Pittsburgh, 90; 93 + University of Southern California, 95 + University of Virginia, 141 + Vassar College, 76 + Virginia Theological Seminary, 87 + Williams College, 88 + Yale University, iii; 17 + +Uphaus, Willard, 116 + +URBAN RENEWAL, 71 ff; 101 ff; 147 + +Urquidi, Victor, 20 + +_U. S. News and World Report_, 156 + + + +V + + +Van Dusen, Henry P., 168 + +Van Raalte Company, Inc., 96 + +Virden, John C., 95 + +Vitro Corporation, 95 + + + +W + + +Walter, Bruno, 148 + +Wanger, Walter, 125 + +WAR ADVERTISING COUNCIL, (_see_: Advertising Council) + +Warburg, Felix, 2 + +Warburg, James P., 124; 148 + +Warburg, Paul, 2; 39 + +Ward, Harry F., 143 + +Ward, J. Carlton, Jr., 95 + +Warden, Alex, 123 + +_Washington Evening Star_, 115 + +Washington, George, + Farewell Address, 1 + +_Washington Post and Times Herald_, 65; 100; 156; 159 + +Watson, Arthur K., 169 + +Watson, Thomas J., Jr., 77; 96; 100; 131 + +Waymack, W. W., 171 + +Weaver, Robert, 101 + +Wedron Silica Co., 95 + +Wemberg, Sidney J., 81 ff; 95 ff; 101 + +Welch, Leo D., 171 + +_Weldwood News_, 127 + +Welles, Sumner, 5; 126 + +Wellington Sears Co., 89 + +Wells Fargo Bank and Union Trust Co., 63 + +Wells, Herman B., 140; 170 + +Western Air Express, 85 + +Westinghouse Electric Corp., 87 ff; 92; 95 + +West Point Manufacturing Co., 89 + +Wheeler, Walter H., Jr., 48; 96; 125 ff; 131; 150 + +Whirlpool Corp., 87 + +White, Harry Dexter, 41 + +White, James N., 170 + +White, Weld and Co., 16 + +Whitney, George, 171 + +Whitney, John Hay, 96; 142 + +Wilde, Frazar B., 55; 64 + +Williams, G. Mennen, 148 + +Williams, Langbourne M., 96 + +Willkie, Wendell, 64 + +Wilson, Charles E., 83 + +Wilson, Logan, 170 + +Wilson, O. Meredith, 170 + +Wilson, Robert E., 170 + +Wilson, Woodrow, 2 ff; 23; 58; 61; 104; 164 + +WILSON (WOODROW) FOUNDATION, 64 + +Winant, John G., 31-32 + +Wood, W. Barry, Jr., 168 + +WORLD AFFAIRS CENTER, 35 ff; 42 ff + +WORLD AFFAIRS COUNCILS, 35 ff; 174; 176 + +WORLD BANK, 69 + +WORLD BROTHERHOOD, 143 ff + +WORLD COURT, iii; 100; 177 ff; 181 + +WORLD FEDERALISTS, 124 + +WORLD FELLOWSHIP, INC., 105; 116 + +WORLD FELLOWSHIP OF FAITHS, 116 + +WORLD GOVERNMENT, support for, 2 ff; 103 ff; 111 ff; 124; 173 ff + +WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, 101 + +WORLD-PEACE-THROUGH-WORLD-LAW, 112 ff; 124 + +WORLD POPULATION EMERGENCY CAMPAIGN, 151 + +WORLD REHABILITATION FUND, 93 + +WORLD RULE OF LAW CENTER, iii + +WORLD UNION OF SOCIALIST SOVIET REPUBLICS, 113 + +WORLD WAR I, 2; 103 ff; 164 + +WORLD WAR II, 23 ff; 40; 57; 82; 103 ff; 114; 164 + +Wormser, Rene A., 162-167 + +Wright, Quincy, 126 + +Wriston, Henry M., 9 ff; 100; 140; 141; 145 + +"Wristonized," (Foreign Service), 10 + +Wyandotte Chemicals Corporation, 16; 90 + +Wynn, Douglas, 123 + +Wyzanski, Charles E., Jr., 168 + + + +Y + + +YALTA CONFERENCE, 30 + +Yntema, Theodore O., 56; 66 + +Youngstown Steel Door Co., 91; 95 + +YOUTH PEACE CORPS, 102 + + + +Z + + +Zander, Arnold, 142 + +Zeckendorf, William, 102 + +Zellerbach, James D., 63; 125; 131; 152 + +Zerox Corporation, 130 + +Zilkha, Ezra, 131 + +Zurcher, Arnold J., 170 + + + + +TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES + + + +In addition to the following specific changes, several punctuation +changes were made for consistency within the text. + +[A] "Khruschchev" changed to "Khrushchev". + +[B] "Fedinand" changed to "Ferdinand". + +[C] "Kntuson" changed to "Knutson". + +[D] "611" changed to "161". + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Invisible Government, by Dan Smoot + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE INVISIBLE GOVERNMENT *** + +***** This file should be named 20224.txt or 20224.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/0/2/2/20224/ + +Produced by Dave Maddock, Curtis A. 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